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-3967787340318864058 | Brenda's Got a Baby | Brenda 's got a baby - wikipedia Brenda 's got a baby Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Brenda 's Got a Baby '' Single by 2Pac from the album 2Pacalypse Now Released October 20 , 1991 Format 12 '' single Recorded 1991 Genre Conscious hip hop , alternative hip hop Length 3 : 55 Label Interscope Songwriter ( s ) T. Shakur , D. Evans Producer ( s ) Deion `` Big D '' Evans , The Underground Railroad 2Pac singles chronology `` Same Song '' ( 1990 ) `` Brenda 's Got a Baby '' ( 1991 ) `` If My Homie Calls '' ( 1991 ) `` Same Song '' ( 1990 ) `` Brenda 's Got a Baby '' ( 1991 ) `` If My Homie Calls '' ( 1991 ) Audio sample file help Music video `` Brenda 's Got a Baby '' on YouTube `` Brenda 's Got a Baby '' is the solo debut single by Tupac Shakur , and tenth track from his debut album , 2Pacalypse Now . The song , which features R&B singer Dave Hollister , is about a twelve - year - old girl named Brenda who lives in a ghetto , has a baby , and is incapable of supporting it . The song explores the issue of teen pregnancy and its effect on young mothers and their families . Like many of Shakur 's songs , `` Brenda 's Got a Baby '' draws from the plight of the impoverished . Using Brenda to represent young mothers in general , Shakur criticises the low level of support from the baby 's father , the government , and society in general . Shakur wrote the song when he read a newspaper article about a twelve - year - old girl who became pregnant from her cousin and threw the baby in a trash compactor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Lyrics 2 Music video 3 Charts 4 References Lyrics ( edit ) The opening consists of a duet singing the song 's title twice . Much of the rest of the song is one long verse performed by Tupac . The verse begins with Tupac telling a group that he has heard about Brenda 's pregnancy . He also notes that the girl has had virtually no education in her life , and calls this a `` damn shame '' because she has little hope of a future . Her family is very poor , and her father is a drug addict . Brenda is impregnated by her unnamed boyfriend , who is also her cousin , but she is successfully able to hide her pregnancy . Tupac explains that it would not matter to her family if she gave birth , as long as they got their cut of the government assistance . Although she believes that her cousin ( the father of her baby ) will stay with her and help her raise their child , he is merely a molester , and abandons her before she gives birth to their baby on the bathroom floor . Brenda disposes of the baby by throwing it in a trash bin but later retrieves it when she hears the baby crying . Her mother scolds her severely , and Brenda becomes so ashamed of herself that she runs away from home . Brenda is now forced to live alone , and unsuccessfully seeks employment . Her attempt to sell crack cocaine results in robbery , and eventually she views prostitution as her only way to earn money and survive . This life path leads to her getting murdered . The fates of the other characters , such as her parents , her cousin , and the baby , are left unexplained . The final minute or so of the song consists of a chorus singing `` do n't you know she 's got a baby '' repeatedly . 2Pac has another song which he made late in his career which deals with this same subject called `` Mama 's Just a Little Girl '' . The song can be found on his fourth posthumous studio album Better Dayz . Music video ( edit ) The video of the song is in black - and - white . It was made to visualize what Shakur narrates . The first part shows Shakur and `` Brenda '' and then the actual story starts . Ethel `` Edy '' Proctor is the leading lady in the video . The video begins with `` based on a true story , '' although the characters themselves are fictitious , Shakur wrote the song after reading a story in the newspaper of a twelve - year - old girl getting pregnant from her cousin and trying to dispose of the baby in a trash can . Parts of the video were included in Tupac : Resurrection , a 2003 documentary on 2Pac 's life , in a television show later in the music video of Ghetto Gospel , in the music video of Changes and appears as a bonus in its entirety on the film 's DVD . Part of the video and song was played in 2Pac 's biopic film , `` All Eyez On Me , '' released June 16th 2017 . The video was directed by the Hughes Brothers . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1991 ) Peak position US Rap Singles ( Billboard ) US R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 10 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hedges , Chris ( March 29 , 1991 ) . `` A Child - Mother in the Jaws of New York '' . NYTimes.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2Pac -- Awards '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . ( hide ) Tupac Shakur Studio albums 2Pacalypse Now Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z. ... Thug Life : Volume 1 Me Against the World All Eyez on Me The Don Killuminati : The 7 Day Theory Posthumous albums RU Still Down ? ( Remember Me ) Still I Rise Until the End of Time Better Dayz Loyal to the Game Pac 's Life Live albums 2Pac Live Live at the House of Blues Compilation albums Greatest Hits The Rose That Grew from Concrete The Prophet : The Best of the Works Nu - Mixx Klazzics Tupac : Resurrection The Rose , Vol. 2 The Prophet Returns Beginnings : The Lost Tapes 1988 -- 1991 Nu - Mixx Klazzics Vol. 2 Best of 2Pac Related albums Nothing but Trouble ( soundtrack ) Sons of the P Juice ( soundtrack ) Poetic Justice ( soundtrack ) Above the Rim ( soundtrack ) Gridlock 'd ( soundtrack ) Gang Related ( soundtrack ) A 2Pac Tribute : Dare 2 Struggle Extended plays Makaveli & Dillinger Do n't Go 2 Sleep Singles `` Brenda 's Got a Baby '' `` If My Homie Calls '' `` Trapped '' `` Holler If Ya Hear Me '' `` I Get Around '' `` Keep Ya Head Up '' `` Papa'z Song '' `` Cradle to the Grave '' `` Dear Mama '' `` So Many Tears '' `` Temptations '' `` California Love '' `` 2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted '' `` How Do U Want It '' `` All Bout U '' `` I Ai n't Mad at Cha '' `` Life Goes On '' `` Toss It Up '' `` To Live & Die in LA '' `` Hail Mary '' `` Wanted Dead or Alive '' `` Made Niggaz '' Posthumous singles `` I Wonder If Heaven Got a Ghetto '' `` Do for Love '' `` Changes '' `` Unconditional Love '' `` Baby Do n't Cry ( Keep Ya Head Up II ) '' `` Who Do U Believe In '' `` Until the End of Time '' `` Letter 2 My Unborn '' `` Thugz Mansion '' `` Still Ballin ' '' `` Runnin ' ( Dying to Live ) '' `` One Day at a Time ( Em 's Version ) '' `` Thugs Get Lonely Too '' `` Ghetto Gospel '' `` Untouchable '' `` Pac 's Life '' `` Playa Cardz Right '' Other songs `` I Do n't Give a Fuck '' `` Runnin ' ( From tha Police ) '' `` Hit ' Em Up '' `` Are U Still Down '' `` Panther Power '' Featured singles `` Smile '' `` Playa Cardz Right '' Books The Rose That Grew from Concrete Stage Holler If Ya Hear Me Filmography Nothing but Trouble Juice Poetic Justice Above the Rim Bullet Gridlock 'd Gang Related Documentaries Biggie & Tupac Tupac : Resurrection Tupac : Assassination Outlawz Yaki Kadafi Kastro Napoleon E.D.I. Mean Hussein Fatal Mussolini Komani Young Noble Related articles Discography List of songs Outlawz Digital Underground Afeni Shakur Assata Shakur Mopreme Shakur Mutulu Shakur East Coast - West Coast hip hop rivalry Makaveli Branded Clothing Niccolò Machiavelli Orlando Anderson Tupac Amaru Shakur Center for the Arts Billy Garland Kadafi List of awards and nominations received by Tupac Shakur Murder of Tupac Shakur All Eyez on Me Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brenda%27s_Got_a_Baby&oldid=799049334 '' Categories : 1991 songs Debut singles Incest in fiction Songs about child abuse Songs with feminist themes Songs written by Tupac Shakur Tupac Shakur songs 1990s ballads Black - and - white music videos Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Español Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 5 September 2017 , at 09 : 45 . About Wikipedia | who played brenda in tupac's video brenda's got a baby | [
"The video of the song is in black-and-white. It was made to visualize what Shakur narrates. The first part shows Shakur and \"Brenda\" and then the actual story starts. Ethel \"Edy\" Proctor is the leading lady in the video."
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"Ethel \"Edy\" Proctor"
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-3225234552382106785 | Cinque Terre | Cinque Terre - wikipedia Cinque Terre Cinque Terre UNESCO World Heritage site A view of the National Park of the Cinque Terre , showing Riomaggiore , one of the five coastal villages Location Liguria , Italy Part of `` Cinque Terre and Portovenere '' part of Portovenere , Cinque Terre , and the Islands ( Palmaria , Tino and Tinetto ) Includes Monterosso al Mare Vernazza Corniglia Manarola Riomaggiore Criteria Cultural : ( ii ) ( iv ) ( v ) Reference 826 - 001 Inscription 1997 ( 21st Session ) Area 4,511.54 ha ( 17.4192 sq mi ) Website www.parconazionale5terre.it/Eindex.php Coordinates 44 ° 7 ′ 10 '' N 9 ° 43 ′ 00 '' E / 44.11944 ° N 9.71667 ° E / 44.11944 ; 9.71667 Coordinates : 44 ° 7 ′ 10 '' N 9 ° 43 ′ 00 '' E / 44.11944 ° N 9.71667 ° E / 44.11944 ; 9.71667 Location of Cinque Terre in Italy . The Cinque Terre ( Italian pronunciation : ( ˈtʃiŋkwe ˈtɛrre ) ; Ligurian : Çinque Tære , meaning `` Five Lands '' ) is a rugged portion of coast on the Italian Riviera . It is in the region Liguria , in the northwest of Italy , to the west of the city of La Spezia , and comprises five villages : Monterosso al Mare , Vernazza , Corniglia , Manarola , and Riomaggiore . The coastline , the five villages , and the surrounding hillsides are all part of the Cinque Terre National Park and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Over the centuries , people have carefully built terraces on the rugged , steep landscape right up to the cliffs that overlook the sea . Part of its charm is the lack of visible corporate development . Paths , trains and boats connect the villages , and cars can not reach them from the outside . The Cinque Terre area is a very popular tourist destination . The villages of Cinque Terre were severely affected by torrential rains which caused floods and mudslides on October 25 , 2011 . Nine people were confirmed killed by the floods , and damage to the villages , particularly Vernazza and Monterosso al Mare , was extensive . Contents 1 History 2 Transport and tourism 3 Culture 3.1 Literature 3.2 Cinema 4 Food and wine 5 Preservation 6 Neighbouring towns 7 Sister cities 8 Gallery 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) The first historical documents on Cinque Terre date back to the 11th century . Monterosso and Vernazza sprang up first , while the other villages grew later , under military and political supremacy of the Republic of Genoa . In the 16th century , to oppose the attacks by the Turks , the inhabitants reinforced the old forts and built new defense towers . From the year 1600 , Cinque Terre experienced a decline which reversed only in the 19th century , thanks to the construction of the Military Arsenal of La Spezia and to the building of the railway line between Genoa and La Spezia . The railway allowed the inhabitants to escape their isolation , but also brought about abandonment of traditional activities . The consequence was an increase in poverty which pushed many to emigrate abroad , at least up to the 1970s , when the development of tourism brought back wealth . Contrary to the common belief that house colors originated to distinguish the fisherman 's houses , they were not painted until the late 1970s . The only village that used fishing as its main industry was Monterosso . The locals lived off vineyards and olive cultivation . Transport and tourism ( edit ) There are few roads into the Cinque Terre towns that are accessible by car : the one into Vernazza is open as of June 2012 , but very narrow at many places . It leads to a parking area a kilometre from town . Local trains from La Spezia to Genoa and the rest of the region 's network connect the villages of Cinque Terre . Intercity trains also connect them to Milan , Rome , Turin and Tuscany . The Cinque Terre tracks run most of the distance in tunnels between Riomaggiore and Monterosso . The Cinque Terre trains connect the La Spezia train station to all five towns . Unlimited day passes are available for tourists , and the trip from one village to another is five minutes or less . A passenger ferry runs between the five villages , except Corniglia . The ferry enters Cinque Terre from Genoa 's Old Harbour and La Spezia , Lerici , or Porto Venere . A walking trail , known as Sentiero Azzurro ( `` Azure Trail '' ) , used to connect the five villages but the section from Riomaggiore to Manarola called the Via dell'Amore ( `` Love Walk '' ) is closed . It is still possible to walk between these villages , although the trail is both steeper and longer than the ( closed ) path along the waterfront . Culture ( edit ) Literature ( edit ) Limoni The little path that winds down along the slope plunges through cane - tufts and opens suddenly into the orchard among the moss - green trunks of the lemon trees . ( ... ) -- Eugenio Montale From the poem , `` The Lemons '' , 1921 . This is how the Nobel Prize in Literature Eugenio Montale , through his poetry , tells of the beauty of Monterosso and how the Cinque Terre must be discovered . The Cinque Terre were not only a source of inspiration for Eugenio Montale but for many others as : Dante Alighieri who compare the Cinque Terre with the rugged cliff of Purgatory in the Divine Comedy . Boccaccio in the Tenth Day of the second novel in the Decameron : ( ... ) e allora in una tovagliuola bianchissima gli portò due fette di pane arrostito e un gran bicchiere di vernaccia da Corniglia ( ... ) Gabriele D'Annunzio in his work Faville del Maglio cite the DOC white wine ' Sciachetrà ' : ... quel fiero Sciacchetrà che si pigia nelle cinque pampinose terre . Cinema ( edit ) In 2013 Cinque Terre was one of the shooting locations of the movie The Wolf of Wall Street by Martin Scorsese . Food and wine ( edit ) Main article : Cinque Terre DOC This section entitled Food and Wine needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Given its location on the Mediterranean , seafood is plentiful in the local cuisine . Anchovies of Monterosso are a local specialty designated with a Protected Designation of Origin status from the European Union . The mountainsides of the Cinque Terre are heavily terraced and are used to cultivate grapes and olives . This area , and the region of Liguria , as a whole , is known for pesto , a sauce made from basil leaves , garlic , salt , olive oil , pine nuts and pecorino cheese . Focaccia is a particularly common locally baked bread product . Farinata , a typical snack found in bakeries and pizzerias , is a savoury and crunchy pancake made from a base of chick pea flour . The town of Corniglia is particularly popular for a gelato made from local honey ( miele di Corniglia ) . The grapes of the Cinque Terre are used to produce two locally made wines . The eponymous Cinque Terre and the Sciachetrà are both made using Bosco , Albarola , and Vermentino grapes . Both wines are produced by the Cooperative Agricoltura di Cinque Terre , located between Manarola and Volastra . Other DOC producers are Forlini - Capellini , Walter de Batté , Buranco , Arrigoni . In addition to wines , other popular local drinks include grappa , a brandy made with the pomace left from winemaking , and limoncello , a sweet liqueur flavored with lemons . Preservation ( edit ) In 1998 , the Italian Ministry for the Environment set up the Protected natural marine area Cinque Terre to protect the natural environment and to promote socio - economic development compatible with the natural landscape of the area . In 1999 the Parco Nazionale delle Cinque Terre was created to conserve the ecological balance , protect the landscape , and safeguard the anthropological values of the location . Nevertheless , dwindling interest in cultivation and maintenance of the terrace walls posed a long - term threat to the site , which was for this reason included in the 2000 and 2002 World Monuments Watch by the World Monuments Fund . The organization secured grants from American Express to support a study of the conservation of Cinque Terre . Following the study , a site management plan was created . Neighbouring towns ( edit ) Bonassola La Spezia Lerici Levanto Porto Venere Sarzana Volastra Sister cities ( edit ) Southland District , New Zealand Gallery ( edit ) Cinque Terre Monterosso al Mare Vernazza Corniglia Manarola Riomaggiore See also ( edit ) Asteroid 273994 Cinqueterre Liguria wine References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Squires , Nick ( 26 October 2011 ) . `` Villages all but wiped out as storms batter Italy 's ' Cinque Terre ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 6 August 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.walksofitaly.com/blog/cinque-terre/train Jump up ^ The Lemon Trees - Eugenio Montale Jump up ^ Eugenio Montale and the Literary Park Jump up ^ Testo del Decameron - Wikisource Jump up ^ books.google.com , Introduzione alla Guida gastronomica Jump up ^ Italy through its film sets Jump up ^ Rick Steves ' Best of Europe Jump up ^ Istituzione dell'area naturale marina protetta denominata `` Cinque Terre '' Archived 2008 - 12 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . ( G.U. della Repubblica Italiana n . 48 del 27 febbraio 1998 ) Jump up ^ Istituzione del Parco nazionale delle Cinque Terre Archived 2009 - 02 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . ( G.U. 17 dicembre 1999 , n . 295 ) Jump up ^ World Monuments Fund - Cinque Terre External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cinque Terre . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Cinque Terre . Parco Nazionale delle Cinque Terre official site Official UNESCO Photo gallery World Heritage Sites in Italy Northwest Crespi d'Adda Genoa Ivrea Mantua and Sabbioneta Monte San Giorgio Porto Venere , Palmaria , Tino and Tinetto , Cinque Terre Corniglia Manarola Monterosso al Mare Riomaggiore Vernazza Residences of the Royal House of Savoy Castle of Moncalieri Castle of Racconigi Castle of Rivoli Castello del Valentino Royal Palace of Turin Palazzo Carignano Palazzo Madama , Turin Palace of Venaria Palazzina di caccia of Stupinigi Villa della Regina Rhaetian Railway in the Albula / Bernina Landscapes Rock Drawings in Valcamonica Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy Santa Maria delle Grazie , Milan Vineyard Landscape of Piedmont : Langhe - Roero and Monferrato Northeast Aquileia The Dolomites Ferrara Modena Cathedral , Torre della Ghirlandina and Piazza Grande , Modena Orto botanico di Padova Ravenna Venice Verona City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto Central Assisi Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi Etruscan Necropolises of Cerveteri and Tarquinia Florence Hadrian 's Villa Medici villas Piazza del Duomo , Pisa Pienza Rome San Gimignano Siena Urbino Val d'Orcia Villa d'Este South Alberobello Amalfi Coast Castel del Monte , Apulia Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park , Paestum and Velia , Certosa di Padula Herculaneum Oplontis and Villa Poppaea Naples Palace of Caserta , Aqueduct of Vanvitelli and San Leucio Complex Pompeii Sassi di Matera Islands Aeolian Islands Arab - Norman Palermo and the Cathedral Churches of Cefalù and Monreale Archaeological Area of Agrigento Barumini nuraghes Mount Etna Syracuse and Necropolis of Pantalica Val di Noto Caltagirone Catania Militello in Val di Catania Modica Noto Palazzolo Acreide Ragusa Scicli Villa Romana del Casale Countrywide Longobards in Italy , Places of Power ( 568 -- 774 A.D. ) Brescia Cividale del Friuli Castelseprio Spoleto Temple of Clitumnus located at Campello sul Clitunno Santa Sofia located at Benevento Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo located at Monte Sant'Angelo Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps Primeval Beech Forests of Europe Venetian Works of Defence between 15th and 17th centuries Bergamo Palmanova Peschiera del Garda Shared with Switzerland Shared with the Holy See Shared with Austria , France , Germany , Slovenia , and Switzerland Shared with Albania , Austria , Belgium , Bulgaria , Croatia , Germany , Poland , Romania , Slovakia , Slovenia , Spain and Ukraine Shared with Croatia and Montenegro Liguria Comuni of the Province of La Spezia Ameglia Arcola Beverino Bolano Bonassola Borghetto di Vara Brugnato Calice al Cornoviglio Carro Carrodano Castelnuovo Magra Deiva Marina Follo Framura La Spezia Lerici Levanto Luni Maissana Monterosso al Mare Pignone Porto Venere Riccò del Golfo di Spezia Riomaggiore Rocchetta di Vara Santo Stefano di Magra Sarzana Sesta Godano Varese Ligure Vernazza Vezzano Ligure Zignago Liguria Provinces and places Genoa Imperia La Spezia Savona Cinque Terre Riviera di Levante Riviera di Ponente History Ligures Republic of Genoa Genoese colonies Doge of Genoa Ligurian Republic Duchy of Genoa Duke of Genoa Kingdom of Sardinia Monarchs of Sardinia Politics and government Elections in Liguria List of Presidents of Liguria Education and culture Cuisine Wine Flag Categories GND : 4219199 - 3 VIAF : 248605475 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinque_Terre&oldid=848911470 '' Categories : Coasts of Italy Italian Riviera Ligurian Sea Province of La Spezia Coastal towns in Liguria Hiking trails in Italy Wine regions of Italy World Heritage Sites in Italy Tourist attractions in Liguria Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Ligurian - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Articles containing Italian - language text Articles needing additional references from March 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Piemontèis Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 July 2018 , at 05 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is cinque terre on map of italy | [
"The Cinque Terre (Italian pronunciation: [ˈtʃiŋkwe ˈtɛrre]; Ligurian: Çinque Tære, meaning \"Five Lands\") is a rugged portion of coast on the Italian Riviera. It is in the region Liguria, in the northwest of Italy, to the west of the city of La Spezia, and comprises five villages: Monterosso al Mare, Vernazza, Corniglia, Manarola, and Riomaggiore. The coastline, the five villages, and the surrounding hillsides are all part of the Cinque Terre National Park and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.\n"
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"in the region Liguria, in the northwest of Italy, to the west of the city of La Spezia"
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4401794269439226935 | Philadelphia Flyers | Philadelphia Flyers - wikipedia Philadelphia Flyers `` The Flyers '' redirects here . For other uses , see Flyer . `` Broad Street Bullies '' redirects here . For the documentary , see Broad Street Bullies ( film ) . Philadelphia Flyers 2018 -- 19 Philadelphia Flyers season Conference Eastern Division Metropolitan Founded 1967 History Philadelphia Flyers 1967 -- present Home arena Wells Fargo Center City Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Colors Orange , black , white Media NBC Sports Philadelphia NBC Sports Philadelphia Plus WCAU ( NBC 10 ) WPEN ( 97.5 The Fanatic ) WPGG ( WPG Talk Radio 104.1 ) WMMR Owner ( s ) Comcast Spectacor General manager Ron Hextall Head coach Dave Hakstol Captain Claude Giroux Minor league affiliates Lehigh Valley Phantoms ( AHL ) Reading Royals ( ECHL ) Stanley Cups 2 ( 1973 -- 74 , 1974 -- 75 ) Conference championships 8 ( 1974 -- 75 , 1975 -- 76 , 1976 -- 77 , 1979 -- 80 , 1984 -- 85 , 1986 -- 87 , 1996 -- 97 , 2009 -- 10 ) Presidents ' Trophy 0 Division championships 16 ( 1967 -- 68 , 1973 -- 74 , 1974 -- 75 , 1975 -- 76 , 1976 -- 77 , 1979 -- 80 , 1982 -- 83 , 1984 -- 85 , 1985 -- 86 , 1986 -- 87 , 1994 -- 95 , 1995 -- 96 , 1999 -- 00 , 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 , 2010 -- 11 ) Official website www.nhl.com/flyers The Philadelphia Flyers are a professional ice hockey team based in Philadelphia . They are members of the Metropolitan Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . Part of the 1967 NHL Expansion , the Flyers were the first expansion team in the post -- Original Six era to win the Stanley Cup , victorious in 1973 -- 74 and again in 1974 -- 75 . The Flyers ' all - time points percentage of 57.6 % ( as of the 2017 -- 18 NHL season ) is the second - best in the NHL , behind only the Montreal Canadiens ' 58.8 % . Additionally , the Flyers have the most appearances in the conference finals of all 24 expansion teams ( 16 appearances , winning 8 ) , and they are second behind the St. Louis Blues for the most playoff appearances out of all expansion teams ( 39 out of 50 seasons ) . The Flyers have played their home games on Broad Street since their inception , first at the Spectrum from 1967 until 1996 , and then at the Wells Fargo Center from 1996 to the present . The Flyers have had rivalries with several teams over the years . Historically , their biggest adversaries have been the New York Rangers , with an intense rivalry stretching back to the 1970s . They have also waged lengthy campaigns against the New York Islanders in the 70s and 80s , the Boston Bruins , a bruising battle especially in the 1970s , the Washington Capitals , which has always been intense since their days in the Patrick Division , as well as the New Jersey Devils , with whom they traded the Atlantic Division title every season between 1994 -- 95 and 2006 -- 07 , and finally they enjoy a spirited rivalry with their cross-state brethren , the Pittsburgh Penguins , which is considered to be the best rivalry in the league . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 NHL in Philadelphia before 1967 1.2 Early years ( 1967 -- 1972 ) 1.3 Broad Street Bullies ( 1972 -- 1979 ) 1.3. 1 Back to back Stanley Cups 1.4 A new generation takes over ( 1979 -- 1989 ) 1.5 Rebuilding a winning team ( 1989 -- 1997 ) 1.6 From highs to lows ( 1997 -- 2007 ) 1.7 Multiple makeovers ( 2007 -- 2014 ) 1.8 The Hextall era ( 2014 -- present ) 2 Logo and Uniforms 2.1 Colors , name and logo 2.2 Jerseys 2.3 Short - lived additions 3 Players and personnel 3.1 Current roster 3.2 Team captains 3.3 Head coaches 3.4 General managers 3.5 Honored members 3.5. 1 Hall of Famers 3.5. 2 Retired numbers 3.5. 3 Flyers Hall of Fame 4 Team records 4.1 Season - by - season record 4.2 Statistical leaders 4.2. 1 Scoring 4.2. 2 Goaltending 4.3 Single season records 4.3. 1 Regular season 4.3. 2 Playoffs 4.3. 3 Team 5 Radio and television 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Footnotes 8 External links History ( edit ) NHL in Philadelphia before 1967 ( edit ) The Philadelphia Quakers was the first NHL franchise in the city . The Quakers played from 1930 to 1931 . Prior to 1967 , Philadelphia had only iced a team in the NHL in the 1930 -- 31 season , when the financially struggling Pittsburgh Pirates relocated in 1930 as the Philadelphia Quakers , playing at The Arena at 46th and Market Streets . The club , garbed in orange and black like the Flyers , was coached by J. Cooper Smeaton , who was to be elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame 30 years later , for his far more notable role as an NHL referee . Among the young Quakers ' skaters in 1930 -- 31 was another future Hall of Famer in 19 - year - old rookie center Syd Howe . The Quakers ' only `` claim to fame '' was to establish a single season NHL record for futility which has stood ever since , by compiling a dismal record of 4 -- 36 -- 4 , still the fewest games ever won in a season by an NHL club . The Quakers quietly suspended operations after that single dreadful campaign to again leave the Can - Am League 's Philadelphia Arrows as Philadelphia 's lone hockey team . The Quakers ' dormant NHL franchise was finally canceled by the League in 1936 . ) In 1946 , a group led by Montreal and Philadelphia sportsman Len Peto announced plans to put another NHL team in Philadelphia , to build a $2.5 million rink to seat 20,000 where stood the old Baker Bowl and to acquire the franchise of the old Montreal Maroons . The latter was held by the Canadian Arena Company , owner of the Montreal Canadiens . Peto 's group , however , was unable to raise funding for the new arena project by the League - imposed deadline , and the NHL cancelled the Maroons franchise . While attending a basketball game on November 29 , 1964 , at the Boston Garden , Ed Snider , the then - vice-president of the Philadelphia Eagles , observed a crowd of Boston Bruins fans lining up to purchase tickets to see a last - place ice hockey team . He began making plans for a new arena upon hearing the NHL was looking to expand due to fears of a competing league taking hold on the West Coast and the desire for a new television contract in the United States . Snider made his proposal to the League , which chose the Philadelphia group -- including Snider , Bill Putnam , Jerome Schiff and Philadelphia Eagles owner Jerry Wolman -- over the Baltimore group . On April 4 , 1966 , Putnam announced a name - the - team contest . Details of the contest were released on July 12 . The team name was announced on August 3 . Early years ( 1967 -- 1972 ) ( edit ) The Spectrum , Home of the Flyers 1967 - 1996 The new teams were hampered by restrictive rules that kept all major talent with the `` Original Six '' teams . In the NHL Expansion Draft , most of the players available were either aging veterans or career minor - leaguers before expansion occurred . Among the Flyers ' 20 selections were Bernie Parent , Doug Favell , Bill Sutherland , Ed Van Impe , Joe Watson , Lou Angotti , Leon Rochefort and Gary Dornhoefer . Having purchased the minor - league Quebec Aces , the team had a distinctly francophone flavor in its early years , with Parent , Rochefort , Andre Lacroix , Serge Bernier , Jean - Guy Gendron , Simon Nolet and Rosaire Paiement among others . Beginning play in 1967 -- 68 , the Philadelphia Flyers made their debut on October 11 , 1967 , losing 5 -- 1 on the road to the California Seals . They won their first game a week later , defeating the St. Louis Blues on the road , 2 -- 1 . The Flyers made their home debut in front of a crowd of 7,812 , shutting out their intrastate rivals , the Pittsburgh Penguins , 1 -- 0 on October 19 . Lou Angotti was named the first captain in Flyers history , while Rochefort was the Flyers ' top goal scorer after netting a total of 21 goals . With all six expansion teams grouped into the same division , the Flyers were able to win the division with a sub -. 500 record despite being forced to play their last seven home games on the road due to a storm blowing parts of the Spectrum 's roof off . Playoff success , however , did not come so quickly , as the Flyers were upset by St. Louis in a first round , seven - game series . Angotti left the team in the off - season and was replaced by Van Impe as team captain . Led by Van Impe and the team - leading 24 goals of Andre Lacroix , the Flyers struggled during their sophomore season by finishing 15 games under . 500 . Despite their poor regular season showing in 1968 -- 69 , they made the playoffs . They again lost to St. Louis , however , this time being dispatched in a four - game sweep . Not wanting his team to be physically outmatched again , majority owner Ed Snider instructed General Manager Bud Poile to acquire bigger , tougher players . While Head Coach Keith Allen soon after replaced Poile as GM , this mandate eventually led to one of the most feared teams to ever take the ice in the NHL . The keystone of those teams was acquired when the Flyers took a chance on a 19 - year - old diabetic from Flin Flon , Manitoba , Bobby Clarke , with their second draft pick , 17th overall , in the 1969 NHL Amateur Draft . Keeping to Snider 's mandate , the team also drafted future enforcer Dave Schultz 52nd overall . Kate Smith singing `` God Bless America '' prior to big games became a Flyers tradition . By the time training camp came around , it was clear that Clarke was the team 's best player , and he quickly became a fan favorite . His 15 goals and 31 assists in his rookie season earned him a trip to the NHL All - Star Game . Despite his arrival , the team struggled in 1969 -- 70 , recording only 17 wins -- the fewest in franchise history ( as of completion of the 2012 -- 13 season -- and set the NHL team record for most ties ( 24 ) . They lost the tiebreaker for the final playoff spot to Oakland , missing the playoffs for the first time . On December 11 , 1969 , the Flyers introduced what became one of the team 's best - known traditions : playing a recording of Kate Smith singing `` God Bless America '' instead of `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' before important games . The perception was that the team was more successful on these occasions , so the tradition grew . The move was initially done by Flyers Promotion Director Lou Scheinfeld as a way to defray national tensions at the time of the Vietnam War : Scheinfeld noticed that people regularly left their seats and walked around during the anthem , but showed more respect and often sang along to `` God Bless America . '' To this day , the team plays the song before major playoff games , currently with Lauren Hart , daughter of Hall of Fame Flyers broadcaster Gene Hart , performing the first part of the song , a recording of Smith singing the second part , and Lauren Hart joining the recording for the finale . As of the close of the 2016 -- 17 season , the Flyers have a record of 100 -- 29 -- 5 when `` God Bless America '' is sung prior to Flyers home games . In 1970 -- 71 , the Flyers returned to the playoffs , but were swept by the Chicago Black Hawks in the first round . Even though the team had improved their record in his second season behind the bench , Head Coach Vic Stasiuk was replaced by Fred Shero in the off - season . Clarke continued to progress as he led the team in scoring in 1971 -- 72 and became the first Flyer to win an NHL award , the Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy for perseverance , sportsmanship and dedication to hockey . However , in the season 's final game , the Flyers needed a win or a tie against the second - year Buffalo Sabres to beat out Pittsburgh for the final playoff spot . The score was tied late in the game , but with just four seconds on the clock , former Flyer Gerry Meehan took a shot from just inside the blue line that eluded Flyers goaltender Doug Favell . The Flyers lost the tiebreaker to Pittsburgh and missed the playoffs . As it turned out , it was the last time the Flyers missed the playoffs for 18 years . Broad Street Bullies ( 1972 -- 1979 ) ( edit ) Statue depicting Gary Dornhoefer 's overtime goal during the 1973 Stanley Cup playoffs . It was during the 1972 -- 73 season that the Flyers shed the mediocre expansion team label and became the intimidating Broad Street Bullies , a nickname coined by Jack Chevalier and Pete Cafone of the Philadelphia Bulletin on January 3 , 1973 after a 3 -- 1 brawling victory over the Atlanta Flames that led Chevalier to write in his game account , `` The image of the fightin ' Flyers spreading gradually around the NHL , and people are dreaming up wild nicknames . They 're the Mean Machine , the Bullies of Broad Street and Freddy 's Philistines . '' Cafone wrote the accompanying headline , `` Broad Street Bullies Muscle Atlanta . '' That same month , Clarke was the youngest player ( at that time ) in NHL history to be named team captain , replacing Ed Van Impe . Rick MacLeish became the first Flyer to score 50 goals in a season and the Flyers recorded their first winning season . An overtime goal by Gary Dornhoefer in Game 5 turned the tide of their first round series with the Minnesota North Stars in the Flyers ' favor , as the Flyers got their first playoff series win in six games . They were outmatched in the semi-finals by the Montreal Canadiens , however , losing in five games . After the season , Clarke was awarded the Hart Memorial Trophy as the NHL 's Most Valuable Player . Back to back Stanley cups ( edit ) Goaltender Bernie Parent returned to the franchise in the off - season , and the Flyers proved that the expansion teams could challenge the Original Six in 1973 -- 74 . The Bullies continued their rough - and - tumble ways , led by Dave Schultz 's 348 penalty minutes , and reached the top of the West Division with a record of 50 -- 16 -- 12 . The return of Parent proved to be of great benefit , as he established himself as one of if not the best goaltender in the League after winning 47 games , a record which stood for 33 years . Since the Flyers , along with Chicago , allowed the fewest goals in the League , Parent also shared the Vezina Trophy with Chicago 's Tony Esposito . Bobby Clarke , pictured during the 1982 -- 83 season , was the leader of the Broad Street Bullies ; Clarke is widely acknowledged as being one of the greatest hockey players and captains of all time . Come playoff time , the Flyers swept the Atlanta Flames in four games in the first round . In the Semi-finals , the Flyers faced the New York Rangers . The series , which saw the home team win every game , went seven games . Fortunately for the Flyers , they had home - ice advantage as they advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals by winning Game 7 and in the process made history by becoming the first expansion team to win a playoff series over an Original Six team . Their opponent , Bobby Orr and the Boston Bruins , took Game 1 in Boston , but Bobby Clarke scored an overtime goal in Game 2 to even the series . The Flyers then won Games 3 and 4 at home to take a 3 -- 1 series lead , though Boston won Game 5 to stave off elimination . That set the stage for Game 6 at the Spectrum . The Flyers picked up the lead early when Rick MacLeish scored a first period goal . Late in the game , Orr hauled down Clarke on a breakaway , a penalty which assured the Flyers of victory . Time expired as the Flyers brought the Stanley Cup to Philadelphia for the first time . Parent , having shutout Boston in Game 6 , won the Conn Smythe Trophy as the Playoff MVP . Throughout the 1973 -- 74 season , the Flyers often used a recording of Kate Smith singing `` God Bless America '' instead of the national anthem. Smith herself appeared before Game 6 to lead the crowd in the song , even miming a `` knockout punch '' after her performance . In 1974 -- 75 , Dave Schultz topped his mark from the previous season by setting an NHL record for penalty minutes with 472 . Clarke 's efforts earned him his second Hart Trophy and Parent was the lone recipient of the Vezina Trophy . The Flyers as a team improved their record slightly with a mark of 51 -- 18 -- 11 , the best record in the NHL . After a first - round bye , the Flyers easily swept the Toronto Maple Leafs and were presented with another New York - area team in the Semi-finals . The Flyers looked to be headed toward another sweep against the New York Islanders after winning the first three games . The Islanders , however , fought back by winning the next three games , setting up a deciding seventh game . The Flyers were finally able to shut the door on the Islanders , winning Game 7 , 4 -- 1 . Facing Buffalo in the Stanley Cup Finals , the Flyers won the first two games at home . Game 3 , played in Buffalo , went down in hockey lore as The Fog Game due to an unusual May heat wave in Buffalo that forced parts of the game to be played in heavy fog , as Buffalo 's arena lacked air conditioning . The Flyers lost Games 3 and 4 , but won Game 5 at home in dominating fashion , 5 -- 1 . On the road for Game 6 , Bob Kelly scored the decisive goal and Parent pitched another shutout ( a playoff record fifth shutout ) as the Flyers repeated as Stanley Cup champions . Parent also repeated as the playoff MVP , winning a second consecutive Conn Smythe Trophy . Enforcer Dave Schultz , the most notorious Broad Street Bully , set the NHL record for most penalty minutes in a single season during the 1974 -- 75 season . The highlight of the 1975 -- 76 season had no bearing on the season standings . On January 11 at the Spectrum , the Flyers , as part of the Super Series ' 76 , played a memorable exhibition game against the Soviet Union 's dominant Central Red Army team . As the Bullies had put intimidation to good use the past three years , the Flyers ' rugged style of play led the Soviets to leave the ice midway through the first period , protesting a hit on Valeri Kharlamov , whom Clarke had slashed on the ankle in the famous Summit Series ' 72 , by Ed Van Impe . After some delay , the Soviets returned after they were warned that they would lose their salary for the entire series . The Flyers went on to win the game rather easily , 4 -- 1 , and were the only team to defeat the Red Army outright in the series . After that win , the Spectrum became known as the `` most intimidating building to play in and has the most intimidating fans . '' Head Coach Fred Shero proclaimed , `` Yes we are world champions . If they had won , they would have been world champions . We beat the hell out of a machine . '' The Flyers recorded the best record in team history ( points-wise ) with a record of 51 -- 13 -- 16 . The LCB line , featuring Reggie Leach at right - wing , Clarke at center and Bill Barber at left - wing , set an NHL record for goals by a single line with 141 ( Leach 61 , Clarke 30 , Barber 50 ) . Clarke , on his way to a third Hart Trophy , set a club record for points in one season with 119 . Heading into the playoffs , the Flyers squeaked past Toronto in seven games and defeated Boston in five games , with Game 5 featuring a five - goal outburst by Leach , the `` Riverton Rifle '' , to head to a third - straight appearance in the Stanley Cup Finals . However , the Flyers did not come close to a third straight championship without an injured Bernie Parent , as they ran into an up - and - coming dynasty in Montreal , and were swept in four - straight games . Despite the loss , Leach was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy for scoring a record 19 goals in 16 playoff games . Dethroned , the heyday of the Broad Street Bullies began to come to an end , as prior to the 1976 -- 77 season , tough - guy Dave Schultz was traded to the Los Angeles Kings . Despite a slight drop - off in performance , the Flyers dominated the Patrick Division with what proved to be their fourth - straight division title . After disposing of Toronto in six games , the Flyers found themselves in the Semi-finals for the fifth consecutive season . Pitted against Boston , the Flyers lost Games 1 and 2 at home in overtime and did not return home as they were swept in four - straight games . The Flyers lost their hold on the Patrick Division in 1977 -- 78 and settled for second place . After sweeping the Colorado Rockies in two games in the preliminary round , the Flyers moved on to beat Buffalo in five games . They then faced Boston in the Semi-finals for the second consecutive season , and lost again , this time in five games . Following the season , the Flyers were stunned when Head Coach Shero left to become general manager and head coach of the Rangers . As compensation for Shero , the Flyers received the Rangers ' first - round draft pick in 1978 . Bob McCammon , who had just coached the Flyers ' first year AHL Maine Mariners farm club to a Calder Cup title , replaced Fred Shero behind the bench . After a slow start in 1978 -- 79 , the Flyers switched McCammon with Pat Quinn , Shero 's previous assistant coach , who had replaced McCammon with the Mariners . Adding to the problems , Bernie Parent suffered a career - ending eye injury . The Flyers rallied under Quinn and finished in second place . Matched - up against the Vancouver Canucks in the preliminary round , the Flyers won the series in three games . The Flyers ' season came to an end against Fred Shero 's Rangers in a five - game Quarterfinal loss . A New generation Takes over ( 1979 -- 1989 ) ( edit ) The Flyers began the 1979 -- 80 season with a somewhat controversial move by naming Clarke a playing assistant coach and giving the captaincy to Mel Bridgman . While Clarke was against this initially , he accepted his new role . The Flyers went undefeated for a North American professional sports record 35 - straight games ( 25 -- 0 -- 10 ) , before losing 7 -- 1 to the Minnesota North Stars , a record that still stands to this day . The streak started after the team was 1 -- 1 on October 14 , and ended on January 7 , 1980 . In doing so , the Flyers wrapped up the Patrick Division title with 14 games to spare and the first overall seed in the playoffs . Their regular - season success continued into the playoffs , as the Flyers swept a young Wayne Gretzky and his Edmonton Oilers in the first round , then went on to get revenge against Fred `` The Fog '' Shero and his Rangers by beating them in five before disposing of Minnesota in five to lock up a berth in the Stanley Cup Finals . Facing the Islanders for the Cup , the Flyers ultimately lost in six games on Bob Nystrom 's overtime Cup - winning goal . The end result of the series was marred by controversy , as the Islanders were offside on the play that resulted in their second goal , but the call was not made . Linesman Leon Stickle admitted after the game that he had blown the call . After the loss to the Islanders , the last of the Broad Street Bullies guard moved on . Gone were the likes of Leach , MacLeish , Dupont , Kelly , Jimmy Watson and finally Barber and Clarke in 1984 , and taking their spots over the next few seasons were young talent such as Brian Propp , Tim Kerr , Dave Poulin , Pelle Lindbergh and Mark Howe , who upon arrival instantly became the Flyers ' top defenseman for the next decade . The Flyers made early playoff exits the next four years , including three first round exits in a row . After a tough , five - game preliminary round series win against the Quebec Nordiques , the team 's 1980 -- 81 season came to an end as they lost in the Quarterfinals to the Calgary Flames in seven games . They then lost to the Rangers two years in a row in 1981 -- 82 and 1982 -- 83 and then were swept by the Washington Capitals in 1983 -- 84 . It was after the latter of these playoff losses that Bobby Clarke retired and was named vice-president and general manager of the team . Ron Hextall emerged as the Flyers ' starting goaltender in the 1986 -- 87 season . His rookie performance earned him the season 's Vezina Trophy . Mike Keenan , a relative unknown at the time , was hired in 1984 to coach the team , and named second - year player Dave Poulin team captain . Behind the goaltending of Pelle Lindbergh ( who led the NHL with 40 wins and was the first European to win the Vezina Trophy ) , the Flyers won a franchise - record 53 games -- best in the League -- during the 1984 -- 85 season . The Flyers rolled through the playoffs by sweeping the Rangers in three games , defeating the Islanders in five and beating Quebec in six to return to the Stanley Cup Finals . Though they defeated the defending Stanley Cup champion Oilers in Game 1 by a score of 4 -- 1 at home , Edmonton won the next four games and the series . A month into the 1985 -- 86 season , Pelle Lindbergh was killed in a car accident . The team rallied and showed perseverance by garnering the best record in the Wales Conference and matching their win total ( 53 ) from the previous year . Tim Kerr scored 58 goals and the defense pairing of Howe and Brad McCrimmon led the League in plus - minus , a + 85 and a + 83 , respectively . Bob Froese filled in admirably in net for Lindbergh , being named a second Team All - Star and sharing the William M. Jennings Trophy with teammate Darren Jensen . Despite their regular season success , an emotionally - exhausted Flyers team lost in the first round of the playoffs to the Rangers in five games . In 1986 , the Flyers were rejuvenated by the ascension of 22 - year - old goaltender Ron Hextall . In his rookie season , he became the third Flyers goaltender to win the Vezina Trophy , joining Parent and Lindbergh . With Hextall providing the critical stops at crucial times , the Flyers captured a third - straight Patrick Division title , and were able to gain revenge on the Rangers by beating them in six games , as well as surviving a tough seven - game test from a gritty Islanders club . The Flyers then defeated the defending Stanley Cup champion Canadiens in a fiery six game series ( notable for a famous bench - clearing brawl during the Game 6 warmup ) to win the Wales Conference and return to the Stanley Cup Finals . As was the case two seasons prior , the Flyers became decimated by injuries , the most significant of which was losing Kerr for the remainder of the playoffs . After falling behind three games to one in the Stanley Cup Finals , the Flyers rallied from a two - goal deficit on the road in Game 5 to extend the series , then won Game 6 at home with another late - game comeback . However , they could not overcome the odds a third time and eventually succumbed to the Oilers , 3 -- 1 , in Game 7 . Hextall was voted playoff MVP , the second time a Flyer won the Conn Smythe Trophy despite being on the losing team ( the other being another Manitoban , Reggie Leach , in 1976 ) . The Flyers stumbled in 1987 -- 88 , finishing third in the Patrick Division ( after a first - place finish the previous three years ) . Hextall became the first NHL goaltender to score a goal by firing the puck into an empty net in a December 8 game against Boston . In their first round playoff series with Washington , the Flyers blew a 3 -- 1 series lead as Washington forced a Game 7 . They then blew a 3 -- 0 lead in Game 7 as Washington won in overtime 5 -- 4 . It was because of this playoff collapse that `` Iron Mike '' was fired . Paul Holmgren was named Keenan 's replacement , the first time a former Flyer was named the club 's head coach . Despite finishing at the . 500 mark in 1988 -- 89 , the Flyers made the playoffs for the 17th consecutive season . Facing first - place Washington in the first round , the Flyers pulled off the upset in six games . Ron Hextall managed to score another empty - net goal in the waning moments of Game 5 , becoming the first NHL goalie to score a goal in the playoffs . The Flyers then defeated Pittsburgh in seven games to make the Wales Conference Finals before bowing out to Montreal in six games . It was the Flyers ' last playoff appearance until 1995 . Rebuilding a winning team ( 1989 -- 1997 ) ( edit ) The 1989 -- 90 season got off to a bad start for the Flyers , and continued to get worse . Hextall missed all but eight games due to suspension , contract holdout issues and injury , the suspension given for attacking Chris Chelios at the end of the Montreal playoff series the previous spring . Holmgren replaced Dave Poulin as captain in December with Ron Sutter , which led to Poulin 's ( and later that season , Brian Propp 's ) trade to Boston . As a result , the Flyers missed the Stanley Cup playoffs for the first time since 1972 . Bob Clarke , having been with the Flyers organization since he was drafted in 1969 , was fired and replaced as GM by Russ Farwell ; Clarke resurfaced with the Minnesota North Stars . Hextall continued to be hampered by injuries during the 1990 -- 91 season . He only played in 36 games and as a result the Flyers missed the playoffs for the second consecutive year , finishing fifth in the Division and three points short of a playoff spot after a late - season collapse . Prior to the 1991 -- 92 season , the Flyers acquired Rod Brind'Amour from St. Louis . Brind'Amour led the Flyers in goals ( 33 ) , assists ( 44 ) and points ( 77 ) in his first season with the club . With Ron Sutter gone to St. Louis in the Brind'Amour trade , Rick Tocchet was named team captain . As the Flyers continued to flounder , Paul Holmgren was fired midway through the season and replaced by Bill Dineen , father of Flyer Kevin Dineen . On February 19 , the Flyers and Pittsburgh made a major five - player deal which featured Tocchet -- who never grew comfortably into the role of captain -- heading to Pittsburgh and Mark Recchi coming to Philadelphia . Recchi recorded 27 points in his first 22 games as a Flyer , but the team missed the playoffs for the third consecutive year , due in large part to an awful road record ( 10 -- 26 -- 4 ) . With Tocchet traded , the Flyers remained without a captain until Kevin Dineen was named to the post in 1993 -- 94 , and instead went with three alternate captains . In June 1992 , the Flyers persuaded Clarke to return to the team as senior vice president after Jay Snider won the hard fought arbitration battle for 1991 first overall pick Eric Lindros against the Rangers . It was determined that Quebec had made a deal with the Flyers before making a deal with the Rangers . In order to acquire Lindros ' rights , the Flyers parted with six players , trading Steve Duchesne , Peter Forsberg , Ron Hextall , Kerry Huffman , Mike Ricci , Chris Simon , a 1993 first - round draft pick ( Jocelyn Thibault ) , a 1994 first - round draft pick ( Nolan Baumgartner ) and $15 million to Quebec . While Lindros became a preeminent star in Philadelphia , the trade proved heavily lopsided in favor of the Nordiques -- soon to become the Colorado Avalanche -- providing the core of their two Stanley Cup teams and an unprecedented eight - straight division championships , with Forsberg becoming a franchise player . The trio of Lindros , Recchi and Brent Fedyk formed the Crazy Eights line in Lindros ' first two years in the NHL , the eights being the player 's jersey numbers ( 88 , 8 and 18 respectively ) . In 1992 -- 93 , Recchi set the franchise record for points in a season with 123 ( 53 goals and 70 assists ) and Lindros scored 41 goals in 61 games . After struggling early , the Flyers made a run at the playoffs , but came four points short of the last spot . Head Coach Bill Dineen was fired at the season 's end , while Clarke left town again to become general manager of the expansion Florida Panthers . Following the 1993 -- 94 season , owner Ed Snider took over day - to - day operations , and began courting Bobby Clarke to return as General Manager . For 1993 -- 94 , Terry Simpson was hired as the new head coach in hopes of returning the Flyers to the playoffs after four consecutive off - years . Recchi recorded 107 points ( 40 goals and 67 assists ) and Lindros 97 ( 44 goals and 53 assists ) , while Mikael Renberg set a Flyers rookie record with 82 points . Offense was generated yet the Flyers still failed to clinch a playoff berth , again falling four points short of the final playoff spot . Jay Snider stepped down as president , forcing his father Ed Snider to take over day - to - day operations . The elder Snider had decided he had seen enough of Farwell as GM , and began courting Bob Clarke to leave his GM post with Florida to return to Philadelphia . Farwell 's last move as GM was firing Simpson after a lackluster performance . Bob Clarke returned to the general manager position prior to the lockout - shortened 1994 -- 95 season and immediately began putting his stamp on the team . New Head Coach Terry Murray replaced Kevin Dineen as team captain with Lindros prior to the start of training camp . In order to shore up the defense , Ron Hextall was re-acquired from the Islanders and high - scoring winger Recchi was traded to Montreal for Eric Desjardins , Gilbert Dionne and John LeClair early in the abbreviated season . The Flyers initially struggled out of the gate , going only 3 -- 7 -- 1 through their first 11 games while being outscored 34 -- 22 . Lindros and LeClair then teamed with Renberg to form the Legion of Doom line , a mix of scoring talent and physical intimidation . In their 37 games ( including the 3 -- 1 victory on February 11 , 1995 , against the New Jersey Devils ) , the Flyers went 25 -- 9 -- 3 and outscored their opponents 128 -- 98 en route . Lindros tied Jaromir Jagr for the regular season scoring lead ( though Jagr won the Art Ross Trophy with more goals ) , and captured the Hart Memorial Trophy as the league 's MVP . The playoff drought came to an end as the Flyers won their first division title in eight years and clinched the second seed in the Eastern Conference . After dispatching Buffalo in five and sweeping the defending Stanley Cup champion Rangers , the Flyers were upset in the Eastern Conference Finals to the eventual Stanley Cup champion New Jersey Devils in six games . In 1996 , the Flyers moved to their present home arena , the CoreStates Center ( now the Wells Fargo Center ) . Lindros eclipsed the 100 - point mark for the first time in 1995 -- 96 , gathering 115 points , and LeClair scored 51 goals , as the Flyers repeated as Atlantic Division champs and clinched the top seed in the East . Facing the eighth - seeded Tampa Bay Lightning , the Flyers dropped two of the first three games . They rallied by winning three straight games to win the series . After taking two of the first three games against their second - round opponent , Florida , the Flyers were defeated in overtime in Game 4 and double - overtime in Game 5 . An upstart Florida club with stellar goaltending from John Vanbiesbrouck ended the Flyers ' season in Game 6 . The Flyers said goodbye to the Spectrum and prepared to open a new arena -- the CoreStates Center -- for the next season . The 1996 -- 97 season started off slowly , as Lindros missed 30 games , but LeClair still managed to score 50 goals for the second consecutive year . The mid-season acquisition of then - defenseman scoring leader Paul Coffey gave the Flyers a veteran presence . Despite finishing just one point shy of a third straight Atlantic Division title , the Flyers blitzed their way through the first three rounds of the playoffs , dominating Pittsburgh , Buffalo and the Rangers all in five games apiece to win the Eastern Conference championship , and clinch a berth in the Stanley Cup Finals for the first time since 1986 -- 87 . Despite having home ice advantage , the Flyers were swept in four - straight games by the Detroit Red Wings . The goaltending tandem of Hextall and Garth Snow fared poorly in the Finals , as both conceded soft goals , and Murray 's strategy of alternating starters in goal was criticized . After Game 3 which was a 6 -- 1 loss , Murray blasted his team in a closed - door meeting and then described to the media that the Flyers were in a `` choking situation '' , a remark which angered his players and likely cost Murray his job , as his contract was not renewed . Following the 1997 Stanley Cup Finals Mikael Renberg was traded to the Tampa Bay Lightning , in exchange for Chris Gratton , thus splitting up the famed Legion of Doom line . The trio of Lindros , LeClair and Renberg scored a combined total of 666 points in 547 regular season games . From highs to lows ( 1997 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) The man picked to replace Murray as coach , Wayne Cashman , was deemed ill - suited for the job as the Flyers played inconsistently throughout the 1997 -- 98 season . With 21 games to go in the season , Roger Neilson took over as coach while Cashman was retained as an assistant . John LeClair was able to score at least 50 goals for the third consecutive year ( netting 51 ) , the first time for an American - born player , and goaltender Sean Burke was acquired at the trade deadline . Burke proved ineffective in net , as the Flyers were eliminated in the first round by Buffalo in five games . In the off - season , the Flyers went looking for a new goaltender . Burke was let go and Hextall was about to enter his final season as a backup . They chose to sign former Panther John Vanbiesbrouck over former Oiler Curtis Joseph , who ended up signing with Toronto . The 1998 -- 99 season was marred by a life - threatening injury sustained by Eric Lindros on April Fools ' Day during a game against the Nashville Predators , a season - ending injury later diagnosed as a collapsed lung . Up until that point , Lindros was having an MVP - type season with 40 goals and 53 assists in 71 games . Without Lindros , the Flyers had trouble scoring in the playoffs even after having re-acquired Mark Recchi at the trade deadline . Although Vanbiesbrouck allowed nine goals to Joseph 's eleven allowed , the Flyers lost their first round series with Toronto in six games . 1999 -- 2000 was one of the most tumultuous seasons in franchise history and the tumult actually started three months prior to the start of the regular season . In the span of a few days in July , longtime broadcaster Gene Hart died due to illness and defenseman Dmitri Tertyshny , coming off his rookie season , was fatally injured in a freak boating accident . Head Coach Roger Neilson was diagnosed with bone cancer , forcing him to step aside in February 2000 to undergo treatment , so Assistant Coach Craig Ramsay took over as interim coach for the rest of the season ; Neilson later recovered but was informed that he would not return . In January , longtime Flyer and fan favorite Rod Brind'Amour was shipped to the Carolina Hurricanes for Keith Primeau , with the intention of acquiring a big center to complement Lindros . Meanwhile , the strife between Flyers management ( particularly Clarke ) and Lindros , continued to worsen . Less than a month after Ramsay took over , Lindros suffered his second concussion of the season . He played several games after the initial hit and afterwards criticized the team 's training staff for failing to initially diagnose the concussion after it happened . It was after this that the Flyers ' organization decided to strip Lindros of the captaincy on March 27 and name defenseman Eric Desjardins the team 's captain . With Lindros out indefinitely , the Flyers rallied to overcome the distractions and a 15 - point deficit in the standings to win the Atlantic Division and the top seed in the East on the last day of the regular season . They easily defeated their first round opponent , Buffalo , in five games . Primeau 's goal in the fifth overtime of Game 4 against the team 's second - round opponent , Pittsburgh , turned that series in the Flyers ' favor as they won in six games , coming back from a 2 -- 0 series deficit . After dropping Game 1 to New Jersey in the Eastern Conference Finals , the Flyers peeled off three - straight wins to take a 3 -- 1 series lead . But New Jersey refused to give up . After New Jersey won Game 5 , Lindros returned to the lineup for the first time since March for Game 6 in another losing effort . Early in Game 7 , Lindros was on the receiving end of a controversial hit by Scott Stevens , giving him another concussion and leaving the Philadelphia crowd deflated . Without Lindros , the Flyers lost the decisive game by a score of 2 -- 1 . It was the second time in franchise history the team lost a series after being up three games to one . New Jersey went on to win the Stanley Cup . Lindros never again wore a Flyers uniform , as he sat out the season awaiting a trade . Craig Ramsay retained the head coaching position as Neilson was not asked to return , which became a matter of some controversy . Ramsay lasted only until December when he was replaced by former Flyer great Bill Barber . Brian Boucher , who as a rookie backstopped the Flyers ' playoff run the previous season , could not duplicate his performance in 2000 -- 01 and lost the starting goaltending job to Roman Cechmanek , a former star in the Czech Republic . The performance of Cechmanek , worthy of a Vezina nomination , helped the Flyers stay afloat , but they lost in the first round to Buffalo in six games . Jeremy Roenick was acquired by the Flyers with the departure of Lindros in 2003 . In the off - season , the Flyers re-vamped their lineup by signing Jeremy Roenick and finally trading Lindros to the Rangers for Kim Johnsson , Jan Hlavac , Pavel Brendl and a 2003 third - round draft pick ( Stefan Ruzicka ) . Desjardins stepped down as team captain eight games into the season and was replaced by Primeau . The Flyers began 2001 -- 02 with high expectations and with Roenick leading the team in scoring , the Flyers finished with an Atlantic Division title . The power play was one of the NHL 's worst however , so Adam Oates , the third leading point - producer in the League at the time , was acquired from Washington at the NHL trade deadline . It was of no benefit , however , as the Flyers could not muster much offense , scoring only two goals in their five - game , first - round playoff loss to the Ottawa Senators . It turned out there was much discontent in the locker room as Bill Barber was fired . The Flyers hired a proven winner when they turned to former Dallas Stars and Stanley Cup - winning Head Coach Ken Hitchcock . In 2002 -- 03 , Roman Cechmanek had a 1.83 goals against average ( GAA ) and the Flyers acquired Sami Kapanen and Tony Amonte prior to the trade deadline ; however , they fell one point short of a second straight Atlantic Division title . As a result , the Flyers endured a long , brutal seven - game first round match - up with Toronto that featured three multiple overtime games , all in Toronto . After winning Game 7 , 6 -- 1 , the Flyers fought Ottawa in the second round with equal vigor as they split the first four games of the series , Cechmanek earning shutouts in both wins . Cechmanek 's inconsistency showed through , however , as he allowed ten goals in the final two games and Ottawa advanced in six games . Cechmanek was later traded to Los Angeles for a 2004 second round draft pick during the off - season despite having the second - best GAA in the League over his three years in Philadelphia . Free - agent goaltender Jeff Hackett was signed from Boston to replace Cechmanek and challenge backup Robert Esche for the starter 's spot in 2003 -- 04 , but Hackett was forced to retire in February due to vertigo . During the course of the season , serious injuries suffered by both Roenick ( broken jaw ) and Primeau ( concussion ) in February forced the Flyers to trade for Chicago 's Alexei Zhamnov , who filled in well and kept the Flyers afloat . On March 5 , 2004 , the Flyers set an NHL record in a game against Ottawa where they set a combined record of 419 penalty minutes in a single game . Esche entrenched himself as starter and remained in that position even after the Flyers re-acquired Sean Burke from the Phoenix Coyotes as the Flyers clinched the Atlantic Division title over New Jersey on the last day of the season . Though solid in net , Esche 's performance was trumped by the play of captain Keith Primeau in the playoffs . Primeau led the Flyers past the defending Stanley Cup champion Devils in five , and Toronto in six on their way to the Eastern Conference Finals and a match - up with Tampa Bay . Despite winning Game 6 on the late - game heroics of Primeau and winger Simon Gagne , the Flyers came up short once again losing Game 7 in Tampa , 2 -- 1 . With the NHL preparing for looming labor unrest , the Flyers let their leading scorer , Mark Recchi , leave for Pittsburgh during the off - season . Unsure about the future , the Flyers were unsure about his worth . The NHL lockout forced the cancellation of the 2004 -- 05 NHL season . The Flyers were one of the more active teams once the NHL lockout came to an end . Replacing the high - profile names of Amonte , LeClair and Roenick were superstar Peter Forsberg , along with defensemen Derian Hatcher and Mike Rathje , as well as several players from the Calder Cup - winning Philadelphia Phantoms . When all was said and done , the team had experienced a turnover of nearly two - thirds of the roster . Simon Gagne , placed on a line with Peter Forsberg and Mike Knuble , scored a career high 47 goals during the 2005 -- 06 season . The Flyers began the 2005 -- 06 NHL season with lofty expectations . Despite being hampered by injuries prior to and during 2005 -- 06 , the Flyers lived up to those expectations in the first half of the season , reaching the top of the league standings in January while simultaneously holding a ten - point lead in the Atlantic Division . The Deuces Wild line of Forsberg , Gagne and Mike Knuble recorded 75 , 79 and 65 points respectively while Gagne , with Forsberg feeding him , scored a career high of 47 goals . However , the injuries began to accumulate and take their toll , the most crippling of which was Keith Primeau season - ending concussion . The Flyers had been first in the league prior to the Olympic break , where an injury to Forsberg occurred . All told , the Flyers were third in the NHL with 388 - man - games lost to injury , tops amongst playoff teams . The second half of the regular season was defined by a record hovering around . 500 , sending the Flyers on a steady slide in the standings . The Flyers fell short of an Atlantic Division title , finishing second by tie - breaker to New Jersey , drawing the fifth seed in the Eastern Conference and a first round match - up with fourth - seeded Buffalo . The Flyers lost the series in six games . The Flyers ' 40th year anniversary season turned out to be the worst in franchise history . The Flyers traded Michal Handzus to Chicago , lost Kim Johnsson to free agency and Eric Desjardins and team captain Keith Primeau retired in the off - season . Peter Forsberg replaced Primeau as team captain , but a chronic foot injury developing in last season 's Olympics had him in and out of the lineup throughout the season and limited his effectiveness . Eight games into the regular season and with a record of 1 -- 6 -- 1 , General Manager Bobby Clarke resigned and Head Coach Ken Hitchcock was fired . Assistant Coach John Stevens replaced Hitchcock and Assistant General Manager Paul Holmgren took on Clarke 's responsibilities on an interim basis . The changes did little to improve the Flyers fortunes in 2006 -- 07 as setting franchise records for futility became the norm . They had several multiple - game losing streaks including a franchise worst ten - game losing streak and a 13 - game home losing streak that stretched from November 29 to February 10 . Ultimately , the Flyers finished with a 22 -- 48 -- 12 record -- the most losses and the worst winning percentage in franchise history , and the worst record in the League . They also set the NHL record for the biggest points drop off in the standings in a one - year span ( 101 points in 2005 -- 06 to 56 points in 2006 -- 07 , a difference of 45 points ) . The Flyers were left further dejected as they lost the NHL draft lottery and were demoted to the second overall selection . With the team clearly on the verge of missing the playoffs for the first time in 13 years , Paul Holmgren set his sights on rebuilding the team and preparing for the future . Forsberg , unwilling to commit to playing next season , was traded to Nashville for Scottie Upshall , Ryan Parent and 2007 - first and third - round draft picks at the deadline . Veteran defenseman Alexei Zhitnik was traded to the Atlanta Thrashers for prospect defenseman Braydon Coburn , while disappointing off - season acquisition Kyle Calder was sent to Detroit via Chicago in exchange for defenseman Lasse Kukkonen . The Flyers also acquired goaltender Martin Biron from Buffalo for a 2007 second - round pick . Given wide praise for his efforts , the Flyers gave Holmgren a two - year contract and removed the interim label from his title . Multiple makeovers ( 2007 -- 2014 ) ( edit ) The Flyers began the 2007 -- 08 season with the intention of putting the disaster of the previous season behind them . In June , the Flyers made a trade that sent the first - round draft pick they had acquired in the Forsberg trade ( 23rd overall ) back to Nashville in exchange for the rights to negotiate with impending unrestricted free agents Kimmo Timonen and Scott Hartnell . Both were subsequently signed to six - year contracts . After much speculation about whether the Flyers would keep or trade the second overall pick in the 2007 NHL Entry Draft , the Flyers opted to keep it , using it to select New Jersey native James van Riemsdyk . The Flyers signed Daniel Briere to an eight - year contract on July 1 , 2007 . The Flyers wasted no time in addressing their free agent needs . On July 1 , the Flyers signed Buffalo co-captain Daniel Briere to an eight - year , $52 million contract . Continuing to revamp their defensive core , Joni Pitkanen and Geoff Sanderson were traded to Edmonton in exchange for Oilers captain Jason Smith and Joffrey Lupul. Smith was later named Flyers captain on October 1 . The season began in the image of the Broad Street Bullies era , with multiple - game suspensions handed out to five separate players , the most serious being 25 - game suspensions to both Steve Downie and Jesse Boulerice for two separate incidents . A 7 -- 3 start in October and a 9 -- 3 -- 1 January run had the Flyers near the top of both the Division and Conference standings . However , a disastrous ten - game losing streak in February , reminiscent of such a streak the previous season , nearly derailed the Flyers ' year . An 8 -- 3 -- 4 run in March , coupled with two huge wins over New Jersey and Pittsburgh over the final weekend of the regular season , put the Flyers back in the 2008 playoffs as the sixth seed , setting up a first - round matchup with Washington . After taking a three games to one lead over the Capitals , Washington then won Games 5 and 6 to force a deciding Game 7 in Washington . After an evenly fought game , the Flyers ultimately won the series in overtime via a Joffrey Lupul powerplay goal . The Flyers then drew a matchup with heavily favored Montreal in the second round . Despite being outshot a majority of the series , the Flyers upset the Canadiens in five games , advancing to the Eastern Conference Finals for the first time since 2003 -- 04 to face Pittsburgh . Before the start of the series , the Flyers suffered a fatal blow when it was learned that Kimmo Timonen was out with a blood clot in his ankle . Coupled with a gruesome facial injury to Braydon Coburn in Game 2 , Pittsburgh ran roughshod over the Flyers ' depleted defense and jumped out to a 3 -- 0 series lead . The Flyers won Game 4 at home to stave off elimination , and although Timonen returned for Game 5 , Pittsburgh finished off the Flyers in five games . Mike Richards was named team captain prior to the 2008 -- 09 season . The Flyers began the 2008 -- 09 season by naming Mike Richards the 17th captain in team history on September 17 , with Jason Smith having departed to Ottawa as a free agent . The Flyers were looking to build on the success of the previous season , but instead got off to an 0 -- 3 -- 3 start . However , despite a solid December and January and finishing with four points more than the year before , for the most part the 2008 -- 09 Flyers played inconsistently and looked like different teams , playing at the top of their ability one night and a sub-par performance the next . Derian Hatcher missed the entire regular season and playoffs with a knee injury , and Steve Downie was traded to Tampa Bay with Steve Eminger , whom they had previously acquired in a trade with Washington prior to the season for defenseman Matt Carle . Two pleasant surprises were the emergence of rookie center Claude Giroux and defenseman Luca Sbisa , who was drafted by the Flyers in June with the 19th overall pick acquired from the Columbus Blue Jackets in exchange for R.J. Umberger , a victim of team salary cap constraints . Scottie Upshall also found himself the victim of such a crunch ; he was traded to Phoenix in exchange for Daniel Carcillo at the NHL trade deadline . Despite holding on to the fourth seed in the East for much of the season , thanks to a 4 -- 5 -- 1 finish to the season , highlighted by a home loss to the Rangers on the last day of the regular season , the Flyers slipped to the fifth seed and lost home - ice advantage in their first - round series with Pittsburgh . Pittsburgh dominated the Flyers in Game 1 , and despite a better effort by the Flyers in Game 2 , Pittsburgh came to Philadelphia with a 2 -- 0 series lead . The Flyers were the better team in Games 3 and 4 , but Pittsburgh gained a split in Philadelphia and took a 3 -- 1 series lead . After a decisive 3 -- 0 win in Game 5 , the Flyers jumped out to a 3 -- 0 lead in Game 6 , but promptly fell victim to the inconsistencies that plagued the team all season and gave up five unanswered goals in a season - ending 5 -- 3 loss . Giroux led the team in scoring in the playoffs . Jeff Carter ended the regular season with 46 goals , second in the NHL after Washington 's Alexander Ovechkin . Captain Mike Richards just missed out on the Frank J. Selke Trophy in the closest vote in the history of the award . The Flyers began the 2009 -- 10 season with some major changes , allowing goaltenders Martin Biron and Antero Niittymaki to depart via free agency , replacing them with former Ottawa netminder Ray Emery and former Flyer Brian Boucher , and significantly upgrading the defense with the addition of Chris Pronger from Anaheim . Pronger came at a price , however , costing the Flyers Joffrey Lupul , Luca Sbisa and the Flyers ' first - round draft picks in both 2009 and 2010 . The season began in earnest , though it soon unraveled with mediocre play that cost Head Coach John Stevens his job in December . Peter Laviolette was hired as his replacement in order to re institute accountability and restore success to the Flyers , though the results were not immediate ; the Flyers suffered a 2 -- 7 -- 1 stretch immediately following his arrival . Injuries took a major toll on the Flyers , with Blair Betts , Daniel Briere , Jeff Carter , Simon Gagne and Kimmo Timonen all missing significant numbers of games , though no position was nearly affected as much with injuries as goaltending . Emery suffered a hip injury in December , played sporadically afterwards and ultimately underwent season - ending surgery . Boucher suffered a hand injury shortly thereafter , which allowed journeyman goaltender Michael Leighton to step in and make an immediate impact . Leighton went 8 -- 0 -- 1 in his first ten starts , including a tough 2 -- 1 overtime loss in the 2010 Winter Classic to Boston at Fenway Park on New Year 's Day . Leighton , however , was forced out of the line - up in March with a high ankle sprain , necessitating Boucher 's return as starter . All told , seven different goaltenders suited up for the Flyers at various points throughout the year . Mediocre play down the stretch forced the Flyers into a do - or - die shootout with the Rangers in what could have been their final game of the year , with the contest being hosted at the Wachovia Center . Boucher stopped final shooter Olli Jokinen to clinch the seventh seed in the East and a first round matchup with New Jersey . The Flyers celebrate Claude Giroux 's overtime goal in game three of the 2010 Stanley Cup Finals . Boucher and the Flyers consistently outplayed Martin Brodeur and New Jersey and pulled off the upset in five games . However , the victory was costly , as Carter suffered a broken foot and Gagne a broken toe in Game 4 , while Ian Laperriere suffered a grievous facial injury by blocking a shot in Game 5 . The Flyers then faced sixth - seeded Boston in the second round , and despite playing at an even level with the Bruins , the Flyers found themselves in a 3 -- 0 series deficit . Gagne returned in Game 4 and scored in overtime to force a Game 5 , which the Flyers won convincingly , 4 -- 0 . Boucher suffered MCL sprains during the game in both knees which forced Leighton back into net in his first time suiting up since March . Boucher and Leighton became the first goalies since 1955 to share a playoff shutout . A 2 -- 1 Flyers win in Game 6 forced a Game 7 in Boston . Falling behind 3 -- 0 in Game 7 , the Flyers pulled off the biggest comeback in both franchise and League history , winning 4 -- 3 on a late goal by Gagne to join Maple Leafs in 1942 , Islanders in 1975 and the Boston Red Sox in 2004 as the only sports teams to win a playoff series after trailing 3 -- 0 . In the Eastern Conference Finals , the Flyers had home - ice advantage as they faced eighth - seeded Montreal . Leighton became the first Flyers netminder to record three shutouts in a series , and Carter and Laperriere returned to the lineup as the Flyers won the Eastern Conference Championship in five games , advancing to the Stanley Cup Finals for the first time since 1997 to face the Chicago Blackhawks . Dropping two close games in Chicago , the Flyers returned home to win Game 3 in overtime and Game 4 to even the series . A convincing 7 -- 4 win by Chicago in Game 5 , however , put the Flyers one game away from elimination . A late Scott Hartnell goal in Game 6 forced overtime , but Patrick Kane scored just over four minutes into overtime to eliminate the Flyers and give Chicago their first Stanley Cup since 1961 . Ville Leino , acquired in a mid-season trade from Detroit , set the Flyers rookie playoff scoring record and tied the NHL record with 21 points . Briere led the NHL playoff scoring race with 30 points , one point ahead of Conn Smythe Trophy winner , Jonathan Toews . The Flyers acquired Sergei Bobrovsky in the 2010 off - season . Coming off the close loss to Chicago in the Finals , the Flyers traded Gagne to Tampa Bay to clear up cap space , acquired Andrej Meszaros from Tampa Bay in a separate trade and signed free agent Sean O'Donnell to shore up the defensive corps . The Flyers started the 2010 -- 11 season with rookie goaltender Sergei Bobrovsky from the Kontinental Hockey League ( KHL ) in Russia , who recorded an opening - night win in his NHL debut against Pittsburgh and had steady numbers throughout the season . Boucher remained as the team 's backup goaltender , while Leighton played one game in December after recovering from a back injury before being demoted to Adirondack in the American Hockey League ( AHL ) . The Flyers led both the Atlantic Division and Eastern Conference for the majority of the season , and challenged Vancouver for the overall NHL lead . Kris Versteeg was brought in from Toronto to add additional offense for the stretch drive and playoffs . However , lackluster play throughout March and April , coupled with a broken hand suffered by Chris Pronger in late February that ended his regular season , cost the Flyers the top seed in the East during the last week of the regular season , although the Flyers hung on to win their first Atlantic Division title since 2003 -- 04 and clinched the second seed in the East . The Flyers drew Buffalo in the first round . Bobrovsky played well in a 1 -- 0 Game 1 loss , but was replaced in Game 2 by Boucher , who held on for a 5 -- 4 Flyers win . Boucher played well in a Game 3 win and a Game 4 loss , but was replaced himself in a favor of Leighton during a bad first period in Game 5 , which Buffalo won in overtime . Pronger returned to the lineup and Leighton started Game 6 but was replaced by Boucher after a poor first period , though nonetheless the Flyers went on to win in overtime and forced a Game 7 , which Boucher started . The Flyers dominated Buffalo , 5 -- 2 , and became the first team to win a playoff series starting three different goaltenders since 1988 . The Flyers then drew a rematch with the Boston Bruins in the second round . Boston dominated the Flyers in Game 1 , where Boucher was again replaced , this time by Bobrovsky . Pronger again left the lineup with an undisclosed injury , while Boston won Game 2 in overtime and again dominated the Flyers in Game 3 to take a 3 -- 0 series lead . Bobrovsky started Game 4 , but there was no comeback like in their previous meeting , as Boston completed the sweep . The Flyers tied an NHL record with seven playoff in - game goalie changes , and were the only NHL team not to record a shutout in either the regular season or playoffs . Claude Giroux broke out in the 2011 -- 12 season with 93 points in 77 regular - season games followed by 17 points in ten playoff games . Following his penchant for making big moves , Flyers General Manager Paul Holmgren pulled off perhaps the most stunning move of his tenure , trading Mike Richards to the Los Angeles Kings for Brayden Schenn , Wayne Simmonds and a 2012 second - round draft pick ; and Jeff Carter to Columbus for their 2011 first - round pick ( with which the Flyers selected Sean Couturier ) , 2011 third - round pick ( with which the Flyers selected Nick Cousins ) and Jakub Voracek , all within the span of one hour on June 23 . Later that same day , Holmgren addressed the Flyers ' long - standing goaltending issues by signing the Phoenix Coyotes ' Ilya Bryzgalov to a nine - year , $51 million contract . On July 1 , the Flyers signed Jaromir Jagr to a one - year contract , Maxime Talbot to a five - year contract and Andreas Lilja to a two - year contract . Additionally , Chris Pronger was named Flyers captain ; however , 13 games into the 2011 -- 12 season , he was lost for the remainder of the regular season and playoffs with severe post-concussion syndrome . Bryzgalov 's play ranged from spectacular to sub-par , including being benched in favor of Sergei Bobrovsky for the Flyers ' 3 -- 2 loss to the New York Rangers in the 2012 Winter Classic , but also being named NHL First Star for the month of March . Twelve rookies suited up for the Flyers during the season , with the play of Couturier , Schenn and Matt Read standing out impressively . The Flyers drew Pittsburgh in the first round of the 2012 playoffs , a series in which the two teams combined for an NHL - record 45 goals in the first four games and a total of 309 penalty minutes in an intense , fight - filled series . The Flyers pulled off the upset in six games against a Pittsburgh team that was heavily favored to win the Stanley Cup . In the second round against New Jersey , the Flyers were heavily favored to win the series , but the Flyers ' run - and - gun style of play was stymied by the Devils ' forechecking and defense , and , although they won the first game at home in overtime , the Flyers lost four games in a row and were eliminated in five . Briere and Giroux ended the playoffs tied with five other players for the League lead in playoff goals with eight , despite their team being eliminated in the second round . In the following off - season , in an attempt to gain a bona - fide , first - line defenseman to replace the injured Pronger and the aging Kimmo Timonen , the Flyers signed Nashville Predators defenseman Shea Weber to an offer sheet contract worth $110 million over 14 years ; the contract , however , was eventually matched by the Predators . The team began the lockout - shortened 2012 -- 13 season at 0 -- 3 -- 0 , their worst start in 17 years . The franchise finished at a record of 23 -- 22 -- 3 , fourth in the Atlantic and tenth in the East . The team failed to qualify for the playoffs for the first time since the 2006 -- 07 season and only the ninth time in team history . During the offseason , the Flyers handed big contracts out to Mark Streit ( four years , 21 million ) and to Vincent Lecavalier ( five years , 22.5 million ) . With Vincent Lecavalier , the Flyers were attempting to replace Daniel Brieres ' production . With Mark Streit , the Flyers wanted to add mobility and scoring to their blue line ; something that it was lacking the previous year . On January 15 , 2013 , the club announced that Claude Giroux had been named the 19th captain in franchise history . Later that year , on October 7 , head coach Peter Laviolette and assistant coach Kevin McCarthy were both fired just three games into the 2013 -- 14 season after the team again began the season 0 -- 3 -- 0 . Assistant Coach Craig Berube , who previously played for the Flyers and served two stints as head coach of the Flyers ' AHL affiliate , the Philadelphia Phantoms , was named the new head coach , while John Paddock and former Flyer Ian Laperriere were announced as Berube 's assistants . The team went 42 -- 27 -- 10 with Berube behind the bench , clinching a playoff berth and ultimately falling in seven games to the New York Rangers in 2014 Conference Quarterfinals . The Hextall era ( 2014 -- present ) ( edit ) Ron Hextall was named the club 's new General Manager on May 7 , 2014 . On May 7 , 2014 , the club announced that General Manager Paul Holmgren had been promoted to president , with Assistant General Manager Ron Hextall filling his vacancy . Hextall laid out a new plan for the franchise to develop players from within their system , rather than through outside acquisitions . In order to free up valuable cap space Scott Hartnell was traded before the start of the 2014 -- 15 NHL season , following Braydon Coburn and Kimmo Timonen being traded away mid-season . The Flyers did not qualify for the playoffs for the second time in three seasons in 2014 -- 15 , and head coach Berube was subsequently fired after the season . The Flyers finished with 33 wins and 31 losses for 84 points . On May 18 , 2015 , the Flyers hired the former head coach of the University of North Dakota 's men 's ice hockey team , Dave Hakstol . Hakstol had been North Dakota 's coach for the past 8 seasons , during which he accumulated a 289 -- 143 -- 43 record and led the school to the NCAA Division I Men 's Ice Hockey Championship in each season at the helm . In 2014 -- 15 , the University went 29 -- 10 -- 3 and advanced to the Frozen Four for the seventh time during Hakstol 's tenure . The Flyers began the 2015 -- 16 season with a record of 4 -- 2 -- 1 in their first seven games . They found themselves outside of the playoff picture near the halfway point of the regular season , but a second - half surge , including a combined record of 17 -- 7 -- 5 in February and March , placed them into playoff position . On the second - to - last day of the season , the Flyers clinched the final wild card playoff berth with a win over the Penguins and a Senators win over the Bruins , which consequently eliminated the Bruins from playoff contention . The Flyers faced the Capitals in the first round , losing the first three games of the series . Despite their efforts to prevent the Capitals from obtaining their first - ever sweep in the playoffs , the Flyers lost the series in six games . On April 11 , 2016 , Flyers ' long time chairman , co-founder , and former majority owner Ed Snider died after a two - year battle with bladder cancer . In the 2016 -- 17 season , the Flyers won ten straight games during the months of November and December . However , they fell out of the playoff picture after that streak ended , struggling in the standings and letting other teams get ahead of them . They were eliminated from playoff contention during the last two weeks of the regular season , becoming the first team to miss the playoffs after having a winning streak of ten or more games in the process . Despite finishing sixth in their division , they won the second overall pick in the 2017 NHL Entry Draft lottery with just a 2.4 % chance to win that particular pick . They used this pick to select Nolan Patrick from the Brandon Wheat Kings . Logo and uniforms ( edit ) Colors , name and logo ( edit ) On April 4 , 1966 , Bill Putnam -- a member of the Philadelphia group that was selected by the NHL for one of the six new franchises -- announced a name - the - team contest and orange , black and white as the team colors . Wanting what he referred to as `` hot '' colors , Putnam 's choice was influenced by the orange and white of his alma mater -- the University of Texas at Austin -- and the orange and black of Philadelphia 's previous NHL team , the Quakers . Also announced on April 4 was the hiring of a Chicago firm to design the team 's arena . Details of the name - the - team contest were released on July 12 , 1966 . Ballots were available at local Acme Markets grocery stores -- sponsor of the contest . The top prize was an RCA 21 '' color television , with two season tickets for both the second - and third - prize winners , and a pair of single - game tickets for the next 100 winners . Among the names considered behind the scenes were Quakers , Ramblers and Liberty Bells . The first two were the names of previous Philadelphia hockey teams and -- given the connotations of losing ( Quakers ) and the minor leagues ( Ramblers ) -- were passed over . Liberty Bells , although seriously considered , was also the name of a local race track . Bashers , Blizzards , Bruisers , Huskies , Keystones , Knights , Lancers , Raiders and Sabres were among the other names considered . It was Ed Snider 's sister Phyllis who named the team when she suggested `` Flyers '' on a return trip from a Broadway play . Ed knew immediately it would be the winning name , since it captured the speed of the game and went well phonetically with Philadelphia . On August 3 , 1966 , the team name was announced . Of the 11,000 ballots received , more than 100 selected Flyers as the team name and were entered into a drawing to select a winner . Alec Stockard , a 9 - year - old boy from Narberth , Pennsylvania , who had spelled it `` Fliers '' on his entry , won the drawing and was declared the winner . Alternate logo used on the team 's third jerseys from 2002 to 2007 . With the name and colors already known , Philadelphia advertising firm Mel Richmann Inc. was hired to design a logo and jersey . With Tom Paul as head of the project , artist Sam Ciccone designed both the logo and jerseys to represent speed . Ciccone 's winged `` P '' design -- four stylized wings attached to a slanted `` P '' with an orange dot to represent a puck -- was considered the `` obvious choice '' over his other designs , which included a winged skate . Ciccone 's jersey design , a stripe down each shoulder and down the arms , represented wings . The flying `` P '' has remained the same since the beginning and was ranked the sixth best NHL logo in a 2008 Hockey News poll . The Flyers unveiled a 3D version of this logo with metallic accents during the 2002 -- 03 season which was used on orange third jerseys until the end of the 2006 -- 07 season . The team 's 2008 -- 09 retro uniforms used a lighter shade of orange than their original uniforms . This shade did not match earlier versions of a darker ' burnt orange ' that was associated with the Flyers , but continued on once the retros became their primary jerseys ( with a white version ) in 2010 -- 11 . Jerseys ( edit ) As with his logo design , Ciccone 's jersey design was meant to represent speed . The home jersey was orange with a white stripe down each shoulder and down the arms ( meant to represent wings ) with a white number on the back and black sleeve numbers . The away jersey was white with orange striping , an orange number on the back and white sleeve numbers . Other than a few minor alterations to the numbers and the switch the NHL made to wear white at home and dark on the road for 1970 -- 71 , this general design was used until the end of the 1981 -- 82 season . The Flyers unveiled second - generation jerseys for the 1982 -- 83 season . The main difference was the increased width of the shoulder and arm stripes with black trim added to the border of the stripes . Also , a pinstripe ( black for the white jersey , orange for the dark ) was added to the bottom of each sleeve . With the exception of a similarly designed black jersey replacing the orange and the NHL switching back to wearing darks at home and whites on the road prior to 2003 -- 04 , this design was used until the end of the 2006 -- 07 season . Many NHL teams started using third jerseys during the mid-1990s and the Flyers unveiled a black third jersey that was similar in design to their second - generation jerseys during the 1997 -- 98 season . During the 2000 Stanley Cup playoffs , the black jersey became the primary dark jersey with the orange jersey being retired after the 2000 -- 01 season ( although it was worn for one final game early in the following season on Halloween night ) . In 2002 -- 03 , a new orange third jersey was introduced which was a radical departure from any jersey the Flyers had used before . Unique striping and fonts were used along with the aforementioned metallic 3D logo and the first use of a color other than orange , black or white on a Flyers jersey -- silver / gray . These jerseys were used until the end of the 2006 -- 07 season . The Flyers , along with the rest of the NHL , unveiled new Rbk Edge jerseys prior to the 2007 -- 08 season . The black jersey featured white shoulders with orange and black sections at the elbow and black cuffs . The white road jersey featured orange shoulders with black and white sections at the elbow , and black cuffs . The Flyers unveiled a new orange third jersey based on their 1973 -- 74 jerseys during the 2008 -- 09 season . and had replaced the black jerseys as the primary home jersey during the 2009 Stanley Cup playoffs . The team wore the 1973 -- 74 white jersey -- reverse of their current home uniform but with a black nameplate with white lettering -- at the 2010 NHL Winter Classic versus the Boston Bruins at Fenway Park . For the 2010 -- 11 season , the Winter Classic jersey was adopted as the team 's primary road jersey and the team 's alternate black jersey was retired . In January 2012 , for their second Winter Classic appearance -- this time against their arch - rivals the New York Rangers at Citizens Bank Park -- the Flyers wore a traditional sweater design in orange with cream and black trim , featuring a cream nameplate with black lettering , as well as black numbers . It also contained a neck tie string which no other Flyers jersey has had before it . This design was later adopted as a third jersey for the 2014 -- 15 season . For the 2016 -- 17 season , the Flyers retired their Winter Classic third jerseys in favor of a commemorative 50th - anniversary jersey . The uniform is white with orange and black striping , along with gold numbers , black nameplate with white lettering bordered in gold , and the classic Flyers logo with gold borders . The franchise 's founding season is inscribed on the neckline . The Flyers wore a black uniform for the 2017 NHL Stadium Series , featuring enlarged black numbers with white trim , orange striping on the sleeves and tail , and orange nameplate with black lettering . Short - lived additions ( edit ) The Flyers debuted a short - lived skating mascot named `` Slapshot '' in 1976 but dropped the character by the next season . It remains the only mascot in Flyers ' team history , although the team occasionally employed the services of `` Phlex '' , the then - mascot of the team 's minor - league affiliate and former next - door neighbors , the Philadelphia Phantoms ( 1996 -- 2009 ) , who became the Adirondack Phantoms ( 2009 -- 2014 ) and are now re-branded the Lehigh Valley Phantoms , playing in the PPL Center in Allentown , Pennsylvania . The Flyers were the first and one of only two NHL teams ( the Hartford Whalers being the other ) to wear Cooperalls , hockey pants that extend from the waist to the ankles , in 1981 -- 82 . They wore them the following season as well , but returned to the traditional hockey pants in 1983 -- 84 due to Cooperalls being banned from the NHL for safety reasons . Players and personnel ( edit ) Current roster ( edit ) view talk Updated July 15 , 2018 # Nat Player Pos S / G Age Acquired Birthplace 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Sean Couturier 25 2011 Phoenix , Arizona 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 Brian Elliott 33 2017 Newmarket , Ontario 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 Christian Folin 27 2018 Kungsbacka , Sweden 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 Claude Giroux ( C ) LW 30 2006 Hearst , Ontario 7001530000000000000 ♠ 53 Shayne Gostisbehere 25 2012 Pembroke Pines , Florida 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Radko Gudas 28 2015 Prague , Czechoslovakia 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Robert Hagg ( RFA ) 23 2013 Uppsala , Sweden 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Travis Konecny RW 21 2015 London , Ontario 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Scott Laughton 24 2012 Oakville , Ontario 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Jori Lehtera 30 2017 Lempäälä , Finland 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 Taylor Leier LW 24 2012 Saskatoon , Saskatchewan 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 Oskar Lindblom LW 21 2014 Gävle , Sweden 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 Andrew MacDonald ( A ) 31 2014 Judique , Nova Scotia 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 Michal Neuvirth 30 2015 Ústí nad Labem , Czechoslovakia 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 Nolan Patrick 19 2017 Winnipeg , Manitoba 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Ivan Provorov 21 2015 Yaroslavl , Russia 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Michael Raffl LW 29 2013 Villach , Austria 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Wayne Simmonds ( A ) RW 29 2011 Scarborough , Ontario 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 James van Riemsdyk LW 29 2018 Middletown Township , New Jersey 7001930000000000000 ♠ 93 Jakub Voracek RW 28 2011 Kladno , Czechoslovakia 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 Jordan Weal LW 26 2016 North Vancouver , British Columbia 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 Dale Weise RW 29 2016 Winnipeg , Manitoba Team captains ( edit ) No . Name Appointment Departure Refs Lou Angotti October 11 , 1967 June 11 , 1968 Ed Van Impe November 6 , 1968 January 17 , 1973 Bobby Clarke January 17 , 1973 August 10 , 1979 Mel Bridgman October 11 , 1979 October 9 , 1981 5 Bill Barber October 9 , 1981 January 6 , 1983 6 Bobby Clarke January 6 , 1983 May 15 , 1984 7 Dave Poulin October 11 , 1984 December 15 , 1989 8 Ron Sutter December 15 , 1989 September 22 , 1991 9 Rick Tocchet October 2 , 1991 February 19 , 1992 10 Kevin Dineen October 5 , 1993 September 6 , 1994 No . Name Appointment Departure Refs 11 Eric Lindros September 6 , 1994 March 27 , 2000 12 Eric Desjardins March 27 , 2000 October 23 , 2001 13 Keith Primeau October 23 , 2001 September 14 , 2006 14 Derian Hatcher January 29 , 2006 September 14 , 2006 15 Peter Forsberg September 14 , 2006 February 15 , 2007 16 Jason Smith October 1 , 2007 July 8 , 2008 17 Mike Richards September 17 , 2008 June 23 , 2011 18 Chris Pronger September 16 , 2011 January 15 , 2013 19 Claude Giroux January 15 , 2013 -- Head coaches ( edit ) Main article : List of Philadelphia Flyers head coaches No . Name Appointment Departure Refs Keith Allen June 6 , 1966 May 19 , 1969 Vic Stasiuk May 19 , 1969 May 27 , 1971 Fred Shero June 2 , 1971 May 22 , 1978 Bob McCammon July 6 , 1978 January 30 , 1979 5 Pat Quinn January 30 , 1979 March 19 , 1982 -- Bob McCammon March 19 , 1982 April 25 , 1984 6 Mike Keenan May 24 , 1984 May 11 , 1988 7 Paul Holmgren June 1 , 1988 December 4 , 1991 8 Bill Dineen December 4 , 1991 May 24 , 1993 9 Terry Simpson May 24 , 1993 May 20 , 1994 No . Name Appointment Departure Refs 10 Terry Murray June 23 , 1994 June 13 , 1997 11 Wayne Cashman July 7 , 1997 March 9 , 1998 12 Roger Neilson March 9 , 1998 June 8 , 2000 13 Craig Ramsay June 8 , 2000 December 10 , 2000 14 Bill Barber December 10 , 2000 April 30 , 2002 15 Ken Hitchcock May 14 , 2002 October 22 , 2006 16 John Stevens October 22 , 2006 December 4 , 2009 17 Peter Laviolette December 4 , 2009 October 7 , 2013 18 Craig Berube October 7 , 2013 April 17 , 2015 19 Dave Hakstol May 18 , 2015 -- General managers ( edit ) Main article : List of Philadelphia Flyers general managers No . Name Appointment Departure Refs Bud Poile May 31 , 1966 December 19 , 1969 Keith Allen December 22 , 1969 May 27 , 1983 Bob McCammon May 27 , 1983 April 25 , 1984 Bob Clarke May 15 , 1984 April 16 , 1990 No . Name Appointment Departure Refs 5 Russ Farwell June 6 , 1990 June 15 , 1994 -- Bob Clarke June 15 , 1994 October 22 , 2006 6 Paul Holmgren October 22 , 2006 May 7 , 2014 7 Ron Hextall May 7 , 2014 -- Honored members ( edit ) See also : List of Philadelphia Flyers players and List of Philadelphia Flyers award winners Hall of famers ( edit ) The Philadelphia Flyers has an affiliation with a number of inductees to the Hockey Hall of Fame . Flyers inductees include 13 former players and six builders of the sport . The six individuals recognized as builders by the Hall of Fame includes former general managers , head coaches , and owners . Inducted in 1984 , Bernie Parent was the first player affiliated with the Flyers to be inducted in the Hockey Hall of Fame . In addition to players and builders , members of Philadelphia 's sports media have also been recognized by the Hockey Hall of Fame . In 1997 , Gene Hart , a sports announcer for the Flyers , received the Foster Hewitt Memorial Award from the Hockey Hall of Fame for his contributions to hockey broadcasting . In 2013 , Jay Greenbert of the Philadelphia Daily News was awarded the Elmer Ferguson Memorial Award for his work in hockey journalism . Philadelphia Flyers Hockey Hall of Fame inductees Affiliation with inductees based on team acknowledgement Hall of Fame players Bernie Parent Paul Coffey Allan Stanley Bobby Clarke Peter Forsberg Bill Barber Dale Hawerchuk Mark Howe Adam Oates Eric Lindros Chris Pronger Mark Recchi Darryl Sittler Hall of Fame builders Keith Allen Roger Neilson Bud Poile Pat Quinn Fred Shero Ed Snider Retired numbers ( edit ) Mark Howe speaking at the retirement of his number ( 2 ) on March 6 , 2012 . Number retirement ceremony on January 18 , 2018 See also : List of NHL retired numbers The Flyers have retired six of their jersey numbers and taken another number out of circulation . Barry Ashbee 's number 4 was retired a few months after his death from leukemia . Bernie Parent 's number 1 -- Parent wore number 30 during his first stint with the Flyers -- and Bobby Clarke 's number 16 were retired less than a year after retiring while Bill Barber 's number 7 and Mark Howe 's number 2 were retired shortly after their inductions into the Hockey Hall of Fame . The number 31 , last worn by goaltender Pelle Lindbergh , was removed from circulation after Lindbergh 's death on November 11 , 1985 , but it is not officially retired . The NHL retired Wayne Gretzky 's No. 99 for all its member teams at the 2000 NHL All - Star Game . In 2018 , the Flyers retired Eric Lindros 's number 88 . Philadelphia Flyers retired numbers No . Player Position Career Date of retirement Bernie Parent Goaltender 1967 -- 1971 1973 -- 1979 October 11 , 1979 Mark Howe Defense 1982 -- 1992 March 6 , 2012 Barry Ashbee Defense 1970 -- 1974 October 13 , 1977 7 Bill Barber Left Wing 1972 -- 1984 October 11 , 1990 16 Bobby Clarke Center 1969 -- 1984 November 15 , 1984 88 Eric Lindros Center 1992 -- 2000 January 18 , 2018 Flyers Hall of Fame ( edit ) Further information : List of Philadelphia Flyers award winners § Flyers Hall of Fame Established in 1988 , the Flyers Hall of Fame was designed to `` permanently honor those individuals who have contributed to the franchise 's success . '' Candidates for the hall are nominated and voted upon by a panel of media members and team officials . To date , twenty - five former players and executives have been inducted . Bobby Clarke and Bernie Parent , 1988 Keith Allen , Bill Barber and Ed Snider , 1989 Rick MacLeish and Fred Shero , 1990 Barry Ashbee and Gary Dornhoefer , 1991 Gene Hart and Reggie Leach , 1992 Joe Scott and Ed Van Impe , 1993 Tim Kerr , 1994 Joe Watson , 1996 Brian Propp , 1999 Mark Howe , 2001 Dave Poulin , 2004 Ron Hextall , 2008 Dave Schultz , 2009 John LeClair and Eric Lindros , 2014 Eric Desjardins and Rod Brind'Amour , 2015 Jimmy Watson , 2016 Team records ( edit ) Statistics and records are current after the 2017 -- 18 season , except where noted . Season - by - season record ( edit ) This is a partial list of the last five seasons completed by the Flyers . For the full season - by - season history , see List of Philadelphia Flyers seasons Note : GP = Games played , W = Wins , L = Losses , T = Ties , OTL = Overtime Losses , Pts = Points , GF = Goals for , GA = Goals against Records as of the 2017 -- 18 season . Season GP OTL Pts GF GA Finish Playoffs 2013 -- 14 82 42 30 10 94 236 235 3rd , Metropolitan Lost in First Round , 3 -- 4 ( Rangers ) 2014 -- 15 82 33 31 18 84 215 234 6th , Metropolitan Did not qualify 2015 -- 16 82 41 27 14 96 214 218 5th , Metropolitan Lost in First Round , 2 -- 4 ( Capitals ) 2016 -- 17 82 39 33 10 88 219 236 6th , Metropolitan Did not qualify 2017 -- 18 82 42 26 14 98 251 243 3rd , Metropolitan Lost in First Round , 2 -- 4 ( Penguins ) Statistical leaders ( edit ) See also : List of Philadelphia Flyers players and List of Philadelphia Flyers records Appeared in a Flyers game during the most recently completed season Scoring ( edit ) These are the top - ten regular season point - scorers in franchise history . Recording 697 regular season points as a Flyer , Rick MacLeish is the Flyers ' fourth all - time points leader . Points Player Seasons Pos GP Pts Bobby Clarke 1969 -- 1984 1,144 358 852 1,210 Bill Barber 1972 -- 1984 LW 903 420 463 883 Brian Propp 1979 -- 1990 LW 790 369 480 849 Rick MacLeish 1970 -- 1981 1983 -- 1984 741 328 369 697 Claude Giroux 2007 -- present 738 214 463 677 Eric Lindros 1992 -- 2000 486 290 369 659 Tim Kerr 1980 -- 1991 RW 601 363 287 650 John LeClair 1995 -- 2004 LW 649 333 310 643 Mark Recchi 1991 -- 1995 1998 -- 2004 RW 602 232 395 627 Rod Brind'Amour 1991 -- 2000 633 235 366 601 Goaltending ( edit ) These are the top - ten goaltenders in franchise history by regular season wins . With 104 regular season wins , Steve Mason has recorded the third-most wins out of any Flyers goaltender . Goaltenders Player Seasons GP OT Ron Hextall 1986 -- 1992 1994 -- 1999 489 240 172 58 12 Bernie Parent 1967 -- 1971 1973 -- 1979 486 232 141 104 -- Steve Mason 2012 -- 2017 231 104 78 -- 36 Wayne Stephenson 1974 -- 1979 165 93 35 22 -- Bob Froese 1982 -- 1987 144 92 29 12 -- Roman Cechmanek 2000 -- 2003 163 92 43 22 8 Pelle Lindbergh 1981 -- 1986 157 87 49 15 -- Pete Peeters 1978 -- 1982 1989 -- 1991 179 85 57 20 -- Doug Favell 1967 -- 1973 215 76 87 37 -- Brian Boucher 1999 -- 2002 2009 -- 2011 2012 -- 2013 174 73 68 12 10 Single season records ( edit ) Main article : List of Philadelphia Flyers records Regular season ( edit ) Most goals in a season : Reggie Leach , 61 ( 1975 -- 76 ) Most assists in a season : Bobby Clarke , 89 ( 1974 -- 75 & 1975 -- 76 ) Most points in a season : Mark Recchi , 123 ( 1992 -- 93 ) Most penalty minutes in a season : Dave Schultz , 472 ( 1974 -- 75 ) ( NHL record ) Most points in a season , defenseman : Mark Howe , 82 ( 1985 -- 86 ) Most points in a season , rookie : Mikael Renberg , 82 ( 1993 -- 94 ) Most wins in a season : Bernie Parent , 47 ( 1973 -- 74 ) Most shutouts in a season : Bernie Parent , 12 ( 1973 -- 74 & 1974 -- 75 ) Most power play goals in a season : Tim Kerr , 34 ( 1985 -- 86 ) ( NHL record ) Playoffs ( edit ) Most goals in a playoff season : Reggie Leach , 19 ( 1975 -- 76 ) ( NHL record ) Most goals by a defenseman in a playoff season : Andy Delmore , 5 ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Most assists in a playoff season : Pelle Eklund , 20 ( 1986 -- 87 ) Most points in a playoff season : Daniel Briere , 30 ( 2009 -- 10 ) Most points in a playoff season , rookie : Ville Leino , 21 ( 2009 -- 10 ) ( NHL record ) Most points by a defenseman in a playoff season : Doug Crossman ( 1986 -- 87 ) & Chris Pronger ( 2009 -- 10 ) , 18 Most penalty minutes in a playoff season : Dave Schultz , 139 ( 1973 -- 74 ) Team ( edit ) Most points in a season : 118 , ( 1975 -- 76 ) Most wins in a season : 53 , ( 1984 -- 85 , 1985 -- 86 ) Most goals scored : 350 , ( 1983 -- 84 ) Fewest goals allowed ( full season ) : 164 , ( 1973 -- 74 ) Longest undefeated streak : 35 games , ( 1979 -- 80 ) ( NHL record ) Radio and television ( edit ) Further information : List of Philadelphia Flyers broadcasters See also ( edit ) List of NHL statistical leaders South Philadelphia Sports Complex Sports in Philadelphia References ( edit ) `` Philadelphia Flyers hockey team statistics and history '' . The Internet Hockey Database . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Meltzer , Bill ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` Meltzer : Uniformity '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Meltzer , Bill ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` On This Day : Franchise Adopts Flyers as Team Name '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Teams -- NHL.com '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Team Index '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sorensen , John . `` Capitals vs. Flyers : The Philthy Rivalry '' . NoVa Caps . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carchidi , Sam . `` Flyers , Capitals renew growing rivalry '' . Philadelphia Media Network . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Flyers - Penguins Is The NHL 's Best Rivalry '' . Deadspin . Gawker Media . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' I think this is currently the biggest rivalry in the NHL . '' -- Four former NHL players talk Penguins vs. Flyers `` . Vox Media . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ranking the NHL 's 10 Best Rivalries '' . Sports Illustrated . Time Inc . Retrieved March 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Bruce C. `` A Concise History of the American Hockey League & Minor Pro Hockey in Philadelphia : 1927 - 2009 '' , HockeyScoop.net Jump up ^ `` TWO SEXTETS OUT OF HOCKEY LEAGUE : Ottawa and Philadelphia Agree to Suspension of Franchises for a Year . '' ( AP ) The New York Times , September 27 , 1931 , p . S2 Jump up ^ `` Maroon Hockey Franchise May Go to Philadelphia '' , The New York Times , February 1 , 1946 , p. 34 Jump up ^ `` HOCKEY FRANCHISES SOUGHT BY 3 CITIES : National League Weighs Bids by Philadelphia , San Francisco and Los Angeles '' , The New York Times , February 15 , 1946 , p. 7 Jump up ^ `` Revival of Maroon Six For Philadelphia Seen '' ( AP ) , The New York Times August 17 , 1947 , p. 102 ^ Jump up to : `` Ed Snider 's Flyers Hall of Fame Profile '' . P. Anson . Flyers History . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : For details , see # Colors , name and logo . Jump up ^ `` Flyers First Ever Game '' . P. Anson . Flyers History . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Flyers First Ever Win '' . P. Anson . Flyers History . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Flyers First Home Game '' . P. Anson . Flyers History . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` This Date in Flyers History ... March 1 '' . PhiladelphiaFlyers.com . March 1 , 2005 . Retrieved December 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ FlyersHistory.com webpage with complete Kate Smith record , retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ FlyersHistory.net , Philadelphia - Buffalo boxscore from April 2 , 1972 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Jim . Walking Together Forever : The Broad Street Bullies , Then and Now . Sports Publishing L.L.C. pp. 1 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Jack Chevalier ( 1973 - 01 - 03 ) . `` Broad Street Bullies Muscle Atlanta '' . Philadelphia Bulletin . ^ Jump up to : Farber , Michael ( February 14 , 2011 ) . `` What About Bob ? : The Flyers are stacked for a run at the Cup . The only question mark is in goal -- where else ? But unflappable Russian rookie Sergei Bobrovsky looks up to the task '' . Sports Illustrated . Time Inc . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 11 . In the beginning there was Bernie . Jump up ^ Pelletier , Joe . `` Bobby Clarke '' . Greatest Hockey Legends.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Patrick . `` Top 10 captains in NHL history '' . Sportsnet . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ FlyersHistory.net , Flyers vs. Red Army . Jump up ^ FlyersHistory.net , Some Facts & Figures About the Streak . Jump up ^ `` Old Flyers know what makes a streak '' . ESPN . February 27 , 2013 . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Blumenstock , Kathy ( June 2 , 1980 ) . `` Putting the Hammer to the Old Bugaboo '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ As of February 2011 , Hextall is one of only four rookies and five players to win the Conn Smythe Trophy as a member of the losing team . The other four players are Roger Crozier ( 1966 ) , Glenn Hall ( 1968 ) , Reggie Leach ( 1976 ) and Jean - Sebastien Giguere ( 2003 ) . Farber , Michael ( February 14 , 2011 ) . `` What About Bob ? : The Flyers are stacked for a run at the Cup . The only question mark is in goal -- where else ? But unflappable Russian rookie Sergei Bobrovsky looks up to the task '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved November 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Galleries '' . CNN . January 13 , 1997 . Jump up ^ Panaccio , Tim ( July 25 , 1999 ) . `` Tertyshny Is Killed in Boating Accident '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Why is no one talking about the Flyers ? '' . TSN.ca . The Canadian Press . September 21 , 2006 . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New York Rangers vs. Philadelphia Flyers -- Preview -- January 24 , 2013 -- ESPN '' . Scores.espn.go.com . January 24 , 2013 . Retrieved March 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Flyers fire Laviolette , replace with Berube '' . www.nhl.com . October 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Ron Hextall Era begins '' . Jump up ^ `` Craig Berube relieved of duties as Flyers head coach '' . Philadelphia Flyers. April 17 , 2015 . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NHL Standings - 2014 - 15 '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Flyers hire Dave Hakstol '' . ESPN . The Associated Press . Jump up ^ Isaac , Dave ( September 13 , 2014 ) . `` Flyers Owner Ed Snider Says He 's Cancer - Free '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Panaccio , Tim ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Flyers Founder , Owner Ed Snider Dies '' . NBC10.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Brian ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Flyers owner Snider dies '' . NHL . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Flyers History -- Flyers Jersey History Gallery '' . FlyersHistory.net . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Special Features : THN. com 's NHL Logo Rankings '' . The Hockey News . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Slideshow '' . Flyers.nhl.com. 2007 - 09 - 14 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Flyers ' New Third Jersey '' . Flyers.nhl.com . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Flyers Roster '' . NHL.com . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Flyers Hockey Transactions '' . TSN.ca . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Angotti Leads Flyers '' . Arizona Republic . October 12 , 1967 . p. 108 . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Penguins Pick Up Angotti in 3 - Team Trade '' . Chicago Tribune . UPI . June 12 , 1968 . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Van Impe Named Captain of Flyers '' . Pottstown Mercury . November 6 , 1968 . p. 19 . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 -- via Newspapers.com . ^ Jump up to : `` CLARKE NAMED CAPTAIN '' . The Herald . January 18 , 1973 . p. 14 . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Clarke , Watson added to Flyers ' coaching staff '' . Ottawa Journal . August 11 , 1979 . p. 24 . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Bridgman Named Captain '' . The Gettysburg Times . October 12 , 1979 . p. 15 . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 -- via Newspapers.com . ^ Jump up to : `` FLYERS ' BARBER FULFILLING ROLE '' . The New York Times . October 11 , 1981 . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` RUSSIANS BEAT FLYERS IN FINALE '' . The New York Times . January 7 , 1983 . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` SPORTS PEOPLE ; Clarke Quits Playing '' . The New York Times . May 16 , 1984 . Retrieved May 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Shope , Dan ( October 12 , 1984 ) . `` Kerr 's Late Goal Gives Flyers Tie '' . The Morning Call . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Morganti , Al ( December 16 , 1989 ) . `` Sutter Takes The Ice As Captain of Flyers '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bowen , Les ( September 23 , 1991 ) . `` Flyers Send Sutter , Baron To Blues '' . Philadelphia Daily News . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Miles , Gary ( October 3 , 1991 ) . `` Tocchet Is Named Team Captain '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleischman , Bill ( February 20 , 1992 ) . `` Shaking Up The Flyers '' . Philadelphia Daily News . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bowen , Les ( October 6 , 1993 ) . `` Veteran Dineen Chosen As Flyers ' Captain '' . Philadelphia Daily News . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bowen , Les ( September 7 , 1994 ) . `` It 's Official : Lindros Gets His Stripes '' . Philadelphia Daily News . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Panaccio , Tim ( March 28 , 2000 ) . `` Outspokenness Costs Lindros His Captain 's ' C ' '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Panaccio , Tim ( October 24 , 2001 ) . `` Desjardins yields helm as captain of Flyers '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Keith Primeau Announces His Retirement '' . Philadelphia Flyers . September 14 , 2006 . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Derian Hatcher Named Team Captain '' . Philadelphia Flyers . January 29 , 2006 . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Forsberg Named Flyers Captain '' . Philadelphia Flyers . September 14 , 2006 . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Flyers Acquire Ryan Parent , Scottie Upshall and Two Draft Picks for Peter Forsberg '' . Philadelphia Flyers . February 15 , 2007 . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Smith Named Flyers Captain '' . Philadelphia Flyers . October 1 , 2007 . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bulletin : Senators Sign Jason Smith To A Two - year Contract '' . Ottawa Senators . July 8 , 2008 . Retrieved November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Richards Named Flyers Captain '' . Philadelphia Flyers . September 17 , 2008 . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Richards Traded to LA for Simmonds , Schenn '' . Philadelphia Flyers . June 23 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pronger Named Captain '' . Philadelphia Flyers . September 16 , 2011 . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Claude Giroux named Captain of the Flyers '' . Philadelphia Flyers . January 15 , 2013 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Allen To Coach Philadelphia Club '' . Brandon Sun . June 7 , 1966 . p. 6 . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 -- via Newspapers.com . ^ Jump up to : `` PHILADELPHIA FLYERS NAME STASIUK COACH '' . Chicago Tribune . May 20 , 1969 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Flyers Fire Coach Vic Stasiuk '' . Chicago Tribune . May 28 , 1971 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NHL Flyers Name Shero New Coach '' . The Schenectady Gazette . Associated Press . June 3 , 1971 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Juliano , Joe ( November 25 , 1990 ) . `` Fred Shero , Ex-flyers Coach , Dead '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . he announced his resignation on May 22 , 1978 Jump up ^ `` Flyers hire McCammon '' . The Free Lance -- Star . Associated Press . July 7 , 1978 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Flyers Ax Coach McCammon , Name Quinn as Replacement '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . January 31 , 1979 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Flyers unload Quinn , call back McCammon '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Associated Press . March 20 , 1982 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` SPORTS PEOPLE ; 2 Coaches Out '' . The New York Times . April 25 , 1984 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shope , Dan ( May 25 , 1984 ) . `` Flyers Name Mike Keenan As Head Coach '' . The Morning Call . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleischman , Bill ( May 12 , 1988 ) . `` ' Toughest Decision ' Dumps Flyer Coach '' . Philadelphia Daily News . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SPORTS PEOPLE ; 2 N.H.L. Coaches Hired '' . The New York Times . June 2 , 1988 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Miles , Gary ( December 5 , 1991 ) . `` Flyers Pull Plug on Holmgren Dineen Named As Successor '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Miles , Gary ( May 25 , 1993 ) . `` Flyers Pass Torch To Simpson '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Miles , Gary ( May 21 , 1994 ) . `` Players Claim Share of Blame in Flyers ' Firing of Simpson '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Miles , Gary ( June 24 , 1994 ) . `` Murray Named Coach of Flyers '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bowen , Les ( June 14 , 1997 ) . `` Where There 's Choke There 's Fire '' . Philadelphia Daily News . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Moran , Edward ( July 8 , 1997 ) . `` Wayne Manner '' . Philadelphia Daily News . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Panaccio , Tim ( March 10 , 1998 ) . `` All The Right Moves ? All Sides Endorse Flyers ' Changes '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Panaccio , Tim ( June 9 , 2000 ) . `` Flyers Give Ramsay Reward '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Panaccio , Tim ( December 11 , 2000 ) . `` Clarke Dumps Ramsay '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Panaccio , Tim ( May 1 , 2002 ) . `` Ax Falls on Barber '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Panaccio , Tim ( May 15 , 2002 ) . `` Flyers Try New Direction '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Flyers GM Clarke resigns ; coach Hitchcock fired '' . ESPN . October 24 , 2006 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Flyers Name Peter Laviolette Head Coach '' . Philadelphia Flyers . December 4 , 2009 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` CRAIG BERUBE NAMED FLYERS HEAD COACH '' . Philadelphia Flyers . October 7 , 2013 . Retrieved October 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Flyers ' Berube Fired as Coach '' . 2015 - 04 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Dave Hakstol Named Head Coach '' . Philadelphia Flyers . May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bud Poile Joins Philadelphia '' . Santa Cruz Sentinel . May 31 , 1966 . p. 9 . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 -- via Newspapers.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Allen Named General Manager of Flyers as Successor to Poile '' . The New York Times . December 22 , 1969 . Retrieved May 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` SPORTS PEOPLE ; Flyer Changes '' . The New York Times . May 28 , 1983 . Retrieved May 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SPORTS PEOPLE : HOCKEY ; Flyers Dismiss Clarke '' . The New York Times . April 17 , 1990 . Retrieved May 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Miles , Gary ( June 7 , 1990 ) . `` Gm Arrives , Gm Departs : Farwell Gets His Chance With Flyers '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved May 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Miles , Gary ( June 16 , 1994 ) . `` Clarke Waves Off Trading As A Goal '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` FLYERS PROMOTE PAUL HOLMGREN TO PRESIDENT ; RON HEXTALL TO GENERAL MANAGER '' . Philadelphia Flyers . May 7 , 2014 . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Flyers Honor Roll '' ( PDF ) . 2015 -- 16 Philadelphia Flyers Media Guide . Philadelphia Flyers. 2015 . p. 279 -- 280 . Retrieved April 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Foster Hewitt Memorial Award Winners '' . Hockey Hall of Fame and Museum . 2018 . Retrieved April 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Elmer Ferguson Memorial Award Winners '' . Hockey Hall of Fame and Museum . 2018 . Retrieved April 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Flyers pay tribute to Barry Ashbee '' . The Calgary Herald . Associated Press . October 13 , 1977 . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Flyers Sweater Numbers '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Seravalli , Frank ( November 11 , 2010 ) . `` Pelle Lindbergh 's spirit lives on , 25 years after fatal crash '' . Philadelphia Daily News . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Perfect setting : Gretzky 's number retired before All - Star Game '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . February 6 , 2000 . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Flyers retire Hall of Fame center Eric Lindros ' No. 88 '' . Fox Sports . Associated Press . January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Saleski Scores 2 Goals As Flyers Top Hawks '' . Milwaukee Sentinel . October 14 , 1977 . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Schultz to Join Flyers Hall of Fame '' . Philadelphia Flyers . October 13 , 2009 . Retrieved August 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Lindros , John LeClair and Eric Desjardins to be inducted into the Flyers Hall of Fame '' . Philadelphia Flyers . July 31 , 2014 . Retrieved August 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Regular Season -- All Skaters -- Career for Franchise -- Career Points -- NHL.com -- Stats '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved March 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Regular Season -- Goalie -- Goalie Career for Franchise -- Career Wins -- NHL.com -- Stats '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved March 30 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Philadelphia Flyers . Official website Philadelphia Flyers Founded in 1967 Based in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Franchise Team General managers Coaches Players Captains Draft picks ( Expansion draft ) Seasons Current season History 1967 expansion Records Award winners Retired numbers Personnel Owner Comcast Spectacor President Paul Holmgren General manager Ron Hextall Head coach Dave Hakstol Team captain Claude Giroux Current roster Arenas Spectrum Wells Fargo Center Rivalries Boston Bruins New Jersey Devils New York Rangers Pittsburgh Penguins Washington Capitals Affiliates AHL Lehigh Valley Phantoms ECHL Reading Royals Affiliate history Media Networks TV NBC Sports Philadelphia NBC Sports Philadelphia Plus Radio 97.5 The Fanatic Broadcasters TV Jim Jackson Keith Jones Bill Clement Chris Therien Radio Tim Saunders Steve Coates Culture and lore `` Big Orange '' ( The Goldbergs episode ) Broad Street Bullies Curse of Billy Penn Ed Snider The Eric Lindros Trade Flyers -- Senators brawl Gene Hart `` God Bless America '' `` For a case of Tastykake ! '' `` I Like It Loud '' Kate Smith Lauren Hart Legion of Doom Lou Nolan `` Mac 's Big Break '' ( It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia episode ) Mike `` Doc '' Emrick The Night the Spectrum Shook Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame `` Welcome to the Jungle '' 1976 Flyers -- Red Army game 2010 NHL Winter Classic 2012 NHL Winter Classic 2017 NHL Stadium Series 2019 NHL Stadium Series Links to related articles Preceded by Montreal Canadiens Stanley Cup champions 1973 -- 74 , 1974 -- 75 Succeeded by Montreal Canadiens Philadelphia Flyers seasons 1960s 1960 -- 61 . 1961 -- 62 . 1962 -- 63 . 1963 -- 64 . 1964 -- 66 . 1965 -- 66 . 1966 -- 67 . 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970s 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980s 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990s 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000s 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010s 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Highlighted seasons indicate Stanley Cup championship National Hockey League Western Conference Eastern Conference Pacific Division Anaheim Ducks Arizona Coyotes Calgary Flames Edmonton Oilers Los Angeles Kings San Jose Sharks Vancouver Canucks Vegas Golden Knights Central Division Chicago Blackhawks Colorado Avalanche Dallas Stars Minnesota Wild Nashville Predators St. Louis Blues Winnipeg Jets Atlantic Division Boston Bruins Buffalo Sabres Detroit Red Wings Florida Panthers Montreal Canadiens Ottawa Senators Tampa Bay Lightning Toronto Maple Leafs Metropolitan Division Carolina Hurricanes Columbus Blue Jackets New Jersey Devils New York Islanders New York Rangers Philadelphia Flyers Pittsburgh Penguins Washington Capitals Events Seasons structure Stanley Cup Playoffs Conference Finals Finals Champions Winning players Traditions and anecdotes Presidents ' Trophy All - Star Game Draft Players Association Retired jersey numbers All - Star Teams Awards Captains Outdoor games Winter Classic Heritage Classic Stadium Series Hockey Day America Canada International games Kraft Hockeyville History Lore Organizational changes Potential expansion All - time standings All - time playoff series Defunct teams NHA Original Six 1967 expansion WHA merger Others Streaks Droughts Hall of Fame Members Rivalries Arenas Rules Fighting Violence Ice hockey in Canada Ice hockey in the United States Collective bargaining agreement Lockouts Television and radio coverage Attendance figures Category Portal 2018 -- 19 season Sports teams based in Pennsylvania Baseball MLB Philadelphia Phillies Pittsburgh Pirates IL Lehigh Valley IronPigs Scranton / Wilkes - Barre RailRiders EL Altoona Curve Erie SeaWolves Harrisburg Senators Reading Fightin Phils NYPL State College Spikes Williamsport Crosscutters ALPB Lancaster Barnstormers York Revolution FL Washington Wild Things Basketball NBA Philadelphia 76ers G League Erie BayHawks Cricket Lehigh Valley Cricket Club Philadelphia Cricket Club Football NFL Philadelphia Eagles Pittsburgh Steelers AFL Philadelphia Soul NAL Lehigh Valley Steelhawks WFA Keystone Assault Philadelphia Phantomz Pittsburgh Passion IWFL Philadelphia Firebirds WSFL Erie Illusion Hockey NHL Philadelphia Flyers Pittsburgh Penguins AHL Hershey Bears Lehigh Valley Phantoms Wilkes - Barre / Scranton Penguins ECHL Reading Royals OHL Erie Otters NAHL Johnstown Tomahawks Wilkes - Barre / Scranton Knights EHL Central Penn Panthers Lehigh Valley Jr . 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"Philadelphia Flyers\n 2018–19 Philadelphia Flyers season\nConference\nEasternDivision\nMetropolitanFounded\n1967History\nPhiladelphia Flyers1967–presentHome arena\nWells Fargo CenterCity\nPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania\nColors\nOrange, black, white[1][2]\n\n Media\nNBC Sports PhiladelphiaNBC Sports Philadelphia PlusWCAU (NBC 10)WPEN (97.5 The Fanatic)WPGG (WPG Talk Radio 104.1)WMMROwner(s)\nComcast SpectacorGeneral manager\nRon HextallHead coach\nDave HakstolCaptain\nClaude GirouxMinor league affiliates\nLehigh Valley Phantoms (AHL)Reading Royals (ECHL)Stanley Cups\n2 (1973–74, 1974–75)Conference championships\n8 (1974–75, 1975–76, 1976–77, 1979–80, 1984–85, 1986–87, 1996–97, 2009–10)Presidents' Trophy\n0Division championships\n16 (1967–68, 1973–74, 1974–75, 1975–76, 1976–77, 1979–80, 1982–83, 1984–85, 1985–86, 1986–87, 1994–95, 1995–96, 1999–00, 2001–02, 2003–04, 2010–11)Official website\nwww.nhl.com/flyers",
"Philadelphia Flyers\n 2018–19 Philadelphia Flyers season\nConference\nEasternDivision\nMetropolitanFounded\n1967History\nPhiladelphia Flyers1967–presentHome arena\nWells Fargo CenterCity\nPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania\nColors\nOrange, black, white[1][2]\n\n Media\nNBC Sports PhiladelphiaNBC Sports Philadelphia PlusWCAU (NBC 10)WPEN (97.5 The Fanatic)WPGG (WPG Talk Radio 104.1)WMMROwner(s)\nComcast SpectacorGeneral manager\nRon HextallHead coach\nDave HakstolCaptain\nClaude GirouxMinor league affiliates\nLehigh Valley Phantoms (AHL)Reading Royals (ECHL)Stanley Cups\n2 (1973–74, 1974–75)Conference championships\n8 (1974–75, 1975–76, 1976–77, 1979–80, 1984–85, 1986–87, 1996–97, 2009–10)Presidents' Trophy\n0Division championships\n16 (1967–68, 1973–74, 1974–75, 1975–76, 1976–77, 1979–80, 1982–83, 1984–85, 1985–86, 1986–87, 1994–95, 1995–96, 1999–00, 2001–02, 2003–04, 2010–11)Official website\nwww.nhl.com/flyers"
] | [
"1973–74",
"1974–75"
] |
-6993341355766599937 | List of Super Bowl champions | List of Super Bowl champions - wikipedia List of Super Bowl champions Jump to : navigation , search The Super Bowl is the annual American football game that determines the champion of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The game culminates a season that begins in the previous calendar year , and is the conclusion of the NFL playoffs . The contest is held in an American city , chosen three to four years beforehand , usually at warm - weather sites or domed stadiums . Since January 1971 , the winner of the American Football Conference ( AFC ) Championship Game has faced the winner of the National Football Conference ( NFC ) Championship Game in the culmination of the NFL playoffs . The Packers defeated the Chiefs in the first AFL -- NFL Championship Game ( Super Bowl I ) . Before the 1970 merger between the American Football League ( AFL ) and the National Football League ( NFL ) , the two leagues met in four such contests . The first two were marketed as the `` AFL -- NFL World Championship Game '' , but were also casually referred to as `` the Super Bowl game '' during the television broadcast . Super Bowl III in January 1969 was the first such game that carried the `` Super Bowl '' moniker in official marketing , the names `` Super Bowl I '' and `` Super Bowl II '' were retroactively applied to the first two games . The NFC / NFL leads in Super Bowl wins with 27 , while the AFC / AFL has won 25 . Nineteen franchises , including teams that relocated to another city , have won the Super Bowl . The Pittsburgh Steelers ( 6 -- 2 ) have won the most Super Bowls with six championships , while the New England Patriots ( 5 -- 5 ) , the Dallas Cowboys ( 5 -- 3 ) , and the San Francisco 49ers ( 5 -- 1 ) have five wins . New England has the most Super Bowl appearances with ten , while the Buffalo Bills ( 0 -- 4 ) have the most consecutive appearances with four ( all losses ) from 1990 to 1993 . The Miami Dolphins are the only other team to have at least three consecutive appearances : 1972 -- 1974 . The Denver Broncos ( 3 -- 5 ) and Patriots have each lost a record five Super Bowls . The Minnesota Vikings ( 0 -- 4 ) and the Bills have lost four . The record for consecutive wins is two and is shared by seven franchises : the Green Bay Packers ( 1966 -- 1967 ) , the Miami Dolphins ( 1972 -- 1973 ) , the Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1974 -- 1975 and 1978 -- 1979 , the only team to accomplish this feat twice ) , the San Francisco 49ers ( 1988 -- 1989 ) , the Dallas Cowboys ( 1992 -- 1993 ) , the Denver Broncos ( 1997 -- 1998 ) , and the New England Patriots ( 2003 -- 2004 ) . Among those , Dallas ( 1992 -- 1993 ; 1995 ) and New England ( 2001 ; 2003 -- 2004 ) are the only teams to win three out of four consecutive Super Bowls . The 1972 Dolphins capped off the only perfect season in NFL history with their victory in Super Bowl VII . The only team with multiple Super Bowl appearances and no losses is the Baltimore Ravens , who in winning Super Bowl XLVII defeated and replaced the 49ers in that position . Four current NFL teams have never appeared in a Super Bowl , including franchise relocations and renaming : the Cleveland Browns , Detroit Lions , Jacksonville Jaguars , and Houston Texans , though both the Browns ( 1964 ) and Lions ( 1957 ) had won NFL championship games prior to the creation of the Super Bowl . Contents ( hide ) 1 Super Bowl Championship ( 1966 -- present ) 1.1 Consecutive winners 1.2 Consecutive losers 2 Super Bowl appearances by team 2.1 Teams with no Super Bowl appearances 2.2 Teams with long Super Bowl droughts 2.3 Teams with Super Bowl appearances but no victories 2.4 Super Bowl rematches 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Super Bowl championship ( 1966 -- present ) Numbers in parentheses in the table are Super Bowl appearances as of the date of that Super Bowl and are used as follows : Winning team and losing team columns indicate the number of times that team has appeared in a Super Bowl as well as each respective teams ' Super Bowl record to date . Venue column indicates number of times that stadium has hosted a Super Bowl . City column indicates number of times that metropolitan area has hosted a Super Bowl . National Football League ( NFL , 1967 -- 1970 ) American Football League ( AFL , 1967 -- 1970 ) NFL champion ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) AFL champion ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) National Football Conference ( NFC , 1971 -- present ) American Football Conference ( AFC , 1971 -- present ) NFC champion ( 48 , 25 -- 23 ) AFC champion ( 48 , 23 -- 25 ) Game Date Winning team Score Losing team Venue City Attendance Ref 01 ! I 000000001967 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 1967 Green Bay Packers 01 ! Green Bay Packers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3510 ! 35 -- 10 Kansas City Chiefs 01 ! Kansas City Chiefs ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 01 ! Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Los Angeles , California 01 ! Los Angeles , California 061946 ! 61,946 02 ! II 000000001968 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1968 Green Bay Packers 02 ! Green Bay Packers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 3314 ! 33 -- 14 Oakland Raiders 01 ! Oakland Raiders ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Miami Orange Bowl 01 ! Miami Orange Bowl Miami , Florida 01 ! Miami , Florida 075546 ! 75,546 03 ! III 000000001969 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 1969 New York Jets 01 ! New York Jets ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 1607 ! 16 -- 7 Indianapolis Colts 01 ! Baltimore Colts ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Miami Orange Bowl 02 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 2 ) Miami , Florida 02 ! Miami , Florida ( 2 ) 075389 ! 75,389 04 ! IV 000000001970 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 1970 Kansas City Chiefs 02 ! Kansas City Chiefs ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2307 ! 23 -- 7 Minnesota Vikings 01 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Tulane Stadium 01 ! Tulane Stadium New Orleans , Louisiana 01 ! New Orleans , Louisiana 080562 ! 80,562 05 ! V 000000001971 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1971 Indianapolis Colts 02 ! Baltimore Colts ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 1613 ! 16 -- 13 Dallas Cowboys 01 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Miami Orange Bowl 03 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 3 ) Miami , Florida 03 ! Miami , Florida ( 3 ) 079204 ! 79,204 06 ! VI 000000001972 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 1972 Dallas Cowboys 02 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2403 ! 24 -- 3 Miami Dolphins 01 ! Miami Dolphins ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Tulane Stadium 02 ! Tulane Stadium ( 2 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 02 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 2 ) 081023 ! 81,023 07 ! VII 000000001973 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1973 Miami Dolphins 02 ! Miami Dolphins ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 1407 ! 14 -- 7 Washington Redskins 01 ! Washington Redskins ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 02 ! Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ( 2 ) Los Angeles , California 02 ! Los Angeles , California ( 2 ) 090182 ! 90,182 08 ! VIII 000000001974 - 01 - 13 - 0000 January 13 , 1974 Miami Dolphins 03 ! Miami Dolphins ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) 2407 ! 24 -- 7 Minnesota Vikings 02 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Rice Stadium 01 ! Rice Stadium Houston , Texas 01 ! Houston , Texas 071882 ! 71,882 09 ! IX 000000001975 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 1975 Pittsburgh Steelers 01 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 1606 ! 16 -- 6 Minnesota Vikings 03 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Tulane Stadium 03 ! Tulane Stadium ( 3 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 03 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 3 ) 080997 ! 80,997 10 ! X 000000001976 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 1976 Pittsburgh Steelers 02 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 2117 ! 21 -- 17 Dallas Cowboys 03 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Miami Orange Bowl 04 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 4 ) Miami , Florida 04 ! Miami , Florida ( 4 ) 080187 ! 80,187 11 ! XI 000000001977 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 1977 Oakland Raiders 02 ! Oakland Raiders ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 3214 ! 32 -- 14 Minnesota Vikings 04 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Rose Bowl 01 ! Rose Bowl Los Angeles , California 03 ! Pasadena , California ( 3 ) 103438 ! 103,438 12 ! XII 000000001978 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 1978 Dallas Cowboys 04 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) 2710 ! 27 -- 10 Denver Broncos 01 ! Denver Broncos ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 01 ! Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , Louisiana 04 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 4 ) 076400 ! 76,400 13 ! XIII 000000001979 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 1979 Pittsburgh Steelers 03 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) 3531 ! 35 -- 31 Dallas Cowboys 05 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Miami Orange Bowl 05 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 5 ) Miami , Florida 05 ! Miami , Florida ( 5 ) 079484 ! 79,484 14 ! XIV 000000001980 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1980 Pittsburgh Steelers 04 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) 3119 ! 31 -- 19 Los Angeles Rams 01 ! Los Angeles Rams ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Rose Bowl 02 ! Rose Bowl ( 2 ) Los Angeles , California 04 ! Pasadena , California ( 4 ) 103985 ! 103,985 15 ! XV 000000001981 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1981 Oakland Raiders 03 ! Oakland Raiders ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) 2710 ! 27 -- 10 Philadelphia Eagles 01 ! Philadelphia Eagles ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 02 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 2 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 05 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 5 ) 076135 ! 76,135 16 ! XVI 000000001982 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 1982 San Francisco 49ers 01 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 2621 ! 26 -- 21 Cincinnati Bengals 01 ! Cincinnati Bengals ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Pontiac Silverdome 01 ! Pontiac Silverdome Detroit , Michigan 01 ! Pontiac , Michigan 081270 ! 81,270 17 ! XVII 000000001983 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 1983 Washington Redskins 02 ! Washington Redskins ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2717 ! 27 -- 17 Miami Dolphins 04 ! Miami Dolphins ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Rose Bowl 03 ! Rose Bowl ( 3 ) Los Angeles , California 05 ! Pasadena , California ( 5 ) 103667 ! 103,667 18 ! XVIII 000000001984 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 1984 Oakland Raiders 04 ! Los Angeles Raiders ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) 3809 ! 38 -- 9 Washington Redskins 03 ! Washington Redskins ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Tampa Stadium 01 ! Tampa Stadium Tampa , Florida 01 ! Tampa , Florida 072920 ! 72,920 19 ! XIX 000000001985 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1985 San Francisco 49ers 02 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 3816 ! 38 -- 16 Miami Dolphins 05 ! Miami Dolphins ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Stanford Stadium 01 ! Stanford Stadium San Francisco , California 01 ! Stanford , California 084059 ! 84,059 20 ! XX 000000001986 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1986 Chicago Bears 01 ! Chicago Bears ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 4610 ! 46 -- 10 New England Patriots 01 ! New England Patriots ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 03 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 3 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 06 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 6 ) 073818 ! 73,818 21 ! XXI 000000001987 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1987 New York Giants 01 ! New York Giants ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3920 ! 39 -- 20 Denver Broncos 02 ! Denver Broncos ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Rose Bowl 04 ! Rose Bowl ( 4 ) Los Angeles , California 06 ! Pasadena , California ( 6 ) 101063 ! 101,063 22 ! XXII 000000001988 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1988 Washington Redskins 04 ! Washington Redskins ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) 4210 ! 42 -- 10 Denver Broncos 03 ! Denver Broncos ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Qualcomm Stadium 01 ! San Diego -- Jack Murphy Stadium San Diego , California 01 ! San Diego , California 073302 ! 73,302 23 ! XXIII 000000001989 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 1989 San Francisco 49ers 03 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) 2016 ! 20 -- 16 Cincinnati Bengals 02 ! Cincinnati Bengals ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Hard Rock Stadium 01 ! Joe Robbie Stadium Miami , Florida 06 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 6 ) 075129 ! 75,129 24 ! XXIV 000000001990 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 1990 San Francisco 49ers 04 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) 5510 ! 55 -- 10 Denver Broncos 04 ! Denver Broncos ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Louisiana Superdome 04 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 4 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 07 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 7 ) 072919 ! 72,919 25 ! XXV 000000001991 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1991 New York Giants 02 ! New York Giants ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 2019 ! 20 -- 19 Buffalo Bills 01 ! Buffalo Bills ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Tampa Stadium 02 ! Tampa Stadium ( 2 ) Tampa , Florida 02 ! Tampa , Florida ( 2 ) 073813 ! 73,813 26 ! XXVI 000000001992 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1992 Washington Redskins 05 ! Washington Redskins ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) 3724 ! 37 -- 24 Buffalo Bills 02 ! Buffalo Bills ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Metrodome 01 ! Metrodome Minneapolis , Minnesota 01 ! Minneapolis , Minnesota 063130 ! 63,130 27 ! XXVII 000000001993 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1993 Dallas Cowboys 06 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) 5217 ! 52 -- 17 Buffalo Bills 03 ! Buffalo Bills ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Rose Bowl 05 ! Rose Bowl ( 5 ) Los Angeles , California 07 ! Pasadena , California ( 7 ) 098374 ! 98,374 28 ! XXVIII 000000001994 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 1994 Dallas Cowboys 07 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 7 , 4 -- 3 ) 3013 ! 30 -- 13 Buffalo Bills 04 ! Buffalo Bills ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Georgia Dome 01 ! Georgia Dome Atlanta , Georgia 01 ! Atlanta , Georgia 072817 ! 72,817 29 ! XXIX 000000001995 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 1995 San Francisco 49ers 05 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 5 , 5 -- 0 ) 4926 ! 49 -- 26 San Diego Chargers 01 ! San Diego Chargers ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Hard Rock Stadium 02 ! Joe Robbie Stadium ( 2 ) Miami , Florida 07 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 7 ) 074107 ! 74,107 30 ! XXX 000000001996 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 1996 Dallas Cowboys 08 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 8 , 5 -- 3 ) 2717 ! 27 -- 17 Pittsburgh Steelers 05 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) Sun Devil Stadium 01 ! Sun Devil Stadium Phoenix , Arizona 01 ! Tempe , Arizona 076347 ! 76,347 31 ! XXXI 000000001997 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1997 Green Bay Packers 03 ! Green Bay Packers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) 3521 ! 35 -- 21 New England Patriots 02 ! New England Patriots ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Louisiana Superdome 05 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 5 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 08 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 8 ) 072301 ! 72,301 32 ! XXXII 000000001998 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1998 Denver Broncos 05 ! Denver Broncos ( 5 , 1 -- 4 ) 3124 ! 31 -- 24 Green Bay Packers 04 ! Green Bay Packers ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Qualcomm Stadium 02 ! Qualcomm Stadium ( 2 ) San Diego , California 02 ! San Diego , California ( 2 ) 068912 ! 68,912 33 ! XXXIII 000000001999 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1999 Denver Broncos 06 ! Denver Broncos ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) 3419 ! 34 -- 19 Atlanta Falcons 01 ! Atlanta Falcons ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Hard Rock Stadium 03 ! Pro Player Stadium ( 3 ) Miami , Florida 08 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 8 ) 074803 ! 74,803 34 ! XXXIV 000000002000 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 2000 Los Angeles Rams 02 ! St. Louis Rams ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2316 ! 23 -- 16 Tennessee Titans 01 ! Tennessee Titans ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Georgia Dome 02 ! Georgia Dome ( 2 ) Atlanta , Georgia 02 ! Atlanta , Georgia ( 2 ) 072625 ! 72,625 35 ! XXXV 000000002001 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 2001 Baltimore Ravens 01 ! Baltimore Ravens ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3407 ! 34 -- 7 New York Giants 03 ! New York Giants ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Raymond James Stadium 01 ! Raymond James Stadium Tampa , Florida 03 ! Tampa , Florida ( 3 ) 071921 ! 71,921 36 ! XXXVI 000000002002 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2002 New England Patriots 03 ! New England Patriots ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) 2017 ! 20 -- 17 Los Angeles Rams 03 ! St. Louis Rams ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Louisiana Superdome 06 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 6 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 09 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 9 ) 072922 ! 72,922 37 ! XXXVII 000000002003 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2003 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 01 ! Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 4821 ! 48 -- 21 Oakland Raiders 05 ! Oakland Raiders ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Qualcomm Stadium 03 ! Qualcomm Stadium ( 3 ) San Diego , California 03 ! San Diego , California ( 3 ) 067603 ! 67,603 38 ! XXXVIII 000000002004 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2004 New England Patriots 04 ! New England Patriots ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) 3229 ! 32 -- 29 Carolina Panthers 01 ! Carolina Panthers ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) NRG Stadium 01 ! Reliant Stadium Houston , Texas 02 ! Houston , Texas ( 2 ) 071525 ! 71,525 39 ! XXXIX 000000002005 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2005 New England Patriots 05 ! New England Patriots ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) 2421 ! 24 -- 21 Philadelphia Eagles 02 ! Philadelphia Eagles ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) ALLTEL Stadium 01 ! Alltel Stadium Jacksonville , Florida 01 ! Jacksonville , Florida 078125 ! 78,125 40 ! XL 000000002006 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2006 Pittsburgh Steelers 06 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) 2110 ! 21 -- 10 Seattle Seahawks 01 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Ford Field 01 ! Ford Field Detroit , Michigan 02 ! Detroit , Michigan ( 2 ) 068206 ! 68,206 41 ! XLI 000000002007 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 2007 Indianapolis Colts 03 ! Indianapolis Colts ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) 2917 ! 29 -- 17 Chicago Bears 02 ! Chicago Bears ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Hard Rock Stadium 04 ! Dolphin Stadium ( 4 ) Miami , Florida 09 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 9 ) 074512 ! 74,512 42 ! XLII 000000002008 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2008 New York Giants 04 ! New York Giants ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) 1714 ! 17 -- 14 New England Patriots 06 ! New England Patriots ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) University of Phoenix Stadium 01 ! University of Phoenix Stadium Phoenix , Arizona 02 ! Glendale , Arizona ( 2 ) 071101 ! 71,101 43 ! XLIII 000000002009 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2009 Pittsburgh Steelers 07 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 7 , 6 -- 1 ) 2723 ! 27 -- 23 Arizona Cardinals 01 ! Arizona Cardinals ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Raymond James Stadium 02 ! Raymond James Stadium ( 2 ) Tampa , Florida 04 ! Tampa , Florida ( 4 ) 070774 ! 70,774 44 ! XLIV 000000002010 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2010 New Orleans Saints 01 ! New Orleans Saints ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3117 ! 31 -- 17 Indianapolis Colts 04 ! Indianapolis Colts ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Hard Rock Stadium 05 ! Sun Life Stadium ( 5 ) Miami , Florida 10 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 10 ) 074059 ! 74,059 45 ! XLV 000000002011 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2011 Green Bay Packers 05 ! Green Bay Packers ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) 3125 ! 31 -- 25 Pittsburgh Steelers 08 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 8 , 6 -- 2 ) Cowboys Stadium 01 ! Cowboys Stadium Arlington , Texas 01 ! Arlington , Texas 103219 ! 103,219 46 ! XLVI 000000002012 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2012 New York Giants 05 ! New York Giants ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) 2117 ! 21 -- 17 New England Patriots 07 ! New England Patriots ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Lucas Oil Stadium 01 ! Lucas Oil Stadium Indianapolis , Indiana 01 ! Indianapolis , Indiana 068658 ! 68,658 47 ! XLVII 000000002013 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2013 Baltimore Ravens 02 ! Baltimore Ravens ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 3431 ! 34 -- 31 San Francisco 49ers 06 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 07 ! Mercedes - Benz Superdome ( 7 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 10 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 10 ) 071024 ! 71,024 48 ! XLVIII 000000002014 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2014 Seattle Seahawks 02 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 4308 ! 43 -- 8 Denver Broncos 07 ! Denver Broncos ( 7 , 2 -- 5 ) MetLife Stadium 01 ! MetLife Stadium East Rutherford , New Jersey 01 ! East Rutherford , New Jersey 082529 ! 82,529 49 ! XLIX 000000002015 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2015 New England Patriots 08 ! New England Patriots ( 8 , 4 -- 4 ) 2824 ! 28 -- 24 Seattle Seahawks 03 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) University of Phoenix Stadium 02 ! University of Phoenix Stadium ( 2 ) Phoenix , Arizona 03 ! Glendale , Arizona ( 3 ) 070288 ! 70,288 50 ! 50 000000002016 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2016 Denver Broncos 08 ! Denver Broncos ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) 2410 ! 24 -- 10 Carolina Panthers 02 ! Carolina Panthers ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Levi 's Stadium 01 ! Levi 's Stadium San Francisco , California 02 ! Santa Clara , California ( 2 ) 071088 ! 71,088 51 ! LI 000000002017 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2017 New England Patriots 09 ! New England Patriots ( 9 , 5 -- 4 ) 3428 ! 34 -- 28 ( OT ) Atlanta Falcons 02 ! Atlanta Falcons ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) NRG Stadium 02 ! NRG Stadium ( 2 ) Houston , Texas 03 ! Houston , Texas ( 3 ) 070807 ! 70,807 52 ! LII 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 2018 Philadelphia Eagles 03 ! Philadelphia Eagles ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) 4133 ! 41 -- 33 New England Patriots 10 ! New England Patriots ( 10 , 5 -- 5 ) U.S. Bank Stadium 01 ! U.S. Bank Stadium Minneapolis , Minnesota 02 ! Minneapolis , Minnesota ( 2 ) 067612 ! 67,612 53 ! LIII 000000002019 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2019 X 2019 ! 2018 -- 19 AFC champion at 2018 -- 19 NFC champion 0019 ! -- X 2019 ! To be determined ( TBD ) Mercedes - Benz Stadium 01 ! Mercedes - Benz Stadium Atlanta , Georgia 03 ! Atlanta , Georgia ( 3 ) TBD 54 ! LIV 000000002020 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2020 X 2020 ! 2019 -- 20 NFC champion at 2019 -- 20 AFC champion 0020 ! -- X 2020 ! To be determined Hard Rock Stadium 06 ! Hard Rock Stadium ( 6 ) Miami , Florida 11 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 11 ) TBD 55 ! LV 000000002021 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2021 X 2020 ! 2020 -- 21 AFC champion at 2020 -- 21 NFC champion 0021 ! -- X 2021 ! To be determined Raymond James Stadium 03 ! Raymond James Stadium ( 3 ) Tampa , Florida 05 ! Tampa , Florida ( 5 ) TBD 56 ! LVI 000000002022 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2022 X 2021 ! 2021 -- 22 NFC champion at 2021 -- 22 AFC champion 0022 ! -- X 2022 ! To be determined City of Champions Stadium 01 ! Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park Los Angeles , California 08 ! Inglewood , California ( 8 ) TBD Game Date Winning team Score Losing team Venue City Attendance Ref Consecutive winners The Steelers defeated the Rams in Super Bowl XIV to win an unprecedented four championships in six years . Seven franchises have won consecutive Super Bowls , one of which ( Pittsburgh ) has accomplished it twice : Green Bay Packers ( Super Bowls I and II ) Miami Dolphins ( VII and VIII ) Pittsburgh Steelers ( twice : IX and X as well as XIII and XIV ) San Francisco 49ers ( XXIII and XXIV ) Dallas Cowboys ( XXVII and XXVIII ) Denver Broncos ( XXXII and XXXIII ) New England Patriots ( XXXVIII and XXXIX ) No franchise has yet won three Super Bowls in a row , although several have come close : The Green Bay Packers won the first two Super Bowls , and also won the NFL championship the preceding year . The Miami Dolphins appeared in three consecutive Super Bowls ( VI , VII , and VIII ) , winning the last two . The Pittsburgh Steelers won two consecutive Super Bowls ( IX and X ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the AFC championship game by the eventual Super Bowl champion Oakland Raiders . They also won two more consecutive Super Bowls ( XIII and XIV ) for four wins in six seasons . The San Francisco 49ers won two consecutive Super Bowls ( XXIII and XXIV ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship by the eventual Super Bowl champion New York Giants . The Dallas Cowboys won two consecutive Super Bowls ( XXVII and XXVIII ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship game by the eventual champion San Francisco 49ers . The Cowboys won Super Bowl XXX the following year for three wins in four seasons . The New England Patriots won Super Bowl XXXVI , which was two years before their consecutive wins in XXXVIII and XXXIX , for three wins in four seasons . They did not make the playoffs in the intervening season ( XXXVII ) . The Patriots also won Super Bowls XLIX and LI and in the intervening season ( 50 ) were eliminated in the AFC championship game by the eventual champion Denver Broncos . Consecutive losers Three franchises have lost consecutive Super Bowls : Buffalo Bills ( 4 ) ( Super Bowls XXV , XXVI , XXVII , and XXVIII ) -- The only team to appear in four straight Super Bowls , let alone lose in all four appearances . Minnesota Vikings ( 2 ) ( Super Bowls VIII and IX ) -- They also lost Super Bowl XI , and were knocked out of the playoffs for Super Bowl X by the eventual losers the Dallas Cowboys for three losses in four seasons . Denver Broncos ( 2 ) ( Super Bowls XXI and XXII ) -- They also lost Super Bowl XXIV , but did not even make the playoffs for Super Bowl XXIII for three losses in four seasons . Super Bowl appearances by team The Patriots played their first championship game in Super Bowl XX ( pictured ) and hold the record for most Super Bowl appearances ( 10 ) and are tied for the most losses ( 5 ) as of 2018 . NFL / NFC teams ( 27 wins ) AFL / AFC teams ( 25 wins ) NFL / AFC team In the sortable table below , teams are ordered first by number of appearances , then by number of wins , and finally by number of years since last appearing in a Super Bowl . In the `` Seasons '' column , bold years indicate winning seasons , and italic years indicate games not yet completed . Appearances Team Wins Losses Winning percentage Seasons 10A - 05W - 01YA - 02YW ! 10 New England Patriots 05W - 02YW ! 5 05L - 01YL ! 5 . 500 1985 ! 1985 , 1996 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2007 , 2011 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 08A - 06W - 08YA - 10YW ! 8 Pittsburgh Steelers 06W - 10YW ! 6 02L - 08YL ! 2 . 750 1974 ! 1974 , 1975 , 1978 , 1979 , 1995 , 2005 , 2008 , 2010 08A - 05W - 23YA - 23YW ! 8 Dallas Cowboys 05W - 23YW ! 5 03L - 40YL ! 3 . 625 1970 ! 1970 , 1971 , 1975 , 1977 , 1978 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 08A - 03W - 03YA - 03YW ! 8 Denver Broncos 03W - 03YW ! 3 05L - 05YL ! 5 . 375 1977 ! 1977 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1997 , 1998 , 2013 , 2015 06A - 05W - 06YA - 24YW ! 6 San Francisco 49ers 05W - 24YW ! 5 01L - 06YL ! 1 . 833 1981 ! 1981 , 1984 , 1988 , 1989 , 1994 , 2012 05A - 04W - 08YA - 08YW ! 5 Green Bay Packers 04W - 08YW ! 4 01L - 21YL ! 1 . 800 1966 ! 1966 , 1967 , 1996 , 1997 , 2010 05A - 04W - 07YA - 07YW ! 5 New York Giants 04W - 07YW ! 4 01L - 18YL ! 1 . 800 1986 ! 1986 , 1990 , 2000 , 2007 , 2011 05A - 03W - 27YA - 27YW ! 5 Washington Redskins 03W - 27YW ! 3 02L - 35YL ! 2 . 600 1972 ! 1972 , 1982 , 1983 , 1987 , 1991 05A - 03W - 16YA - 35YW ! 5 Los Angeles / Oakland Raiders 03W - 35YW ! 3 02L - 16YL ! 2 . 600 1967 , 1976 , 1980 , 1983 , 2002 05A - 02W - 34YA - 45YW ! 5 Miami Dolphins 02W - 45YW ! 2 03L - 34YL ! 3 . 400 1971 ! 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1982 , 1984 04A - 02W - 09YA - 12YW ! 4 Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts 02W - 12YW ! 2 02L - 09YL ! 2 . 500 1968 ! 1968 , 1970 , 2006 , 2009 04A - 00W - 42YA - 53YW ! 4 Minnesota Vikings 00W - 53YW - 04A - 25YA ! 0 04L - 42YL ! 4 . 000 1969 ! 1969 , 1973 , 1974 , 1976 04A - 00W - 25YA - 53YW ! 4 Buffalo Bills 00W - 53YW - 04A - 25YA ! 0 04L - 25YL ! 4 . 000 1990 ! 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 03A - 01W - 17YA - 19YW ! 3 St. Louis / Los Angeles Rams 01W - 19YW ! 1 02L - 17YL ! 2 . 333 1979 ! 1979 , 1999 , 2001 03A - 01W - 03YA - 04YW ! 3 Seattle Seahawks 01W - 04YW ! 1 02L - 03YL ! 2 . 333 2005 ! 2005 , 2013 , 2014 03A - 01W - 01YA - 01YW ! 3 Philadelphia Eagles 01W - 01YW ! 1 02L - 14YL ! 2 . 333 1980 ! 1980 , 2004 , 2017 02A - 02W - 06YA - 06YW ! 2 Baltimore Ravens 02W - 06YW ! 2 00L - 22YL - 02A - 06YA ! 0 1.000 2000 ! 2000 , 2012 02A - 01W - 49YA - 49YW ! 2 Kansas City Chiefs 01W - 49YW ! 1 01L - 52YL ! 1 . 500 1966 ! 1966 , 1969 02A - 01W - 12YA - 33YW ! 2 Chicago Bears 01W - 33YW ! 1 01L - 12YL ! 1 . 500 1985 ! 1985 , 2006 02A - 00W - 30YA - 53YW ! 2 Cincinnati Bengals 00W - 53YW - 02A - 30YA ! 0 02L - 30YL ! 2 . 000 1981 ! 1981 , 1988 02A - 00W - 03YA - 23YW ! 2 Carolina Panthers 00W - 23YW - 02A - 03YA ! 0 02L - 03YL ! 2 . 000 2003 ! 2003 , 2015 02A - 00W - 02YA - 53YW ! 2 Atlanta Falcons 00W - 53YW - 02A - 02YA ! 0 02L - 02YL ! 2 . 000 1998 ! 1998 , 2016 01A - 01W - 50YA - 50YW ! 1 New York Jets 01W - 50YW ! 1 00L - 53YL - 01A - 50YA ! 0 1.000 1968 ! 1968 01A - 01W - 18YA - 18YW ! 1 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 01W - 18YW ! 1 00L - 44YL - 01A - 18YA ! 0 1.000 2002 ! 2002 01A - 01W - 09YA - 09YW ! 1 New Orleans Saints 01W - 09YW ! 1 00L - 52YL - 01A - 09YA ! 0 1.000 2009 ! 2009 01A - 00W - 24YA - 53YW ! 1 San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers 00W - 53YW - 01A - 24YA ! 0 01L - 24YL ! 1 . 000 1994 ! 1994 01A - 00W - 19YA - 53YW ! 1 Houston / Tennessee Oilers / Tennessee Titans 00W - 53YW - 01A - 19YA ! 0 01L - 19YL ! 1 . 000 1999 ! 1999 01A - 00W - 10YA - 53YW ! 1 St. Louis / Arizona Cardinals 00W - 53YW - 01A - 10YA ! 0 01L - 10YL ! 1 . 000 2008 ! 2008 00A - 00W - 53YA - 53YW - 11CG ! 0 Cleveland Browns 00W - 53YW - 00A - 53YA - 11CG ! 0 00L - 53YL - 00A - 53YA - 11CG ! 0 -- none 00A - 00W - 53YA - 53YW - 05CG ! 0 Detroit Lions 00W - 53YW - 00A - 53YA - 05CG ! 0 00L - 53YL - 00A - 53YA - 05CG ! 0 -- none 00A - 00W - 23YA - 23YW - 00CG ! 0 Jacksonville Jaguars 00W - 23YW - 00A - 23YA - 00CG ! 0 00L - 23YL - 00A - 23YA - 00CG ! 0 -- none 00A - 00W - 16YA - 16YW - 00CG ! 0 Houston Texans 00W - 16YW - 00A - 16YA - 00CG ! 0 00L - 16YL - 00A - 16YA - 00CG ! 0 -- none Teams with no Super Bowl appearances Four current teams have never reached the Super Bowl . Two of them held NFL league championships prior to Super Bowl I in the 1966 NFL season : Cleveland Browns , NFL champions four times in 1950 , 1954 , 1955 , and 1964 ; appeared in seven other NFL championship games in 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1957 , 1965 , 1968 , and 1969 ; and appeared in three AFC Championship Games in 1986 , 1987 , and 1989 . The Browns are officially viewed as one continuous franchise that began in 1946 as a member of the All - America Football Conference , joined the NFL in 1950 , suspended operations from 1996 to 1998 , and resumed play in 1999 . The Baltimore Ravens were an expansion team created in 1996 with former Browns players . Detroit Lions , NFL champions four times in 1935 , 1952 , 1953 , and 1957 ; appeared in one other NFL Championship Game in 1954 ; and appeared in one NFC Championship Game in 1991 Jacksonville Jaguars , 1995 expansion team ; appeared in three AFC Championship Games in 1996 , 1999 , and 2017 . Houston Texans , 2002 expansion team ; Divisional Round appearances in 2011 , 2012 , and 2016 seasons . In addition , Detroit , Houston , and Jacksonville have hosted Super Bowls , making Cleveland the only current NFL city that has neither hosted nor had its team play in a Super Bowl . Teams with long Super Bowl droughts The Jets ' last championship appearance was their victory over the Colts in Super Bowl III . Although Jacksonville and Houston have never appeared in a Super Bowl , there are teams whose most recent Super Bowl appearance is older than when Jacksonville and Houston joined the NFL ( 1995 and 2002 , respectively ) , resulting in longer Super Bowl droughts than these teams for the following eight teams . Two of these teams have not appeared in the Super Bowl since before the AFL -- NFL merger in 1970 : New York Jets ( most recently appeared in Super Bowl III , 1968 season ) Kansas City Chiefs ( Super Bowl IV in 1969 season ) However , the Jets and the Chiefs are the only non-NFL teams to win the Super Bowl , both being members of the now - defunct AFL at the time . The most recent Super Bowl appearance for the following teams was after the AFL -- NFL merger , but prior to the 1995 regular season : Minnesota Vikings ( Super Bowl XI , 1976 season ) Miami Dolphins ( Super Bowl XIX , 1984 season ) Cincinnati Bengals ( Super Bowl XXIII , 1988 season ) Washington Redskins ( Super Bowl XXVI , 1991 season ) Buffalo Bills ( Super Bowl XXVIII , 1993 season ) Los Angeles Chargers ( played as San Diego Chargers in Super Bowl XXIX , 1994 season ) Teams with Super Bowl appearances but no victories Eight teams have appeared in the Super Bowl without ever winning . In descending order of number of appearances , they are : Minnesota Vikings ( 4 ) , appeared in Super Bowls IV , VIII , IX , and XI . They won the NFL Championship Game in 1969 , the last year before the AFL -- NFL merger , but failed to win the subsequent Super Bowl . An NFL expansion team in 1961 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . Buffalo Bills ( 4 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXV , XXVI , XXVII , and XXVIII . Their second and last AFL championship was in 1965 , the season before the first Super Bowl . Cincinnati Bengals ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XVI and XXIII . An AFL expansion team in 1968 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . Atlanta Falcons ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXXIII and LI . An expansion team in 1966 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . Carolina Panthers ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXXVIII and 50 . A post-merger expansion team , their first season was in 1995 . Arizona Cardinals ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XLIII . Their last championship was in 1947 as the Chicago Cardinals . Los Angeles Chargers ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XXIX as the San Diego Chargers . Their only AFL championship was in 1963 . Tennessee Titans ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XXXIV . They won the first two AFL Championships in 1960 and 1961 as the Houston Oilers . Super Bowl rematches The 49ers and the Bengals , who faced off in Super Bowl XVI ( pictured ) , would rematch each other again in Super Bowl XXIII . The following teams have faced each other more than once in the Super Bowl : Dallas Cowboys and Pittsburgh Steelers ( 3 ) -- Super Bowls X and XIII were won by Pittsburgh , and Super Bowl XXX was won by Dallas . See also Cowboys -- Steelers rivalry . Miami Dolphins and Washington Redskins ( 2 ) -- Super Bowl VII was won by Miami , and Super Bowl XVII was won by Washington . Cincinnati Bengals and San Francisco 49ers ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XVI and XXIII were both won by San Francisco . Buffalo Bills and Dallas Cowboys ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XXVII and XXVIII , the only rematch in consecutive seasons , were both won by Dallas . New England Patriots and New York Giants ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XLII and XLVI were both won by New York . New England Patriots and Philadelphia Eagles ( 2 ) -- Super Bowl XXXIX was won by New England , Super Bowl LII was won by Philadelphia . See also National Football League portal American football portal History of the National Football League championship List of AFC champions List of NFC champions List of NFL champions List of Super Bowl records Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award List of NFL franchise post-season droughts List of NFL franchise post-season streaks Notes ^ Jump up to : Los Angeles , Pasadena , and Inglewood are all located in the Greater Los Angeles Area . Pontiac , Michigan , is a suburb of Detroit . Both Tempe and Glendale are suburbs of Phoenix , Arizona . Both Stanford and Santa Clara are part of the San Francisco Bay Area Combined Statistical Area . ^ Jump up to : The Miami Orange Bowl was in Miami proper . Hard Rock Stadium , also in Miami - Dade County , opened in an unincorporated area with a Miami address ; the area was incorporated as Miami Gardens in 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Stadium renaming : SDCCU Stadium was originally known as San Diego Stadium , San Diego -- Jack Murphy Stadium , and Qualcomm Stadium . Hard Rock Stadium has also been variously known over the years as Joe Robbie Stadium , Pro Player Park , Pro Player Stadium , Dolphins Stadium ( with a plural `` s '' ) , Dolphin Stadium ( with no `` s '' ) , Land Shark Stadium , and Sun Life Stadium . NRG Stadium was originally known as Reliant Stadium . Jump up ^ Unlike other Super Bowls , Super Bowl 50 's official name , as designated by the NFL , uses the Arabic numeral `` 50 '' instead of the Roman numeral `` L '' . ^ Jump up to : Dates are tentative , pending possible future changes to the NFL calendar . ^ Jump up to : The Colts , Steelers , and Browns moved from the NFL to the newly - formed AFC , joining the ten extant AFL franchises , when the two leagues merged in 1970 . ^ Jump up to : Although the 1995 Cleveland Browns became the 1996 Baltimore Ravens , the Browns ' name , brand and history remained in Cleveland and was continued by the 1999 Cleveland Browns ; the Ravens , for historical purposes , are considered a separate franchise . References Jump up ^ Forbes , Gordon ( 1990 - 11 - 08 ) . `` The process of choosing a host city '' . USA Today . p. 4C . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl cities are far and few between '' . The Florida Times - Union . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Top Plays in Super Bowl History `` and the old veteran scores the first touchdown of the Super Bowl game '' YouTube , NFL Highlights . Jump up ^ `` Culture in NFL History '' . Shmoop.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Pasadena , California '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Pontiac , Michigan '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Glendale , Arizona '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Tempe , Arizona '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` OMB Bulletin No. 13 - 01 -- The White House '' ( PDF ) . Federal government of the United States . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 19 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 24 . 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Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 16 : 49ers Strike It Rich '' . Sporting News . January 24 , 1982 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( 1983 - 02 - 07 ) . `` Hail To The Redskins ! '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( 1984 - 01 - 30 ) . `` A Runaway For The Raiders '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( 1985 - 01 - 28 ) . `` The Niners Were Never Finer '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Magee , Jerry ( January 28 , 2007 ) . `` ' 85 Bears never lost in shuffle '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2008 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXI : New York Giants 39 , Denver Broncos 20 '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Summaries : Super Bowl XXII '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Time Warner . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Almond , Elliott ( 1989 - 01 - 23 ) . `` 49ers Defeat Bengals , 20 -- 16 , in Super Bowl '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 24 : 49ers Pound Outmanned Broncos '' . Sporting News . 1990 - 01 - 28 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXV '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXIX '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXX '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . 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Associated Press . 2009 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Garrison , Jason . `` Super Bowl 2012 : Official Super Bowl Attendance Is 68,658 '' . SBNation Boston . SBNation . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl will return to New Orleans in 2013 '' . NFL . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Owners warm up to New York / New Jersey as Super Bowl XLVIII host '' . NFL . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Owners vote Arizona as Super Bowl host for third time '' . National Football League . Associated Press . October 11 , 2011 . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Klemko , Robert ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` Arizona , not Tampa , will host Super Bowl XLIX in 2015 '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , Gregg ( December 23 , 2013 ) . `` San Francisco awarded Super Bowl '' . National Football League . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bay Area , Houston get Super Bowls '' . ESPN.com . May 23 , 2013 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Super Bowl LII headed to Minnesota '' . National Football League . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wells , Mike ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Minneapolis to host 2018 Super Bowl '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , Gregg ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Atlanta , South Florida , L.A. chosen to host Super Bowls '' . National Football League . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McClure , Vaughn ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Owners award 2019 Super Bowl to Atlanta , 2020 to South Florida , 2021 to Los Angeles '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Browns Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Year By Year Season results '' . Cleveland Browns . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Romano , John ( 1996 - 08 - 04 ) . `` Rams fear Phillips is a perpetual faux pas Series : NFL '' . St. Petersburg Times . p. 9C . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Lions Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Jacksonville Jaguars Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Neumann , Thomas ( 2008 - 09 - 17 ) . `` Page 2 's ultimate NFL power rankings , Nos. 21 -- 32 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 07 . 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For instance , Super Bowl XLI was played in 2007 , but was the championship for the 2006 season . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who's won more super bowls afc or nfc | [
"\n\nNFL‡/NFC* teams (27 wins)\nAFL^/AFC† teams (25 wins)\n\n\nNFL‡/AFC† team[note 6]\n\n"
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-9069199759855046323 | God Friended Me | God Friended Me - wikipedia God Friended Me God Friended Me Genre Comedy - drama Created by Steven Lilien Bryan Wynbrandt Starring Brandon Micheal Hall Violett Beane Suraj Sharma Javicia Leslie Joe Morton Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 5 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Steven Lilien Bryan Wynbrandt Marcos Siega Greg Berlanti Sarah Schechter Running time 45 minutes Production company ( s ) Berlanti Productions I Have an Idea ! Entertainment CBS Television Studios Warner Bros. Television Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network CBS Original release September 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 30 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website God Friended Me is an American comedy - drama series . It was ordered to series on May 11 , 2018 , and stars Brandon Micheal Hall , Violett Beane , Javicia Leslie , Suraj Sharma , and Joe Morton . The series premiered on September 30 , 2018 , on CBS . On October 19 , 2018 , it was announced that the series had received a full season order from CBS . Contents 1 Plot 2 Use of Facebook 3 Cast 4 Episodes 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Ratings 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) God Friended Me is described as a humorous , uplifting series that explores questions of faith , existence and science . It centers on Miles ( Hall ) , an atheist whose life is turned upside down when he is friended by God on Facebook . Unwittingly , he becomes an agent of change in the lives and destinies of others around him . Cara ( Violett Beane ) is a leading writer at an online magazine . Under pressure for her next big story , her life takes an interesting turn when she meets Miles -- thanks to God 's friend suggestion . Use of Facebook ( edit ) God Friended Me uses Facebook frequently as a narrative device . The `` Friended '' in the title God Friended Me refers to the act of friending someone on social media , granting that person special privileges ( on the service in question ) with respect to oneself . On Facebook , for example , one 's friends have the privilege of viewing and posting to one 's timeline . In God Friended Me , this allows for God to contact Miles . While the majority of Facebook 's revenue is advertisement - derived , show creator Steven Lilien says that their conversations with Facebook have been limited to discussing `` how much we can portray it '' . According to executive producer Bryan Wynbrandt , the `` God '' of the show will be active on Facebook outside the show , with liking pages and changing their profile picture given as examples of their possible online activities . Cast ( edit ) Brandon Micheal Hall as Miles Finer Violett Beane as Cara Bloom Javicia Leslie as Ali Finer Suraj Sharma as Rakesh Sehgal Joe Morton as Rev. Arthur Finer Kyle Harris as Eli James Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Marcos Siega Steven Lilien & Bryan Wynbrandt September 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 30 ) T33. 01002 10.14 Miles Finer is the son of a preacher , but now runs a podcast wherein he supports atheism . He receives a Facebook friend request from `` God '' , which he thinks is a hoax . Curious , he follows up on God 's first suggested friend and unwittingly saves a man 's life . He meets his second suggested friend , Cara , and discovers the two have more in common than either one knew . `` The Good Samaritan '' Marcos Siega Steven Lilien & Bryan Wynbrandt October 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 07 ) T40. 10102 8.37 As Miles prepares for his first national podcast about atheism , he gets another friend request from God that leads him to help a single mother connect with her autistic son . Cara gets closer to her estranged mother , while Ali convinces her father to support Miles and congratulate him on his podcast 's success . Miles disagrees with his new producer , who wants a one - sided presentation about atheism . Miles instead wants his show to be more of an open conversation . Meanwhile , Rakesh is disappointed to see his new love interest on a date with another guy . `` Heavenly Taco Truck '' Kenneth Fink Robert Hull October 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 14 ) T40. 10103 7.90 `` Error Code 1.61 '' Marcos Siega Allison Moore October 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 21 ) T40. 10104 8.86 5 `` Unfriended '' Erin Feeley Safia M. Dirie October 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 28 ) T40. 10105 6.94 6 `` A House Divided '' Louis Milito Teleplay by : Steven Lilien & Bryan Wynbrandt Story by : Robert Hill November 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 04 ) TBA TBD 7 `` The Prodigal Son '' Marcos Siega Carmen Pilar Golden November 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 11 ) TBA TBD 8 `` Matthew 621 '' Holly Dale Jessica Granger November 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 11 - 18 ) TBA TBD Jump up ^ The pilot received an early digital release on August 31 , 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the series has an approval rating of 60 % based on 25 reviews , with an average rating of 6.38 out of 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` A sincere and thoughtful handling of spiritual themes helps God Friended Me overcome -- and even benefit from -- its earnest approach to a potentially off - putting premise . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 57 out of 100 based on 14 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' September 30 , 2018 1.3 / 5 10.14 N / A 2.01 N / A 12.15 `` The Good Samaritan '' October 7 , 2018 0.9 / 4 8.37 N / A 1.91 N / A 10.29 `` Heavenly Taco Truck '' October 14 , 2018 1.0 / 5 7.90 0.4 2.11 1.4 10.01 `` Error Code 1.61 '' October 21 , 2018 1.2 / 5 8.86 N / A 1.95 N / A 10.82 5 `` Unfriended '' October 28 , 2018 0.7 / 3 6.94 TBD TBD TBD TBD References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Magnum P.I. ' , ' God Friended Me ' & ' The Red Line ' Dramas Get CBS Series Orders '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( July 9 , 2018 ) . `` CBS Fall Premiere Dates : Big Bang , Magnum P.I. , Murphy Brown and More '' . TV Line . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( October 19 , 2018 ) . `` God Friended Me , Neighborhood , Magnum Snag Full - Season Orders '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' God Friended Me ' : Violett Beane to Star in CBS Comedic Drama Pilot About Faith '' . February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Palfrey & Gasser 2010 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Drucker , Gumpert & Cohen 2010 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Jolie O'Dell 203 ( January 17 , 2011 ) . `` Facebook 's Ad Revenue Hit $1.86 B for 2010 '' . Mashable.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Womack , Brian ( September 20 , 2011 ) . `` Facebook Revenue Will Reach $4.27 Billion , EMarketer Says '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved December 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lisa de Moraes ( August 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' God Friended Me ' Is No ' Highway to Heaven ' EPs Insist '' . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tim Surette ( August 5 , 2018 ) . `` God Friended Me Wo n't Just Be About One God '' . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Desk , BWW News . `` Kyle Harris Joins New CBS Pilot GOD FRIENDED ME '' . Retrieved 22 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` God Friended Me - Listings '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Special Preview of `` God Friended Me '' to Be Available on Multiple Digital Platforms Beginning Friday , August 31 `` . The Futon Critic . August 30 , 2018 . Retrieved September 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( October 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Sunday Night Football ' adjusts up , ' The Simpsons , ' ' Bob 's Burgers , ' and more adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( October 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Bob 's Burgers ' and ' Sunday Night Football ' adjust up , ' Family Guy ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( October 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' DWTS : Juniors ' and ' Family Guy ' adjust up , ' Alec Baldwin Show ' and ' God Friended Me ' adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( October 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Simpsons ' and ' Bob 's Burgers ' adjust up , ' Madam Secretary ' and ' Alec Baldwin Show ' adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( October 30 , 2018 ) . `` World Series , ' Sunday Night Football , ' and ' Shark Tank ' adjust up , ' The OT ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # GFM106 ) `` A House Divided '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # GFM107 ) `` The Prodigal Son '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` '' Matthew 621 `` '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` God Friended Me : Season 1 ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` God Friended Me Season 1 : ( 2018 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( October 10 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' Manifest ' is Most - Watched NBC Drama Series Premiere in 19 Years '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved October 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( October 16 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : Long - running Stalwarts ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' Modern Family ' Lead All Network Comedies in Adults 18 - 49 Gains '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved October 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( October 23 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Ratings for Week of Oct. 8 : ' Manifest ' Doubles In Week 3 '' . Variety . Retrieved October 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( October 30 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' The Rookie ' Debut on ABC Ranks in Top Ten for Raw Viewer Gains '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved October 30 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website God Friended Me on IMDb CBS programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 48 Hours ( since 1988 ) 60 Minutes ( since 1968 ) The Amazing Race ( since 2001 ) The Big Bang Theory ( since 2007 ) Big Brother ( since 2000 ) Blue Bloods ( since 2010 ) Bull ( since 2016 ) Celebrity Big Brother ( since 2018 ) Celebrity Undercover Boss ( since 2018 ) Criminal Minds ( since 2005 ) Elementary ( since 2012 ) FBI ( since 2018 ) God Friended Me ( since 2018 ) Happy Together ( since 2018 ) Hawaii Five - 0 ( since 2010 ) Instinct ( since 2018 ) Life in Pieces ( since 2015 ) MacGyver ( since 2016 ) Madam Secretary ( since 2014 ) Magnum P.I. 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Television Television shows set in New York City Works about Facebook Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Français Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 20 : 10 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who is the girl on god friended me | [
"God Friended Me is described as a humorous, uplifting series that explores questions of faith, existence and science. It centers on Miles (Hall), an atheist whose life is turned upside down when he is friended by God on Facebook. Unwittingly, he becomes an agent of change in the lives and destinies of others around him. Cara (Violett Beane) is a leading writer at an online magazine. Under pressure for her next big story, her life takes an interesting turn when she meets Miles—thanks to God's friend suggestion.[4]\n"
] | [
"Violett Beane"
] |
2047696033110573302 | American Made (film) | American Made ( film ) - wikipedia American Made ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search American Made Theatrical release poster Directed by Doug Liman Produced by Brian Grazer Brian Oliver Tyler Thompson Doug Davison Kim Roth Written by Gary Spinelli Starring Tom Cruise Music by Christophe Beck Cinematography César Charlone Edited by Saar Klein Andrew Mondshein Dylan Tichenor Production company Cross Creek Pictures Imagine Entertainment Quadrant Pictures Vendian Entertainment Kylin Pictures Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date August 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 23 ) ( Europe ) September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) ( United States ) Running time 115 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $50 million Box office $132 million American Made is a 2017 American biographical crime film directed by Doug Liman , written by Gary Spinelli and starring Tom Cruise , Domhnall Gleeson , Sarah Wright , Alejandro Edda , Mauricio Mejía , Caleb Landry Jones and Jesse Plemons . The plot focuses on Barry Seal , a former TWA pilot who flew missions for the CIA and became a drug smuggler for the Medellín Cartel in the 1980s . In order to avoid jail time , Seal became an informant for the DEA . The film was first released in Europe on August 23 , 2017 , and then in the United States on September 29 , 2017 . It is the first film directed by Liman to be released by Universal Pictures since The Bourne Identity in 2002 , and was played in 2D and IMAX in select theaters . It has grossed $132 million worldwide and received generally positive reviews from critics , who praised Cruise 's performance . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 3.2 Plane crash 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 5 Historical accuracy 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In the late 1970s , Barry Seal , a pilot for commercial airline TWA , is contacted by CIA case officer Monty Schafer . He asks Seal to fly clandestine reconnaissance missions for the CIA over Central America using a small plane with cameras installed . Later in the 1970s , Schafer asks Seal to start acting as a courier between the CIA and General Noriega in Panama . During a mission , the Medellín Cartel picks Seal up and asks him to fly cocaine on his return flights to the United States . Seal accepts and starts flying the cartel 's cocaine to Louisiana . The CIA turns a blind eye to the drug smuggling , but the DEA tracks Seal down . To avoid the authorities , Schafer moves Seal and his family to a remote town in Arkansas called Mena . Later , Schafer asks Seal to run guns to the Nicaraguan Contras based in Honduras , Central America . Seal soon realizes that the Contras are not serious about the war and starts trading the guns to the cartel . The CIA set up a Contra training base in Mena and Seal flies the Contras in , but many of them escape as soon as they arrive . Seal 's freeloading brother - in - law JB moves in , needing a job . Eventually , he starts stealing money from the Seals and is caught by Sheriff Downing with a briefcase full of laundered cash and is arrested . Seal gives him money and a plane ticket to Bora Bora so he can leave . JB demands weekly cash and insults Lucy . Barry tries to chase him but JB 's car explodes ; it is implied Jorge Ochoa had JB 's car rigged with explosives , killing him so that he would not snitch . Eventually , the CIA shuts the program down and abandons Seal , who is arrested by the FBI , DEA and other law enforcement agencies . Seal escapes prosecution by making a deal with the White House , which wants evidence the Sandinistas are drug traffickers . They ask Seal to get photos that tie the Medellín Cartel to the Nicaraguan Sandinistas . Seal manages to get the pictures , but the White House releases them as propaganda against the Sandinistas . Seal is prominently shown in the pictures , which leads to his arrest , and to the cartel plotting revenge . Seal is convicted but given a light sentence , 1,000 hours community service for the Salvation Army . Eventually , after moving from motel to motel each night , assassins sent by Pablo Escobar and the cartel locate Seal and kill him ; the CIA then seizes all the evidence to avoid being implicated in drug smuggling . The CIA subsequently begins the Iran -- Contra affair . Cast ( edit ) Tom Cruise as Barry Seal Sarah Wright as Lucy Seal Domhnall Gleeson as Monty Schafer Alejandro Edda as Jorge Ochoa Mauicio Mejia as Pablo Escobar Jayma Mays as Dana Sibota Jesse Plemons as Sheriff Downing Lola Kirke as Judy Downing Frank Licari as ATF Special Agent Franks Jed Rees as Louis Finkle Caleb Landry Jones as JB Connor Trinneer as George W. Bush Robert P. Farrior as Oliver North Production ( edit ) Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began on May 27 , 2015 in Georgia . Filming locations include counties Cherokee , Clayton , DeKalb , Fulton , Gwinnett , Morgan and Pickens . On August 20 , 2015 , Tom Cruise arrived in Medellin , Colombia , and on August 31 arrived in Santa Marta to scout for filming locations for the film . Plane crash ( edit ) A plane crash on the set of the film in Colombia on September 11 , 2015 killed two people and caused serious injuries to another member of the crew . The plane ( a twin - engine Aerostar ) , which was carrying crew members ( three American pilots ) , was returning to Enrique Olaya Herrera Airport in Medellín when it ran into bad weather and the crash occurred . The dead were later identified as Carlos Berl and Alan Purwin , who was the founder and president of Helinet Aviation , a company which provides aerial surveillance technology to government agencies and law enforcement , and a film pilot who had worked in top films . American pilot Jimmy Lee Garland was seriously injured and rushed to a local hospital . Release ( edit ) In May 2015 , Universal set the film for a January 6 , 2017 release . On August 8 , 2016 , the film 's release was pushed to September 29 , 2017 , and also received its final title , American Made , having been known prior as Mena . It was released in Europe on August 23 , 2017 , and on September 29 , 2017 in the US . Box office ( edit ) As of October 29 , 2017 , American Made has grossed $48.5 million in the United States and Canada , and $80.1 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $128.6 million , against a production budget of $50 million . In North America , American Made was released alongside Flatliners and ' Til Death Do Us Part , as well as the wide expansion of Battle of the Sexes , and was projected to gross $12 -- 15 million from 3,023 theaters in its opening weekend . It made $960,000 from Thursday night previews , the lowest total by a Cruise - led film in recent years , and $6.1 million on its first day . Initially , studio estimates had the film opening to $17 million , finishing third at the box office behind holdovers It ( $17.3 million ) and Kingsman : The Golden Circle ( $17 million ) . However the following day , actual results had the film debuting to $16.8 million , with Kingsman beating out It by a gross of $16.93 million to $16.90 million . 91 % of its opening weekend audience was over the age of 25 . In its second weekend the film made $8.1 million ( a drop of 51 % ) , finishing 6th . The film was released in 21 countries on August 25 , 2017 and grossed a total of $6.1 million over the weekend . It finished number one in 11 of the territories , including the UK where it replaced five - time champ Dunkirk . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 88 % based on 216 reviews , and an average rating of 6.9 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` American Made 's fast - and - loose attitude with its real - life story mirrors the cavalier -- and delightfully watchable -- energy Tom Cruise gives off in the leading role . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film has a weighted average score 65 out of 100 , based 50 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . Historical accuracy ( edit ) Despite the film 's suggestion that he was recruited by the CIA while working for TWA , Seal denied in court that he had ever worked for the CIA . Seal was fired from TWA in 1974 for falsely claiming medical leave when he was involved in a smuggling scheme . Monty Schafer was a fictional character and not based on a real - life CIA agent . Seal 's connections with cartel bosses were also not direct when he was running his drug operations and he did n't meet Pablo Escobar and the Ochoa brothers in person until 1984 , when he was working as an informant for the DEA on an undercover operation following his arrest . His third wife Deborah , whom Lucy was loosely based on , stated that Seal started his drug smuggling business in 1975 , not 1980 like the film suggests , and that it originally was centered around marijuana before it involved cocaine . Seal 's DEA record also noted that he expanded to smuggling cocaine in 1978 and claimed that he was smuggling marijuana as early as 1976 . Seal 's ties to the Medellín Cartel also did not begin after being kidnapped while refueling his plane in Colombia , but when he met a smuggler who flew for cartel operative Jorge Ochoa during a flight home from Honduras , where he served nine months in a local jail after being caught smuggling drugs in 1979 . Deborah is also a brunette and not a blonde like Lucy . When asked if the film was a biopic , director Doug Liman said `` You know , we 're not making a biopic . Tom Cruise does n't look like Barry Seal . His character is inspired by the stories we learned about Barry . '' It has been noted the real Seal was not of Tom Cruise 's 5 - foot - 7 frame and was an obese man who reportedly weighed 300 pounds . Liman has also acknowledged that the film 's zero - gravity love scene was his idea and that he got the inspiration for it after he and Cruise collided in the cockpit while filming a flight scene . Seal was also unapologetic about his weapons and drug smuggling operations , even stating once in a TV interview `` Whether you call it soldier of fortune or what , it 's a way of life for me . I enjoy it and I 'm going to keep doing it . '' He also never crash landed into a suburban neighborhood . Liman described the film as `` a fun lie based on a true story . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` AMERICAN MADE '' . 20th Century Fox . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Made ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sedighzadeh , Kazem . `` Tom Cruise Adds ' Mena ' to Busy Filming Schedule ! '' . Masterherald.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Loughrey , Clarisse ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` Barry Seal : The real - life story behind Tom Cruise 's character in American Made ; Doug Liman 's new film follows the wild true story of a pilot , drug smuggler , and eventual informant '' . The Independent . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Made '' . www.imax.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Giles , Jeff ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` American Made is Certified Fresh '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Universal Starts Production on Doug Liman 's Mena , Starring Tom Cruise '' . comingsoon.net . May 29 , 2015 . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Cruise llega a Santa Marta para grabar escenas de su película '' . RCN Radio . Retrieved April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Casa Editorial El Tiempo . `` Tom Cruise en Colombia : nueva película - Barranquilla - ELTIEMPO.COM '' . El Tiempo . Retrieved April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ A. Lincoln , Ross ( September 11 , 2015 ) . `` Fatal Plane Crash Claims 2 Lives On Set Of Tom Cruise Film ' Mena ' '' . deadline.com . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brumfield , Ben ; Williams , Alima ( September 12 , 2015 ) . `` Tom Cruise movie crew members in plane crash that kills 2 in Colombia '' . CNN . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cowden , Catarina . `` Deadly Plane Crash Occurs On Set Of Tom Cruise Film Mena '' . cinemablend.com . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` Universal Sets Tom Cruise - Doug Liman ' Mena ' Flight Plan For January 2017 '' . deadline.com . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Made ' : Universal Moves Tom Cruise - Doug Liman Film Up One Week -- Update '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` Deauville Film Festival Unveils Lineup , Doug Liman 's ' American Made ' Set to Open Festival '' . Variety . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan Faughnder ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' drives record September box office with Tom Cruise 's ' American Made ' ready to battle ' Kingsman ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Kingsman ' Edges Out ' It ' In Fierce Three - Way B.O. Tie ; Early AM Figures Have ' American Made ' In 3rd '' . Deadline.com . October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Dulls - 11 % On Saturday ; Weekend Opening Now At $31 M+ : Sunday Postmortem '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Valerian ' Tops China ; ' Wonder Woman ' Hits $400 M Overseas -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . August 27 , 2017 . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Made ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Made reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.historyvshollywood.com/reelfaces/american-made/ ^ Jump up to : http://www.nola.com/movies/index.ssf/2017/09/american_made_movie_review_fac.html External links ( edit ) Official website American Made on IMDb Films directed by Doug Liman Getting In ( 1994 ) Swingers ( 1996 ) Go ( 1999 ) The Bourne Identity ( 2002 ) Mr. & Mrs. Smith ( 2005 ) Jumper ( 2008 ) Fair Game ( 2010 ) Edge of Tomorrow ( 2014 ) The Wall ( 2017 ) American Made ( 2017 ) Chaos Walking ( 2019 ) Brian Grazer Films produced Night Shift Splash Real Genius Spies Like Us Armed and Dangerous Like Father Like Son Parenthood Kindergarten Cop Closet Land My Girl Far and Away Housesitter Boomerang For Love or Money My Girl 2 Greedy The Paper The Cowboy Way Apollo 13 Sgt . Bilko Fear The Nutty Professor The Chamber Ransom Liar Liar Inventing the Abbotts Mercury Rising Psycho Edtv Life Bowfinger Beyond the Mat Nutty Professor II : The Klumps How the Grinch Stole Christmas A Beautiful Mind Undercover Brother Blue Crush 8 Mile Intolerable Cruelty The Cat in the Hat The Missing Friday Night Lights Inside Deep Throat Cinderella Man Flightplan Fun with Dick and Jane Inside Man The Da Vinci Code American Gangster Changeling Frost / Nixon Angels & Demons Robin Hood The Dilemma Restless Cowboys & Aliens J. Edgar Tower Heist Katy Perry : Part of Me Rush In the Heart of the Sea Inferno Lowriders American Made TV series created Shadow Chasers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Made_(film)&oldid=809131044 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2010s comedy films 2010s thriller films American aviation films American black comedy films American crime films American comedy films American films Cross Creek Pictures films Films about the illegal drug trade Films directed by Doug Liman Films produced by Brian Grazer Films produced by Ron Howard Films produced by Brian Oliver Films set in Colombia Films shot in Atlanta Imagine Entertainment films Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 08 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the movie american made come out | [
"American Made is a 2017 American biographical crime film directed by Doug Liman, written by Gary Spinelli and starring Tom Cruise, Domhnall Gleeson, Sarah Wright, Alejandro Edda, Mauricio Mejía, Caleb Landry Jones and Jesse Plemons.[3] The plot focuses on Barry Seal, a former TWA pilot who flew missions for the CIA and became a drug smuggler for the Medellín Cartel in the 1980s.[4] In order to avoid jail time, Seal became an informant for the DEA.[4]"
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2563930927477672227 | 2018 Radio Disney Music Awards | 2018 Radio Disney Music Awards - wikipedia 2018 Radio Disney Music Awards 2018 Radio Disney Music Awards Date June 22 , 2018 ( ceremony ) June 23 , 2018 ( air ) July 29 , 2018 ( air ) Location Dolby Theatre , Hollywood , California Hosted by Madison Helene Kiper and Jackyln Figueroa Preshow host ( s ) TBA Most awards BTS ( 4 ) Most nominations Selena Gomez , Marshmello , Maren Morris and BTS ( 4 each ) Website http://radio.disney.com/radio-disney-music-awards Television / radio coverage Network Radio Disney Disney Channel Disney International HD Runtime 99 Minutes Viewership 1.28 million ← 2017 Radio Disney Music Awards The 2018 Radio Disney Music Awards were held on June 22 , 2018 , at the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood , California . The ceremony was shown on Radio Disney and Disney Channel the following night on June 23 , 2018 from 8 : 30 p.m. - 01 : 30 a.m. ( EDT ) and on Disney International HD on July 29 , 2018 from 8 p.m. to 9 p.m ( IST ) . It was cancelled on Disney Channel in Southeast Asia due to unknown reasons . Contents 1 Performances 2 Winners and nominees 3 References 4 External links Performances ( edit ) Performer ( s ) Song Meghan Trainor `` Let You Be Right '' `` No Excuses '' Echosmith `` Over My Head '' `` Cool Kids '' Kelly Clarkson `` Miss Independent '' `` Since U Been Gone '' `` My Life Would Suck Without You '' `` Catch My Breath '' `` Stronger '' `` Heat '' Marshmello `` Alone '' `` Friends '' `` Silence '' Maddie Poppe `` Going , Going , Gone '' Charlie Puth `` The Way I Am '' Carrie Underwood feat . Ludacris `` The Champion '' Winners and nominees ( edit ) The nominees were announced via a nomination live stream on April 27 , 2018 . Voting began the day nominations released . Best Artist Breakout Artist of the Year Shawn Mendes Selena Gomez Bruno Mars Ed Sheeran Taylor Swift Meghan Trainor Camila Cabello Halsey Dua Lipa Marshmello Julia Michaels Charlie Puth Best Group Song of the Year BTS Clean Bandit Echosmith Imagine Dragons Maroon 5 `` Havana '' - Camila Cabello `` Look What You Made Me Do '' - Taylor Swift `` The Middle '' - Zedd , Maren Morris , and Grey `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' - Shawn Mendes `` Wolves '' - Selena Gomez and Marshmello Favorite Social Music Artist Best Dance Track Max & Harvey Alex Aiono Chloe x Halle HRVY Carson Lueders Rudy Mancuso `` Mic Drop ( Steve Aoki Remix ) '' - BTS `` Friends '' - Justin Bieber and BloodPop `` Let Me Go '' - Hailee Steinfeld and Alesso featuring Florida Georgia Line and Andrew Watt `` The Middle '' - Zedd , Maren Morris , and Grey `` Silence - Marshmello featuring Khalid Best New Artist Best Collaboration Bebe Rexha Cheat Codes Hey Violet Lauv Why Do n't We `` It Ai n't Me '' - Selena Gomez and Kygo `` Meant to Be '' - Bebe Rexha featuring Florida Georgia Line `` No Promises '' - Cheat Codes featuring Demi Lovato `` Mi Gente '' - J Balvin and Willy William `` The Middle '' - Zedd , Maren Morris , and Grey Best Crush Song Fiercest Fans `` Perfect '' - Ed Sheeran `` I Like Me Better '' - Lauv `` Why '' - Sabrina Carpenter `` Ins and Outs '' - Sofia Carson `` Legends '' - Kelsea Ballerini BTS Army ( BTS ) Mellogang ( Marshmello ) Megatronz ( Meghan Trainor ) Mendes Army ( Shawn Mendes ) Selenators ( Selena Gomez ) Best Song That Makes You Smile Best Song to Lip Sync To `` DNA '' - BTS `` I Miss Those Days '' - Bleachers `` No Excuses '' - Meghan Trainor `` One Foot '' - Walk the Moon `` So Much More Than This '' - Grace VanderWaal `` New Rules '' - Dua Lipa `` Look What You Made Me Do - Taylor Swift `` Sorry Not Sorry '' - Demi Lovato `` These Girls '' - Why Do n't We `` This Is Me '' - Keala Settle Country Favorite Artist Country Best New Artist Kelsea Ballerini Luke Bryan Florida Georgia Line Maren Morris Thomas Rhett Carly Pearce Jordan Davis Devin Dawson Jillian Jacqueline Lanco Country Favorite Song Hero Award `` Meant to Be '' - Bebe Rexha featuring Florida Georgia Line `` Legends '' - Kelsea Ballerini `` Take Back Home Girl - Chris Lane and Tori Kelly `` Unforgettable '' - Thomas Rhett `` You Broke Up with Me - Walker Hayes Carrie Underwood Icon Award Kelly Clarkson Impact Award Janet Jackson References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Desk , TV News . `` The 2018 Radio Disney Music Awards Coming to The Dolby Theatre on Friday , June 22 , 2018 '' . Broadway World . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Janet Jackson , Kelly Clarkson , Carrie Underwood Honored at Radio Disney Music Awards '' . Variety . June 24 , 2018 . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The 2018 Radio Disney Music Awards '' . radio.disney.com . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Channel on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 25 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shawn Mendes & Meghan Trainor Lead Radio Disney Music Awards 2018 Nominations '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 25 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Schnurr , Samantha . `` Kelly Clarkson to Be Honored With Icon Award at 2018 Radio Disney Music Awards '' . E ! News . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Radio Disney Music Awards Ceremonies 2017 2018 Current categories Best Female Artist Best Male Artist Best Music Group Song of the Year Best New Artist Breakout Artist Best Crush Song Song to Dance to Fiercest Fans Artist with the Best Style Most Talked About Artist Best Anthem Best Song That Makes You Smile Best Breakup Song Formerly categories Best Artist Turned Singer Best Music Video Best Soundtrack Song Catchiest New Song Hero Award winners Shakira Jennifer Lopez Gwen Stefani Nick Jonas Related topics Radio Disney Microsoft Theater Television portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Radio_Disney_Music_Awards&oldid=854272614 '' Categories : Radio Disney Music Awards 2018 awards in the United States 2018 music awards 2018 in California 2018 in Los Angeles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 04 : 02 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does radio disney music awards come on 2018 | [
"The 2018 Radio Disney Music Awards were held on June 22, 2018, at the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood, California.[1] The ceremony was shown on Radio Disney and Disney Channel the following night on June 23, 2018 from 8:30 p.m.-01:30 a.m. (EDT) and on Disney International HD on July 29, 2018 from 8 p.m. to 9 p.m (IST). It was cancelled on Disney Channel in Southeast Asia due to unknown reasons.\n"
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"June 23, 2018"
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3423397409094826880 | Supremacy Clause | Supremacy Clause - wikipedia Supremacy Clause Jump to : navigation , search Constitutional Law of the United States Overview Articles Amendments History Judicial review Principles Separation of powers Individual rights Rule of law Federalism Republicanism Government structure Legislative branch Executive branch Judicial branch State government Local government Individual rights Freedom of religion Freedom of speech Freedom of the press Freedom of assembly Right to petition Freedom of association Right to keep and bear arms Right to trial by jury Criminal procedural rights Right to privacy Freedom from slavery Due process Equal protection Citizenship Voting rights Theory Living Constitution Originalism Purposivism Textualism Strict constructionism The Supremacy Clause of the United States Constitution ( Article VI , Clause 2 ) establishes that the Constitution , federal laws made pursuant to it , and treaties made under its authority , constitute the supreme law of the land . It provides that state courts are bound by the supreme law ; in case of conflict between federal and state law , the federal law must be applied . Even state constitutions are subordinate to federal law . In essence , it is a conflict - of - laws rule specifying that certain national acts take priority over any state acts that conflict with national law . In this respect , the Supremacy Clause follows the lead of Article XIII of the Articles of Confederation , which provided that `` Every State shall abide by the determination of the United States in Congress Assembled , on all questions which by this confederation are submitted to them . '' A constitutional provision announcing the supremacy of federal law , the Supremacy Clause assumes the underlying priority of federal authority , at least when that authority is expressed in the Constitution itself . No matter what the federal government or the states might wish to do , they have to stay within the boundaries of the Constitution . This makes the Supremacy Clause the cornerstone of the whole American political structure . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 2 Background 2.1 The Federalist Papers 3 Preemption doctrine 4 Supreme Court interpretations 5 See also 6 References Text ( edit ) This Constitution , and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof ; and all Treaties made , or which shall be made , under the Authority of the United States , shall be the supreme Law of the Land ; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby , any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding . Background ( edit ) The Federalist papers ( edit ) In Federalist No. 44 , James Madison defends the Supremacy Clause as vital to the functioning of the nation . He noted that state legislatures were invested with all powers not specifically defined in the Constitution , but also said that having the federal government subservient to various state constitutions would be an inversion of the principles of government , concluding that if supremacy were not established `` it would have seen the authority of the whole society everywhere subordinate to the authority of the parts ; it would have seen a monster , in which the head was under the direction of the members '' . Preemption doctrine ( edit ) The constitutional principle derived from the Supremacy Clause is federal preemption . Preemption applies regardless of whether the conflicting laws come from legislatures , courts , administrative agencies , or constitutions . For example , the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , an act of Congress , preempts state constitutions , and Food and Drug Administration regulations may preempt state court judgments in cases involving prescription drugs . Congress has preempted state regulation in many areas . In some cases , such as the 1976 Medical Device Regulation Act , Congress preempted all state regulation . In others , such as labels on prescription drugs , Congress allowed federal regulatory agencies to set national minimum standards , but did not preempt state regulations imposing more stringent standards than those imposed by federal regulators . Where rules or regulations do not clearly state whether or not preemption should apply , the Supreme Court tries to follow lawmakers ' intent , and prefers interpretations that avoid preempting state laws . Supreme Court interpretations ( edit ) In Ware v. Hylton , 3 U.S. ( 3 Dall . ) 199 ( 1796 ) , the United States Supreme Court for the first time applied the Supremacy Clause to strike down a state statute . Virginia had passed a statute during the Revolutionary War allowing the state to confiscate debt payments by Virginia citizens to British creditors . The Supreme Court found that this Virginia statute was inconsistent with the Treaty of Paris with Britain , which protected the rights of British creditors . Relying on the Supremacy Clause , the Supreme Court held that the treaty superseded Virginia 's statute , and that it was the duty of the courts to declare Virginia 's statute `` null and void '' . In Marbury v. Madison , 5 U.S. 137 ( 1803 ) , the Supreme Court held that Congress can not pass laws that are contrary to the Constitution , and it is the role of the Judicial system to interpret what the Constitution permits . Citing the Supremacy Clause , the Court found Section 13 of the Judiciary Act of 1789 to be unconstitutional to the extent it purported to enlarge the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court beyond that permitted by the Constitution . In Martin v. Hunter 's Lessee , 14 U.S. 304 ( 1816 ) , and Cohens v. Virginia , 19 U.S. 264 ( 1821 ) , the Supreme Court held that the Supremacy Clause and the judicial power granted in Article III give the Supreme Court the ultimate power to review state court decisions involving issues arising under the Constitution and laws of the United States . Therefore , the Supreme Court has the final say in matters involving federal law , including constitutional interpretation , and can overrule decisions by state courts . In McCulloch v. Maryland , 17 U.S. ( 4 Wheat . ) 316 ( 1819 ) , the Supreme Court reviewed a tax levied by Maryland on the federally incorporated Bank of the United States . The Court found that if a state had the power to tax a federally incorporated institution , then the state effectively had the power to destroy the federal institution , thereby thwarting the intent and purpose of Congress . This would make the states superior to the federal government . The Court found that this would be inconsistent with the Supremacy Clause , which makes federal law superior to state law . The Court therefore held that Maryland 's tax on the bank was unconstitutional because the tax violated the Supremacy Clause . In Ableman v. Booth , 62 U.S. 506 ( 1859 ) , the Supreme Court held that state courts can not issue rulings that contradict the decisions of federal courts , citing the Supremacy Clause , and overturning a decision by the Supreme Court of Wisconsin . Specifically , the court found it was illegal for state officials to interfere with the work of U.S. Marshals enforcing the Fugitive Slave Act or to order the release of federal prisoners held for violation of that Act . The Supreme Court reasoned that because the Supremacy Clause established federal law as the law of the land , the Wisconsin courts could not nullify the judgments of a federal court . The Supreme Court held that under Article III of the Constitution , the federal courts have the final jurisdiction in all cases involving the Constitution and laws of the United States , and that the states therefore can not interfere with federal court judgments . In Pennsylvania v. Nelson , 350 U.S. 497 ( 1956 ) the Supreme Court struck down the Pennsylvania Sedition Act , which made advocating the forceful overthrow of the federal government a crime under Pennsylvania state law . The Supreme Court held that when federal interest in an area of law is sufficiently dominant , federal law must be assumed to preclude enforcement of state laws on the same subject ; and a state law is not to be declared a help when state law goes farther than Congress has seen fit to go . In Reid v. Covert , 354 U.S. 1 ( 1957 ) , the Supreme Court held that the U.S. Constitution supersedes international treaties ratified by the U.S. Senate . In Cooper v. Aaron , 358 U.S. 1 ( 1958 ) , the Supreme Court rejected attempts by Arkansas to nullify the Court 's school desegregation decision , Brown v. Board of Education . The state of Arkansas , acting on a theory of states ' rights , had adopted several statutes designed to nullify the desegregation ruling . The Supreme Court relied on the Supremacy Clause to hold that the federal law controlled and could not be nullified by state statutes or officials . In Edgar v. MITE Corp. , 457 U.S. 624 ( 1982 ) , the Supreme Court ruled : `` A state statute is void to the extent that it actually conflicts with a valid Federal statute '' . In effect , this means that a State law will be found to violate the Supremacy Clause when either of the following two conditions ( or both ) exist : Compliance with both the Federal and State laws is impossible `` State law stands as an obstacle to the accomplishment and execution of the full purposes and objectives of Congress '' In 1920 , the Supreme Court applied the Supremacy Clause to international treaties , holding in the case of Missouri v. Holland , 252 U.S. 416 , that the Federal government 's ability to make treaties is supreme over any state concerns that such treaties might abrogate states ' rights arising under the Tenth Amendment . The Supreme Court has also held that only specific , `` unmistakable '' acts of Congress may be held to trigger the Supremacy Clause . Montana had imposed a 30 percent tax on most sub-bituminous coal mined there . The Commonwealth Edison Company and other utility companies argued , in part , that the Montana tax `` frustrated '' the broad goals of the national energy policy . However , in the case of Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Montana , 453 U.S. 609 ( 1981 ) , the Supreme Court disagreed . Any appeal to claims about `` national policy '' , the Court said , were insufficient to overturn a state law under the Supremacy Clause unless `` the nature of the regulated subject matter permits no other conclusion , or that the Congress has unmistakably so ordained '' . However , in the case of California v. ARC America Corp. , 490 U.S. 93 ( 1989 ) , the Supreme Court held that if Congress expressedly intended to act in an area , this would trigger the enforcement of the Supremacy Clause , and hence nullify the state action . The Supreme Court further found in Crosby v. National Foreign Trade Council , 530 U.S. 363 ( 2000 ) , that even when a state law is not in direct conflict with a federal law , the state law could still be found unconstitutional under the Supremacy Clause if the `` state law is an obstacle to the accomplishment and execution of Congress 's full purposes and objectives '' . Congress need not expressly assert any preemption over state laws either , because Congress may implicitly assume this preemption under the Constitution . See also ( edit ) Federal preemption Intergovernmental immunity Interposition Necessary and Proper Clause States ' rights Section 109 of the Constitution of Australia -- analogous section of the Constitution of Australia Paramountcy ( Canada ) -- analogous doctrine in Canadian constitutional law References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cornell University Law School . `` Supremacy Clause '' . law.cornell.edu . Jump up ^ Burnham , William ( 2006 ) . Introduction to the Law and Legal System of the United States , 4th ed . St. Paul : Thomson West . p. 41 . Jump up ^ Lawson , Gary . `` Essays on Article V : Supremacy Clause '' . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Alan B. ( 1998 ) . `` Preemption Controversies '' . Fundamentals of American law . Oxford University Press US . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 876405 - 2 . Jump up ^ Skousen , W. Cleon ( 1985 ) . The Making of America -- The Substance and Meaning of the Constitution . Washington D.C. : National Center for Constitutional Studies . p. 657 . Jump up ^ Drahozal , Christopher R. ( 2004 ) . The Supremacy Clause : A Reference Guide to the United States Constitution . Praeger . p. xiv . Jump up ^ Cornell University Law School . `` Preemption '' . law.cornell.edu . Jump up ^ Dow Chemical Co. v. Exxon Corp. , 139 F. 3d 1470 ( Fed Cir 1998 ) . Jump up ^ Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Montana , 453 U.S. 609 , 634 , quoting Florida Lime & Avocado Growers , Inc. v. Paul , 373 U.S. 132 , 142 ( 1963 ) . Jump up ^ Crosby v. National Foreign Trade Council , 530 U.S. 363 , 372 - 374 . Jump up ^ Crosby v. National Foreign Trade Council , 530 U.S. 363 , 386 - 388 . ( hide ) United States Constitution Text ( via Wikisource ) Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments 1 -- 10 Amendments 11 -- 27 Unsuccessful Proposed Amendments Debates in State Conventions on the Adoption of the Constitution Preamble and articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights List of Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bill of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supremacy_Clause&oldid=803673251 '' Categories : Article Six of the United States Constitution Clauses of the United States Constitution Legal history of the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 22 : 46 . About Wikipedia | which article states the constitution is the supreme law of land | [
"The Supremacy Clause of the United States Constitution (Article VI, Clause 2) establishes that the Constitution, federal laws made pursuant to it, and treaties made under its authority, constitute the supreme law of the land.[1] It provides that state courts are bound by the supreme law; in case of conflict between federal and state law, the federal law must be applied. Even state constitutions are subordinate to federal law.[2] In essence, it is a conflict-of-laws rule specifying that certain national acts take priority over any state acts that conflict with national law. In this respect, the Supremacy Clause follows the lead of Article XIII of the Articles of Confederation, which provided that \"Every State shall abide by the determination of the United States in Congress Assembled, on all questions which by this confederation are submitted to them.\"[3] A constitutional provision announcing the supremacy of federal law, the Supremacy Clause assumes the underlying priority of federal authority, at least when that authority is expressed in the Constitution itself.[4] No matter what the federal government or the states might wish to do, they have to stay within the boundaries of the Constitution. This makes the Supremacy Clause the cornerstone of the whole American political structure.[5][6]"
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"Article VI, Clause 2"
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7756080506256620189 | Pete (Disney) | Pete ( Disney ) - wikipedia Pete ( Disney ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Pete . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Some of this article 's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Pete First appearance Alice Solves the Puzzle ( 1925 ) Created by Walt Disney Ub Iwerks Voiced by Walt Disney ( 1928 ) Billy Bletcher ( 1932 -- 1944 ; 1952 -- 1954 ) John McLeish ( Bellboy Donald , 1942 ) Will Ryan ( 1983 -- 1987 ; 2013 ) Arthur Burghardt ( The Prince and the Pauper , 1990 ; 2001 -- 2003 ) Jim Cummings ( 1992 -- present ) Developed by Norm Ferguson Full name Peter Pete , Sr . Nickname ( s ) Bad Pete , Big Pete , Big Bad Pete , Black Pete , Bootleg Pete , Dirty Pete , Mighty Pete , Pee Wee Pete , Peg - Leg Pete , Petey , Pistol Pete , Sneaky Pete , Piston Pete Aliases Percy P. Percival , Louie the Leg , Sylvester Macaroni , Tiny Tom , Captain Blackheart Species Cat Gender Male Spouse ( s ) Peg Significant other ( s ) Trudy Van Tubb Chirpy Bird ( 1980s comics ) Children Peter `` P.J. '' Pete , Jr. ( son ) Pistol Pete ( daughter ) Relatives Petula ( sister ) Mabel ( aunt ) Pete ( also called Peg - Leg Pete , Pistol Pete and Black Pete , among other names ) is an anthropomorphic cartoon character created in 1925 by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks . He is a character of The Walt Disney Company and often appears as a nemesis and the main antagonist in Mickey Mouse universe stories . He was originally an anthropomorphic bear but with the advent of Mickey Mouse in 1928 , he was defined as a cat . Pete is the oldest continuing Disney character , having debuted three years before Mickey Mouse in the cartoon Alice Solves the Puzzle ( 1925 ) . Pete has appeared in more than 40 animated short films between 1925 and 1954 , having been featured in the Alice Comedies and Oswald the Lucky Rabbit cartoons , and later in the Mickey Mouse , Donald Duck , and Goofy cartoons . Pete 's final appearance during this era was The Lone Chipmunks ( 1954 ) , which was the final installment of a three - part Chip an ' Dale series . He also appeared in the short films Mickey 's Christmas Carol ( 1983 ) , The Prince and the Pauper ( 1990 ) , Mickey , Donald , Goofy : The Three Musketeers ( 2004 ) , and Get a Horse ! ( 2013 ) . Pete has also made many appearances in Disney comics , and often appeared as Sylvester Shyster 's dimwitted sidekick in the Mickey Mouse comic strip . In the Italian comic production he has come to be the central character in comics from time to time . Pete later made several appearances in television , most extensively in Goof Troop ( 1992 -- 1993 ) where he was given more continuity , having a family and a regular job as a used car salesman and is a friend ( albeit a poor one ) to Goofy . He reprises this incarnation in 1999 's Mickey 's Once Upon a Christmas . Pete also appears in House of Mouse ( 2001 -- 03 ) as the greedy property owner who 's always trying devious ways and loop holes to get the club shut down . Although Pete is often typecast as a villain , he has shown great versatility within the role , playing everything from a hardened criminal ( The Dognapper , The Lone Chipmunks ) to a legitimate authority figure ( Moving Day , Donald Gets Drafted , Mr. Mouse Takes a Trip ) , and from a menacing trouble maker ( Building a Building , Trombone Trouble ) to a victim of mischief himself ( Timber , The Vanishing Private ) . On some occasions , Pete has even played a sympathetic character , all the while maintaining his underlying menacing nature . ( Symphony Hour , How to Be a Detective ) He seems to have lost much of his antagonistic demeanor in his Mickey Mouse Clubhouse appearances and is today a largely friendly character , although his antics can occasionally prove an annoyance . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ancestry and family 2 Theatrical cartoons 2.1 Alice Comedies 2.2 Oswald the Lucky Rabbit 2.3 Mickey Mouse 2.4 Donald Duck 2.5 Goofy 2.6 Chip ' n ' Dale 3 World War II 4 Comics 5 Television 5.1 DuckTales 5.2 Goof Troop 5.3 Mickey Mouse Works and House of Mouse 5.4 Mickey Mouse Clubhouse 5.5 Mickey Mouse 6 Movies 6.1 The Prince and the Pauper 6.2 Mickey 's House of Villains 6.3 The Three Musketeers 7 Video game appearances 7.1 Kingdom Hearts series 8 Voice actors 9 References 10 External links Ancestry and family This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Comic book stories have depicted Pete as being descended from a long line of villains , highwaymen and outlaws . Even historical figures such as Attila the Hun , Blackbeard , Antonio López de Santa Anna , Billy The Kid , and Cao Cao have been included among his ancestors . His mother is known only as Maw Pete and was mentioned in the story `` Donald Duck Finds Pirate Gold '' by Carl Barks and Jack Hannah ( first published October 1942 ) as a resident of Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , USA . Her first actual appearance however was in `` The River Pirates '' ( first published September 1968 ) by Carl Fallberg and Paul Murry . The same story introduced Li'l Pete , Black Pete 's fraternal twin brother who seems to be afflicted with dwarfism . In December 1998 , the Mickey Mouse comic strip introduced an older sister of Pete . Petula is the television host of the cooking show Petula 's Pantry . She finds time , however , to seek revenge against Mickey for condemning her `` baby brother '' to life imprisonment . Better - known and more enduring as characters are two figures created by Romano Scarpa for Italian Disney comics . The first , Trudy Van Tubb , was introduced in Topolino e la collana Chirikawa ( Mickey Mouse and the Chirikawa Necklace , first published on March 10 , 1960 ) . This female partner of Pete was presented as a childhood acquaintance of his : they are even shown as kids kidnapping Mickey when he was a baby . However , Trudy soon became Pete 's girlfriend , his partner - in - crime and roommate -- whenever they hold residence out of prison , that is . Their relationship seems to have evolved to a long - standing common - law marriage . This is occasionally used in contrast to Mickey 's eternal engagement to Minnie Mouse and Goofy 's determination to remain a bachelor . Trudy and Pete also have two hellion nephews named Pierino and Pieretto who often serve as foils for Mickey or Mickey 's nephews Morty and Ferdie Fieldmouse . The second to be introduced is a cousin , the criminal scientist Portis ( Plottigat in the original Italian version ; English name first used in Walt Disney 's Comics and Stories 695 , 2008 ) . Portis first appeared in Topolino e il Pippo - lupo '' ( approximately Mickey Mouse and the Weregoof ; January 9 , 1977 ) . Portis is a firm believer in the saying `` knowledge is power '' . He considers himself superior to most others in both intellect and education , therefore a rightful leader . However , Portis often finds himself employed by gangs under Pete or even the Phantom Blot . Both of the latter are considered better connected within the Mouseton version of organized crime . Ed Nofziger is responsible for a third recurring character , an alternative girlfriend of Pete named Chirpy Bird . She first appeared in Topolino ei piccioni `` poliziotti '' ( Mickey Mouse and the Pidgeon Police , first published in December 1981 ) and starred as Pete 's partner - in - crime in eight stories from 1981 to 1984 . In France , she and Trudy are presented as the same character , being both renamed Gertrude , despite Trudy being a cat and Chirpy being a canary . In Mickey Mouse Works , Pete has another cousin named Zeke . Zeke is a criminal like Pete , but is wary of his cousin 's attempts to double - cross him `` Just like old Times '' . Mickey often uses this distrust to turn the two against one - another . In Goof Troop , Pete has a wife , Peg , and two children , PJ and Pistol . Alternatively , the comic book story `` Mickey 's Strange Mission '' from Walt Disney 's Comics & Stories # 245 ( 1961 , by Carl Fallberg and Paul Murry ) suggests a cultured ancestry for Pete , giving his full name as the genteel Percy P. Percival . In the Italian comic story of 1998 , Topolino e il diario di zia Topolinda ( Mickey Mouse and aunt Topolinda 's diary ) we meet Pete 's grandma , depicted as the only honest member of his family . Theatrical cartoons Alice Comedies Pete first appeared in the Walt Disney - produced 1920s Alice Comedies short subject series . He first appeared in Alice Solves the Puzzle ( February 15 , 1925 ) as Bootleg Pete . His nickname is a reference to his career of bootlegging alcoholic beverages during Prohibition in the United States ( January 16 , 1920 - December 5 , 1933 ) . His activities brought him at a ( beach in time to see Alice playing with a crossword puzzle . Pete happened to be a collector of crossword puzzles and identified Alice 's puzzle being a rare one missing from his collection . The rest of the short focused on his antagonizing Alice and her drunk - on - moonshine cat Julius in order to steal it . The menacing , bear villain commanded quite a presence on the screen and was destined to return . In Alice Wins the Derby ( May 5 , 1925 ) Pete , Alice and Julius are among several contestants in a combined horse racing / auto racing event . Pete first demonstrates his skill at cheating on sporting events to achieve victory . However , a car accident takes both Pete and Julius out of the race . The ending is given away by the title of the short . Early prototype of Pete in the Alice Comedies In Alice Is Stage Struck ( October 1 , 1925 ) Pete is cast as the stuff of nightmares for little Alice . She is depicted performing a stage version of Uncle Tom 's Cabin with her live - action friends when she falls unconscious . In her nightmare , Alice is being chased by Pete in his dog sled across an Arctic environment . In Alice Picks the Champ ( November 1 , 1925 ) , Pete is depicted as the owner of a gym who challenges all who enter in a boxing fight . The invitation is extended to Julius upon his entry . Despite the title Alice is a mere spectator in their fight rather than playing a more active role . Pete made his final appearance for the year in Alice 's Tin Pony ( November 15 , 1925 ) . The `` pony '' of the title was actually a train transporting passengers Alice and Julius along with a payroll shipment . The shipment attracts the attention of `` Pete the Bear '' and his gang of outlaws who attempt a train robbery . This was the first time Pete was depicted as leader of his own gang rather than a solitary villain . This depiction would prevail in his comic book appearances for decades . In Alice on the Farm ( January 1 , 1926 ) , Pete performs his first act of kidnapping . He abducts Alice from a farm early on the short . Pete places her in a bag , punches her out and gives his own , silent version of an evil laugh . Julius then has to rescue his female friend in a duel . Arguably the first of many duels Pete would have in his long career . Notably both Pete and Julius received more screen time than Alice herself . Pete received a darker role in Alice 's Mysterious Mystery ( February 15 , 1926 ) . The title mystery concerns the abduction of an entire school of puppies by two mysterious dog catchers . Amateur detectives Alice and Julius investigate the case . The trail leads to Pete and an unnamed anthropomorphic rat serving as his henchman . The duo had abducted the puppies to sell them to a local sausage factory . Arguably establishing Pete as more ruthless than a mere kidnapper . Pete upstaged Alice again in Alice 's Balloon Race ( March 1 , 1926 ) where said balloon race serves as an excuse for another confrontation between Julius and his arch - enemy . Alice served as a bit player in her own film . In Alice 's Spanish Guitar ( November 29 , 1926 ) , Pete listens to Alice playing guitar in a Spanish café . Pete is charmed by her music and abducts the girl once again . He keeps her captive in his own castle . Julius once again has to save the damsel in distress . Alice 's Brown Derby ( December 13 , 1926 ) depicts a horse racing contest where Pete attempts to cheat again while Julius rides a mechanical horse . Alice the Lumberjack ( December 27 , 1926 ) , finds Alice and Julius working as lumberjacks . Pete interrupts their work to abduct Alice again . Julius is forced to come to the rescue once again . Both shorts can be seen as evidence of the repetition of plot themes that plagued the series as it progressed . Alice the Gold Bug ( January 10 , 1927 ) had Alice , Julius and Pete competing against each other in a surreal golf game . Alice Foils the Pirates ( January 24 , 1927 ) has a misleading title . Actually the short features Pete holding Alice hostage in a pirate ship while Julius comes to the rescue . Pete would later be cast as an experienced captain and occasional pirate in his comic strip , Mickey Mouse Works , and comic book appearances . Alice at the Rodeo ( February 21 , 1927 ) features Alice and Julius in a rodeo . Alice rides a bull which has little trouble throwing the little girl off his back . Julius proves more successful in bronc riding and wins first prize . But it is Pete who escapes with his winnings . This naturally leads to another confrontation between the two rivals . Alice in the Alps ( March 21 , 1927 ) indeed has Alice and Julius ice skating in the Alps . They encounter Pete while mountaineering . Alice 's Auto Race ( April 4 , 1927 ) actually features Julius and Pete competing in their usual style . Alice 's Knaughty Knight ( May 2 , 1927 ) features Julius and Pete as knights in armour fighting over the affections of Lady Alice . Alice 's Channel Swim ( June 13 , 1927 ) has Julius and Pete competing in a swimming race across the English Channel . Alice was actually the referee rather than a swimmer . Alice in the Klondike ( June 27 , 1927 ) has Alice and Julius as gold prospectors in Klondike , Yukon , Canada . Their successful search attracts their old rival Pete who wants the gold for himself . This would be the final appearance of Pete in the series . The series would have four more entries , ending with Alice in the Big League on August 22 , 1927 . Pete would be the only character of the series to survive its ending . Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Disney needed a villain to place against his new star Oswald the Lucky Rabbit , and Pete was introduced to his new adversary in the sixth Oswald short The Ocean Hop ( September 8 , 1927 ) . Apparently inspired by Charles Lindbergh , the two enter an aeroplane race across the Atlantic Ocean . Hugh Harman and Rollin Hamilton were responsible for animating several inventive gags during the film . At least one became a classic . At some point Oswald runs off a cliff and continues to walk on air without the effect of gravity until realizing there is no ground to stand on . The gag would be reused in many cartoon shorts . Charles Lindbergh also served as the inspiration for Plane Crazy ( May 15 , 1927 ) , the first cartoon to feature Mickey Mouse and Minnie Mouse . The Banker 's Daughter ( September 15 , 1927 ) gave a more characteristic depiction of Oswald . Oswald was working as a limousine driver for a banker , but is quickly fired for flirting with the daughter of his employer . When Pete performs his first bank robbery at the same bank , Oswald comes to the rescue in order to become a hero . This is the first appearance of Oswald 's cat love interest , replacing Oswald 's former love interest Miss Cottontail who would never appear again in the Disney shorts . Rickety Gin ( October 19 , 1927 ) features Pete in a more comedic and romantic role . Oswald appears as a police officer who uses his fancy uniform to romance an unnamed young nurse . Pete succeeds at getting the officer drunk and proceeds in stealing his uniform and romancing the nurse himself . Apparently , the lady was attracted to uniform - wearing men . Harem Scarem ( December 20 , 1927 ) features Pete and Oswald in Morocco . Oswald falls in love with a dancer and Pete abducts her , leading to another heroic rescue for Oswald . Rival Romeos ( February 16 , 1928 ) features Pete and Oswald as rivals for the heart of their `` Lady Love '' . However , both Romeos and their automobiles were at the end rejected by their Juliet in favor of an unnamed dog and his motorcycle . Sagebrush Sadie ( March 14 , 1928 ) features Oswald as a cowboy attempting to save a stagecoach and its female passenger from outlaw Pete . Ozzie of the Mounted ( March 29 , 1928 ) casts Pete as `` Foxy Wolf '' , an outlaw wanted by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police . Oswald was naturally positioned as the Mountie determined to `` get his man '' . The chase goes on through a series of Canadian locales . One should note that `` Foxy '' is only named as such in the film 's production materials ; in the film as released , he is Pegleg Pete . The use of the name `` Foxy '' , in any respect , has no known connection to Foxy , the namesake character of the later Merrie Melodies series . In Oh , What a Knight ( March 30 , 1928 ) the action takes place not in the 1920s , but in the Middle Ages . Pete is a strict father who keeps his daughter in isolation within their family castle . Oswald is the potential lover of the girl who is trying to release her . Oswald duels with Pete and then uses an anachronistic bowling ball to take out his men . He makes his escape with the girl , and is confronted by a hostile lion . The two lovers escape the castle using a parachute and kiss as they make their fall . The use of the parachute presumably places the events after its first recorded use by Armen Firman . Sky Scrappers ( April 25 , 1928 ) casts Pete as another kind of `` villain '' : not an outlaw , but a harsh superior in a working environment ( a figure presumably familiar to many among the intended audience of the short ) . In this case , the movie takes place at a construction site , where Oswald is a steel worker and Pete his supervising foreman ... a working relationship than only deteriorates when both men are interested in a cat love interest by the name of Sadie ( who also appears in The Banker 's Daughter , Rival Romeos , Sagebrush Sadie , Oh , What a Knight and several more shorts ) . Hungry Hoboes ( May 14 , 1928 ) saw the duo having been reduced to hoboes seeking rail transport . On the plus side , the two old rivals had apparently achieved friendship . By the time producer Charles Mintz took away the Oswald series from Disney , Pete had been established as the most consistently appearing supporting character to Oswald . He continued to appear in that role in the Oswald films directed and produced by Walter Lantz until 1933 . His most notable non-Disney appearance was arguably as a captain in Permanent Wave ( September 29 , 1929 ) . Mickey Mouse This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2009 ) Pete as he appeared in Steamboat Willie . Animation historian David Gerstein speculates that when Disney stopped working on the Oswald cartoons for Universal he separated from the character and his cast including Pete . Disney and his team created a cat villain for their new protagonist Mickey Mouse . Originally called `` Terrible Tom '' , the villain was named `` Pegleg Pete '' by 1930 as the Disney crew felt that he was essentially a continuation of their earlier villain , albeit a different species . Animator Norm Ferguson , known for developing Pluto , also developed Pete 's character in several shorts and he was made to resemble actor Wallace Beery . Pete appeared as Mickey 's enemy beginning with the cartoons The Gallopin ' Gaucho and Steamboat Willie . In the cartoons of the 1930s , Pete would be Mickey Mouse 's nemesis , but would vary in professions , from an all - out outlaw ( Gallopin ' Gaucho and the cartoon within a cartoon Gallopin Romance in Mickey 's Gala Premier ) to a brutal law - enforcer ( such as Moving Day in which he is a sheriff who serves Mickey and Donald Duck with an eviction notice ) . On the other hand , Pete is seen in the audience in the 1932 Mickey 's Revue in which the antagonist is not Pete but `` Dippy Dawg '' aka Goofy ; in the 1942 cartoon Symphony Hour , Pete is a sympathetic impresario who sponsors Mickey 's orchestra in a concert , which goes terribly wrong , but is a great success . In addition , Pete is featured in the Mickey Mouse cartoons The Barn Dance ( 1928 ) , The Barnyard Battle ( 1929 ) , The Cactus Kid ( 1930 ) , The Chain Gang ( 1930 ) , Traffic Troubles ( 1931 ) , The Mad Dog ( 1932 ) , Barnyard Olympics ( 1932 ) , Mickey in Arabia ( 1932 ) , Touchdown Mickey ( 1932 ) , The Klondike Kid ( 1932 ) , Building a Building ( 1933 ) , The Mail Pilot ( 1933 ) , Mickey 's Gala Premier ( 1933 ) , Shanghaied ( 1934 ) , The Dognapper ( 1934 ) , Two - Gun Mickey ( 1934 ) , Mickey 's Service Station ( 1935 ) , Moving Day ( 1936 ) , The Worm Turns ( 1937 ) , Mickey 's Amateurs ( 1937 ) , Mr. Mouse Takes a Trip ( 1940 ) , Symphony Hour ( 1942 ) , and Get a Horse ( 2013 ) . Donald Duck Pete is a featured character in the Donald Duck cartoons Donald 's Lucky Day ( 1939 ) , Officer Duck ( 1939 ) , The Riveter ( 1940 ) , Timber ( 1941 ) , Donald Gets Drafted ( 1942 ) , The Vanishing Private ( 1942 ) , Sky Trooper ( 1942 ) , Bellboy Donald ( 1942 ) , The Old Army Game ( 1943 ) , Trombone Trouble ( 1944 ) , The New Neighbor ( 1953 ) and Canvas Back Duck ( 1953 , where he fights a semi-pro boxing match with Donald Duck ) . Goofy Pete appears in three Goofy cartoons : Two Gun Goofy ( 1952 ) , How to be a Detective ( 1952 ) , and Father 's Day Off ( 1953 ) . He appears in Goof Troop , A Goofy Movie and its sequel An Extremely Goofy Movie . Chip ' n ' Dale Pete appears in one Chip ' n ' Dale cartoon , as the main antagonist of The Lone Chipmunks ( 1954 ) . World War II Black Pete : USMM World War II Mascot . During World War II , Pete was `` drafted '' by Walt Disney and appeared as the official mascot of the United States Merchant Marine . He appeared in Donald Duck 's series of army films where he plays Donald 's Drill Sergeant and later Sergeant and Jumpmaster . In the comic strips he was a spy for Nazi Germany as Mickey discovered in Mickey Mouse on a Secret Mission ( 1943 ) his motivation being the money . Comics In comic strips and comic books , Pete is consistently depicted as a hardened criminal . In the 1943 comic strip story Mickey Mouse on a Secret Mission , he was an agent of Nazi Germany , working as the henchman of Gestapo spy Von Weasel . In the 1950 comic strip story The Moook Treasure , he 's even portrayed as the Beria - like deputy chief of intelligence in a totalitarian state on the other side of the iron curtain . Pete often teams up with Mickey Mouse enemies Sylvester Shyster , Eli Squinch , or The Phantom Blot . In earlier comic strips , starting with Mickey Mouse in Death Valley ( 1930 ) Pete was portrayed as Sylvester Shyster 's henchman , but he gradually started to work on his own . Sometimes , Pete also teams up with other bad guys in the Disney universe , such as Scrooge McDuck 's enemies ( the Beagle Boys and Magica De Spell ) , Mad Madam Mim , Captain Hook , and the Evil Queen . In Italian comics , his girlfriend Trudy ( Trudy Van Tubb ) is his frequent partner - in - crime . His cousin the `` mad scientist '' Plottigat is another , less frequent , accomplice . In his earlier comic strip appearances , Pete sported a knee - high pegleg , which was later reduced to a foot - high prosthesis . In Mickey Mouse in Death Valley , Floyd Gottfredson occasionally committed goofs , with the pegleg switching from Pete 's right leg to his left one . In Gottfredson 's story The Mystery at Hidden River ( 1941 -- 42 ) , the pegleg disappeared , with Pete having two normal legs : when Mickey expressed surprise at this , Pete described one of his legs as a new , `` streamlined , modern '' artificial leg . Pete has since been consistently depicted as having two legs ; except in the 2004 feature film Mickey , Donald , Goofy : The Three Musketeers . His name in Italy has remained `` Pietro Gambadilegno '' ( `` Pegleg Peter '' ) , or simply `` Gambadilegno '' ( `` Pegleg '' ) even though it has been a long time since he was actually depicted with a pegleg in either comics or animated cartoons . In an Italian story by Romano Scarpa , `` Topolino e la dimensione Delta '' ( `` Mickey Mouse and the Delta Dimension '' , first published in 1959 ) , Pete briefly removes his artificial leg , revealing his old foot - high pegleg underneath . Usually , Gambadilegno is depicted as the rival of Chief Seamus O'Hara ( `` commissario Adamo Basettoni '' ) , Detective Casey ( `` ispettore Manetta '' ) and Phantom Blot ( `` Macchia Nera '' ) . Television DuckTales In the first season of the 1987 TV series DuckTales , Pete appeared in a few episodes . However , he was portrayed as a different character in each of his appearances . Because of this , he was n't always a true villain , but sometimes just a selfish individual with no evil agenda . In a few episodes , he even makes peace with Scrooge 's group in the end . The various Petes appear to be their own characters , as two of them lived in different time periods , and because Scrooge never `` recognizes '' him , despite any previous encounters he may have had with any of the other Petes . In all of his appearances Pete was voiced by Will Ryan . Episode Character `` Duck in the Iron Mask '' Captain Pietro `` Time Teasers '' Captain Blackheart `` Merit - Time Adventure '' Dogface Pete `` Pearl of Wisdom '' Sharkey `` Lost Crown of Genghis Khan '' Genghis Khan Goof Troop In the 1992 TV series Goof Troop , Pete has a family who includes his wife Peg , their two children Pete Junior ( or PJ for short ) and Pistol , and their dog Chainsaw with Pete taking on a more canine - like appearance . They live next door to Goofy and his son Max . In the series , Pete is the major antagonist and the main antihero . Pete is often the victim of Goofy 's clumsiness and mishaps , usually resulting in the destruction of his property or great personal injury . Pete owns a used - car dealership , and though no longer openly villainous , is still conniving ( as well as abrasive , obnoxious , truculent and suspicious ) and often exploits his good - hearted and somewhat addled friend Goofy . Often , his schemes backfire , or he feels guilty about his oafish behavior and works to set things right . His wife Peg often attempts to rid Pete of his uncouth attitude , and his son PJ is a complete opposite of his father in behavior , as he is good friends with Goofy 's son Max in the series and its spin - off movies A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) and An Extremely Goofy Movie ( 2000 ) as a good character . Jim Cummings provided Pete 's booming bass voice starting from that series , and to date is still the character 's voice in all media . It is eventually revealed in the series ' pilot episode `` Forever Goof '' that one of the reasons why Pete dislikes Goofy so much is that when Pete was a high school quarterback in a big football game , it was Goofy who accidentally caused Pete to fumble the ball and lose the game by hitting him in the face with a pom pom ( Goofy was on the cheerleading squad ) . Mickey Mouse Works and House of Mouse After Goof Troop , Pete reverted to his evil ways on Mickey Mouse Works , where he frequently bullied the other characters and occasionally kidnapped Minnie Mouse . He would also play an average criminal ( i.e. a house burglar ) . Then in House of Mouse , he plays the role of the evil landlord . Several episodes involved his attempts to close the club by sabotaging the show , though there were times when he helped out the crew . Mickey Mouse Clubhouse Pete appears in numerous episodes of Mickey Mouse Clubhouse , Disney 's newest 3D - animated children 's series . He maintains his protagonist and semi-antagonist role , but is significantly toned down for its preschool audience -- he is less malicious and more mischievous . Viewers will find that Mickey and gang are very forgiving of Pete and his escapades . He often appears as a seller of objects the gang needs , and will give them an item in exchange for beans . He is much nicer than his previous incarnations -- in one episode , he invites the group to a Halloween party ; in `` Pete 's Beach Blanket Luau '' , he even invites everyone to the titular party . While Clubhouse has a great deal of fun at Pete 's expense ( or `` expanse '' , as he 's the biggest and fattest character ; they use his overalls for a sail in `` Mickey and Minnie 's Jungle Safari '' ) , it also depicts him in a sympathetic light ; he 's openly sentimental in `` Clarabelle 's Clubhouse Carnival '' , not wanting to part with his `` Petey doll '' prizes . He even changes Baby Goofy 's diaper ( willingly ) in `` Goofy Baby '' . The Carnival episode also gives us the closest approximation of Pete 's weight ; he 's shown to be the same size and weight as a brown bear . In Mickey 's Great Clubhouse Hunt , he is the only character not invited to the Easter Egg Hunt ( or so he thinks ) , so he tries to gatecrash , but messes up the secret word , causing the clubhouse to float away . At the end , he apologizes and is invited to the egg hunt after all . He is also revealed as the owner of Butch the Bulldog , who is friends with Mickey 's dog , Pluto . Mickey Mouse Pete appears in the 2013 Mickey Mouse cartoon series . In the show , he is designed based on his appearances in the early Mickey Mouse cartoons , complete with a peg - leg . Like Mickey Mouse Works and House of Mouse , in the series he has revert to his evil ways , and again his booming bass voice provided by Jim Cummings . Movies In the 1983 short film Mickey 's Christmas Carol , an adaptation of Charles Dickens ' novel A Christmas Carol featuring Disney characters , Pete was cast as the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come , who reveals himself by removing his hood and lighting a cigar , which also lights up the engraving on Scrooge 's grave , and having only one line ( `` Why yours , Ebenezer . The richest man in the cemetery ! '' , in response to Scrooge 's question about whose grave it was ) and laughing cruelly while Scrooge struggles to escape from his open grave as the gates of Hell are opening . Pete also made a cameo appearance as a Toontown police officer in the very final scene of Who Framed Roger Rabbit - he is viewed from the back , alongside Tom and Jerry 's Spike and Horace Horsecollar in security uniforms ; this can be seen just before Porky Pig and Tinkerbell close the movie . This was a non-speaking role . Pete later appeared in A Goofy Movie and its sequel where he was shown in a much lighter tone as these movies are based on Goof Troop . He was Goofy 's best friend and confidante in the films making him a minor character . However , he was still arrogant and somewhat grouchy . The Prince and the Pauper In this Disney version of Mark Twain 's The Prince and the Pauper , Pete once again played as the primary villain , this time as the English king 's captain of the guard . When he saw that his ruler 's life was slowly diminishing , he and his henchmen , a band of anthropomorphic weasels ( from The Wind in the Willows ) who now act as the king 's guards , seized the opportunity to terrorize England 's citizens and rob them of their goods in `` favor '' of the king . After kicking out a disguised Prince , whom he mistook for the peasant boy Mickey Mouse , out of his kingdom , he later receives word from one of his guards that the Prince was seen a causing a commotion in the village , as the guard claimed that he `` acted like a nobleman and he had the royal ring ! '' Pete suddenly realizes that it was indeed the Prince he `` booted out '' and seizes another opportunity out of this . That night , after the king passes away , Pete finds the `` phony prince '' ( Mickey ) , threatening the life of his dog , Pluto , unless Mickey follows his commands . In the village , he soon finds and captures the real Prince and takes him to the castle 's dungeon to lock him up . On the day of the Prince 's coronation , Pete plots to get Mickey crowned as king , though Mickey is still subservient to Pete 's orders . His plan , however , is thwarted when the Prince suddenly appears in the throne room , having busted out of the dungeon and evading the guards with the help of Goofy ( Mickey 's peasant friend ) and Donald Duck ( the Prince 's valet ) . A sudden battle in the throne room ( Mickey and the Prince vs. Pete ; Goofy and Donald vs. the Weasel Guards ) results in Pete 's defeat , as Goofy 's bumbling antics cause a chandelier to fall on the weasels , bundle them together , and send them rolling towards Pete . Pete , seeing this , tries to flee but is slowed down by his ripped - down pants ( courtesy of the Prince 's swashbuckling skills ) and tripped by both the Prince and Mickey , causing him to get rolled over and caught on the chandelier , which sends him and his men rolling through a stain - glass window and falling out of the castle . Mickey 's House of villains In the 2002 direct - to - video House of Mouse spinoff film Mickey 's House of Villains , Pete and other Disney villains ' guest appearances from House of Mouse are featured . He takes part in the musical number `` It 's Our House Now . '' The three Musketeers In the 2004 made - for - video animated film The Three Musketeers ( with Mickey , Donald Duck , and Goofy playing the title roles ) , Pete again appeared under the name Peg - Leg Pete . He served as the main antagonist of the film . Here , he was the Captain of the Musketeers , aiming to take over France , with the help of his lieutenant , Clarabelle Cow , and the Beagle Boys . To do so , he must get Princess Minnie out of the way , but it proves to be difficult for him , even when he hires the film 's titular trio to be her bodyguards , believing they wo n't do a good job protecting her . He received his own `` bad guy song '' , using the classic music piece In the Hall of the Mountain King . Video game appearances Pete appears as the captain of a pirate ship in the early NES Capcom game Mickey Mousecapade ( or simply Mickey Mouse ) . Unlike most appearances , he is not the final boss in this game . Notably , his role here was exclusive to the game 's American release ; in the original Japanese version , the level 's boss was Captain Hook from Peter Pan . In the early Game Boy game Mickey 's Dangerous Chase , Mickey has a present for Minnie , but Big Bad Pete steals it . To get it back , Mickey must chase him through several different zones . Pete is the final ( and only ) boss of the game . In Adventures in the Magic Kingdom for the NES , Pete ( referred to as `` Panhandle Pete '' ) steals one of the keys needed to unlock the castle and challenges your character to a race on the Autopia attraction to get it back . Pete is only depicted in cut scenes , with the `` race '' itself more of a timed obstacle course featuring other cars with indistinct drivers . In Disney 's Magical Quest , a trilogy by Capcom , Pete is the final boss of each game , personating a distinct ruler ( Emperor , Baron and King ) . He serves as an evil ruler who terrorizes the land he reigns and often kidnaps another character . In Disney 's Magical Quest 1 , he kidnaps Pluto ; in Disney 's Magical Quest 2 , he appears as the tyrant `` Baron Pete '' who commands the game 's enemies ; in Magical Quest 3 , he kidnaps Donald 's nephews . Mickey and , depending on the game , Minnie or Donald , are always set to defeat him . In the end of the first two games , when he is defeated , he simply disappears , but in Magical Quest 3 , however , after being defeated by Mickey and Donald , he eventually surrenders and promises to become a good person . Quackshot follows the adventures of Donald Duck as he , with the aid of his three nephews Huey , Dewey and Louie , sets out to obtain some treasure from a map he found . Pete appears as an antagonist near the end of the game , kidnapping Donald 's nephews and demanding to be given the map , and must be fought immediately prior to the final stage and boss of the game . Mickey Mania follows Mickey Mouse , who has been catapulted back in time to his earliest appearance in Steamboat Willie . Black Pete is Mickey 's archvillain throughout the entire game , all the way from his very first confrontation against Mickey in Steamboat Willie all the way to his role in then - recent 1990 's The Prince and the Pauper . In the racing game Mickey 's Speedway USA , Pete is a heavyweight racer , but gets replaced when the players selects between Ludwig Von Drake or Huey , Dewey and Louie . Pete appears as the main antagonist in Magical Tetris Challenge . In the game , his goal is to obtain ultimate power from Donald 's mysterious purple stone , having a Weasel and the Big Bad Wolf as his henchmen . In Disney Think Fast , Pete appears as the final secret playable character after you 've collected 30,000 points in a simple game . Pete in this game is the final boss , a character who owns a giant magical box and sets the challenge to any victims who fall into it to traverse surreal terrains and then to defeat him for escape . Some of the minor enemies may look a little bit like Pete as well ( such as the spiders ) . It all seems to be fun and games rather than true imprisonment , as in both Mickey 's and Donald 's final stage act before the credits , Pete can be seen in the audience enjoying the show with a mischievous grin on his face ( Mickey and Donald nearly missed the show by falling into the box ) . Pete is incompetent king of the story , who passes his kingship to the laundry boy , Mickey and eventually fights him as a final boss to regain his throne . Pete is featured in the Wii game , Epic Mickey . Once again with his titular peg - leg , he first appears in the Gremlin Village as Small Pete ( based on It 's a Small World ride at Disneyland ) , he appears dressed as one of the Dutch girl dolls of the ride . He later appears as his usual self in Mean Street ( based on Main Street USA ) , where he informs Mickey that there are many other Petes throughout the world , each themed differently depending on the zone in the game , like appearing in a Sark outfit in Tomorrow City as Petetronic and in Ventureland as Pete Pan . Pete himself ( referred to as `` Big Bad Pete '' ) , acts as a self - appointed enforcer of sorts at Mean Street and is often a source of quests for the player . In Tomorrow City , which is inspired by Tomorrowland , the Sark-esque Petetronic is the boss of the level , attacking with thrown buckets of thinner , shaking the ground , and throwing his ID disk . The only way to attack Petetronic is to deflect his disk back at him which will stun him and expose his back side . Mickey can then squirt him with paint , which turns him blue and friendly , or thinner , which short - circuits him and reduces him to a MCP - like entity . In Ventureland , Pete appears as a jolly , bubbly version of himself known as `` Pete Pan '' , named after Peter Pan , who is trapped on Skull Island until Mickey can manage to save the sprite so Pete Pan can fight off the robot version of Captain Hook like he used to . The Petes return in the sequel , Epic Mickey 2 : The Power of Two , initially appearing as allies to the protagonists ( except Pete Pan , who has allied with the Mad Doctor after Hook disappeared ) , Mickey and Oswald . However , by the end of the game , they leave with Prescott , presumably having plans for him . In the 3DS title Epic Mickey : Power of Illusion , three types of Pete enemies appear . The first type are Thwomp - like enemies with Pete 's face emblazoned on it . Mickey can use this enemy to his advantage by using a sketch of it . The second type resembles his appearance in the Mickey Mouse Clubhouse . This time , Pete uses brute strength in order to fight Mickey . The third and final type uses a spiked shell to attack Mickey . Mickey can only defeat him by using a spin attack and then a jump attack . Pete is featured ( in his two - legged form ) in the Nintendo 3DS game Disney Magical World as a character in the main city of Castleton . One of the 100 stickers required to complete the game requires the player to fulfill a request made by Pete , which results in an in - game photo of the player alongside Pete . Kingdom Hearts series Pete , as he appears in the Kingdom Hearts series . Pete is depicted as a recurring villain within the Kingdom Hearts video game series . He was originally a steamboat captain , with Mickey Mouse as his deck hand ( as they were seen in Steamboat Willie ) , and later the captain of the Royal Musketeers until his plans for a coup were foiled by Mickey ( as they were seen in The Three Musketeers ) . After Disney Castle was built in their world , with Mickey its new king , Pete began causing all sorts of mischief until he was banished to another dimension . He was subsequently freed by Maleficent , to whom he became indebted , and vowed to amass an army of Heartless , creatures born from the darkness of people 's hearts , to return the favor . Prior to his service under Maleficent , Pete runs rampant through Disney Town during the world 's annually held Dream Festival , entering contests while shifting between two different alter egos -- superhero `` Captain Justice '' and antihero `` Captain Dark '' -- in an attempt to claim the `` Million Dreams Award '' for himself . He instead loses to one of the game 's three protagonists and player characters : Terra , Aqua , and Ventus . Since his lack of consideration for the hearts of others is made apparent through his mischief , Pete is banished to another dimension by Queen Minnie until he can learn to behave . He is released from his imprisonment by Maleficent , however , and helps her conquer the various worlds in the series ' universe in return . Pete makes several appearances in Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days , where he is gathering Heartless to build an army of Heartless for Maleficent . He is first seen exploring Agrabah in search of Jafar 's magic lamp , but is secretly followed by Roxas and Axel of Organization XIII , who are on a mission to collect hearts . Pete eventually uncovers a secret passage leading outside the city , inadvertently leading Roxas to the Cave of Wonders . Roxas later returns with Xion to investigate the cave , but are spotted by Pete , who assumes they had come to take the lamp for themselves and fights them . After Pete is defeated , he makes a getaway . Pete reappears in Never Land where he plants several empty treasure chests across the island and sells maps leading to them to Captain Hook , knowing his greed will attract the Heartless for him to collect . However , his plans are once again foiled when Roxas slays the Heartless to collect their hearts . Pete decides to kill two birds with one stone by leading Hook to a final , gold - filled chest , which reacts to the darkness in Hook 's heart and becomes a powerful Heartless that Pete hopes will defeat Roxas , though it ends up being defeated instead . Pete disappears again , vowing revenge against Roxas if they ever meet again . Pete makes his first appearance in the series in Kingdom Hearts II , where he first encounters the main group of protagonists -- Sora , Donald , and Goofy -- in front of Yen Sid 's tower , and is disappointed to learn that they had previously defeated Maleficent while he was out gathering Heartless ( though he does contemplate taking her place in her absence ) . However , Maleficent is quickly resurrected , and Pete continues his duties after updating her on what occurred in her absence , traveling to other worlds to recruit old or new villains to either join ( or rejoin ) their cause , or to turn them into powerful Heartless , but is foiled by Sora and co . each time . Pete is viewed more as a nuisance than a threat by the heroes , Sora remarking that he is `` not smart enough to tie his own shoes . '' He is nonetheless fought as a recurring boss during several portions of the game , though the strategy for beating him is different each time . Pete often incurs Maleficent 's relentless annoyance and insults for his comical ineptness , despite his fierce loyalty to her . After one such incident , his yearning for going back in time to experience his wonder years as a steamboat captain again summons a portal to the past , which gives him the opportunity to put himself back in Maleficent 's good graces . He goes back in time to steal his younger self 's steamboat and alter the past to Maleficent 's liking , but is defeated again by Sora and co. , who have allied themselves with the younger Pete ( who never discovers the older Pete 's identity ) . However , Pete once again proves his worth when he brings Maleficent to the Castle That Never Was , the headquarters of Organization XIII , for them to use as a new base of operations , though he is very much aware that the Heartless will be unruly in this dark realm . In the end , he contemplates running when the castle becomes overrun with Heartless , but decides to stand by Maleficent 's side to hold them off and help Sora and his friends defeat Organization XIII , though the castle is destroyed . Before the final boss of the game , Pete can be fought again as a boss within the optional Hades Paradox Cup in Olympus Coliseum . Pete returns in Kingdom Hearts coded to spy on Mickey in Disney Castle , and ends up being transported into the Datascape with the King . Helping Maleficent 's scheme to take over the virtual world , Pete encounters the Data Sora while helping Data Jafar and later kidnaps Data Riku , turning him into his slave through the bugs . He is later confronted at Hollow Bastion , unintentionally helping Data Sora regain his Keyblade before sicing Data Riku on him . Later , Data Sora attempts to rescue him and Maleficent from digital incarnation of Sora 's Heartless before it crushes them . However , Data Riku is able to rescue them through a `` rift in the data '' and escort the villains back to their world . Because of the increasing Darkness through the worlds brought on by the eventual revival of Master Xehanort , Pete manages to bypass the protective magic of the Cornerstone of Light with Maleficent . They take Minnie hostage and send a letter to King Mickey , bringing them to a confrontation in the library of the castle . After Maleficent explains her past meeting with Xehanort , they demand the Data Worlds be handed over to them . However , Pete loses Minnie when Lea arrives and scares him with a chakram . He promptly flees with his boss . Sora and Riku also battle another past incarnation of Pete , this time during his career as the corrupt captain of Princess Minnie 's Royal Musketeers . He schemes to overthrow Minnie and become King himself , but his plans are foiled by the three Musketeers , Mickey , Donald and Goofy , with aid from Sora and Riku . Voice actors Walt Disney ( early shorts ) Billy Bletcher ( 1932 -- 1944 , 1952 -- 1954 ) John McLeish ( 1942 , Bellboy Donald ) Will Ryan ( 1983 -- 1987 , 2013 ) Arthur Burghardt ( 1990 , The Prince and the Pauper , video games ) Jim Cummings ( 1992 -- present ) References ^ Jump up to : Smith , Dave ( 2012 ) . Disney Trivia from the Vault : Secrets Revealed and Questions Answered : Secrets Revealed and Questions Answered . Disney Electronic Content . p. 272 . ISBN 9781423178576 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Bob ( 1958 ) . Walt Disney , the Art of Animation : The Story of the Disney Studio Contribution to a New Art . the University of Michigan : Simon and Schuster . pp. 181 ( p47 ) . Jump up ^ Trudy Van Tubb at the INDUCKS Jump up ^ Pierino & Pieretto at the INDUCKS Jump up ^ Portis at the INDUCKS Jump up ^ Chirpy Bird at the INDUCKS Jump up ^ `` 1927 : The Ocean Hop '' . Disney Shorts . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Rival Romeos '' . disneyshorts.org . Jump up ^ `` The Banker 's Daughter '' . disneyshorts.org . Jump up ^ `` 2 '' . Disneyshorts.org . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` 4 '' . Disneyshorts.org . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Gallopin ' Gaucho '' . Disney Film Project . Retrieved 19 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Steve Watts , The Magic Kingdom : Walt Disney and the American Way of Life , University of Missouri Press , pgs. 33 , 132 Jump up ^ `` GoNintendo.com '' . GoNintendo.com. 2012 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 28 . External links List of Disney shorts in which Pete makes an appearance Pete at the INDUCKS Pete on IMDb Black Pete 's entry in the Toonopedia Disney core universe characters Primary Mickey Mouse Minnie Mouse Pluto Goofy Donald Duck Daisy Duck Secondary Pete Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Clarabelle Cow Horace Horsecollar Huey , Dewey , and Louie Duck José Carioca Chip ' n ' Dale Panchito Pistoles Ludwig Von Drake Scrooge McDuck Magica De Spell Darkwing Duck Gyro Gearloose Flintheart Glomgold Max Goof Humphrey the Bear Jiminy Cricket Pete Junior The Phantom Blot John D. Rockerduck Groups The Beagle Boys Mickey Mouse universe characters Donald Duck universe characters Duck family Clan McDuck Evroniani DuckTales characters PKNA characters Goof Troop Characters Goofy Pete Max P.J. Episodes List of Goof Troop episodes Films A Goofy Movie An Extremely Goofy Movie Video games Goof Troop Disney 's Extremely Goofy Skateboarding DuckTales Characters Television 1987 episodes 2017 series Video games DuckTales Remastered The Quest for Gold DuckTales 2 Scrooge 's Loot The Disney Afternoon Collection Other media Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( film ) List of DuckTales merchandise Related articles Duck universe list of Duck universe characters Clan McDuck Duck family Junior Woodchucks Cartoon All - Stars to the Rescue Darkwing Duck Quack Pack Sport Goofy in Soccermania Epic Mickey Video games Epic Mickey 2 : The Power of Two Power of Illusion Production Warren Spector Junction Point Studios Universe Mickey Mouse Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Gremlins Phantom Blot Pete The Mad Doctor Ortensia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pete_(Disney)&oldid=794917989 '' Categories : Disney comics characters Disney core universe characters Kingdom Hearts characters Fictional anthropomorphic characters Fictional ship captains Fictional cats Fictional characters with superhuman strength Fictional characters introduced in 1925 Fictional amputees Video game bosses Television supervillains Animated series villains Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles that may contain original research from June 2015 All articles that may contain original research Articles lacking reliable references from June 2015 All articles lacking reliable references Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles needing additional references from July 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from January 2009 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2017 , at 20 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what animal is big pete from mickey mouse | [
"Pete (also called Peg-Leg Pete, Pistol Pete and Black Pete, among other names) is an anthropomorphic cartoon character created in 1925 by Walt Disney and Ub Iwerks. He is a character of The Walt Disney Company and often appears as a nemesis and the main antagonist in Mickey Mouse universe stories. He was originally an anthropomorphic bear but with the advent of Mickey Mouse in 1928, he was defined as a cat.[1][2] Pete is the oldest continuing Disney character, having debuted three years before Mickey Mouse in the cartoon Alice Solves the Puzzle (1925)."
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"originally an anthropomorphic bear but with the advent of Mickey Mouse in 1928, he was defined as a cat"
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-5518984718423505479 | Hugh Grant | Hugh Grant - wikipedia Hugh Grant Jump to : navigation , search For other people named Hugh Grant , see Hugh Grant ( disambiguation ) . Hugh Grant Grant during his Wetten , dass ... ? appearance in November 2014 Hugh John Mungo Grant ( 1960 - 09 - 09 ) 9 September 1960 ( age 57 ) Hammersmith , London , UK Alma mater New College , Oxford Occupation Actor , producer Years active 1982 -- present Partner ( s ) Elizabeth Hurley ( 1987 -- 2000 ) Children 5 Signature Hugh John Mungo Grant ( born 9 September 1960 ) is an English actor and film producer . Grant has received a Golden Globe , a BAFTA , and an Honorary César for his work . His films have earned more than US $2.4 billion from 25 theatrical releases worldwide . Grant first received attention after earning the Volpi Cup for his performance in James Ivory 's Maurice ( 1987 ) but achieved international success after appearing in the Richard Curtis - scripted Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1994 ) . Grant used this breakthrough role as a frequent cinematic persona during the 1990s , delivering comic performances in films such as Mickey Blue Eyes ( 1999 ) and Notting Hill ( 1999 ) . One of the best known figures in 1990s British popular culture , Grant was in a high - profile relationship with Elizabeth Hurley , which was the focus of much attention in the British and international media . By the turn of the 21st century , Grant had established himself as a leading man , skilled with a satirical comic talent . Grant has expanded his oeuvre with critically acclaimed turns as a cad in Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 2001 ) , About a Boy ( 2002 ) , and American Dreamz ( 2006 ) . Grant later played against type with multiple roles in the epic sci - fi drama film , Cloud Atlas ( 2012 ) . He is also known for appearing in period pieces such as The Remains of the Day ( 1993 ) , Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) and Florence Foster Jenkins ( 2016 ) . Within the film industry , Grant is cited as an anti-star who approaches his roles like a character actor , and attempts to make his acting appear spontaneous . Hallmarks of his comic skills include a nonchalant touch of irony / sarcasm and studied physical mannerisms , as well as his precisely timed dialogue delivery and facial expressions . The entertainment media 's coverage of Grant 's life off the big screen has often overshadowed his work as an actor . Grant has been outspoken about his antipathy towards the profession of acting and in his disdain towards the culture of celebrity and hostility towards the media . In a career spanning 30 years , Grant has repeatedly claimed that acting was not his true calling but rather a career that developed by happenstance . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 1.1 Education 1.2 Young earner 2 Career 3 Screen roles 4 Personality 5 In the media 5.1 Libel lawsuits 5.2 Legal troubles 5.3 Phone hacking exposé 6 Personal life 6.1 Relationships 6.2 Political views 6.3 Sports 6.4 Relationships with co-stars 7 Charity work 8 Awards and honours 9 Filmography 10 References 11 External links Early life ( edit ) Grant was born at Charing Cross Hospital in Hammersmith , London , the second son of Fynvola Susan MacLean ( b . Wickham , Hampshire , 11 October 1933 ; d . Hounslow , London , July 2001 ) and Captain James Murray Grant ( b . 1929 ) . Grant 's grandfather , Colonel James Murray Grant , DSO was decorated for bravery and leadership at Saint - Valery - en - Caux during World War II . Genealogist Antony Adolph has described Grant 's family history as `` a colourful Anglo - Scottish tapestry of warriors , empire - builders and aristocracy . '' A few of his notable ancestors include William Drummond , 4th Viscount Strathallan , Dr. James Stewart , John Murray , 1st Marquess of Atholl , Heneage Finch , 1st Earl of Nottingham , Sir Evan Nepean , and a sister of former Prime Minister Spencer Perceval . Grant 's father was an officer in the Seaforth Highlanders for eight years in Malaya , and Germany He ran a carpet firm , pursued hobbies such as golf and painting watercolours , and raised his family in Chiswick , west London , where the Grants lived next to Arlington Park Mansions on Sutton Lane . In September 2006 , a collection of Capt . Grant 's paintings was hosted by the John Martin Gallery in a charity exhibition , organised by his son , called `` James Grant : 30 Years of Watercolours . '' His mother worked as a schoolteacher and taught Latin , French and music for more than 30 years in the state schools of west London . She died at the age of 67 , 18 months after being diagnosed with pancreatic cancer . Grant 's accent is an inheritance from his mother ; and , on Inside the Actors Studio in 2002 , he credited her with `` any acting genes that ( he ) might have . '' Both his parents were children of military families , but , despite his parents ' backgrounds , Grant has stated that his family was not always affluent while he was growing up . Grant spent his childhood summers shooting and hunting with his grandfather in Scotland . Grant has an older brother , James , living in Portugal . Education ( edit ) Grant started his education at Hogarth Primary School in Chiswick but then moved to St Peter 's Primary School in Hammersmith , Grant was then educated at an independent prep school Wetherby School . From 1969 to 1978 , he attended the independent Latymer Upper School in Hammersmith on a scholarship and played 1st XV rugby , cricket and football for the school . He also represented Latymer on the popular quiz show , Top of the Form , an academic competition between two teams of four secondary school students each . In 1979 , Grant won the Galsworthy scholarship to New College , Oxford , where he starred in his first film , Privileged , produced by the Oxford University Film Foundation . He read English and graduated with 2 : 1 honours . Actress Anna Chancellor , who met Grant while she was still at university , has recalled , `` I first met Hugh at a party at Oxford . There was something magical about him . He was a star even then , without having done anything . Grant joined the exclusive Piers Gaveston Society at Oxford , a group with a reputation for debauchery and decadence '' . Grant received an offer from the Courtauld Institute of Art , University of London to pursue a PhD in the history of art , but decided not to take the offer because he failed to secure a grant . Viewing acting as nothing more than a creative outlet , he joined the Oxford University Dramatic Society and starred in a successful touring production of Twelfth Night . Young earner ( edit ) After making his debut as Hughie Grant in the Oxford - financed Privileged ( 1982 ) , Grant dabbled in a variety of jobs , such as working as an assistant groundsman at Fulham Football Club , tutoring , writing comedy sketches for TV shows , and working for Talkback Productions to write and produce radio commercials for products such as Mighty White bread and Red Stripe lager . To obtain his Equity card , he joined the Nottingham Playhouse , a regional theatre , and lived for a year at Park Terrace in The Park Estate . Bored with small acting parts , he created his own comedy revue called The Jockeys of Norfolk , a name taken from Shakespeare 's Richard III , with friends Chris Lang and Andy Taylor . The group toured London 's pub comedy circuit with stops at The George IV in Chiswick , Canal Cafe Theatre in Little Venice and The King 's Head in Islington . Starting on a low note , The Jockeys of Norfolk eventually proved a hit at the Edinburgh Festival after their sketch on the Nativity , told as an Ealing comedy , gained them a spot on the BBC2 TV show called Edinburgh Nights . During this time , Grant also appeared in theatre productions of plays such as An Inspector Calls ( at the Royal Exchange , Manchester ) , Lady Windermere 's Fan , and Coriolanus . Career ( edit ) Grant at the Cannes film festival , 1997 . Grant 's first leading film role came in Merchant - Ivory 's Edwardian drama Maurice ( 1987 ) , adapted from E.M. Forster 's novel . He and co-star James Wilby shared the Volpi Cup for best actor at the Venice Film Festival for their portrayals of lovers Clive Durham and Maurice Hall , respectively . During the late 1980s and early 1990s , Grant balanced small roles on television with rare film work , which included a supporting role in The Dawning ( 1988 ) , opposite Anthony Hopkins and Jean Simmons and a turn as Lord Byron in a Goya Award - winning Spanish production called Remando al viento ( 1988 ) . He also portrayed some other real life figures during his early career such as Charles Heidsieck in Champagne Charlie and as Hugh Cholmondeley in BAFTA Award - nominated White Mischief . In 1990 , he made a cameo appearance in the sport / crime drama The Big Man , opposite Liam Neeson , and in which Grant assumed a Scottish accent . The film explores the life of a Scottish miner ( Neeson ) who becomes unemployed during a union strike . In 1991 , he played Julie Andrews ' gay son in the ABC made - for - television film Our Sons . In 1992 , he appeared in Roman Polanski 's film Bitter Moon , portraying a fastidious and proper British tourist who is married , but finds himself enticed by the sexual hedonism of a seductive French woman and her embittered , paraplegic American husband . The film was called an `` anti-romantic opus of sexual obsession and cruelty '' by the Washington Post . His other work in period pieces such as Ken Russell 's horror film The Lair of the White Worm ( 1988 ) , award - winning Merchant - Ivory drama The Remains of the Day ( 1993 ) and ( as Frédéric Chopin in ) Impromptu ( 1991 ) went largely unnoticed . He later called this phase of his career `` hilarious , '' referring to his early films as `` Europuddings , where you would have a French script , a Spanish director , and English actors . The script would usually be written by a foreigner , badly translated into English . And then they 'd get English actors in , because they thought that was the way to sell it to America . '' At 32 , Grant claimed to be on the brink of giving up the acting profession but was surprised by the script of Four Weddings and a Funeral ( FWAAF ) . `` If you read as many bad scripts as I did , you 'd know how grateful you are when you come across one where the guy actually is funny , '' he later recalled . Released in 1994 , FWAAF became the highest - grossing British film to date with a worldwide box office in excess of $244 million , making Grant an overnight international star . The film was nominated for two Academy Awards , and among numerous awards won by its cast and crew , it earned Grant his first and only Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy and a BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role . It also temporarily typecast him as the lead character , Charles , a bohemian and debonair bachelor . Grant and Curtis saw it as an inside joke that the star , due to the parts he played , was assumed to have the personality of the screenwriter , who is known for writing about himself and his own life . Grant later expressed : `` Although I owe whatever success I 've had to Four Weddings and a Funeral , it did become frustrating after a bit that people made two assumptions : One was that I was that character -- when in fact nothing could be further from the truth , as I 'm sure Richard would tell you -- and the other frustrating thing was that they thought that 's all I could do . I suppose , because those films happened to be successful , no one , perhaps understandably , ... bothered to rent all the other films I 'd done . '' In July 1994 , Grant signed a two - year production deal with Castle Rock Entertainment and by October , he became founder and director of the UK - based Simian Films Limited . He appointed his then - girlfriend , Elizabeth Hurley , as the head of development to look for prospective projects . Simian Films produced two Grant vehicles in the 1990s and lost a bid to produce About a Boy to Robert De Niro 's TriBeCa Productions . The company closed its US office in 2002 and Grant resigned as director in December 2005 . He also starred in the film Pirates ! Band of Misfits as the leading character Pirate Captain . Grant 's first studio - financed Hollywood project was Chris Columbus 's comedy Nine Months . Though a hit at the box office , it was almost universally panned by critics . The Washington Post called it a `` grotesquely pandering caper '' and singled out Grant 's performance , as a child psychiatrist reacting unfavourably to his girlfriend 's unexpected pregnancy , for his `` insufferable muggings . '' The same year , he played leading roles as Emma Thompson 's suitor in Ang Lee 's Academy Award - winning adaptation of Jane Austen 's Sense and Sensibility and as a cartographer in 1917 Wales in The Englishman Who Went Up a Hill But Came Down a Mountain . In the same year he performed in the Academy Award - winning Restoration . Lisa Schwarzbaum wrote Grant is `` having a fine and liberating time playing a supercilious court portrait painter '' and Kevin Thomas of Los Angeles Times said he has `` some delicious moments '' in the film . Before the release of Four Weddings and a Funeral , Grant reunited with its director , Mike Newell , for the tragicomedy An Awfully Big Adventure that was labelled a `` determinedly off - beat film '' by The New York Times . Grant portrayed a bitchy , supercilious director of a repertory company in post-World War II Liverpool . Critic Roger Ebert wrote , `` It shows that he has range as an actor , '' but the San Francisco Chronicle disapproved on grounds that the film `` plays like a vanity production for Grant . '' Janet Maslin , praising Grant as `` superb '' and `` a dashing cad under any circumstances , '' commented , `` For him this film represents the road not taken . Made before Four Weddings and a Funeral was released , it captures Mr. Grant as the clever , versatile character actor he was then becoming , rather than the international dreamboat he is today . '' Grant made his debut as a film producer with the 1996 thriller Extreme Measures . Roger Ebert and Gene Siskel each gave the film three out of four stars with Siskel writing `` Hugh Grant 's work in ' Extreme Measures ' is a refreshing standout . '' After a three - year hiatus , in 1999 he paired with Julia Roberts in Notting Hill , which was brought to theatres by much of the same team that was responsible for Four Weddings and a Funeral . This new Working Title production displaced Four Weddings and a Funeral as the biggest British hit in the history of cinema , with earnings equalling $363 million worldwide . As it became exemplary of modern romantic comedies in mainstream culture , the film was also received well by critics . CNN reviewer Paul Clinton said , `` Notting Hill stands alone as another funny and heartwarming story about love against all odds . '' Reactions to Grant 's Golden Globe - nominated performance were varied , with Salon.com 's Stephanie Zacharek criticising that , `` Grant 's performance stands as an emblem of what 's wrong with Notting Hill . What 's maddening about Grant is that he just never cuts the crap . He 's become one of those actors who 's all shambling self - caricature , from his twinkly crow 's feet to the time - lapsed half century it takes him to actually get one of his lines out . '' The film provided both its stars a chance to satirise the woes of international notoriety , most noted of which was Grant 's turn as a faux - journalist who sits through a dull press junket with , what the New York Times called , `` a delightfully funny deadpan . '' Grant also released his second production output , a fish - out - of - water mob comedy Mickey Blue Eyes , that year . It was dismissed by critics , performed modestly at the box office , and garnered its actor - producer mixed reviews for his starring role . Roger Ebert thought , `` Hugh Grant is wrong for the role ( and ) strikes one wrong note and then another , '' whereas Kenneth Turan , writing in the Los Angeles Times , said , `` If he 'd been on the Titanic , fewer lives would have been lost . If he 'd accompanied Robert Scott to the South Pole , the explorer would have lived to be 100 . That 's how good Hugh Grant is at rescuing doomed ventures . '' While promoting Woody Allen 's Small Time Crooks on NBC 's The Today Show in 2000 , Grant told host Matt Lauer , `` It 's my millennium of bastards '' . In 2000 , Grant also joined the Supervisory Board of IM Internationalmedia AG , the powerful Munich - based film and media company . Small Time Crooks starred Grant , in the words of film critic Andrew Sarris , as `` a petty , petulant , faux - Pygmalion art dealer , David , ( who ) is one of the sleaziest and most unsympathetic characters Mr. Allen has ever created . '' In a role devoid of his comic attributes , the New York Times wrote : `` Mr. Grant deftly imbues his character with exactly a perfect blend of charm and nasty calculation . '' A year later , his turn as a charming but womanising book publisher Daniel Cleaver in Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 2001 ) was proclaimed by Variety to be `` as sly an overthrow of a star 's polished posh -- and nice -- poster image as any comic turn in memory '' . The film , adapted from Helen Fielding 's novel of the same name , was an international hit , earning $281 million worldwide . Grant was , according to the Washington Post , fitting as `` a cruel , manipulative cad , hiding behind the male god 's countenance that he knows all too well '' . Grant 's `` immaculate comic performance '' ( BBC ) as the trust - funded womaniser , Will Freeman , in the film adaptation of Nick Hornby 's best - selling novel About a Boy received raves from critics . Almost universally praised , with an Academy Award - nominated screenplay , About a Boy ( 2002 ) was determined by the Washington Post to be `` that rare romantic comedy that dares to choose messiness over closure , prickly independence over fetishised coupledom , and honesty over typical Hollywood endings . '' Rolling Stone wrote , `` The acid comedy of Grant 's performance carries the film ( and he ) gives this pleasing heartbreaker the touch of gravity it needs , '' while Roger Ebert observed that `` the Cary Grant department is understaffed , and Hugh Grant shows here that he is more than a star , he is a resource . '' Released a day after the blockbuster Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones , About a Boy was a more modest box office grosser than other successful Grant films , making all of $129 million globally . The film earned Grant his third Golden - Globe nomination , while the London Film Critics Circle named Grant its Best British Actor and GQ honoured him as one of the magazine 's men of the year 2006 . `` His performance can only be described as revelatory , '' wrote critic Ann Hornaday , adding that `` Grant lends the shoals layer upon layer of desire , terror , ambivalence and self - awareness . '' The New York Observer concluded : `` ( The film ) gets most of its laughs from the evolved expertise of Hugh Grant in playing characters that audiences enjoy seeing taken down a peg or two as a punishment for philandering and womanising and simply being too handsome for words - and with an English accent besides . In the end , the film comes over as a messy delight , thanks to the skill , generosity and good - sport , punching - bag panache of Mr. Grant 's performance . '' About a Boy also marked a notable change in Grant 's boyish look . Now 41 , he had lost weight and also abandoned his trademark floppy hair . Entertainment Weekly 's Owen Gleiberman took note of Grant 's maturation in his review , saying he looked noticeably older and that it `` looked good on him . '' He added that Grant 's `` pillowy cheeks are flatter and a bit drawn , and the eyes that used to peer with ' love me ' cuteness now betray a shark 's casual cunning . Everything about him is leaner and spikier ( including his hair , which has been shorn and moussed into a Eurochic bed - head mess ) , but it 's not just his surface that 's more virile ; the nervousness is gone , too . Hugh Grant has grown up , holding on to his lightness and witty cynicism but losing the stuttering sherry - club mannerisms that were once his signature . In doing so , he has blossomed into the rare actor who can play a silver - tongued sleaze with a hidden inner decency . '' Grant was also paired with Sandra Bullock in Warner Bros. 's Two Weeks Notice , which made $199 million internationally but received poor reviews . The Village Voice concluded that Grant 's creation of a spoiled billionaire fronting a real estate business was `` little more than a Britishism machine . '' Two Weeks Notice was followed by the 2003 ensemble comedy , Love Actually , headlined by Grant as the British Prime Minister . A Christmas release by Working Title Films , the film was promoted as `` the ultimate romantic comedy '' and accumulated $246 million at the international box office . It marked the directorial debut of Richard Curtis , who told the New York Times that Grant adamantly tempered the characterisation of the role to make his character more authoritative and less haplessly charming than earlier Curtis incarnations . Roger Ebert claimed that `` Grant has flowered into an absolutely splendid romantic comedian '' and has `` so much self - confidence that he plays the British prime minister as if he took the role to be a good sport . '' Film critic Rex Reed , on the contrary , called Grant 's performance `` an oversexed bachelor spin on Tony Blair '' as the star `` flirted with himself in the paroxysm of self - love that has become his acting style . '' In a 2005 speech , British Prime Minister Tony Blair referred to Grant 's character , saying : `` I know there 's a bit of us that would like me to do a Hugh Grant in Love Actually and tell America where to get off . But the difference between a good film and real life is that in real life there 's the next day , the next year , the next lifetime to contemplate the ruinous consequences of easy applause . '' Grant in Brussels , October 2008 In 2004 , Grant reprised his role as Daniel Cleaver for a small part in Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason , which , like its predecessor , made more than $262 million commercially . Gone from the screen for two years , Grant next reteamed with Paul Weitz ( About a Boy ) for the black comedy American Dreamz ( 2006 ) . Grant starred as the acerbic host of an American Idol - like reality show where , according to Caryn James of the New York Times , `` nothing is real ... except the black hole at the centre of the host 's heart , as Mr. Grant takes Mr. Cowell 's villainous act to its limit . '' American Dreamz failed financially but Grant was generously praised . He played his self - aggrandising character , an amalgam of Simon Cowell and Ryan Seacrest , with smarmy self - loathing . The Boston Globe proposed that this `` just may be the great comic role that has always eluded Hugh Grant , '' and critic Carina Chocano said , `` He is twice as enjoyable as the preening bad guy as he was as the bumbling good guy . '' In 2007 , Grant starred opposite Drew Barrymore in a parody of pop culture and the music industry called Music and Lyrics . The Associated Press described it as `` a weird little hybrid of a romantic comedy that 's simultaneously too fluffy and not whimsical enough . '' Though he neither listens to music nor owns any CDs , Grant learned to sing , play the piano , dance ( a few mannered steps ) and studied the mannerisms of prominent musicians to prepare for his role as a has - been pop singer , based loosely on Andrew Ridgeley , the lesser - known member of 1980s pop duo Wham ! . The Star - Ledger dismissed the performance , writing that `` paper dolls have more depth . '' The film , with its revenues totalling $145 million , allowed Grant to mock disposable pop stardom and fleeting celebrity through its washed - up lead character . According to the San Francisco Chronicle , `` Grant strikes precisely the right note with regard to Alex 's career : He 's too intelligent not to be a little embarrassed , but he 's far too brazen to feel anything like shame . '' In 2009 , Grant starred opposite Sarah Jessica Parker in the Marc Lawrence 's romantic comedy Did You Hear About the Morgans ? , which was a critical failure but was a box office success . He reunited with Lawrence again for a dramedy film The Rewrite , starring opposite Marisa Tomei . The film received mixed - to - positive reviews , while Grant 's performance was praised by many critics . Director Quentin Tarantino has stated that the film is one of his favorites of the year and called Grant a `` perfect leading man . '' In 2015 , he had a supporting role as Alexander Waverly in Guy Ritchie 's The Man from U.N.C.L.E. Entertainment Weekly described his performance as `` the only bit of fun '' in the film . Glenn Kenny of Rogerebert.com gave film a mixed review but stated that `` while it ca n't be said that Hugh Grant saves the movie , his return to prominence in the last half - hour , after a plot - seeding - walk - on earlier in the movie , peps things up considerably . '' In 2016 , he played St. Clair Bayfield , partner of the title character , in the film Florence Foster Jenkins , directed by Stephen Frears and starring Meryl Streep . Grant 's performance was raved by film critics as `` career - best '' ( Screen International ) , `` one of his best performances in years '' ( Indiewire ) , `` best work of his career '' ( Variety ) where he `` goes deeper , darker and riskier places '' ( Rolling Stone ) . Rafer Guzman of Newsday said `` Surely the 55 - year - old actor has just sealed his first - ever Oscar nomination . '' Carrie Rickey of Yahoo ! Movies commented Grant `` deserves the Globe , an Oscar nomination , and the recognition -- finally -- that he is unique and irreplaceable among modern actors . '' Grant was nominated for his first individual Screen Actors Guild Award and also earned nominations for a BAFTA , a Golden Globe , a Critics ' Choice Award , a Satellite Award and a European Film Award . Several critics have put his work among the best acting performances of the year . Most award pundits have predicted him to get his first Academy Award nomination for his performance but Grant was not nominated . Grant 's next appearance was as a villain in the family film Paddington 2 , which was a commercial and critical success . The Guardian described his performance as `` scene - stealing '' , while IGN commented `` Grant continues to make an astonishing comeback in his career , once again by playing into his expert comedic abilities as Phoenix Buchanan , who dons each of his ridiculous disguises with a kind of egotistical obliviousness that Grant is perfect at pulling off . '' Grant went on to win London Film Critics ' Circle Award for Supporting Actor of the Year and also nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role for his performance . Screen roles ( edit ) Grant has predominantly been a comedy ( especially a romantic comedy ) actor for almost all of his mainstream film career . He also never ventures to play characters who are not British . While some film critics , such as Roger Ebert , have defended the limited variety of his performances , others have dismissed him as a one - trick pony . Eric Fellner , co-owner of Working Title Films and a long - time collaborator of Grant , said , `` His range has n't been fully tested , but each performance is unique . '' A majority of Grant 's popular films in the 1990s followed a similar plot that captured an optimistic bachelor experiencing a series of embarrassing incidents to find true love , often with an American woman . In earlier films , Grant was adept at plugging into the stereotype of a repressed Englishman for humorous effects , allowing him to gently satirise his characters as he summed them up and played against the type simultaneously . These performances were sometimes deemed overbearing , in the words of Washington Post 's Rita Kempley , due to his `` comic overreactions -- the mugging , the stuttering , the fluttering eyelids . '' She added : `` He 's got more tics than Benny Hill . '' Grant 's penchant for conveying his characters ' feelings with mannerisms , rather than direct emotions , has been one of the foremost objections raised against his acting style . Stephen Hunter of the Washington Post once stated that , to be effective as a comic performer , he must get `` his jiving and shucking under control . '' Film historian David Thomson wrote in The New Biographical Dictionary of Film about how it is merely `` itchy mannerisms '' that Grant equates with screen acting . On his choice of roles , Grant has said : `` I 've never been tempted to do the part where I cry or get AIDS or save some people from a concentration camp just to get good reviews . I genuinely believe that comedy acting , light comedy acting , is as hard as , if not harder than serious acting , and it genuinely does n't bother me that all the prizes and the good reviews automatically by knee - jerk reaction go to the deepest , darkest , most serious performances and parts . It makes me laugh . '' Grant 's screen persona of later films , in the new millennium , gradually developed into a cynical , self - loathing cad . Claudia Puig of USA Today celebrated this transformation with the observation that finally `` gone ( were ) the self - conscious ' Are n't I adorable ' mannerisms that seemed endearing at the start of ( Grant 's ) film career but have grown cloying in more recent movies . '' Using his facial contortions and an affected stammer for varied comic purposes , According to Carina Chocano , amongst film critics , the two tropes most commonly associated with Grant are that he reinvented his screen persona in Bridget Jones 's Diary and About a Boy and dreads the possibility of becoming a parody of himself . Nonetheless , Grant has occasionally acted in dramas . He played a sleazy , snide community theatre director with a penchant for adolescent boys in the drama film An Awfully Big Adventure , which received critical praise , and for `` a very quiet , dignified '' performance as Frédéric Chopin in James Lapine 's biopic film Impromptu . In 2012 , Grant played six `` incredibly evil '' characters in the epic drama film Cloud Atlas , an experience he has spoken about positively . Grant said : `` I do a lot of killing and raping ( in the film ) ... But it was a laugh . I thought before I read it that I 'd turn it down , which I normally do , but I was interested in meeting ( Cloud Atlas co-directors ) the Wachowskis because I have always admired them enormously . And they are so charming and fascinating ... I slightly called my own bluff . In one of the parts I am a cannibal , about 2,000 years in the future , and I thought , `` I can do that . It 's easy . '' And then I am suddenly standing in a cannibal skirt on a mountaintop in Germany and they are saying , `` You know , hungry ! We must have that flesh - eating , like a leopard who is so hungry , '' and I am thinking , `` I ca n't do that ! Just give me a witty line ! '' '' Personality ( edit ) Grant has expressed boredom with playing the celebrity in the press and is known in popular media for his guarded privacy . On probing of his personal life , he has remained steadfast in `` offering a dead bat to any question he feels is not general enough . '' Grant has described himself as a reluctant actor , has called being a successful actor a mistake and has repeatedly talked of his hope that film stardom would just be `` a phase '' in his life , lasting no more than ten years . A 2007 Vogue profile of Grant referred to him as a man with a `` professionally misanthropic mystique '' . Grant has expressed distaste for focus groups , market research , and emphasis on opening weekend box - office numbers , saying : `` It 's so destructive to the filmmaking process . What was wrong with the way they used to release films , more slowly , let them build ? '' The director Mike Newell has said : `` There is at least as much of Hugh that is charismatic , intellectual , and whose tongue is maybe too clever for its own good as there is of him that 's gorgeous and kind of woolly and flubsy . '' Filmmaker Paul Weitz said that Grant is funny and that `` he perceives flaws in himself and other people , and then he cares about their humanity nonetheless . '' British newspapers regularly refer to him as `` grumpy '' . Grant is a self - confessed `` committed and passionate '' perfectionist on a film set . The American film critic Dave Kehr has written that Grant `` is known in the film industry as a meticulous performer who takes his time to prepare a role -- someone who works hard to make it look easy -- though that is n't a trait he admires in himself . '' Grant is noted by co-workers for demanding endless takes until he achieves the desired shot according to his own standard . Grant dropped his agent in 2006 , ending a 10 - year relationship with CAA . Grant has proclaimed in interviews that he does not listen to external views on his career : `` They 've known for years that I have total control . I 've never taken any advice on anything . '' In the media ( edit ) Libel lawsuits ( edit ) In 1996 , Grant won substantial damages from News ( UK ) Ltd over what his lawyers called a `` highly defamatory '' article published in January 1995 . The company 's now - defunct newspaper , Today , had falsely claimed that Grant verbally abused a young extra with a `` foul - mouthed tongue lashing '' on the set of The Englishman Who Went Up a Hill But Came Down a Mountain . On 27 April 2007 , Grant accepted undisclosed damages from the Associated Newspapers over claims made about his relationships with his former girlfriends in three separate tabloid articles , which were published in the Daily Mail and The Mail on Sunday on 18 , 21 and 24 February . His lawyer stated that all of the articles ' `` allegations and factual assertions are false . '' Grant said , in a written statement , that he took the action because : `` I was tired of the Daily Mail and Mail on Sunday papers publishing almost entirely fictional articles about my private life for their own financial gain . '' He went on to take the opportunity to stress , `` I 'm also hoping that this statement in court might remind people that the so - called ' close friends ' or ' close sources ' on which these stories claim to be based almost never exist . '' Legal troubles ( edit ) On 27 June 1995 , Grant was arrested in Los Angeles , California , in a police vice operation not far from Sunset Boulevard for receiving oral sex in a public place from Hollywood prostitute Divine Brown . He pleaded no contest and was fined $1,180 , placed on two years ' summary probation , and was ordered to complete an AIDS education program by Robert J. Sandoval . The arrest occurred about two weeks before the release of Grant 's first major studio film , Nine Months , which he was scheduled to promote on several American television shows . The Tonight Show with Jay Leno had him booked for the same week . In the much - watched interview , Grant was noted for not making excuses for the incident after Leno asked him , `` What the hell were you thinking ? '' Grant answered , `` I think you know in life what 's a good thing to do and what 's a bad thing , and I did a bad thing . And there you have it . '' On Larry King Live , Grant declined host Larry King 's repeated invitations to probe his psyche , saying that psychoanalysis was `` more of an American syndrome '' and he himself was `` a bit old fashioned . '' He told the host : `` I do n't have excuses . '' Grant was appreciated for `` his refreshing honesty '' as he `` faced the music and handled it with tongue ( in ) cheek . '' In April 2007 , Grant was arrested on allegations of assault made by paparazzo Ian Whittaker . Grant made no official statement and did not comment on the incident . Charges were dropped on 1 June by the Crown Prosecution Service on the grounds of `` insufficient evidence . '' Phone hacking exposé ( edit ) Main article : News of the World phone hacking affair In April 2011 Grant published an article in the New Statesman entitled `` The Bugger , Bugged '' about a conversation ( following an earlier encounter ) with Paul McMullan , a former journalist and paparazzo for News of the World . In unguarded comments which were secretly taped by Grant , McMullan alleged that editors at the Daily Mail and News of the World , particularly Andy Coulson , had ordered journalists to engage in illegal phone tapping and had done so with the full knowledge of senior British politicians . McMullan also said that every British Prime Minister from Margaret Thatcher onwards had cultivated a close relationship with Rupert Murdoch and his senior executives . He stressed the friendship between David Cameron and Rebekah Brooks ( née Wade ) , agreeing when asked that both of them must have been aware of illegal phone tapping , and asserting that Cameron 's inaction could be explained by self - interest : `` Cameron is very much in debt to Rebekah Wade for helping him not quite win the election ... So that was my submission to parliament -- that Cameron 's either a liar or an idiot . '' When asked by Grant whether Cameron had encouraged the Metropolitan Police to `` drag their feet '' on investigating illegal phone tapping by Murdoch 's journalists , McMullan agreed this had happened , and stated that police themselves had taken bribes from tabloid journalists : `` 20 per cent of the Met has taken backhanders from tabloid hacks . So why would they want to open up that can of worms ? ... And what 's wrong with that , anyway ? It does n't hurt anyone particularly . '' Grant 's article attracted considerable interest , due to both the revelatory content of the taped conversation , and the novelty of Grant himself `` turning the tables '' on a tabloid journalist . Whilst the allegations regarding the News of the World continued to receive coverage in the broadsheets and similar media ( Grant appeared , for example , on BBC Radio 4 ) it was only with the revelation that the voicemail of the by then murdered Millie Dowler had been hacked , and evidence for her murder enquiry had been deleted , that the coverage turned from media interest to widespread public ( and eventually political ) outrage . Grant became something of a spokesman against Murdoch 's News Corporation , culminating in a performance on BBC television 's Question Time in July 2011 . Grant said , `` It 's been fascinating to have a little excursion into another world . I really needed that and also to be dealing with real life instead of creating synthetic life , which is what I 've been doing for the last 25 years . '' On 5 February 2018 , Mirror Group Newspapers apologised for its actions towards Grant and other celebrities , calling the affair `` morally wrong '' . It is understood that this came after Grant accepted a six figure sum to settle a High Court action . Grant donated the payout to the press campaign group Hacked Off . Personal life ( edit ) Relationships ( edit ) Grant during the second round of Alfred Dunhill Links Championship , October 2007 In 1987 , while playing Lord Byron in the Spanish production Remando Al Viento ( 1988 ) , Grant met actress Elizabeth Hurley , who was cast in a supporting role as Byron 's former lover Claire Clairmont . Grant began dating Hurley during filming and their relationship was subsequently the subject of much media attention . After 13 years together , they separated in May 2000 . He is godfather to her son Damian , born in 2002 . In September 2011 , Grant had a daughter , Tabitha , with Tinglan Hong , a receptionist at a Chinese restaurant in London . His daughter 's Chinese name is Xiao Xi , meaning `` happy surprise '' . Grant and Hong had a `` fleeting affair '' , according to his publicist . Grant has said that Hong has been `` badly treated '' by the media ; the press intrusion prevented him from attending the birth of his daughter , with Hong obtaining an injunction to allow him to visit them in peace . In September 2012 Grant had a second child , John Mungo Grant , with Swedish television producer Anna Eberstein . He subsequently reunited with Hong , with whom he had his third child , Felix Grant , in 2013 . Grant and Eberstein then had a second child , Grant 's fourth , in December 2015 . Elizabeth Hurley let slip in March 2018 that Hugh had had another child with Anna , date and gender unknown . Political views ( edit ) In 2011 , Grant appeared at the Liberal Democrats ' conference on the News International phone - hacking scandal , where he briefly met then - party leader Nick Clegg . Grant said that he was attending the Conservative and Labour conferences as well , but told Lib Dem activists that `` You , more than any of the other parties , have a good bill of health . You have never been in bed with these scumbags . '' In the 2015 UK general election , Grant expressed support for prominent Liberal Democrat figure Danny Alexander and later hosted a dinner for the Liberal Democrats , in which he met the winner of a draw of donors to the Liberal Democrats . In an email sent by former Liberal Democrat leader Paddy Ashdown , Grant wrote : `` I am not a Lib Dem , a Tory , a Labourite or anything in particular but I recognise political guts . '' In the 2015 election , Grant also endorsed two Labour candidates : Tom Watson ( saying `` I wish he could be our next Prime Minister to be honest '' ) , and his former agent , Michael Foster . Sports ( edit ) As a young boy , he played rugby union on his school 's first XV team at centre and played football as an avid fan of Fulham F.C. He continued to play in a Sunday - morning football league in south - west London after college and remains an `` impassioned Fulham supporter . '' Grant is also a supporter of Scottish football club Rangers . Grant 's other interests include tennis and snooker . In 2011 , the BBC apologised after Grant made an offhand joke about homosexuality and rugby when he was invited into the commentary box during coverage of an England vs Scotland game at Twickenham Stadium . Talking about playing rugby during his school days , Grant said : `` I discovered it hurt less if you tackled hard than if you tackled like a queen . '' Relationships with co-stars ( edit ) After production on Restoration ended , Grant 's co-star , Robert Downey Jr. , revealed to Gayl Murphy on Hollywood Correspondent that he and Grant did not get along during filming . Downey went on to say that : `` I kinda think he 's ( Grant 's ) a jerk , '' he told Murphy , `` Do n't know , I just think he is . My personal experience with him is I think he 's this kind of self - important , kind of , like , boring flash - in - the - pan a -- hole Brit . '' In 2018 , after filming of Paddington 2 was done , Grant would later go on to confirm the on - set tension he and Downey had , stating : `` He ( Downey ) hated me . He took one look at me and wanted to kill me , '' he said of the actor . `` I was so hurt . '' As a result of Grant 's confirmation of their decades - long feud , Downey later went to Twitter to make amends with Grant , to which Grant agreed . In addition to the confirmation , Grant also revealed that he and Drew Barrymore did not get along during production of Music & Lyrics , the latter having yet to catch wind of the interview . `` Well , Drew , I think did hate me a bit . But I admired her . We just were very different human beings , '' Grant explained . `` She was very L.A. and I was a grumpy Londoner . The funny thing is , although it was fractionally tense on the set of that film , I think the chemistry is rather good between us . Sometimes tension makes a good crackle . '' Barrymore had also been one out of four leading ladies Grant listed whom he did n't get along with , the others being Julianne Moore , Julia Roberts and Rachel Weisz . However on a Graham Norton Show appearance , Grant stated he does n't know why he mentioned Weisz and he was probably `` going through a comedy triple '' . Despite this however , there are several co-stars whom Grant enjoyed working with , some even becoming friends with him afterwards . He praised Meryl Streep , who co-starred with him on Florence Foster Jenkins , calling her `` a genius '' , while only noting that she had trouble with her eyesight during production . Other leading ladies whom Grant enjoyed working with include Bridget Jones co-star Renee Zellweger , Two Weeks Notice co-star Sandra Bullock , Did You Hear About the Morgans ? co-star Sarah Jessica Parker , and Emma Thompson , who collaborated with Grant on Love Actually , Impromptu , Sense and Sensibility , and The Remains of the Day . He also recalled having good experiences with Four Weddings and a Funeral co-star Andie Macdowell , whom he called a `` Southern peach charmer '' , and Nine Months co-star Robin Williams , whom he called `` a genius on another level '' and `` very kind '' . Charity work ( edit ) Grant is a patron of the DIPEx Charity , which operates the website Healthtalkonline . Grant is also patron of the Fynvola Foundation , named after his late mother ; the foundation supports the Lady Dane Farmhouse , a home in Faversham for adults with learning disabilities . Since the death of his mother in 2001 , Grant has worked as a fundraiser and ambassador for Marie Curie Cancer Care , promoting the charity 's annual Great Daffodil Appeal on several occasions . Grant is also a patron of Pancreatic Cancer Action . Awards and honours ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Hugh Grant Filmography ( edit ) Main article : Hugh Grant filmography References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Transcript of Afternoon Hearing 21 November 2011 '' ( PDF ) . The Leveson Inquiry . Retrieved 13 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hugh Grant Biography ( 1960 -- ) '' . FilmReference.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( 16 December 2002 ) . `` Englishman who grossed B.O. '' . Variety . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Sharon Knolle and Liza Foreman ( 16 December 2002 ) . `` Scribe 's alter ego evolves on celluloid '' . Variety . p . A8 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Grant leaves girlfriend to face hurly - burly '' . The independent . 22 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hurley and Grant fend off media '' . BBC . 22 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Knolle , Sharon ( 16 December 2002 ) . `` Prince Charming '' . Variety . p . A1 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Rotten Tomatoes : Hugh Grant '' . IGN Entertainment . Retrieved 25 September 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Dave Kehr , At the Movies : For Hugh Grant , Natural Does It , New York Times Archived 7 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine . ( 17 May 2002 ) Jump up ^ `` British screen legends : Hugh Grant '' . BBC . 21 February 2003 . Retrieved 28 September 2007 . ^ Jump up to : MacSweeney , Eve ( 1 February 2007 ) . `` Reluctant Romeo '' . Vogue . pp. 232 -- 37 . ISSN 0042 - 8000 . Jump up ^ Parker , Eloise ( 3 February 2007 ) . `` Why Grant 's so grumpy '' . Daily Post . p. 13 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Bridget Jones 's Diary : Interview With Hugh Grant '' . cinema.com . Retrieved 10 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Cobain , Ian ( 4 June 2000 ) . `` Survivors of ' sacrificed ' division still feel bitter '' . The Sunday Telegraph . ^ Jump up to : Gilchrist , Jim ( 17 August 2005 ) . `` Stars dig up surprises with their ancestors '' . The Scotsman . Edinburgh . Retrieved 10 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Grants of Glenmoriston '' . ElectricScotland.com . Retrieved 28 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Hugh 's Family Tree Archived 29 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Hodgson , Richard . `` Ancestors of a 21st century British family '' . MyFamily.com , Inc . Retrieved 10 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Ritchie , John ( 24 January 2001 ) . `` ' Upstage Guy ? I should be so lucky '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 10 September 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Nikkhah , Roya ( 9 October 2006 ) . `` Hugh Grant 's ( early ) life in pictures '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 10 September 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Presenter : James Lipton ( 12 May 2002 ) . `` Inside the Actors Studio : Hugh Grant '' . Inside the Actors Studio . Season 8 . Episode 813 . Bravo . Archived from the original on 13 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` James Grant -- 30 Years of Watercolours '' . jmlondon.com . Archived from the original on 14 July 2007 . Retrieved 18 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Richard Boullemier ( 21 July 2007 ) . `` Chris bids farewell '' . Richmond & Twickenham Times . Retrieved 11 September 2007 . Jump up ^ WENN ( 13 July 2001 ) . `` Hugh Loses His Mother '' . cinema.com . Retrieved 11 September 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grant 's Views '' . Variety . 16 December 2002 . p . A2 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Zaslow , Jeffrey ( 23 May 1999 ) . `` Charming sex symbol ? Handsome bumbler ? Male chauvinist ? '' . USA Weekend . Archived from the original on 5 February 2013 . Retrieved 10 September 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Philip , Robert ( 30 March 2003 ) . `` Fulham and golf top bill in Grant 's off - screen life '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 14 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Hugh Grant amongst past pupils bidding farewell to Chris Hammond '' . ChiswickW4.com. 11 July 2007 . Retrieved 11 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Presenter : James Lipton ( 12 May 2002 ) . `` Inside the Actors Studio : Hugh Grant '' . Inside the Actors Studio . Season 8 . Episode 813 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5p4KP212qo0 transcripturl = missing title ( help ) . Bravo . Archived from the original on 13 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Previous Judges : Hugh Grant '' . Costa Book Awards . Archived from the original on 24 August 2007 . Retrieved 10 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Driscoll , Margarette ( 13 October 2002 ) . `` Interview : Margarette Driscoll meets Anna Chancellor '' . The Sunday Times . London . Retrieved 10 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Damon ( 9 June 2002 ) . `` A not so rosy Hugh reveals his flaws '' . Sunday Telegraph . p. 99 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Zep . `` Biography for Peter Kosminsky '' . IMDb . Retrieved 10 September 2007 . Jump up ^ British Council ( 11 September 2005 ) . `` Hugh Grant Fulham FC ( England ) '' . ClubFootball - Fan Channel . Retrieved 10 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Presenters : Valerie Pringle and Dan Matheson ( 6 September 1999 ) . `` British Filmmaker Divides Time Between Producing and Acting '' . Canada AM . CTV Television , Inc . Jump up ^ WENN ( 10 May 2002 ) . `` Hugh Grant Wistful For Radio Days '' . IMDB . Retrieved 11 September 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Arnold , Gary ( 14 May 1995 ) . `` ' Charming , witty guy ' puts his mark on summer films '' . The Washington Times . p . D3 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Tressider , Jody ( 2012 ) . Hugh Grant : The Unauthorised Biography . Random House . Jump up ^ `` Hugh Grant pines for a live crowd '' . Manchester Evening News . 22 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Lodge , Guy ( 2017 - 05 - 19 ) . `` Maurice at 30 : the gay period drama the world was n't ready for '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` 14 Great Facts About Hugh Grant Fan World '' . fanworld.co . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Facts About Hugh Grant '' . BOOMSbeat. 2015 - 08 - 04 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ techfeatured ( 2017 - 01 - 25 ) . `` Hugh Grant - Tech Featured '' . Tech Featured . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ Brown , Joe ( 15 April 1994 ) . `` Bitter Moon '' . Washington Post . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : David , Kamp ( 1 May 2003 ) . `` Runaway bachelor '' . Vanity Fair . p. 170 . ISSN 0733 - 8899 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hugh Grant '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 11 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Jones , Chris ( 3 June 2005 ) . `` Faces of the week : Richard Curtis '' . BBC . Retrieved 11 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Marx , Andy ( 8 July 1994 ) . `` Grant inks two - year deal at Castle Rock '' . Variety . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Presenter : Jane Clayson ( 16 May 2002 ) . `` Hugh Grant discusses his new film ' About a Boy ' '' . The Early Show . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Hugh Grant and ex - may close movie company '' . UPI. 19 November 2004 . Archived from the original on 30 December 2007 . Retrieved 30 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Howe , Desson ( 14 July 1995 ) . `` Movie Reviews : Nine Months '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 29 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Schwarzbaum , Lisa ( 19 January 1996 ) . `` Restoration '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Kevin ( 29 December 1995 ) . `` A ' Restoration ' of Costume Drama : Too Old Fashioned '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Maslin , Janet ( 21 July 1995 ) . `` Film Review : A Look at Hugh Grant Before His Big Success '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 25 October 2013 . Retrieved 29 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Robert ( 25 September 1995 ) . `` Movie Reviews : An Awfully Big Adventure '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 29 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Guthmann , Edwards ( 21 July 1995 ) . `` This Grant ' Adventure ' An Awfully Chilly One '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 29 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Hugh Grant Stands Out In Generic Thriller ` Extreme Measures ' '' . Chicago Tribune . 22 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Clinton , Paul ( 27 May 1999 ) . `` Review : Julia , Hugh a perfect match for ' Notting Hill ' '' . CNN . Retrieved 21 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( 28 May 1999 ) . `` Film Review : Notting Hill '' . Salon.com . Retrieved 29 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( 28 May 1999 ) . `` Film Review : Looking for a Book And Finding a Man '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 11 March 2012 . Retrieved 29 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Robert ( 20 August 1999 ) . `` Movie Reviews : Mickey Blue Eyes '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 29 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( 20 August 1999 ) . `` Movie Review : Mickey Blue Eyes '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 20 April 2006 . Retrieved 29 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Presenter : Matt Lauer ( 17 May 2000 ) . `` Hugh Grant discusses his new film , ' Small Time Crooks ' '' . The Today Show . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Hugh Grant joins board of IM Internationalmedia AG '' . PR Newswire Europe Limited . 8 May 2000 . Retrieved 20 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Sarris , Andrew ( 28 May 2000 ) . `` With Woody 's Cookie Caper , Some Careers Could Cool Off '' . The New York Observer . Retrieved 29 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Holden , Stephen ( 20 May 2000 ) . `` Film Review : Just Take the Money and Run ? Nah , She Wants Class and Culcha '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Robey , Tim ( 16 December 2002 ) . `` Auds Prefer Grant Unattached '' . Variety . pp. A2 -- A4 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Hunter , Stephen ( 13 April 2001 ) . `` Chaos and Cads '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 29 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Dawson , Tom ( 22 April 2002 ) . `` Film Review : About a Boy ( 2002 ) '' . BBC . Retrieved 29 September 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Hornaday , Ann ( 17 May 2002 ) . `` ' About a Boy ' : A Rake 's Amusingly Slow Progress '' . The Washington Post . p . C01 . Retrieved 29 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( 6 June 2002 ) . `` Reviews : About A Boy '' . Rolling Stone . Rolling Stone Australia . Retrieved 29 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 17 May 2002 ) . `` Movie Reviews : About A Boy '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 29 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Hugh Grant Film Actor , Comedy '' . GQ . November 2002 . p. 325 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Sarris , Andrew ( 26 May 2002 ) . `` Old Dog Loves New Trick , A Ploy for Seducing Singletons '' . The New York Observer . Retrieved 29 September 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Gleiberman , Owen ( 15 May 2002 ) . `` Review : About A Boy '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 7 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Park , Ed ( 25 December 2002 ) . `` Working Weak '' . The Village Voice . Archived from the original on 10 December 2007 . Retrieved 29 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Lyall , Sara ( 3 November 2003 ) . `` Four Comedies and a Collaboration '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 30 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 7 November 2003 ) . `` Movie Reviews : Love Actually '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 29 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Reed , Rex ( 9 November 2003 ) . `` Lovesick Brits Ooze Treacle '' . The New York Observer . New York Observer . Retrieved 29 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Blair lambasts ' fringe fanatics ' '' . BBC . 27 September 2005 . Retrieved 3 October 2007 . Jump up ^ James , Caryn ( 26 April 2006 ) . `` Pop Beats Politics in the Race For Laughs '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Burr , Ty ( 21 April 2006 ) . `` American Dreamz Movie Review '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved 29 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Chocano , Carina ( 21 April 2006 ) . `` Movie Review : ' American Dreamz ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 24 October 2007 . Retrieved 29 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Lemire , Christy ( 13 February 2007 ) . `` Review : ' Music and Lyrics ' an Odd Combo '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 31 December 2007 . Retrieved 29 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Whitty , Stephen . `` Film Review : Music and Lyrics '' . The Star - Ledger . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mike ( 14 February 2007 ) . `` When cute couple write pop songs , they may find love '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 29 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Did You Hear About the Morgans ? ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 28 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Kerr , Elizabeth ( 18 June 2014 ) . `` ' The Rewrite ' : Shanghai Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 19 June 2014 . Jump up ^ The Rewrite review -- Irish times Archived 11 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Jonathan Dean ( 20 December 2015 ) , `` Wanted : the director who got political '' , The Sunday Times , Culture , p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` Hugh Grant Joins ' Man from U.N.C.L.E. ' '' . hollywoodreporter.com. 8 August 2013 . Retrieved 15 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Man From U.N.C.L.E. : EW review '' . Entertainment Weekly . 11 August 2015 . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Man From U.N.C.L.E. : RogerEbert.com review '' . RogerEbert.com. 11 August 2015 . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Halligan , Fionnuala ( 13 April 2016 ) . `` ' Florence Foster Jenkins ' : Review '' . Screen International . Jump up ^ Erbland , Kate ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Florence Foster Jenkins ' Review : Meryl Streep Shines As the World 's Worst Singer in Tricky Drama '' . IndieWire . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Florence Foster Jenkins ' Review : Meryl Streep Sings Her Way to Glory '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ Lodge , Guy ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Film Review : Meryl Streep in ' Florence Foster Jenkins ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Guzmán , Rafer ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Florence Foster Jenkins ' review : All - around pitch - perfect '' . Newsday . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rickey , Carrie ( January 4 , 2017 ) . `` Why Hugh Grant Deserves All the Awards for ' Florence Foster Jenkins ' '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Great Performances of 2016 '' . RogerEbert.com . December 19 , 2016 . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Holden , Stephen ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` And the Nominees Should Be ... '' The New York Times . Jump up ^ Berman , Eliza ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` The 20 Biggest Snubs and Surprises of the 2017 Oscar Nominations '' . Time . Jump up ^ Petit , Stephanie ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` Oscars Nominations Snubs and Surprises : What , No Amy Adams ? Or Taraji P. Henson ? '' . People . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Marcus James ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` Shocking Oscar snubs : Amy Adams , Hugh Grant , Martin Scorsese and more '' . Gold Derby . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ellwood , Gregory ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` From ' tragic character ' to ' bad guy , ' Hugh Grant takes his time picking roles '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( 26 October 2017 ) . `` Paddington 2 review -- Hugh Grant steals the show in sweet - natured and funny sequel '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Archived from the original on 26 October 2017 . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 21 December 2017 ) . `` Paddington 2 Review '' . IGN . Retrieved April 1 , 2018. ) Jump up ^ Marre , Oliver ( 29 April 2007 ) . `` I want to be alone . Oh really ? '' . The Observer . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Kempley , Rita ( 12 July 1995 ) . `` ' Nine Months ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 29 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Stephen ( 14 February 2007 ) . `` ' Music and Lyrics ' : Work Is What Makes Life Hum '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 29 September 2007 . Jump up ^ David Thomson A New Biographical Dictionary of Film , London : Little Brown , 2002 , p. 352 . Published in New York by Knopf . ^ Jump up to : Vanessa Thorpe , Hugh Grant and Colin Firth , the screen 's leading Englishmen at 50 , Guardian ( September 26 , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ( 21 April 2006 ) . `` Paul Weitz 's ' American Dreamz ' : An ' Idol ' Clone With a Presidential Aura '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Puig , Claudia ( 16 May 2002 ) . `` ' About a Boy ' has singular charm '' . USA Today . Retrieved 29 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Hodgman , John ( 12 November 2006 ) . `` How to Be Funny '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Chocano , Carina ( 14 February 2007 ) . `` A reluctant leading man '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 11 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Hicks , Chris ( 20 May 1991 ) . `` Film review : Impromptu '' . Deseret News . Retrieved 29 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( 21 July 1995 ) . `` FILM REVIEW ; A Look at Hugh Grant Before His Big Success '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ De Semlyen , Phil ( 15 February 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : Hugh Grant Talks Cloud Atlas '' . Empire . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ Kung , Michelle ( 11 February 2007 ) . `` Fashioning Hugh into a proper pop star '' . The Boston Globe . p. 13 . Retrieved 11 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Hugh Grant pays a moving tribute to his mother at charity dinner1 '' . Hello ! . 8 June 2008 . Retrieved 12 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Masterson , Lawrie ( 23 April 2006 ) . `` Taken for granted '' . Sunday Tasmanian . p . A06 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Thompson , Bob ( 27 January 2007 ) . `` Shrug , actually : `` Hugh Said , Drew Said , '' `` . National Post . Canada . p . TO30 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Lyman , Rick ( 20 August 1999 ) . `` Sweating Out The Numbers '' . The New York Times . p. 23 . Retrieved 11 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Svetkey , Benjamin ( 30 December 1994 ) . `` Cover Story : 7 HUGH GRANT '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 21 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Ginsberg , Merle ( April 2002 ) . `` True Hugh '' . W. Archived from the original on 14 August 2007 . Retrieved 21 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Turner , Janice ( 29 January 2005 ) . `` In this girls ' world , boys are deviants '' . Times Online . London . Retrieved 19 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Foreman , Liza ( 16 December 2002 ) . `` Curtis , Grant team for boffo B.O. '' . Variety . pp. A8 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Presenter : Scott Simon ( 8 November 2003 ) . `` Richard Curtis discusses his new film , ' Love Actually ' '' . Weekend Edition Saturday https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1497577 transcripturl = missing title ( help ) . NPR . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( 30 November 2006 ) . `` Grant has alone time '' . Variety . p. 4 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Howard , Stephen ( 4 June 1996 ) . `` Actor Hugh wins substantial libel award '' . Press Association . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Hugh Grant accepts libel damages '' . BBC . 27 April 2007 . Retrieved 24 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Tryhorn , Chris ( 27 April 2007 ) . `` Associated pays Grant damages '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 17 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Jeff ( 27 June 1995 ) . `` Suave , Charm and Good Looks : Why Would Hugh Grant Pay for Sex ? '' . Associated Press . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Moyes , Jojo ( 12 July 1995 ) . `` Grant pays for his ' lewd conduct ' '' . The Independent . p. 1 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` British actor pleads no contest to lewd conduct '' . Deutsche Presse - Agentur. 12 July 1995 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Sweeney , Don ( June 2006 ) . `` Tonight Show Hits the Road '' . Backstage at the Tonight Show : From Johnny Carson to Jay Leno . Maryland , USA : Taylor Trade Publishing . p. 210 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( 12 July 1995 ) . `` Hugh - man interest lifts ' Leno ' rating '' . Variety . p. 5 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Kitty Bean Yancey , Jeannie Williams ( 11 July 1995 ) . `` Grant confesses : No excuse for escapade '' . USA Today . p. 1D . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Nine Months star Hugh Grant runs talk show gauntlet '' . CNN . 11 July 1995 . Retrieved 24 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Hugh Grant Declines Interviewer 's Invitation to Probe His Psyche '' . Associated Press . 12 July 1995 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Interviewer : Larry King ( 12 July 1995 ) . `` Hugh Grant Talks About His Arrest '' . Larry King Live . CNN . Jump up ^ `` Hugh Grant finds `` honesty '' best policy `` . CNN . 17 July 1995 . Retrieved 24 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Hugh Grant arrested over ' attack ' '' . BBC . 26 April 2007 . Retrieved 1 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Hugh Grant arrested over `` baked beans attack '' `` . Reuters. 26 April 2007 . Retrieved 26 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` No assault charges for Hugh Grant '' . BBC . 1 June 2007 . Retrieved 3 October 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Hugh Grant ( 12 April 2011 ) . `` The bugger , bugged '' . New Statesman . Jump up ^ Benedictus , Leo ; Long , Josie ( 16 April 2011 ) . `` From Stephen Fry to Hugh Grant : The rise of the celebrity activist '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( 8 July 2011 ) . `` Hugh Grant 's best role yet -- scourge of News International '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Asi , Husam Sam ( 8 March 2012 ) . `` Hugh Grant prefers politics to acting '' . UKScreen.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Moore , Matthew ( 6 February 2018 ) . `` Mirror Group pays Hugh Grant six - figure sum for hacking '' . The Times . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Evans , Martin ( 5 February 2018 ) . `` Mirror Group pays damages to Hugh Grant after admitting a ' decade of unlawful intrusion ' '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Gayle , Damien ; Rawlinson , Kevin ( 5 February 2018 ) . `` Mirror Group admits bosses ' turned blind eye ' to phone hacking '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hugh Grant and Elizabeth Hurley announced the split due to an affair with Matt Colburn from Danville , Ca '' . Associated Press Archive . Associated Press . 23 May 2000 . Retrieved 17 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Liz Hurley 's son finally permitted to watch godfather Hugh Grant 's movie '' . Yahoo news . ANI. 24 March 2012 . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Aitkenhead , Decca ( 16 March 2012 ) . `` Hugh Grant : ' I love getting into a taxi and saying House of Lords instead of Soho -- again ' '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 19 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hugh Grant 's supplemental witness statement to the Leveson inquiry '' . The Guardian . London . 23 November 2011 . Retrieved 23 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Grant wooed in Chinese restaurant '' . news.com.au. 7 November 2011 . Retrieved 29 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hugh Grant on being a dad '' . The Ellen DeGeneres Show . 2012 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ Nikkhah , Roya ( 16 February 2013 ) . `` Hugh Grant ' thrilled ' with his new baby boy '' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Lee , Esther ( 12 September 2014 ) . `` Hugh Grant Breaks Silence on His Love Child With Anna Eberstein : ' I Love Him Very Much ' '' . Us Weekly . The actor is also a dad to two other kids : daughter Tabitha , 3 , and son Felix , 21 months , with Tinglan Hong Jump up ^ `` Nu kan Anna från Sundsvall fira ny babylycka med Hugh Grant / Now Anna from Sundsvall celebrates new baby happiness with Hugh Grant '' . Sundsvalls Tidning. 20 December 2015 . Retrieved 22 December 2015 . Anna Ebersteins mamma Susanne Eberstein , socialdemokratisk riksdagsledamot , som bor i Sundsvall bekräftar att de fått ytterligare ett barn . / Anna Eberstein 's mother Susanne Eberstein , a Social Democratic member of parliament , who lives in Sundsvall , confirmed that they had another child . Jump up ^ Emma Griffiths , Hugh Grant reverts to type to charm Lib Dems Archived 4 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine. , BBC News ( 18 September 2011 ) . Jump up ^ `` Hugh Grant backing Danny Alexander in election '' . The Scotsman. 30 April 2015 . Retrieved 3 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Lindsay , Caron ( 2 May 2015 ) . `` Fancy a chance of dinner with Hugh Grant ? Just donate to Lib Dems before Monday evening '' . Liberal Democrat Voice . Retrieved 3 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Tom Watson should be Prime Minister , says Hugh Grant Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. , Express & Star ( 4 May 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Katy Forrester , Hugh Grant jokes about seeing his former agent in the BATH in hilarious video for Labour MP candidate Archived 9 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. , Mirror ( 20 April 2015 ) . Jump up ^ McLeod , Keith ( 10 May 2008 ) . `` Grant 's UEFA Cup Final ticket search '' . Daily Record ( Scotland ) . Glasgow . Retrieved 9 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Up Close and Personal '' . Variety . 16 December 2002 . pp. A10 -- 12 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Hugh Grant biography , net worth , quotes , wiki , assets , cars , homes and more '' . Born Rich . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BBC apologises for Hugh Grant 's gay rugby comment '' . Pink News . 14 March 2011 . Retrieved 14 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Cagle , Jess ( January 2018 ) . `` The Jess Cagle Interview : Hugh Grant '' . PeopleTV . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ledbetter , Carly ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` Robert Downey Jr . Responds To Claim He ' Wanted To Kill ' Hugh Grant '' . HuffPost . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Millea , Holly ( December 15 , 2009 ) . `` Hugh Grant : About A Man '' . Elle . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ The Graham Norton Show . Episode dated 15 April , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Julia 's got a big mouth and Renee 's a top snogger ' : Hugh Grant reveals secrets of his female co-stars ' kissing techniques '' . DailyMail.com. 10 October 2014 . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Amanda Williams , Docs honoured in UK health awards Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine . ( 24 May 2011 ) , Oxford Mail . Jump up ^ Hugh Grant Backs Bipolar Disorder Experience Website Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. , Equilibrium : The Bipolar Foundation ( 13 January 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Fiona Barr , ( Patient experience pioneer dies ) , DigitalHealth.net ( 31 May 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Actor Hugh Grant drops into Faversham to support Fynvola Foundation Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. , Kent Online ( 28 June 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Hugh Grant backs Marie Curie Cancer Care appeal in his mother 's memory Archived 4 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine. , Telegraph ( 25 February 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Hugh Grant backs Wiltshire Daffodil Appeal Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. , Gazette & Herald ( 8 February 2009 ) . Jump up ^ ( Hugh Grant in video plea for Marie Curie fund ) , Bolton News ( 9 March 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Mary Elizabeth Williams , Pancreatic Cancer Action charity should realise that the disease is not a competition Archived 5 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. , Independent ( 6 February 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Hugh Grant holds a purple P to show his support for Pancreatic Cancer Awareness Month Archived 29 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine . ( press release ) , Pancreatic Cancer Action ( 7 November 2013 ) . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hugh Grant . Hugh Grant on IMDb Hugh Grant at AllMovie Hugh Grant at Box Office Mojo Hugh Grant at the British Film Institute 's Screenonline Hugh Grant on Charlie Rose `` Hugh Grant collected news and commentary '' . The Guardian . `` Hugh Grant collected news and commentary '' . The New York Times . , and in NYT Movies Hugh Grant interview on BBC Radio 4 Desert Island Discs , 21 April 1995 Hugh Grant interview at Museum of the Moving Image about Florence Foster Jenkins 2011 -- 2012 News Corporation scandal Events News International phone hacking scandal News of the World royal phone hacking scandal News Corporation takeover bid for BSkyB News of the World phone hacking scandal investigations Companies and organisations News Corporation News International News of the World The Sun The Times The Sunday Times News Limited Other BSkyB Culture , Media and Sport Committee Federal Bureau of Investigation Harbottle & Lewis Independent Police Complaints Commission Metropolitan Police role Ofcom Press Complaints Commission Serious Fraud Office Solicitors Regulation Authority People Known victims 7 / 7 attack victims Leslie Ash Gordon Brown Lee Chapman Charlotte Church Steve Coogan Anne Diamond Milly Dowler Garry Flitcroft Sheryl Gascoigne Hugh Grant Andy Gray Tessa Jowell Gerry and Kate McCann Elle Macpherson Sienna Miller Ian Paisley Ian Paisley , Jr . 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Ngor ( 1984 ) William Hurt ( 1985 ) Bob Hoskins ( 1986 ) Sean Connery ( 1987 ) John Cleese ( 1988 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 1989 ) Philippe Noiret ( 1990 ) Anthony Hopkins ( 1991 ) Robert Downey Jr. ( 1992 ) Anthony Hopkins ( 1993 ) Hugh Grant ( 1994 ) Nigel Hawthorne ( 1995 ) Geoffrey Rush ( 1996 ) Robert Carlyle ( 1997 ) Roberto Benigni ( 1998 ) Kevin Spacey ( 1999 ) Jamie Bell ( 2000 ) Russell Crowe ( 2001 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 2002 ) Bill Murray ( 2003 ) Jamie Foxx ( 2004 ) Philip Seymour Hoffman ( 2005 ) Forest Whitaker ( 2006 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 2007 ) Mickey Rourke ( 2008 ) Colin Firth ( 2009 ) Colin Firth ( 2010 ) Jean Dujardin ( 2011 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 2012 ) Chiwetel Ejiofor ( 2013 ) Eddie Redmayne ( 2014 ) Leonardo DiCaprio ( 2015 ) Casey Affleck ( 2016 ) Gary Oldman ( 2017 ) Britannia Awards Excellence in Film Albert R. Broccoli ( 1989 ) Michael Caine ( 1990 ) Peter Ustinov ( 1992 ) Martin Scorsese ( 1993 ) Anthony Hopkins ( 1995 ) Bob Weinstein and Harvey Weinstein ( 1996 ) Dustin Hoffman ( 1997 ) John Travolta ( 1998 ) Stanley Kubrick ( 1999 ) Steven Spielberg ( 2000 ) George Lucas ( 2002 ) Hugh Grant ( 2003 ) Tom Hanks ( 2004 ) Tom Cruise ( 2005 ) Clint Eastwood ( 2006 ) Denzel Washington ( 2007 ) Sean Penn ( 2008 ) Robert De Niro ( 2009 ) Jeff Bridges ( 2010 ) Warren Beatty ( 2011 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 2012 ) George Clooney ( 2013 ) Robert Downey Jr. ( 2014 ) Meryl Streep ( 2015 ) Jodie Foster ( 2016 ) Matt Damon ( 2017 ) Excellence in Directing Peter Weir ( 2003 ) Jim Sheridan ( 2004 ) Mike Newell ( 2005 ) Anthony Minghella ( 2006 ) Martin Campbell ( 2007 ) Stephen Frears ( 2008 ) Danny Boyle ( 2009 ) Christopher Nolan ( 2010 ) David Yates ( 2011 ) Quentin Tarantino ( 2012 ) Kathryn Bigelow ( 2013 ) Mike Leigh ( 2014 ) Sam Mendes ( 2015 ) Ang Lee ( 2016 ) Ava DuVernay ( 2017 ) Worldwide Contribution to Entertainment Howard Stringer ( 2003 ) Kirk Douglas ( 2009 ) Ridley Scott & Tony Scott ( 2010 ) John Lasseter ( 2011 ) Will Wright ( 2012 ) Ben Kingsley ( 2013 ) Judi Dench ( 2014 ) Harrison Ford ( 2015 ) Samuel L. Jackson ( 2016 ) Kenneth Branagh ( 2017 ) British Artist of the Year Rachel Weisz ( 2006 ) Kate Winslet ( 2007 ) Tilda Swinton ( 2008 ) Emily Blunt ( 2009 ) Michael Sheen ( 2010 ) Helena Bonham Carter ( 2011 ) Daniel Craig ( 2012 ) Benedict Cumberbatch ( 2013 ) Emma Watson ( 2014 ) James Corden ( 2015 ) Felicity Jones ( 2016 ) Claire Foy ( 2017 ) Excellence in Comedy Betty White ( 2010 ) Ben Stiller ( 2011 ) Trey Parker and Matt Stone ( 2012 ) Sacha Baron Cohen ( 2013 ) Julia Louis - Dreyfus ( 2014 ) Amy Schumer ( 2015 ) Ricky Gervais ( 2016 ) Aziz Ansari ( 2017 ) Excellence in Television Aaron Spelling ( 1999 ) HBO Original Programming ( 2002 ) Dick Van Dyke ( 2017 ) Humanitarian Award Richard Curtis ( 2007 ) Don Cheadle ( 2008 ) Colin Firth ( 2009 ) Idris Elba ( 2013 ) Mark Ruffalo ( 2014 ) Orlando Bloom ( 2015 ) Ewan McGregor ( 2016 ) Retired Awards BBC ( 1999 ) Tarsem Singh ( 1999 ) Angela Lansbury ( 2003 ) Helen Mirren ( 2004 ) Elizabeth Taylor ( 2005 ) Ronald Neame ( 2005 ) Sidney Poitier ( 2006 ) Bob Shaye and Michael Lynne ( 2007 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Fred Astaire ( 1950 ) Danny Kaye ( 1951 ) Donald O'Connor ( 1952 ) David Niven ( 1953 ) James Mason ( 1954 ) Tom Ewell ( 1955 ) Mario Moreno ( 1956 ) Frank Sinatra ( 1957 ) Danny Kaye ( 1958 ) Jack Lemmon ( 1959 ) Jack Lemmon ( 1960 ) Glenn Ford ( 1961 ) Marcello Mastroianni ( 1962 ) Alberto Sordi ( 1963 ) Rex Harrison ( 1964 ) Lee Marvin ( 1965 ) Alan Arkin ( 1966 ) Richard Harris ( 1967 ) Ron Moody ( 1968 ) Peter O'Toole ( 1969 ) Albert Finney ( 1970 ) Chaim Topol ( 1971 ) Jack Lemmon ( 1972 ) George Segal ( 1973 ) Art Carney ( 1974 ) George Burns / Walter Matthau ( 1975 ) Kris Kristofferson ( 1976 ) Richard Dreyfuss ( 1977 ) Warren Beatty ( 1978 ) Peter Sellers ( 1979 ) Ray Sharkey ( 1980 ) Dudley Moore ( 1981 ) Dustin Hoffman ( 1982 ) Michael Caine ( 1983 ) Dudley Moore ( 1984 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1985 ) Paul Hogan ( 1986 ) Robin Williams ( 1987 ) Tom Hanks ( 1988 ) Morgan Freeman ( 1989 ) Gérard Depardieu ( 1990 ) Robin Williams ( 1991 ) Tim Robbins ( 1992 ) Robin Williams ( 1993 ) Hugh Grant ( 1994 ) John Travolta ( 1995 ) Tom Cruise ( 1996 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1997 ) Michael Caine ( 1998 ) Jim Carrey ( 1999 ) George Clooney ( 2000 ) Gene Hackman ( 2001 ) Richard Gere ( 2002 ) Bill Murray ( 2003 ) Jamie Foxx ( 2004 ) Joaquin Phoenix ( 2005 ) Sacha Baron Cohen ( 2006 ) Johnny Depp ( 2007 ) Colin Farrell ( 2008 ) Robert Downey Jr. ( 2009 ) Paul Giamatti ( 2010 ) Jean Dujardin ( 2011 ) Hugh Jackman ( 2012 ) Leonardo DiCaprio ( 2013 ) Michael Keaton ( 2014 ) Matt Damon ( 2015 ) Ryan Gosling ( 2016 ) James Franco ( 2017 ) Honorary César 1976 -- 2000 Ingrid Bergman ( 1976 ) Diana Ross ( 1976 ) Henri Langlois ( 1977 ) Jacques Tati ( 1977 ) Robert Dorfmann ( 1978 ) René Goscinny ( 1978 ) Marcel Carné ( 1979 ) Charles Vanel ( 1979 ) Walt Disney ( 1979 ) Pierre Braunberger ( 1980 ) Louis de Funès ( 1980 ) Kirk Douglas ( 1980 ) Marcel Pagnol ( 1981 ) Alain Resnais ( 1981 ) Georges Dancigers ( 1982 ) Alexandre Mnouchkine ( 1982 ) Jean Nény ( 1982 ) Andrzej Wajda ( 1982 ) Raimu ( 1983 ) René Clément ( 1984 ) Georges de Beauregard ( 1984 ) Edwige Feuillère ( 1984 ) Christian - Jaque ( 1985 ) Danielle Darrieux ( 1985 ) Christine Gouze - Rénal ( 1985 ) Alain Poiré ( 1985 ) Maurice Jarre ( 1986 ) Bette Davis ( 1986 ) Jean Delannoy ( 1986 ) René Ferracci ( 1986 ) Claude Lanzmann ( 1986 ) Jean - Luc Godard ( 1987 ) Serge Silberman ( 1988 ) Bernard Blier ( 1989 ) Paul Grimault ( 1989 ) Gérard Philipe ( 1990 ) Jean - Pierre Aumont ( 1991 ) Sophia Loren ( 1991 ) Michèle Morgan ( 1992 ) Sylvester Stallone ( 1992 ) Jean Marais ( 1993 ) Marcello Mastroianni ( 1993 ) Gérard Oury ( 1993 ) Jean Carmet ( 1994 ) Jeanne Moreau ( 1995 ) Gregory Peck ( 1995 ) Steven Spielberg ( 1995 ) Lauren Bacall ( 1996 ) Henri Verneuil ( 1996 ) Charles Aznavour ( 1997 ) Andie MacDowell ( 1997 ) Michael Douglas ( 1998 ) Clint Eastwood ( 1998 ) Jean - Luc Godard ( 1998 ) Pedro Almodóvar ( 1999 ) Johnny Depp ( 1999 ) Jean Rochefort ( 1999 ) Josiane Balasko ( 2000 ) Georges Cravenne ( 2000 ) Jean - Pierre Léaud ( 2000 ) Martin Scorsese ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Darry Cowl ( 2001 ) Charlotte Rampling ( 2001 ) Agnès Varda ( 2001 ) Anouk Aimée ( 2002 ) Jeremy Irons ( 2002 ) Claude Rich ( 2002 ) Bernadette Lafont ( 2003 ) Spike Lee ( 2003 ) Meryl Streep ( 2003 ) Micheline Presle ( 2004 ) Jacques Dutronc ( 2005 ) Will Smith ( 2005 ) Hugh Grant ( 2006 ) Pierre Richard ( 2006 ) Marlène Jobert ( 2007 ) Jude Law ( 2007 ) Jeanne Moreau ( 2008 ) Roberto Benigni ( 2008 ) Dustin Hoffman ( 2009 ) Harrison Ford ( 2010 ) Quentin Tarantino ( 2011 ) Kate Winslet ( 2012 ) Kevin Costner ( 2013 ) Scarlett Johansson ( 2014 ) Sean Penn ( 2015 ) Michael Douglas ( 2016 ) George Clooney ( 2017 ) Penélope Cruz ( 2018 ) London Film Critics ' Circle Award for British Actor of the Year Alan Rickman ( 1991 ) Daniel Day - Lewis ( 1992 ) David Thewlis ( 1993 ) Ralph Fiennes ( 1994 ) Nigel Hawthorne ( 1995 ) Ewan McGregor / Ian McKellen ( 1996 ) Robert Carlyle ( 1997 ) Brendan Gleeson ( 1998 ) Jeremy Northam ( 1999 ) Jim Broadbent ( 2000 ) Paul Bettany ( 2001 ) Hugh Grant ( 2002 ) Paul Bettany ( 2003 ) Daniel Craig ( 2004 ) Ralph Fiennes ( 2005 ) Toby Jones ( 2006 ) James McAvoy ( 2007 ) Michael Fassbender ( 2008 ) Colin Firth ( 2009 ) Christian Bale ( 2010 ) Michael Fassbender ( 2011 ) Toby Jones ( 2012 ) James McAvoy ( 2013 ) Timothy Spall ( 2014 ) Tom Hardy ( 2015 ) Andrew Garfield ( 2016 ) Daniel Kaluuya ( 2017 ) London Film Critics ' Circle Award for Supporting Actor of the Year Kenneth Branagh ( 2011 ) Philip Seymour Hoffman ( 2012 ) Barkhad Abdi ( 2013 ) J.K. Simmons ( 2014 ) Mark Rylance ( 2015 ) Mahershala Ali / Tom Bennett ( 2016 ) Hugh Grant ( 2017 ) Volpi Cup for Best Actor 1934 -- 68 Wallace Beery ( 1934 ) Pierre Blanchar ( 1935 ) Paul Muni ( 1936 ) Emil Jannings ( 1937 ) Leslie Howard ( 1938 ) Ermete Zacconi ( 1941 ) Fosco Giachetti ( 1942 ) Pierre Fresnay ( 1947 ) Ernst Deutsch ( 1948 ) Joseph Cotten ( 1949 ) Sam Jaffe ( 1950 ) Jean Gabin ( 1951 ) Fredric March ( 1952 ) Henri Vilbert ( 1953 ) Jean Gabin ( 1954 ) Curd Jürgens / Kenneth More ( 1955 ) Bourvil ( 1956 ) Anthony Franciosa ( 1957 ) Alec Guinness ( 1958 ) James Stewart ( 1959 ) John Mills ( 1960 ) Toshiro Mifune ( 1961 ) Burt Lancaster ( 1962 ) Albert Finney ( 1963 ) Tom Courtenay ( 1964 ) Toshiro Mifune ( 1965 ) Jacques Perrin ( 1966 ) Ljubiša Samardžić ( 1967 ) John Marley ( 1968 ) 1983 -- 2000 Guy Boyd / George Dzundza / David Alan Grier / Mitchell Lichtenstein / Matthew Modine / Michael Wright ( 1983 ) Naseeruddin Shah ( 1984 ) Gérard Depardieu ( 1985 ) Carlo Delle Piane ( 1986 ) Hugh Grant / James Wilby ( 1987 ) Don Ameche / Joe Mantegna ( 1988 ) Marcello Mastroianni / Massimo Troisi ( 1989 ) Oleg Borisov ( 1990 ) River Phoenix ( 1991 ) Jack Lemmon ( 1992 ) Fabrizio Bentivoglio / Marcello Mastroianni ( 1993 ) Xia Yu / Roberto Citran ( 1994 ) Götz George / Ian Hart ( 1995 ) Liam Neeson / Chris Penn ( 1996 ) Wesley Snipes ( 1997 ) Sean Penn ( 1998 ) Jim Broadbent ( 1999 ) Javier Bardem ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Luigi Lo Cascio ( 2001 ) Stefano Accorsi ( 2002 ) Sean Penn ( 2003 ) Javier Bardem ( 2004 ) David Strathairn ( 2005 ) Ben Affleck ( 2006 ) Brad Pitt ( 2007 ) Silvio Orlando ( 2008 ) Colin Firth ( 2009 ) Vincent Gallo ( 2010 ) Michael Fassbender ( 2011 ) Philip Seymour Hoffman / Joaquin Phoenix ( 2012 ) Themis Panou ( 2013 ) Adam Driver ( 2014 ) Fabrice Luchini ( 2015 ) Oscar Martínez ( 2016 ) Kamel El Basha ( 2017 ) VIAF : 85474561 LCCN : no96014456 ISNI : 0000 0001 1450 534X GND : 119541955 SUDOC : 058643699 BNF : cb139722160 ( data ) MusicBrainz : c7e6fa51 - 487d - 47ca - b6da - 422da2e1104e NDL : 00620759 BNE : XX1092857 SNAC : w6cr6q2p Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hugh_Grant&oldid=837070776 '' Categories : 1960 births Living people 20th - century English male actors 21st - century English male actors Alumni of New College , Oxford BAFTA winners ( people ) Best Actor BAFTA Award winners Best British Actor Empire Award winners Best Musical or Comedy Actor Golden Globe ( film ) winners César Award winners Volpi Cup winners English film producers English male film actors English male television actors Actors at the Royal Exchange , Manchester English people of Scottish descent People associated with the News International phone hacking scandal People educated at Latymer Upper School People from Chiswick People from Hammersmith Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations having bare URLs Use British English from April 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2017 Biography with signature Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar მარგალური Монгол Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 50 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 14 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played the prime minister in love actually | [
"Two Weeks Notice was followed by the 2003 ensemble comedy, Love Actually, headlined by Grant as the British Prime Minister. A Christmas release by Working Title Films, the film was promoted as \"the ultimate romantic comedy\" and accumulated $246 million at the international box office.[46] It marked the directorial debut of Richard Curtis, who told the New York Times that Grant adamantly tempered the characterisation of the role to make his character more authoritative and less haplessly charming than earlier Curtis incarnations.[77] Roger Ebert claimed that \"Grant has flowered into an absolutely splendid romantic comedian\" and has \"so much self-confidence that he plays the British prime minister as if he took the role to be a good sport.\"[78] Film critic Rex Reed, on the contrary, called Grant's performance \"an oversexed bachelor spin on Tony Blair\" as the star \"flirted with himself in the paroxysm of self-love that has become his acting style.\"[79]"
] | [
"Grant"
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-4093253310612726301 | National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum | National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum - wikipedia National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum `` Baseball Hall of Fame '' redirects here . For other uses , see Baseball Hall of Fame ( disambiguation ) . Professional sports hall of fame in New York , U.S. National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Cooperstown National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum ( the US ) Show map of New York Show map of the US Show all Wikimedia © OpenStreetMap Established 1936 ( dedicated June 12 , 1939 ) Location Cooperstown , New York , U.S. Coordinates 42 ° 42 ′ 01 '' N 74 ° 55 ′ 25 '' W / 42.700322 ° N 74.92369 ° W / 42.700322 ; - 74.92369 Coordinates : 42 ° 42 ′ 01 '' N 74 ° 55 ′ 25 '' W / 42.700322 ° N 74.92369 ° W / 42.700322 ; - 74.92369 Type Professional sports hall of fame Visitors 315,000 / year ( average as of 2009 ) Director Jeff Idelson ( since 2008 ) Website baseballhall.org The National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum is an American history museum and hall of fame , located in Cooperstown , New York , and operated by private interests . It serves as the central point for the study of the history of baseball in the United States and beyond , displays baseball - related artifacts and exhibits , and honors those who have excelled in playing , managing , and serving the sport . The Hall 's motto is `` Preserving History , Honoring Excellence , Connecting Generations . '' The word Cooperstown is often used as shorthand ( or a metonym ) for the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum , similarly to Canton for the Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton , Ohio . The Hall of Fame was established in 1939 by Stephen Carlton Clark , the owner of a local hotel . Clark had sought to bring tourists to a city hurt by the Great Depression , which reduced the local tourist trade , and Prohibition , which devastated the local hops industry . A new building was constructed , and the Hall of Fame was dedicated on June 12 , 1939 . ( Clark 's granddaughter , Jane Forbes Clark , is the current chairman of the Board of Directors . ) The erroneous claim that Civil War hero Abner Doubleday invented baseball in Cooperstown was instrumental in the early marketing of the Hall . An expanded library and research facility opened in 1994 . Dale Petroskey became the organization 's president in 1999 . In 2002 , the Hall launched Baseball As America , a traveling exhibit that toured ten American museums over six years . The Hall of Fame has since also sponsored educational programming on the Internet to bring the Hall of Fame to schoolchildren who might not visit . The Hall and Museum completed a series of renovations in spring 2005 . The Hall of Fame also presents an annual exhibit at FanFest at the Major League Baseball All - Star Game . Jeff Idelson replaced Petroskey as president on April 16 , 2008 . He had been acting as president since March 25 , 2008 , when Petroskey was forced to resign for having `` failed to exercise proper fiduciary responsibility '' and making `` judgments that were not in the best interest of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum . '' Contents 1 Inductees 1.1 Selection process 1.2 Changes to Veterans Committee process 1.3 Players and managers with multiple teams 2 The museum 2.1 First floor 2.2 Second floor 2.3 Third floor 3 Unauthorized sale of items in collection 4 Non-induction of banned players 5 United States Mint Coin ( s ) commemorating the 75th Anniversary 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Inductees ( edit ) See also : List of members of the Baseball Hall of Fame Among baseball fans , `` Hall of Fame '' means not only the museum and facility in Cooperstown , New York , but the pantheon of players , managers , umpires , executives , and pioneers who have been enshrined in the Hall . The first five men elected were Ty Cobb , Babe Ruth , Honus Wagner , Christy Mathewson and Walter Johnson , chosen in 1936 ; roughly 20 more were selected before the entire group was inducted at the Hall 's 1939 opening . As of January 2018 , 323 people had been elected to the Hall of Fame , including 226 former Major League Baseball players , 35 Negro league baseball players and executives , 22 managers , 10 umpires , and 30 pioneers , executives , and organizers. 114 members of the Hall of Fame have been inducted posthumously , including four who died after their selection was announced . Of the 35 Negro league members , 29 were inducted posthumously , including all 24 selected since the 1990s . The Hall of Fame includes one female member , Effa Manley . The newest members elected on January 24 , 2018 , are players Chipper Jones , Jim Thome , Vladimir Guerrero , and Trevor Hoffman . They were officially inducted on July 29 , 2018 , alongside players Jack Morris and Alan Trammell . Selection process ( edit ) First Class of inductees L-R by votes : Ty Cobb , Babe Ruth , Honus Wagner , Christy Mathewson , Walter Johnson Players are currently inducted into the Hall of Fame through election by either the Baseball Writers ' Association of America ( or BBWAA ) , or the Veterans Committee , which now consists of four subcommittees , each of which considers and votes for candidates from a separate era of baseball . Five years after retirement , any player with 10 years of major league experience who passes a screening committee ( which removes from consideration players of clearly lesser qualification ) is eligible to be elected by BBWAA members with 10 years ' membership or more who also have been actively covering MLB at any time in the 10 years preceding the election ( the latter requirement was added for the 2016 election ) . From a final ballot typically including 25 -- 40 candidates , each writer may vote for up to 10 players ; until the late 1950s , voters were advised to cast votes for the maximum 10 candidates . Any player named on 75 % or more of all ballots cast is elected . A player who is named on fewer than 5 % of ballots is dropped from future elections . In some instances , the screening committee had restored their names to later ballots , but in the mid-1990s , dropped players were made permanently ineligible for Hall of Fame consideration , even by the Veterans Committee . A 2001 change in the election procedures restored the eligibility of these dropped players ; while their names will not appear on future BBWAA ballots , they may be considered by the Veterans Committee . Players receiving 5 % or more of the votes but fewer than 75 % are reconsidered annually until a maximum of ten years of eligibility ( lowered from fifteen years for the 2015 election ) . Under special circumstances , certain players may be deemed eligible for induction even though they have not met all requirements . Addie Joss was elected in 1978 , despite only playing nine seasons before he died of meningitis . Additionally , if an otherwise eligible player dies before his fifth year of retirement , then that player may be placed on the ballot at the first election at least six months after his death . Roberto Clemente 's induction in 1973 set the precedent when the writers chose to put him up for consideration after his death on New Year 's Eve , 1972 . Lineup for Yesterday Z is for Zenith The summit of fame . These men are up there . These men are the game . -- Ogden Nash , Sport magazine ( January 1949 ) The five - year waiting period was established in 1954 after an evolutionary process . In 1936 all players were eligible , including active ones . From the 1937 election until the 1945 election , there was no waiting period , so any retired player was eligible , but writers were discouraged from voting for current major leaguers . Since there was no formal rule preventing a writer from casting a ballot for an active player , the scribes did not always comply with the informal guideline ; Joe DiMaggio received a vote in 1945 , for example . From the 1946 election until the 1954 election , an official one - year waiting period was in effect . ( DiMaggio , for example , retired after the 1951 season and was first eligible in the 1953 election . ) The modern rule establishing a wait of five years was passed in 1954 , although an exception was made for Joe DiMaggio because of his high level of previous support , thus permitting him to be elected within four years of his retirement . Contrary to popular belief , no formal exception was made for Lou Gehrig ( other than to hold a special one - man election for him ) : there was no waiting period at that time , and Gehrig met all other qualifications , so he would have been eligible for the next regular election after he retired during the 1939 season . However , the BBWAA decided to hold a special election at the 1939 Winter Meetings in Cincinnati , specifically to elect Gehrig ( most likely because it was known that he was terminally ill , making it uncertain that he would live long enough to see another election ) . Nobody else was on that ballot , and the numerical results have never been made public . Since no elections were held in 1940 or 1941 , the special election permitted Gehrig to enter the Hall while still alive . If a player fails to be elected by the BBWAA within 10 years of his retirement from active play , he may be selected by the Veterans Committee . Following changes to the election process for that body made in 2010 and 2016 , it is now responsible for electing all otherwise eligible candidates who are not eligible for the BBWAA ballot -- both long - retired players and non-playing personnel ( managers , umpires , and executives ) . From 2011 through 2016 , each candidate could be considered once every three years ; now , the frequency depends on the era in which an individual made his greatest contributions . A more complete discussion of the new process is available below . From 2008 to 2010 , following changes made by the Hall in July 2007 , the main Veterans Committee , then made up of living Hall of Famers , voted only on players whose careers began in 1943 or later . These changes also established three separate committees to select other figures : One committee voted on managers and umpires for induction in every even - numbered year . This committee voted only twice -- in 2007 for induction in 2008 and in 2009 for induction in 2010 . One committee voted on executives and builders for induction in every even - numbered year . This committee conducted its only two votes in the same years as the managers / umpires committee . The pre -- World War II players committee was intended to vote every five years on players whose careers began in 1942 or earlier . It conducted its only vote as part of the election process for induction in 2009 . Players of the Negro Leagues have also been considered at various times , beginning in 1971 . In 2005 the Hall completed a study on African American players between the late 19th century and the integration of the major leagues in 1947 , and conducted a special election for such players in February 2006 ; seventeen figures from the Negro Leagues were chosen in that election , in addition to the eighteen previously selected . Following the 2010 changes , Negro Leagues figures were primarily considered for induction alongside other figures from the 1871 -- 1946 era , called the `` Pre-Integration Era '' by the Hall ; since 2016 , Negro Leagues figures are primarily considered alongside other figures from what the Hall calls the `` Early Baseball '' era ( 1871 -- 1949 ) . Predictably , the selection process catalyzes endless debate among baseball fans over the merits of various candidates . Even players elected years ago remain the subjects of discussions as to whether they deserved election . For example , Bill James ' book Whatever Happened to the Hall of Fame ? goes into detail about who he believes does and does not belong in the Hall of Fame . Changes to Veterans committee process ( edit ) Main article : Veterans Committee The actions and composition of the Veterans Committee have been at times controversial , with occasional selections of contemporaries and teammates of the committee members over seemingly more worthy candidates . In 2001 , the Veterans Committee was reformed to comprise the living Hall of Fame members and other honorees . The revamped Committee held three elections , in 2003 and 2007 , for both players and non-players , and in 2005 for players only . No individual was elected in that time , sparking criticism among some observers who expressed doubt whether the new Veterans Committee would ever elect a player . The Committee members , most of whom were Hall members , were accused of being reluctant to elect new candidates in the hope of heightening the value of their own selection . After no one was selected for the third consecutive election in 2007 , Hall of Famer Mike Schmidt noted , `` The same thing happens every year . The current members want to preserve the prestige as much as possible , and are unwilling to open the doors . '' In 2007 , the committee and its selection processes were again reorganized ; the main committee then included all living members of the Hall , and voted on a reduced number of candidates from among players whose careers began in 1943 or later . Separate committees , including sportswriters and broadcasters , would select umpires , managers and executives , as well as players from earlier eras . In the first election to be held under the 2007 revisions , two managers and three executives were elected in December 2007 as part of the 2008 election process . The next Veterans Committee elections for players were held in December 2008 as part of the 2009 election process ; the main committee did not select a player , while the panel for pre -- World War II players elected Joe Gordon in its first and ultimately only vote . The main committee voted as part of the election process for inductions in odd - numbered years , while the pre-World War II panel would vote every five years , and the panel for umpires , managers , and executives voted as part of the election process for inductions in even - numbered years . Further changes to the Veterans Committee process were announced by the Hall on July 26 , 2010 , effective with the 2011 election . All individuals eligible for induction but not eligible for BBWAA consideration were considered on a single ballot , grouped by the following eras in which they made their greatest contributions : Pre-Integration Era ( 1871 -- 1946 ) Golden Era ( 1947 -- 1972 ) Expansion Era ( 1973 and later ) The Hall used the BBWAA 's Historical Overview Committee to formulate the ballots for each era , consisting of 12 individuals for the Expansion Era and 10 for the other eras . The Hall 's board of directors selected a committee of 16 voters for each era , made up of Hall of Famers , executives , baseball historians , and media members . Each committee met and voted at the Baseball Winter Meetings once every three years . The Expansion Era committee held its first vote in 2010 for 2011 induction , with longtime general manager Pat Gillick becoming the first individual elected under the new procedure . The Golden Era committee voted in 2011 for the induction class of 2012 , with Ron Santo becoming the first player elected under the new procedure . The Pre-Integration Era committee voted in 2012 for the induction class of 2013 , electing three figures . Subsequent elections rotated among the three committees in that order through the 2016 election . In July 2016 , however , the Hall of Fame announced a restructuring of the timeframes to be considered , with a much greater emphasis on modern eras . Four new committees were established : Today 's Game ( 1988 -- present ) Modern Baseball ( 1970 -- 1987 ) Golden Days ( 1950 -- 1969 ) Early Baseball ( 1871 -- 1949 ) All committees ' ballots now include 10 candidates . At least one committee convenes each December as part of the election process for the following calendar year 's induction ceremony . The Early Baseball committee convenes only in years ending in 0 ( 2020 , 2030 ) . The Golden Days committee convenes only in years ending in 0 and 5 ( 2020 , 2025 ) . The remaining two committees convene twice every 5 years . More specifically , the Today 's Game and Modern Baseball committees alternate their meetings in that order , skipping years in which either the Early Baseball or Golden Days committee meets . This means that in the next two 5 - year cycles , the Today 's Game committee ( having met in 2016 ) will meet in 2018 , 2021 , and 2023 , while the Modern Baseball committee ( which met in 2017 ) will meet in 2019 , 2022 and 2024 . The eligibility criteria for Era Committee consideration differ between players , managers , and executives . Players : Must be retired for at least 15 seasons . This means that no player will be eligible for committee consideration until a minimum of 10 years after he first becomes eligible to appear on the BBWAA ballot , regardless of whether or not he appears on a ballot . The Hall has not yet established a policy on when players who die while active or during the standard 5 - year waiting period for BBWAA eligibility will be eligible for committee consideration . As noted earlier , such players become eligible for the BBWAA ballot 6 months after their deaths . Managers and umpires who have served at least 10 seasons in that role are eligible 5 years after retirement , unless they are 65 or older , in which case the waiting period is 6 months . Executives are eligible 5 years after retirement , or upon reaching age 70 . For those who meet the age cutoff , they are explicitly eligible for consideration regardless of their current position in an organization or their status as active or retired . Before the 2016 changes to the committee system , active executives 65 years or older were eligible for consideration . Players and managers with multiple teams ( edit ) While the text on a player 's or manager 's plaque lists all teams for which the inductee was a member in that specific role , inductees are usually depicted wearing the cap of a specific team , though in a few cases , like umpires , they wear caps without logos . ( Executives are not depicted wearing caps . ) Additionally , as of 2015 , inductee biographies on the Hall 's website for all players and managers , and executives who were associated with specific teams , list a `` primary team '' , which does not necessarily match the cap logo . The Hall selects the logo `` based on where that player makes his most indelible mark . '' Although the Hall always made the final decision on which logo was shown , until 2001 the Hall deferred to the wishes of players or managers whose careers were linked with multiple teams . Some examples of inductees associated with multiple teams are the following : Frank Robinson : Robinson chose to have the Baltimore Orioles cap displayed on his plaque , although he had played ten seasons with the Cincinnati Reds and six seasons with Baltimore . Robinson won four pennants and two World Series with the Orioles and one pennant with Cincinnati . His second World Series ring came in the 1970 World Series against the Reds . Robinson also won an MVP award while playing for each team . Catfish Hunter : Hunter chose not to have any logo on his cap when elected to the Hall of Fame in 1987 . Hunter had success for both teams for which he played -- the Kansas City / Oakland Athletics ( his first ten seasons ) and the New York Yankees ( his final five seasons ) . Furthermore , both during and after his career he maintained good relations with both teams and their respective owners ( Charles Finley and George Steinbrenner ) , and did not wish to slight either team by selecting the other . Nolan Ryan : Born and raised in Texas , Ryan entered the Hall in 1999 wearing a Texas Rangers cap on his plaque , although he spent only five seasons with the Rangers , while raised in the Houston area and having longer and more successful tenures with the Houston Astros ( nine seasons , 1980 -- 88 and his record - setting fifth career no - hitter ) and California Angels ( eight seasons , 1972 -- 79 and the first four of his seven career no - hitters ) . Ryan 's only championship was as a member of the New York Mets in 1969 . Ryan finished his career with the Rangers , reaching his 5000th strikeout and 300th win , and throwing the last two of his no - hitters . Ryan later took ownership of the Rangers when they were sold to his Rangers Baseball Express group in 2010 . He sold his Rangers interest in 2013 and is now in the Astros ' front office . Reggie Jackson : Jackson chose to be depicted with a Yankees cap over an Athletics cap . As a member of the Kansas City / Oakland A 's , Jackson played ten seasons ( 1967 -- 75 , ' 87 ) , winning three World Series ( 1972 , 1973 , 1974 ) and the 1973 AL MVP Award . During his five years in New York ( 1977 -- 81 ) , Jackson won two World Series ( 1977 -- 78 ) , with his crowning achievement occurring during Game Six of the 1977 World Series , when he hit three home runs on consecutive pitches and earned his nickname `` Mr. October '' . Carlton Fisk : Fisk went into the hall with a Boston Red Sox cap on his plaque in 2000 despite playing with the Chicago White Sox longer and posting more significant numbers with the White Sox . Fisk 's choice of the Red Sox was likely because of his being a New England native , as well as his famous `` Stay fair ! '' walk - off home run in Game Six of the 1975 World Series with which he is most associated . Sparky Anderson : Also in 2000 , Anderson entered the Hall with a Cincinnati Reds cap on his plaque despite managing almost twice as many seasons with the Detroit Tigers ( 17 in Detroit ; nine in Cincinnati ) . He chose the Reds to honor that team 's former general manager Bob Howsam , who gave him his first major - league managing job . Anderson won two World Series with the Reds and one with the Tigers . Dave Winfield : Winfield had spent the most years in his career with the Yankees and had great success there , but chose to go into the Hall as a member of the San Diego Padres due to his feud with Yankees owner George Steinbrenner . In all of the above cases , the `` primary team '' is the team for which the inductee spent the largest portion of his career except for Ryan , whose primary team is listed as the Angels despite playing one fewer season for that team than for the Astros . In 2001 , the Hall of Fame decided to change the policy on cap logo selection , as a result of rumors that some teams were offering compensation , such as number retirement , money , or organizational jobs , in exchange for the cap designation . ( For example , though Wade Boggs denied the claims , some media reports had said that his contract with the Tampa Bay Devil Rays required him to request depiction in the Hall of Fame as a Devil Ray . ) The Hall decided that it would no longer defer to the inductee , though the player 's wishes would be considered , when deciding on the logo to appear on the plaque . Newly elected members affected by the change include the following : Gary Carter : Inducted in 2003 , Carter was the first player to be affected by the new policy . Carter won his only championship with the 1986 New York Mets , and wanted his induction plaque to depict him wearing a Mets cap , though he had spent twelve years ( 1974 -- 84 , 1992 ) with the Montreal Expos and five ( 1985 -- 89 ) with the Mets . The Hall of Fame decided that Carter 's impact on the Montreal franchise warranted depicting him with an Expos cap . Wade Boggs : Boggs 's only championship was as a member of the 1996 New York Yankees , for whom he played from 1993 -- 97 , but his best career numbers were posted during his eleven years ( 1982 -- 92 ) wearing the Boston Red Sox uniform . Boggs would eventually be depicted wearing a Boston cap for his 2005 induction . Andre Dawson : Dawson 's cap depicts him as a member of the Expos , his team for eleven years , despite his expressed preference to be shown as a member of the Chicago Cubs . While Dawson played only six years with the Cubs , five of his eight All - Star appearances were as a Cub , and his only MVP award came in his first year with the team in 1987 . Tony La Russa : Manager La Russa chose not to have a logo after managing three teams over 33 years -- the Chicago White Sox , Oakland Athletics , and St. Louis Cardinals . His greatest successes were with the A 's ( three pennants and a World Series title in 10 years ) and Cardinals ( three pennants and two World Series in 16 years ) . Nonetheless , La Russa felt that his induction to the Hall was due to his tenures with all three teams , and stated that not including a logo meant that `` fans of all ( three ) clubs can celebrate this honor with me . '' La Russa 's biography on the Hall 's website lists his primary team as the Cardinals . Greg Maddux : Although Maddux had his greatest success while with the Atlanta Braves for 11 seasons , he had two stints with the Chicago Cubs for a total of 10 seasons , including the first seven of his MLB career . Maddux believed that both fanbases were equally important in his career , and so the cap on his plaque does not feature any logo . His biography on the Hall 's website lists his primary team as the Braves . Randy Johnson : Johnson played for six teams in a 22 - year career , but spent the bulk of it with the Seattle Mariners ( 10 seasons ) and Arizona Diamondbacks ( 8 seasons ) . While enjoying great success with both teams , he had more significant honors with the Diamondbacks . Four of Johnson 's five Cy Young Awards ( consecutively from 1999 to 2002 ) , his only championship ( in 2001 ) , his pitching triple crown ( 2002 ) , and his perfect game ( 2004 ) all came with the Diamondbacks . Accordingly , he and the Hall agreed his plaque should feature a Diamondbacks logo . His biography on the Hall 's website lists his primary team as the Mariners . The Museum ( edit ) According to the Hall of Fame , approximately 300,000 visitors enter the museum each year , and the running total has surpassed 14 million . These visitors see only a fraction of its 40,000 artifacts , 3 million library items ( such as newspaper clippings and photos ) and 140,000 baseball cards . The Hall has seen a noticeable decrease in attendance in recent years . A 2013 story on ESPN.com about the village of Cooperstown and its relation to the game partially linked the reduced attendance with Cooperstown Dreams Park , a youth baseball complex about 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) away in the town of Hartwick . The 22 fields at Dreams Park currently draw 17,000 players each summer for a week of intensive play ; while the complex includes housing for the players , their parents and grandparents must stay elsewhere . According to the story , Prior to Dreams Park , a room might be filled for a week by several sets of tourists . Now , that room will be taken by just one family for the week , and that family may only go into Cooperstown and the Hall of Fame once . While there are other contributing factors ( the recession and high gas prices among them ) , the Hall 's attendance has tumbled since Dreams Park opened . The Hall drew 383,000 visitors in 1999 . It drew 262,000 last year . First floor ( edit ) Plaque Gallery in 2001 . The central pillar is for the newest ( 2000 ) inductees at the time . Gallery during 2007 HOF induction weekend Baseball at the Movies houses baseball movie memorabilia while a screen shows footage from those movies . The Bullpen Theater is the site of daily programming at the museum ( trivia games , book discussions , etc . ) and is decorated with pictures of famous relief pitchers . Inductee Row features images of Hall of Famers inducted from 1937 -- 1939 . The Perez - Steele Art Gallery features art of all media related to baseball . Dick Perez served as an artist for various projects at the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum for 20 years , starting in 1981 The Plaque Gallery , the most recognizable site at the museum , contains induction plaques of all members . The Sandlot Kids Clubhouse has various interactive displays for young children . Scribes and Mikemen honors J.G. Taylor Spink Award and Ford C. Frick Award winners with a photo display and has artifacts related to baseball writing and broadcasting . Floor - to - ceiling windows at the Scribes and Mikemen exhibit face an outdoor courtyard with statues of Johnny Podres and Roy Campanella ( representing the Brooklyn Dodgers 1955 championship team ) , and an unnamed All - American Girls Professional Baseball League player . A Satchel Paige statue was unveiled and dedicated during the 2006 Induction Weekend . An Education Gallery hosts school groups and , in the summer , presentations about artifacts from the museum 's collection . Second floor ( edit ) The Grandstand Theater features a 12 - minute multimedia film . The 200 seat theater , complete with replica stadium seats , is decorated to resemble old Comiskey Park . The Game is the major feature of the second floor . It is where the most artifacts are displayed . The Game is set up in a timeline format , starting with baseball 's beginnings and culminating with the game we know today . There are several offshoots of this meandering timeline : The Babe Ruth Room Diamond Dreams ( women in baseball ) ¡ Viva Baseball ! ( a bilingual exhibit , in English and Spanish , that celebrates baseball in Latin America ) Pride and Passion ( Negro Leagues exhibit ) Taking The Field ( 19th century baseball ) Whole New Ballgame , the Museum 's newest permanent exhibit , opened in 2015 and is located in the Janetschek Gallery . This exhibit completes the timeline of baseball through the last 45 years into the game we know today . It features environmental video walls and new interactive elements to go along with artifacts from the Museum 's collection . The Today 's Game exhibit is built like a baseball clubhouse , with 30 glass - enclosed locker stalls , one for each Major League franchise . In each stall there is a jersey and other items from the designated big league team , along with a brief team history . A center display case holds objects donated to the Hall of Fame from the past year or two . Fans can also look into a room designed to look like a manager 's office . Outside is a display case with rotating artifacts . Currently the space is devoted to the World Baseball Classic . Third floor ( edit ) Autumn Glory is devoted to post-season baseball and has , among other artifacts , replicas of World Series rings . Hank Aaron : Chasing the Dream A theater area continually plays the popular Abbott and Costello routine `` Who 's on First ? '' One for the Books tells the story of baseball 's most cherished records through more than 200 artifacts . The exhibit allows fans to search records dating back through baseball history via an interactive Top Ten Tower while giving visitors a look at exciting moments throughout the years via a multimedia wall . BBWAA awards : Replicas of various awards distributed by the BBWAA at the end of each season , along with a list of past winners . A case dedicated to Ichiro Suzuki setting the major league record for base hits in a single season , with 262 in 2004 , after George Sisler had held the record for 84 years with 257 . A case full of World Series rings from prior years from the 1900s to present . An inductee database touch - screen computer with statistics for every inductee . Programs from every World Series . Sacred Ground is devoted entirely to ballparks and everything about them , especially the fan experience and the business of a ballpark . The centerpiece is a computer tour of three former ballparks : Boston 's South End Grounds , Chicago 's Comiskey Park , and Brooklyn 's Ebbets Field . Unauthorized sale of items in collection ( edit ) A controversy erupted in 1982 , when it emerged that some historic items given to the Hall had been sold on the collectibles market . The items had been lent to the Baseball Commissioner 's office , gotten mixed up with other property owned by the Commissioner 's office and employees of the office , and moved to the garage of Joe Reichler , an assistant to Commissioner Bowie Kuhn , who sold the items to resolve his personal financial difficulties . Under pressure from the New York Attorney General , the Commissioner 's Office made reparations , but the negative publicity damaged the Hall of Fame 's reputation , and made it more difficult for it to solicit donations . Non-induction of banned players ( edit ) Following the banning of Pete Rose from MLB , the selection rules for the Baseball Hall of Fame were modified to prevent the induction of anyone on Baseball 's `` permanently ineligible '' list , such as Rose or Shoeless Joe Jackson . Many others have been barred from participation in MLB , but none have Hall of Fame qualifications on the level of Jackson or Rose . Jackson and Rose were both banned from MLB for life for actions related to gambling on their own teams -- Jackson was determined to have cooperated with those who conspired to intentionally lose the 1919 World Series , and for accepting payment for losing , and Rose voluntarily accepted a permanent spot on the ineligible list in return for MLB 's promise to make no official finding in relation to alleged betting on the Cincinnati Reds when he was their manager in the 1980s . ( Baseball 's Rule 21 , prominently posted in every clubhouse locker room , mandates permanent banishment from the MLB for having a gambling interest of any sort on a game in which a player or manager is directly involved . ) Rose later admitted that he bet on the Reds in his 2004 autobiography . Baseball fans are deeply split on the issue of whether these two should remain banned or have their punishment revoked . Writer Bill James , though he advocates Rose eventually making it into the Hall of Fame , compared the people who want to put Jackson in the Hall of Fame to `` those women who show up at murder trials wanting to marry the cute murderer '' . United States Mint Coin ( s ) commemorating the 75th anniversary ( edit ) Examples of the National Baseball Hall of Fame coins produced by the United States Mint In 2012 , Congress passed and President Barack Obama signed a law ordering the United States Mint to produce and sell commemorative , non-circulating coins to benefit the private , non-profit Hall . The bill , H.R. 2527 , was introduced in the United States House of Representatives by Rep. Richard Hanna , a Republican from New York , and passed the House on October 26 , 2011 . The coins , which depict baseball gloves and balls , are the first concave designs produced by the Mint . The mintage included 50,000 gold coins , 400,000 silver coins , and 750,000 clad ( Nickel - Copper ) coins . The Mint released them on March 27 , 2014 , and the gold and silver editions quickly sold out . The Hall receives money from surcharges included in the sale price : a total of $9.5 million if all the coins are sold . See also ( edit ) Baseball portal New York portal Baseball awards § United States Negro Leagues Baseball Museum Honor Rolls of Baseball ( 1946 ) ( managers , executives , writers , umpires ) List of Major League Baseball awards List of Major League Baseball retired numbers List of members of the Baseball Hall of Fame List of people banned from Major League Baseball Nisei Baseball Research Project References ( edit ) Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Staff Directory '' . National Baseball Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on 11 April 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Museum History '' . National Baseball Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on 4 July 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : The Official Site of Major League Baseball : News : HOF president Petroskey resigns from the Major League Baseball website Jump up ^ `` Jeff Idelson named Hall of Fame president '' . USA Today . Associated Press . 2008 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Woman in Bronze Jump up ^ `` Hall of Fame adds four : Chipper Jones , Jim Thome , Vladimir Guerrero , Trevor Hoffman '' . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Fame voting winners and losers : Chipper leads crowded class , but Edgar falls short '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ Following changes to the voting procedure in 2010 , the official name is `` Committee to Consider Managers , Umpires , Executives and Long - Retired Players '' . The term `` Veterans Committee '' comes from the former official name of `` Committee on Baseball Veterans '' . Although the Hall no longer uses `` Veterans Committee '' , that term is still widely used by baseball media . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Fame Announces Change to BBWAA Voting Electorate '' ( Press release ) . National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum . July 28 , 2015 . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , Ben ( 2007 - 02 - 28 ) . `` Vets committee throws another shutout at Hall of Fame '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Barry M. ( 2014 - 07 - 26 ) . `` Hall reduces eligibility from 15 years to 10 '' . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Almanac '' . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hall of Fame Board of Directors Restructures Procedures for Consideration of Managers , Umpires , Executives and Long - Retired Players '' ( Press release ) . National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum . 2010 - 07 - 26 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hall of Fame Makes Series of Announcements '' ( Press release ) . National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum . July 23 , 2016 . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ National Baseball Hall of Fame ( 2009 ) . `` Rules for election of pre -- World War II players '' . National Baseball Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( 2001 - 08 - 07 ) . `` More Vets Eligible For Hall In Baseball '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Enders , Eric ( 2001 - 08 - 08 ) . `` Same Old Story '' . Baseball Think Factory . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Traven , Neal ( 2003 - 01 - 14 ) . `` A Brief History of the Veterans Committee '' . Baseball Prospectus . Archived from the original on 1 November 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Leo , John ( 1988 - 01 - 24 ) . `` Housecleaning Plan for the Hall of Fame '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Jaffe , Jay ( 2008 - 06 - 02 ) . `` Marvin Miller '' . Prospectus Q&A . Baseball Prospectus . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Changes to Veterans Committee Procedures '' . baseballhalloffame.org . National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Era Rules for Election '' . Eras Committees . National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum . Retrieved July 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Who decides what team logo will be used on Hall of Fame plaques ? '' . Hall of Famers : FAQ . National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum , Inc. 2009 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ Muder , Craig ( 2005 - 01 - 06 ) . `` Boggs , Sandberg field queries as new Hall of Famers '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Czerwinski , Kevin T. ( 2012 - 01 - 16 ) . `` Kid catches Cooperstown spotlight : Carter ' happy ' to go into Hall as an Expo '' . Retrieved 2003 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Andy ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Hall of Fame Caps That Could Have Been '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Fred ( 2010 - 01 - 27 ) . `` Dawson ' disappointed ' he wo n't wear Cubs cap '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Hall denies Dawson 's Cubs request , must enter as an Expo '' . Associated Press . 2010 - 01 - 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Kruth , Cash ( 2014 - 01 - 23 ) . `` Maddux , La Russa wo n't have logos on Hall caps '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Cap Selection Announced for Randy Johnson '' ( Press release ) . National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum . January 16 , 2015 . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Caple , Jim ( July 26 , 2013 ) . `` Dreams , reality alive in Cooperstown '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kashatus , William C. ( July 23 , 2010 ) . `` A portrait of the portraitist '' . Philly.com . Jump up ^ Kashatus , William C. ( 2010 ) `` Introduction '' . In Perez , Dick ( 2010 ) . The Immortals : An Art Collection of Baseball 's Best . Dick Perez ( self - published ) . ISBN 9780692008508 . Jump up ^ National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum : Hall of Fame News Archived August 15 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ James , Bill ( 1994 ) . The Politics of Glory . New York : Macmillan Publishing Company . pp. 295 -- 298 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 510774 - 7 . Jump up ^ James ( 1995 : 358 ) Jump up ^ Pub. L. 112 -- 152 Jump up ^ `` National Baseball Hall of Fame Commemorative Coin Act Signed into Law by President Obama '' . press release . National Baseball Hall of Fame . August 3 , 2012 . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 2527 : National Baseball Hall of Fame Commemorative Coin Act '' . GovTrack.us . November 1 , 2011 . Retrieved March 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Senator Gillibrand Introduces National Baseball Hall of Fame Commemorative Coin Act '' . press release . National Baseball Hall of Fame . January 26 , 2012 . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum . Official website Hall of Fame History from Major League Baseball Awards and Honors . Baseball-Reference.com ( including HOF inductees , Hall of Famer Batting and Pitching Stats , and HOF Voting Results for 1936 to present ) Members of the National Baseball Hall of Fame Pitchers Alexander Bender Blyleven M. Brown R. Brown Bunning Carlton Chesbro Clarkson Cooper Coveleski Cummings Day Dean Dihigo Drysdale Eckersley Faber Feller Fingers Ford B. Foster Galvin B. Gibson Glavine Gomez Gossage Grimes Grove Haines Hoffman Hoyt Hubbell Hunter Jenkins R. Johnson W. Johnson Joss Keefe Koufax Lemon Lyons Maddux Marichal Marquard Martínez Mathewson McGinnity Méndez Morris Newhouser Nichols Niekro Paige Palmer Pennock Perry Plank Radbourn Rixey Roberts Rogan Ruffing Rusie Ryan Seaver H. Smith Smoltz Spahn Sutter Sutton Vance Waddell Walsh Welch Wilhelm J. Williams Willis Wynn Young Catchers Bench Berra Bresnahan Campanella Carter Cochrane Dickey Ewing Ferrell Fisk J. Gibson Hartnett Lombardi Mackey Piazza Rodríguez Santop Schalk First basemen Anson Bagwell Beckley Bottomley Brouthers Cepeda Chance Connor Foxx Gehrig Greenberg G. Kelly Killebrew Leonard McCovey Mize Murray Pérez Sisler Suttles Taylor Terry Thomas Thome Second basemen Alomar Biggio Carew E. Collins Doerr Evers Fox Frisch Gehringer Gordon Grant Herman Hornsby Lajoie Lazzeri Mazeroski McPhee Morgan J. Robinson Sandberg Schoendienst Third basemen Baker Boggs Brett J. Collins Dandridge J. Johnson Jones Kell Lindstrom Mathews Molitor B. Robinson Santo Schmidt Traynor J. Wilson D. White Shortstops Aparicio Appling Bancroft Banks Boudreau Cronin Davis T. Jackson Jennings Larkin Lloyd Maranville Reese Ripken Jr . Rizzuto Sewell O. Smith Tinker Trammell Vaughan Wagner Wallace Ward Wells Yount Outfielders Aaron Ashburn Averill Bell Brock W. Brown Burkett Carey Charleston Clarke Clemente Cobb Combs Crawford Cuyler Dawson Delahanty DiMaggio Doby Duffy Flick Goslin Griffey Jr . Guerrero Gwynn Hafey Hamilton Heilmann Henderson Hill Hooper Irvin R. Jackson Kaline Keeler Kelley K. Kelly Kiner Klein Mantle Manush Mays T. McCarthy Medwick Musial O'Rourke Ott Puckett Raines J. Rice S. Rice F. Robinson Roush Ruth Simmons Slaughter Snider Speaker Stargell Stearnes Thompson Torriente L. Waner P. Waner Wheat B. Williams T. Williams H. Wilson Winfield Yastrzemski Youngs Managers Alston Anderson Cox Durocher Hanlon Harris Herzog Huggins La Russa Lasorda López Mack J. McCarthy McGraw McKechnie W. Robinson Selee Southworth Stengel Torre Weaver D. Williams Executives / pioneers Barrow Bulkeley Cartwright Chadwick Chandler Comiskey Dreyfuss R. Foster Frick Giles Gillick Griffith Harridge Hulbert B. Johnson Kuhn Landis La . MacPhail Le . MacPhail Manley O'Malley Pompez Posey Rickey Ruppert Schuerholz Selig Spalding Veeck Weiss S. White Wilkinson G. Wright H. Wright Yawkey Umpires Barlick Chylak Conlan Connolly Evans Harvey Hubbard Klem McGowan O'Day Balloting for the National Baseball Hall of Fame 1930s -- 1940s 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s -- 1960s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s -- 1980s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990s -- 2000s 2001 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 List of members of the Baseball Hall of Fame Veterans Committee Golden Era Committee Baseball Writers ' Association of America WorldCat Identities GND : 1086429400 ISNI : 0000 0000 9606 0569 LCCN : n80046102 VIAF : 141837746 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum&oldid=865616656 '' Categories : National Baseball Hall of Fame Baseball museums and halls of fame Halls of fame in New York ( state ) American national museums in New York ( state ) Sports museums in New York ( state ) Museums in Otsego County , New York Sports organisations established in 1936 History of baseball in the United States Tourist attractions in Otsego County , New York Tourist attractions in New York ( state ) Tourist attractions in the United States Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2015 Articles with dead external links from July 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Infobox mapframe without OSM relation ID on Wikidata Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Pages with maps Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2018 , at 01 : 55 ( UTC ) . 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"Players are currently inducted into the Hall of Fame through election by either the Baseball Writers' Association of America (or BBWAA), or the Veterans Committee,[8] which now consists of four subcommittees, each of which considers and votes for candidates from a separate era of baseball. Five years after retirement, any player with 10 years of major league experience who passes a screening committee (which removes from consideration players of clearly lesser qualification) is eligible to be elected by BBWAA members with 10 years' membership or more who also have been actively covering MLB at any time in the 10 years preceding the election (the latter requirement was added for the 2016 election).[9] From a final ballot typically including 25–40 candidates, each writer may vote for up to 10 players; until the late 1950s, voters were advised to cast votes for the maximum 10 candidates. Any player named on 75% or more of all ballots cast is elected. A player who is named on fewer than 5% of ballots is dropped from future elections. In some instances, the screening committee had restored their names to later ballots, but in the mid-1990s, dropped players were made permanently ineligible for Hall of Fame consideration, even by the Veterans Committee. A 2001 change in the election procedures restored the eligibility of these dropped players; while their names will not appear on future BBWAA ballots, they may be considered by the Veterans Committee.[10] Players receiving 5% or more of the votes but fewer than 75% are reconsidered annually until a maximum of ten years of eligibility (lowered from fifteen years for the 2015 election).[11]\n"
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8694496980341270941 | Biblical apocrypha | Biblical Apocrypha - wikipedia Biblical Apocrypha This article is about a class of books included in some Bibles . For other books generally excluded from Bibles , see Apocrypha . This article is about biblical books printed apart from the New and Old Testaments . For books whose inclusion in the Old Testament canon is controversial , see Deuterocanonical books . Part of a series on the Bible Canons and books ( hide ) Tanakh Torah Nevi'im Ketuvim Christian biblical canons Hebrew Bible Old Testament ( OT ) New Testament ( NT ) Deuterocanon Antilegomena Chapters and verses Apocrypha Jewish OT NT Authorship and development ( show ) Authorship Dating Hebrew canon Old Testament canon New Testament canon Documentary hypothesis Mosaic authorship Pauline epistles Petrine epistles Johannine works Translations and manuscripts ( show ) Samaritan Torah Dead Sea scrolls Masoretic Text Targumim Peshitta Septuagint Vulgate Gothic Bible Vetus Latina Luther Bible English Bibles Biblical studies ( show ) Archeology Artifacts Dating Historicity Internal consistency People Places Names Novum Testamentum Graece Documentary hypothesis Synoptic problem NT textual categories Biblical criticism Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation ( show ) Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Literalism Prophecy Inspiration Humor Violence Alcohol Ethics Slavery Women Muhammad Homosexuality Perspectives ( show ) Gnostic Islamic Qur'anic Inerrancy Infallibility Criticism of the Bible Outline of Bible - related topics Bible book Bible portal The Biblical apocrypha ( from the Greek ἀπόκρυφος , apókruphos , meaning `` hidden '' ) denotes the collection of apocryphal ancient books found in some editions of Christian Bibles in a separate section between the Old and New Testaments or as an appendix after the New Testament . Some Christian Churches include some or all of the same texts within the body of their version of the Old Testament . Although the term apocrypha had been in use since the 5th century , it was in Luther 's Bible of 1534 that the Apocrypha was first published as a separate intertestamental section . To this date , the Apocrypha is `` included in the lectionaries of Anglican and Lutheran Churches . '' Moreover , the Revised Common Lectionary , in use by most mainline Protestants including Methodists and Moravians , lists readings from the Apocrypha in the liturgical kalendar , although alternate Old Testament scripture lessons are provided . The preface to the Apocrypha in the Geneva Bible explained that while these books `` were not received by a common consent to be read and expounded publicly in the Church , '' and did not serve `` to prove any point of Christian religion save in so much as they had the consent of the other scriptures called canonical to confirm the same , '' nonetheless , `` as books proceeding from godly men they were received to be read for the advancement and furtherance of the knowledge of history and for the instruction of godly manners . '' Later , during the English Civil War , the Westminster Confession of 1647 excluded the Apocrypha from the canon and made no recommendation of the Apocrypha above `` other human writings '' , and this attitude towards the Apocrypha is represented by the decision of the British and Foreign Bible Society in the early 19th century not to print it ( see below ) . Today , `` English Bibles with the Apocrypha are becoming more popular again '' and they are often printed as intertestamental books . Most of the books of the Protestant Apocrypha are called deuterocanonical by Catholics per the Council of Trent and all of them are called anagignoskomena by the Eastern Orthodox per the Synod of Jerusalem . The Anglican Communion accepts `` the Apocrypha for instruction in life and manners , but not for the establishment of doctrine ( Article VI in the Thirty - Nine Articles ) '' , and many `` lectionary readings in The Book of Common Prayer are taken from the Apocrypha '' , with these lessons being `` read in the same ways as those from the Old Testament '' . The first Methodist liturgical book , The Sunday Service of the Methodists , employs verses from the Apocrypha , such as in the Eucharistic liturgy . The Protestant Apocrypha contains three books ( 3 Esdras , 4 Esdras and the Prayer of Manasseh ) that are accepted by many Eastern Orthodox Churches and Oriental Orthodox Churches as canonical , but are regarded as non-canonical by the Catholic Church and are therefore not included in modern Catholic Bibles . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biblical canon 2 Vulgate prologues 3 Apocrypha in editions of the Bible 3.1 Gutenberg Bible 3.2 Luther Bible 3.3 Clementine Vulgate 3.4 King James Version 3.5 The Bible and the Puritan revolution 3.6 Other early Bible editions 3.7 Modern editions 3.8 Anagignoskomena 4 Pseudepigrapha 5 Classification 6 Cultural impact 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Biblical canon ( edit ) Main articles : Biblical canon , Christian biblical canons , Development of the Christian biblical canon , Protocanonical books , and Deuterocanonical books Vulgate prologues ( edit ) See also : Development of the Hebrew Bible canon and Development of the Old Testament canon Jerome completed his version of the Bible , the Latin Vulgate , in 405 . In the Middle Ages the Vulgate became the de facto standard version of the Bible in the West . The Vulgate manuscripts included prologues that Jerome clearly identified certain books of the older Old Latin Old Testamentversion as apocryphal or non-canonical - even though they might be read as scripture . In the prologue to the books of Samuel and Kings , which is often called the Prologus Galeatus , he says : This preface to the Scriptures may serve as a `` helmeted '' introduction to all the books which we turn from Hebrew into Latin , so that we may be assured that what is not found in our list must be placed amongst the Apocryphal writings . Wisdom , therefore , which generally bears the name of Solomon , and the book of Jesus , the Son of Sirach , and Judith , and Tobias , and the Shepherd are not in the canon . The first book of Maccabees I have found to be Hebrew , the second is Greek , as can be proved from the very style . In the prologue to Ezra Jerome states that that the third and fourth books of Ezra are apocryphal ; while the two books of Ezra in the Vetus Latina version , translating Ezra A and Ezra B of the Septuagint , are ' variant examples ' of the same Hebrew original . In his prologue to the books of Solomon , he says : Also included is the book of the model of virtue ( παναρετος ) Jesus son of Sirach , and another falsely ascribed work ( ψευδεπιγραφος ) which is titled Wisdom of Solomon . The former of these I have also found in Hebrew , titled not Ecclesiasticus as among the Latins , but Parables , to which were joined Ecclesiastes and Song of Songs , as though it made of equal worth the likeness not only of the number of the books of Solomon , but also the kind of subjects . The second was never among the Hebrews , the very style of which reeks of Greek eloquence . And none of the ancient scribes affirm this one is of Philo Judaeus . Therefore , just as the Church also reads the books of Judith , Tobias , and the Maccabees , but does not receive them among the canonical Scriptures , so also one may read these two scrolls for the strengthening of the people , ( but ) not for confirming the authority of ecclesiastical dogmas . He mentions the book of Baruch in his prologue to the Jeremias but does not include it as ' apocrypha ' ; stating that `` it is neither read nor held among the Hebrews '' and should be omitted altogether from scripture . In his prologue to the Judith he mentions that `` among the Hebrews , the authority ( of Judith ) came into contention '' , but that it was `` counted in the number of Sacred Scriptures '' by the First Council of Nicaea . In his reply to Rufinus , he affirmed that he was consistent with the choice of the church regarding which version of the deuterocanonical portions of Daniel to use , which the Jews of his day did not include : What sin have I committed in following the judgment of the churches ? But when I repeat what the Jews say against the Story of Susanna and the Hymn of the Three Children , and the fables of Bel and the Dragon , which are not contained in the Hebrew Bible , the man who makes this a charge against me proves himself to be a fool and a slanderer ; for I explained not what I thought but what they commonly say against us . ( Against Rufinus , II : 33 ( AD 402 ) ) . According to Michael Barber , although Jerome was once suspicious of the apocrypha , he later viewed them as Scripture as shown in his epistles . Barber cites Jerome 's letter to Eustochium , in which Jerome quotes Sirach 13 : 2. ; elsewhere Jerome also refers to Baruch , the Story of Susannah and Wisdom as scripture . Apocrypha in editions of the Bible ( edit ) Apocrypha are well attested in surviving manuscripts of the Christian Bible . ( See , for example , Codex Vaticanus , Codex Sinaiticus , Codex Alexandrinus , Vulgate , and Peshitta . ) After the Lutheran and Catholic canons were defined by Luther ( c. 1534 ) and Trent ( 8 April 1546 ) respectively , early Protestant editions of the Bible ( notably the Luther Bible in German and 1611 King James Version in English ) did not omit these books , but placed them in a separate Apocrypha section apart from the Old and New Testaments to indicate their status . Gutenberg Bible ( edit ) This famous edition of the Vulgate was published in 1455 . Like the manuscripts it was based on , the Gutenberg Bible lacked a specific Apocrypha section ; its Old Testament included the books that Jerome considered apocryphal , and those Clement VIII later moved to the appendix . The Prayer of Manasses was located after the Books of Chronicles , and 3 and 4 Esdras followed 2 Esdras ( Nehemiah ) , and Prayer of Solomon followed Ecclesiasticus . Luther Bible ( edit ) Main articles : Luther Bible , Intertestamental period , and Luther 's canon Martin Luther translated the Bible into German during the early part of the 16th century , first releasing a complete Bible in 1534 . His Bible was the first major edition to have a separate section called Apocrypha . Books and portions of books not found in the Masoretic Text of Judaism were moved out of the body of the Old Testament to this section . Luther placed these books between the Old and New Testaments . For this reason , these works are sometimes known as inter-testamental books . The books 1 and 2 Esdras were omitted entirely . Luther was making a polemical point about the canonicity of these books . As an authority for this division , he cited St. Jerome , who in the early 5th century distinguished the Hebrew and Greek Old Testaments , stating that books not found in the Hebrew were not received as canonical . Although his statement was controversial in his day , Jerome was later titled a Doctor of the Church and his authority was also cited in the Anglican statement in 1571 of the Thirty - Nine Articles . Luther also expressed some doubts about the canonicity of four New Testament books , although he never called them apocrypha : the Epistle to the Hebrews , the Epistles of James and Jude , and the Revelation to John . He did not put them in a separate named section , but he did move them to the end of his New Testament . Clementine Vulgate ( edit ) See also : Books of the Latin Vulgate In 1592 , Pope Clement VIII published his revised edition of the Vulgate , referred to as the Sixto - Clementine Vulgate . He moved three books not found in the canon of the Council of Trent from the Old Testament into an appendix `` lest they utterly perish '' ( ne prorsus interirent ) . Prayer of Manasses 3 Esdras ( 1 Esdras in the King James Bible ) 4 Esdras ( 2 Esdras in the King James Bible ) The protocanonical and deuterocanonical books he placed in their traditional positions in the Old Testament . King James version ( edit ) The English - language King James Version ( KJV ) of 1611 followed the lead of the Luther Bible in using an inter-testamental section labelled `` Books called Apocrypha '' , or just `` Apocrypha '' at the running page header . The KJV followed the Geneva Bible of 1560 almost exactly ( variations are marked below ) . The section contains the following : 1 Esdras ( Vulgate 3 Esdras ) 2 Esdras ( Vulgate 4 Esdras ) Tobit Judith ( `` Judeth '' in Geneva ) Rest of Esther ( Vulgate Esther 10 : 4 -- 16 : 24 ) Wisdom Ecclesiasticus ( also known as Sirach ) Baruch and the Epistle of Jeremy ( `` Jeremiah '' in Geneva ) ( all part of Vulgate Baruch ) Song of the Three Children ( Vulgate Daniel 3 : 24 -- 90 ) Story of Susanna ( Vulgate Daniel 13 ) The Idol Bel and the Dragon ( Vulgate Daniel 14 ) Prayer of Manasses ( Daniel ) 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees ( Included in this list are those books of the Clementine Vulgate that were not in Luther 's canon ) . These are the books most frequently referred to by the casual appellation `` the Apocrypha '' . These same books are also listed in Article VI of the Thirty - Nine Articles of the Church of England . Despite being placed in the Apocrypha , in the table of lessons at the front of some printings of the King James Bible , these books are included under the Old Testament . The Bible and the Puritan revolution ( edit ) The British Puritan revolution of the 1600s brought a change in the way many British publishers handled the apocryphal material associated with the Bible . The Puritans used the standard of Sola Scriptura ( Scripture Alone ) to determine which books would be included in the canon . The Westminster Confession of Faith , composed during the British Civil Wars ( 1642 -- 1651 ) , excluded the Apocrypha from the canon . The Confession provided the rationale for the exclusion : ' The books commonly called Apocrypha , not being of divine inspiration , are no part of the canon of the Scripture , and therefore are of no authority in the church of God , nor to be any otherwise approved , or made use of , than other human writings ' ( 1.3 ) . Thus , Bibles printed by English Protestants who separated from the Church of England began to exclude these books . Other early Bible editions ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( May 2008 ) All English translations of the Bible printed in the sixteenth century included a section or appendix for Apocryphal books . Matthew 's Bible , published in 1537 , contains all the Apocrypha of the later King James Version in an inter-testamental section . The 1538 Myles Coverdale Bible contained an Apocrypha that excluded Baruch and the Prayer of Manasseh . The 1560 Geneva Bible placed the Prayer of Manasseh after 2 Chronicles ; the rest of the Apocrypha were placed in an inter-testamental section . The Douay - Rheims Bible ( 1582 -- 1609 ) placed the Prayer of Manasseh and 3 and 4 Esdras into an Appendix of the second volume of the Old Testament . In the Zürich Bible ( 1529 -- 30 ) they are placed in an Appendix . They include 3 Maccabees , along with 1 Esdras & 2 Esdras . The 1st edition omitted the Prayer of Manasseh and the Rest of Esther , although these were included in the 2nd edition . The French Bible ( 1535 ) of Pierre Robert Olivétan placed them between the Testaments , with the subtitle , `` The volume of the apocryphal books contained in the Vulgate translation , which we have not found in the Hebrew or Chaldee '' . In 1569 the Spanish Reina Bible , following the example of the pre-Clementine Latin Vulgate , contained the deuterocanonical books in its Old Testament . Following the other Protestant translations of its day , Valera 's 1602 revision of the Reina Bible moved these books into an inter-testamental section . Modern editions ( edit ) All King James Bibles published before 1666 included the Apocrypha , though separately to denote them as not equal to Scripture proper , as noted by Jerome in the Vulgate , to which he gave the name , `` The Apocrypha . '' In 1826 , the National Bible Society of Scotland petitioned the British and Foreign Bible Society not to print the Apocrypha , resulting in a decision that no BFBS funds were to pay for printing any Apocryphal books anywhere . Since that time most modern editions of the Bible and reprintings of the King James Bible omit the Apocrypha section . Modern non-Catholic reprintings of the Clementine Vulgate commonly omit the Apocrypha section . Many reprintings of older versions of the Bible now omit the apocrypha and many newer translations and revisions have never included them at all . There are some exceptions to this trend , however . Some editions of the Revised Standard Version and the New Revised Standard Version of the Bible include not only the Apocrypha listed above , but also the third and fourth books of Maccabees , and Psalm 151 . The American Bible Society lifted restrictions on the publication of Bibles with the Apocrypha in 1964 . The British and Foreign Bible Society followed in 1966 . The Stuttgart edition of the Vulgate ( the printed edition , not most of the on - line editions ) , which is published by the UBS , contains the Clementine Apocrypha as well as the Epistle to the Laodiceans and Psalm 151 . Brenton 's edition of the Septuagint includes all of the Apocrypha found in the King James Bible with the exception of 2 Esdras , which was not in the Septuagint and is no longer extant in Greek . He places them in a separate section at the end of his Old Testament , following English tradition . In Greek circles , however , these books are not traditionally called Apocrypha , but Anagignoskomena ( ἀναγιγνωσκόμενα ) , and are integrated into the Old Testament . The Orthodox Study Bible , published by Thomas Nelson Publishers , includes the Anagignoskomena in its Old Testament , with the exception of 4 Maccabees . This was translated by the Saint Athanasius Academy of Orthodox Theology , from the Rahlfs Edition of the Septuagint using Brenton 's English translation and the RSV Expanded Apocrypha as boilerplate . As such , they are included in the Old Testament with no distinction between these books and the rest of the Old Testament . This follows the tradition of the Eastern Orthodox Church where the Septuagint is the received version of Old Testament scripture , considered itself inspired in agreement with some of the Fathers , such as St Augustine , rather than the Hebrew Masoretic text followed by all other modern translations . Anagignoskomena ( edit ) The Septuagint , the ancient and best known Greek version of the Old Testament , contains books and additions that are not present in the Hebrew Bible . These texts are not traditionally segregated into a separate section , nor are they usually called apocrypha . Rather , they are referred to as the Anagignoskomena ( ἀναγιγνωσκόμενα , `` things that are read '' or `` profitable reading '' ) . The anagignoskomena are Tobit , Judith , Wisdom of Solomon , Wisdom of Jesus ben Sira ( Sirach ) , Baruch , Letter of Jeremiah ( in the Vulgate this is chapter 6 of Baruch ) , additions to Daniel ( The Prayer of Azarias , Susanna and Bel and the Dragon ) , additions to Esther , 1 Maccabees , 2 Maccabees , 3 Maccabees , 1 Esdras , i.e. all of the Deuterocanonical books plus 3 Maccabees and 1 Esdras . Some editions add additional books , such as Psalm 151 or the Odes ( including the Prayer of Manasses ) . 2 Esdras is added as an appendix in the Slavonic Bibles and 4 Maccabees as an appendix in Greek editions . Pseudepigrapha ( edit ) Technically , a pseudepigraphon is a book written in a biblical style and ascribed to an author who did not write it . In common usage , however , the term pseudepigrapha is often used by way of distinction to refer to apocryphal writings that do not appear in printed editions of the Bible , as opposed to the texts listed above . Examples include : Apocalypse of Abraham Apocalypse of Moses Letter of Aristeas Martyrdom and Ascension of Isaiah Joseph and Aseneth Life of Adam and Eve Lives of the Prophets Ladder of Jacob Jannes and Jambres History of the Captivity in Babylon History of the Rechabites Eldad and Modad History of Joseph Odes of Solomon Prayer of Joseph Prayer of Jacob Vision of Ezra Often included among the pseudepigrapha are 3 and 4 Maccabees because they are not traditionally found in western Bibles , although they are in the Septuagint . Similarly , the Book of Enoch , Book of Jubilees and 4 Baruch are often listed with the pseudepigrapha although they are commonly included in Ethiopian Bibles . The Psalms of Solomon are found in some editions of the Septuagint . Classification ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Apocrypha of the King James Bible constitutes the books of the Vulgate that are present neither in the Hebrew Old Testament nor the Greek New Testament . Since these are derived from the Septuagint , from which the old Latin version was translated , it follows that the difference between the KJV and the Roman Catholic Old Testaments is traceable to the difference between the Palestinian and the Alexandrian canons of the Old Testament . This is only true with certain reservations , as the Latin Vulgate was revised by Jerome according to the Hebrew , and , where Hebrew originals were not found , according to the Septuagint . Furthermore , the Vulgate omits 3 and 4 Maccabees , which generally appear in the Septuagint , while the Septuagint and Luther 's Bible omit 2 Esdras , which is found in the Apocrypha of the Vulgate and the King James Bible . Luther 's Bible , moreover , also omits 1 Esdras . It should further be observed that the Clementine Vulgate places the Prayer of Manasses and 3 Esdras and 4 Esdras in an appendix after the New Testament as apocryphal . It is hardly possible to form any classification not open to some objection . Scholars are still divided as to the original language , date , and place of composition of some of the books that come under this provisional attempt at order . ( Thus some of the additions to Daniel and the Prayer of Manasseh are most probably derived from a Semitic original written in Palestine , yet in compliance with the prevailing opinion they are classed under Hellenistic Jewish literature . Again , the Slavonic Enoch goes back undoubtedly in parts to a Semitic original , though most of it may have been written by a Greek Jew in Egypt . ) A distinction can be made between the Palestinian and the Hellenistic literature of the Old Testament , though even this is open to serious objections . The former literature was written in Hebrew or Aramaic , and seldom in Greek ; the latter in Greek . Next , within these literatures there are three or four classes of subject material . Historical , Legendary ( Haggadic ) , Apocalyptic , Didactic or Sapiential . The Apocrypha proper then would be classified as follows : Palestinian Jewish Literature Historical 1 Esdras ( i.e. Greek Ezra ) . 1 Maccabees . Legendary Book of Baruch Book of Judith Apocalyptic 2 Esdras ( see also Apocalyptic literature ) Didactic Sirach ( also known as Ecclesiasticus ) Tobit Hellenistic Jewish Literature : Historical and Legendary Additions to Daniel Additions to Esther Epistle of Jeremiah 2 Maccabees Prayer of Manasseh Didactic Book of Wisdom Cultural impact ( edit ) The introitus , `` Eternal rest grant unto them , O Lord , and let perpetual light shine upon them '' , of the traditional Requiem in the Catholic Church is loosely based on 4 Esdras 2 : 34 -- 35 . The alternative introitus for Quasimodo Sunday in the Roman rite of the Catholic Church is loosely based on 4 Esdras 2 : 36 -- 37 . The Story of Susanna is perhaps the earliest example of a courtroom drama , and perhaps the first example of an effective forensic cross-examination ( there are no others in the Bible : except perhaps Solomon 's judgement at 1 Kings 3 : 25 ) . Bel and the Dragon is perhaps the earliest example of a locked room mystery . Shylock 's reference in The Merchant of Venice to `` A Daniel come to judgment ; yea , a Daniel ! '' refers to the story of Susanna and the elders . The theme of the elders surprising Susanna in her bath is a common one in art , such as in paintings by Tintoretto and Artemisia Gentileschi , and in Wallace Stevens ' poem Peter Quince at the Clavier . Let Us Now Praise Famous Men , the title of James Agee 's 1941 chronicle of Alabama sharecroppers , was taken from Ecclesiasticus 44 : 1 : `` Let us now praise famous men , and our fathers that begat us . '' In his spiritual autobiography Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners , John Bunyan recounts how God strengthened him against the temptation to despair of his salvation by inspiring him with the words , `` Look at the generations of old and see : did any ever trust in God , and were confounded ? '' `` At which I was greatly encouraged in my soul ... So coming home , I presently went to my Bible , to see if I could find that saying , not doubting but to find it presently ... Thus I continued above a year , and could not find the place ; but at last , casting my eye upon the Apocrypha books , I found it in Ecclesiasticus , chap . ii. 10 . This , at the first , did somewhat daunt me ; because it was not in those texts that we call holy and canonical ; yet , as this sentence was the sum and substance of many of the promises , it was my duty to take the comfort of it ; and I bless God for that word , for it was of good to me . That word doth still ofttimes shine before my face . '' See also ( edit ) New Testament apocrypha References ( edit ) Jump up ^ As in the original King James or Authorized Version , and in modern Bibles such as the New Oxford Annotated Bible with Apocrypha , 4th Expanded Edition : New Revised Standard Version Jump up ^ See the English Standard Version with the Apocrypha , and the New Oxford Annotated Bible with Apocrypha , 3rd Revised and Expanded Edition : Revised Standard Version Jump up ^ Bruce , F.F. `` The Canon of Scripture '' . IVP Academic , 2010 , Location 1478 -- 86 ( Kindle Edition ) . Jump up ^ Readings from the Apocrypha . Forward Movement Publications . 1981 . p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` The Revised Common Lectionary '' ( PDF ) . Consultation on Common Texts. 1992 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 July 2015 . Retrieved 19 August 2015 . In all places where a reading from the deuterocanonical books ( The Apocrypha ) is listed , an alternate reading from the canonical Scriptures has also been provided . Jump up ^ Geneva Bible , 1560 . Full preface available online : http://www.bible-researcher.com/canon2.html Jump up ^ `` The books commonly called Apocrypha , not being of divine inspiration , are no part of the Canon of the Scripture ; and therefore are of no authority in the Church of God , nor to be any otherwise approved , or made use of , than other human writings . '' For more details see Development of the Old Testament canon # Church of England . Jump up ^ Ewert , David ( 11 May 2010 ) . A General Introduction to the Bible : From Ancient Tablets to Modern Translations . Zondervan . p. 104 . ISBN 9780310872436 . English Bibles were patterned after those of the Continental Reformers by having the Apocrypha set off from the rest of the OT . Coverdale ( 1535 ) called them `` Apocrypha '' . All English Bibles prior to 1629 contained the Apocrypha . Matthew 's Bible ( 1537 ) , the Great Bible ( 1539 ) , the Geneva Bible ( 1560 ) , the Bishop 's Bible ( 1568 ) , and the King James Bible ( 1611 ) contained the Apocrypha . Soon after the publication of the KJV , however , the English Bibles began to drop the Apocrypha and eventually they disappeared entirely . The first English Bible to be printed in America ( 1782 -- 83 ) lacked the Apocrypha . In 1826 the British and Foreign Bible Society decided to no longer print them . Today the trend is in the opposite direction , and English Bibles with the Apocrypha are becoming more popular again . Jump up ^ Ewert , David ( 11 May 2010 ) . A General Introduction to the Bible : From Ancient Tablets to Modern Translations . Zondervan . p. 104 . ISBN 9780310872436 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Owen C. ; Wondra , Ellen K. ( 1 July 2002 ) . Introduction to Theology , 3rd Edition . Church Publishing , Inc. p. 56 . ISBN 9780819218971 . Jump up ^ John Wesley ( 1825 ) . The Sunday Service of the Methodists ; With Other Occasional Services . J. Kershaw . p. 136 . Jump up ^ Henze , Matthias ; Boccaccini , Gabriele ( 20 November 2013 ) . Fourth Ezra and Second Baruch : Reconstruction after the Fall . Brill . p. 383 . ISBN 9789004258815 . Why 3 and 4 Esdraas ( called 1 and 2 Esdras in the NRSV Apocrypha ) are pushed to the front of the list is not clear , but the motive may have been to distinguish the Anglican Apocrypha from the Roman Catholic canon affirmed at the fourth session of the Council of trent in 1546 , which included all of the books in the Anglican Apocrypha list except 3 and 4 Esdras and the Prayer of Manasseh . These three texts were designated at Trent as Apocrypha and later included in an appendix to the Clementine Vulgate , first published in 1592 ( and the standard Vulgate text until Vatican II ) . Jump up ^ `` The Bible '' . Jump up ^ `` Jerome 's Preface to Samuel and Kings '' . Jump up ^ `` St. Jerome , The Prologue on the Book of Ezra : English translation '' . Jump up ^ `` Jerome , Prologue to the Books of Solomon ( 2006 ) '' . Jump up ^ Kevin P. Edgecomb , Jerome 's Prologue to Jeremiah Jump up ^ `` Jerome 's Prologue to Judith '' . Jump up ^ Jerome , `` Apology Against Rufinus ( Book II ) '' , in Philip Schaff , Henry Wace , Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Second Series , 3 ( 1892 ed . ) , Buffalo , NY : Christian Literature Publishing Co. ( retrieved from New Advent ) Jump up ^ Barber , Michael ( 2006 - 03 - 06 ) . `` Loose Canons : The Development of the Old Testament ( Part 2 ) '' . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Jerome , To Paulinus , Epistle 58 ( AD 395 ) , in NPNF2 , VI : 119. : `` Do not , my dearest brother , estimate my worth by the number of my years . Gray hairs are not wisdom ; it is wisdom which is as good as gray hairs At least that is what Solomon says : `` wisdom is the gray hair unto men . ' ( Wisdom 4 : 9 ) '' Moses too in choosing the seventy elders is told to take those whom he knows to be elders indeed , and to select them not for their years but for their discretion ( Num. 11 : 16 ) ? And , as a boy , Daniel judges old men and in the flower of youth condemns the incontinence of age ( Daniel 13 : 55 -- 59 aka Story of Susannah 55 -- 59 ) '' Jump up ^ Jerome , To Oceanus , Epistle 77 : 4 ( AD 399 ) , in NPNF2 , VI : 159. : `` I would cite the words of the psalmist : ' the sacrifices of God are a broken spirit , ' ( Ps 51 : 17 ) and those of Ezekiel ' I prefer the repentance of a sinner rather than his death , ' ( Ez 18 : 23 ) and those of Baruch , ' Arise , arise , O Jerusalem , ' ( Baruch 5 : 5 ) and many other proclamations made by the trumpets of the Prophets . '' Jump up ^ Jerome , Letter 51 , 6 , 7 , NPNF2 , VI : 87 -- 8 : `` For in the book of Wisdom , which is inscribed with his name , Solomon says : `` God created man to be immortal , and made him to be an image of his own eternity . '' ( Wisdom 2 : 23 ) ... Instead of the three proofs from Holy Scripture which you said would satisfy you if I could produce them , behold I have given you seven '' Jump up ^ Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Canon of the Old Testament '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . section titled `` The Council of Florence 1442 '' : `` ... contains a complete list of the books received by the Church as inspired , but omits , perhaps advisedly , the terms canon and canonical . The Council of Florence therefore taught the inspiration of all the Scriptures , but did not formally pass on their canonicity . '' Jump up ^ `` Gutenberg Bible : View the British Library 's Digital Versions Online '' . Jump up ^ `` 1945 Edition of the Luther Bible on - line '' . Jump up ^ Preface to the Revised Standard Version Common Bible Jump up ^ See the Theological Glossary of the Jerusalem Bible Reader 's Edition : `` One tradition within the Church excluded the Greek books , and this tradition was taken up by the 15th century ( sic ) Reformers , who relegated these books to the Apocrypha. 1 Maccabees 12 : 9 . '' Note that the JB is explicitly approved by the CBCEW ( the Bishop 's Conference of England and Wales ) Jump up ^ Catholic Encyclopaedia , `` St. Jerome evidently applied the term to all quasi-scriptural books which in his estimation lay outside the canon of the Bible , and the Protestant Reformers , following Jerome 's catalogue of Old Testament Scriptures -- one which was at once erroneous and singular among the Fathers of the Church -- applied the title Apocrypha to the excess of the Catholic canon of the Old Testament over that of the Jews . Naturally , Catholics refuse to admit such a denomination , and we employ `` deuterocanonical '' to designate this literature , which non-Catholics conventionally and improperly known as the Apocrypha `` . Jump up ^ `` And the other books ( as Hierome saith ) the Church doth read for example of life and instruction of manners ; but yet doth it not apply them to establish any doctrine . '' Jump up ^ Six Points On Luther 's `` Epistle of Straw '' , 3 April 2007 Jump up ^ Introductory material to the appendix of the Vulgata Clementina , text in Latin Jump up ^ `` Apocrypha , '' King James Bible Online . https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/Apocrypha-Books/ Jump up ^ The Bible : Authorized King James Version with Apocrypha , Oxford World 's Classics , 1998 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 283525 - 3 Jump up ^ Article VI at episcopalian.org Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` WCF and MESV in Parallel Columns '' . Jump up ^ Sir Frederic G. Kenyon , Dictionary of the Bible edited by James Hastings , and published by Charles Scribner 's Sons of New York in 1909 Jump up ^ Grudem , Wayne ( 29 February 2012 ) . Understanding Scripture : An Overview of the Bible 's Origin , Reliability , and Meaning . US : Crossway . p. 90 . ISBN 978 - 1433529993 . Retrieved 21 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Howsam , Leslie ( 2002 ) . Cheap Bibles . Cambridge University Press . p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 52212 - 0 . Jump up ^ Flick , Dr. Stephen . `` Canonization of the Bible '' . Christian heritage fellowship . Retrieved 21 June 2014 . Jump up ^ A Brief History of the United Bible Societies Jump up ^ `` 2 Esdras '' . Jump up ^ `` The Orthodox Study Bible '' 2008 , Thomas Nelson Inc. p. xi ^ Jump up to : Vassiliadis , Petros ( 2005 ) . `` Canon and authority of Scripture '' . In S.T. Kimbrough . Orthodox and Wesleyan Scriptural understanding and practice . Crestwood , N.Y : St. Vladimir 's Seminary Press . p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88141 - 301 - 4 . Jump up ^ The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha , Volume 2 , James H. Charlesworth Jump up ^ Gilmore , George William ( 1916 ) . Selections from the World 's Devotional Classics . Funk & Wagnalls company . p. 63 . Texts Robert Holmes and James Parsons , Vet . Test . Graecum cum var . lectionibus ( Oxford , 1798 -- 1827 ) Henry Barclay Swete , Old Testament in Greek , i. - iii . ( Cambridge , 1887 -- 1894 ) Otto Fridolinus Fritzsche , Libri Apocryphi V.T. Graece ( 1871 ) . Commentaries O.F. Fritzsche and Grimm , Kurzgef . exeget . Handbuch zu den Apok . des A.T . ( Leipzig , 1851 -- 1860 ) Edwin Cone Bissell , Apocrypha of the Old Testament ( Edinburgh , 1880 ) Otto Zöckler , Die Apokryphen des Alten Testaments ( Munchen , 1891 ) Henry Wace , The Apocrypha ( `` Speaker 's Commentary '' ) ( 1888 ) Introduction and General Literature : Emil Schürer , Geschichte des jüdischen Volkes , vol . iii. 135 sqq. , and his article on `` Apokryphen '' in Herzog 's Realencykl . i . 622 -- 53 Porter , Frank C. ( 1898 ) . `` Apocrypha '' . In James Hastings . A Dictionary of the Bible . I . pp. 110 -- 23 . Metzger , Bruce M. An Introduction to the Apocrypha . ( Pbk . ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press , 1977 , cop . 1957 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 502340 - 4 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Deuterocanonical books . `` The Apocrypha , Bridge of the Testaments '' by Robert C. Dentan formerly at orthodoxanglican.net , now at thefishersofmenministries.com `` Lutheran Cyclopedia : Apocrypha '' at lcms.org `` Apocrypha '' in the Catholic Encyclopaedia at newadvent.org/cathen https://www.christiancourier.com/articles/111-the-apocrypha-inspired-of-god hide Books of the Bible Principal divisions Hebrew Bible / Old Testament Protocanon Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1 -- 2 Samuel 1 -- 2 Kings 1 -- 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanon and Apocrypha Catholic Orthodox Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Susanna Song of the Three Children Bel and the Dragon Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Tewahedo Orthodox Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Syriac Letter of Baruch Psalms 152 -- 155 New Testament Matthew Mark Luke Acts Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Revelation Subdivisions Chapters and verses Pentateuch Wisdom Major prophets / Minor prophets Gospels Synoptic Epistles Pauline Johannine Pastoral Catholic Apocalyptic literature Development Old Testament canon New Testament canon Antilegomena Jewish canon Christian canon Manuscripts Dead Sea Scrolls Samaritan Pentateuch Septuagint Targum Diatessaron Muratorian fragment Peshitta Vetus Latina Masoretic Text New Testament manuscript categories New Testament papyri New Testament uncials See also Biblical canon Luther 's canon Authorship English Bible translations Other books referenced in the Bible Pseudepigrapha list New Testament apocrypha Studies Synod of Hippo Textual criticism Category Portal WikiProject Book hide Christianity Jesus Christ Jesus in Christianity Virgin birth Crucifixion Resurrection Son of God Foundations Church Creed Gospel New Covenant Bible Books Canon Old Testament New Testament Theology God Trinity Father Son Holy Spirit Apologetics Baptism Christology Ecclesiology History of theology Mission Salvation History Mary Apostles Peter Paul Fathers Early Constantine Ecumenical councils Augustine East -- West Schism Crusades Aquinas Reformation Luther Denomi - nations and traditions ( list / list by members ) Western Adventist Anabaptist Anglican Baptist Calvinist Catholic Charismatic Evangelical Holiness Lutheran Methodist Pentecostal Protestant Eastern Eastern Orthodox Oriental Orthodox ( Miaphysite ) Assyrian Church of the East ( `` Nestorian '' ) Eastern Catholic Churches Nontrinitarian Christadelphians Iglesia ni Cristo Jehovah 's Witnesses Latter Day Saint movement Oneness Pentecostalism Unitarianism Related topics Art Criticism Culture Ecumenism Liturgy Music Other religions Prayer Sermon Symbolism Category Christianity portal GND : 4002434 - 9 LCCN : n81065639 SELIBR : 268607 SUDOC : 03537165X VIAF : 185088718 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biblical_apocrypha&oldid=846319698 '' Categories : Old Testament apocrypha Christian terminology Development of the Christian biblical canon Hidden categories : Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference Webarchive template wayback links Articles to be expanded from May 2008 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles needing additional references from June 2011 All articles needing additional references Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Use dmy dates from January 2011 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Furlan Gàidhlig 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano ქართული Kaszëbsczi Kiswahili Latina Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 49 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 June 2018 , at 23 : 44 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what year was the apocrypha taken out of the bible | [
"The preface to the Apocrypha in the Geneva Bible explained that while these books \"were not received by a common consent to be read and expounded publicly in the Church,\" and did not serve \"to prove any point of Christian religion save in so much as they had the consent of the other scriptures called canonical to confirm the same,\" nonetheless, \"as books proceeding from godly men they were received to be read for the advancement and furtherance of the knowledge of history and for the instruction of godly manners.\"[6] Later, during the English Civil War, the Westminster Confession of 1647 excluded the Apocrypha from the canon and made no recommendation of the Apocrypha above \"other human writings\",[7] and this attitude towards the Apocrypha is represented by the decision of the British and Foreign Bible Society in the early 19th century not to print it (see below). Today, \"English Bibles with the Apocrypha are becoming more popular again\" and they are often printed as intertestamental books.[8]"
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-4802352503519008111 | Planet of the Apes | Planet of the Apes - wikipedia Planet of the Apes Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Planet of the Apes ( disambiguation ) . Planet of the Apes Created by Pierre Boulle Original work La Planète des singes ( 1963 ) Print publications Novel ( s ) La Planète des singes ( 1963 ) Comics List of comics Films and television Film ( s ) Original series Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) Remake Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Reboot series Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Television series Planet of the Apes ( 1974 ) Return to the Planet of the Apes ( 1975 -- 1976 ) Games Video game ( s ) Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Revenge of the Apes ( 2003 ) Planet of the Apes : Last Frontier ( 2017 ) Planet of the Apes is an American science fiction media franchise consisting of films , books , television series , comics , and other media about a world in which humans and intelligent apes clash for control . The franchise is based on French author Pierre Boulle 's 1963 novel La Planète des singes , translated into English as Planet of the Apes or Monkey Planet . Its 1968 film adaptation , Planet of the Apes , was a critical and commercial hit , initiating a series of sequels , tie - ins , and derivative works . Arthur P. Jacobs produced the first five Apes films through APJAC Productions for distributor 20th Century Fox ; since his death in 1973 , Fox has controlled the franchise . Four sequels followed the original film from 1970 to 1973 : Beneath the Planet of the Apes , Escape from the Planet of the Apes , Conquest of the Planet of the Apes , and Battle for the Planet of the Apes . They did not approach the critical acclaim of the original , but were commercially successful , spawning two television series in 1974 and 1975 . Plans for a film remake stalled in `` development hell '' for over ten years before Tim Burton 's Planet of the Apes was released in 2001 . A reboot film series commenced in 2011 with Rise of the Planet of the Apes , which was followed by Dawn of the Planet of the Apes in 2014 and War for the Planet of the Apes in 2017 . The films have grossed a total of over $2 billion worldwide , against a combined budget of $567.5 million . Along with further narratives in various media , franchise tie - ins include video games , toys , and planned theme park rides . Planet of the Apes has received particular attention among film critics for its treatment of racial issues . Cinema and cultural analysts have also explored its Cold War and animal rights themes . The series has influenced subsequent films , media , and art , as well as popular culture and political discourse . Contents ( hide ) 1 La Planète des singes 2 Original film series 2.1 Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) 2.2 Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) 2.3 Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) 2.4 Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) 2.5 Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) 3 Television series 3.1 Planet of the Apes TV series 3.2 Animated series 4 Remake film 4.1 Planned relaunch and development hell 4.2 Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) 5 Reboot film series 5.1 Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) 5.2 Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) 5.3 War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) 6 Other media and merchandise 6.1 Books 6.2 Comics 6.3 Toys and merchandise 6.4 Theme park ride 6.5 Video games 7 Themes 7.1 Race 7.2 Cold War and nuclear apocalypse 7.3 Animal rights 8 Cultural impact and legacy 9 List of media 9.1 Feature films 10 Reception 10.1 Box office performance 10.2 Critical and public response 11 Characters 11.1 Humans 11.2 Apes 12 Crew and other 13 Footnotes 14 References 15 External links La Planète des singes ( edit ) Main article : Planet of the Apes ( novel ) First American edition of Boulle 's novel , titled Planet of the Apes The series began with French author Pierre Boulle 's 1963 novel La Planète des singes . Boulle wrote the novel in six months after the `` humanlike expressions '' of gorillas at the zoo inspired him to contemplate the relationship between man and ape . La Planète des singes was heavily influenced by 18th - and 19th - century fantastical travel narratives , especially Jonathan Swift 's satirical Gulliver 's Travels . It is one of several of Boulle 's works to use science fiction tropes and plot devices to comment on the failings of human nature and mankind 's overreliance on technology , though Boulle rejected the science fiction label , instead terming his genre `` social fantasy '' . The novel is a satire that follows French journalist Ulysse Mérou , who participates in a voyage to a distant planet where speechless , animalistic humans are hunted and enslaved by an advanced society of apes . Eventually Mérou discovers that humans once dominated the planet until their complacency allowed the more industrious apes to overthrow them . The story 's central message is that human intelligence is not a fixed quality and could atrophy if taken for granted . Boulle considered the novel one of his minor works , though it proved to be a bestseller . British author Xan Fielding translated it into English ; it was published in the United Kingdom as Monkey Planet and in the United States as Planet of the Apes . Original film series ( edit ) Boulle 's literary agent , Allain Bernheim , brought the novel to the attention of American film producer Arthur P. Jacobs , who had come to Paris looking for properties to adapt with his new company , APJAC Productions . To explain his interests , Jacobs would tell agents , `` I wish King Kong had n't been made so I could make it . '' Bernheim initially approached him about a Françoise Sagan novel , which Jacobs turned down . Remembering Jacobs ' earlier comment about King Kong , Bernheim mentioned La Planète des singes , not expecting he would be interested . However , the story intrigued Jacobs , who bought the film rights immediately . Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) ( edit ) Main article : Planet of the Apes ( 1968 film ) Charlton Heston , star of Planet of the Apes Franklin J. Schaffner , director of Planet of the Apes After optioning the novel 's film rights , Jacobs spent over three years trying to convince filmmakers to take on the project . He hired a succession of artists to create test sketches , and hired veteran television writer Rod Serling , creator of The Twilight Zone , to pen the screenplay . Serling 's script changed elements of Boulle 's novel , introducing Cold War themes ; notably , he devised a new twist ending that revealed the planet to be a future Earth where humans had destroyed themselves through nuclear warfare . Production costs were estimated at over $10 million , a risk no studio in either Hollywood or Europe would assume . Jacobs and associate producer Mort Abrahams persevered , and eventually persuaded Charlton Heston to star ; Heston in turn recommended director Franklin J. Schaffner . The team recorded a brief screen test featuring Heston , which ultimately convinced 20th Century Fox the film could succeed . Fox insisted on changes to reduce the budget to a more manageable $5.8 million . The producers hired veteran writer Michael Wilson , who had previously adapted Boulle 's novel The Bridge over the River Kwai , to rewrite Serling 's script . To save on special effects costs , Wilson 's script described an ape society more primitive than that which appeared in the novel . The new version changed much of the plot and dialogue , but retained the Cold War themes and Serling 's ending . John Chambers created the makeup effects . Heston played 20th - century American astronaut George Taylor , who travels to a strange planet where intelligent apes dominate mute , primitive humans . Kim Hunter and Roddy McDowall played the sympathetic chimpanzees Zira and Cornelius , and Linda Harrison portrayed Taylor 's love interest Nova . Maurice Evans played the villain , orangutan science minister Dr. Zaius . The finale , in which Taylor comes upon a ruined Statue of Liberty and realizes he has been on Earth all along , became the series ' defining scene and one of the most iconic images in 1960s film . Planet of the Apes was released on February 8 , 1968 , and was a smash success with both critics and audiences . It was one of the year 's ten biggest money makers in North America , taking in an estimated $22 million ( nearly four times its budget ) , and earned rave reviews . John Chambers received an honorary Oscar at the 41st Academy Awards for his make - up effects , the first ever given to a make - up artist . Jerry Goldsmith 's score and Morton Haack 's costume design also earned Oscar nominations . Fox approached Jacobs and Abrahams about filming a sequel . Though they had not made the film with sequels in mind , its success led them to consider the prospect . Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) ( edit ) Main article : Beneath the Planet of the Apes Kim Hunter played Zira in the first three films Planning for the sequel , eventually titled Beneath the Planet of the Apes , began two months after the original film 's release . Jacobs and Abrahams considered several treatments by Serling and Boulle , eventually rejecting them . In late 1968 , the producers hired Paul Dehn to write the script ; he would become the primary writer for the franchise . Charlton Heston was uninterested in a sequel , but agreed to shoot a few scenes if his character were killed off and his salary donated to charity . In one of many major rewrites , Dehn altered the script to center on a new character , Brent , played by James Franciscus . With Shaffner unavailable , owing to his work on Patton , the producers hired Ted Post as director on January 8 , 1969 . Post struggled with the material , especially after the studio cut the budget to $3.4 million . The story follows Franciscus 's character , an astronaut who while searching for Taylor inadvertently follows him into the future . After encountering the apes from the first film , Brent finds Taylor imprisoned by a colony of subterranean human mutants who worship an ancient nuclear bomb . Kim Hunter , Maurice Evans , and Linda Harrison returned as Zira , Zaius , and Nova . David Watson replaced Roddy McDowall as Cornelius , as McDowall was unavailable due to a scheduling conflict . James Gregory played gorilla General Ursus and Paul Richards played mutant leader Méndez . The film opened on May 26 , 1970 . Unlike its predecessor , Beneath was poorly reviewed ; critics typically regard it as the worst of the Apes sequels other than the last , Battle for the Planet of the Apes . Nonetheless , it was a major box office hit , nearing the original 's numbers . Despite a conclusion depicting the planet 's nuclear destruction , Fox requested another sequel , creating a series . Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) ( edit ) Main article : Escape from the Planet of the Apes Roddy McDowall returned as Cornelius in Escape from the Planet of the Apes . He would go on to star in two more Apes films and the live - action television series . Following the financial success of Beneath , Arthur P. Jacobs recruited Paul Dehn to write a new script with a brief telegram : `` Apes exist , Sequel required . '' Dehn immediately started work on what became Escape from the Planet of the Apes . The producers hired a new director , Don Taylor . Fox gave the production a greatly diminished budget of $2.5 million , which required a tight production schedule . To work around the budget , as well as Beneath 's seemingly definitive ending , the film took the series in a new direction by transporting Zira ( Kim Hunter ) and Cornelius ( Roddy McDowall , returning to the role after being absent from Beneath ) back in time to the contemporary United States , reducing the need for expensive sets and ape make - up effects . In the film , Zira and Cornelius are initially accepted by American society , but fears that their child will bring about the domination of the human race by evolved apes leads to conflict . Jacobs ' wife , Natalie Trundy , who appeared as a mutant in Beneath and would play the ape Lisa in the next two sequels , was cast as Dr. Stephanie Branton . Bradford Dillman played Dr. Lewis Dixon , Ricardo Montalbán played Armando , and Eric Braeden portrayed the villain , the president 's science advisor Otto Hasslein . Compared to its predecessors , Escape dwelt more heavily on themes of racial conflict , which became a primary focus through the rest of the series . The film opened on May 21 , 1971 , less than a year after Beneath . It was well received by critics . From this point critics began seeing the films less as independent units and more as installments in a greater work ; Cinefantastique editor Frederick S. Clarke wrote that the burgeoning series had `` the promise of being the first epic of filmed science fiction . '' It also performed well at the box office , though not as strongly as its predecessors . Fox ordered a third sequel . Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) ( edit ) Main article : Conquest of the Planet of the Apes Based on the strong positive response to Escape , Fox ordered Conquest of the Planet of the Apes , though it provided a comparatively low budget of $1.7 million . Paul Dehn returned as the scriptwriter , and producer Jacobs hired J. Lee Thompson to direct . Thompson had worked with Jacobs on two earlier films as well as during the initial stages of Planet , but scheduling conflicts had made him unavailable during its long development process . For Conquest , Thompson and Dehn focused heavily on the racial conflict theme , an ancillary concern in the early films that became a central focus in Escape . In particular , Dehn associated the apes with African - Americans and modeled the plot after the 1966 Watts Riots and other episodes from the Civil Rights Movement . Roddy McDowall signed on to play Caesar , the son of his previous character Cornelius . Ricardo Montalban returned as Armando , while Don Murray played Governor Breck , Severn Darden played Kolp , and Hari Rhodes played MacDonald . Following Escape , Conquest is set in a near future where humans have turned apes into slaves ; Caesar rises from bondage to lead an ape rebellion . The film opened on June 30 , 1972 . Reviews were mixed , but the ending left the series open to another sequel , and Conquest was successful enough at the box office that Fox commissioned another film . Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) ( edit ) Main article : Battle for the Planet of the Apes Fox approved Battle for the Planet of the Apes with a $1.2 million budget , the lowest of the series . The filmmakers went into the project knowing it would be the last of the series . J. Lee Thompson returned as director . Series writer Paul Dehn submitted a treatment , but illness forced him to leave the film before completing the script . The producers subsequently hired John William Corrington and Joyce Hooper Corrington to write the screenplay . Battle continued Conquest 's focus on racial conflict and domination , but , likely based in part on the studio 's wishes , the Corringtons discarded Dehn 's pessimistic treatment in favor of a story with a more hopeful , though ambiguous , resolution . Battle follows Caesar as he leads the apes and their human subjects after a devastating war that destroyed much of the planet . He contends with both an attack by radiation - scarred human mutants and a coup attempt as he attempts to build a better society for both apes and humans . McDowall returned as Caesar , and Severn Darden returned as Kolp . Paul Williams played the orangutan Virgil , Austin Stoker played MacDonald ( the brother of Hari Rhodes ' character ) , and Claude Akins played the evil gorilla general Aldo . John Huston played the orangutan Lawgiver in a frame narrative . The film opened on May 2 , 1973 . It made a profit over production costs , but received poor reviews from critics , who regard it as the weakest of the five films . Critics have offered various interpretations of the film 's message and its significance for the series . Particular attention has been paid to the ambiguous imagery in the ending : set 700 years after the main events , the last scene depicts a statue of Caesar shedding a single tear as the Lawgiver recounts Caesar 's story to an integrated audience of ape and human children . By one interpretation , the statue cries tears of joy because the species have broken the cycle of oppression , giving the series an optimistic finale . By another , the statue weeps because racial strife still exists , implying the dystopian future of Planet and Beneath is unavoidable . Television series ( edit ) Planet of the Apes TV series ( edit ) Main article : Planet of the Apes ( TV series ) The lead cast of the Planet of the Apes television series : James Naughton as Burke , Ron Harper as Virdon , and Roddy McDowall as Galen As well as their profitable returns at the box office , the films earned very high ratings on television after their theatrical runs . To capitalize on this success , Arthur P. Jacobs conceived of an hour - long live action television series to follow the films . He first had the idea in 1971 during the production of Conquest , which he then anticipated would be the final film , but he shelved the project once Fox ordered a fifth installment . Jacobs died on June 27 , 1973 , bringing an end to the APJAC Productions era of the Planet of the Apes franchise . Former Fox executive Stan Hough took over as producer for the television project , titled Planet of the Apes . CBS picked up the series for its 1974 autumn lineup . Ron Harper and James Naughton played Alan Virdon and Peter Burke , two 20th - century American astronauts who pass through a time warp to a future where apes subjugate humans ( unlike the original film , the humans can speak ) . Roddy McDowall returned to the franchise as Galen , a chimpanzee who joins the astronauts . Booth Coleman played orangutan Councillor Zaius and Mark Lenard played gorilla General Urko . The episodes portray Virdon , Burke , and Galen as they search for a way home , aid downtrodden humans and apes , and avoid the authorities . The show premiered on September 13 , 1974 , filling CBS 's 8 -- 9 p.m. time slot on Fridays . It earned low ratings during its run , a fact the production team attributed to repetitive storytelling and too little screen time for the apes who made the franchise famous . Given the considerable production costs , CBS cancelled the show after 14 episodes , the last airing on December 20 , 1974 . In 1981 , Fox reedited ten of the episodes into five television films . Each film combined two episodes and ( in some markets ) added new introductory and concluding segments starring McDowall as an aged Galen . The films were given what scholar Eric Greene calls `` the most outlandish titles of the Apes corpus '' : Back to the Planet of the Apes ; Forgotten City of the Planet of the Apes ; Treachery and Greed on the Planet of the Apes ; Life , Liberty and Pursuit on the Planet of the Apes ; and Farewell to the Planet of the Apes . Greene finds the show 's position in the Apes timeline significant : set in 3085 , it occurs about 900 years before Taylor 's crash in the original film , and 400 years after the Lawgiver 's sermon in Battle . By depicting a future where apes dominate humans , it implies the Lawgiver 's message of equality between man and ape has failed , giving weight to the more pessimistic interpretation of Battle 's ending . Greene argues that the show emphasized the theme of racial conflict less than the films had , though the episodes `` The Trap '' and `` The Liberator '' made it a central focus . Animated series ( edit ) Main article : Return to the Planet of the Apes In 1975 , after the failure of the live - action series , NBC and 20th Century Fox agreed to adapt Planet of the Apes for an animated series . The network contracted DePatie - Freleng Enterprises to produce a half - hour Saturday - morning cartoon titled Return to the Planet of the Apes . Doug Wildey , co-creator of Jonny Quest , took on most creative control as associate producer , storyboard director , and supervising director . Wildey had only watched the original film and Beneath , and thus based his interpretation on them . As such , the show relied less on the themes and plot developments from Escape , Conquest , and Battle and instead returned to the Vietnam War and Cold War themes prominent in the first two films . The plot concerns three American astronauts , Bill Hudson ( Tom Williams ) , Jeff Allen ( Austin Stoker , who played MacDonald in Battle ) , and Judy Franklin ( Claudette Nevins ) , who inadvertently journey to Earth 's far future . They find the world populated by three groups : mute humans who inhabit desert caves , subterranean human `` Underdwellers '' fashioned after the mutants of Beneath , and civilized apes who subjugate the humans . Through the show , the astronauts become increasingly involved in the planet 's affairs and in defending the humans against an ape invasion . The cast featured characters based on those from the previous films and TV series , including Nova ( Nevins again ) , General Urko ( Henry Cordin ) , Zira ( Philippa Harris ) , Cornelius ( Edwin Mills ) , and Dr. Zaius ( Richard Blackburn ) . NBC broadcast thirteen episodes between September 6 and November 21 , 1975 . The show did not achieve particularly strong ratings . The network considered producing a second , three - episode season to complete the story , but this never materialized . Remake film ( edit ) Planned relaunch and development hell ( edit ) Fox initiated plans to relaunch the Planet of the Apes series in the 1980s , but the project fell into a drawn - out and fruitless development phase -- `` development hell '' -- for over ten years , one of the most protracted development periods in film history . It began in 1988 , when Fox announced that Adam Rifkin , then a 21 - year - old independent film director , would develop a new Apes movie . At a Fox executive 's invitation , Rifkin pitched a concept for Return to the Planet of the Apes , an alternative sequel to Planet that ignored the other four films . In Rifkin 's initial concept , Taylor 's descendant Duke launches a Spartacus - like uprising against Roman - inspired ape oppressors led by General Izan . Days before the project was scheduled to enter pre-production , Fox brought in new studio executives who sent it back to development . They commissioned Rifkin to write several redrafts , but found them unsatisfactory and ultimately scrapped the project . After several years in limbo , Fox returned to the Apes concept , this time with Oliver Stone as a producer . Stone brought in Terry Hayes as screenwriter , and they developed a script titled Return of the Apes . In their script , humanity is threatened by an ailment encoded in their DNA , so two scientists go back in time thousands of years to stop it at its origin . They discover the disease was engineered by advanced apes to ensure humanity 's eventual destruction . Arnold Schwarzenegger committed to star as scientist Will Robinson , and Philip Noyce agreed to direct . The draft impressed Fox president Peter Chernin , but other executives were ambivalent about the action script , believing it should be lighter . At one point , executive Dylan Sellers insisted the script include a comic scene involving apes playing baseball as his `` stamp '' on the film , and fired Hayes when he left it out . This move caused Noyce to quit as well , and subsequently almost everyone involved in the project left for one reason or another . After the collapse of the Stone - Hayes project , Fox brought on Chris Columbus to develop a new Apes concept . Columbus hired Sam Hamm to write a screenplay taking elements from Boulle 's novel and various unused treatments . In Hamm 's script , an ape astronaut from a distant planet unleashes a devastating virus on Earth . Scientists go to the astronaut 's planet , where apes hunt humans ; they locate a cure , but return to find Earth overrun by simians . Schwarzenegger remained attached , but Fox found the script underwhelming . Columbus left the project in 1995 after his mother 's death , and James Cameron stepped in to produce . Cameron intended to go in a `` very different direction '' with the script , but following the critical and financial success of his film Titanic , he dropped out of the project . Fox approached a series of directors to take over , without success . Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) ( edit ) Main article : Planet of the Apes ( 2001 film ) Tim Burton , director of the 2001 Planet of the Apes In 1999 , Fox hired William Broyles , Jr. to write a new script . Fox insisted on a July 2001 release date , but otherwise offered Broyles considerable creative license . This prospect attracted director Tim Burton , who hoped to do a `` re-imagining '' of Planet of the Apes . Burton found the production arduous , largely due to Fox 's strict release schedule . The studio budgeted the film at $100 million , meaning Broyles ' ambitious script had to be altered to reduce costs ; Lawrence Konner and Mark Rosenthal worked on rewrites even as the film entered production . The tight schedule meant all stages of production were rushed . The film stars Mark Wahlberg as astronaut Leo Davidson , who accidentally travels through a wormhole to a distant planet where talking apes enslave humans . He leads a human revolt and upends ape civilization by discovering that the apes evolved from the normal earth primates who had accompanied his mission , and arrived years before . Helena Bonham Carter played chimpanzee Ari , while Tim Roth played the human - hating chimpanzee General Thade . The film received mixed reviews ; most critics believed it failed to compare to the original . Much of the negative commentary focused on the confusing plot and twist ending , though many reviewers praised the special effects . The film succeeded at the box office , taking in $362 million worldwide . Fox had initially hoped for a sequel , but the difficult production left Burton unenthusiastic about participating , and the film failed to generate enough interest for the studio to pursue a follow - up . Reboot film series ( edit ) Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : Rise of the Planet of the Apes Andy Serkis portrayed Caesar via performance capture acting In 2005 , screenwriters Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver developed a concept for a new Planet of the Apes film , eventually titled Rise of the Planet of the Apes . Inspired by news articles on apes raised as humans and advances in genetics , Jaffa conceived an idea for a film about a genetically enhanced chimp raised in a human household . He and Silver pitched the concept to Fox as a way to reboot the Apes franchise by reinventing the story of the chimpanzee Caesar , the lead character of Conquest . Fox was impressed and bought the pitch , but development struggled for five years as the production cycled through scripts , writers , directors , and producers . In 2010 , producers Peter Chernin and Dylan Clark of Chernin Entertainment stepped in to move the film forward , retaining Jaffa and Silver as writers . In the final script , Caesar receives enhanced cognition from a viral drug created by Will Rodman , who raises him . After being imprisoned in a primate sanctuary , Caesar uses his ingenuity to launch an uprising . The screenplay contains complex connections to other entries in the series , causing some confusion as to its exact relation to them . Oliver Lindler writes that while the film 's premise might identify it as a remake of Conquest , official dispatches and professional reviewers typically avoided the term , instead calling the film a prequel or `` origin story '' to the original Planet of the Apes film , and / or a reboot of the series ; fans and bloggers were more apt to refer to it as a `` remake '' . The completed script attracted director Rupert Wyatt . To portray ape characters realistically , the production avoided practical effects in favor of performance capture acting , partnering with New Zealand visual effects company Weta Digital . Wyatt cast James Franco as Will Rodman , while veteran performance capture actor Andy Serkis signed on to star as Caesar . Rise debuted on August 5 , 2011 . Critics reviewed it positively , especially praising the visual effects and Serkis 's performance . It was a major box office hit , taking in $482 million globally , more than five times its $93 million budget . Weta 's special effects earned the film two Visual Effects Society Awards and an Oscar nomination at the 84th Academy Awards , among other accolades . The strength of Serkis 's performance also inspired Fox to promote him for Oscar consideration ; he was not nominated by Academy voters . Following the movie 's success , Fox immediately planned for a sequel . Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : Dawn of the Planet of the Apes Director and cast of Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( from left ) : Matt Reeves and stars Jason Clarke , Keri Russell , and Andy Serkis Producers Peter Chernin and Dylan Clark started planning the film eventually titled Dawn of the Planet of the Apes just after Rise 's release in 2011 . Fox allocated a budget of $170 million . Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver returned to pen the script and produce , and the studio quickly signed Andy Serkis to reprise his role as Caesar . Director Rupert Wyatt withdrew from the project due to production and scheduling issues , and was replaced by Matt Reeves . Set ten years after Rise , the film establishes that the `` simian flu '' that increased the intelligence of the apes has killed most humans . Caesar struggles to maintain peace as his ape community is drawn into violent clashes with nearby human survivors . Weta Digital again provided special effects work , which combined practical sets , digitally manipulated backgrounds , and performance capture ape characters . The lead human characters were played by Jason Clarke , as Malcolm ; Keri Russell , as Ellie ; and Gary Oldman , as Dreyfus . Released on July 11 , 2014 , the film was very well received by critics , who found it a strong follow - up to Rise and lauded the combination of an engaging script with impressive special effects . It also performed very strongly at the box office , taking in $707 million in worldwide grosses . Its special effects received several honors , including three Visual Effects Society Awards and an Oscar nomination at the 87th Academy Awards . War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : War for the Planet of the Apes Fox was confident enough in Dawn of the Planet of the Apes that the studio started planning for the next installment months before the film debuted . After Fox and Chernin Entertainment screened Matt Reeves ' cut of Dawn , he was contracted to return as director ; he also wrote the script with Mark Bomback . Peter Chernin , Dylan Clark , Rick Jaffa , and Amanda Silver again served as producers . Given a $150 million budget , War for the Planet of the Apes was released on July 14 , 2017 . The film depicts the apes and humans in armed conflict , and follows Caesar and his followers as they track down the mysterious Colonel , a human paramilitary leader , and search for a new home . Serkis returned as Caesar , Woody Harrelson played the villainous Colonel , and Steve Zahn played Bad Ape . It earned widespread critical acclaim ; reviewers praised the effects and narrative , and found the film a fitting conclusion to Caesar 's story . It earned $491 million around the globe . In October 2016 , it was reported that a fourth movie in the new series was being discussed . Other media and merchandise ( edit ) Books ( edit ) Pierre Boulle 's novel La Planète des singes was translated and reprinted several times after its original publication in 1963 . All of the original sequels spawned novelizations by established science fiction writers of the day , each of which went through multiple reprintings of their own . Michael Avallone wrote the novelization for Beneath the Planet of the Apes in 1970 . Jerry Pournelle , who later co-authored Lucifer 's Hammer and The Mote in God 's Eye , wrote the Escape from the Planet of the Apes novelization . John Jakes , former Science Fiction Writers of America president , wrote Conquest of the Planet of the Apes . David Gerrold , scriptwriter for the Star Trek episode `` The Trouble with Tribbles '' , novelized Battle for the Planet of the Apes . Novelizations of the live action and animated television series were also produced . William T. Quick novelized the 2001 Planet of the Apes ; he also wrote two prequel novels , and several other book tie - ins were published . Comics ( edit ) Main article : Planet of the Apes ( comics ) Planet of the Apes -- based comics have been published regularly since 1968 . Among the most notable is Marvel Comics ' Planet of the Apes magazine , published from 1974 to 1977 . The black - and - white series featured adaptations of each of the films , new Apes stories by Doug Moench , series news , essays , interviews , and other material . It became one of Marvel 's most successful titles , attracting 300 to 400 fan letters with every issue , so many that the studio had to suspend its practice of writing personal responses . Marvel also published the monthly title Adventures on the Planet of the Apes from 1975 to 1976 , comprising color reprints of the Planet and Beneath adaptations . In 1990 , during a resurgence of interest in the franchise , Malibu Comics launched a new monthly black - and - white Planet of the Apes comic through its Adventure Comics studio . The debut issue sold 40,000 , a record for black - and - white comics , leading to a successful run of 24 issues over two years . The series follows Caesar 's grandson and heir Alexander as he struggles to govern ape civilization . The comic 's success led Malibu to publish five four - issue spin - off miniseries : Ape City , Planet of the Apes : Urchak 's Folly , the Alien Nation crossover Ape Nation , Planet of the Apes : Blood of the Apes , and Planet of the Apes : The Forbidden Zone . Malibu also published two one - shot comics , A Day on the Planet of the Apes and Planet of the Apes : Sins of the Fathers , a prequel story to the original film ; a trade paperback collecting the first four issues of the main series , titled Monkey Planet ; and reissues of stories from Marvel 's earlier Apes series . Gold Key Comics , Dark Horse Comics , and Boom ! Studios have also produced Planet of the Apes comic books . The Boom ! releases include crossovers with other properties : 2014 's Star Trek / Planet of the Apes : The Primate Directive and 2017 's King Kong story Kong on the Planet of the Apes . Toys and merchandise ( edit ) The series , and particularly the live - action Apes television show and the Return to the Planet of the Apes cartoon , generated numerous toy and merchandising tie - ins . During the 1970s , Fox licensed around 60 companies to produce about 300 different Apes products , including action figures and playsets , model building kits , coloring books , book - and - record sets , trading cards , toy weapons , costumes , apparel , branded tableware , and lunch boxes . This level of merchandising was unusual for the time , and the success of Apes merchandise may have inspired the campaigns that later became commonplace for films and television series . The action figures , sold by Mego beginning in 1973 , were the first such toys sold as film tie - ins ; they proved popular and inspired the rise of action figure series based on popular culture franchises . Eric Greene writes that Apes toys were popular enough to lead some contemporary children to engage in apes - vs. - humans role - playing make believe games that simulated the series ' conflicts in a manner similar to `` Cowboys and Indians '' . With the release of the 21st - century films , Fox licensed several companies to manufacture new Apes toys , including detailed action figures of new and `` classic '' characters sold as collectibles . Theme park ride ( edit ) A Planet of the Apes ride is planned for the 20th Century Fox World theme parks under construction in Dubai and Malaysia . Video games ( edit ) In 1983 , 20th Century Fox Videogames developed a Planet of the Apes game for the Atari 2600 , which was to be the first computer game based on the series . The game was still in the prototype phase when Fox shuttered its game division during the video game crash of 1983 , and never saw release . It was assumed lost until 2002 , when collectors identified a prototype , found earlier in a case labeled Alligator People , as the missing Apes game . Independent designers Retrodesign completed and released the game as Revenge of the Apes in 2003 . In the game , the player controls Taylor as he fights apes across several levels inspired by the film to reach the Statue of Liberty . A video game based on the series did not appear until 2001 . Fox Interactive began developing a Planet of the Apes game in 1998 for PC and PlayStation as a tie - in to the long - gestating remake project . Fox and developer Visiware proceeded with the game when the project went into limbo , creating their own story based on Boulle 's novel and the original films . The game is an action - adventure in which players control astronaut Ulysses as he explores an ape - ruled future Earth . Fox Interactive 's decision to co-publish with another company , Ubisoft , further delayed the game 's release . Despite its long development , the game missed the debut of Tim Burton 's Planet of the Apes film by two months ; it finally appeared on September 20 , 2001 , to mostly negative reviews . Additionally , Ubisoft produced a substantially different Planet of the Apes game for Game Boy Advance and Game Boy Color , a side - scroller following the first two films . In 2014 , Fox partnered with Ndemic Creations on a substantial Dawn of the Planet of the Apes -- themed update to the mobile game Plague Inc . Players create and spread a `` simian flu '' virus to eradicate humans while helping apes survive . In 2017 , Fox commissioned an adventure game to accompany War for the Planet of the Apes called Planet of the Apes : Last Frontier . Andy Serkis 's digital effects company The Imaginarium worked on the game , and Serkis performed motion capture . It was released on PlayStation 4 on November 21 , 2017 , to mixed reviews . Themes ( edit ) Race ( edit ) Critics consider race to be the Planet of the Apes series ' primary theme . Eric Greene , author of a book on the role of race in the original films and spinoff material , writes that `` when seen as one epic work , the Apes saga emerges as a liberal allegory of racial conflict . '' In Greene 's interpretation , the central dynamic of the franchise 's plot arc , rooted in the conflict between humans and apes , is their alternating subjugation of one another in a destructive cycle . Difference between human and ape manifests primarily in physical appearance , and dominance derives from social power rather than innate superiority . Each film shifts the power balance so that the audience identifies sometimes with the humans , and other times with the apes . According to Greene , this arc 's central message is that unresolved racial discord inevitably leads to cataclysm . Other critics have adopted or echoed Greene 's interpretation . Producers Abrahams and Jacobs did not consciously intend the first film 's racial undertones , and did not appreciate them until Sammy Davis Jr. pointed them out in 1968 . Subsequently , the filmmakers incorporated the theme more overtly in later installments ; as a result , race moves from being a secondary motif in the first two films , to becoming the major concern of the last three . Several critics have written that the reboot films downplay this theme from the original series , removing the racial subtext of conflict between humans and apes . These critics generally argue that this is to the films ' detriment , writing that it softens the series ' edge , leaves it thematically shallow , and marginalizes non-white characters ; several critics have written that the films appear to invoke a `` post-racial America '' rather than exploring issues of race . Others write that the films incorporate racial themes in subtler ways , but that their presentation oversimplifies a complex message to the point of reinforcing racial norms rather than challenging them . Cold War and nuclear apocalypse ( edit ) The Cold War and the threat of nuclear holocaust are major themes introduced in Rod Serling 's original Planet of the Apes script . The films are apocalyptic and dystopian , suggesting the era 's tensions could well lead to world destruction . The films critique both sides of the war , with the oppressive ape society and the underground mutant city featuring traits of both Western culture and the Soviet bloc . According to Greene , Cold War motifs were central to the first two films and some spinoff media , but were less significant in the later sequels , which foregrounded racial conflict instead . Animal rights ( edit ) Questions of animal rights also figure heavily in the series ; Greene considers this related to the racial themes . The first film portrays Taylor treated cruelly by apes who consider him an animal ; in later films humans abuse apes for the same reason . The idea of primate rights is much more dominant in the reboot films , which directly invoke the question of great ape personhood in portraying Caesar and his friends struggling for their rights in a society that does not consider them legal persons . Cultural impact and legacy ( edit ) Fans in costume as Dr. Zaius and Dr. Zira at a science fiction convention Planet of the Apes received popular and critical attention well after production ended on the original films and television series . Fans ' interest in the franchise continued through publications like Marvel Comics ' Planet of the Apes magazine and science fiction conventions , where the series was sufficiently popular to inspire `` apecons '' -- conventions devoted entirely to films involving apes -- in the 1970s . The series ' distinctive ape costumes were employed in live appearances , including by musician Paul Williams ( Virgil from Battle ) on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson and by Mike Douglas on The Mike Douglas Show . In the 1970s , fans Bill Blake and Paula Crist created Cornelius and Zira costumes ; their routine was convincing enough that Fox licensed them to portray the characters at events . The films earned strong ratings when they aired on television after their releases , and various stations rebroadcast them together in marathons in later years . The live - action television series was reformatted into five TV movies for further broadcast in 1981 , and the Sci - Fi Channel ran both it and the cartoon in the 1990s . Planet of the Apes had a wide impact on subsequent popular media . In terms of production , the series ' success with sequelization , spinoffs , and merchandising established a new model of media franchising in Hollywood filmmaking , in which studios develop films specifically to generate multimedia franchises . In terms of content , the series influenced various films and television productions during the 1970s and 1980s that used science fiction settings and characters to explore race relations , including Alien Nation , Enemy Mine , and V. More direct influence can be seen in DC Comics ' 1972 -- 1978 series Kamandi : The Last Boy on Earth and the Japanese franchise Time of the Apes , which concern human protagonists in post-apocalyptic worlds ruled by talking animals . Mel Brooks ' 1987 science fiction spoof Spaceballs lampooned the original Planet 's Statue of Liberty ending . Interest in the series resurged in the 1990s , as plans for a new film and other media circulated . Greene attributes this renewed interest to a combination of `` pop culture nostalgia and baby boomer economics '' , as well as a `` political ferment '' rising at the time that hearkened back to the period when the films were first released . Inspired particularly by the publication of the Malibu Comics series , during this period fans founded new clubs , websites , and fanzines active in the U.S. , Canada , Brazil , and other countries . Companies began producing new branded merchandise , including clothing , toys , and costumes . Especially after the 1990s , artists in diverse media referenced , incorporated , or were otherwise influenced by the series . Planet of the Apes turned up in songs by various musicians , allusions in films , comedy bits by Dennis Miller and Paul Mooney , and an episode of Saturday Night Live hosted by Charlton Heston . The Simpsons parodied the series several times . In particular , the episode `` A Fish Called Selma '' features the washed - up actor Troy McClure starring in a Broadway musical adaptation called Stop the Planet of the Apes , I Want to Get Off ! Artist Martha Rosler incorporated footage of Cornelius and Zira 's interrogation from Escape in her installation `` Global Taste : A Meal in Three Courses '' , while Guillermo Gómez - Peña and Coco Fusco employed video from Planet in a 1993 performance art piece at the Whitney Museum of American Art . The series ' impact has extended to the political sphere , and groups of various leanings have employed its themes and imagery in their discourse . The phrase `` planet of the apes '' has been used for an overturning of the political or racial status quo . Eric Greene writes that it is especially popular among racial nationalists and reactionaries of different stripes . According to Greene , white supremacists liken minority advancement to the films ' world in which supposed `` inferiors '' seize control , while black nationalists subvert the reference to celebrate the `` racial apocalypse '' ; in this spirit , gangsta rap group Da Lench Mob titled their 1994 album Planet of da Apes . Greene writes that these uses invert the anti-racist message of the films . Planet 's final image of the ruined Statue of Liberty has become a common political reference ; for example , Greenpeace used it in an advertising campaign against nuclear testing . The series ' themes and imagery have been invoked in political discussions on topics as varied as Sixties culture , urban decay , contemporary wars , and gun violence . List of media ( edit ) Feature films ( edit ) Number Title Release date Director Continuity Planet of the Apes 000000001968 - 04 - 03 - 0000 April 3 , 1968 Franklin J. Schaffner Original series Beneath the Planet of the Apes 000000001970 - 05 - 27 - 0000 May 27 , 1970 Ted Post Escape from the Planet of the Apes 000000001971 - 05 - 21 - 0000 May 21 , 1971 Don Taylor Conquest of the Planet of the Apes 000000001972 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 1972 J. Lee Thompson 5 Battle for the Planet of the Apes 000000001973 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 1973 6 Planet of the Apes 000000002001 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 2001 Tim Burton Remake 7 Rise of the Planet of the Apes 000000002011 - 08 - 05 - 0000 August 5 , 2011 Rupert Wyatt Reboot series 8 Dawn of the Planet of the Apes 000000002014 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 2014 Matt Reeves 9 War for the Planet of the Apes 000000002017 - 07 - 14 - 0000 July 14 , 2017 Reception ( edit ) For more details on the reception of each film , see the `` Reception '' section in each film 's article Box Office performance ( edit ) Film Release date Box office gross Box office ranking Budget Ref ( s ) North America Other territories Worldwide All time North America All time worldwide Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) February 8 , 1968 $32,589,624 $160,000,000 # 2,328 $5.8 million Beneath the Planet of the Apes May 27 , 1970 $18,999,718 # 3,301 $3.4 million Escape from the Planet of the Apes May 21 , 1971 $12,348,905 # 4,089 $2.5 million Conquest of the Planet of the Apes June 14 , 1972 $9,043,472 # 4,555 $1.7 million Battle for the Planet of the Apes May 23 , 1973 $8,844,595 # 4,581 $1.2 million Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) July 27 , 2001 $180,011,740 $182,200,000 $362,211,740 # 215 # 282 $100 million Rise of the Planet of the Apes August 5 , 2011 $176,760,185 $305,040,864 $481,801,049 # 235 # 184 $93 million Dawn of the Planet of the Apes July 11 , 2014 $208,545,589 $502,098,977 $710,644,566 # 167 # 90 $170 million War for the Planet of the Apes July 14 , 2017 $146,880,162 $343,782,503 $490,662,665 # 343 # 185 $150 million Total $794,023,990 $1,333,122,344 $2,353,068,191 $567.5 million List indicator ( s ) A dark grey cell indicates the information is not available for the film . Critical and Public response ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) 90 % ( 49 reviews ) 79 ( 14 reviews ) Beneath the Planet of the Apes 41 % ( 22 reviews ) 46 ( 9 reviews ) Escape from the Planet of the Apes 78 % ( 23 reviews ) 69 ( 9 reviews ) Conquest of the Planet of the Apes 44 % ( 18 reviews ) 49 ( 6 reviews ) Battle for the Planet of the Apes 38 % ( 24 reviews ) 40 ( 5 reviews ) Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) 45 % ( 156 reviews ) 50 ( 34 reviews ) B - Rise of the Planet of the Apes 81 % ( 257 reviews ) 68 ( 39 reviews ) A - Dawn of the Planet of the Apes 90 % ( 286 reviews ) 79 ( 48 reviews ) A - War for the Planet of the Apes 93 % ( 282 reviews ) 82 ( 50 reviews ) A - List indicator ( s ) A dark grey cell indicates the information is not available for the film . Characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Planet of the Apes characters The following table shows the cast members who played the primary characters in the nine films to date . Character Original series Remake Reboot series Planet of the Apes Beneath the Planet of the Apes Escape from the Planet of the Apes Conquest of the Planet of the Apes Battle for the Planet of the Apes Planet of the Apes Rise of the Planet of the Apes Dawn of the Planet of the Apes War for the Planet of the Apes 1968 1970 1971 1972 1973 2001 2011 2014 2017 Humans ( edit ) George Taylor Charlton Heston Charlton Heston ( archival footage ) Nova Linda Harrison Amiah Miller Brent James Franciscus Mendez Paul Richards Albina Natalie Trundy Skipper Tod Andrews Dr. Lewis Dixon Bradford Dillman Dr. Stephanie `` Stevie '' Branton Natalie Trundy Dr. Otto Hasslein Eric Braeden Armando Ricardo Montalbán Governor Breck Don Murray MacDonald Hari Rhodes Kolp Severn Darden MacDonald Austin Stoker Mendez Paul Stevens Jake Michael Stearns Leo Davidson Mark Wahlberg Daena Estella Warren Birn Luke Eberl Will Rodman James Franco James Franco ( archival footage ) Caroline Aranha Freida Pinto John Landon Brian Cox Steven Jacobs David Oyelowo Charles Rodman John Lithgow Dodge Landon Tom Felton Dreyfus Gary Oldman Malcolm Jason Clarke Ellie Keri Russell Alexander Kodi Smit - McPhee Carver Kirk Acevedo Werner Jocko Sims McVeigh Kevin Rankin Finney Keir O'Donnell The Colonel Woody Harrelson Preacher Gabriel Chavarria Apes ( edit ) Cornelius Roddy McDowall David Watson Roddy McDowall Roddy McDowall ( archival footage ) Infant Devyn Dalton Dr. Zira Kim Hunter Kim Hunter ( archival footage ) Dr. Zaius Maurice Evans Charlton Heston General Ursus James Gregory Caesar Walker Edmiston ( voice ) Roddy McDowall Andy Serkis Lisa Natalie Trundy General Aldo David Chow Claude Akins Virgil Paul Williams Nova Lisa Marie Ari Helena Bonham Carter General Thade Tim Roth Rocket Terry Notary Maurice Karin Konoval Cornelia Devyn Dalton Judy Greer Koba Christopher Gordon Toby Kebbell Toby Kebbell ( hallucination ) Blue Eyes Nick Thurston Max Lloyd - Jones Ash Larramie `` Doc '' Shaw Grey Lee Ross Bad Ape Steve Zahn Red Donkey Ty Olsson Lake Sara Canning Luca Michael Adamthwaite Winter Aleks Paunovic Note : A grey cell indicates the character does not appear in that film . Crew and other ( edit ) Crew / detail Film Planet of the Apes Beneath the Planet of the Apes Escape from the Planet of the Apes Conquest of the Planet of the Apes Battle for the Planet of the Apes Planet of the Apes Rise of the Planet of the Apes Dawn of the Planet of the Apes War for the Planet of the Apes 1968 1970 1971 1972 1973 2001 2011 2014 2017 Director Franklin J. Schaffner Ted Post Don Taylor J. Lee Thompson Tim Burton Rupert Wyatt Matt Reeves Producer ( s ) Arthur P. Jacobs Richard D. Zanuck Peter Chernin , Dylan Clark , Rick Jaffa , Amanda Silver Composer Jerry Goldsmith Leonard Rosenman Jerry Goldsmith Tom Scott Leonard Rosenman Danny Elfman Patrick Doyle Michael Giacchino Writer ( s ) Michael Wilson , Rod Serling Paul Dehn John William Corrington , Joyce Hooper Corrington William Broyles , Jr. , Lawrence Konner , Mark Rosenthal Rick Jaffa , Amanda Silver Mark Bomback , Rick Jaffa , Amanda Silver Mark Bomback , Matt Reeves Distributor 20th Century Fox Running time 112 mins . 95 mins . 98 mins . 87 mins . 96 mins . 120 mins . 105 mins . 130 mins . 142 mins . Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 4 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Becker 1993 , pp. 122 -- 124 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 2 , 9 -- 10 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 2 -- 3 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 25 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 28 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 33 . ^ Jump up to : Webb 1998 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 27 -- 28 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 29 , 42 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 52 , 53 and note . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 2 -- 3 , 57 and note . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 138 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 2 -- 3 , 57 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 57 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 60 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 108 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 105 -- 106 , 117 -- 119 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 117 -- 118 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 108 -- 109 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 109 -- 110 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 61 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 109 , 143 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 71 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 145 -- 147 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 153 , 187 , 212 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 217 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 71 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 170 , 178 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 170 , 178 -- 179 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 81 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 81 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 186 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 217 -- 218 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 200 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 203 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 114 -- 115 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 208 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 115 -- 116 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 109 , 217 -- 220 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 143 -- 144 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 232 -- 235 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 235 -- 237 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 152 , 158 , 218 -- 221 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , p. 150 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 168 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 159 , 221 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 159 -- 164 , 221 -- 222 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 221 -- 222 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 239 . Jump up ^ Hughes 2004 , pp. 34 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 180 -- 181 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes 2004 , pp. 38 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 181 -- 182 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes 2004 , pp. 41 -- 43 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes 2004 , pp. 44 -- 46 . ^ Jump up to : `` Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) '' . www.rottentomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes. 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Planet of the Apes '' . www.metacritic.com . Metacritic. 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Box Office Mojo. 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 188 -- 190 , 192 . Jump up ^ Brodesser - Akner , Claude ( January 22 , 2010 ) . `` Vulture Exclusive : Fox 's Planet of the Apes Reboot of the Reboot Is Back On '' . www.vulture.com . New York Magazine . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 191 -- 192 . Jump up ^ Lindner 2015 , pp. 30 , 31 , 35 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 192 -- 193 . Jump up ^ Faraci , Devin ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` So What The Hell Is RISE OF THE PLANET OF THE APES ? '' . birthmoviesdeath.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 194 -- 199 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , p. 209 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Box Office Mojo. 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 209 -- 214 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 216 , 222 . ^ Jump up to : Lussier , Germain ( October 1 , 2012 ) . `` Matt Reeves Confirmed to Helm ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' '' . www.slashfilm.com . / Film . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dawn of the Planet of the Apes '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Box Office Mojo. 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 222 -- 224 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 227 -- 238 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , p. 225 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) '' . www.rottentomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes. 2014 . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dawn of the Planet of the Apes '' . www.metacritic.com . Metacritic. 2014 . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' Tops Visual Effects Society Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 7 , 2014 ) . `` Matt Reeves Will Return to Direct ' Planet of the Apes 3 ′ '' . Variety . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( January 7 , 2014 ) . `` Matt Reeves To Helm ' Planet Of The Apes 3 ′ '' . Deadline.com . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( May 14 , 2015 ) . `` Exclusive : New PLANET OF THE APES Movie Title Revealed '' . www.collider.com . Collider . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` War for the Planet of the Apes '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Box Office Mojo. 2017 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys . `` Woody Harrelson to Play Villain in New ' Planet of the Apes ' Movie ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` Steve Zahn to Play New Ape in Next ' Planet of the Apes ' Movie '' . www.thewrap.com . TheWrap . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` War of the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) '' . www.rottentomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes. 2017 . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` War for the Planet of the Apes '' . www.metacritic.com . Metacritic. 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Director Matt Reeves `` Absolutely '' Has Ideas About Where the Story Goes Next `` . www.slashfilm.com . / Film . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Owen , Luke ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` Planet of the Apes 4 already being developed '' . www.flickeringmyth.com . Flickering Myth . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 166 and note . Jump up ^ Handley 2008 , pp. 256 , 267 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 164 -- 166 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 171 -- 175 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( July 25 , 2014 ) . `` Star Trek / Planet of the Apes Crossover Announced By Boom Studios '' . www.slashfilm.com . / Film . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2015 . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gross , Ed ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Kong on the Planet of the Apes : Exclusive First Look at the Comic Mini-Series '' . www.empireonline.com . Empire . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 166 -- 168 . Jump up ^ Scott 2010 , pp. 3 , 204 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 178 -- 184 . Jump up ^ Martin , Hugo ( November 3 , 2015 ) . `` 20th Century Fox World set to open in Dubai in 2018 '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` 20th Century Fox Breaks Ground on Theme Park Business with First Resort in Malaysia '' . Variety . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Green , Earl ( 2014 ) . `` Planet of the Apes ( Prototype ) '' . www.allgame.com . AllGame . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Weiss 2012 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Adams , Tom ( February 9 , 2000 ) . `` IGNDC Monkeys Around with Planet of the Apes Producer Cos Lazouras '' . www.ign.com . IGN . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ubi Soft and Fox Interactive kick off a global partnership , bringing Planet of the Apes to video games '' . www.bluesnews.com . September 6 , 2001 . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 16 , 2001 ) . `` Fox 's Ape - athy '' . Variety . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sulic , Ivan ( October 18 , 2001 ) . `` Planet of the Apes ( PC ) '' . www.ign.com . IGN . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes ( PC ) '' . www.gamerankings.com . GameRankings. 2014 . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes ( PlayStation ) '' . www.gamerankings.com . GameRankings. 2014 . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Hilary ( December 14 , 2001 ) . `` Planet of the Apes ( GBA ) '' . www.ign.com . IGN . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Watts , Steve ( July 2 , 2014 ) . `` Dawn of the Planet of the Apes Virus Added to Plague Inc '' . www.ign.com . IGN . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mat Paget . `` War for the Planet of the Apes Video Game Coming to Consoles '' . www.gamespot.com . GameSpot . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dean Takahashi . `` How Andy Serkis ' games studio created Planet of the Apes : Last Frontier '' . www.venturebeat.com . VentureBeat . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes : Last Frontier '' . www.metacritic.com . Metacritic. 2017 . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 9 , 21 , 33 . Jump up ^ Von Busack 2004 , pp. 171 -- 173 . Jump up ^ Davis 2013 , pp. 246 -- 247 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 2 -- 3 , 16 , 19 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Davis 2013 , pp. 245 -- 246 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 19 -- 20 , 71 -- 73 . ^ Jump up to : Gonzalez , Ed ( August 4 , 2011 ) . `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . Slant . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Emerson , Jim ( August 12 , 2011 ) . `` Apes and allegories : What is the meaning of this ? ! '' . rogerebert.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goodkind , Seth ( December 19 , 2011 ) . `` Enlightened Racism in Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . Paracinema . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chidester 2015 , pp. 7 -- 10 . ^ Jump up to : Kirshner 2001 , pp. 43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 8 -- 9 , 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 65 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 72 , 159 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 3 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 27 , 78 -- 79 , 86 . Jump up ^ Hamilton 2016 , pp. 300 -- 301 . Jump up ^ Southard 1982 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 164 , 167 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 152 , 169 . Jump up ^ Von Busack 2004 , p. 165 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 169 -- 170 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 169 , 170 -- 171 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 175 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. xv , 169 . Jump up ^ Kassabian 2013 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 170 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 176 -- 179 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 176 -- 177 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 177 -- 179 . Jump up ^ Cotham , Perry C. ( 1973 ) . Obscenity , pornography & censorship . Baker Book House . p. 129 . ISBN 9780801023453 ... taken in up to $150 million at box offices around the world Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beneath the Planet of the Apes '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Escape from the Planet of the Apes '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Conquest of the Planet of the Apes '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Battle for the Planet of the Apes '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Feature Film Study '' ( PDF ) . www.filmla.com . Film L.A. June 15 , 2016 . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes Moviesat the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . www.rottentomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes '' . www.metacritic.com . Metacritic. 2017 . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beneath the Planet of the Apes -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . www.rottentomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beneath the Planet of the Apes '' . www.metacritic.com . Metacritic. 2017 . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Escape from the Planet of the Apes -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . rottentomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Escape from the Planet of the Apes '' . www.metacritic.com . Metacritic. 2017 . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Conquest of the Planet of the Apes -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . www.rottentomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Conquest of the Planet of the Apes '' . www.metacritic.com . Metacritic. 2017 . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Battle for the Planet of the Apes -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . www.rottentomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Battle for the Planet of the Apes '' . www.metacritic.com . Metacritic. 2017 . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PLANET OF THE APES ( 2001 ) '' . www.cinemascore.com . CinemaScore . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) '' . www.rottentomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes. 2014 . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . www.metacritic.com . Metacritic. 2014 . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RISE OF THE PLANET OF THE APES ( 2011 ) '' . www.cinemascore.com . CinemaScore . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DAWN OF THE PLANET OF THE APES ( 2014 ) '' . www.cinemascore.com . CinemaScore . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WAR FOR THE PLANET OF THE APES ( 2017 ) '' . www.cinemascore.com . CinemaScore . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ War for the Planet of the Apes Will Feature A Character From The Original 1968 Movie References ( edit ) Becker , Lucille Frackman ( 1993 ) . `` Science and Detective Fiction : Complementary Genres on the Margins of French Literature '' . In Henry , Freeman G. French Literature Series : On The Margins of French Literature . XX . Ropodi . pp. 119 -- 126 . ISBN 9051834268 . Chidester , Phil ( January 1 , 2015 ) . `` The Simian That Screamed No ! : Rise of the Planet of the Apes and the Speculative as Public Memory '' . Visual Communication Quarterly . 22 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 14 . Davis , Jason ( 2013 ) . `` Aping Race , Racing Apes '' . In Huss , John . Planet of the Apes and Philosophy : Great Apes Think Alike . Open Court Publishing . ISBN 0812698223 . Fordham , Joe ; Bond , Jeff ( 2014 ) . Planet of the Apes : The Evolution of a Legend . Titan Books . ISBN 1783291982 . Greene , Eric ( 1998 ) . Planet of the Apes as American Myth : Race and Politics in the Films and Television Series . Wesleyan University Press . ISBN 9780819563293 . Hamilton , Sheryl N. ( November 2016 ) . `` ' Human no like smart ape ' : figuring the ape as legal person in Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . Law and Humanities . Routledge. 10 ( 2 ) : 300 -- 321 . Handley , Rich ( 2008 ) . Timeline of the Planet of the Apes : The Definitive Chronology . Hasslein Books . ISBN 061525392X . Hughes , David ( 2004 ) . Tales from Development Hell . London : Titan Books . pp. 34 -- 37 . ISBN 1 - 84023 - 691 - 4 . Kassabian , Anahid ( 2013 ) . Ubiquitous Listening : Affect , Attention , and Distributed Subjectivity . University of California Press . ISBN 0520275152 . Kirshner , Jonathan ( 2001 ) . `` Subverting the Cold War in the 1960s : Dr. Strangelove , The Manchurian Candidate , and The Planet of the Apes '' . Film & History : an Interdisciplinary Journal of Film and Television Studies . 31 ( 2 ) : 40 -- 44 . Lindner , Oliver ( 2015 ) . `` The Remade Prequel : Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) '' . Remakes and Remaking : Concepts -- Media − Practices . Transcript Verlag . pp. 23 -- 39 . ISBN 3839428947 . Russo , Joe ; Landsman , Larry ; Gross , Edward ( 2001 ) . Planet of the Apes Revisited . Thomas Dunne Books . ISBN 0312252390 . Scott , Sharon M. ( 2010 ) . Toys and American Culture : An Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 0313351112 . Southard , Bruce ( March 1 , 1982 ) . `` The Language of Science Fiction Fan Magazines '' . American Speech . Duke University Press . 57 ( 1 ) : 19 -- 31 . ISSN 0003 - 1283 . Von Busack , Richard ( 2004 ) . `` Signifying Monkeys : Politics and Story - Telling in the Planet of the Apes Series '' . In Rickman , Gregg . The Science Fiction Film Reader . Limelight Editions . pp. 165 -- 177 . ISBN 0879109947 . Webb , Gordon C. ( July -- August 1998 ) . `` 30 Years Later : Rod Serling 's Planet of the Apes '' . Creative Screenwriting . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Weiss , Brett ( 2012 ) . Classic Home Video Games , 1972 - 1984 : A Complete Reference Guide . McFarland . ISBN 0786487550 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Planet of the Apes . Watch `` War for the Planet of the Apes '' Movies Online 2017 Dale Winogura ( Summer 1972 ) . `` Special Planet of the Apes Series Issue - Interviews & Set Visit '' ( PDF ) . Cinefantastique . ( hide ) Planet of the Apes Films Original series Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) Remake Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Reboot series Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Television Planet of the Apes ( 1974 ) Return to the Planet of the Apes ( 1975 ) Behind the Planet of the Apes ( 1998 ) Video games Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Revenge of the Apes ( 2003 ) Planet of the Apes : Last Frontier ( 2017 ) Other La Planète des singes Characters Comics Star Trek / Planet of the Apes : The Primate Directive Tarzan on the Planet of the Apes Planet of the Apes / Green Lantern Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Planet_of_the_Apes&oldid=821784452 '' Categories : Media franchises introduced in 1963 Film series introduced in 1968 Film series Novels adapted into comics French novels adapted into films Novels adapted into television programs Novels adapted into video games Evolution in popular culture Planet of the Apes Science fiction by franchise Works about slavery Films adapted into television programs Hidden categories : Featured articles Use mdy dates from October 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia भोजपुरी Čeština Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Italiano ქართული Latviešu 日本 語 Português Română Русский Scots ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 16 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did planet of the apes first come out | [
"Planet of the Apes is an American science fiction media franchise consisting of films, books, television series, comics, and other media about a world in which humans and intelligent apes clash for control. The franchise is based on French author Pierre Boulle's 1963 novel La Planète des singes, translated into English as Planet of the Apes or Monkey Planet. Its 1968 film adaptation, Planet of the Apes, was a critical and commercial hit, initiating a series of sequels, tie-ins, and derivative works. Arthur P. Jacobs produced the first five Apes films through APJAC Productions for distributor 20th Century Fox; since his death in 1973, Fox has controlled the franchise."
] | [
"1968"
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-6301754243430551518 | Fences (film) | Fences ( film ) - wikipedia Fences ( film ) Fences Theatrical release poster Directed by Denzel Washington Produced by Todd Black Scott Rudin Denzel Washington Screenplay by August Wilson Based on Fences by August Wilson Starring Denzel Washington Viola Davis Stephen McKinley Henderson Jovan Adepo Russell Hornsby Mykelti Williamson Saniyya Sidney Music by Marcelo Zarvos Cinematography Charlotte Bruus Christensen Edited by Hughes Winborne Production company Bron Creative Macro Media Scott Rudin Productions Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date December 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 15 ) ( Curran Theatre ) December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) ( United States ) Running time 139 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $24 million Box office $64.4 million Fences is a 2016 American period drama film starring , produced and directed by Denzel Washington and written by August Wilson , based on his Pulitzer Prize - winning play of the same name . In addition to Washington , the film also stars Viola Davis , Stephen McKinley Henderson , Jovan Adepo , Russell Hornsby , Mykelti Williamson and Saniyya Sidney . Principal photography on the film began on April 25 , 2016 , in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , in the Hill District , and wrapped in mid-June 2016 . Fences was released in the United States on December 16 , 2016 , by Paramount Pictures , received positive reviews and grossed $64 million . Both Washington and Davis received critical acclaim for their performances . The film was chosen by the American Film Institute as one of the top ten films of 2016 , and was nominated for numerous awards , including four Oscar nominations at the 89th Academy Awards : Best Picture , Best Actor ( Washington ) , Best Supporting Actress ( Davis ) and Best Adapted Screenplay , with Davis winning for her performance . It also received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actor for Washington and a Best Supporting Actress win for Davis . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1950s Pittsburgh , Troy Maxson lives with his wife Rose and their son Cory , and works as a waste collector alongside his best friend , Jim Bono . Troy 's younger brother , Gabriel , sustained a head injury in World War II that left him mentally impaired , for which he received a $3,000 government payout that Troy used to purchase a home for his family . Gabriel has since moved out , but still lives in the neighborhood , often getting in trouble with the law . Troy left home at 14 after beating up his abusive father , and became a robber to sustain himself . After serving prison time for killing a man during a robbery , he met Bono and revealed himself to be a talented baseball player . He then played in the professional Negro Leagues ; but he never made it to Major League Baseball , which had no black players in the years before 1947 . Troy claims to have survived a near - fatal bout of pneumonia in his youth by defeating the Grim Reaper in a fistfight , upon which the Reaper vowed to return for a rematch . Troy 's son from a previous relationship , Lyons , visits him every payday to borrow money ; this upsets Troy , who believes a man has a responsibility to find his own way and provide for his family . Rose later tells Troy that Cory is being scouted by a college football team , but Troy is dismissive of Cory 's chances of reaching the NFL and refuses to sign the permission slip ; he does not want Cory to fail as he did . Rose asks Troy to build a fence around their house , and Troy demands that Cory help him as punishment for not doing his chores . On learning that Cory is not working at his part - time job at the A&P , Troy demands that he return to the job , despite Cory 's attempts to convince him that the job is being held for him until football season is over . Troy is promoted to driving the garbage truck , becoming the first African - American to do so in Pittsburgh . Bono finds out that Troy is cheating on Rose with Alberta , a woman he met at a bar , and tells him to break it off . Troy later finds out that Cory did not return to his job , and forces Cory 's coach to kick him off the team . Troy also refuses to meet with the college scout . Cory lashes out and throws his helmet at Troy , who warns his son not to disrespect him again . When called to bail Gabriel out of jail for disturbing the peace , Troy ( who is illiterate ) signs papers rerouting half of Gabriel 's pension to a psychiatric hospital , forcing Gabriel to be institutionalized . Troy is forced to reveal his affair to Rose when Alberta becomes pregnant , leading to an argument in which Troy aggressively grabs Rose . Cory intervenes and knocks Troy into the fence . Months later , Alberta dies in childbirth . Troy angrily challenges the Reaper to another fight . Troy brings his baby daughter Raynell home , and Rose agrees to raise her as her own , but refuses to accept Troy back into her life . Cory is considering enlisting in the United States Marine Corps , having missed his opportunity to attend college . One day , when he returns home , an intoxicated Troy blocks his path and instigates a fight in which Cory swings at Troy with a baseball bat . Troy grabs the bat from Cory and drives him out of the house . Disoriented , Troy once again challenges the Reaper to come for him . Six years later , Troy has died of a heart attack , and Cory , now a USMC corporal , returns home , but informs Rose he will not attend the funeral . Rose admits to loving Troy despite his many flaws and pleads that Troy is still a part of him , and Cory later reconsiders after interacting with Raynell . Lyons is serving three years in prison for fraud , and gets furlough to attend the funeral . Similarly , Gabriel is released from the hospital to attend and reunites with his family as they all bid farewell to Troy . Gabriel prays for St. Peter to open the gates of heaven for Troy , and the sun glistens over them . Cast ( edit ) Denzel Washington as Troy Maxson Viola Davis as Rose Lee Maxson , Troy 's wife Stephen McKinley Henderson as Jim Bono , Troy 's friend Jovan Adepo as Cory Maxson , son of Rose and Troy Russell Hornsby as Lyons Maxson , Troy 's son from a previous relationship . Mykelti Williamson as Gabriel Maxson , brother of Troy Saniyya Sidney as Raynell Maxson , daughter of Troy and his mistress , Alberta . Production ( edit ) The film was adapted from August Wilson 's play Fences . Production culminated in the 2016 release of the film , over a decade after Wilson 's death . Previous attempts to adapt Fences for the screen had been fruitless , partly due to Wilson 's insistence on an African - American director . In a 2013 interview with Empire , Denzel Washington expressed his intention to star in and direct an adaptation of Fences , reprising his role from the 2010 Broadway revival of the play , which like the film , was produced by Scott Rudin . On January 28 , 2016 , it was reported that Rudin , Washington and Todd Black would produce a film adaptation of the play , directed by Washington and starring Washington and Viola Davis , reprising their roles from the 2010 revival that earned both actors Tony Awards . Playwright and screenwriter Tony Kushner came aboard to build on a draft written by Wilson before his death in 2005 . However , Wilson is the only credited screenwriter for the film , while Kushner received a co-producer credit . Black explained that Washington insisted that they remain faithful to Wilson 's work , saying , `` The star of the movie is the screenplay and August Wilson 's words . What Denzel said to me , to Scott , to all the actors , the cinematographer , and the production designer was , ' Do n't make any decision without August Wilson 's words leading you to make that decision . ' Whatever you do , let the words inform your decision first . That 's what we all had to abide by . '' On April 4 , 2016 , Mykelti Williamson , Jovan Adepo , Russell Hornsby , Stephen McKinley Henderson and Saniyya Sidney joined the cast , with Williamson , Hornsby and Henderson also reprising their roles from the 2010 production . On April 25 , 2016 , it was reported that Fences had begun filming in Pittsburgh . On June 14 , 2016 , principal photography was completed . Post-production was completed in mid-November . Charlotte Bruus Christensen was the director of photography , David Gropman was the production designer , Sharen Davis was the costume designer , Hughes Winborne edited the film , Sean Devereaux was the visual effects supervisor , and Marcelo Zarvos composed the film 's score . Release ( edit ) The film held its world premiere at the Curran Theatre in San Francisco , California on December 15 , 2016 . It began a limited release on December 16 , 2016 , before opening wide in 2,223 theaters on December 25 . Home Media ( edit ) Fences was released on Digital HD on February 24 , 2017 , and on Blu - ray and DVD on March 14 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Fences grossed $57.7 million in the United States and Canada and $6.7 million in other territories for a worldwide gross of $64.4 million , against a production budget of $24 million . Fences opened in two theaters in New York and Los Angeles on December 16 , and was expected to gross $50 -- 75,000 per theater in its limited opening weekend . It ended up making a total of $128,000 , good for a per - theater average of $32,000 . The film went into wide release ( 2,223 theaters ) on Christmas Day and grossed $6.7 million ; over its first two days it made $11.5 million . In its first full weekend the following week , the film made $10 million , finishing 6th at the box office . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 94 % based on 234 reviews , with an average rating of 7.7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` From its reunited Broadway stars to its screenplay , the solidly crafted Fences finds its Pulitzer - winning source material fundamentally unchanged -- and still just as powerful . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 79 out of 100 , based on 48 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale . Ty Burr of the Boston Globe wrote , `` You do n't get groundbreaking cinema from Fences , but what you do get -- two titanic performances and an immeasurable American drama -- makes up for that . '' In a negative review , David Edelstein of New York wrote , `` It 's not cinematic enough to make you forget you 're watching something conceived for another , more spatially constricted medium , but it 's too cinematic to capture the intensity , the concentration , of a great theatrical event . '' Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by Fences ( film ) See also ( edit ) Second weekend in box office performance § Second - weekend increase List of black films of the 2010s References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fences ' Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fences '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Crawley , Dave ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Denzel Washington 's Production Of `` Fences '' Wraps Filming In The Hill District `` . CBS Pittsburgh . CBS Local Media . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . in the playwright 's native Hill District in 1957 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` AFI Awards : Best Of 2016 Film List Includes ' Silence ' , ' Hacksaw Ridge ' & More '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes 2017 : The Complete List of Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Obenson , Tambay A. ( August 4 , 2014 ) . `` When August Wilson Insisted on a Black Director for a Hollywood Adaptation of ' Fences ' ... '' Indiewire . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( February 1 , 2013 ) . `` Denzel Washington Aiming to Adapt August Wilson 's FENCES as Next Directing Project '' . Collider . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Tony Kushner Comes Aboard Denzel Washington 's ' Fences ' For Paramount '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Obenson , Tambay A. ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Kushner Tapped for ' Fences ' Screenplay + Fall 2016 Release Eyed for Oscar Consideration '' . IndieWire . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Davis , Clayton ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` As per a rep from Paramount Pictures , only August Wilson is the credited screenwriter for `` Fences '' -- no longer Tony Kushner `` . Twitter . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McKittrick , Christopher ( February 13 , 2017 ) . `` '' The star of the movie is the screenplay . '' August Wilson 's Fences `` . Creative Screenwriting . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ; D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` Mykelti Williamson & Russell Hornsby Reprise Roles For ' Fences ' Movie '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fences ' filming turns back the clock in Pittsburgh '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. April 25 , 2016 . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FILMING HAS WRAPPED ON DENZEL WASHINGTON 'S ' FENCES ' FILM ADAPTATION ; VIOLA DAVIS SHARES SET PICS ( OSCAR POTENTIAL ? ) '' . shadowandact.com . June 14 , 2016 . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Michael Cieply ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` Delicious Complications As Denzel Washington & Scott Rudin Reach For The Black Cinema Torch '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bill Desowitz ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Why ' The Girl on the Train ' and ' Fences ' Shot on Film '' . IndieWire . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fences -- Bron Studios '' . Bron Studios . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ David S. Cohen ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` How Sharen Davis Went From Actress to Oscar - Nominated Costume Designer '' . Variety . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clayton Davis ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Oscars : Telluride , ' Silence ' , Editor for ' Fences ' , and ' Live By Night ' staying 2017 ? '' . AwardsCircuit . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sean Devereaux ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` FENCES is a true work of art . I am so proud to be a part of it . SaveTheDate , this is the film to see this Christmas ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marcelo Zarvos to Score Denzel Washington 's ' Fences ' '' . FilmMusicReporter.com . October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gioia , Michael . `` San Francisco 's Curran Reopens to Host Fences Film Premiere '' . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( December 26 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Sing ' Soars , ' Passengers ' Recovers , ' Fences ' Breaks Out On Christmas Day '' . Forbes . Forbes . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . expanded ... to 2,223 theaters yesterday after keeping it in limited release for the last 10 days . The August Wilson adaptation earned a smashing $6.688 million opening day , ... long term predictions are challenging for this $20 -- $25 m production ... but this is a smashingly impressive single - day debut for a film that will absolutely be a big part of the Oscar conversation . It has earned $11.528 m thus far . Jump up ^ `` Fences ( 2016 ) '' . DVD Release Dates . Retrieved 17 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FENCES Film Coming to Blu - ray Combo Pack & Digital HD '' . Broadway World . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Bill . `` The Digital Bits '' . Fences official , plus the 4K floodgates are opening : Gladiator , Bridge on the River Kwai & more are on the way . Retrieved 17 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Rogue One ' Flying To $152 M+ Weekend ; ' Collateral Beauty ' A Career B.O. Low For Will Smith : PM Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( December 26 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Sing ' Soars , ' Passengers ' Recovers , ' Fences ' Breaks Out On Christmas Day '' . Forbes . Forbes . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . In other `` new wide release '' news , Paramount / Viacom Inc. expanded the Denzel Washington / Viola Davis drama Fences to 2,223 theaters yesterday Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office : December 30 - January 1 , 2017 '' . Box Office Mojo . Jump up ^ `` Fences ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved July 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fences reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rogue One ' & ' Sing ' Christmas Juggernaut Leaves Room For Specialty Films -- Final Weekend Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . December 27 , 2016 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Burr , Ty ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` Denzel Washington and Viola Davis give titanic performances in ' Fences ' '' . Boston Globe . Boston , MA . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ David Edelstein ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` Denzel Washington 's Fences Gets Stuck Between Stage and Screen '' . Vulture . New York Magazine . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . There 's a literal fence at the center of Fences , but it does n't resonate onscreen the way it does onstage . It 's not a living metaphor . Troy , a gifted baseball player , was fenced - out of the major leagues when he was young but was too old to strut his stuff when he emerged after a long stint in prison . Now , he sees fences everywhere . The fence that he 's building , though , underscores the barrier he has erected between him and his sons , one from each of his marriages . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Fences ( film ) Official website Fences on IMDb August Wilson 's Pittsburgh Cycle Plays Fences Gem of the Ocean Jitney Joe Turner 's Come and Gone King Hedley II Ma Rainey 's Black Bottom The Piano Lesson Radio Golf Seven Guitars Two Trains Running Adaptations The Piano Lesson ( 1995 film ) Fences ( 2016 film ) Films by Denzel Washington Director Antwone Fisher ( 2002 ) The Great Debaters ( 2007 ) Fences ( 2016 ) Producer Antwone Fisher ( 2002 ) The Book of Eli ( 2010 ) The Equalizer ( 2014 ) Fences ( 2016 ) The Equalizer 2 ( 2018 ) Films produced by Scott Rudin Revenge of the Stepford Wives I 'm Dancing as Fast as I Can Reckless Mrs. Soffel Pacific Heights Regarding Henry Little Man Tate The Addams Family White Sands Life with Mikey The Firm Searching for Bobby Fischer Addams Family Values Sister Act 2 : Back in the Habit Nobody 's Fool Clueless Sabrina Mother The First Wives Club Ransom Marvin 's Room In & Out Twilight The Truman Show A Civil Action Bringing Out the Dead Sleepy Hollow Angela 's Ashes Wonder Boys Rules of Engagement Shaft Zoolander The Royal Tenenbaums Iris Orange County Changing Lanes The Hours Marci X School of Rock The Stepford Wives The Manchurian Candidate The Village I Heart Huckabees Team America : World Police The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou Freedomland Failure to Launch Notes on a Scandal No Country for Old Men The Darjeeling Limited Margot at the Wedding Stop - Loss Doubt Revolutionary Road Fantastic Mr. Fox It 's Complicated Greenberg The Social Network True Grit Margaret The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo Extremely Loud & Incredibly Close Moonrise Kingdom The Dictator Frances Ha Captain Phillips Inside Llewyn Davis The Grand Budapest Hotel Rosewater Top Five While We 're Young Aloha Steve Jobs Zoolander 2 Fences The Meyerowitz Stories Lady Bird Eighth Grade Annihilation Isle of Dogs The Legacy of a Whitetail Deer Hunter Game Over , Man ! 22 July Mid90s The Girl in the Spider 's Web Late Night Untitled Pippa Bianco project The Woman in the Window Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fences_(film)&oldid=855094327 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films 2010s drama films African - American films American drama films American films American films based on plays Films directed by Denzel Washington Films produced by Scott Rudin Films set in the 1950s Films set in Pittsburgh Films shot in Pennsylvania Paramount Pictures films Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe - winning performance Films featuring a Best Supporting Actress Academy Award - winning performance Films about families Films produced by Denzel Washington Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Кыргызча Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 August 2018 , at 22 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | in the movie fences how did troy die | [
"Six years later, Troy has died of a heart attack, and Cory, now a USMC corporal, returns home, but informs Rose he will not attend the funeral. Rose admits to loving Troy despite his many flaws and pleads that Troy is still a part of him, and Cory later reconsiders after interacting with Raynell. Lyons is serving three years in prison for fraud, and gets furlough to attend the funeral. Similarly, Gabriel is released from the hospital to attend and reunites with his family as they all bid farewell to Troy. Gabriel prays for St. Peter to open the gates of heaven for Troy, and the sun glistens over them.\n"
] | [
"heart attack"
] |
-5951867992611456027 | Honda Civic | Honda Civic - wikipedia Honda Civic This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 8 October 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search See also : Honda Civic Hybrid Honda Civic Overview Manufacturer Honda Production 1972 -- present Body and chassis Class Subcompact car ( 1972 -- 2000 ) Compact car ( 2000 -- present ) Related Acura EL Acura CSX Acura ILX Honda Ballade Honda Quint Honda Civic Hybrid Honda Civic GX Honda Civic Type R Honda Civic Si Honda City ( 1996 -- 2002 ) Honda Concerto Honda Domani Rover 200 / 25 Chronology Predecessor Honda N600 Honda Z600 The Honda Civic is a line of small cars manufactured by Honda . Originally a subcompact , the Civic has gone through several generational changes , becoming both larger and more upmarket and moving into the compact car segment . EPA guidelines for vehicle size class stipulate a car having combined passenger and cargo room of 110 to 119.9 cubic feet ( 3,110 to 3,400 L ) is considered a mid-size car , and as such the tenth generation Civic sedan is technically a small - end mid-size car , although it still competes in the compact class . The Civic coupe is still considered a compact car . The Civic currently falls between the Honda Fit and Honda Accord . The first Civic was introduced in July 1972 as a two - door model , followed by a three - door hatchback that September . With an 1169 cc transverse engine and front - wheel drive like the British Mini , the car provided good interior space despite overall small dimensions . Initially gaining a reputation for being fuel - efficient , reliable , and environmentally friendly , later iterations have become known for performance and sportiness , especially the Civic Type R , Civic VTi , Civic GTi and Civic SiR / Si . The Civic has been repeatedly rebadged for international markets , and served as the basis for the Honda CR - X , the Honda CR - X del Sol , the Honda Concerto , the first generation Honda Prelude , the Honda Civic Shuttle ( later to become the Honda Orthia ) , and the Honda CR - V . In Japan , as customers increasingly shifted to minivans and compact cars like Honda Fit , production of non-hybrid Civic ended in August 2010 when it no longer complied with Japanese Government dimension regulations in the width category . However , production of Civic and Civic hybrid for export markets continued . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 First generation ( 1972 -- 1979 ) -- SB1 , SG , SH , SE , VB 3 Second generation ( 1979 -- 1983 ) -- SL , SS , SR , ST , VC , WD 4 Third generation ( 1983 -- 1987 ) -- SB3 , SB4 , AG , AH , AJ , AK , AT , EC 5 Fourth generation ( 1987 -- 1991 ) -- ED , EE , EF , SH 6 Fifth generation ( 1992 -- 1995 ) -- EG3 , EG4 , EG5 , EG6 , EG7 , EG8 , EG9 , EH1 , EH2 , EH3 , EH9 , EJ1 , EJ2 , EJ3 , 7 Sixth generation ( 1996 - 2000 ) -- EK2 , EK3 , EK4 , EK5 , EK9 , EJ6 , EJ7 , EJ8 , EJ9 , EM1 8 Seventh generation ( 2000 -- 2005 ) -- EM2 , ES1 , ES2 , EP1 , EP2 , EP3 , EP4 , EV1 , EU1 , EU2 , EU3 , EU4 9 Eighth generation ( 2005 -- 2011 ) -- FD1 FD2 , FD7 , FA1 , FG1 , FG2 , FA5 , FN2 , MK8 10 Ninth generation ( 2011 -- 2016 ) -- FB4 , FG3 , FB2 , FG4 , FB6 , FK2 10.1 North American market 11 Tenth generation ( 2016 -- present ) -- FC1 , FC2 , FC3 , FC4 , FC5 , FK4 , FK7 , FK8 12 International marketing and platform derivatives 13 Safety 13.1 USA 13.2 Australia 14 Modifications and the enthusiast community 15 Awards 16 Racing 16.1 Touring car racing 16.1. 1 BTCC 16.1. 2 WTCC 16.1. 3 Others 17 Sales 18 References 19 External links Background ( edit ) After a period of developing idiosyncratic automobiles such as the lukewarmly received domestic Honda 1300 , Honda considered pulling out of automobile manufacturing altogether by the early 1970s . However , the more conventional Civic 's release in 1972 immediately changed things , thanks to its economy , reliability and low cost in an era of rising fuel prices . Honda 's CVCC technology helped it make it affordable , meeting 1970s and early 1980s emission standards without an expensive catalytic converter . First generation ( 1972 -- 1979 ) -- sb1 , sg , sh , SE , vb ( edit ) Main article : Honda Civic ( first generation ) First - generation Civic hatchback First - generation Civic hatchback The first generation Honda Civic was introduced on 11 July 1972 , but sold as a 1973 model in Japan . It was equipped with a 1,169 cc ( 71.3 cu in ) four - cylinder water - cooled engine and featured front power disc brakes , reclining vinyl bucket seats , simulated wood trim on the dashboard , as well as optional air conditioning and an AM / FM radio . The Civic was available as a coupe , both a three - and a five - door hatchback , as well as a five - door station wagon . Due to the 1973 oil crisis , consumer demand for fuel efficient vehicles was high , and due to the engine being able to run on either leaded or unleaded fuel , it gave drivers fuel choice flexibility over other vehicles . The CVCC engine debuted in 1975 and had a head design that allowed for more efficient combustion , and as a benefit the CVCC system did not require a catalytic converter or unleaded fuel to meet 1975 Environmental Protection Agency emissions standards for hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide . The Civic was joined by a platform expansion of the three - door hatchback , called the Honda Accord in 1976 . Second generation ( 1979 -- 1983 ) -- SL , ss , sr , st , vc , wd ( edit ) Main article : Honda Civic ( second generation ) Second - generation Civic hatchback Second - generation Civic hatchback The second generation Honda Civic was introduced in June 1979 as a 1980 model . It was larger , had a more angular shape , and came with increased engine power . All Civic engines now used the CVCC design , which added a 3rd valve per cylinder ; this introduced lean burn swirl technology . The base 1335 cc ( `` 1300 '' ) engine made 55 hp ( 41 kW ; 56 PS ) , with an optional 1488 cc ( `` 1500 '' ) engine producing 67 hp ( 50 kW ; 68 PS ) . Three transmissions were offered : a four - speed manual ( on base models ) , a five - speed manual , and a two - speed semi-automatic Honda had previously called the `` Hondamatic '' . The second generation Civic was offered as a three - door hatchback , a four - door sedan , a five - door hatchback and a five - door wagon . Third generation ( 1983 -- 1987 ) -- sb3 , sb4 , ag , ah , aj , ak , at , ec ( edit ) Main article : Honda Civic ( third generation ) Third - generation Civic hatchback Third - generation Civic hatchback The third generation was released in September 1983 for the 1984 model year . The separate five - door hatchback and wagon models were merged into a four - door `` shuttle wagon '' or `` wagovan '' sometimes referred to colloquially as a `` breadbox '' due to its appearance , called the Honda Civic Shuttle . An additional two - seat coupe style -- labeled CRX -- was introduced , noted for its compact dimensions and light weight . The third generation Civic saw the introduction of the long running four - cylinder D series engine including a new 1.5 L ( 91.5 cu in ) CVCC engine . 1984 also saw the release of a high - performance Si model for the Japanese market , featuring upgraded suspension and the 1.6 L ( 97.6 cu in ) DOHC ZC engine which was rated at 130 PS ( 118 HP ) . Si models were offered in the US as a 3 - door Civic Si hatchback and the CRX Si variant with a 91 horsepower ( 68 kW ) fuel - injected SOHC 12 - valve engine . A 4WD engine with different transmission mounts was introduced for the first time in 1984 , and later upgraded in 1987 . It delivered a fuel economy of around 28 mpg highway . The 4WD system was push - button operated until improved in 1987 when the rear wheels would engage automatically once the front wheels lost traction . This new system was called `` Realtime '' which used a `` viscous coupler '' connecting two propeller shafts between the front and rear axles . The manual transmission featured a synchronized 6th gear , called `` SL '' , or `` Super-Low '' , which was used for high torque at very low speeds . The `` Realtime '' idea is still utilized to this day but includes technological improvements since the first system . Starting with 1985 , Japanese Civics were now exclusive to Honda Primo , with variants sold at Honda Verno and Honda Clio . A four - door version called the Ballade was built , under agreement , by Mercedes Benz South Africa , models were 1300 , 1500 , 1500i , and 1600i DOHC 1.6 injection . Fourth generation ( 1987 -- 1991 ) -- ed , ee , ef , sh ( edit ) Main article : Honda Civic ( fourth generation ) Fourth - generation Civic sedan Fourth - generation Civic sedan In September 1987 , a redesigned Civic was introduced with increased dimensions and a lower hood line . A wide range of models and trim levels were offered for various markets around the world . The most notable of which was the Japanese market SiR ( featuring the B16A DOHC VTEC engine ) . All U.S. models featured electronic fuel injection , but carbureted models were still available elsewhere . The fourth generation saw the introduction of a fully independent rear suspension across the entire model range . In addition , the Honda CRX continued to be part of the Civic family which included the HF , DX , and Si model in the U.S.A / four door version called the Ballade was built , under agreement , by Mercedes Benz South Africa / models were 1500 16v , 1600i 16v , and 1600i 16v DOHC . The first 800 cars produced at the then brand new Honda Plant in Aliston Ontario Canada were SE model cars . These Special Edition models included all white side molding that matched the white body and color matched dual mirrors . In the body molding was a wrap around blue stripe . Each car had interior upgrades as well as a chrome tipped exhaust . Fifth generation ( 1992 -- 1995 ) -- eg3 , eg4 , eg5 , eg6 , eg7 , eg8 , eg9 , eh1 , eh2 , eh3 , eh9 , ej1 , ej2 , ej3 , ( edit ) Main article : Honda Civic ( fifth generation ) Fifth - generation Civic sedan Fifth - generation Civic sedan Introduced in September 1991 for the 1992 model year , the redesigned Civic featured increased dimensions , as well as more aerodynamic styling . The wagon variant was now only available in the Japanese market where the previous generation wagon was carried over until 1995 . The efficiency of the previous HF model was replaced by the VX hatchback which , with an EPA rating of 48 / 55 MPG , was Honda 's most fuel efficient model sold at the time . In North America the Si featured a SOHC VTEC valve train , whereas the VX featured the VTEC - E. The Japanese Si featured a DOHC non-VTEC valve train D16A9 . Continuing in the sporty tradition of the original Civic SiR , Honda sold several similarly equipped variants of the fifth generation car , still referred to as the Civic SiR , in Japan , Asia , and Europe . In South Africa , MBSA ( Mercedes Benz of SA ) built the Civic as the Ballade only in 4dr . A special model was the 180i with the B18B4 , that was fitted to Ballade models . A new bodystyle was introduced with this generation called the Civic Coupe , based from the Civic Ferio sedan , and was sold in North America , Europe and Japan . The fifth generation remains popular among tuners and racers alike . Sixth generation ( 1996 - 2000 ) -- ek2 , ek3 , ek4 , ek5 , ek9 , ej6 , ej7 , ej8 , ej9 , EM1 ( edit ) Main article : Honda Civic ( sixth generation ) Sixth - generation Civic hatchback Sixth - generation Civic hatchback Introduced in September 1995 for the 1996 model year , the sixth generation featured updated styling although less radical than previous redesigns . Suspension and engine options were available along with their first Natural Gas Powered Civic , the GX . In the US , model year 1996 to 2000 the Civic was sold under the CX , DX , EX , EXR , HX , LX , and for Canada , SE , and Si trims ; all base models were made with 1.6 - liter engines . The EX-CX are all SOHC ( Honda D engine ) . The CX , DX , and LX all have D16Y7 non-VTEC engines ; whereas the EX has a D16Y8 VTEC , and the HX has D16Y5 VTEC - E. The USDM Si and Canadian SiR came with a DOHC ( B16A2 VTEC ) . The first Civic Si coupe EM1 was introduced in 1999 until 2000 . Europe saw a DOHC 1.6 VTi hatch and sedan and a DOHC 1.8 L engine was available for the Domani related five - door liftback and estate . Seventh generation ( 2000 -- 2005 ) -- em2 , es1 , es2 , ep1 , ep2 , ep3 , ep4 , ev1 , eu1 , eu2 , eu3 , eu4 ( edit ) Seventh - generation Civic sedan Seventh - generation Civic sedan Main article : Honda Civic ( seventh generation ) The seventh generation was released in September 2000 , for the 2001 model year . While the redesign retained the previous generation 's exterior dimensions , interior space was improved in part by using a flat rear floor thus bumping up Civic to a compact car size segment . The front suspension was changed from that of a double wishbone to a MacPherson strut , in order to lower costs , as well as allow more engine bay room for the newly introduced Honda K - series engine . Power was also increased on some trim levels . The four main trim levels were DX , LX , EX , and HX . The Civic Coupe was no longer sold in Japan starting with this generation . In North America , coupe and sedan body styles were available , except for the Si ( SiR in Canada ) which was offered only as a three - door hatchback . The rest of the world received three and five - door hatchbacks . The Type R was redesigned as well this time using a more powerful i - VTEC motor and using the three - door hatchback body style . This generation saw Honda introduce their first Civic Hybrid , powered by a 1.3 - liter engine . Eighth generation ( 2005 -- 2011 ) -- fd1 fd2 , fd7 , fa1 , fg1 , FG2 , fa5 , fn2 , mk8 ( edit ) Eighth - generation Civic sedan ( North America ) Eighth - generation Honda Civic sedan ( Asia Pacific ) Eighth - generation Honda Civic hatchback ( Europe ) Eighth - generation Civic sedan ( North America ) Eighth - generation Honda Civic sedan ( Asia Pacific ) Eighth - generation Honda Civic hatchback ( Europe ) Main article : Honda Civic ( eighth generation ) The eighth generation was released in September 2005 , for the 2006 model year . For the eighth generation , Honda split the model into two different platforms , one for sedan and coupe , and one for a hatchback designed primarily for the European market using a simpler rear suspension from the Honda Fit and more aggressive styling . As of 2006 , a total of 16.5 million Civics had been sold worldwide , with 7.3 million of them in the United States . Although the North American and the home market model differ externally , they are mechanically identical . The hatchback is available as a three and five - door . Both Si and Type R trim levels continued although the Japanese and European Type R , while sharing the same engine size , are mechanically different . In the US , an improved , sportier version of the Civic Si 4 - door tuned by tuner Mugen was offered , featuring cosmetic alterations and changes to the suspension , wheels , slight exterior differences , and exhaust system . A Canadian only Acura model received a new nameplate , changing from the Acura EL to the Acura CSX . The end of this model generation also marked a hiatus of the Civic Type R in Japan , with no successor model until the later tenth generation , going on sale mid-2017 . Ninth generation ( 2011 -- 2016 ) -- fb4 , fg3 , fb2 , fg4 , fb6 , fk2 ( edit ) Main article : Honda Civic ( ninth generation ) North American market ( edit ) Ninth - generation Civic sedan Ninth - generation Honda Civic hatchback On 13 December 2010 , Honda unveiled a sketch of the new ninth - generation Civic which was described as `` energetic , sleek and aerodynamic . '' Both coupe and sedan concepts were shown on 10 January 2011 at the 2011 North American International Auto Show . The production version of the ninth - generation Civic ( previewed by the concept ) went on sale in the U.S. on 20 April 2011 . In late 2012 , Honda updated its Civic model with new exterior and interior trims for the 2013 year . Honda 's Eco Assist technology is added to most models , and became the first gasoline - only powered Honda to employ such technology in North America . It is an information system to help the driver adopt a more fuel - efficient driving style , and is proven to improve fuel economy by about 10 % for Honda 's hybrid vehicle in Japan . All models now come standard with ABS ( Anti-Lock Brake Systems ) , VSA ( Vehicle Stability Assistance ) and EBD ( Electronic Brake Distribution ) . Further improvements include a new multilink rear suspension to further reduce road feel on particularly battered roads and highways . Following its launch , the new model was widely panned by the automotive press due to the poor quality of its interior and ride , and for the first time , it failed to earn a Consumer Reports recommendation . In an unprecedented move , Honda made significant interior and exterior redesigns the following year to address these issues , but market share in the compact car segment showed a marked decline from the previous generation . Tenth generation ( 2016 -- present ) -- fc1 , fc2 , fc3 , fc4 , fc5 , fk4 , fk7 , fk8 ( edit ) Main article : Honda Civic ( tenth generation ) Tenth - generation Civic sedan Tenth - generation Civic hatchback Tenth - generation Civic coupe The Civic is based on an all - new Honda compact global platform . The tenth - generation Civic features a new fastback exterior design , with the rear C - pillar flowing into the tailgate . The front of the car features a new chrome wing design that flows across the top of the headlamps . The interior of the new Civic likewise features major design changes . Unlike the split bi-level speedometer and tachometer of its predecessor , the EX and above trim levels of the tenth generation Civic consolidates these instruments into a fully customisable , all digital `` Driver Information Interface '' incorporating a 7 - inch LCD screen positioned directly behind the steering wheel and in the driver 's line of sight . The LX trim instrumentation consists of a large analog tachometer that surrounds a digital speedometer and other digital displays . Civic variants include sedan , coupe , five - door hatchback , Si trims , and Type - R models . International marketing and platform derivatives ( edit ) The Civic is sold in Brazil since late 2006 with a flex - fuel engine capable of running on either gasoline or ethanol or any blend of both . While the Civic is sold in largely the same form worldwide , differences in the name of the models exist between markets . In Japan , the hatchback Civic is just called `` Civic '' while the sedan model was called the Civic Ferio ( Japanese : シビック フェリオ ) during the fifth to seventh generations . The sixth - generation sedan was also sold as the Integra SJ . In Europe and the United States , `` Civic '' generically refers to any model , though in Europe the coupe is branded the `` Civic Coupe '' . A four - door station wagon model called the Civic Shuttle ( also Civic Pro in Japan ) was available from 1984 until 1991 ( this brand name would later be revived for the mid-1990s Honda Shuttle people carrier , known in some markets as the Honda Stream ) . In South Africa , the sedan ( the only model sold there until the 1996 launch of the sixth generation sedan and hatch ) was known as the Ballade . First - generation Honda Civic Hybrid ( U.S. ) Other models have been built on the Civic platform , including Prelude , Ballade , CR - X , Quint , Concerto , Domani , CR - X Del Sol , Integra , and CR - V . Also , at various times , the Civic or Civic - derived models have been sold by marques other than Honda -- for example , Rover sold the 200 , 400 and 45 , each of which were Civic - based at some point ( first 200s were the second generation Ballade ; from 1990 the 200 and 400 were based on the Concerto ; the 400 was the 1995 Domani ) , as was their predecessor , the Triumph Acclaim , based on the first Honda Ballade . The Honda Domani , an upscale model based on the Civic , was sold as the Isuzu Gemini in Japan ( 1992 -- 2000 ) , and confusingly the 5 - door Domani was sold as the Honda Civic ( along with the `` real '' hatchback and sedan Civics ) in Europe from 1995 to 2000 . In Thailand , the sixth generation Civic was available as the four - door Isuzu Vertex . The sixth - generation station wagon was sold as the Honda Orthia , with the Partner as the downmarket commercial variant . The seventh generation minivan model is called the Honda Stream . In Canada , the sixth and seventh generation Civics were mildly redesigned to create the Acura EL until the advent of the eight generation Civic , which was used to create the Acura CSX , which was designed in Canada . Honda Japan adopted the CSX styling for the Civic in its home country . Ninth - generation Honda Civic GX ( U.S. ) with the blue diamond CNG sticker and the new natural gas badging . The three - door hatchback body style has been somewhat unpopular in the United States , but has achieved wide acceptance in Canada , as well as popularity in Japan and European markets , helping cement Honda 's reputation as a maker of sporty compact models . Starting in 2002 , the Civic three - door hatchback has been built exclusively at Honda 's manufacturing plant in Swindon , England -- previously the five - door Civic / Domani and the Civic Aerodeck ( based on the Japanese Orthia ) were built in this plant for sale in Europe along with the Japanese Civics . Accordingly , all instances of the current model ( left or right hand drive , anywhere in the world ) are British - made cars designed with Japanese engineering , except for the US - built two - door coupe and the sedan version built in Brazil for the Latin American market . In North America , the Civic hatchback was dropped for 2006 . The 2006 model year standard Civics for North America are manufactured in Alliston , Ontario , Canada ( sedans , coupes and Si Coupes ) and East Liberty , Ohio ( sedans ) , while the Hybrid version is manufactured in Japan . In Brazil , although being considered for local manufacturing since the early 1980s ( it was illegal to import cars in Brazil from 1973 until 1990 ) , the Civic was n't available until 1992 , via official importing . In 1997 , production of the sixth generation Civic sedan started in the Sumaré ( a city near Campinas , in the state of São Paulo ) factory . The only differences between the Japanese model and the Brazilian model were a slightly higher ground clearance , due to the country 's road conditions and adaptations to make the engine suitable to Brazilian commercial gasoline , which contains about 25 % ethanol ( E25 ) . The seventh generation production started in 2001 , displacing the Chevrolet Vectra from the top sales record for the mid-size sedan segment , however it lost that position to the Toyota Corolla the following year . In 2006 , the eighth generation was released and regained the sales leadership . Identical to the North American version , it lacks options such a moonroof , and standard security equipment like VSA and side and curtain airbags were removed due to lack of car safety laws in the Mercosur . Furthermore , the Brazilian subsidiary began producing flex - fuel versions for the Civic and the Fit models , capable of running on any blend of gasoline ( E20 to E25 blend in Brazil ) and ethanol up to E100 . Safety ( edit ) USA ( edit ) The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA ) in the USA has determined frontal crash test ratings of Honda Civics of different model years . ( show ) Model year Make Model Type Curb weight ( lb ) Front driver Front passenger Side driver passenger Side rear passenger 1979 Honda Civic 2 - DR 2,166 1980 Honda Civic 2 - DR HBK 2,298 1981 Honda Civic 2 - DR HBK 2,160 1981 Honda Civic 4 - DR HBK 2,456 1984 -- 1987 Honda Civic 2 - DR 2,311 1984 -- 1987 Honda Civic 4 - DR wagon 2,510 1988 -- 1989 ? Honda Civic 2 - DR 2,542 1990 ? -- 1991 Honda Civic 4 - DR 2,252 1992 -- 1993 Honda Civic 2 / 4 - DR 2,348 1994 -- 1995 Honda Civic 2 - DR 2,498 ? 1994 -- 1995 Honda Civic 4 - DR 2,317 1996 -- 1997 Honda Civic 2 - DR 2,337 1996 -- 1997 Honda Civic 4 - DR 2,313 1998 -- 2000 Honda Civic 2 - DR 2,313 1998 -- 2000 Honda Civic 4 - DR 2,379 2001 -- 2005 Honda Civic 4 - DR w / + w / o SAB 2,522 2001 -- 2005 Honda Civic 2 - DR w / o SAB 2,502 2001 -- 2005 Honda Civic 2 - DR w / SAB 2,502 2002 -- 2005 Honda Civic 2 - DR HBK w / o SAB 2,502 2006 -- 2011 Honda Civic 2 - DR w / SAB 2,640 2006 -- 2011 Honda Civic 4 - DR w / SAB 2,749 2012 Honda Civic 4 - DR w / SAB 2,672 2013 Honda Civic 4 - DR w / SAB 2,815 The eighth - generation Civic sedan 's crash test performance has been rated highly by both the US government 's NHTSA and the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety . The IIHS awarded the Civic sedan with a rating of `` good '' on both frontal and side impact crash tests and lists the Civic as the second - best 2007 small car in overall crashworthiness . The Civic coupe is rated `` acceptable '' in the side impact test . National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA ) crash test ratings Frontal impact : Side impact front seat : Side impact rear seat : Rollover : Australia ( edit ) In Australia , 1984 -- 2005 Civics were assessed in the Used Car Safety Ratings 2006 on their level of occupant protection regardless of size or era . ( 1984 -- 1987 ) -- `` significantly worse than average '' ( 1988 -- 1991 ) -- `` average '' ( 1992 -- 1995 ) -- `` average '' ( 1996 -- 2000 ) -- `` better than average '' ( 2001 -- 2005 ) -- `` average '' Modifications and the enthusiast community ( edit ) Despite being a modest car , the Civic is popular as a platform for modification and customization by the enthusiast community . Starting with the fourth generation and continuing through the 2000 model year , Civics had front double wishbone suspension and rear semi-trailing arm suspension . Ready parts interchangeability allows easy engine swaps ( primarily with more powerful B16A ( Civic SI ) , B18C ( Acura Integra GSR ) , and various K20 Civic motors ) and many other upgrades . More recent seventh and eighth generation Civics , now rated as compacts rather than subcompacts , remain generally attractive as tuner projects in spite of added weight ( mostly due to U.S. government safety mandates , such as airbags and ABS ) and higher centers of gravity . Particularly unwelcome among the tuner community was the replacement of the front double - wishbone suspension with MacPherson struts , which provide inferior handling primarily due to limited dynamic camber angle control . Awards ( edit ) Honda Civic EX was International Car of the Year in 2005 . From 1972 to 1974 , the Civic was awarded Car of the Year Japan . In 1973 , the Civic ranked third in the European Car of the Year awards , the highest ranking for a Japanese vehicle at that time . It also was awarded the U.S. Road Test magazine 's `` 1974 Car of the Year . '' The Civic was the Motor Trend Import Car of the Year for 1980 as well as its 2006 Car of the Year . In 2006 , the Civic earned the 2007 `` Semperit Irish Car of the Year '' title . In 1996 , Automobile Magazine honored the Civic as its Automobile of the Year . The Civic has been on Car and Driver magazine 's yearly Ten Best list six times , in 1985 , 1988 -- 91 , and 1996 . The Civic Si was named `` Best New Sport Car '' and the sedan was named `` Best New Economy Car '' in the 2006 Canadian Car of the Year awards . The Civic also won the North American Car of the Year and the North American International Auto Show ( NAIAS ) Car of the Year awards for 2006 . In November 2006 , the Civic received the prestigious `` Car of The Year '' award from Brazilian magazine Auto Esporte . The four - door Civic VXi sedan won the South African Car of the Year award for 2007 . Racing ( edit ) Touring Car racing ( edit ) Civics have been used for racing ever since their introduction . Civics contested the Up to 1300cc class in the Bathurst 1000 touring car race at Bathurst in Australia each year from 1973 to 1976 , with a best placing of second in class in both 1974 and 1976 . In recent years the Civic has been used in a wide variety of racing series , particularly in Japan . It is also used in touring car races in Europe and the United States . The Civic has been used in the UK in endurance series by teams such as Barwell Motorsport and Cartek Motorsport . In 2002 JAS Motorsport entered the European Touring Car Championship ( ETCC ) with a Super 2000 spec Civic and was used until restart season of the World Touring Car Championship ( WTCC ) in 2005 . In December 2005 , on the date of the new 2006 Civic Si 's launch in the USA , Honda 's R&D Engineering Team completed 645 laps in an eighth generation Civic Si coupe ( FG2 ) to place first in the E1 class of the famous ' 25 Hours of Thunderhill ' marathon race . The drivers on Honda 's team were Road & Track journalist Kim Wolfkill , Lee Niffenegger , Chad Gilsinger , Sage Marie , John Sherk , Rich Hays , Andrew Frame , Matt Staal and Car and Driver journalist Tony Swan . BTCC ( edit ) Further information : Arena Motorsport and Team Dynamics Matt Neal 's Eighth - generation Civic Super 2000 at Snetterton in the 2007 BTCC season In the UK , the Civic has been used in the British Touring Car Championship ( BTCC ) for several years and is still highly competitive . The Civic Type R made its debut in the 2002 season with the ' Works ' team run by Arena Motorsport . Built to BTC - T specifications , it gained the team third in the manufacturers championship . In the same year Synchro Motorsport won the BTCC Production Teams Championship with a pair of Civic Type Rs . The 2003 season saw the ' works ' team Civics secure an impressive second in the manufacturers championship . The 2003 BTCC Production Teams Championship also went to the Civic again , this time in the hands of Barwell Motorsport . Such was the competitiveness of the Civic in its first two - season , 2004 saw five teams enter Civics , allowing the model to secure second in the manufacturers championship . Although manufacturer support from Honda for the BTCC ended in 2005 , several teams still found success running the Civic in 2005 and 2006 . Gordon Shedden 's Eighth - generation Civic Super 2000 at the BTCC Media Day at Rockingham in March 2009 For the 2007 BTCC season , Team Halfords ran the new eighth - generation Honda Civics , built to the latest S2000 regulations , for Matt Neal and Gordon Shedden with limited success and continued to use the Civic into the 2008 and 2009 season . In both 2007 and 2008 , the Civic allowed the team to finish 3rd in the Teams championship , behind the two manufacturer backed teams . In 2010 Honda returned to the BTCC as a ' works ' team with Team Dynamics using Civics to win the 2010 manufacturers championship . In 2011 the team returns with its Civic to defend its Team and Manufacturers championship again with the Neil and Shedden pairing . Honda Racing Team swapped to the brand new ninth generation Honda Civic , built fully to NGTC rules , for the 2012 BTCC season . They are the first manufacturer backed team to announce their intention to run fully to the NGTC specification . The drivers continue to be Matt Neal and Gordon Shedden , who are the 2011 and 2012 BTCC driver champions respectively . Andrew Jordan , driving for his family - run Eurotech Racing team , won the BTCC title in 2013 in their NGTC Civic , whilst Honda retained the manufacturer 's championship . However , in 2014 , Honda were unable to retain their title , which was won instead by MG . WTCC ( edit ) Honda won the 2013 World Touring Car Championship Manufacturers ' Championship . Honda announced plans to enter the 2012 World Touring Car Championship ( WTCC ) with a racer built on the 2012 Euro Civic five - door hatchback . The car is powered by a 1.6 - liter turbocharged engine , developed by Honda R&D , and would later race in Japan , China and Macau before a two car team joined the 2013 championship racing . Honda won the 2013 Manufacturers ' Championship in their first full season in the series , six races before the end of the season . However , Honda was unsuccessful in defending their title in 2014 , as Citroën dominated the series in their first season . Others ( edit ) The car has also been used in the Japanese Touring Car Championship , and won the 2011 Asian Touring Car Series . It also competed in both the Touring and Super-production classes of the Russian Touring Car Championship . Sales ( edit ) As of February 2015 , 18.5 million Civics had been sold worldwide . With 7.3 million bought in the United States , it has been a top seller both there and in Canada , where it had placed No. 1 for 14 years through 2012 . Recent studies indicate that the Honda Civic is the most popular car among millennial car shoppers , credited for its low price and small size . ( show ) Calendar year US sales 1973 32,575 43,119 102,389 1976 132,286 1977 147,638 1978 154,035 1979 155,541 1980 138,740 1981 154,698 1982 132,469 137,747 1984 184,846 1985 208,031 1986 235,801 221,252 1988 225,543 1989 235,452 1990 261,502 1991 232,690 1992 219,228 1993 255,579 1994 267,023 1995 289,435 286,350 1997 321,144 1998 335,110 1999 318,309 2000 324,528 2001 331,780 2002 313,159 2003 299,672 309,196 2005 308,415 2006 316,638 2007 331,095 2008 339,289 2009 259,722 260,218 2011 221,235 2012 317,909 2013 336,180 2014 325,981 2015 335,384 2016 366,927 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2016 Honda Civic Sedan Press Kit -- Interior '' ( Press release ) . American Honda Motor Company . 18 October 2015 . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History of Civic First Generation '' . Honda . Jump up ^ `` The Honda Civic -- A legend , a time capsule on wheels '' . Gaadi . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Honda Civic Expert Review '' . Cars.com . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Honda Civic Review '' . JB car pages . Retrieved 2 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Takahashi , Yoshio ( 16 November 2010 ) . `` Honda to End Civic Sales in Japan '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 28 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Wolfcale , James . `` The Top Ten Hondas of All Time '' . DriveCult . Retrieved 26 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Inside Line : Honda Civic '' . Edmunds.com . Archived from the original on 1 March 2009 . Retrieved 29 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 Honda Civic Review '' . JB car pages . Retrieved 29 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 Honda Civic Hybrid Review '' . JB car pages . Retrieved 6 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Collier , Joe G. ( 1 June 2006 ) . `` Honda getting its groove back with Civic '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved 16 October 2011 . Jump up ^ http://jalopnik.com/the-2018-honda-civic-type-r-is-306-hp-of-front-wheel-dr-1793035578 Jump up ^ Omar Rana ( 5 April 2011 ) . `` Honda targeting 12 % increase in April sales despite vehicle shortages '' . egmCarTech . Jump up ^ Stoklosa , Alexander ( 12 November 2012 ) . `` Honda Releases First Images of Redesigned 2013 Civic Sedan Ahead of Debut ( 2012 L.A. Auto Show ) '' . Car and Driver . Retrieved 23 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Honda Civic Si Concept coupe and Civic Concept sedan debut at NAIAS ; hybrid and natural gas variants '' . Green Car Congress . 12 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Honda Study Finds Insight 's Eco Assist System Results in Average 10 % Improvement in Fuel Economy After 300 Drives , Up to 20 % Max '' . Green Car Congress . 12 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Honda Unveils Redesigned , Sportier Civic '' . CNN . 3 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Boudette , Neal E. ( 1 April 2015 ) . `` Honda Readies ' Epic ' Civic with American Pedigree '' . Automotive News . Crain Communications . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Honda Civic Sedan ( 2016 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` HUM : Civic '' . Honda of the UK . Archived from the original on 5 November 2004 . Retrieved 29 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Honda Civic atinge 300 mil unidades produzidas '' ( in Portuguese ) . Honda Brazil . September 2008 . Archived from the original on 16 November 2008 . Retrieved 7 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Archived NHTSA crash test results from Crashtest.com '' . Archived from the original on 16 August 2000 . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 5 - star Safety Ratings 1990 -- 2010 '' . SafeCarGuide.com , Inc . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2009 Honda Civic DX ( M5 ) Sedan Ratings , Prices , Trims , Summary '' . J.D. Power . Retrieved 29 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IIHSHLDI : Honda Civic '' . IIHS . Retrieved 9 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` IIHSHLDI : Small cars -- Current '' . IIHS . Retrieved 9 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` IIHSHLDI : Honda Civic 2 - door '' . Iihs.org. 21 July 2009 . Retrieved 23 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Used Car Safety Ratings '' . Vic Roads . Archived from the original on 14 October 2008 . Retrieved 5 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Bonk , Aaron ( 1 February 2007 ) . Honda Engine Swaps . CarTech Inc. p. 8 . ISBN 9781932494563 . Jump up ^ `` Has Honda Lost Its Way ? '' . insideline.com . Jump up ^ `` How Car Suspensions Work '' . howstuffworks.com . Jump up ^ `` Suspension Design : Types of Suspensions '' . automotivearticles.com . Jump up ^ `` First Generation ( 1972 ) '' . Honda Worldwide . Retrieved 5 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Second Generation ( 1972 ) '' . Honda Worldwide . Retrieved 5 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Bill Tuckey , Australia 's Greatest Motor Race , 1981 Jump up ^ Waterman , Stuart ( 6 December 2005 ) . `` Honda Civic Si scores class win in 25 Hours of Thunderhill -- Autoblog '' . Autoblog.com . Retrieved 24 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Honda sticks to a winning team '' . btcc. 22 October 2010 . Retrieved 17 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Andrei Tutu ( 2 September 2011 ) . `` New Honda Civic 2012 BTCC Race Car Under Development '' . AutoEvolution . Jump up ^ `` All new Civic for 2012 '' . British Touring Car Championship . TOCA. 1 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 18 March 2012 . Retrieved 1 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Mihnea Radu ( 16 September 2011 ) . `` Honda Racing 2012 BTCC Drivers Confirmed '' . AutoEvolution . Jump up ^ Noah Joseph ( 19 October 2011 ) . `` att Neal takes the British Touring Car Championship for Honda '' . Autoblog . Jump up ^ `` 2013 BTCC season review -- picture special '' . Autocar. 14 October 2013 . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MG and Triple Eight take Manufacturer 's crown at action - packed Brands finale '' . British Touring Car Championship. 14 October 2014 . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Steven Ewing ( 3 February 2012 ) . `` Honda to enter World Touring Car Championship with new Civic . '' . Autoblog . Jump up ^ `` WTCC -- WTCC debutants Honda win Manufacturers ' Championship '' . Yahoo Eurosport UK . 9 September 2013 . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Standings -- 2014 Manufacturers ' Championship '' . FIA World Touring Car Championship . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` WTCC : Citroen , you do n't change a winning team '' . racecar. 16 November 2014 . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` History 's 10 Best Selling Cars Of All Time '' . Autoblog . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ Krisher , Tom ( 19 August 2010 ) . `` Why Honda is growing as Detroit falls behind '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 16 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fuel - efficiency pays off for Honda '' . The Washington Times . 19 September 2009 . Retrieved 16 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Best Selling Car in Every State '' . Business Insider. 21 November 2013 . Retrieved 7 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Duarte , Joe ( 5 January 2011 ) . `` Canada 's most popular car 13 years running '' . Autonet.ca . Retrieved 16 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Honda Civic for Sale - Autolist '' . Autolist . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ http://news.honda.com/newsandviews/local_news_content/%5B5147g%5D_Honda_2015_Digital_FactBook.pdf Jump up ^ `` American Honda Sets New All - Time Annual Sales Record '' ( Press release ) . Honda . Retrieved 30 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` American Honda Sets New All - Time Annual Sales Records Powered by Demand for Cars and Trucks '' ( Press release ) . Honda . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Honda Civic . Civic at Honda Worldwide Honda Civic at DMOZ Honda Motor Company Divisions and subsidiaries Acura American Honda Honda Canada Canada Manufacturing Aircraft Performance Development India Motorcycles Racing F1 Taiwan China ( 65 % ) UK Joint ventures and shareholdings Bangladesh Honda Private Limited ( 70 % ) Dongfeng Honda ( 50 % ) GE Honda Aero Engines ( 50 % ) Guangqi Honda ( 50 % ) Everus Mobilityland ( 100 % ) Aircraft MH01 MH02 HA - 420 Honda Cars Accord Accord Hybrid Amaze Brio / Brio Satya City / Grace / Greiz Civic Civic Si Crider CR - Z Clarity Elipe Fit / Jazz Gienia Legend N - Box N - One NSX Robins S660 Spirior Pickup trucks Acty Nippon Ridgeline Crossovers / SUVs Avancier / UR - V BR - V CR - V Pilot / MR - V Vezel / HR - V / XR - V Vans Freed Jade Mobilio Odyssey ( International ) / Elysion Odyssey ( North America ) Stepwgn Tambor Vamos Past 1300 Airwave / Partner Ascot Avancier Ballade Beat Capa City / Jazz Civic Type R Civic Hybrid Civic GX CR - X CR - X del Sol Crossroad Crosstour Concerto Domani Doal Element Elysion EV Plus FR - V Horizon Inspire Insight Integra Life Dunk Life Lily Logo Mobilio Spike N360 N600 Orthia / Partner Passport Prelude Quint Rafaga S500 S600 S800 S2000 S - MX Stream T360 / T500 That 's Today Torneo Tourmaster Z Zest Racing Curtiss Special R800 R1300 RA270 RA271 RA272 RA273 RA300 RA301 RA302 RC100 RA099 RA106 RA107 RA108 Aguri SA05 Aguri SA06 Aguri SA07 Aguri SA08 HSV - 010 GT Acura ARX - 01 Acura ARX - 02 ARX - 03 HPD ARX - 04b Concept Argento Vivo Dualnote FC Sport FCV Concept HP - X HSC J - VX New Small Concept OSM Quilt Remix Sprocket U-3X Urban EV Concept WOW Bikes Motorcycles CB series CBF series CBR series CG125 CJ series CM / CMX series CR series CRF series CTX series CX series DN - 01 Fury GL series NC700 series NR series NSR series RC series ST series VF / VFR series VT series VTX series XR / XL series XRE300 Transalp Africa Twin Deauville Bros / HawkGT NX250 Pacific Coast TL Series ( Reflex ) Valkyrie X4 Scooters Activa Aero Big Ruckus Dio Elite Express Helix Juno CHF50 Motocompo NH series Reflex Ruckus Sparta Spree Ruckus / Zoomer Silver Wing Vision Other Ape Click / Vario CT series Cub F Cub series Gyro Integra NM4 Motra P50 PA50 PC50 ST series / Dax Wave series Z series Engines A-series B - series B20A C - series CVCC D - series E-series E07A F - series F20C G - series H - series J - series K - series L - series Circle L Diesel N - series Diesel P - engine R - series VTEC I - DSi Honda HI3R Honda HI4R Honda HI5R Honda HI6R Honda HI7R Honda HI8R Honda HI9R Honda HI10R Honda HI11R Honda HI12RT Honda HI13RT Honda HI14TT Aero - Engines HFX - 01 Turbofan HFX20 Turbofan HF118 Turbofan HF120 Turbofan Robots Honda E series Honda P series ASIMO People Soichiro Honda Takeo Fujisawa Tadashi Kume Shoichiro Irimajiri Nobuhiko Kawamoto Takeo Fukui Tadao Baba Takahiro Hachigo Other Honda Type R Honda Collection Hall Honda FC Mugen Motorsports Keihin Corporation Showa Corporation Internavi Suzuka Circuit Twin Ring Motegi Autobacs Racing Team Aguri Super Aguri F1 Team Takuma Sato Gil de Ferran Jenson Button Geier v. American Honda Motor Co . Honda Motor Co. v. Oberg Commons `` previous -- Honda road car timeline , 1980s -- present Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 Kei car Today Today Life Life Life Today Associe Life That 's N - ONE Life Dunk Zest N - WGN Acty Street Street N - BOX Vamos Subcompact City / Jazz City Logo Brio City Brio Amaze Civic Civic Civic Civic Civic Fit / Jazz Fit / Jazz Fit / Jazz Ballade Ballade Concerto Domani Fit Aria / City City City / Grace Compact Domani Civic / Hybrid Civic / Hybrid Civic / Hybrid Quint Quint Integra Integra Integra Integra Ascot Innova Integra SJ Accord Accord Accord Accord CB Accord CD Accord CF Insight Vigor Vigor Ascot Ascot Torneo Vigor Rafaga Accord Inspire Accord CB3 / CC Accord CG7 / CH5 Crider Mid-size Vigor Accord CG Accord CL Accord CU Accord CR Inspire Inspire / Saber Inspire / Saber Inspire / Accord UC FCX Clarity Full - size Inspire / Accord CP Legend Legend Legend Legend Legend Coupé Ballade Sports CR - X CR - X Civic Coupe Civic Coupe Insight CR - Z Integra Coupe Integra Coupe Integra Coupe Accord Coupe Accord Coupe Accord Coupe Prelude Prelude Prelude Prelude Prelude Legend Coupe Legend Coupe Roadster Beat S2000 S660 Convertible City Cabriolet CR - X del Sol Sport compact Civic Type R Civic Type R Civic Type R Civic Type R Integra Type R Integra Type R Sports car Accord Type R Accord Euro - R Torneo Euro - R NSX NSX NSX Type R NSX - R Mini Crossover Z HR - V Vezel / HR - V Compact Crossover Crossroad Element CR - V CR - V Mid-size Crossover Crosstour Pilot SUV Jazz CR - V CR - V Passport Passport Pilot Horizon MDX Crossroad Station wagon Civic Country Civic Shuttle Civic Shuttle Orthia Airwave Fit Shuttle Accord Wagon CB9 Accord Wagon CEI Accord Wagon CF6 Accord Wagon CM Accord Tourer CW Avancier Mini MPV Capa Mobilio Spike Freed Spike EV Plus Mobilio Mobilio Compact MPV Stream Stream S - MX Edix / FR - V Jade Stepwgn Stepwgn Stepwgn Stepwgn Minivan Shuttle Odyssey RA6 Odyssey RB Odyssey RB3 Odyssey RC Odyssey LaGreat / Odyssey RL Odyssey RL3 Odyssey RL5 Elysion Pickup Tourmaster Ridgeline Microvan Acty Van Acty Acty Acty Van City Pro Civic Van Civic Pro Civic Pro Partner Van Partner ( hide ) Honda road car timeline , North American market , 1980s -- present Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 Subcompact Insight Civic Civic Civic Civic Civic Fit Fit Fit Compact Insight Accord Accord Accord Accord Civic Civic Civic Civic Mid-size Accord Accord Accord Accord Coupe Accord Accord Full - size Accord Sedan Coupe Prelude Prelude Prelude Prelude Prelude Sport compact CR - X CR - X del Sol CR - Z Sports car S2000 Crossover Mini HR - V Compact Element CR - V CR - V CR - V CR - V CR - V Mid-size Crosstour Pilot Pilot Pilot Sport Utility Vehicle Passport Passport Minivan Odyssey Odyssey Odyssey Odyssey Odyssey Sport Utility Truck Ridgeline Ridgeline TC 2000 Championship / Súper TC 2000 TC 2000 Seasons 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Súper TC 2000 Seasons 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Honda_Civic&oldid=804381014 '' Categories : Honda vehicles Honda Civic All - wheel - drive vehicles Cars introduced in 1973 Compact cars Coupés Front - wheel - drive vehicles Hatchbacks Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States Rally cars Cars of England Sedans Station wagons Subcompact cars Touring cars Vehicles with CVT transmission Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Use dmy dates from April 2016 Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles with DMOZ links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 16 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the last honda civic hatchback made | [
"In North America, the Civic hatchback was dropped for 2006. The 2006 model year standard Civics for North America are manufactured in Alliston, Ontario, Canada (sedans, coupes and Si Coupes) and East Liberty, Ohio (sedans), while the Hybrid version is manufactured in Japan."
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"2006."
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8117681650549024907 | Lombard Street (San Francisco) | Lombard Street ( San Francisco ) - wikipedia Lombard Street ( San Francisco ) Lombard Street Lombard Street seen from Coit Tower Maintained by San Francisco DPW Caltrans ( US 101 portion ) 37 ° 48 ′ 07 '' N 122 ° 25 ′ 08 '' W / 37.80194 ° N 122.41889 ° W / 37.80194 ; - 122.41889 West end Presidio Boulevard Major junctions US 101 East end The Embarcadero Wikimedia © OpenStreetMap The crooked section of Lombard Street Lombard Street is an east -- west street in San Francisco , California that is famous for a steep , one - block section with eight hairpin turns . Stretching from The Presidio east to The Embarcadero ( with a gap on Telegraph Hill ) , most of the street 's western segment is a major thoroughfare designated as part of U.S. Route 101 . The famous one - block section , claimed to be `` the crookedest street in the world '' , is located along the eastern segment in the Russian Hill neighborhood . It is a major tourist attraction , receiving around two million visitors per year and up to 17,000 per day on busy summer weekends , as of 2015 . The street was named after Lombard Street in Philadelphia by San Francisco surveyor Jasper O'Farrell . Contents 1 Route description 2 Gallery 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Route description ( edit ) Looking east down the curvy block of Lombard Street , with the straight section continuing towards Telegraph Hill and Coit Tower Lombard Street 's west end is at Presidio Boulevard inside The Presidio ; it then heads east through the Cow Hollow neighborhood . For 12 blocks , between Broderick Street and Van Ness Avenue , it is an arterial road that is co-signed as U.S. Route 101 . Lombard Street continues through the Russian Hill neighborhood and to the Telegraph Hill neighborhood . At Telegraph Hill it turns south , becoming Telegraph Hill Boulevard to Pioneer Park and Coit Tower . Lombard Street starts again at Winthrop Street and ends at The Embarcadero as a collector road . Lombard Street is known for the one - way block on Russian Hill between Hyde and Leavenworth Streets , where eight sharp turns are said to make it the most crooked street in the world . The design , first suggested by property owner Carl Henry and built in 1922 , was intended to reduce the hill 's natural 27 percent grade , which was too steep for most vehicles . The crooked block is perhaps 600 feet ( 180 m ) long ( 412.5 feet ( 125.7 m ) straightline ) , is one - way ( downhill ) and is paved with red bricks . The sign at the top recommends 5 mph ( 8 km / h ) . The segment normally sees around 250 vehicles per hour , with average daily traffic reaching 2630 vehicles in 2013 . During peak times , vehicles have to wait up to 20 minutes to enter the Crooked Street segment , in a queue that can reach Van Ness Avenue . The Powell - Hyde cable car stops at the top of the block on Hyde Street . By 2017 , the area around the curved segment had become a hot - spot of what has been described as `` San Francisco 's car break - in epidemic . '' Today , the Academy of Art University owns and operates a building called Star Hall on the street for housing purposes . Past residents of Lombard Street include Rowena Meeks Abdy , an early California painter who worked in the style of Impressionism . Gallery ( edit ) Looking up Lombard Street Traffic caution sign at top of switchbacks recommends a top speed of 5 miles per hour ( 8.0 km / h ) Cars exit from lowest switchback section Time - exposure photo at night clearly shows the eight switchbacks Sign for Lombard Street at intersection with Leavenworth Street A panoramic view of Lombard Street See also ( edit ) San Francisco Bay Area portal 49 - Mile Scenic Drive Vermont Street , the other San Francisco street claimed to be the `` most crooked '' has seven turns instead of eight , but its hill is steeper than Lombard 's . Snake Alley in Burlington , Iowa , once recognized by Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! as `` The Crookedest Street in the World '' . Like Lombard Street it has eight turns but over a shorter distance . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : San Francisco County Transportation Authority : Lombard Study : Managing Access to the `` Crooked Street '' . February 2017 ( PDF ) Jump up ^ Loewenstein , Louis , K. ( 1984 ) Streets of San Francisco : The Origins of Street and Place Names . Do n't Call It Frisco Press . Jump up ^ Google . `` Lombard Street '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Jump up ^ Saperstein , Susan ( February 2009 ) . `` Lombard Street '' . San Francisco City Guides . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Brown - Martin , Darcey ( September -- October 2001 ) . `` An Honestly Crooked Street '' . via Magazine . Jump up ^ Saperstein , Susan . `` Lombard Street '' . San Francisco City Guides . Retrieved June 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hyde St & Lombard St '' . San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Palomino , Joaquin ; O'Neill , Emma ; Trumbull , Todd ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) . `` Breaking down San Francisco 's car break - in epidemic '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 19 . Parts of San Francisco popular with tourists were hit hardest , including Japantown , Civic Center , the famously curvy stretch of Lombard Street , and the Fisherman 's Wharf / Pier 39 area . Jump up ^ `` Academy of Art University Campus Map '' ( PDF ) . academyart.edu . Academy of Art University . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rowena Meeks F. Abdy American 1887 -- 1945 Biography '' . The Annex Galleries . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Lombard Street , San Francisco '' . San Francisco . a view on cities . Retrieved August 27 , 2009 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Lombard Street at Wikimedia Commons Tourist Trapped : The Crookedest Street In The World , SFGate Culture Blog Lombard Street , SF GuideLines ( includes early images ) Lombard Street on San Francisco To Do Route map : Google Template : Attached KML / Lombard Street ( San Francisco ) KML is from Wikidata Streets in San Francisco Numbered streets Third Street 19th Avenue 22nd Street 49 - Mile Scenic Drive North -- south streets Castro Street Divisadero Street Embarcadero Freeway Fillmore Street Folsom Street Grant Avenue Great Highway Hyde Street Junipero Serra Boulevard Kearny Street Mission Street Montgomery Street Octavia Boulevard Park Presidio Boulevard Polk Street Powell Street Skyline Boulevard Rescue Row Stockton Street Stanyan Street Van Ness Avenue Vermont Street East -- west streets Broadway California Street Clay Street Commercial Street Filbert Street Geary Boulevard Haight Street Jackson Street Lincoln Way Lombard Street Union Street Diagonal streets Alemany Boulevard The Embarcadero Howard Street Market Street Columbus Avenue New Montgomery Street Alleyways Balmy Alley Belden Place Clarion Alley Jack Kerouac Alley Macondray Lane Maiden Lane Ross Alley Routes SR 1 SR 35 SR 82 US 101 San Francisco place names etymologies Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lombard_Street_(San_Francisco)&oldid=856164580 '' Categories : Landmarks in San Francisco Russian Hill , San Francisco Streets in San Francisco U.S. Route 101 Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Articles using KML from Wikidata Pages with maps Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 09 : 26 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the zigzag street in san francisco | [
"Lombard Street is an east–west street in San Francisco, California that is famous for a steep, one-block section with eight hairpin turns. Stretching from The Presidio east to The Embarcadero (with a gap on Telegraph Hill), most of the street's western segment is a major thoroughfare designated as part of U.S. Route 101. The famous one-block section, claimed to be \"the crookedest street in the world\", is located along the eastern segment in the Russian Hill neighborhood. It is a major tourist attraction, receiving around two million visitors per year and up to 17,000 per day on busy summer weekends, as of 2015.[1]\n"
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"Lombard Street"
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1351054510212973354 | Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again | Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again - Wikipedia Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Theatrical release poster Directed by Ol Parker Produced by Judy Craymer Gary Goetzman Screenplay by Ol Parker Story by Catherine Johnson Richard Curtis Ol Parker Based on Mamma Mia ! by Catherine Johnson Starring Amanda Seyfried Lily James Christine Baranski Julie Walters Pierce Brosnan Colin Firth Stellan Skarsgård Dominic Cooper Andy García Cher Meryl Streep Music by Anne Dudley Cinematography Robert Yeoman Edited by Peter Lambert Production company Playtone Littlestar Productions Legendary Pictures Perfect World Pictures Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date July 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 16 ) ( Hammersmith Apollo ) July 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 20 ) ( United Kingdom & United States ) Running time 114 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $75 million Box office $392.8 million Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again is a 2018 jukebox musical romantic comedy film written and directed by Ol Parker , from a story by Parker , Catherine Johnson , and Richard Curtis . It is a follow - up to the 2008 film Mamma Mia ! , which in turn is based on the musical of the same name using the music of ABBA . The film features an ensemble cast , including Lily James , Amanda Seyfried , Christine Baranski , Julie Walters , Pierce Brosnan , Andy García , Dominic Cooper , Colin Firth , Stellan Skarsgård , Jessica Keenan Wynn , Alexa Davies , Jeremy Irvine , Josh Dylan , Hugh Skinner , Cher , and Meryl Streep . Both a prequel and a sequel , the plot is set after the events of the first film , and also features flashbacks to 1979 , telling the story of Donna Sheridan 's arrival on the island of Kalokairi and her first meetings with her daughter Sophie 's three possible fathers . Due to the financial success of the first film , Universal Pictures had long been interested in a sequel . The film was officially announced in May 2017 , with Parker hired to write and direct . In June 2017 , many of the original cast confirmed their involvement , with James being cast in the role of Young Donna that July . Filming took place from August to December 2017 in Croatia , and at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , England . A British and American joint venture , the film was co-produced by Playtone , Littlestar Productions and Legendary Entertainment . Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again premiered at the Hammersmith Apollo in London on July 16 , 2018 and was released in the United Kingdom and the United States on July 20 , 2018 , ten years to the week of its predecessor 's release , in both standard and IMAX formats . The film has been a box office success , grossing over $392 million worldwide and received generally positive reviews , with critics praising the performances and musical numbers . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Musical numbers 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 6 Home media 7 Reception 7.1 Box office 7.2 Critical response 8 Accolades 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Sophie Sheridan is preparing for the grand reopening of her mother Donna 's hotel , following Donna 's death a year earlier . She is upset because two of her fathers , Harry and Bill , are unable to make it to the reopening and she is having trouble in her relationship with Sky , who is in New York , over her memorializing her mother 's life . In 1979 , a young Donna graduated from Oxford 's New College with Rosie and Tanya , and prepares to travel the world . In Paris , she meets and parties with Harry . They spend the night together , but Donna leaves soon after . She later misses her boat to Kalokairi but is offered a ride by Bill , and along the way , they are able to help a stranded fisherman , Alexio , make it in time to stop the love of his life from marrying another . Unbeknownst to Donna , Harry has followed her to Greece ; but he arrived too late , and sadly watches the boat sailing off in the distance . In the present , Tanya and Rosie arrive to support Sophie with the reopening and it 's revealed that Rosie and Bill have split up . Sophie then visits Sam , who is still grieving over the death of Donna . Back in the past , Donna arrives on the island and while exploring the farmhouse , a sudden storm causes her to discover a spooked horse in the basement . She goes in search of help only to find a young Sam riding his motorcycle and he helps her to save the horse . Back in the present , a storm has caused serious disruption to Sophie 's plans for the grand reopening and prevented media coverage of the event . Back in the past , Donna and Sam are enjoying a whirlwind romance , that ends when Donna discovers a picture of Sam 's fiancée in his drawer . A devastated Donna demands that Sam leave the island . In the present , Sam tells Sophie about her value to her mother . Meanwhile , Harry leaves his business deal in Tokyo to support Sophie , and separately Bill gets the same idea . Bill and Harry meet at the docks but are told there are no boats . However , Alexio gives Bill , Harry and the newly arrived Sky boat passage . In the past , a depressed Donna is heartbroken over Sam but is able to channel her anger into singing with Tanya and Rosie . She meets Bill again and they go out on his boat ; while they are gone , Sam returns , having recently ended his engagement for Donna , but is saddened to hear that she is with another man and leaves the island again . Donna discovers she is pregnant but has no idea which one of her three recent lovers is the father . Sofia , the mother of the owner of the bar where Donna and the Dynamos performed , overhears Donna 's wish to stay on the island and offers to let Donna live at her farmhouse and Donna happily accepts . It is there that she eventually gives birth to Sophie . Back in the present , the guests have arrived at the party and Sophie is reunited with her other two fathers and Sky . Sophie reveals to Sky she is pregnant and has never felt closer to her mother , having now understood what her mother went through . Bill and Rosie reunite over their grief for Donna . Sophie 's estranged grandmother and Donna 's mother , Ruby , arrives despite Sophie having decided not to invite her . She reveals that Sky tracked her down in New York and she wants to build a real relationship with Sophie . Sophie then performs a song with Tanya and Rosie in honor of her mother , with her grandmother tearfully telling her afterward how proud she is of her . It is then revealed that the manager of the hotel , Fernando , is Ruby 's ex-lover from 1959 in Mexico , and the two are joyously reunited . Nine months later , Sophie has given birth to a baby boy named Donny . Everyone has gathered for his christening where Tanya flirts with Fernando 's brother . The ceremony takes place with Donna 's spirit watching over her daughter with pride . At the end , all the characters , including Donna and the younger cast , sing `` Super Trouper '' at a huge party at Hotel Bella Donna . Cast ( edit ) Amanda Seyfried as Sophie Sheridan , Donna 's 25 - year - old daughter , and Ruby 's granddaughter . Meryl Streep as Donna Sheridan - Carmichael , Sophie 's late mother , Ruby 's daughter , and Sam 's wife . Lily James as Young Donna , founder of Donna and the Dynamos . Christine Baranski as Tanya Chesham - Leigh , one of Donna 's best friends and former bandmates in Donna and the Dynamos ; a rich three - time divorcee . Jessica Keenan Wynn as Young Tanya . Julie Walters as Rosie Mulligan , one of Donna 's best friends and former bandmates in Donna and the Dynamos ; a fun - loving author in a relationship with Bill . Alexa Davies as Young Rosie . Pierce Brosnan as Sam Carmichael , an architect , Sophie 's possible father , and Donna 's widower . Jeremy Irvine as Young Sam . Colin Firth as Harry Bright , Sophie 's possible father , a British businessman . Hugh Skinner as Young Harry . Stellan Skarsgård as Bill Anderson , Sophie 's possible father , a Swedish sailor and travel writer , Sofia 's great - nephew , Lazaros 's cousin , and also as Kurt Anderson , Bill 's obese brother . Josh Dylan as Young Bill . Dominic Cooper as Sky , Sophie 's husband . Cher as Ruby Sheridan , Donna 's mother , Sophie 's grandmother , and Sam 's mother - in - law . Andy García as Fernando Cienfuegos , the Mexican manager of the Hotel Bella Donna and an old lover of Ruby 's from 1959 . Omid Djalili as a Greek customs officer . Celia Imrie as the Vice-Chancellor of the university at which Donna , Tanya and Rosie studied . Maria Vacratsis as Sofia , a local who owns the shack that Donna stays in , which eventually becomes Donna 's home , and Bill 's great aunt . Panos Mouzourakis as Lazaros , Sofia 's son and Bill 's cousin who owns the bar at which both his band and Donna and the Dynamos perform . Gerard Monaco as Alexio , a local Greek fisherman . Anna Antoniades as Apollonia , Alexio 's lover and later wife . Cameo appearances Björn Ulvaeus as a university professor . Benny Andersson as the pianist in the Parisian restaurant during `` Waterloo '' . Jonathan Goldsmith as Rafael Cienfuegos , Fernando Cienfuegos 's widower brother . Musical numbers ( edit ) Main article : Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again : The Movie Soundtrack A soundtrack album was released on July 13 , 2018 by Capitol and Polydor Records in the United States and internationally , respectively . The album was produced by Benny Andersson , who also served as the album 's executive producer alongside Björn Ulvaeus and Judy Craymer . Each song is featured within the film , with the exception of `` I Wonder ( Departure ) '' and `` The Day Before You Came '' . `` Thank You for the Music '' -- Sophie `` When I Kissed the Teacher '' -- Young Donna and the Dynamos , Vice-Chancellor `` I Wonder ( Departure ) '' -- Young Donna and the Dynamos `` One of Us '' -- Sophie and Sky `` Waterloo '' -- Young Harry and Young Donna `` SOS '' -- Sam `` Why Did It Have to Be Me ? '' -- Young Bill , Young Donna and Young Harry `` I Have a Dream '' -- Young Donna `` Kisses of Fire '' -- Lazaros `` Andante , Andante '' -- Young Donna `` The Name of the Game '' -- Young Donna `` Knowing Me , Knowing You '' -- Young Donna and Young Sam `` Mamma Mia '' -- Young Donna and the Dynamos `` Angel Eyes '' -- Rosie , Tanya , and Sophie `` Dancing Queen '' -- Sophie , Rosie , Tanya , Sam , Bill , and Harry `` I 've Been Waiting for You '' -- Sophie , Rosie , and Tanya `` Fernando '' -- Ruby , Fernando `` My Love , My Life '' -- Young Donna , Donna , Sophie `` Super Trouper '' -- Ruby , Donna , Rosie , Tanya , Sophie , Sky , Sam , Bill , Harry , Fernando , Young Donna , Young Rosie , Young Tanya , Young Bill , Young Sam , and Young Harry `` The Day Before You Came '' -- Donna Songs featured on the soundtrack album but omitted from the film . Songs featured in the film but omitted from the soundtrack album . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Due to Mamma Mia ! 's financial success , Hollywood studio chief David Linde , co-chairman of Universal Pictures , told the Daily Mail that it would take a while , but there could be a sequel . He stated that he would be delighted if Judy Craymer , Catherine Johnson , Phyllida Lloyd , Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus agreed to the project , noting that there are still many ABBA songs to make use of . Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again was announced on May 19 , 2017 , with a release date of July 20 , 2018 . It was written and directed by Ol Parker . On September 27 , 2017 , Benny Andersson confirmed 3 ABBA songs that would be featured in the film : `` When I Kissed the Teacher , '' `` I Wonder ( Departure ) , '' and `` Angeleyes . '' `` I Wonder ( Departure ) '' was cut from the film , but is included on the soundtrack album . Casting ( edit ) On June 1 , 2017 , it was announced that Seyfried would return as Sophie . Later that month , Dominic Cooper confirmed that he would return for the sequel , along with Streep , Firth and Brosnan as Sky , Donna , Harry , and Sam , respectively . In July 2017 , Baranski was also confirmed to return as Tanya . On July 12 , 2017 , Lily James was cast to play the role of young Donna . On August 3 , 2017 , Jeremy Irvine and Alexa Davies were also cast in the film , with Irvine playing Brosnan 's character Sam in a past era , and Hugh Skinner to play Young Harry , Davies as a young Rosie , played by Julie Walters . On August 16 , 2017 , it was announced that Jessica Keenan Wynn had been cast as a young Tanya , who is played by Baranski . Julie Walters and Stellan Skarsgård also reprised their roles as Rosie and Bill , respectively . On October 16 , 2017 , it was announced that singer and actress Cher had joined the cast , in her first on - screen film role since 2010 , and her first film with Streep since Silkwood . The part was written specifically for Cher , and she got to choose Andy Garcia as her romantic partner . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began on August 12 , 2017 in Croatia , including the island of Vis . In October 2017 , the cast gathered at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , England , to film song and dance numbers with Cher . Filming wrapped on December 2 , 2017 . Release ( edit ) Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again was released on July 20 , 2018 by Universal Pictures , in the UK , US and other selected countries in both standard and IMAX formats . The film premiered on July 16 , 2018 at the Hammersmith Apollo in London . Marketing ( edit ) The first trailer for the film was released on December 21 , 2017 , in front of Pitch Perfect 3 , another Universal Pictures film . Cher performed `` Fernando '' at the Las Vegas CinemaCon on April 25 , 2018 , after footage of the film was shown . Universal sponsored YouTube stars the Merrell Twins to perform a cover version of the song `` Mamma Mia '' to promote the film . Home Media ( edit ) Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again was released via digital copy on October 9 , 2018 and released on DVD , Blu - ray , and 4K UHD Combo Pack on October 23 , 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of October 11 , 2018 , Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again has grossed $120.6 million in the United States and Canada , and $272.2 million in other territories , for a total worldwide gross of $392.8 million , against a production budget of $75 million . In June 2018 , three weeks prior to its release , official industry tracking had the film debuting to $27 -- 33 million , which increased to as much as $36 million by the week of its release . It made $14.3 million on its first day , including $3.4 million from Thursday night previews . It went on to debut to $35 million , finishing second , behind fellow newcomer The Equalizer 2 ( $36 million ) , and besting the opening of the first film ( $27.8 million ) by over 24 % . It fell 57 % to $15.1 million in its second weekend , finishing second behind newcomer Mission : Impossible -- Fallout . In its third weekend the film grossed $9 million , dropping to fourth place , and $5.8 million in its fourth weekend , finishing seventh . In the United Kingdom , the film grossed $12.7 million in its opening weekend , topping the box office and achieving the fourth biggest opening for a film in 2018 . In its second weekend of international release , the film made $26.6 million ( for a running total of $98.6 million ) . Its largest new markets were France ( $1.7 million ) , Poland ( $1.3 million ) , Switzerland ( $223,000 ) and Croatia ( $151,000 ) , while its best holdovers were Australia ( $9.5 million ) , the UK ( $8.6 million ) and Germany ( $8.2 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) Lily James ' performance as Young Donna was praised by critics as a `` breakout '' role . On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 80 % based on 216 reviews , and a weighted average of 6.3 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again doubles down on just about everything fans loved about the original -- and my my , how can fans resist it ? '' On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 60 out of 100 based on 46 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale , the same score as its predecessor , while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an 83 % overall positive score . Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian termed the sequel as `` weirdly irresistible '' and gave it three out of five stars . He described his reaction to the first film as `` a combination of hives and bubonic plague , '' but concedes that this time , the relentlessness and greater self - aware comedy made him smile . He concludes : `` More enjoyable than I thought . But please . Enough now . '' Mark Kermode of The Observer gave the film five stars and commented , `` This slick sequel delivers sharp one - liners , joyously contrived plot twists and an emotional punch that left our critic reeling . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone awarded the film two and a half stars out of five , noting the absence of Streep for the majority of the film hindered his enjoyment , and saying , `` her absence is deeply felt since the three - time Oscar winner sang and danced her heart out as Donna Sheridan '' . Lindsay Bahr of Associated Press awarded the film three out of four stars , calling it `` wholly ridiculous '' , but complimenting its self - awareness . She also praised James ' performance and singing talent . Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the sequel a mixed review , awarding it two stars out of four , criticizing the reprises of `` Dancing Queen '' and `` Super Trouper '' as uninspired , and feeling that some of the musical numbers dragged the pacing . He considered the younger counterparts to the main characters `` energetic '' and `` likeable . '' Stephanie Zacharek of Time gave the film a mixed review , writing `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again is atrocious . And wonderful . It 's all the reasons you should never go to the movies . And all the reasons you should race to get a ticket . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . People 's Choice Awards November 11 , 2018 The Comedy Movie of 2018 Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Pending Female Movie Star Lily James Pending Comedy Movie Star Amanda Seyfried Pending References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gleiberman , Owen ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` Film Review : ' Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again '' . Legendary Entertainment . Retrieved August 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again '' . AMC Theatres . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 26 , 2018 ) . `` Imax Kicks Off Biggest Global Campaign Ever In 77 Countries : `` Films To The Fullest '' `` . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Clopton , Ellis ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ' Reviews : What the Critics Are Saying '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giles , Jeff ( July 19 , 2018 ) . `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Is Certified Fresh '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved July 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ LATF Staff ( July 13 , 2018 ) . `` New Music Friday : Tinashe , DJ Snake , Mamma Mia Soundtrack ... '' LATF USA . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Official Soundtrack Is Out Today '' . Umusic . July 13 , 2018 . Retrieved July 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bamigboye , Baz ( October 17 , 2008 ) . `` Baz Bamigboye on a possible Mamma Mia sequel , Kate Winslet , Leonardo DiCaprio and much more '' . The Daily Mail . Associated Newspapers . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ' sequel ' Here We Go Again ' coming next summer '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia : Here We Go Again ! ' On Universal Pictures ' 2018 Schedule '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Read - Dominguez , Jennifer ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Mamma Mia 2 Here We Go Again ! songs officially revealed by Benny from ABBA '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike Jr . ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Amanda Seyfried Set For ' Mamma Mia ! ' Reprise '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seemayer , Zach ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Dominic Cooper Dishes on Returning for ' Mamma Mia 2 ' : It 's ' a Phone Call I 've Been Waiting For ' '' . Entertainment Tonight . CBS Studios . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Christine Baranski Returning For Universal 's ' Mamma Mia ! ' Sequel '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ' Sequel Adds Lily James ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ; N'Duka , Amanda ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! ' Sequel Adds Jeremy Irvine & ' Harlots ' Actress Alexa Davies '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia : Here We Go Again ! ' Casts Broadway Star Jessica Keenan Wynn '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Here We Go Again : Mamma Mia ! Sequel Begins Production '' . ComingSoon.net . Mandatory . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bamigboye , Baz ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` Here she goes again : Cher prepares to return to the big screen with appearance in Mamma Mia 2 '' . The Daily Mail . Associated Newspapers . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McHenry , Jackson ( July 18 , 2018 ) . `` Why Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Cast Cher As Meryl Streep 's Mother '' . Vulture . New York Media . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Demark , Nikolina ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Will the Filming of ' Mamma Mia ' Affect the Island of Vis ? '' . Total Croatia News . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCreesh , Louise ( August 12 , 2017 ) . `` Lily James shares snap of young Dynamos in Mamma Mia 2 '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Ellie ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Lily James shares photo from the set of Mamma Mia ! sequel '' . Radio Times . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sommers , Kat ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` First Look : The Dynamos Reunite as ' Mamma Mia 2 ' Starts Filming '' . BBC America . BBC . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCreesh , Louise ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Mamma Mia 2 : Here We Go Again ! has officially finished filming '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! ' Film Sequel Gets July 2018 Release Date '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harding , Laura ( July 16 , 2018 ) . `` Meryl Streep and Cher to be dancing queens of Mamma Mia 2 premiere '' . Irish Independent . Independent News & Media . Retrieved July 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 22 , 2018 ) . `` Shocker : ' Mamma Mia 2 ' Meets B.O. Waterloo As ' Equalizer 2 ' Is The No. 1 Winner That Takes It All With $35 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` October 23 Blu - ray , Digital and DVD Releases '' . Comingsoon.net . October 23 , 2018 . Retrieved October 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Equalizer , ' ' Mamma Mia ' Sequels Head Toward $30 Million Domestic Openings '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ' To Hit The High Note At Weekend Box Office With $30 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( July 23 , 2018 ) . `` Box Office Top 20 : ' Equalizer 2 ' beats ' Mamma Mia ' by a hair '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mission ' Accomplished : ' Fallout ' $61 M+ Opening Reps Record For Tom Cruise Franchise -- Sunday '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Top 20 : New ' Mission : Impossible ' hits No. 1 '' . ABC News . Associated Press . July 30 , 2018 . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( August 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mission ' Notches Best 2nd Weekend For Franchise With $35 M ; ' Christopher Robin ' No Eeyore With $25 M -- Sunday Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( August 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' August Audiences Get Hooked On ' Meg ' Shelling Out $44.5 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gant , Charles ( July 24 , 2018 ) . `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again stays on song as box office recovery continues '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved July 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( July 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mission : Impossible -- Fallout ' Ignites Record $92 M Overseas / $153.5 M Global Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Erbland , Kate ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ' Review : Lily James Is a Breakout , but This Energetic Sequel Misses Meryl Streep '' . IndieWire . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved September 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved August 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again review -- feta fever dream sequel is weirdly irresistible '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved July 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kermode , Mark ( July 22 , 2018 ) . `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again review -- full of hits and emotion '' . The Observer . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved July 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( July 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ' Review : ABBA - Fab Sequel Suffers From Streepless Throats '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bahr , Lindsay ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` Review : Bask in the effervescent insanity of ' Mamma Mia 2 ' '' . Associated Press . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again ' a campy sequel sure to please fans , my my '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( July 30 , 2018 ) . `` Mamma Mia : Here We Go Again Is Both Atrocious and Amazing '' . Time . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ USA TODAY Life staff ( 2018 - 09 - 24 ) . `` People 's Choice Awards 2018 : The nominees '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 25 . External links ( edit ) Official website Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again on IMDb Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again at AllMovie ABBA Agnetha Fältskog Björn Ulvaeus Benny Andersson Anni - Frid Lyngstad Studio albums Ring Ring Waterloo ABBA Arrival ABBA : The Album Voulez - Vous Super Trouper The Visitors Compilations Greatest Hits Greatest Hits Vol. 2 Gracias Por La Música The Singles : The First Ten Years Thank You for the Music The Songbook -- Australian Chart Hits Gold : Greatest Hits Oro : Grandes Éxitos More ABBA Gold : More ABBA Hits Thank You for the Music ( box set ) Love Stories The Definitive Collection 18 Hits The Complete Studio Recordings Number Ones The Albums Live albums ABBA Live Live at Wembley Arena Tours and TV specials Eurovision Song Contest 1974 European & Australian Tour ABBA : The Tour Dick Cavett Meets ABBA Congratulations : 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest ABBA : Thank You for the Music , An All - Star Tribute Films and musicals ABBA : The Movie The Girl with the Golden Hair ABBAcadabra Mamma Mia ! Original Cast Recording Film series Mamma Mia ! 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Films set in 1979 Playtone films Universal Pictures films Legendary Pictures films Films produced by Gary Goetzman Films directed by Ol Parker Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 20 : 34 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where was mama mia herewe go again filmed | [
"Due to the financial success of the first film, Universal Pictures had long been interested in a sequel. The film was officially announced in May 2017, with Parker hired to write and direct. In June 2017, many of the original cast confirmed their involvement, with James being cast in the role of Young Donna that July. Filming took place from August to December 2017 in Croatia, and at Shepperton Studios in Surrey, England. A British and American joint venture, the film was co-produced by Playtone, Littlestar Productions and Legendary Entertainment.\n",
"Due to the financial success of the first film, Universal Pictures had long been interested in a sequel. The film was officially announced in May 2017, with Parker hired to write and direct. In June 2017, many of the original cast confirmed their involvement, with James being cast in the role of Young Donna that July. Filming took place from August to December 2017 in Croatia, and at Shepperton Studios in Surrey, England. A British and American joint venture, the film was co-produced by Playtone, Littlestar Productions and Legendary Entertainment.\n"
] | [
"Croatia",
"Shepperton Studios in Surrey, England"
] |
-146671794647305554 | List of The Seven Deadly Sins episodes | List of the Seven Deadly Sins episodes - wikipedia List of the Seven Deadly Sins episodes The Seven Deadly Sins ( Nanatsu no Taizai / 七 つの 大罪 ) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Nakaba Suzuki . The series follows Elizabeth , the third princess of the Kingdom of Liones , who is in search of the Seven Deadly Sins , a group of former Holy Knights who were disbanded after the kingdom was overthrown . She enlists the help of Meliodas and Hawk , the captain of the Seven Deadly Sins and his talking pet pig , to assemble the remaining members of the Seven Deadly Sins and take back the kingdom from the Holy Knights . The series debuted on MBS and other Japan News Network stations on October 5 , 2014 . A second season of the anime series was confirmed on September 27 , 2015 , and aired on January 13 , 2018 . An original video animation ( OVA ) titled `` Ban 's Additional Chapter '' ( バン の 番外 編 , Ban no Bangai - hen ) was included with the limited edition of volume 15 of the manga , released on June 17 , 2015 . A second OVA composed of nine humorous shorts was shipped with the limited edition of the sixteenth volume of the manga , released on August 12 , 2015 . The first The Seven Deadly Sins anime series was licensed for English release by Netflix as its second exclusive anime , following their acquisition of Knights of Sidonia . All 24 episodes were released on November 1 , 2015 in both subtitled or English dub formats . The Signs of Holy War arc of the series , labeled as Season 2 , was added to the service on February 17 , 2017 . The Revival of the Commandments arc , labeled as Season 3 , was released on October 15 , 2018 in the United States . Contents 1 Episode list 1.1 The Seven Deadly Sins 1.2 The Seven Deadly Sins : Signs of Holy War 1.3 The Seven Deadly Sins : Revival of The Commandments 2 OVAs 3 Songs 4 References Episode list ( edit ) The Seven Deadly Sins ( edit ) No . English title Original Japanese title Original air date `` The Seven Deadly Sins '' `` Nanatsu no Taizai '' ( 七 つの 大罪 ) October 5 , 2014 Elizabeth Liones , the third princess of the Kingdom of Liones , is on a mission to find the Seven Deadly Sins , a group of extremely powerful but dangerous group of Holy Knights who are now wanted criminals for supposedly betraying the kingdom . She finds Meliodas , the owner of a bar named the Boar Hat , accompanied by his pet companion Hawk , a talking pig . When attacked by apprentice Holy Knight Twigo , Meliodas quickly overcomes the opponent , but reveals his identity in the process as the Dragon 's Sin of Wrath and the captain of the Seven Deadly Sins . Meliodas and Hawk join Elizabeth on her journey to find the other Deadly Sins in order to defeat the Holy Knights , who have orchestrated a coup d'état to overthrow the king . `` The Sword of the Holy Knight '' `` Seikishi no Ken '' ( 聖 騎士 の 剣 ) October 12 , 2014 Holy Knight Gilthunder plants his sword in the center of a town named the Bernia Village , thus preventing the town from making the Bernia Ale , the primary source of income . After innumerable unsuccessful attempts by the villagers to remove the sword , which blocked the water source , Meliodas easily removes the object . A celebration is held at the Boar Hat , and Meliodas is hailed as a savior of the Bernia Village . Gilthunder , wanting to confirm whether the removal of his sword was an accident or not , throws a spear imbued with his power towards the town . However , Meliodas easily stops and throws the spear back , destroying Fort Solgales . Meliodas , Elizabeth and Hawk decide to proceed to the Forest of White Dreams . `` The Sin in the Sleeping Forest '' `` Nemureru Mori no Tsumi '' ( 眠れる 森 の 罪 ) October 19 , 2014 Meliodas , Elizabeth and Hawk travel to the Forest of White Dreams , which even the Holy Knights avoid . The Prankster Imps that inhabit the Forest of White Dreams attempt to confuse them by impersonating Hawk and Elizabeth in order to lead them astray . After defeating the Prankster Imps , the three follow them and find a giant girl named Diane , the Serpent 's Sin of Envy , asleep in the forest . Gilthunder suddenly arrives and binds all of them with his lightning magic . Meliodas battles Gilthunder , purposely allowing the Holy Knight to defeat him . Under the pretense of dying due to the severe injury , Meliodas acquires information about the whereabouts of two members of the Seven Deadly Sins , Ban and King , as his apparent last wish . `` A Little Girl 's Dream '' `` Shōjo no Yume '' ( 少女 の 夢 ) October 26 , 2014 After Diane throws Gilthunder out of the forest , Meliodas , Elizabeth , Hawk and Diane head toward Baste Dungeon , where Ban , the Fox 's Sin of Greed , is imprisoned . On the way there , they decide to pass by Dalmary Town , where a doctor named Dana treats Meliodas with some medicine for his injuries . Diane and Elizabeth both show care for Meliodas , but they envy each other due to their opposites in strength and size . The town is suddenly attacked by insects controlled by Friesia , a Holy Knight belonging to the infamous Weird Fangs , but the insects are quickly destroyed by Diane , who makes her way to Baste Dungeon . Dana unexpectedly reveals to Elizabeth that the medicine is a deadly poison , while Golgius appears out of the blue to escort Elizabeth back to the Kingdom of Liones . Meanwhile , Ban escapes from his cell , but Jericho fails to subdue him . 5 `` Even If You Should Die '' `` Tatoe Anata ga Shindemo '' ( たとえ あなた が 死ん でも ) November 2 , 2014 As Golgius attempts to take Meliodas 's sword , Meliodas awakens with no sign of being poisoned , proceeding to blast an aura that causes Golgius to flee . Meliodas , Elizabeth and Hawk find Golgius , who stabs Dana through the back and then attacks the three using his power of invisibility . Once Meliodas forces Golgius to retreat by horse , Meliodas later consoles Elizabeth after she blames herself for the death of Dana , whose daughter Sennett is imprisoned inside Baste Dungeon . When Meliodas , Elizabeth and Hawk set off to Baste Dungeon , they encounter Diane , who suddenly attacks them after succumbing to hypnosis by Ruin at the sound of his bell . As they run away from Diane , involving a pair of shepherds along the way , Meliodas soon succumbs to hypnosis as well and fights Diane . Meanwhile , Ban strips Jericho of her armor to wear for himself , but is subsequently stabbed in the chest by Jude . 6 `` The Poem of Beginnings '' `` Hajimari no Uta '' ( はじまり の 詩 ) November 9 , 2014 As Meliodas and Diane continue to fight each other under hypnosis , Friesia attacks the young shepherd with her insects . When Elizabeth risks her life to protect the young shepherd , the latter is revealed to be Ruin . After Elizabeth manages to break off the bell from Ruin 's staff , Meliodas and Diane regain their senses , soon defeating Ruin and Friesia , respectively . Meanwhile , Ban overpowers Jude and kills him , despite being pierced through the chest . Meliodas , Elizabeth , Hawk and Diane make it to Baste Dungeon to rescue Sennett , but Meliodas and Ban cause the destruction of the structure during their happy reunion . The six of them regroup back at Dalmary Town , where Dana , revealed to still be alive , treats them to a meal as a courtesy . Meanwhile , King , the Grizzly 's Sin of Sloth , is shown to be allied with Gilthunder . 7 `` A Touching Reunion '' `` Kandō no Saikai '' ( 感動 の 再会 ) November 16 , 2014 During a flashback , Ban seeks for the Fountain of Youth deep inside the Fairy King 's Forest , but he is repeatedly thwarted by Elaine , Holy Maiden of the Fountain of Youth . However , Elaine realizes that Ban is different from other humans . Ban wants the Fountain of Youth in hopes of gaining something good in his life . In the present , Meliodas , Elizabeth , Hawk , Diane and Ban make plans to go to the Capital of the Dead . Ban wanders off in a nearby village and encounters King , in which the former does not recognize the latter at first . The two start fighting until the others find Ban , causing King to fly away in silence . As Meliodas , Elizabeth , Hawk , Diane and Ban later set off to the Capital of the Dead , they go to a field of flowers , which sends them to their destination . However , King follows them there and chases Ban , who sees a glimpse of Elaine from a distance . 8 `` The Fearsome Pursuer '' `` Osorubeki Tsuisekisha '' ( 恐る べき 追跡 者 ) November 23 , 2014 King petrifies Ban after revealing that Elaine is actually his sister . During another flashback , Ban tries to protect Elaine while confronting a red demon that is destroying the Fairy King 's Forest . However , after Elaine gets hurt , she sacrifices her life by ingesting the Fountain of Youth into Ban to allow him to defeat the red demon . In the present , Holy Knight Guila enters the Capital of the Dead and battles Meliodas and Diane , while Elizabeth and Hawk run away to safety . Elaine , first unseen to King , releases Ban from petrification with a kiss . Ban joins Meliodas and Diane in the battle against Guila , while Elaine tells King to understand Ban and save him . After being informed by Elizabeth and Hawk about the battle that is going on , King executes a surprise attack from behind through Ban to strike Guila . 9 `` Dark Pulse '' `` Ankoku no Myakudō '' ( 暗黒 の 脈動 ) November 30 , 2014 King overpowers and single - handedly defeats Guila using his Sacred Treasure , the Spirit Spear Chastiefol . As Meliodas , Elizabeth , Hawk , Diane , Ban and King return to the village , King tells the others that his Sacred Treasure unlocks his full potential in combat . However , Meliodas sold his , Diane lost hers and Ban got his stolen . Meliodas , Ban and King head to the Merchant Town Vaizel during the annual fighting festival , in which the grand prize happens to be Diane 's Sacred Treasure , the War Hammer Gideon . Meanwhile , Great Holy Knight Hendrickson summons Jericho and Twigo underground , offering them blood from the corpse of a red demon as a means of enhancing their strength . Twigo explodes after drinking the blood , but Jericho manages to survive the excruciating experience . 10 `` The Vaizel Fighting Festival '' `` Baizeru Kenka Matsuri '' ( バイゼル 喧嘩 祭り ) December 7 , 2014 The fighting festival starts with an elimination round that results in eight contestants left standing . The first round of the quarterfinals is Holy Knight Griamore versus `` Matrona '' , in which Matrona manages to break Griamore 's barrier and send him flying . Matrona is revealed to be a shrunken Diane wearing Elizabeth 's clothing . Diane and Elizabeth previously encountered a giant mushroom called a Chicken - Matango that shrunk them both when it felt threatened . The second round is Holy Knight Howzer versus three - time champion Taizoo , in which the former defeats the latter with one punch . The third round is King versus Cain Barzad , a drunken old man . Since King is nearly powerless without his weapon , Cain easily knocks King out of the ring . The final round is Meliodas versus Ban , and Howzer learns from Griamore that the two are members of the Seven Deadly Sins . 11 `` Pent - Up Feelings '' `` Sekinen no Omoi '' ( 積 年 の 想い ) December 14 , 2014 Meliodas and Ban engage in a fierce fight that shakes the ground beneath them , equally matched due to their incredible strength and agility . However , Meliodas grabs onto Ban 's wrist and blasts him out of the ring , thereby winning the round . The first round of the semifinals is Diane versus Howzer in which Howzer goes all out with his windy punches , but Diane does a body slam on Howzer and wins the round . The second round is Cain versus Meliodas , in which Cain believes that Meliodas betrayed the kingdom in the past . When Meliodas says that he did not betray the kingdom , Cain trusts Meliodas and forfeits the round . The round of the finals is Diane versus Meliodas , while Guila and Jericho are making their way towards Vaizel . 12 `` Bloodcurdling Cannon '' `` Senritsu no Kanon '' ( 戦慄 の カノン ) December 21 , 2014 Guila and Jericho interrupt the tournament and cause terror upon the merchant town . King subdues Guila and Jericho after Meliodas and Ban are defeated by them , but King is later overwhelmed by Holy Knight Helbram , who was disguised as tournament referee Love Helm . Meanwhile , Elizabeth returns to her normal size and stumbles upon her elder sister Veronica Liones , who scolds Elizabeth for being involved with Meliodas . Veronica then traps Meliodas inside Goddess Amber , a stone specifically made to seal demonic beings . Elizabeth runs away with Meliodas 's sword and Goddess Amber , while Griamore temporarily restrains Guila and Jericho . Veronica catches up to Elizabeth and shields her from an explosion made by Guila , which causes Veronica to pass away . When Elizabeth calls out for Meliodas , he emerges from within Goddess Amber with a darker side to him . 13 `` The Angel of Destruction '' `` Hakai no Shito '' ( 破壊 の 使徒 ) January 11 , 2015 With his true power finally shown , Meliodas clashes with Helbram , who takes note on how Meliodas hones his dark abilities . After managing to defeat Meliodas , Helbram steals Meliodas 's sword . Ban takes Elizabeth , Hawk and King to safety , while Diane returns to her normal size and wields Gideon with attacks that crumble the earth , forcing Helbram to retreat with Guila and Jericho in tow . Elizabeth embraces Meliodas after he is rescued by Diane , later lamenting the death of Veronica . Ban and King express their motives behind taking back the kingdom . With his sword now stolen , Meliodas vows to end the ongoing war once and for all . 14 `` A Reader of Books '' `` Hon wo Yomu Hito '' ( 本 を 読む ひと ) January 18 , 2015 News about several sightings of an Armor Giant somewhere in Ordan Forest reaches Helbram , who quickly sends Dawn Roar , an elite group of Holy Knights , to search for the Armor Giant . Meanwhile , Guila visits her younger brother Zeal , and she later kills three thugs who bullied him for his spare change . Meliodas and his friends split up in the nearby village . Elizabeth and Hawk encounter a boy named Alan , who is looking for some glue to repair armor . Upon hearing the low growls that echo in the forest , Meliodas , Ban and King find the Armor Giant being surrounded by Dawn Roar , but Meliodas , Ban and King are no match against Dawn Roar . Just as it seems that the Armor Giant is about to be slain , Alan intercepts and reveals himself as Gowther , the Goat 's Sin of Lust . 15 `` Unholy Knight '' `` Anhōryi Naito '' ( アンホーリィ ・ ナイト ) January 25 , 2015 Gowther gives the head of the Armor Giant to the members of Dawn Roar in order to convince them to withdraw from battle . However , the demon breaks through the armor and attacks Meliodas , Ban , King and Gowther . Meliodas lowers his guard upon noticing a Holy Knight merged into the demon 's chest , but Gowther uses his Sacred Treasure , the Twin Bow Herritt , to stop the demon . Meanwhile , Cain visits Elizabeth in the Boar Hat , where he tells her the story of Liz , a knight from an enemy kingdom who became Meliodas 's past lover after he saved her from being sentenced to death . Ban gouges out the heart of the Holy Knight , recognized as Guila 's father Dale , yet the demon still remains alive . Elizabeth rushes to Meliodas and gives him Liz 's sword left behind , which allows him to destroy the demon . It is realized that Dale was one of Hendrickson 's failed demon experiments . 16 `` The Legends , Provoked '' `` Karitaterareru Densetsu - tachi '' ( 駆り立て られる 伝説 たち ) February 1 , 2015 Gowther is welcomed by the others into their group , but he soon finds out the true secrets behind them by delving deep into their memories and emotions . Meanwhile , Hendrickson and Helbram have the hilt of Meliodas 's sword in possession , in which they plan to use it as a fragment of a ritual relic , known as the Coffin of Eternal Darkness , to resurrect the red demon race as a means to start a holy war . At the Boar Hat , Holy Knight Vivian suddenly appears and kidnaps Elizabeth and Hawk . Diane throws Meliodas , Ban and Gowther toward the Kingdom of Liones , where the three are bombarded by an army of Holy Knights on the north side of the castle . However , Arthur Pendragon , the young king of Camelot , has approached the south side of the castle with his own army . 17 `` The First Sacrifice '' `` Saisho no Gisei '' ( 最初 の 犠牲 ) February 8 , 2015 Hendrickson tries to convince Arthur to leave the castle , but to no avail . Instead , Hendrickson escorts Arthur inside the castle and suddenly engages him in battle . Meanwhile , Elizabeth and Hawk are teleported inside the dungeon of the castle , and they try to find a way out . Meliodas , Ban and Gowther manage to defeat the army and sneak inside a town of the kingdom , while King summons his black hound Oslow to use its mouth to teleport Diane inside the castle . However , Diane is attacked by Guila , Jericho , Gilthunder , Howzer , Helbram and Great Holy Knight Dreyfus . Diane tries to defend herself , but Dreyfus overpowers her with an attack that sends her crashing onto the town streets . After Diane wander the streets and protects Zeal from being crushed by a falling building , both Howzer and Guila switch sides to defend Diane . 18 `` Even If It Costs Me My Life '' `` Kono Inochi ni Kaete mo '' ( この 命 に かえ て も ) February 15 , 2015 The combined powers of Howzer and Guila have little to no effect . When Dreyfus attacks Guila , Gowther saves Guila in the nick of time and faces Dreyfus alone . Meanwhile , Elizabeth and Hawk encounter Margaret Liones , Elizabeth 's eldest sister , in a cell . Vivian appears , teleporting Hawk elsewhere , knocking Elizabeth unconscious and releasing Margaret from her cell . Gowther traps Dreyfus in a nightmare , but Dreyfus somehow snaps out of it and pierces Gowther in the chest . Once a heavily injured Dreyfus leaves with Gilthunder , Helbram attempts to finish Diane off , but King appears and stops Helbram , who reveals himself as a fairy and King 's former best friend . Helbram uses his magical tree roots to restrain King and inflict brutal lashes on Diane . However , King uses Chastifol to shield Diane from getting hurt . King says that he is fulfilling a promise that he made seven hundred years ago . 19 `` The Fairy King Waits in Vain '' `` Machibōke no Yōseiō '' ( まち ぼう け の 妖精 王 ) February 22 , 2015 In the past , King met Diane when she was a child inside a cave , and they bonded as friends for many decades , though it seemed like just a few days have passed . King gradually recovered his memories , remembering that his fairy race was killed by a man wearing an eyepatch named Aldrich . When a nearby village was attacked , King left Diane with the promise that he would return . Helbram , who took on the form of Aldrich , was behind the attack due to his hatred of humans . After subduing Helbram by piercing a white rose through him , King was sentenced to a thousand years in prison , taking responsibility for the attack . In the present , King manages to defeat Helbram , who is finally able to rest in peace and atone for his grudge against humans . Meanwhile , after Arthur is overwhelmed by Hendrickson , Meliodas jumps in the scene . 20 `` The Courage Charm '' `` Yūki no Majinai '' ( 勇気 の まじない ) March 1 , 2015 Gilthunder leaves Dreyfus to fight Meliodas alone , while Hendrickson deals with Arthur and ultimately defeats him . Meanwhile , Elizabeth wakes up in a chamber and finds her father , King Bartra Liones . Meliodas then finds himself outmatched against Gilthunder , Hendrickson and Vivian . At the same time , Margaret decides to take her own life by jumping off a castle tower . Margaret and Gilthunder are both released from their curse in the form of monsters , thanks to Meliodas . While Margaret is thus saved from falling , Hendrickson tries to finish Meliodas off , but Gilthunder stands in the way and knocks down Hendrickson at full force . Vivian tries to trap Meliodas , Gilthunder , Margaret and Arthur in illusionary places , but Merlin , the Boar 's Sin of Gluttony , makes her first appearance and breaks the spell . 21 `` The Looming Threat '' `` Ima , Soko ni Semaru Kyōi '' ( 今 、 そこ に せまる 脅威 ) March 8 , 2015 Hawk finds Ban in the catacombs underneath the kingdom , where Ban makes contact with a goddess vessel through the Horn of Cernunnos . Ban is granted the request of resurrecting Elaine , but only with the condition that he kills Meliodas . Meanwhile , Meliodas , Merlin , Gilthunder , Margaret and Arthur enter the chamber where Elizabeth and Bartra are being held captive . Merlin takes Arthur and Bartra to Camelot to safety , but Hendrickson soon causes an explosion in the chamber , showing himself embedded in darkness and causing terror in the town with the experimented Holy Knights turned into demons . After Hendrickson gravely injures Meliodas and Gilthunder with his sword , Elizabeth agrees to go with Hendrickson in order to stop a bloodbath . When Ban and Hawk find Meliodas , Ban suddenly severs Meliodas 's right arm . Upon seeing Meliodas reattaching his arm using dark magic , Ban deduces that Meliodas is from the demon race . 22 `` What I Can Do for You '' `` Kimi no Tame ni Dekiru Koto '' ( 君 の ため に できること ) March 15 , 2015 Hawk tries to shake some sense into Ban , who will stop at nothing to kill Meliodas . Although Ban is fixated on resurrecting Elaine , Meliodas orders him to settle matters later , and Hawk takes Meliodas to find Elizabeth . Dreyfus , who wants to atone for his crimes , challenges Hendrickson to a duel . However , Elizabeth is accidentally injured in the process . Diane , Ban , King , Gowther , Gilthunder and Howzer destroy the demons in the town . Meliodas and Hawk arrive and find the injured Elizabeth , just after Hendrickson kills Dreyfus by melting him in acid . As Hawk takes Elizabeth to safety , Meliodas engages in combat against Hendrickson . Meliodas is soon joined by his friends and allies , who all prepare to take Hendrickson down . 23 `` Despair Descends '' `` Zetsubō Kōrin '' ( 絶望 降臨 ) March 22 , 2015 Hendrickson unveils the source of his power , the corpse of a red demon , which is the same one that Ban slayed in the Fairy King 's Forest long ago . After Ban pummels Hendrickson through the ground , Meliodas , Ban , King and Gowther jump down the hole to a cave , where Hendrickson injects himself with the blood from the corpse of a gray demon to acquire even more power . A sudden burst of energy from Hendrickson sends the four of them back above ground , where Hendrickson easily overpowers all of his opponents despite all of their efforts . With Meliodas left standing and protecting Elizabeth , Hendrickson casts a large dark blast , but Hawk sacrifices himself in order to save the two of them . Shocked of losing her dear friend , Elizabeth awakens her dormant powers that repels Hendrickson and heals everyone else . However , Hendrickson survives and still has strength left in him to fight . 24 `` The Heroes '' `` Eiyū - tachi '' ( 英雄 たち ) March 29 , 2015 The Seven Deadly Sins and the Holy Knights all combine forces in an attempt to defeat Hendrickson . Meliodas , given support from his friends and allies , uses his ultimate technique to finish Hendrickson off . When Bartra appears with Merlin , he commands the Holy Knights to restore the kingdom and preserve its people as their `` punishment '' for starting a holy war . Bartra then thanks the Seven Deadly Sins for saving the kingdom and protecting Elizabeth . Hawk is revived as a piglet , much to a surprise . Things return to normal inside the kingdom , and a festival is held at night . The next day , Elizabeth joins Meliodas , Hawk , Diane , Ban , King , Gowther and Merlin in finding the last member of the Seven Deadly Sins , Escanor , the Lion 's Sin of Pride . The Seven Deadly Sins : Signs of Holy war ( edit ) No . English title Original Japanese title Original air date `` The Dark Dream Begins '' `` Kuroki Yume no Hajimari '' ( 黒き 夢 の はじまり ) August 28 , 2016 Elizabeth Liones goes to the Boar Hat , where all her friends are still asleep following the festival . After Elizabeth is greeted by Hawk outside , Meliodas introduces her to a meat pie made with vegetables that looks like Hawk , but it turns out to be unfit for human consumption . Meliodas has the idea of using pork as the main ingredient , which causes Hawk to make haste out of the bar . Meliodas comes up with a contest for his friends , in which he will obey any order for a day from whoever catches Hawk first . However , Hawk manages to outsmart them due to his small size . Hawk returns to the Boar Hat and eats food scraps made by Ban , however , Meliodas cheats Ban by officially capturing Hawk , and is declared the winner as a result . At night , Meliodas takes Elizabeth back to the palace while also assuring that his purpose in life is to protect her . Meliodas then goes to the catacombs to see the Horn of Cernunnos . When the goddess vessel taunts him for his reputation as a demon , Meliodas destroys the Horn of Cernunnos in retaliation . `` Our Fighting Festival '' `` Futari no Kenka Matsuri '' ( 二 人 の 喧嘩 祭り ) September 4 , 2016 Ban walks up to a mountaintop to finally settle matters with Meliodas , but the former is surprised to see Elizabeth and Hawk as well as the other members of the Seven Deadly Sins and the Holy Knights as part of an audience . Merlin casts a gigantic cubic barrier around Meliodas and Ban in order for the spectators to safely watch the fight . Meanwhile , King and Howzer have their own fight to win the attention of Diane . Ban initiates a brutal attack on Meliodas that somehow weakens most of the spectators . The fight ends in a stalemate after the two of them exchange rapid punches that cause the barrier to break . They remain friends and head back down to the Boar Hat for a drink . `` In Pursuit of First Love '' `` Hatsukoi wo Oikakete '' ( 初恋 を 追いかけ て ) September 11 , 2016 King still hesitates to confess his feelings for Diane . Meanwhile , Diane leaves the Boar Hat and heads to a construction site in town , recalling the devastating collateral damage she caused due to her immense size . The construction workers there apologize to her and thank her for saving the kingdom . When King comes to see Diane , the two decide to play a game of tag across town . Outside a church , a wedding ceremony is interrupted by a demon , in which Diane and King combine their skills in defeating the demon . King asks Diane if she regained her memories , and she answers him with a kiss on his cheek . The moment is ruined when a brick suddenly falls on his head , and he later wakes up next to her , having forgotten what they did during the day . `` The Shape of Love '' `` Ai no Katachi '' ( 愛 の かたち ) September 18 , 2016 Merlin agrees to be a waitress at the Boar Hat , but first she wants Meliodas and Gowther to follow Gilthunder to find out if he is being stalked by someone . Meanwhile , Gilthunder , Howzer and Griamore are each hit with falling debris in the streets , unaware of the situation . Gowther is distracted by a boy named Pelliot , who asks him to retrieve a fat cat off a roof . Since Gowther reminds Pelliot of his mother , who recently passed away , Gowther transforms into Pelliot 's mother for a moment and disappears when Pelliot 's father finds Pelliot . Meliodas finds Gilthunder , Howzer and Griamore at a restaurant , where he purposely spills coffee to expose Vivian , revealed as the stalker . Merlin punishes Vivian by planting a cursed ring on her finger , which will bring pain to her each time the curse is activated , and Merlin explains that the Ten Commandments are the highest class in the demon race . At the Boar Hat , Merlin quits her job as a waitress , while Hawk and Gowther fill in for the position , much to the guys ' dismay . The Seven Deadly Sins : revival of the Commandments ( edit ) No . English title Original Japanese title Original air date 0 `` The Seven Deadly Sins Revival of The Commandments - Prologue - '' `` Nanatsu no Taizai Imashime no Fukkatsu - Joshō - '' ( 七 つの 大罪 戒め の 復活 - 序章 - ) January 6 , 2018 A recap of the first season with additional scenes . `` Revival of the Demon Clan '' `` Majin - zoku Fukkatsu '' ( 魔神 族 復活 ) January 13 , 2018 After the defeat of demonized Hendrickson , The Seven Deadly Sins are commended for their bravery and courage by King Bartra . However , just before the ceremony , Ban and King leave . Earlier , Ban had told Meliodas that he is quitting the Seven Deadly Sins . As Ban leaves the Boar Hat Bar , King sees him and asks where he is going . Ban tells King that he wants to go to the Fairy King Forest . King then accompanies Ban on his journey . Meanwhile , it is revealed that Hendrickson has survived the assault from the Sins and he is shocked upon seeing Dreyfus alive . Dreyfus then summons the Commandments , nine demonized warriors who intend to destroy the Sins . `` Existence and Proof '' `` Sonzai to Shōmei '' ( 存在 と 証明 ) January 20 , 2018 The Ten Commandments are in the process of recovering their magical powers and fly to the Kingdom of Edinburgh in the east . Meanwhile , Jericho is discovered following Ban and King on the journey to the Fairy King 's Forest . In the forest , the fairy people call King a traitor because he left the Fairy King 's Forest 700 years ago , his absence allowing the forest to be almost entirely destroyed , while Ban is called the new Fairy King because he planted the last Sacred Tree seed that Elaine entrusted to him . Diane and Elizabeth admit to each other their love for King and Meliodas respectively . Meanwhile Gowther , believing he needs to experience love , alters Guila 's memories so she forgets Zeal is her brother and thinks Gowther is her boyfriend , while Zeal , who Gowther considers a barrier between himself and Guila , loses his entire memory . Gowthers manipulation of their memory enrages Diane and she attacks him without hesitation . `` Sacred Treasure Lostvayne '' `` Jingi Rosutovein '' ( 神器 ロスト ヴェイン ) January 27 , 2018 Diane defeats Gowther . The Ten Commandments discover the remains of a magical explosion and conclude it was caused by Meliodas . Gowther restores Guila 's memories . Merlin temporarily returns Gowther to his original form , a 6 inch tall wooden doll , and gives him to Slader for safekeeping . Sensing a magical disturbance Merlin transports the Boar Hat to Camelot which is being attacked by a giant Golem which Meliodas recognises as Albion , a magical weapon created by the Demon Clan , which awoke after it sensed the return of the Commandments . Meliodas breaks the sword he received from Liz so Merlin gives him back his sacred treasure , the sword Lostvayne , which she had retrieved from the pawn shop he sold it to . With Lostvayne returned Meliodas destroys the golem instantly . In the Fairy Kings Forest King and Jericho are surprised when the trees begin growing rapidly , which they realise is due to Ban feeding the forest with his blood which contains water from the Fountain of Youth , something the other fairies reveal he does every few years in honour of Elaine 's memory . The forest is suddenly attacked by another Albion Golem . `` The Ten Commandments on the Move '' `` < Jikkai > Shidō '' ( 〈 十戒 〉 始動 ) February 3 , 2018 As the Golem began destroying the forest King battles to protect the new Sacred Tree . Gerheade , the traditional servant of all past fairy kings , refuses to acknowledge Ban as king of the Fairies . She is surprised when Ban agrees with her , as he never wanted to be king . But , rather than let him leave the forest , she attacks him , knowing that he would risk himself to protect Elaine 's body and traps him , intending to use him as the new Fountain of Youth . King fails to stop the Golem and is injured while the Sacred Tree is destroyed for a second time . Gerheade prevents King from attacking the Golem while the other fairies rush to fight it , sacrificing themselves so King can escape , for as long as King is alive the forest will always grow again . King , however , refuses to flee , gaining strength from his desire to protect the forest , fairies , and even Ban he succeeds in transforming Chastiefol into its True Spirit Spear form and destroys the Golem . Back in Camelot as they recover from destroying the Golem they are attacked by Galand , one of the Ten Commandments , who is at least several times stronger than Meliodas . 5 `` Overwhelming Violence '' `` Attōteki Bōryoku '' ( 圧倒 的 暴力 ) February 10 , 2018 Merlin notices that Galand 's magical abilities are still sealed away , giving hope they can defeat him . Ban uses his blood to restore the Sacred Tree and to heal King . Ban threatens to kill Gerheade if she ever tries to harm Elaine 's body again and then departs with Jericho , refusing King 's request to re-join the Sins . Galand easily overpowers both Meliodas and Diane . Merlin attempts to trick him with a lie , but Galand , who is the Commandment of Truth , can not be lied to and Merlin is turned to stone . Meliodas is forced to unleash his demonic power . The other nine commandments realise that the magical energy once abundant in the earth has been absorbed into the souls of living beings , and by absorbing human souls ; they can recover their magic . Despite his increase in power , Meliodas is killed by Galand , Slader is impaled , Diane is wounded and Merlin 's statue is smashed . Galand departs , sparing Arthur , Elizabeth and Hawke . Gowther arrives in his human form . Gilthunder comes across a village where a Red Demon is harvesting souls for the Commandments . He destroys the demon , returning the souls to their humans . Before they can celebrate the village is attacked by a Grey Demon . Hendrickson suddenly appears to help Gilthunder defeat the Grey Demon . 6 `` The Great Holy Knight Atones For His Sins '' `` Tsugunai no Seikishi - chō '' ( 償い の 聖 騎士 長 ) February 17 , 2018 Hendrickson reveals that Dreyfus is still alive . Hendrickson defeats the grey demon using a druid spell previously used by Gilthunder 's father , Zaratras . Hendrickson reveals that 10 years ago he and Dreyfus investigated the destroyed country of Danafor . They encountered a demon named Fraudrin who possessed Hendrickson . Unwilling to kill Hendrickson 's body , Dreyfus was forced to allow Flaudrin to live inside Hendrickson and eventually to murder Zaratras and frame the Sins as revenge against Meliodas who had defeated him 16 years ago when Fraudrin destroyed Danafor and murdered Meliodas ' lover , Liz . Meliodas awakens in Camelot with everyone healed except for Merlin . Gowther had tampered with Galand 's memory so he believed he killed everybody . Merlin , who had transferred her soul into her sacred treasure , the small crystal orb called `` Morning Star Aldan '' , explains that all the Sins combined have a power level of 21,840 , while Galand by himself had a power level of 26,000 . This means if the Commandments succeed in regaining their magic their combined power level will be over 300,000 . Meliodas decides to locate the final Sin , Escanor , the Lion 's Sin of Pride . King arrives wanting to see Diane , only to find Diane has amnesia and no longer remembers who anybody is , including King . 7 `` Where Memories Lead '' `` Kioku ga Mezasu Basho '' ( 記憶 が 目指す 場所 ) February 24 , 2018 Diane 's memory continues to disappear , suggesting her memories are being tampered with . Diane disappears and Gowther admits that after his fight with Diane over erasing Guila 's memories , he decided to erase Diane 's memories as part of an experiment . He fails to understand why everyone is upset with him . King throws him through a wall . The sins suspect Diane may be heading back to the giants village , Megadoza . A flashback to 16 years ago shows Diane with fellow warrior giants Matrona and Dolores . Dolores is scared of war and wants to leave Megadoza but is too afraid of humans . Diane encounters Meliodas for the first time and realises people exist who are friendly to giants . Diane rushes to tell Dolores but finds she has been killed after being sent on a dangerous mission by Matrona . Diane realises she wants more from life than constant war despite Matrona planning to train her to become chief . Matrona and Diane are hired by Holy Knight Gyannon to fight a war . However Gyannon betrays them , intending to kill Matrona and gain fame . Matrona kills Gyannon but is wounded by a poisoned spear . She urges Diane to keep growing stronger then dies in her arms . 8 `` The Druids ' Holy Land '' `` Doruido no Seichi '' ( ドルイド の 聖地 ) March 3 , 2018 Merlin senses that the Commandments are close to Diane . Diane believes Matrona has only just died and is rushing back to Megadoza to tell her people , not realising 16 years have passed . Galand and fellow Commandment Monspeet come across Diane . As Monspeet is about to drain the magic from Diane she is saved by another giant resembling Matrona who knocks Diane unconscious and hides from the Commandments . Monspeet senses what he thinks is Meliodas and fires a powerful spell at him from hundreds of miles away . However the spell is swallowed by Hawks Mom , negating its power and shocking everybody who had no idea she could do that . The giant escapes with Diane but is now injured . Merlin reveals that many years ago she took most of Meliodas power as a precaution against him losing control and hid it in Istar , the Land of Druids , but now decides he needs it back . They reach Istar and meet the Druid leaders , twin sisters Jenna and Zaneri . Meliodas must pass a trial to regain his power . As Meliodas begins the trial he suddenly awakens in the past in Danafor before it was destroyed . He is greeted by Liz , who died years ago . 9 `` A Promise to A Loved One '' `` Ai suru Mono to no Yakusoku '' ( 愛する 者 と の 約束 ) March 10 , 2018 Ban and Jericho are searching for methods to revive the dead and are pointed to Ravens , the city of thieves , where a dead body was supposedly revived . As Meliodas undergoes his trial Elizabeth is given a trial to make a flower grow from a dead seed with healing magic . Meliodas is forced to relive happy memories of Liz and of the day she died , hundreds of thousands of times in the hope he learns to control his emotions . If he does not , the emotional strain on his heart will kill him . King and the others realize Hendrickson has been nearby the whole time , training with Gilthunder and his knights , and is human again . Rather than control his emotions Meliodas instead resolves to never again let a friend die like Liz and passes the trial . In Ravens Ban encounters a were - fox accused of raising the dead , though the fox insists it is untrue before collapsing . Ban recalls that as a child he was imprisoned for theft and met a man named Zhivago who offered to help him escape . 10 `` What We Lacked '' `` Bokutachi ni Kaketa Mono '' ( 僕たち に 欠け た もの ) March 17 , 2018 Hendrickson tells the Sins he is ready to accept whatever his punishment is , just as soon as they defeat the Commandments . In Ravens Ban remembers the second time he met Zhivago . Ban had been kidnapped by slavers but Zhivago saved him and taught him how to steal . Eventually Ban attempted a burglary by himself but was caught . The were fox , who is revealed to be Zhivago , was forced to choose between saving Therion , his were fox son , from hunters , or to save Ban . He chose to save Therion , who ended up being killed anyway , and he spent 30 years believing Ban also died . Ban reveals who he is and does not blame Zhivago for leaving him . Hendrickson , the knights and the other Sins are made to enter the training cave . Gilthunder and Howzer fight a dragon together . Gowther and Arthur battle a golem suit of armour . King enters the cave with Meliodas , who asks King to understand that Hendrickson did what he did because of Fraudrin , who Meliodas reveals is one of the Ten Commandments . King confronts Meliodas about being a member of the Demon Clan and questions whether Meliodas is even on their side before attacking him . 11 `` Father and Son '' `` Chichioya to Musuko '' ( 父親 と 息子 ) March 24 , 2018 Meliodas and King continue to fight each other . Ban talks to Zhivago and Jericho about his immortality and Elaine , who he is determined to resurrect . Elsewhere in a cemetery , a dead body digs its way out of its grave . Ban admits to his greatest regret , that he once tried to kill Meliodas in exchange for Elaine 's resurrection , and he hates himself even though Meliodas forgave him . Zhivago urges Ban to reconcile with Meliodas and tell him his real feelings . Zhivago then dies peacefully . King accuses Meliodas of being the Commandments secret ally . Meliodas questions whether King is a king at all , as the previous fairy kings had prominent wings , whereas King has none . The fairy twins stop them fighting before they can hurt each other . Meliodas promises to reveal the truth , eventually , so King decides to continue watching him . As they leave , King senses sudden pain on his back . Meliodas regains his old power and has Merlin teleport him to the Commandments . He is challenged by Galand but with his power returned , Meliodas easily beats him . He then gives the Commandments a warning : if they restart the war they lost 3000 years ago , Meliodas and the Sins will crush them . 12 `` Where Love is Found '' `` Ai no Arika '' ( 愛 の 在り 処 ) March 31 , 2018 The Commandments spread out to towns and cities across the country to recover their magic . Meliodas plans to defeat the Commandments one at a time rather than together . Everyone completes their training except for Elizabeth , who fails to make the dead seed grow . Jenna and Zaneri , who has an unrequited love for Meliodas , discuss how Elizabeth is the reincarnation of Liz , Meliodas ' deceased lover , and how Zaneri sabotaged Elizabeth 's training to try and separate Meliodas from her so he would never realise who she really is . Meliodas announces they still need to find Escanor , the Lion 's Sin of Pride , who is supposedly even stronger than Meliodas . The resurrection of the dead is revealed to be the work of Melascula , the Commandment of Faith , who is resurrecting and corrupting dead souls to form an army . One of the souls she summons is Elaine , who also returns to life corrupted , and she immediately starts searching for Ban . King senses Elaine 's revival and rushes to the forest , refusing Meliodas ' help as he still does not trust him . As Ban and Jericho bury Zhivago they are attacked by a corpse , which Ban easily destroys . Elaine appears and reunites with Ban and they kiss passionately . 13 `` Farewell , Beloved Thief '' `` Saraba Itoshiki Tōzoku '' ( さらば 愛しき 盗賊 ) April 14 , 2018 Elaine attacks Jericho for being in love with Ban , also attacking Ban when he tries to stop her . Jericho manages to restrain Elaine and admit she also loves Ban . Elaine realises her selfish emotions are allowing Melascula to control her . Ban calms her by repeating his promise to steal her away . Elaine suddenly collapses . Galand and Melascula appear , explaining that Melascula 's soul revival is fuelled by regret and since Elaine overcame her regret , the spell is failing . Galand realises Ban is immortal and offers a fair fight . Ban uses Hunter Steal , taking most of Galands strength . Melascula congratulates him for having faith in Elaine and his friends , as it means his soul is pure . She removes his soul which Galand then devours . Ban revives again and flees with Jericho and Elaine . Ban reveals the soul Galand ate was actually Zhivago , sacrificing his own soul so Ban could live . Ban then collapses from the after - effects of using Hunter Steal , to which Jericho carries both Elaine and Ban to safety . Fraudrin , still possessing Dreyfus ' body , encounters Deldrey , a female Knight from Pleiades of the Azure Sky , who charms him with the spell Love Drive , causing him to love her and at the same time , protecting her from various attacks . Azure Sky archer Arden then nullifies all Fraudrin 's magic while Azure Sky brawler Wayeo knocks him unconscious . The fight is observed by Grayroad , the Commandment of Pacifism . 14 `` Master of the Sun '' `` Taiyō no Aruji '' ( 太陽 の 主 ) April 21 , 2018 Jericho , Ban and Elaine take refuge in a tavern owned by a weak and cowardly barman , who is overjoyed to learn the Sins have been pardoned . Galand , who is aware they are in the storeroom , offers the barman a deal : if he can defeat Galand in a fight , he will let them live , but before the fight can begin , Galand accidentally knocks down the barman , leaving him unconscious through the night . After dawn , Galand attempts to pick up a gold battle axe hung over the bar but finds it too heavy to lift . The barman , suddenly turned into a more powerful and confident version of himself , awakens and lifts the axe with only one hand , declaring it is the Divine Axe Rhitta , and that he is Escanor , the Lion 's Sin of Pride . He cuts Galand in half , but Galand heals and strikes Escanor so powerfully he destroys the mountain , which is sensed by Merlin and Meliodas . Escanor survives with only a tiny scratch , and Galand , terrified of Escanor 's strength , attempts to flee . This breaks his oath to fight and he is turned into a statue by his own Commandment of Truth . Melascula removes and eats Escanor 's soul , but his soul proves too powerful and burns her to ashes in seconds . As the sun sets , it is revealed that Escanor 's power is linked to the sun , meaning he is only powerful during the day but returns to his weak form at night . King arrives and is shocked to see that Elaine is alive . 15 `` A Bloodcurdling Confession '' `` Senritsu no Kokuhaku '' ( 戦慄 の 告白 ) April 28 , 2018 Pleiades Captain Denzel Liones duels with Fraudrin intending to prove humans can defeat demons . Elsewhere , the giant who took Diane turns out to be Matrona who survived after a human named Zalpa amputated her poisoned leg . Matrona now helps raise his children , Sol and Della , and has been teaching Diane a sacred dance that connects giants to the earth . Warriors from across the country are invited to a contest in Vaizel with the winner receiving any wish as a prize . Meliodas suspects the Commandments are responsible but decides to attend anyway . Gloxinia , Commandment of Repose , is using the fight to gather thousands of souls in one location , including Meliodas . One of Gloxinia 's demons attacks Matrona 's children and leaves them close to death . Matrona decides to fight in the festival and use the victors wish to heal them . Gloxinia reveals one of his servants is Drole , the first king of the giant clan . Fraudrin is rescued by Grayroad and stabs Deldrey for casting Love Drive on him . He reveals that he himself is not a Commandment , and that a secret Commandment is hiding nearby but unable to remember who he is . Gowther , Sin of Lust and Commandment of Selflessness . 16 `` Death - Trap Maze '' `` Shi no Wana no Meikyū '' ( 死 の 罠 の 迷宮 ) May 5 , 2018 Matrona and Diane reach a massive maze , the first trial of Gloxinia 's Vaizel festival , and encounter traps and illusions . Matrona disappears while following an illusion of Sol and Della . Diane encounters Hawk and Elizabeth , whom she can not recognize due to her amnesia . Diane expresses distrust because Elizabeth is Liones princess and it was Liones knights who poisoned Matrona . Elizabeth and Hawk continue following Diane until they encounter traps and several doppelgangers of Meliodas . The doppelgangers are beaten by Gilthunder and Howzer who join their group . Several gargantuan man - eating monsters appear throughout the maze and eat several other competitors . The monster that attacks Diane is defeated thanks to the combined attacks of Diane , Howzer , Gilthunder and a magic wielding competitor who leaves without giving his name . Meliodas and Elizabeth sense each other 's presence through a wall . Ban reunites with Meliodas and informs him he found Escanor and Elaine is alive . He also sincerely apologises for the time he tried to kill Meliodas . Meliodas forgives him and they smash through the wall to reach Elizabeth and the others . They reach the centre of the maze where Gloxinia and Drole are waiting with Matrona and several other competitors who beat the maze . 17 `` Legendary Figures '' `` Denshō no Monodomo '' ( 伝承 の 者 共 ) May 12 , 2018 King recognises Gloxinia as the very first fairy king who died in the war 3000 years ago . Gowther arrives to fight as well . Gloxinia impales Escanor then heals him , proving that any wish is possible . Drole separates everybody into random pairs who will fight as partners . Elizabeth and Elaine manage to defeat two assassin brothers . Elizabeth heals the injured assassins out of kindness but the assassins are killed by Drole as the penalty for losing . Meliodas and Ban fight two of Gloxinia 's flying demons but because they are both immortal they ignore the demons and start arguing about whether Elizabeth or Elaine is the ideal woman . They eventually kill both demons by accident while fighting each other . King and Diane face Gloxinia and Drole 's golem representatives . Diane keeps King safe between her breasts , almost causing him to faint with pleasure . However he snaps out of it and helps Diane fight . Gloxinia realises King is the current fairy king and decides to make the golems stronger . Despite knowing Diane does n't recognise him King tries to confess to her but Chastiefol is damaged and Diane is nearly stabbed in the heart . To protect her King unleashes his fairy power on the golems . 18 `` For Whom Does That Light Shine ? '' `` Sono Hikari wa Ta ga tame ni '' ( その 光 は 誰が 為 に ) May 19 , 2018 The fight between golems of Commandments ' Drole and Gloxinia and Sins ' Diane and King continues , which the latter exerts all his power defeating Gloxinia 's golem , while Diane utilizes her earth magic which creates golems based on her feelings . Diane 's golems pummel against Drole 's golem which is ineffective until a golem representing King obliterates Drole 's , winning the match . Meanwhile , at the Pleiades of the Azure Sky camp , Denzel and his team discuss Fraudrin and the imminent domination of the Commandments over Brittania . One of which is Camelot , invaded by Zeldris . The next match will be Gowther and Jericho against Hawk and a normal - state Escanor . Gowther , who becomes selfish due to his intention of having a heart , decides to finish the match as Jericho asks to take it easy . Gowther uses Nightmare teller on Escanor , bringing the latter to his past experiences and his infatuation with Merlin . However , instead of being terrified , Escanor reverses the Nightmare teller by transforming himself into his daytime battle state despite having no Sun and thinking Merlin as his `` light who guides his path '' . Escanor summons his Divine Axe Rhitta and uses the stored energy to obliterate Jericho and Gowther , and the latter retaliates with his twin bow Heritt . Gowther hits Escanor but Jericho keeps telling that Escanor 's attack was not intended for them but for Drole and Gloxinia who are hit by his attack . 19 `` Meliodas vs The Ten Commandments '' `` Meriodasu vs < Jikkai > '' ( メリオダス vs < 十戒 > ) May 26 , 2018 Meliodas seizes the opportunity while Drole and Gloxinia are injured , severing all four of Drole 's arms . Gloxinia heals himself with magic while Drole manages to trap Meliodas ' allies underground . Meliodas berates Gloxinia and Drole for their various choices that led to them becoming Commandments . Ban and King reason that only Meliodas stands a chance of victory against such powerful opponents and trying to help would only get in his way . The unnamed magic user instead teleports them all to Liones castle . Gloxinia restores Drole 's arms and Meliodas unleashes his demonic power , which Gloxinia and Drole only just manage to survive using Gloxinia 's healing magic . The fight is suddenly interrupted by the arrival of the other Commandments , leaving Meliodas facing 9 opponents by himself , including Melascula , who survived being burned by Escanor 's soul , Estarossa , Commandment of Love and Meliodas ' younger brother , and Zeldris , Commandment of Piety and Meliodas youngest brother . Meliodas is severely beaten by the Commandments but at the last second he unleashes Revenge Counter to kill all the Commandments at once . However , his attack is stopped by Estarossa , who begins crushing Meliodas ' chest under his foot to kill him as quickly as possible so he wo n't suffer . 20 `` Pursuit of Hope '' `` Kibō wo Motomete '' ( 希望 を 求め て ) June 2 , 2018 Estarossa reveals that Meliodas once led the Commandments and was the Demon King 's heir . However , Meliodas betrayed the Commandments and killed two who were replaced by Drole and Gloxinia . His betrayal destroyed the balance between demons and the goddesses , beginning the war 3000 years ago . Ban says goodbye to Elaine and promises to revive her again one day . The unnamed magic user teleports Ban to the battlefield , where he breaks Melascula 's neck and tears out her five hearts , killing her . Estarossa kills Meliodas by impaling his seven demon hearts with seven swords , and disintegrates Ban . Elizabeth is teleported to the battlefield , where she cries over Meliodas ' body . After the death of Meliodas the Commandments begin conquering Brittania . King asks Elizabeth , Diane , Matrona and her children to hide with him as he protects the Fairy Forest . Merlin secludes herself in her laboratory . Gowther is imprisoned due to his past as a former Commandment . Ban defends the northern territory while coming to terms with losing Elaine again . Other villages betray Holy Knights to the Commandments in exchange for safety . Meanwhile , a Holy Knight flees from demons but is knocked unconscious . He wakes up in the Boar Hat and sees Elizabeth serving customers . 21 `` Certain Warmth '' `` Tashika na Nukumori '' ( たしか な ぬくもり ) June 9 , 2018 The unnamed Holy knight from the previous episode is revealed to be Golgius of the Weird Fangs who refuses to trust former enemies and leaves despite being recuperated . Elizabeth is shown to have Meliodas ' lifeless body who wishes to wake up . Zaratras suddenly appears , having been resurrected by Melascula . He casts a spell allowing them to see Meliodas ' memories . It is revealed that the past Meliodas rescues a baby Elizabeth from the burning city of Danafor and calls her `` his woman '' . Bartra , the King of Liones , adopted Elizabeth and made Meliodas the Holy Knight in charge of her protection . Meliodas , along with Merlin , then formed the Seven Deadly Sins , prophesied warriors destined to destroy the Commandments . Meliodas is revealed to have been living with a curse of immortality for 3000 years . Elizabeth sees a memory where Meliodas promised he would always return to her . Meanwhile , Meliodas ' soul is in Purgatory where it is revealed his father , the Demon King , has been eating his emotions every time he goes to Purgatory , trying to make him forget his love for the continued reincarnations of Elizabeth and turn him back into an evil demon . However , Meliodas attacks his father in order to regain his strength and to leave the Purgatory . On Liones , the Commandments made their invasion and Estarossa uses his Commandment of Love to prevent all warriors with hatred in their hearts from fighting , including Ban . Escanor , whose Sin of Pride means he feels only pity for others and not hatred , is unaffected and prepares to fight Estarossa alone . 22 `` Return of the Sins '' `` < Tsumi > no Kikan '' ( 〈 罪 〉 の 帰還 ) June 16 , 2018 In Liones , Zeldris activates his Commandment of Piety , mentally enslaving anyone who tries to run away . Meanwhile , Escanor strikes at Estarossa with his Divine axe Rhitta , but Estarossa is capable of using Full Counter to redirect physical attacks , and Escanor is wounded . Escanor blasts Estarossa with his Cruel Sun magic , but Estarossa survives on the evaporated lake . the latter activates his Black Out to eclipse Escanor 's second Cruel Sun . At that moment the sun reaches its highest point and Escanor overpowers Estarossa by swinging his axe so fast that Estarossa can not activate Full Counter quickly enough to avoid injury . Escanor launches his second Cruel Sun to Estarossa and engulfed in flames along with Zeldris who tries to save him . The Holy Knights enslaved by Zeldris , along with Derieri and Monspeet , begin attacking the palace . Captain Denzel sacrifices his life by summoning the Holy Soldier level Goddess , Nerobasta , to possess his body . However , Nerobasta berates her resurrection and attempts to flee , but Derieri , who holds a grudge against all Goddesses , chases Nerobasta and tears Denzel 's body in half , killing her . Elizabeth and Zaratras rush towards Liones , and Elizabeth is shown to possess the same Goddess symbol in her right eye as Nerobasta . Hawk accidentally swallows a piece of Red demon and transforms into a Red pig demon after Hawk 's Mama fended off demons . Derieri senses the Goddess power within Elizabeth and tries to kill her , but is suddenly blasted away by Meliodas who has finally woken up . 23 `` The Hero Rises ! '' `` Eiyū , Tatsu ! '' ( 英雄 、 立つ ! ) June 23 , 2018 Hawk returns Lostvayne to Meliodas just as Derieri destroys the Boar Hat . Monspeet uses his strongest spell but Meliodas uses Full Counter to kill Derieri and Monspeet . In Liones , Grayroad uses demonic eggs that transform humans into demons as hostages . Dogedo kills one demon , but this activates Grayroad 's Commandment of Pacifism , all who kill in his presence lose their remaining time and Dogedo instantly dies of old age . The unnamed magic user reveals he is really Vivian , who teleports Gilthunder away to save him . Grayroad begins to turn Jericho and Zeal , Guila 's young brother , into a demon . Jericho 's brother , Gustaf , tries to save them but dies from his injuries . Merlin suddenly appears with her body restored and freezes the eggs . She destroys one of Grayroad 's faces , activating Pacifism , but she does not age . Her magic , Infinity , allows her to freeze herself in time , meaning she has infinite time so Pacifism is useless against her . Merlin reveals she is the daughter of Belialuin , which terrifies Grayroad and Fraudrin . She further speaks her true name , which is unrecognizable to humans , confirming her identity and then easily imprisons Grayroad in a test tube . Zaratras arrives to help Hendrickson defeat Fraudrin . Fraudrin is distracted by Hawk , allowing Zaratras to expel Fraudrin from Dreyfus . Zaratras says his final goodbyes and dies once more . Fraudrin revives , reveals to be a hideous purple monster , and prepares to kill everyone , but is stopped by Meliodas . Merlin senses that Meliodas power has now grown to at least level 60,000 . Meliodas , eager to finish the fight he started with Fraudrin 16 years ago in Danafor , activates his Demonic power . 24 `` As Long As You Are Here '' `` Kimi ga Iru Dake de '' ( 君 が いる だけ で ) June 30 , 2018 Meliodas begins beating Fraudrin , and Meliodas reveals Fraudrin was never given the Commandment of Selflessness by the Demon King ; he was only a temporary replacement . Fraudrin turns himself into a magical bomb to destroy Liones , but he sees Dreyfus holding his son , Griamore , and remembers how he had to pretend to be Griamore 's father and realises he actually cares about him . Griamore grabs Fraudrin and traps them both inside a barrier spell so only they would be killed . Fraudrin finally realises what Selflessness truly means and deactivates the bomb . He then commits suicide by allowing Meliodas to kill him . Merlin explains that each time Meliodas dies , his revival is fuelled by consuming his emotions , meaning the more times he dies the closer he comes to becoming a demon again , as proven by the way he enjoyed killing Fraudrin . Emotional funerals are held for the murdered Holy Knights while Meliodas visits the ruins of the Boar Hat . There he cries as he admits to Elizabeth he enjoyed murdering Fraudrin but found he could n't look Ban in the eye . He also admits he is afraid of becoming a demon again even though it might be necessary if he is to continue keeping Elizabeth safe from the Commandments . Merlin restores the destroyed city , and also reveals that all the humans enslaved by Zeldris ' Piety Commandment are all moving South to Camelot . Ban reveals that Elaine is still alive . Merlin reasons that Zeldris and Melascula must both still be alive along with Drole , Gloxinia and Estarossa . As Jericho grieves for her brother , she realises she has inherited his ice magic and decides to become a Holy Knight more powerful than her brother . The King orders Gowther released from prison , and he begins calling himself both the Goat 's Sin of Lust and the Commandment of Selflessness . Meliodas decides all of the Seven Deadly Sins must go to war together , and Elizabeth promises to always stay by his side . Ovas ( edit ) No . Title Original air date `` Bandit Ban '' `` Bandetto Ban '' ( バンデット ・ バン ) June 17 , 2015 Somewhere in northern Britannia , Ban arrives at the Fairy King 's Forest in search of the Fountain of Youth . He quickly climbs up the large majestic tree , and ends up meeting a mysterious young girl whom he ignores initially . He decides to ask her who she is , only to discover that she was the Guardian Saint protecting the fountain . Swiftly , she swings her hand and the winds blow Ban off the tree . However , Ban survives the fall and persistently continues to climb up again . He repeatedly climbs up and gets blown off , until both of them grows extremely annoyed . In order to obtain the fountain , Ban equips himself with his Nunchaku , leading Elaine to believe that he was planning to kill and steal like all other humans . To her surprise , he quickly grabs the Fountain of Youth and begins drinking . But before he could even take a sip , Elaine manipulates the tree branches and immobilizes him by grabbing all of his limbs . She then persuades him that without the Fountain of Youth , the forest itself will die . Astonishingly , Ban replies straightforwardly , stating that he understands . When Elaine decides to read his heart , she discovers that he really had the intentions of giving up . She releases him and the two begin to get to know each other . Ban tells her that the reason for stealing the fountain is to hope for something good to happen in his life . In response , she replies saying that she already lived for over 700 years , protecting the cup in place of her brother , King , who abandoned her . Ban decides to show her his ale label collection and the two bonded over a span of 7 days . Suddenly , when Ban was away , she quietly whispers that she wished that he had come to steal her instead of the Fountain of Youth . She was startled to discover Ban behind her and to have heard what she said , and to realize that they both had the similar thoughts and feelings . Out of the blue , a mysterious monster from the Demon Clan appears , burning the forest with its Purgatory Fire . Ban immediately confronts the monster after telling Elaine to escape with the fountain , and successfully robs one of its hearts . Not realizing that it had more than one heart , he lets down his guard and as a result , both of them gets severely injured by the monster . Both of them realizes that the only way to survive was to drink the Fountain of Youth , which means that only one of them could live . The two of them wanted each other to drink the fountain , hoping for their survival . In desperation , Elaine seemingly drinks the liquid , only to kiss Ban and deliver it to him directly . Ban immediately recovers from the injuries after consuming the liquid , and quickly defeats the monster in rage . Before passing away , Elaine gives him the forest 's last seed and he repeats , Someday , I 'll definitely make you mine . Sadly , before he was able to finish the phrase , she was gone . Later on , somewhere within the Kingdom of Liones , Ban is judged and sentenced to death for his apparent sins of destroying the Fairy King 's Forest , taking the Fountain of Youth and killing the Guardian Saint . As the captain of the guard asked Ban if he has any last words before execution , Ban told everyone present that he is no longer `` Bandit Ban '' and `` Undead Ban '' is now his name . `` Heroes Fun Time - Extra Stories Compilation - '' `` Eiyū - tachi no Tawamure - Bangai - henshū - '' ( 英雄 たち の 戯れ - 番外 編集 - ) August 12 , 2015 A series of short clips . Songs ( edit ) The show 's first opening theme song is `` Netsujō no Spectrum '' ( 熱情 の スペクトラム , Netsujō no Supekutoramu , `` Spectrum of Passion '' ) performed by Ikimono - gakari for the first twelve episodes and the second opening theme is `` Seven Deadly Sins '' performed by Man with a Mission , while the first ending theme titled `` 7 - Seven '' is a collaboration between Flow and Granrodeo , the second ending theme from episode thirteen onwards is `` Season '' the major label debut of Alisa Takigawa . The Seven Deadly Sins : Revival of The Commandments first opening theme song titled `` Howling '' is a collaboration between Flow and Granrodeo , and first ending theme song is `` Beautiful '' performed by Anly . The second opening theme titled `` Ame ga Furu kara , Niji ga Deru '' ( 雨 が 降る から 虹 が 出る ) by Sky Peace and second ending theme titled `` Chikai '' ( 誓い ) by Sora Amamiya . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ アニメ 「 七 つの 大罪 」 10 月 より 日 5 枠 で 放送 ( in Japanese ) . Natalie. 2014 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The Seven Deadly Sins Commercial Streamed '' . Anime News Network . 2014 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The Seven Deadly Sins Manga to Bundle OVA Episode About Ban '' . Anime News Network . 2015 - 03 - 16 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd Seven Deadly Sins OVA to Compile 9 Short Stories '' . Anime News Network . 2015 - 05 - 11 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ Newman , Heather ( 2015 - 10 - 09 ) . `` Netflix To Announce Its Second Exclusive Anime Series Tomorrow : ' The Seven Deadly Sins ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Ressler , Karen ( 2018 - 09 - 26 ) . `` Netflix U.S. Sets Violet Evergarden Special Episode , Seven Deadly Sins Season 2 Premiere Dates for October '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` STORY '' ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved May 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` STORY '' ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` ストー りー '' ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Seven Deadly Sins Anime 's Theme Songs , Game Detailed '' . Anime News Network . 2014 - 08 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Man With A Mission , Alisa Takigawa Perform The Seven Deadly Sins ' New Songs '' . Anime News Network . 2014 - 12 - 21 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Seven_Deadly_Sins_episodes&oldid=866387036 '' Categories : Lists of anime episodes Hidden categories : CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Articles containing Japanese - language text Episode lists with unformatted air dates Episode lists with non-compliant line colors Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 01 : 10 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the name of the seven deadly sins season 2 | [
"The first The Seven Deadly Sins anime series was licensed for English release by Netflix as its second exclusive anime, following their acquisition of Knights of Sidonia.[5] All 24 episodes were released on November 1, 2015 in both subtitled or English dub formats. The Signs of Holy War arc of the series, labeled as Season 2, was added to the service on February 17, 2017. The Revival of the Commandments arc, labeled as Season 3, was released on October 15, 2018 in the United States.[6]\n"
] | [
"Signs of Holy War"
] |
3582455678357889442 | List of U.S. states and territories by population | List of U.S. States and territories by population - wikipedia List of U.S. States and territories by population Population by state , including Puerto Rico ( 2015 ) 580k -- 2.8 M 2.8 M -- 5.28 M 5.28 M -- 8.26 M 8.26 M -- 11.6 M 11.6 M -- 19.6 M 19.6 M -- 26.5 M 26.5 M -- 38.4 M 38.4 M+ As of April 1 , 2010 , the date of the 2010 United States Census , the nine most populous U.S. states contain slightly more than half of the total population . The 25 least populous states contain less than one - sixth of the total population . California , the most populous state , contains more people than the 21 least populous states combined , and Wyoming is the least populous state , with a population less than the 31 most populous U.S. cities . Contents ( hide ) 1 Methodology 2 Electoral apportionment 3 State Rankings 4 Summary of population by region 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Methodology ( edit ) Map of population change in U.S. states from April 5 , 2010 to July 1 , 2017 The United States Census counts total persons residing in the United States including citizens , non-citizen permanent residents , and non-citizen long - term visitors . Civilian and military federal employees serving abroad and their dependents are counted in their home state . Electoral apportionment ( edit ) Based on data from the decennial census , each state is allocated a proportion of the 435 seats in the United States House of Representatives , although each state is guaranteed a minimum of one seat , regardless of population . This apportionment is based on the proportion of each state 's population to that of the fifty states together ( without regard to the populations of the District of Columbia , AS , GU , MP , PR , or VI ) . The Electoral College is the body that , every four years , elects the President and Vice President of the United States . Each state 's representation in the Electoral College is equal to that state 's total number of members in both houses of the United States Congress . The Twenty - third Amendment to the United States Constitution effectively grants the District of Columbia , which is separate from any state , three votes . More precisely , the district gets as many votes in the Electoral College as it would have if it were a state , with the caveat that the district can have no more votes than the least populous state ( which is currently Wyoming ) . Currently , this caveat is a moot point since the District of Columbia would only be entitled to one representative if it were a state , and is more populous than only two of the seven states with a single member in the House since 2013 . Since the Constitution guarantees every state at least one U.S. Representative and two U.S. Senators , it effectively guarantees every state ( and , since the ratification of the 23rd Amendment , the District of Columbia ) at least three electoral votes . Thus , the total representation in the Electoral College is 538 members ( equal to 100 senators plus 435 representatives , plus 3 members for the District of Columbia ) . State rankings ( edit ) Rank in the fifty states , 2017 Rank in all states and territories , 2010 State or territory Population estimate , July 1 , 2017 Census population , April 1 , 2010 Total seats in the U.S. House of Representatives , 2013 -- 2023 Estimated population per House seat , 2017 Census population per House seat , 2010 Percent of the total U.S. population , 2017 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 California 39,536,653 37,252,895 7001530000000000000 ♠ 53 745,974 702,885 12.14 % 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Texas 28,304,596 25,146,105 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 786,238 698,503 8.69 % 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Florida 21,312,211 18,804,623 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 777,200 696,468 6.44 % 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 New York 19,849,399 19,378,087 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 735,163 717,707 6.09 % 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Pennsylvania 12,805,537 12,702,887 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 711,419 705,715 3.93 % 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Illinois 12,802,023 12,831,549 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 711,224 712,864 3.93 % 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Ohio 11,658,609 11,536,725 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 728,663 721,032 3.58 % 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Georgia 10,429,379 9,688,681 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 744,956 691,975 3.20 % 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 North Carolina 10,273,419 9,535,692 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 790,263 733,498 3.15 % 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Michigan 9,962,311 9,884,129 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 711,594 705,974 3.06 % 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 New Jersey 9,005,644 8,791,936 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 750,470 732,658 2.76 % 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Virginia 8,470,020 8,001,045 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 770,002 727,366 2.60 % 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Washington 7,405,743 6,724,543 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 740,574 672,454 2.27 % 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 Arizona 7,016,270 6,392,307 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 779,586 710,224 2.15 % 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Massachusetts 6,859,819 6,547,817 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 762,202 727,514 2.11 % 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Tennessee 6,715,984 6,346,275 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 746,220 705,123 2.06 % 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Indiana 6,666,818 6,484,229 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 740,758 720,422 2.05 % 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 Missouri 6,113,532 5,988,927 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 764,192 748,615 1.88 % 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 Maryland 6,052,177 5,773,785 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 756,522 721,694 1.86 % 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 Wisconsin 5,795,483 5,687,289 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 724,435 710,873 1.78 % 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 Colorado 5,607,154 5,029,324 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 801,022 720,704 1.72 % 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Minnesota 5,576,606 5,303,925 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 697,076 662,991 1.71 % 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 South Carolina 5,024,369 4,625,401 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 717,767 660,766 1.54 % 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 Alabama 4,874,747 4,780,127 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 696,392 682,819 1.50 % 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Louisiana 4,684,333 4,533,479 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 780,722 755,562 1.44 % 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 Kentucky 4,454,189 4,339,349 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 742,365 723,228 1.37 % 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 Oregon 4,142,776 3,831,073 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 828,555 766,215 1.27 % 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 Oklahoma 3,930,864 3,751,616 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 786,173 750,270 1.21 % 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 Connecticut 3,588,184 3,574,118 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 717,637 714,824 1.10 % -- 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 Puerto Rico 3,337,177 3,726,157 1 ( non-voting ) -- -- 1.01 % 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 Iowa 3,145,711 3,046,869 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 786,428 761,717 0.97 % 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 Utah 3,101,833 2,763,888 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 775,458 690,972 0.95 % 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 Arkansas 3,004,279 2,915,958 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 751,070 728,990 0.92 % 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 Nevada 2,998,039 2,700,691 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 749,510 675,173 0.92 % 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 Mississippi 2,984,100 2,968,103 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 746,025 742,026 0.92 % 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 Kansas 2,913,123 2,853,132 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 728,281 713,280 0.89 % 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 New Mexico 2,088,070 2,059,192 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 696,023 686,393 0.64 % 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 Nebraska 1,920,076 1,826,341 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 640,025 608,780 0.59 % 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 West Virginia 1,815,857 1,853,011 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 605,285 617,670 0.56 % 7001390000000000000 ♠ 39 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 Idaho 1,716,943 1,567,652 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 858,472 783,826 0.53 % 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 Hawaii 1,427,538 1,360,301 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 713,769 680,151 0.44 % 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 New Hampshire 1,342,795 1,316,466 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 671,398 658,233 0.41 % 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 Maine 1,335,907 1,328,361 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 667,954 664,181 0.41 % 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 Rhode Island 1,059,639 1,052,931 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 529,820 526,466 0.33 % 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 Montana 1,050,493 989,417 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 1,050,493 989,417 0.32 % 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 Delaware 961,939 897,936 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 961,939 897,936 0.30 % 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 South Dakota 869,666 814,191 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 869,666 814,191 0.27 % 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 North Dakota 755,393 672,591 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 755,393 672,591 0.23 % 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 Alaska 739,795 710,249 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 739,795 710,249 0.23 % -- 7001510000000000000 ♠ 51 District of Columbia 693,972 601,767 1 ( non-voting ) -- -- 0.21 % 7001490000000000000 ♠ 49 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 Vermont 623,657 625,745 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 623,657 625,745 0.19 % 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 7001520000000000000 ♠ 52 Wyoming 579,315 563,767 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 579,315 563,767 0.18 % -- 7001530000000000000 ♠ 53 Guam 159,358 1 ( non-voting ) -- -- 0.06 % -- 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 U.S. Virgin Islands 106,405 1 ( non-voting ) -- -- 0.04 % -- 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 American Samoa 55,519 1 ( non-voting ) -- -- 0.01 % -- 7001560000000000000 ♠ 56 Northern Mariana Islands 53,883 1 ( non-voting ) -- -- 0.00 % -- 7001570000000000000 ♠ 57 Wake Island 100 188 0 -- -- 0.00 % -- 7001580000000000000 ♠ 58 Palmyra Atoll 20 20 0 -- -- 0.00 % -- 7001590000000000000 ♠ 59 Midway Atoll 40 0 0 -- -- 0.00 % -- -- Johnston Atoll 0 0 0 -- -- 0.00 % -- -- Baker Island 0 0 0 -- -- 0.00 % -- -- Howland Island 0 0 0 -- -- 0.00 % -- -- Jarvis Island 0 0 0 -- -- 0.00 % -- -- Kingman Reef 0 0 0 -- -- 0.00 % -- -- Navassa Island 0 0 0 -- -- 0.00 % -- -- Serranilla Bank 0 0 0 -- -- 0.00 % -- -- Bajo Nuevo Bank 0 0 0 -- -- 0.00 % -- -- Contiguous United States 323,551,845 306,687,555 432 ( + 1 non-voting ) -- -- 98.18 % -- -- The fifty states 325,025,206 308,156,338 435 737,348 708,376 98.48 % -- -- Fifty states + D.C. 325,719,178 308,758,105 435 ( + 1 non-voting ) -- -- 98.67 % -- -- Total U.S. ( including D.C. and territories ) 329,431,520 312,913,872 435 ( + 6 non-voting ) -- -- 100.00 % Jump up ^ Because of rounding of the individual percentages , the entries in this column may not sum to 100 % . ^ Jump up to : There is no official population estimate for American Samoa , Guam , Northern Mariana Islands , and United States Virgin Islands between the decennial censuses . Summary of population by region ( edit ) Legend Division totals -- 9 divisions for 50 states and D.C. Region totals -- 4 regions ( 2 or 3 divisions each ) Individual territories Total U.S. Territories 50 States + District of Columbia Divisions & regions as defined by U.S. Census Bureau Last col . shows larger region which contains entity in col. 1 Population of states , territories , divisions and regions State / Territory / Division / Region Rank 2017 population Rank population Rank 2000 population Rank 2000 - change Geographic sort Massachusetts 15 6,859,819 14 6,547,629 13 6,349,097 43 3.1 % NEng Connecticut 29 3,588,184 29 3,574,097 29 3,405,565 35 4.9 % NEng Maine 42 1,335,907 41 1,328,361 40 1,274,923 39 4.2 % NEng New Hampshire 41 1,342,795 42 1,316,470 41 1,235,786 32 6.5 % NEng Rhode Island 43 1,059,639 43 1,052,567 43 1,048,319 49 0.4 % NEng Vermont 49 623,657 49 625,741 49 608,827 44 2.8 % NEng New England 9 14,810,001 9 14,444,865 9 13,922,517 7 3.8 % NEast New York 19,849,399 19,378,102 18,976,457 46 2.1 % MAtl Pennsylvania 5 12,805,537 6 12,702,379 6 12,281,054 41 3.4 % MAtl New Jersey 11 9,005,644 11 8,791,894 9 8,414,350 37 4.5 % MAtl Mid-Atlantic 41,660,580 40,872,375 39,671,861 8 3.0 % NEast Northeast 56,470,581 55,317,240 53,594,378 3.2 % USA Florida 19,552,860 18,801,310 15,982,378 8 17.6 % SAtl Georgia 8 9,992,167 9 9,687,653 10 8,186,453 7 18.3 % SAtl North Carolina 10 9,848,060 10 9,535,483 11 8,049,313 6 18.5 % SAtl Virginia 12 8,260,405 12 8,001,024 12 7,078,515 16 13.0 % SAtl Maryland 19 5,928,814 19 5,773,552 19 5,296,486 23 9.0 % SAtl South Carolina 24 4,774,839 24 4,625,364 26 4,012,012 10 15.3 % SAtl West Virginia 38 1,854,304 37 1,852,994 37 1,808,344 45 2.5 % SAtl Delaware 45 925,749 45 897,934 45 783,600 11 14.6 % SAtl District of Columbia -- 646,449 -- 601,723 -- 572,059 -- 5.2 % SAtl South Atlantic 64,705,532 59,777,037 51,769,160 15.5 % South Tennessee 17 6,495,978 17 6,346,105 16 5,689,283 19 11.5 % ESC Alabama 23 4,833,722 23 4,779,736 23 4,447,100 27 7.5 % ESC Kentucky 26 4,395,295 26 4,339,367 25 4,041,769 28 7.4 % ESC Mississippi 31 2,991,207 31 2,967,297 31 2,844,658 38 4.3 % ESC East South Central 8 19,029,020 8 18,432,505 8 17,022,810 5 8.3 % South Texas 26,448,193 25,145,561 20,851,820 5 20.6 % WSC Louisiana 25 4,625,470 25 4,533,372 22 4,468,976 48 1.4 % WSC Oklahoma 28 3,850,568 28 3,751,351 27 3,450,654 24 8.7 % WSC Arkansas 32 2,959,373 32 2,915,918 33 2,673,400 22 9.1 % WSC West South Central 5 39,924,072 5 36,346,202 5 31,444,850 15.6 % South South 123,658,624 114,555,744 100,236,820 14.3 % USA Illinois 6 12,882,135 5 12,830,632 5 12,419,293 42 3.3 % ENC Ohio 7 11,570,808 7 11,536,504 7 11,353,140 47 1.6 % ENC Michigan 10 9,895,622 8 9,883,640 8 9,938,444 50 - 0.6 % ENC Indiana 17 6,570,902 15 6,483,802 14 6,080,485 31 6.6 % ENC Wisconsin 20 5,742,713 20 5,686,986 18 5,363,675 34 6.0 % ENC East North Central 46,885,244 46,421,564 45,155,037 9 2.8 % MWest Missouri 18 6,044,171 18 5,988,927 17 5,595,211 29 7.0 % WNC Minnesota 22 5,420,380 21 5,303,925 21 4,919,479 26 7.8 % WNC Iowa 30 3,090,416 30 3,046,355 30 2,926,324 40 4.1 % WNC Kansas 34 2,893,957 33 2,853,118 32 2,688,418 33 6.1 % WNC Nebraska 37 1,868,516 38 1,826,341 38 1,711,263 30 6.7 % WNC South Dakota 46 844,877 46 814,180 46 754,844 25 7.9 % WNC North Dakota 47 723,393 48 672,591 47 642,200 36 4.7 % WNC West North Central 7 21,294,107 7 20,505,437 6 19,237,739 6 6.6 % MWest Midwest 68,179,351 66,927,001 64,392,776 3.9 % USA Arizona 14 7,016,270 16 6,392,017 20 5,130,632 24.6 % Mtn Colorado 21 5,607,154 22 5,029,196 24 4,301,261 9 16.9 % Mtn Utah 31 3,101,833 34 2,763,885 34 2,233,169 23.8 % Mtn Nevada 33 2,998,039 35 2,700,551 35 1,998,257 35.1 % Mtn New Mexico 36 2,088,070 36 2,059,179 36 1,819,046 15 13.2 % Mtn Idaho 39 1,716,943 39 1,567,582 39 1,293,953 21.1 % Mtn Montana 44 1,050,493 44 989,415 44 902,195 21 9.7 % Mtn Wyoming 50 579,315 50 563,626 50 493,782 12 14.1 % Mtn Mountain 6 24,158,117 6 22,065,451 7 18,172,295 21.4 % West California 39,536,653 37,253,956 33,871,648 20 10.0 % Pac Washington 13 7,405,743 13 6,724,540 15 5,894,121 13 14.1 % Pac Oregon 27 4,142,776 27 3,831,074 28 3,421,399 18 12.0 % Pac Hawaii 40 1,427,538 40 1,360,301 42 1,211,537 17 12.3 % Pac Alaska 48 739,795 47 710,231 48 626,932 14 13.3 % Pac Pacific 53,252,505 49,880,102 45,025,637 10.8 % West West 77,410,622 71,945,553 63,197,932 13.8 % USA 50 states and D.C. -- 325,719,178 -- 308,745,538 -- 281,421,906 -- 9.7 % NAmer Puerto Rico 3,337,177 3,725,789 3,808,610 - 2.2 % Terr . Guam 159,358 154,805 2.9 % Terr . U.S. Virgin Islands 106,405 108,612 - 2.0 % Terr . American Samoa 55,519 5 57,291 - 3.1 % Terr . Northern Mariana Islands 5 5 53,883 69,221 5 - 22.2 % Terr . Total Territories -- 3,712,342 -- 4,100,954 -- 4,198,539 -- - 2.3 % USA ^ Jump up to : There is no official population estimate for American Samoa , Guam , Northern Mariana Islands , and United States Virgin Islands between the decennial censuses . See also ( edit ) Geography portal North America portal United States portal Demographics of the United States List of United States cities by population List of U.S. states by African - American population List of U.S. states by historical population ( tables of state populations since 1790 ) List of U.S. states by population density List of U.S. states by population growth rate List of U.S. states and territories by area List of U.S. states by vehicles per capita List of U.S. states by religiosity United States References ( edit ) General `` National Totals : Vintage 2015 '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on 23 December 2015 . Retrieved 24 December 2015 . `` 2010 Resident Population Data '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 26 . `` 2010 Apportionment Population '' , U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved January 6 , 2011 `` 2009 Census estimates '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on 2010 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 13 . Statistical Abstract of the United States , 1995 , U.S. Census Bureau , Section 29 : Outlying Areas , Table No. 1347 . Land Area and Population Characteristics , by ( Outlying ) Area : 1990 ( page 828 ) . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 Specific Jump up ^ `` FAQ : Does the Census Bureau collect data on the number of unauthorized migrants ? '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ : Will 2010 Census apportionment population counts also include any Americans overseas ? '' . U. S Census Bureau . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Office of the Federal Register . `` A Procedural Guide to the Electoral College '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States , Regions , States , and Puerto Rico : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2017 '' ( XLSX ) . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 02 . External links ( edit ) United States Government United States Census Bureau USCB population estimates United States Office of Management and Budget United States Censuses 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 2000 2020 United States Census Bureau United States Census of Agriculture United States state - related lists List of states and territories of the United States Demographics Educational attainment Irreligion Largest cities by population Most popular given names Most populous counties Population Density Growth rate Birth and death rates Historical African American Amish Asian Hispanic and Latino Spanish - speaking Religiosity Economy Billionaires Budgets Companies Federal tax revenue Federal taxation and spending Gross domestic product Growth rate Per capita Income Inequality Minimum wages Poverty rates Sales taxes Sovereign wealth funds State income taxes Unemployment rates Union affiliation Vehicles per capita Environment Carbon dioxide emissions Botanical gardens Parks Renewable energy Superfund sites Wilderness areas Geography Area Coastline Elevation Extreme points Forest Geographic centers Regions Government Attorneys general Capitals Capitol buildings Comparison Counties Alphabetical Current State Legislators Governors Lieutenant governors Legislatures Libraries and archives Official languages Poets laureate Political divisions State auditors State secretaries of state State superintendents of education State supreme courts State treasurers Health American Human Development Index Fertility rates Hospitals Life expectancy Obesity rates History Date of statehood Name etymologies Historical societies and museums National Historic Landmarks National Register of Historic Places State partitions Historic regions Law Abortion Age of consent Alcohol Dry communities Alford plea Cell phone use while driving Constitutions Firearms Homicide Law enforcement agencies Legality of cannabis Peace Index Prisons Incarceration rate Same - sex unions Former constitutional bans Marriage law Seat belt laws Self - representation Smoking bans Speed limits ( by jurisdiction ) Statutory codes Miscellaneous Abbreviations Demonyms Fictional states Flags Insignia License plates Numbered highways Quarters 50 states DC & Territories Symbols Tallest buildings Time zones Commons Portals Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_population&oldid=850165054 '' Categories : Lists by population Lists of states of the United States Lists of subdivisions of the United States United States demography - related lists United States geography - related lists Ranked lists of country subdivisions Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Български Boarisch Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego Ilokano Italiano Basa Jawa Latina Magyar Македонски მარგალური Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 July 2018 , at 02 : 21 ( UTC ) . 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"As of April 1, 2010, the date of the 2010 United States Census, the nine most populous U.S. states contain slightly more than half of the total population. The 25 least populous states contain less than one-sixth of the total population. California, the most populous state, contains more people than the 21 least populous states combined, and Wyoming is the least populous state, with a population less than the 31 most populous U.S. cities.\n"
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"California"
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3973495587364798228 | NFC Championship Game | NFC Championship game - wikipedia NFC Championship game Jump to : navigation , search NFC Championship Game NFC Championship logo First played 1971 ( 1970 season ) Trophy George Halas Trophy Recent and upcoming games 2017 season Lincoln Financial Field January 21 , 2018 Minnesota Vikings 7 , Philadelphia Eagles 38 2018 season TBD January 20 , 2019 TBD vs. TBD The NFC Championship Game ( also unofficially referred to as the NFC Title Game ) is one of the two semi-final playoff games of the National Football League ( NFL ) , the largest professional American football league in the United States . The game is played on the penultimate Sunday in January and determines the champion of the National Football Conference ( NFC ) . The winner then advances to face the winner of the American Football Conference ( AFC ) Championship Game in the Super Bowl . The game was established as part of the 1970 merger between the NFL and the American Football League ( AFL ) , with the merged league realigning into two conferences . Since 1984 , each winner of the NFC Championship Game has also received the George Halas Trophy , named after the founder and longtime owner of the NFL 's Chicago Bears , George Halas . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Playoff structure 3 George Halas Trophy 4 List of NFC Championship Games 5 Appearances 1970 -- present 6 NFC Championship Game records 7 TV ratings 8 References History ( edit ) The first NFC Championship Game was played following the 1970 regular season after the merger between the NFL and the American Football League . The game is considered the successor to the original NFL Championship , and its game results are listed with that of its predecessor in the annual NFL Record and Fact Book . Since the pre-merger NFL consisted of six more teams than the AFL , a realignment was done as part of the merger to create two conferences with an equal number of teams : The NFL 's Baltimore Colts , the Cleveland Browns , and the Pittsburgh Steelers joined the ten former AFL teams to form the AFC ; while the remaining 13 pre-merger NFL clubs formed the NFC . Every NFC team has played in an NFC Championship at least once . The Seattle Seahawks , who have been members in both the AFC and the NFC , hold the distinction of appearing in both conference title games . Only the Detroit Lions have yet to win an NFC Championship Game . Playoff structure ( edit ) NFC Championship Game logo , 2008 -- 2010 ( Used with old shield since 2005 ) Further information : NFL playoffs At the end of each regular season , a series of playoff games involving the top six teams in the NFC are conducted . In the current ( since 2002 -- 03 season ) NFL playoff structure , this consists of the four division champions and two wild card teams ( those clubs that possess the two best won - loss records after the regular season yet fail to win their division ) . The two teams remaining following the Wild Card round ( first round ) and the divisional round ( second round ) play in the NFC Championship game . Initially , the site of the game was determined on a rotating basis . Since the 1975 -- 76 season , the site of the NFC Championship has been based on playoff seeding based on the regular season won - loss record , with the highest surviving seed hosting the game . A wild card team can only host the game if both participants are wild cards , in which case the fifth seed would host the sixth seed . Such an instance has never occurred in the NFL . George Halas Trophy ( edit ) Beginning with 1984 - 85 season , the winner of the NFC Championship Game has received the George Halas Trophy , named after the longtime owner and coach of the Chicago Bears , a charter member of the NFL . The original design consisted of a wooden base with a sculpted NFC logo in the front and a sculpture of various football players in the back . It , and the Lamar Hunt Trophy that is awarded to the AFC champion , were redesigned for the 2010 -- 11 NFL playoffs by Tiffany & Co. at the request of the NFL in an attempt to make both awards more significant . The trophies are now a new , silver design with the outline of a hollow football positioned on a small base to more closely resemble the Vince Lombardi Trophy , awarded to the winner of the Super Bowl . The George Halas Trophy should not be confused with the Newspaper Enterprise Association 's George S. Halas Trophy which was awarded to the NFL 's defensive player of the year from 1966 to 1996 or the Pro Football Writers Association 's George S. Halas Courage Award . List of NFC Championship Games ( edit ) Numbers in parentheses in the winning team column are NFC Championships won by that team . Bold indicates team won Super Bowl that year . Numbers in parentheses in the city and stadium column is the number of times that metropolitan area and stadium has hosted a NFC Championship , respectively . Season Playoffs Winning team Score Losing team Score Location Stadium 1970 1970 -- 71 Dallas Cowboys ( 1 ) 17 San Francisco 49ers 10 San Francisco , California Kezar Stadium 1971 1971 -- 72 Dallas Cowboys ( 2 ) 14 San Francisco 49ers Irving , Texas Texas Stadium 1972 1972 -- 73 Washington Redskins ( 1 ) 26 Dallas Cowboys Washington , D.C. RFK Stadium 1973 1973 -- 74 Minnesota Vikings ( 1 ) 27 Dallas Cowboys 10 Irving , Texas ( 2 ) Texas Stadium ( 2 ) 1974 -- 75 Minnesota Vikings ( 2 ) 14 Los Angeles Rams 10 Bloomington , Minnesota Metropolitan Stadium 1975 -- 76 Dallas Cowboys ( 3 ) 37 Los Angeles Rams 7 Los Angeles , California Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 1976 1976 -- 77 Minnesota Vikings ( 3 ) 24 Los Angeles Rams 13 Bloomington , Minnesota ( 2 ) Metropolitan Stadium ( 2 ) 1977 1977 -- 78 Dallas Cowboys ( 4 ) 23 Minnesota Vikings 6 Irving , Texas ( 3 ) Texas Stadium ( 3 ) 1978 1978 -- 79 Dallas Cowboys ( 5 ) 28 Los Angeles Rams 0 Los Angeles , California ( 2 ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ( 2 ) 1979 1979 -- 80 Los Angeles Rams ( 1 ) 9 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 0 Tampa , Florida Tampa Stadium 1980 1980 -- 81 Philadelphia Eagles ( 1 ) 20 Dallas Cowboys 7 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Veterans Stadium 1981 1981 -- 82 San Francisco 49ers ( 1 ) 28 Dallas Cowboys 27 San Francisco , California ( 2 ) Candlestick Park 1982 1982 -- 83 Washington Redskins ( 2 ) 31 Dallas Cowboys 17 Washington , D.C. ( 2 ) RFK Stadium ( 2 ) 1983 -- 84 Washington Redskins ( 3 ) 24 San Francisco 49ers 21 Washington , D.C. ( 3 ) RFK Stadium ( 3 ) 1984 1984 -- 85 San Francisco 49ers ( 2 ) 23 Chicago Bears 0 San Francisco , California ( 3 ) Candlestick Park ( 2 ) 1985 1985 -- 86 Chicago Bears ( 1 ) 24 Los Angeles Rams 0 Chicago , Illinois Soldier Field 1986 1986 -- 87 New York Giants ( 1 ) 17 Washington Redskins 0 East Rutherford , New Jersey Giants Stadium 1987 -- 88 Washington Redskins ( 4 ) 17 Minnesota Vikings 10 Washington , D.C. ( 4 ) RFK Stadium ( 4 ) 1988 1988 -- 89 San Francisco 49ers ( 3 ) 28 Chicago Bears Chicago , Illinois ( 2 ) Soldier Field ( 2 ) 1989 1989 -- 90 San Francisco 49ers ( 4 ) 30 Los Angeles Rams San Francisco , California ( 4 ) Candlestick Park ( 3 ) 1990 1990 -- 91 New York Giants ( 2 ) 15 San Francisco 49ers 13 San Francisco , California ( 5 ) Candlestick Park ( 4 ) 1991 1991 -- 92 Washington Redskins ( 5 ) 41 Detroit Lions 10 Washington , D.C. ( 5 ) RFK Stadium ( 5 ) 1992 1992 -- 93 Dallas Cowboys ( 6 ) 30 San Francisco 49ers 20 San Francisco , California ( 6 ) Candlestick Park ( 5 ) 1993 1993 -- 94 Dallas Cowboys ( 7 ) 38 San Francisco 49ers 21 Irving , Texas ( 4 ) Texas Stadium ( 4 ) 1994 1994 -- 95 San Francisco 49ers ( 5 ) 38 Dallas Cowboys 28 San Francisco , California ( 7 ) Candlestick Park ( 6 ) 1995 1995 -- 96 Dallas Cowboys ( 8 ) 38 Green Bay Packers 27 Irving , Texas ( 5 ) Texas Stadium ( 5 ) 1996 -- 97 Green Bay Packers ( 1 ) 30 Carolina Panthers 13 Green Bay , Wisconsin Lambeau Field 1997 1997 -- 98 Green Bay Packers ( 2 ) 23 San Francisco 49ers 10 San Francisco , California ( 8 ) 3Com Park ( 7 ) 1998 1998 -- 99 Atlanta Falcons ( 1 ) 30 Minnesota Vikings 27 Minneapolis , Minnesota ( 3 ) Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome 1999 1999 -- 00 St. Louis Rams ( 2 ) 11 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 6 St. Louis , Missouri Trans World Dome 2000 2000 -- 01 New York Giants ( 3 ) 41 Minnesota Vikings 0 East Rutherford , New Jersey ( 2 ) Giants Stadium ( 2 ) 2001 2001 -- 02 St. Louis Rams ( 3 ) 29 Philadelphia Eagles 24 St. Louis , Missouri ( 2 ) Edward Jones Dome ( 2 ) 2002 2002 -- 03 Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 1 ) 27 Philadelphia Eagles 10 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ( 2 ) Veterans Stadium ( 2 ) 2003 2003 -- 04 Carolina Panthers ( 1 ) 14 Philadelphia Eagles Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ( 3 ) Lincoln Financial Field 2004 -- 05 Philadelphia Eagles ( 2 ) 27 Atlanta Falcons 10 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ( 4 ) Lincoln Financial Field ( 2 ) 2005 2005 -- 06 Seattle Seahawks ( 1 ) 34 Carolina Panthers 14 Seattle , Washington Qwest Field 2006 2006 -- 07 Chicago Bears ( 2 ) 39 New Orleans Saints 14 Chicago , Illinois ( 3 ) Soldier Field ( 3 ) 2007 2007 -- 08 New York Giants ( 4 ) 23 Green Bay Packers 20 Green Bay , Wisconsin ( 2 ) Lambeau Field ( 2 ) 2008 2008 -- 09 Arizona Cardinals ( 1 ) 32 Philadelphia Eagles 25 Glendale , Arizona University of Phoenix Stadium 2009 2009 -- 10 New Orleans Saints ( 1 ) 31 Minnesota Vikings 28 New Orleans , Louisiana Louisiana Superdome 2010 -- 11 Green Bay Packers ( 3 ) 21 Chicago Bears 14 Chicago , Illinois ( 4 ) Soldier Field ( 4 ) 2011 2011 -- 12 New York Giants ( 5 ) 20 San Francisco 49ers 17 San Francisco , California ( 9 ) Candlestick Park ( 8 ) 2012 2012 -- 13 San Francisco 49ers ( 6 ) 28 Atlanta Falcons 24 Atlanta , Georgia Georgia Dome 2013 2013 -- 14 Seattle Seahawks ( 2 ) 23 San Francisco 49ers 17 Seattle , Washington ( 2 ) CenturyLink Field ( 2 ) 2014 2014 -- 15 Seattle Seahawks ( 3 ) 28 Green Bay Packers 22 Seattle , Washington ( 3 ) CenturyLink Field ( 3 ) 2015 2015 -- 16 Carolina Panthers ( 2 ) 49 Arizona Cardinals 15 Charlotte , North Carolina Bank of America Stadium 2016 2016 -- 17 Atlanta Falcons ( 2 ) 44 Green Bay Packers 21 Atlanta , Georgia ( 2 ) Georgia Dome ( 2 ) 2017 2017 -- 18 Philadelphia Eagles ( 3 ) 38 Minnesota Vikings 7 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ( 5 ) Lincoln Financial Field ( 3 ) ^ a : Overtime Appearances 1970 -- present ( edit ) Num Team PCT PF PA Last appearance Last championship Home games Home wins Home losses Home Win Pct . Away games Away wins Away losses Away Win Pct . 14 Dallas Cowboys 8 6 . 571 317 264 1995 1995 5 . 800 9 5 . 444 15 San Francisco 49ers 6 9 . 400 307 289 2013 2012 9 5 . 444 6 . 333 6 Washington Redskins 5 . 833 139 78 1991 1991 5 5 0 1.000 0 . 000 5 New York Giants 5 0 1.000 116 50 2011 2011 0 1.000 0 1.000 9 Los Angeles / St. Louis Rams 6 . 333 82 187 2001 2001 . 500 5 . 200 9 Minnesota Vikings 6 . 333 136 175 2017 1976 . 667 6 5 . 200 7 Green Bay Packers . 429 143 126 2016 . 500 5 . 400 7 Philadelphia Eagles . 429 109 119 2017 2017 5 . 600 0 . 000 Seattle Seahawks 0 1.000 85 53 2014 2014 0 1.000 0 0 0 - 6 ! -- -- 5 Chicago Bears . 400 80 86 2006 . 500 0 . 000 Atlanta Falcons . 500 108 103 2016 2016 . 500 . 500 Carolina Panthers . 500 90 82 2015 2015 0 1.000 . 333 Tampa Bay Buccaneers . 333 33 30 2002 2002 0 . 000 . 500 New Orleans Saints . 500 45 67 2009 2009 0 1.000 0 . 000 Arizona Cardinals . 500 47 74 2015 2008 0 1.000 0 . 000 Detroit Lions 0 . 000 10 41 1991 N / A 0 0 0 - 7 ! -- -- 0 . 000 ^ b : Includes appearances during their first tenure in Los Angeles ( the 1970 merger to 1994 ) , where they went 1 -- 6 in NFC Championship Games ; and their period as the St. Louis Rams ( 1995 -- 2015 ) , where they went 2 -- 0 in NFC Championship Games . ^ c : The Seahawks were members of the NFC in 1976 and then members of the AFC from 1977 -- 2001 , before rejoining the NFC in 2002 . Including their only appearance in the AFC Championship Game ( 0 -- 1 ) , they hold a combined 3 -- 1 record between both Conference Championship Games . NFC Championship game records ( edit ) NFC Championship Game logo , 2001 -- 2005 Most victories : 8 -- Dallas Cowboys ( 1970 -- 1971 , 1975 , 1977 -- 1978 , 1992 -- 1993 , 1995 ) Most losses : 9 * * -- San Francisco 49ers ( 1970 -- 1971 , 1983 , 1990 , 1992 -- 1993 , 1997 , 2011 , 2013 ) Most appearances : 15 -- San Francisco 49ers ( 1970 -- 1971 , 1981 , 1983 -- 1984 , 1988 -- 1990 , 1992 -- 1994 , 1997 , 2011 -- 2013 ) Most consecutive appearances : 4 ( tie , 2 teams , 3 times ) Dallas Cowboys ( 1970 -- 1973 , 1992 -- 1995 ) Philadelphia Eagles ( 2001 -- 2004 ) Most consecutive victories : 2 -- ( tie , 6 teams , 8 times ) Dallas Cowboys ( 1970 -- 1971 , 1977 -- 1978 , 1992 -- 1993 ) Minnesota Vikings ( 1973 -- 1974 ) Washington Redskins ( 1982 -- 1983 ) San Francisco 49ers ( 1988 -- 1989 ) Green Bay Packers ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Seattle Seahawks ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Most victories without a loss : 5 * * -- New York Giants ( 1986 , 1990 , 2000 , 2007 , 2011 ) Most appearances without a win : 1 -- Detroit Lions ( 1991 ) Most consecutive losses without a win : 6 -- Minnesota Vikings ( 1977 , 1987 , 1998 , 2000 , 2009 , 2017 ) Most defensive shutouts : 2 * * ; -- New York Giants ( Jan 11 , 1987 , 17 -- 0 vs Redskins and Jan 14 , 2001 , 41 -- 0 vs Vikings ) Most times shut out : 2 * * ; -- Los Angeles Rams ( Jan 7 , 1979 , 0 -- 28 vs Cowboys and Jan 12 , 1986 , 0 -- 24 vs Bears ) Most consecutive losses : 3 * -- ( tie , 3 times ) Los Angeles Rams ( 1974 -- 1976 ) Dallas Cowboys ( 1980 -- 1982 ) Philadelphia Eagles ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Most games hosted : 9 -- San Francisco 49ers ( 1970 , 1981 , 1984 , 1989 -- 1990 , 1992 , 1994 , 1997 , 2011 ) Most numerous matchup : 6 * * -- Dallas Cowboys vs. San Francisco 49ers ( 1970 -- 1971 , 1981 , 1992 -- 1994 ) Most points scored : 49 points -- January 24 , 2016 -- Carolina Panthers vs. Arizona Cardinals ( 2015 ) Largest margin of victory : 41 points -- January 14 , 2001 ( 2000 ) , New York Giants ( 41 ) vs. Minnesota Vikings ( 0 ) Closest margin of victory : 1 point -- San Francisco 49ers ( 28 ) vs. Dallas Cowboys ( 27 ) , 1981 NFC Championship Game * * Fewest points scored , winning team : 9 ; January 6 , 1980 ( 1979 ) -- Los Angeles Rams vs. Tampa Bay Buccaneers Fewest points scored : 0 * ; ( tie , 5 teams , 6 times ) Los Angeles Rams 0 vs Dallas Cowboys 28 January 7 , 1979 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 0 vs Los Angeles Rams 9 January 6 , 1980 Chicago Bears 0 vs San Francisco 49ers 23 January 6 , 1985 Los Angeles Rams 0 vs Chicago Bears 24 January 12 , 1986 Washington Redskins 0 vs New York Giants 17 January 11 , 1987 Minnesota Vikings 0 vs New York Giants 41 January 14 , 2001 Most points scored , losing team : 28 ( tie ) ; January 15 , 1995 ( 1994 ) -- Dallas Cowboys vs. San Francisco 49ers , January 24 , 2010 ( 2009 ) -- Minnesota Vikings at New Orleans Saints Most combined points scored : 66 ; January 15 , 1995 ( 1994 ) -- San Francisco 49ers ( 38 ) vs. Dallas Cowboys ( 28 ) Fewest combined points scored : 9 * * ; January 6 , 1980 ( 1979 ) -- Los Angeles Rams ( 9 ) vs. Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 0 ) Longest game : 71 minutes , 52 seconds * * ; January 17 , 1999 ( 1998 ) -- Atlanta Falcons ( 30 ) @ Minnesota Vikings ( 27 ) , OT Most NFC Championships won in overtime : 2 * * -- New York Giants ( 2007 , 2011 ) Most NFC Championships lost in overtime : 2 * ( tie ) -- Green Bay Packers ( 2007 , 2014 ) Minnesota Vikings ( 1998 , 2009 ) Current teams which have never won an NFC Championship : Detroit Lions ( 0 -- 1 ) * * * Longest drought without appearing in an NFC Championship Game : 26 years Detroit Lions ( last appearance -- 1991 ) Washington Redskins ( last appearance -- 1991 ) Longest drought without an NFC Championship : 48 years * * * ; Detroit Lions Largest comeback : 17 points ( trailed 17 -- 0 ; won 28 -- 24 ) , San Francisco 49ers , 2012 Overtime games : 1998 Atlanta Falcons 30 Minnesota Vikings 27 2007 New York Giants 23 Green Bay Packers 20 2009 New Orleans Saints 31 Minnesota Vikings 28 2011 New York Giants 20 San Francisco 49ers 17 2014 Seattle Seahawks 28 Green Bay Packers 22 Notes : * Tied for Conference Championship record ^ * * : Conference Championship record ^ * * * : Lions most recently won the NFL Championship in 1957 -- pre-Super Bowl era TV ratings ( edit ) 2006 : 35.233 million viewers ; Post Gun : 24.641 million ; Post Game : 15.279 million 2007 : million viewers ; Post Game : million ( 1 ) ( 2 ) 2008 : million viewers ; Post Game : million ( 3 ) 2009 : million viewers ; Post Game : 23.83 million ( 10 : 27pm -- 11 : 02pm ) ( 4 ) 2010 : 57.9 million viewers ( 5 ) 2011 : 51.9 million viewers ; 2012 : 57.6 million viewers ( 6 ) ; Post Game : million ( 7 ) 2013 : 42.0 million viewers ; Post Game : million ( 8 ) 2014 : 55.91 million viewers ( peak : 66.3 million viewers ) ; ( 6 : 42 - 9 : 59pm ) ; Post Game ( 9 : 55 - 9 : 59pm ) : 44.903 million ( 9 ) ; The OT ( 9 : 59 - 10 : 19pm ) : 30.339 million viewers ( 10 ) ( 11 ) ( 12 ) 2015 : 49.8 million viewers ( peak : 60.5 million viewers ) ; The OT : 16.280 million viewers ( 6 : 40 - 7 : 06pm ) ( 13 ) References ( edit ) Time Almanac 2004 Jump up ^ `` Playoff Games '' . NFL Record and Fact Book 2009 . Time , Inc . Home Entertainment . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60320 - 809 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` NFC 's Halas trophy has new look '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ Bell , Jarrett ( January 25 , 2011 ) . `` NFL Replay : Gritty Steelers are n't pretty , but they are Super '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Last NFL Game in Kezar Stadium . Jump up ^ These 1972 Dallas Cowboys were the first ever NFC wild card franchise to advance to the Conference championship game . Jump up ^ The 1975 Dallas Cowboys were the first ever wild card franchise to advance to the Super Bowl . Jump up ^ played on Saturday National Football League awards and trophies Team Vince Lombardi Trophy Lamar Hunt Trophy ( AFC ) George Halas Trophy ( NFC ) Individual Most Valuable Player Coach of the Year Offensive Player of the Year Defensive Player of the Year Rookie of the Year Comeback Player of the Year Walter Payton Man of the Year `` Whizzer '' White Man of the Year Bert Bell Award Art Rooney Award Super Bowl MVP One - time only 75th Anniversary All - Time Team ( 1994 ) All - Decade Teams Annual presentation NFL Honors NFL Top 100 Awards organizations Kansas City Committee of 101 Maxwell Football Club National Football League Alumni Touchdown Club of Columbus Washington D.C. Touchdown Club Defunct Ed Thorp Memorial Trophy Brunswick - Balke Collender Cup NEA Defensive Player of the Year PFWA Defensive Player of the Year NEA Rookie of the Year UPI AFL - AFC Player of the Year UPI NFC Player of the Year UPI AFL - AFC Rookie of the Year UPI NFL - NFC Rookie of the Year National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network Radio Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - Pro Hall of Fame Foreign players Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Culture Cheerleading Mascots Lore Nicknames Numbers Retired Color Rush Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NFC_Championship_Game&oldid=831399060 '' Categories : NFC Championship Games Recurring sporting events established in 1971 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español 日本 語 Português Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 20 March 2018 , at 11 : 56 . 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"\n\nSeason\nPlayoffs\nWinning team\nScore\nLosing team\nScore\nLocation\nStadium\n\n\n1970\n1970–71\nDallas Cowboys (1)\n17\nSan Francisco 49ers\n10\nSan Francisco, California\nKezar Stadium[4]\n\n\n1971\n1971–72\nDallas Cowboys (2)\n14\nSan Francisco 49ers\n3\nIrving, Texas\nTexas Stadium\n\n\n1972\n1972–73\nWashington Redskins (1)\n26\nDallas Cowboys\n3\nWashington, D.C.\nRFK Stadium[5]\n\n\n1973\n1973–74\nMinnesota Vikings (1)\n27\nDallas Cowboys\n10\nIrving, Texas (2)\nTexas Stadium (2)\n\n\n1974\n1974–75\nMinnesota Vikings (2)\n14\nLos Angeles Rams\n10\nBloomington, Minnesota\nMetropolitan Stadium\n\n\n1975\n1975–76\nDallas Cowboys (3)\n37\nLos Angeles Rams\n7\nLos Angeles, California\nLos Angeles Memorial Coliseum[6]\n\n\n1976\n1976–77\nMinnesota Vikings (3)\n24\nLos Angeles Rams\n13\nBloomington, Minnesota (2)\nMetropolitan Stadium (2)\n\n\n1977\n1977–78\nDallas Cowboys (4)\n23\nMinnesota Vikings\n6\nIrving, Texas (3)\nTexas Stadium (3)\n\n\n1978\n1978–79\nDallas Cowboys (5)\n28\nLos Angeles Rams\n0\nLos Angeles, California (2)\nLos Angeles Memorial Coliseum (2)\n\n\n1979\n1979–80\nLos Angeles Rams (1)\n9\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\n0\nTampa, Florida\nTampa Stadium\n\n\n1980\n1980–81\nPhiladelphia Eagles (1)\n20\nDallas Cowboys\n7\nPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania\nVeterans Stadium\n\n\n1981\n1981–82\nSan Francisco 49ers (1)\n28\nDallas Cowboys\n27\nSan Francisco, California (2)\nCandlestick Park\n\n\n1982\n1982–83 [7]\nWashington Redskins (2)\n31\nDallas Cowboys\n17\nWashington, D.C. (2)\nRFK Stadium (2)\n\n\n1983\n1983–84\nWashington Redskins (3)\n24\nSan Francisco 49ers\n21\nWashington, D.C. (3)\nRFK Stadium (3)\n\n\n1984\n1984–85\nSan Francisco 49ers (2)\n23\nChicago Bears\n0\nSan Francisco, California (3)\nCandlestick Park (2)\n\n\n1985\n1985–86\nChicago Bears (1)\n24\nLos Angeles Rams\n0\nChicago, Illinois\nSoldier Field\n\n\n1986\n1986–87\nNew York Giants (1)\n17\nWashington Redskins\n0\nEast Rutherford, New Jersey\nGiants Stadium\n\n\n1987\n1987–88\nWashington Redskins (4)\n17\nMinnesota Vikings\n10\nWashington, D.C. (4)\nRFK Stadium (4)\n\n\n1988\n1988–89\nSan Francisco 49ers (3)\n28\nChicago Bears\n3\nChicago, Illinois (2)\nSoldier Field (2)\n\n\n1989\n1989–90\nSan Francisco 49ers (4)\n30\nLos Angeles Rams\n3\nSan Francisco, California (4)\nCandlestick Park (3)\n\n\n1990\n1990–91\nNew York Giants (2)\n15\nSan Francisco 49ers\n13\nSan Francisco, California (5)\nCandlestick Park (4)\n\n\n1991\n1991–92\nWashington Redskins (5)\n41\nDetroit Lions\n10\nWashington, D.C. (5)\nRFK Stadium (5)\n\n\n1992\n1992–93\nDallas Cowboys (6)\n30\nSan Francisco 49ers\n20\nSan Francisco, California (6)\nCandlestick Park (5)\n\n\n1993\n1993–94\nDallas Cowboys (7)\n38\nSan Francisco 49ers\n21\nIrving, Texas (4)\nTexas Stadium (4)\n\n\n1994\n1994–95\nSan Francisco 49ers (5)\n38\nDallas Cowboys\n28\nSan Francisco, California (7)\nCandlestick Park (6)\n\n\n1995\n1995–96\nDallas Cowboys (8)\n38\nGreen Bay Packers\n27\nIrving, Texas (5)\nTexas Stadium (5)\n\n\n1996\n1996–97\nGreen Bay Packers (1)\n30\nCarolina Panthers\n13\nGreen Bay, Wisconsin\nLambeau Field\n\n\n1997\n1997–98\nGreen Bay Packers (2)\n23\nSan Francisco 49ers\n10\nSan Francisco, California (8)\n3Com Park (7)\n\n\n1998\n1998–99\nAtlanta Falcons (1)\n30a[›]\nMinnesota Vikings\n27\nMinneapolis, Minnesota (3)\nHubert H. Humphrey Metrodome\n\n\n1999\n1999–00\nSt. Louis Rams (2)\n11\nTampa Bay Buccaneers\n6\nSt. Louis, Missouri\nTrans World Dome\n\n\n2000\n2000–01\nNew York Giants (3)\n41\nMinnesota Vikings\n0\nEast Rutherford, New Jersey (2)\nGiants Stadium (2)\n\n\n2001\n2001–02\nSt. Louis Rams (3)\n29\nPhiladelphia Eagles\n24\nSt. Louis, Missouri (2)\nEdward Jones Dome (2)\n\n\n2002\n2002–03\nTampa Bay Buccaneers (1)\n27\nPhiladelphia Eagles\n10\nPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania (2)\nVeterans Stadium (2)\n\n\n2003\n2003–04\nCarolina Panthers (1)\n14\nPhiladelphia Eagles\n3\nPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania (3)\nLincoln Financial Field\n\n\n2004\n2004–05\nPhiladelphia Eagles (2)\n27\nAtlanta Falcons\n10\nPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania (4)\nLincoln Financial Field (2)\n\n\n2005\n2005–06\nSeattle Seahawks (1)\n34\nCarolina Panthers\n14\nSeattle, Washington\nQwest Field\n\n\n2006\n2006–07\nChicago Bears (2)\n39\nNew Orleans Saints\n14\nChicago, Illinois (3)\nSoldier Field (3)\n\n\n2007\n2007–08\nNew York Giants (4)\n23a[›]\nGreen Bay Packers\n20\nGreen Bay, Wisconsin (2)\nLambeau Field (2)\n\n\n2008\n2008–09\nArizona Cardinals (1)\n32\nPhiladelphia Eagles\n25\nGlendale, Arizona\nUniversity of Phoenix Stadium\n\n\n2009\n2009–10\nNew Orleans Saints (1)\n31a[›]\nMinnesota Vikings\n28\nNew Orleans, Louisiana\nLouisiana Superdome\n\n\n2010\n2010–11\nGreen Bay Packers (3)\n21\nChicago Bears\n14\nChicago, Illinois (4)\nSoldier Field (4)\n\n\n2011\n2011–12\nNew York Giants (5)\n20a[›]\nSan Francisco 49ers\n17\nSan Francisco, California (9)\nCandlestick Park (8)\n\n\n2012\n2012–13\nSan Francisco 49ers (6)\n28\nAtlanta Falcons\n24\nAtlanta, Georgia\nGeorgia Dome\n\n\n2013\n2013–14\nSeattle Seahawks (2)\n23\nSan Francisco 49ers\n17\nSeattle, Washington (2)\nCenturyLink Field (2)\n\n\n2014\n2014–15\nSeattle Seahawks (3)\n28a[›]\nGreen Bay Packers\n22\nSeattle, Washington (3)\nCenturyLink Field (3)\n\n\n2015\n2015–16\nCarolina Panthers (2)\n49\nArizona Cardinals\n15\nCharlotte, North Carolina\nBank of America Stadium\n\n\n2016\n2016–17\nAtlanta Falcons (2)\n44\nGreen Bay Packers\n21\nAtlanta, Georgia (2)\nGeorgia Dome (2)\n\n\n2017\n2017–18\nPhiladelphia Eagles (3)\n38\nMinnesota Vikings\n7\nPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania (5)\nLincoln Financial Field (3)\n\n"
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"Minnesota Vikings"
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-8412408731255749252 | Galileo Galilei | Galileo Galilei - wikipedia Galileo Galilei Jump to : navigation , search Italian polymath `` Galileo '' redirects here . For other uses , see Galileo ( disambiguation ) and Galileo Galilei ( disambiguation ) . Galileo Galilei Portrait of Galileo Galilei ( 1636 ) , by Justus Sustermans ( 1564 - 02 - 15 ) 15 February 1564 Pisa , Duchy of Florence 8 January 1642 ( 1642 - 01 - 08 ) ( aged 77 ) Arcetri , Grand Duchy of Tuscany , Italy Residence Grand Duchy of Tuscany Nationality Italian Alma mater University of Pisa ( no degree ) Known for Kinematics Dynamics Telescopic observational astronomy Heliocentrism Scientific career Fields Astronomy , physics , engineering , natural philosophy , mathematics Institutions University of Pisa University of Padua Patrons Cardinal del Monte Fra Paolo Sarpi Prince Federico Cesi Cosimo II de Medici Ferdinando II de Medici Maffeo Barberini Academic advisors Ostilio Ricci Notable students Benedetto Castelli Mario Guiducci Vincenzo Viviani Signature Notes His father was the musician Vincenzo Galilei . Galileo Galilei 's mistress Marina Gamba ( 1570 -- 21 August 1612 ? ) bore him two daughters , ( Maria Celeste ( Virginia , 1600 -- 1634 ) and Livia ( 1601 -- 1659 ) , both of whom became nuns ) , and a son , Vincenzo ( 1606 -- 1649 ) , a lutenist . Part of a series on Physical cosmology Big Bang Universe Age of the universe Chronology of the universe Early universe ( show ) Planck epoch Grand unification epoch Quark epoch Hadron epoch Lepton epoch Photon epoch Big Bang nucleosynthesis Inflation Dark Ages Backgrounds Cosmic background radiation ( CBR ) Gravitational wave background ( GWB ) Cosmic microwave background ( CMB ) Cosmic neutrino background ( CNB ) Cosmic infrared background ( INB ) Expansion Future ( show ) Hubble 's law Redshift Expansion of the universe Accelerating expansion of the universe FLRW metric Friedmann equations Inhomogeneous cosmology Future of an expanding universe Ultimate fate of the universe Heat death of the universe Big Rip Big Crunch Big Bounce Components Structure ( show ) Components Lambda - CDM model Baryonic matter Energy Radiation Dark energy Quintessence Phantom energy Dark matter Cold dark matter Warm dark matter Hot dark matter Dark radiation Structure Shape of the universe Reionization Structure formation Galaxy formation Large - scale structure Large quasar group Galaxy filament Supercluster Galaxy cluster Galaxy group Local Group Void Experiments ( show ) Black Hole Initiative ( BHI ) BOOMERanG Cosmic Background Explorer ( COBE ) Illustris project Planck space observatory Sloan Digital Sky Survey ( SDSS ) 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey ( `` 2dF '' ) Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe ( WMAP ) Scientists ( hide ) Aaronson Alfvén Alpher Bharadwaj Copernicus de Sitter Dicke Ehlers Einstein Ellis Friedman Galileo Gamow Guth Hawking Hubble Lemaître Linde Mather Newton Penrose Penzias Rubin Schmidt Smoot Starobinsky Steinhardt Suntzeff Sunyaev Tolman Wilson Zel'dovich Subject history ( show ) Discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation History of the Big Bang theory Religious interpretations of the Big Bang theory Timeline of cosmological theories Category Cosmology portal Astronomy portal Galileo Galilei ( Italian : ( ɡaliˈlɛːo ɡaliˈlɛi ) ; 15 February 1564 -- 8 January 1642 ) was an Italian polymath . Galileo is a central figure in the transition from natural philosophy to modern science and in the transformation of the scientific Renaissance into a scientific revolution . Galileo 's championing of heliocentrism and Copernicanism was controversial during his lifetime , when most subscribed to either geocentrism or the Tychonic system . He met with opposition from astronomers , who doubted heliocentrism because of the absence of an observed stellar parallax . The matter was investigated by the Roman Inquisition in 1615 , which concluded that heliocentrism was `` foolish and absurd in philosophy , and formally heretical since it explicitly contradicts in many places the sense of Holy Scripture . '' Galileo later defended his views in Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems ( 1632 ) , which appeared to attack Pope Urban VIII and thus alienated him and the Jesuits , who had both supported Galileo up until this point . He was tried by the Inquisition , found `` vehemently suspect of heresy '' , and forced to recant . He spent the rest of his life under house arrest . While under house arrest , he wrote one of his best - known works , Two New Sciences , in which he summarized work he had done some forty years earlier on the two sciences now called kinematics and strength of materials . Galileo studied speed and velocity , gravity and free fall , the principle of relativity , inertia , projectile motion and also worked in applied science and technology , describing the properties of pendulums and `` hydrostatic balances '' , inventing the thermoscope and various military compasses , and using the telescope for scientific observations of celestial objects . His contributions to observational astronomy include the telescopic confirmation of the phases of Venus , the discovery of the four largest satellites of Jupiter , the observation of Saturn 's rings ( though he could not see them well enough to discern their true nature ) and the analysis of sunspots . Known for his work as astronomer , physicist , engineer , philosopher , and mathematician , Galileo has been called the `` father of observational astronomy '' , the `` father of modern physics '' , the `` father of the scientific method '' , and even the `` father of science '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and family 1.1 Name 1.2 Children 2 Career as a scientist 2.1 Galileo , Kepler and theories of tides 2.2 Controversy over comets and The Assayer 2.3 Controversy over heliocentrism 3 Death 4 Scientific contributions 4.1 Scientific methods 4.2 Astronomy 4.2. 1 Kepler 's supernova 4.2. 2 Jupiter 's moons 4.2. 3 Venus , Saturn , and Neptune 4.2. 4 Sunspots 4.2. 5 Moon 4.2. 6 Milky Way and stars 4.3 Engineering 4.4 Physics 4.4. 1 Falling bodies 4.5 Mathematics 5 Timeline 6 Legacy 6.1 Later Church reassessments 6.2 Impact on modern science 6.3 In artistic and popular media 7 Writings 7.1 Published written works 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links 11.1 By Galileo 11.2 On Galileo 11.2. 1 Biography 11.2. 2 Galileo and the Church Early life and family Galileo was born in Pisa ( then part of the Duchy of Florence ) , Italy , on 15 February 1564 , the first of six children of Vincenzo Galilei , a famous lutenist , composer , and music theorist , and Giulia ( née Ammannati ) , who had married in 1562 . Galileo became an accomplished lutenist himself and would have learned early from his father a scepticism for established authority , the value of well - measured or quantified experimentation , an appreciation for a periodic or musical measure of time or rhythm , as well as the results expected from a combination of mathematics and experiment . Three of Galileo 's five siblings survived infancy . The youngest , Michelangelo ( or Michelagnolo ) , also became a noted lutenist and composer although he contributed to financial burdens during Galileo 's young adulthood . Michelangelo was unable to contribute his fair share of their father 's promised dowries to their brothers - in - law , who would later attempt to seek legal remedies for payments due . Michelangelo would also occasionally have to borrow funds from Galileo to support his musical endeavours and excursions . These financial burdens may have contributed to Galileo 's early desire to develop inventions that would bring him additional income . When Galileo Galilei was eight , his family moved to Florence , but he was left with Jacopo Borghini for two years . He then was educated in the Vallombrosa Abbey , about 30 km southeast of Florence . Name The surname Galilei derives from the given name of an ancestor , Galileo Bonaiuti , a physician , university teacher and politician who lived in Florence from 1370 to 1450 ; his descendents had changed their family name from Bonaiuti ( or Buonaiuti ) to Galilei in his honor in the late 14th century . Galileo Bonaiuti was buried in the same church , the Basilica of Santa Croce in Florence , where about 200 years later his more famous descendant Galileo Galilei was also buried . It was common for mid-sixteenth century Tuscan families to name the eldest son after the parents ' surname . Hence , Galileo Galilei was not necessarily named after his ancestor Galileo Bonaiuti . The Italian male given name `` Galileo '' ( and thence the surname `` Galilei '' ) derives from the Latin `` Galilaeus '' , meaning `` of Galilee '' , a biblically significant region in Northern Israel . The biblical roots of Galileo 's name and surname were to become the subject of a famous pun . In 1614 , during the Galileo affair , one of Galileo 's opponents , the Dominican priest Tommaso Caccini , delivered against Galileo a controversial and influential sermon . In it he made a point of quoting Acts 1 : 11 , `` Ye men of Galilee , why stand ye gazing up into heaven ? '' . Children Galileo 's beloved elder daughter , Virginia ( Sister Maria Celeste ) , was particularly devoted to her father . She is buried with him in his tomb in the Basilica of Santa Croce , Florence . Despite being a genuinely pious Roman Catholic , Galileo fathered three children out of wedlock with Marina Gamba . They had two daughters , Virginia ( born in 1600 ) and Livia ( born in 1601 ) , and a son , Vincenzo ( born in 1606 ) . Because of their illegitimate birth , their father considered the girls unmarriageable , if not posing problems of prohibitively expensive support or dowries , which would have been similar to Galileo 's previous extensive financial problems with two of his sisters . Their only worthy alternative was the religious life . Both girls were accepted by the convent of San Matteo in Arcetri and remained there for the rest of their lives . Virginia took the name Maria Celeste upon entering the convent . She died on 2 April 1634 , and is buried with Galileo at the Basilica of Santa Croce , Florence . Livia took the name Sister Arcangela and was ill for most of her life . Vincenzo was later legitimised as the legal heir of Galileo and married Sestilia Bocchineri . Career as a Scientist Although Galileo seriously considered the priesthood as a young man , at his father 's urging he instead enrolled at the University of Pisa for a medical degree . In 1581 , when he was studying medicine , he noticed a swinging chandelier , which air currents shifted about to swing in larger and smaller arcs . To him , it seemed , by comparison with his heartbeat , that the chandelier took the same amount of time to swing back and forth , no matter how far it was swinging . When he returned home , he set up two pendulums of equal length and swung one with a large sweep and the other with a small sweep and found that they kept time together . It was not until the work of Christiaan Huygens , almost one hundred years later , that the tautochrone nature of a swinging pendulum was used to create an accurate timepiece . Up to this point , Galileo had deliberately been kept away from mathematics , since a physician earned a higher income than a mathematician . However , after accidentally attending a lecture on geometry , he talked his reluctant father into letting him study mathematics and natural philosophy instead of medicine . He created a thermoscope , a forerunner of the thermometer , and , in 1586 , published a small book on the design of a hydrostatic balance he had invented ( which first brought him to the attention of the scholarly world ) . Galileo also studied disegno , a term encompassing fine art , and , in 1588 , obtained the position of instructor in the Accademia delle Arti del Disegno in Florence , teaching perspective and chiaroscuro . Being inspired by the artistic tradition of the city and the works of the Renaissance artists , Galileo acquired an aesthetic mentality . While a young teacher at the Accademia , he began a lifelong friendship with the Florentine painter Cigoli , who included Galileo 's lunar observations in one of his paintings . In 1589 , he was appointed to the chair of mathematics in Pisa . In 1591 , his father died , and he was entrusted with the care of his younger brother Michelagnolo . In 1592 , he moved to the University of Padua where he taught geometry , mechanics , and astronomy until 1610 . During this period , Galileo made significant discoveries in both pure fundamental science ( for example , kinematics of motion and astronomy ) as well as practical applied science ( for example , strength of materials and pioneering the telescope ) . His multiple interests included the study of astrology , which at the time was a discipline tied to the studies of mathematics and astronomy . Galileo , Kepler and theories of tides Galileo Galilei . Portrait by Leoni Cardinal Bellarmine had written in 1615 that the Copernican system could not be defended without `` a true physical demonstration that the sun does not circle the earth but the earth circles the sun '' . Galileo considered his theory of the tides to provide the required physical proof of the motion of the earth . This theory was so important to him that he originally intended to entitle his Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems the Dialogue on the Ebb and Flow of the Sea . The reference to tides was removed from the title by order of the Inquisition . For Galileo , the tides were caused by the sloshing back and forth of water in the seas as a point on the Earth 's surface sped up and slowed down because of the Earth 's rotation on its axis and revolution around the Sun . He circulated his first account of the tides in 1616 , addressed to Cardinal Orsini . His theory gave the first insight into the importance of the shapes of ocean basins in the size and timing of tides ; he correctly accounted , for instance , for the negligible tides halfway along the Adriatic Sea compared to those at the ends . As a general account of the cause of tides , however , his theory was a failure . If this theory were correct , there would be only one high tide per day . Galileo and his contemporaries were aware of this inadequacy because there are two daily high tides at Venice instead of one , about twelve hours apart . Galileo dismissed this anomaly as the result of several secondary causes including the shape of the sea , its depth , and other factors . Against the assertion that Galileo was deceptive in making these arguments , Albert Einstein expressed the opinion that Galileo developed his `` fascinating arguments '' and accepted them uncritically out of a desire for physical proof of the motion of the Earth . Galileo dismissed the idea , held by his contemporary Johannes Kepler , that the moon caused the tides . ( Galileo also took no interest in Kepler 's elliptical orbits of the planets . ) Controversy over Comets and the Assayer Main article : The Assayer In 1619 , Galileo became embroiled in a controversy with Father Orazio Grassi , professor of mathematics at the Jesuit Collegio Romano . It began as a dispute over the nature of comets , but by the time Galileo had published The Assayer ( Il Saggiatore ) in 1623 , his last salvo in the dispute , it had become a much wider controversy over the very nature of science itself . The title page of the book describes Galileo as philosopher and `` Matematico Primario '' of the Grand Duke of Tuscany . Because The Assayer contains such a wealth of Galileo 's ideas on how science should be practised , it has been referred to as his scientific manifesto . Early in 1619 , Father Grassi had anonymously published a pamphlet , An Astronomical Disputation on the Three Comets of the Year 1618 , which discussed the nature of a comet that had appeared late in November of the previous year . Grassi concluded that the comet was a fiery body which had moved along a segment of a great circle at a constant distance from the earth , and since it moved in the sky more slowly than the moon , it must be farther away than the moon . Grassi 's arguments and conclusions were criticised in a subsequent article , Discourse on Comets , published under the name of one of Galileo 's disciples , a Florentine lawyer named Mario Guiducci , although it had been largely written by Galileo himself . Galileo and Guiducci offered no definitive theory of their own on the nature of comets although they did present some tentative conjectures that are now known to be mistaken . In its opening passage , Galileo and Guiducci 's Discourse gratuitously insulted the Jesuit Christopher Scheiner , and various uncomplimentary remarks about the professors of the Collegio Romano were scattered throughout the work . The Jesuits were offended , and Grassi soon replied with a polemical tract of his own , The Astronomical and Philosophical Balance , under the pseudonym Lothario Sarsio Sigensano , purporting to be one of his own pupils . The Assayer was Galileo 's devastating reply to the Astronomical Balance . It has been widely recognized as a masterpiece of polemical literature , in which `` Sarsi 's '' arguments are subjected to withering scorn . It was greeted with wide acclaim , and particularly pleased the new pope , Urban VIII , to whom it had been dedicated . In Rome , in the previous decade , Barberini , the future Urban VIII , had come down on the side of Galileo and the Lincean Academy . Galileo 's dispute with Grassi permanently alienated many of the Jesuits who had previously been sympathetic to his ideas , and Galileo and his friends were convinced that these Jesuits were responsible for bringing about his later condemnation . The evidence for this is at best equivocal , however . Controversy over heliocentrism Main article : Galileo affair Cristiano Banti 's 1857 painting Galileo facing the Roman Inquisition In the Christian world prior to Galileo 's conflict with the Church , the majority of educated people subscribed either to the Aristotelian geocentric view that the earth was the center of the universe and that all heavenly bodies revolved around the Earth , or the Tychonic system that blended geocentrism with heliocentrism . Nevertheless , following the death of Copernicus and before Galileo , heliocentrism was relatively uncontroversial ; Copernicus 's work was used by Pope Gregory XIII to reform the calendar in 1582 . Opposition to heliocentrism and Galileo 's writings combined religious and scientific objections and were fueled by political events . Scientific opposition came from Tycho Brahe and others and arose from the fact that , if heliocentrism were true , an annual stellar parallax should be observed , though none was . Copernicus had correctly postulated that parallax was negligible because the stars were so distant . However , Brahe had countered that , since stars appeared to have measurable size , if the stars were that distant , they would be gigantic , and in fact far larger than the Sun or any other celestial body . In Brahe 's system , by contrast , the stars were a little more distant than Saturn , and the Sun and stars were comparable in size . Religious opposition to heliocentrism arose from Biblical references such as Psalm 93 : 1 , 96 : 10 , and 1 Chronicles 16 : 30 which include text stating that `` the world is firmly established , it can not be moved . '' In the same manner , Psalm 104 : 5 says , `` the Lord set the earth on its foundations ; it can never be moved . '' Further , Ecclesiastes 1 : 5 states that `` And the sun rises and sets and returns to its place . '' Galileo defended heliocentrism based on his astronomical observations of 1609 ( Sidereus Nuncius 1610 ) . In December 1613 , the Grand Duchess Christina of Florence confronted one of Galileo 's friends and followers , Benedetto Castelli , with biblical objections to the motion of the earth . According to Maurice Finocchiaro , this was done in a friendly and gracious manner , out of curiosity . Prompted by this incident , Galileo wrote a letter to Castelli in which he argued that heliocentrism was actually not contrary to biblical texts , and that the bible was an authority on faith and morals , not on science . This letter was not published , but circulated widely . By 1615 , Galileo 's writings on heliocentrism had been submitted to the Roman Inquisition by Father Niccolo Lorini , who claimed that Galileo and his followers were attempting to reinterpret the Bible , which was seen as a violation of the Council of Trent and looked dangerously like Protestantism . Lorini specifically cited Galileo 's letter to Castelli . Galileo went to Rome to defend himself and his Copernican and biblical ideas . At the start of 1616 , Monsignor Francesco Ingoli initiated a debate with Galileo , sending him an essay disputing the Copernican system . Galileo later stated that he believed this essay to have been instrumental in the action against Copernicanism that followed . According to Maurice Finocchiaro , Ingoli had probably been commissioned by the Inquisition to write an expert opinion on the controversy , and the essay provided the `` chief direct basis '' for the Inquisition 's actions . The essay focused on eighteen physical and mathematical arguments against heliocentrism . It borrowed primarily from the arguments of Tycho Brahe , and it notedly mentioned Brahe 's argument that heliocentrism required the stars to be much larger than the Sun . Ingoli wrote that the great distance to the stars in the heliocentric theory `` clearly proves ... the fixed stars to be of such size , as they may surpass or equal the size of the orbit circle of the Earth itself . '' The essay also included four theological arguments , but Ingoli suggested Galileo focus on the physical and mathematical arguments , and he did not mention Galileo 's biblical ideas . In February 1616 , an Inquisitorial commission declared heliocentrism to be `` foolish and absurd in philosophy , and formally heretical since it explicitly contradicts in many places the sense of Holy Scripture . '' The Inquisition found that the idea of the Earth 's movement `` receives the same judgement in philosophy and ... in regard to theological truth it is at least erroneous in faith '' . ( The original document from the Inquisitorial commission was made widely available in 2014 . ) Pope Paul V instructed Cardinal Bellarmine to deliver this finding to Galileo , and to order him to abandon the opinion that heliocentrism was physically true . On 26 February , Galileo was called to Bellarmine 's residence and ordered : ... to abandon completely ... the opinion that the sun stands still at the center of the world and the earth moves , and henceforth not to hold , teach , or defend it in any way whatever , either orally or in writing . The decree of the Congregation of the Index banned Copernicus 's De Revolutionibus and other heliocentric works until correction . Bellarmine 's instructions did not prohibit Galileo from discussing heliocentrism as a mathematical and philosophic idea , so long as he did not advocate for its physical truth . For the next decade , Galileo stayed well away from the controversy . He revived his project of writing a book on the subject , encouraged by the election of Cardinal Maffeo Barberini as Pope Urban VIII in 1623 . Barberini was a friend and admirer of Galileo , and had opposed the condemnation of Galileo in 1616 . Galileo 's resulting book , Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems , was published in 1632 , with formal authorization from the Inquisition and papal permission . Earlier , Pope Urban VIII had personally asked Galileo to give arguments for and against heliocentrism in the book , and to be careful not to advocate heliocentrism . He made another request , that his own views on the matter be included in Galileo 's book . Only the latter of those requests was fulfilled by Galileo . Whether unknowingly or deliberately , Simplicio , the defender of the Aristotelian geocentric view in Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems , was often caught in his own errors and sometimes came across as a fool . Indeed , although Galileo states in the preface of his book that the character is named after a famous Aristotelian philosopher ( Simplicius in Latin , `` Simplicio '' in Italian ) , the name `` Simplicio '' in Italian also has the connotation of `` simpleton '' . This portrayal of Simplicio made Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems appear as an advocacy book : an attack on Aristotelian geocentrism and defence of the Copernican theory . Unfortunately for his relationship with the Pope , Galileo put the words of Urban VIII into the mouth of Simplicio . Most historians agree Galileo did not act out of malice and felt blindsided by the reaction to his book . However , the Pope did not take the suspected public ridicule lightly , nor the Copernican advocacy . Galileo had alienated one of his biggest and most powerful supporters , the Pope , and was called to Rome to defend his writings in September 1632 . He finally arrived in February 1633 and was brought before inquisitor Vincenzo Maculani to be charged . Throughout his trial , Galileo steadfastly maintained that since 1616 he had faithfully kept his promise not to hold any of the condemned opinions , and initially he denied even defending them . However , he was eventually persuaded to admit that , contrary to his true intention , a reader of his Dialogue could well have obtained the impression that it was intended to be a defence of Copernicanism . In view of Galileo 's rather implausible denial that he had ever held Copernican ideas after 1616 or ever intended to defend them in the Dialogue , his final interrogation , in July 1633 , concluded with his being threatened with torture if he did not tell the truth , but he maintained his denial despite the threat . The sentence of the Inquisition was delivered on 22 June . It was in three essential parts : Galileo was found `` vehemently suspect of heresy '' , namely of having held the opinions that the Sun lies motionless at the centre of the universe , that the Earth is not at its centre and moves , and that one may hold and defend an opinion as probable after it has been declared contrary to Holy Scripture . He was required to `` abjure , curse and detest '' those opinions . He was sentenced to formal imprisonment at the pleasure of the Inquisition . On the following day , this was commuted to house arrest , which he remained under for the rest of his life . His offending Dialogue was banned ; and in an action not announced at the trial , publication of any of his works was forbidden , including any he might write in the future . Portrait , attributed to Murillo , of Galileo gazing at the words `` E pur si muove '' ( And yet it moves ) ( not legible in this image ) scratched on the wall of his prison cell According to popular legend , after recanting his theory that the Earth moved around the Sun , Galileo allegedly muttered the rebellious phrase `` And yet it moves '' . A 1640s painting by the Spanish painter Bartolomé Esteban Murillo or an artist of his school , in which the words were hidden until restoration work in 1911 , depicts an imprisoned Galileo apparently gazing at the words `` E pur si muove '' written on the wall of his dungeon . The earliest known written account of the legend dates to a century after his death , but Stillman Drake writes `` there is no doubt now that the famous words were already attributed to Galileo before his death '' . After a period with the friendly Ascanio Piccolomini ( the Archbishop of Siena ) , Galileo was allowed to return to his villa at Arcetri near Florence in 1634 , where he spent the remainder of his life under house arrest . Galileo was ordered to read the seven penitential psalms once a week for the next three years . However , his daughter Maria Celeste relieved him of the burden after securing ecclesiastical permission to take it upon herself . It was while Galileo was under house arrest that he dedicated his time to one of his finest works , Two New Sciences . Here he summarised work he had done some forty years earlier , on the two sciences now called kinematics and strength of materials , published in Holland to avoid the censor . This book has received high praise from Albert Einstein . As a result of this work , Galileo is often called the `` father of modern physics '' . He went completely blind in 1638 and was suffering from a painful hernia and insomnia , so he was permitted to travel to Florence for medical advice . Dava Sobel argues that prior to Galileo 's 1633 trial and judgement for heresy , Pope Urban VIII had become preoccupied with court intrigue and problems of state , and began to fear persecution or threats to his own life . In this context , Sobel argues that the problem of Galileo was presented to the pope by court insiders and enemies of Galileo . Having been accused of weakness in defending the church , Urban reacted against Galileo out of anger and fear . Death Tomb of Galileo , Santa Croce , Florence Galileo continued to receive visitors until 1642 , when , after suffering fever and heart palpitations , he died on 8 January 1642 , aged 77 . The Grand Duke of Tuscany , Ferdinando II , wished to bury him in the main body of the Basilica of Santa Croce , next to the tombs of his father and other ancestors , and to erect a marble mausoleum in his honour . Middle finger of Galileo 's right hand These plans were dropped , however , after Pope Urban VIII and his nephew , Cardinal Francesco Barberini , protested , because Galileo had been condemned by the Catholic Church for `` vehement suspicion of heresy '' . He was instead buried in a small room next to the novices ' chapel at the end of a corridor from the southern transept of the basilica to the sacristy . He was reburied in the main body of the basilica in 1737 after a monument had been erected there in his honour ; during this move , three fingers and a tooth were removed from his remains . One of these fingers , the middle finger from Galileo 's right hand , is currently on exhibition at the Museo Galileo in Florence , Italy . Scientific contributions Scientific methods Galileo made original contributions to the science of motion through an innovative combination of experiment and mathematics . More typical of science at the time were the qualitative studies of William Gilbert , on magnetism and electricity . Galileo 's father , Vincenzo Galilei , a lutenist and music theorist , had performed experiments establishing perhaps the oldest known non-linear relation in physics : for a stretched string , the pitch varies as the square root of the tension . These observations lay within the framework of the Pythagorean tradition of music , well - known to instrument makers , which included the fact that subdividing a string by a whole number produces a harmonious scale . Thus , a limited amount of mathematics had long related music and physical science , and young Galileo could see his own father 's observations expand on that tradition . Galileo was one of the first modern thinkers to clearly state that the laws of nature are mathematical . In The Assayer , he wrote `` Philosophy is written in this grand book , the universe ... It is written in the language of mathematics , and its characters are triangles , circles , and other geometric figures ; ... '' His mathematical analyses are a further development of a tradition employed by late scholastic natural philosophers , which Galileo learned when he studied philosophy . His work marked another step towards the eventual separation of science from both philosophy and religion ; a major development in human thought . He was often willing to change his views in accordance with observation . In order to perform his experiments , Galileo had to set up standards of length and time , so that measurements made on different days and in different laboratories could be compared in a reproducible fashion . This provided a reliable foundation on which to confirm mathematical laws using inductive reasoning . Galileo showed a modern appreciation for the proper relationship between mathematics , theoretical physics , and experimental physics . He understood the parabola , both in terms of conic sections and in terms of the ordinate ( y ) varying as the square of the abscissa ( x ) . Galilei further asserted that the parabola was the theoretically ideal trajectory of a uniformly accelerated projectile in the absence of air resistance or other disturbances . He conceded that there are limits to the validity of this theory , noting on theoretical grounds that a projectile trajectory of a size comparable to that of the Earth could not possibly be a parabola , but he nevertheless maintained that for distances up to the range of the artillery of his day , the deviation of a projectile 's trajectory from a parabola would be only very slight . Astronomy Galileo showed the Doge of Venice how to use the telescope ( Fresco by Giuseppe Bertini ) It was on this page that Galileo first noted an observation of the moons of Jupiter . This observation upset the notion that all celestial bodies must revolve around the Earth . Galileo published a full description in Sidereus Nuncius in March 1610 The phases of Venus , observed by Galileo in 1610 Based only on uncertain descriptions of the first practical telescope which Hans Lippershey tried to patent in the Netherlands in 1608 , Galileo , in the following year , made a telescope with about 3x magnification . He later made improved versions with up to about 30x magnification . With a Galilean telescope , the observer could see magnified , upright images on the earth -- it was what is commonly known as a terrestrial telescope or a spyglass . He could also use it to observe the sky ; for a time he was one of those who could construct telescopes good enough for that purpose . On 25 August 1609 , he demonstrated one of his early telescopes , with a magnification of about 8 or 9 , to Venetian lawmakers . His telescopes were also a profitable sideline for Galileo , who sold them to merchants who found them useful both at sea and as items of trade . He published his initial telescopic astronomical observations in March 1610 in a brief treatise entitled Sidereus Nuncius ( Starry Messenger ) . Kepler 's supernova Tycho and others had observed the supernova of 1572 . Ottavio Brenzoni 's letter of 15 January 1605 to Galileo brought the 1572 supernova and the less bright nova of 1601 to Galileo 's notice . Galileo observed and discussed Kepler 's supernova in 1604 . Since these new stars displayed no detectable diurnal parallax , Galileo concluded that they were distant stars , and , therefore , disproved the Aristotelian belief in the immutability of the heavens . Jupiter 's moons On 7 January 1610 , Galileo observed with his telescope what he described at the time as `` three fixed stars , totally invisible by their smallness '' , all close to Jupiter , and lying on a straight line through it . Observations on subsequent nights showed that the positions of these `` stars '' relative to Jupiter were changing in a way that would have been inexplicable if they had really been fixed stars . On 10 January , Galileo noted that one of them had disappeared , an observation which he attributed to its being hidden behind Jupiter . Within a few days , he concluded that they were orbiting Jupiter : he had discovered three of Jupiter 's four largest moons . He discovered the fourth on 13 January . Galileo named the group of four the Medicean stars , in honour of his future patron , Cosimo II de ' Medici , Grand Duke of Tuscany , and Cosimo 's three brothers . Later astronomers , however , renamed them Galilean satellites in honour of their discoverer . These satellites are now called Io , Europa , Ganymede , and Callisto . His observations of the satellites of Jupiter caused a revolution in astronomy : a planet with smaller planets orbiting it did not conform to the principles of Aristotelian cosmology , which held that all heavenly bodies should circle the Earth , and many astronomers and philosophers initially refused to believe that Galileo could have discovered such a thing . His observations were confirmed by the observatory of Christopher Clavius and he received a hero 's welcome when he visited Rome in 1611 . Galileo continued to observe the satellites over the next eighteen months , and by mid-1611 , he had obtained remarkably accurate estimates for their periods -- a feat which Kepler had believed impossible . Venus , Saturn , and Neptune From September 1610 , Galileo observed that Venus exhibited a full set of phases similar to that of the Moon . The heliocentric model of the solar system developed by Nicolaus Copernicus predicted that all phases would be visible since the orbit of Venus around the Sun would cause its illuminated hemisphere to face the Earth when it was on the opposite side of the Sun and to face away from the Earth when it was on the Earth - side of the Sun . On the other hand , in Ptolemy 's geocentric model it was impossible for any of the planets ' orbits to intersect the spherical shell carrying the Sun . Traditionally , the orbit of Venus was placed entirely on the near side of the Sun , where it could exhibit only crescent and new phases . It was , however , also possible to place it entirely on the far side of the Sun , where it could exhibit only gibbous and full phases . After Galileo 's telescopic observations of the crescent , gibbous and full phases of Venus , the Ptolemaic model became untenable . Thus in the early 17th century , as a result of his discovery , the great majority of astronomers converted to one of the various geo - heliocentric planetary models , such as the Tychonic , Capellan and Extended Capellan models , each either with or without a daily rotating Earth . These all had the virtue of explaining the phases of Venus without the vice of the ' refutation ' of full heliocentrism 's prediction of stellar parallax . Galileo 's discovery of the phases of Venus was thus arguably his most empirically practically influential contribution to the two - stage transition from full geocentrism to full heliocentrism via geo - heliocentrism . Galileo observed the planet Saturn , and at first mistook its rings for planets , thinking it was a three - bodied system . When he observed the planet later , Saturn 's rings were directly oriented at Earth , causing him to think that two of the bodies had disappeared . The rings reappeared when he observed the planet in 1616 , further confusing him . Galileo also observed the planet Neptune in 1612 . It appears in his notebooks as one of many unremarkable dim stars . He did not realise that it was a planet , but he did note its motion relative to the stars before losing track of it . Sunspots Galileo 's `` cannocchiali '' telescopes at the Museo Galileo , Florence Galileo made naked - eye and telescopic studies of sunspots . Their existence raised another difficulty with the unchanging perfection of the heavens as posited in orthodox Aristotelian celestial physics . An apparent annual variation in their trajectories , observed by Francesco Sizzi and others in 1612 -- 1613 , also provided a powerful argument against both the Ptolemaic system and the geoheliocentric system of Tycho Brahe . A dispute over claimed priority in the discovery of sunspots , and in their interpretation , led Galileo to a long and bitter feud with the Jesuit Christoph Scheiner . In the middle was Mark Welser , to whom Scheiner had announced his discovery , and who asked Galileo for his opinion . In fact , there is little doubt that both of them were beaten by David Fabricius and his son Johannes . Moon Prior to Galileo 's construction of his version of a telescope , Thomas Harriot , an English mathematician and explorer , had already used what he dubbed a `` perspective tube '' to observe the moon . Reporting his observations , Harriot noted only `` strange spottednesse '' in the waning of the crescent , but was ignorant to the cause . Galileo , due in part to his artistic training and the knowledge of chiaroscuro , had understood the patterns of light and shadow were , in fact , topographical markers . While not being the only one to observe the moon through a telescope , Galileo was the first to deduce the cause of the uneven waning as light occlusion from lunar mountains and craters . In his study , he also made topographical charts , estimating the heights of the mountains . The moon was not what was long thought to have been a translucent and perfect sphere , as Aristotle claimed , and hardly the first `` planet '' , an `` eternal pearl to magnificently ascend into the heavenly empyrian '' , as put forth by Dante . Milky way and stars Galileo observed the Milky Way , previously believed to be nebulous , and found it to be a multitude of stars packed so densely that they appeared from Earth to be clouds . He located many other stars too distant to be visible with the naked eye . He observed the double star Mizar in Ursa Major in 1617 . In the Starry Messenger , Galileo reported that stars appeared as mere blazes of light , essentially unaltered in appearance by the telescope , and contrasted them to planets , which the telescope revealed to be discs . But shortly thereafter , in his Letters on Sunspots , he reported that the telescope revealed the shapes of both stars and planets to be `` quite round '' . From that point forward , he continued to report that telescopes showed the roundness of stars , and that stars seen through the telescope measured a few seconds of arc in diameter . He also devised a method for measuring the apparent size of a star without a telescope . As described in his Dialogue Concerning the two Chief World Systems , his method was to hang a thin rope in his line of sight to the star and measure the maximum distance from which it would wholly obscure the star . From his measurements of this distance and of the width of the rope , he could calculate the angle subtended by the star at his viewing point . In his Dialogue , he reported that he had found the apparent diameter of a star of first magnitude to be no more than 5 arcseconds , and that of one of sixth magnitude to be about / arcseconds . Like most astronomers of his day , Galileo did not recognise that the apparent sizes of stars that he measured were spurious , caused by diffraction and atmospheric distortion ( see seeing disk or Airy disk ) , and did not represent the true sizes of stars . However , Galileo 's values were much smaller than previous estimates of the apparent sizes of the brightest stars , such as those made by Tycho Brahe ( see Magnitude ) and enabled Galileo to counter anti-Copernican arguments such as those made by Tycho that these stars would have to be absurdly large for their annual parallaxes to be undetectable . Other astronomers such as Simon Marius , Giovanni Battista Riccioli , and Martinus Hortensius made similar measurements of stars , and Marius and Riccioli concluded the smaller sizes were not small enough to answer Tycho 's argument . Engineering Galileo 's geometrical and military compass , thought to have been made c. 1604 by his personal instrument - maker Marc'Antonio Mazzoleni Galileo made a number of contributions to what is now known as engineering , as distinct from pure physics . Between 1595 and 1598 , Galileo devised and improved a Geometric and military compass suitable for use by gunners and surveyors . This expanded on earlier instruments designed by Niccolò Tartaglia and Guidobaldo del Monte . For gunners , it offered , in addition to a new and safer way of elevating cannons accurately , a way of quickly computing the charge of gunpowder for cannonballs of different sizes and materials . As a geometric instrument , it enabled the construction of any regular polygon , computation of the area of any polygon or circular sector , and a variety of other calculations . Under Galileo 's direction , instrument maker Marc'Antonio Mazzoleni produced more than 100 of these compasses , which Galileo sold ( along with an instruction manual he wrote ) for 50 lire and offered a course of instruction in the use of the compasses for 120 lire . In about 1593 , Galileo constructed a thermometer , using the expansion and contraction of air in a bulb to move water in an attached tube . A replica of the earliest surviving telescope attributed to Galileo Galilei , on display at the Griffith Observatory . In 1609 , Galileo was , along with Englishman Thomas Harriot and others , among the first to use a refracting telescope as an instrument to observe stars , planets or moons . The name `` telescope '' was coined for Galileo 's instrument by a Greek mathematician , Giovanni Demisiani , at a banquet held in 1611 by Prince Federico Cesi to make Galileo a member of his Accademia dei Lincei . The name was derived from the Greek tele = ' far ' and skopein = ' to look or see ' . In 1610 , he used a telescope at close range to magnify the parts of insects . By 1624 , Galileo had used a compound microscope . He gave one of these instruments to Cardinal Zollern in May of that year for presentation to the Duke of Bavaria , and in September , he sent another to Prince Cesi . The Linceans played a role again in naming the `` microscope '' a year later when fellow academy member Giovanni Faber coined the word for Galileo 's invention from the Greek words μικρόν ( micron ) meaning `` small '' , and σκοπεῖν ( skopein ) meaning `` to look at '' . The word was meant to be analogous with `` telescope '' . Illustrations of insects made using one of Galileo 's microscopes and published in 1625 , appear to have been the first clear documentation of the use of a compound microscope . In 1612 , having determined the orbital periods of Jupiter 's satellites , Galileo proposed that with sufficiently accurate knowledge of their orbits , one could use their positions as a universal clock , and this would make possible the determination of longitude . He worked on this problem from time to time during the remainder of his life , but the practical problems were severe . The method was first successfully applied by Giovanni Domenico Cassini in 1681 and was later used extensively for large land surveys ; this method , for example , was used to survey France , and later by Zebulon Pike of the midwestern United States in 1806 . For sea navigation , where delicate telescopic observations were more difficult , the longitude problem eventually required development of a practical portable marine chronometer , such as that of John Harrison . Late in his life , when totally blind , Galileo designed an escapement mechanism for a pendulum clock ( called Galileo 's escapement ) , although no clock using this was built until after the first fully operational pendulum clock was made by Christiaan Huygens in the 1650s . Galileo was invited on several occasions to advise on engineering schemes to alleviate river flooding . In 1630 Mario Guiducci was probably instrumental in ensuring that he was consulted on a scheme by Bartolotti to cut a new channel for the Bisenzio River near Florence . Physics Galileo e Viviani , 1892 , Tito Lessi Dome of the Cathedral of Pisa with the `` lamp of Galileo '' Galileo 's theoretical and experimental work on the motions of bodies , along with the largely independent work of Kepler and René Descartes , was a precursor of the classical mechanics developed by Sir Isaac Newton . Galileo conducted several experiments with pendulums . It is popularly believed ( thanks to the biography by Vincenzo Viviani ) that these began by watching the swings of the bronze chandelier in the cathedral of Pisa , using his pulse as a timer . Later experiments are described in his Two New Sciences . Galileo claimed that a simple pendulum is isochronous , i.e. that its swings always take the same amount of time , independently of the amplitude . In fact , this is only approximately true , as was discovered by Christiaan Huygens . Galileo also found that the square of the period varies directly with the length of the pendulum . Galileo 's son , Vincenzo , sketched a clock based on his father 's theories in 1642 . The clock was never built and , because of the large swings required by its verge escapement , would have been a poor timekeeper . ( See Engineering above . ) Galileo is lesser known for , yet still credited with , being one of the first to understand sound frequency . By scraping a chisel at different speeds , he linked the pitch of the sound produced to the spacing of the chisel 's skips , a measure of frequency . In 1638 , Galileo described an experimental method to measure the speed of light by arranging that two observers , each having lanterns equipped with shutters , observe each other 's lanterns at some distance . The first observer opens the shutter of his lamp , and , the second , upon seeing the light , immediately opens the shutter of his own lantern . The time between the first observer 's opening his shutter and seeing the light from the second observer 's lamp indicates the time it takes light to travel back and forth between the two observers . Galileo reported that when he tried this at a distance of less than a mile , he was unable to determine whether or not the light appeared instantaneously . Sometime between Galileo 's death and 1667 , the members of the Florentine Accademia del Cimento repeated the experiment over a distance of about a mile and obtained a similarly inconclusive result . We now know that the speed of light is far too fast to be measured by such methods ( with human shutter - openers on Earth ) . Galileo put forward the basic principle of relativity , that the laws of physics are the same in any system that is moving at a constant speed in a straight line , regardless of its particular speed or direction . Hence , there is no absolute motion or absolute rest . This principle provided the basic framework for Newton 's laws of motion and is central to Einstein 's special theory of relativity . Falling bodies See also : Equations for a falling body A biography by Galileo 's pupil Vincenzo Viviani stated that Galileo had dropped balls of the same material , but different masses , from the Leaning Tower of Pisa to demonstrate that their time of descent was independent of their mass . This was contrary to what Aristotle had taught : that heavy objects fall faster than lighter ones , in direct proportion to weight . While this story has been retold in popular accounts , there is no account by Galileo himself of such an experiment , and it is generally accepted by historians that it was at most a thought experiment which did not actually take place . An exception is Drake , who argues that the experiment did take place , more or less as Viviani described it . The experiment described was actually performed by Simon Stevin ( commonly known as Stevinus ) and Jan Cornets de Groot , although the building used was actually the church tower in Delft in 1586 . However , most of his experiments with falling bodies were carried out using inclined planes where both the issues of timing and air resistance were much reduced . Play media During the Apollo 15 mission in 1971 , astronaut David Scott showed that Galileo was right : acceleration is the same for all bodies subject to gravity on the Moon , even for a hammer and a feather . In his 1638 Discorsi , Galileo 's character Salviati , widely regarded as Galileo 's spokesman , held that all unequal weights would fall with the same finite speed in a vacuum . But this had previously been proposed by Lucretius and Simon Stevin . Cristiano Banti 's Salviati also held it could be experimentally demonstrated by the comparison of pendulum motions in air with bobs of lead and of cork which had different weight but which were otherwise similar . Galileo proposed that a falling body would fall with a uniform acceleration , as long as the resistance of the medium through which it was falling remained negligible , or in the limiting case of its falling through a vacuum . He also derived the correct kinematical law for the distance travelled during a uniform acceleration starting from rest -- namely , that it is proportional to the square of the elapsed time ( d ∝ t ) . Prior to Galileo , Nicole Oresme , in the 14th century , had derived the times - squared law for uniformly accelerated change , and Domingo de Soto had suggested in the 16th century that bodies falling through a homogeneous medium would be uniformly accelerated . Galileo expressed the time - squared law using geometrical constructions and mathematically precise words , adhering to the standards of the day . ( It remained for others to re-express the law in algebraic terms ) . He also concluded that objects retain their velocity in the absence of any impediments to their motion , thereby contradicting the generally accepted Aristotelian hypothesis that a body could only remain in so - called `` violent '' , `` unnatural '' , or `` forced '' motion so long as an agent of change ( the `` mover '' ) continued to act on it . Philosophical ideas relating to inertia had been proposed by John Philoponus and Jean Buridan . Galileo stated : `` Imagine any particle projected along a horizontal plane without friction ; then we know , from what has been more fully explained in the preceding pages , that this particle will move along this same plane with a motion which is uniform and perpetual , provided the plane has no limits '' This was incorporated into Newton 's laws of motion ( first law ) . Mathematics While Galileo 's application of mathematics to experimental physics was innovative , his mathematical methods were the standard ones of the day , including dozens of examples of an inverse proportion square root method passed down from Fibonacci and Archimedes . The analysis and proofs relied heavily on the Eudoxian theory of proportion , as set forth in the fifth book of Euclid 's Elements . This theory had become available only a century before , thanks to accurate translations by Tartaglia and others ; but by the end of Galileo 's life , it was being superseded by the algebraic methods of Descartes . The concept now named Galileo 's paradox was not original with him . His proposed solution , that infinite numbers can not be compared , is no longer considered useful . Timeline This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1543 -- Nicolaus Copernicus publishes De revolutionibus orbium coelestium as an alternative world system to the Ptolemy 's geocentric model causing subsequent questions to be raised about Aristotelian physics following Copernicus ' death 1563 -- Parents Vincenzo Galilei and Giulia Ammannati marry 1564 -- Birth in Pisa , Italy ~ 1570 -- Thomas Digges publishes Pantometria describing a telescope built between 1540 -- 1559 by his father Leonard Digges 1573 -- Tycho Brahe publishes De nova stella ( On the new star ) refuting Aristotelian belief in immutable celestial spheres and an eternal , unchanging , more perfect heavenly realm of celestial aether above the moon 1576 -- Giuseppe Moletti , Galileo 's predecessor in the mathematics chair at Padua , reports falling bodies of the same shape fall at the same speed , regardless of material 1581 -- His father , Vincenzo Galilei publishes Dialogo della musica antica et moderna formulating musical theories 1581 -- Enrols as medical student at University of Pisa 1582 -- Attends mathematics lecture by Ostilio Ricci and decides to study math and science 1585 -- Leaves University of Pisa without degree and works as tutor 1586 -- Invents hydrostatic balance ; wrote La Balancitta ( The little balance ) 1586 -- Simon Stevin publishes results for dropping lead weights from 10 meters 1588 -- Tycho Brahe publishes work on comets containing a description of the Tychonic system of the world 1589 -- Appointed to Mathematics Chair , University of Pisa ~ 1590 -- Partially completes De Motu ( On Motion ) , which is never published 1591 -- Death of his father , Vicenzo Galilei 1592 -- Appointed professor of mathematics at University of Padua , remains 18 years ~ 1593 -- Invents early thermometer that unfortunately depended on both temperature and pressure ~ 1595 -- Invents improved ballistics calculation geometric and military compass , which he later improves for surveying and general calculations and earns income from tutoring on its use 1597 -- Letter to Kepler indicates his belief in the Copernican System 1600 -- First child , Virginia is born ; ~ 1600 Le Meccaniche ( Mechanics ) 1600 -- William Gilbert publishes On the Magnet and Magnetic Bodies , and on That Great Magnet the Earth with arguments supporting the Copernican system 1600 -- Roman Inquisition finds Giordano Bruno , Copernican system supporter , guilty of heresy for opinions on pantheism and the eternal plurality of worlds , and for denial of the Trinity , divinity of Christ , virginity of Mary , and Transubstantiation ; burned at the stake by civil authorities 1601 -- Daughter Livia is born 1604 -- Measures supernova position indicating no parallax for the new star 1605 -- Sued by brothers - in - law for nonpayment of sisters ' dowries 1606 -- Son Vincenzo born 1606 -- Publishes manual for his calculating compass 1607 -- Rotilio Orlandini attempts to assassinate Galileo 's friend , Friar Paolo Sarpi 1608 -- Hans Lippershey invents a refracting telescope 1609 -- Independently invents and improves telescopes based on description of invention by Hans Lippershey 1609 -- Kepler publishes Astronomia nova containing his first two laws and for the first time demonstrates the Copernican model is more accurate than the Ptolemaic for uses such as navigation and prediction 1609 -- Thomas Harriot sketches the Moon from telescopic observations made four months before Galileo 's 1610 -- Publishes Sidereus Nuncius ( Starry Messenger ) ; views our moon 's mountains and craters and brightest 4 of Jupiter 's moons 1610 -- Martin Horky publishes Brevissima Peregrinatio Contra Nuncium Sidereum , opposing Galileo 1610 -- Kepler requests one of Galileo 's telescopes or lenses , but Galileo replies he is too busy to build one and has no extras 1610 -- Lifetime appointment to mathematics position at University of Padua , and as mathematician and philosopher for Cosimo II , Grand Duke of Tuscany 1611 -- Discovers phases of Venus ; granted audience with Pope ; made member of Lincean Academy 1611 -- Awarded an honorary degree by the Jesuit College in Rome 1611 -- David Fabricius publishes Narration on Spots Observed on the Sun and their Apparent Rotation with the Sun prior to Christoph Scheiner and Galileo 's published works on the subject 1612 -- Proposed Jupiter 's moons could be used as a universal clock for possible determination of longitude ~ 1612 or 1613 -- Francesco Sizzi discovers annual variations in sunspots ' motions 1613 -- Letters on Sunspots 1613 -- Letter to Benedetto Castelli discussing the rotation of the sun and Galileo 's support of the Copernican system . Using Biblical inerrancy as a basis , Galileo writes that Joshua 's command for the sun to stand still in Joshua 10 : 13 proves the `` impossibility of the Aristotelian and Ptolemaic world system , and on the other hand agrees very well with the Copernican one . '' He went on to write that `` the sun gives not only light ( as it obviously does ) but also motion to all the planets that revolve around it '' by its rotation . 1615 -- Letter to Grand Duchess Christina ( not published until 1636 ) 1616 -- Officially warned by the Church not to hold or defend the Copernican System 1616 -- The Catholic Church places De revolutionibus orbium coelestium on the List of Prohibited Books , pending correction 1616 -- Private letter `` Discourse on the Tides '' 1617 -- Moves into Bellosguardo , west of Florence , near his daughters ' convent ; observes double star Mizar in Ursa Major 1619 -- Kepler publishes Harmonices Mundi which introduces his third law 1619 -- Discourse on the Comets 1623 -- Maffeo Barberini becomes Pope Urban VIII 1623 -- Publishes The Assayer 1624 -- Visits Pope who praises and honours him , leaving with assumed permission to publish work on the Copernican vs. Ptolemaic Systems ; used a compound microscope 1625 -- Illustrations of insects made using one of Galileo 's microscopes published 1630 -- Completes Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems and subsequently receives approval of Church censor 1630 - Invited by Grand Duke Ferdinand II of Tuscany to advise on proposed engineering works on the Bisenzio River 1631 - Produces report on the Bisenzio engineering proposals , arguing against them 1632 -- Publishes Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems 1633 -- sentenced by the Inquisition to imprisonment , commuted to house arrest , for vehement suspicion of heresy in violating the 1616 injunction 1633 -- Catholic Church places Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems on the List of Prohibited Books 1638 -- Publishes Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences 1642 -- Death in Arcetri , Italy 1668 -- Isaac Newton builds his reflecting telescope 1687 -- Newton publishes Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica deriving Kepler 's laws from the Universal Law of Gravitation and the Laws of Motion 2016 -- The American Juno spacecraft , carrying a plaque and a Lego minifigure dedicated at Galileo , arrives at Jupiter 's orbit Legacy Later Church reassessments The Galileo affair was largely forgotten after Galileo 's death , and the controversy subsided . The Inquisition 's ban on reprinting Galileo 's works was lifted in 1718 when permission was granted to publish an edition of his works ( excluding the condemned Dialogue ) in Florence . In 1741 , Pope Benedict XIV authorised the publication of an edition of Galileo 's complete scientific works which included a mildly censored version of the Dialogue . In 1758 , the general prohibition against works advocating heliocentrism was removed from the Index of prohibited books , although the specific ban on uncensored versions of the Dialogue and Copernicus 's De Revolutionibus remained . All traces of official opposition to heliocentrism by the church disappeared in 1835 when these works were finally dropped from the Index . Interest in the Galileo affair was revived in the early 19th century , when Protestant polemicists used it ( and other events such as the Spanish Inquisition and the myth of the flat Earth ) to attack Roman Catholicism . Interest in it has waxed and waned ever since . In 1939 , Pope Pius XII , in his first speech to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences , within a few months of his election to the papacy , described Galileo as being among the `` most audacious heroes of research ... not afraid of the stumbling blocks and the risks on the way , nor fearful of the funereal monuments '' . His close advisor of 40 years , Professor Robert Leiber , wrote : `` Pius XII was very careful not to close any doors ( to science ) prematurely . He was energetic on this point and regretted that in the case of Galileo . '' On 15 February 1990 , in a speech delivered at the Sapienza University of Rome , Cardinal Ratzinger ( later Pope Benedict XVI ) cited some current views on the Galileo affair as forming what he called `` a symptomatic case that permits us to see how deep the self - doubt of the modern age , of science and technology goes today '' . Some of the views he cited were those of the philosopher Paul Feyerabend , whom he quoted as saying `` The Church at the time of Galileo kept much more closely to reason than did Galileo himself , and she took into consideration the ethical and social consequences of Galileo 's teaching too . Her verdict against Galileo was rational and just and the revision of this verdict can be justified only on the grounds of what is politically opportune . '' The Cardinal did not clearly indicate whether he agreed or disagreed with Feyerabend 's assertions . He did , however , say `` It would be foolish to construct an impulsive apologetic on the basis of such views . '' On 31 October 1992 , Pope John Paul II expressed regret for how the Galileo affair was handled , and issued a declaration acknowledging the errors committed by the Catholic Church tribunal that judged the scientific positions of Galileo Galilei , as the result of a study conducted by the Pontifical Council for Culture . In March 2008 , the head of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences , Nicola Cabibbo , announced a plan to honour Galileo by erecting a statue of him inside the Vatican walls . In December of the same year , during events to mark the 400th anniversary of Galileo 's earliest telescopic observations , Pope Benedict XVI praised his contributions to astronomy . A month later , however , the head of the Pontifical Council for Culture , Gianfranco Ravasi , revealed that the plan to erect a statue of Galileo in the grounds of the Vatican had been suspended . Impact on modern Science According to Stephen Hawking , Galileo probably bears more of the responsibility for the birth of modern science than anybody else , and Albert Einstein called him the father of modern science . International Year of Astronomy commemorative coin Galileo 's astronomical discoveries and investigations into the Copernican theory have led to a lasting legacy which includes the categorisation of the four large moons of Jupiter discovered by Galileo ( Io , Europa , Ganymede and Callisto ) as the Galilean moons . Other scientific endeavours and principles are named after Galileo including the Galileo spacecraft , the first spacecraft to enter orbit around Jupiter , the proposed Galileo global satellite navigation system , the transformation between inertial systems in classical mechanics denoted Galilean transformation and the Gal ( unit ) , sometimes known as the Galileo , which is a non-SI unit of acceleration . Partly because 2009 was the fourth centenary of Galileo 's first recorded astronomical observations with the telescope , the United Nations scheduled it to be the International Year of Astronomy . A global scheme was laid out by the International Astronomical Union ( IAU ) , also endorsed by UNESCO -- the UN body responsible for educational , scientific and cultural matters . The International Year of Astronomy 2009 was intended to be a global celebration of astronomy and its contributions to society and culture , stimulating worldwide interest not only in astronomy but science in general , with a particular slant towards young people . Asteroid 697 Galilea is named in his honour . In artistic and popular Media Galileo is mentioned several times in the `` opera '' section of the Queen song , `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' . He features prominently in the song `` Galileo '' performed by the Indigo Girls and Amy Grant 's Galileo on her Heart in Motion album . Twentieth - century plays have been written on Galileo 's life , including Life of Galileo ( 1943 ) by the German playwright Bertolt Brecht , with a film adaptation ( 1975 ) of it , and Lamp At Midnight ( 1947 ) by Barrie Stavis , as well as the 2008 play `` Galileo Galilei '' . Kim Stanley Robinson wrote a science fiction novel entitled Galileo 's Dream ( 2009 ) , in which Galileo is brought into the future to help resolve a crisis of scientific philosophy ; the story moves back and forth between Galileo 's own time and a hypothetical distant future and contains a great deal of biographical information . Galileo Galilei was recently selected as a main motif for a high value collectors ' coin : the € 25 International Year of Astronomy commemorative coin , minted in 2009 . This coin also commemorates the 400th anniversary of the invention of Galileo 's telescope . The obverse shows a portion of his portrait and his telescope . The background shows one of his first drawings of the surface of the moon . In the silver ring , other telescopes are depicted : the Isaac Newton Telescope , the observatory in Kremsmünster Abbey , a modern telescope , a radio telescope and a space telescope . In 2009 , the Galileoscope was also released . This is a mass - produced , low - cost educational 2 - inch ( 51 mm ) telescope with relatively high quality . Writings Statue outside the Uffizi , Florence Galileo 's early works describing scientific instruments include the 1586 tract entitled The Little Balance ( La Billancetta ) describing an accurate balance to weigh objects in air or water and the 1606 printed manual Le Operazioni del Compasso Geometrico et Militare on the operation of a geometrical and military compass . His early works in dynamics , the science of motion and mechanics were his circa 1590 Pisan De Motu ( On Motion ) and his circa 1600 Paduan Le Meccaniche ( Mechanics ) . The former was based on Aristotelian -- Archimedean fluid dynamics and held that the speed of gravitational fall in a fluid medium was proportional to the excess of a body 's specific weight over that of the medium , whereby in a vacuum , bodies would fall with speeds in proportion to their specific weights . It also subscribed to the Philoponan impetus dynamics in which impetus is self - dissipating and free - fall in a vacuum would have an essential terminal speed according to specific weight after an initial period of acceleration . Galileo 's 1610 The Starry Messenger ( Sidereus Nuncius ) was the first scientific treatise to be published based on observations made through a telescope . It reported his discoveries of : the Galilean moons the roughness of the Moon 's surface the existence of a large number of stars invisible to the naked eye , particularly those responsible for the appearance of the Milky Way differences between the appearances of the planets and those of the fixed stars -- the former appearing as small discs , while the latter appeared as unmagnified points of light Galileo published a description of sunspots in 1613 entitled Letters on Sunspots suggesting the Sun and heavens are corruptible . The Letters on Sunspots also reported his 1610 telescopic observations of the full set of phases of Venus , and his discovery of the puzzling `` appendages '' of Saturn and their even more puzzling subsequent disappearance . In 1615 , Galileo prepared a manuscript known as the `` Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina '' which was not published in printed form until 1636 . This letter was a revised version of the Letter to Castelli , which was denounced by the Inquisition as an incursion upon theology by advocating Copernicanism both as physically true and as consistent with Scripture . In 1616 , after the order by the inquisition for Galileo not to hold or defend the Copernican position , Galileo wrote the `` Discourse on the Tides '' ( Discorso sul flusso e il reflusso del mare ) based on the Copernican earth , in the form of a private letter to Cardinal Orsini . In 1619 , Mario Guiducci , a pupil of Galileo 's , published a lecture written largely by Galileo under the title Discourse on the Comets ( Discorso Delle Comete ) , arguing against the Jesuit interpretation of comets . In 1623 , Galileo published The Assayer -- Il Saggiatore , which attacked theories based on Aristotle 's authority and promoted experimentation and the mathematical formulation of scientific ideas . The book was highly successful and even found support among the higher echelons of the Christian church . Following the success of The Assayer , Galileo published the Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems ( Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo ) in 1632 . Despite taking care to adhere to the Inquisition 's 1616 instructions , the claims in the book favouring Copernican theory and a non Geocentric model of the solar system led to Galileo being tried and banned on publication . Despite the publication ban , Galileo published his Discourses and Mathematical Demonstrations Relating to Two New Sciences ( Discorsi e Dimostrazioni Matematiche , intorno a due nuove scienze ) in 1638 in Holland , outside the jurisdiction of the Inquisition . Published written works Galileo 's main written works are as follows : The Little Balance ( 1586 ; in Italian : La Billancetta ) On Motion ( c. 1590 ; in Latin : De Motu Antiquiora ) Mechanics ( c. 1600 ; in Italian : Le mecaniche ) The Operations of Geometrical and Military Compass ( 1606 ; in Italian : Le operazioni del compasso geometrico et militare ) The Starry Messenger ( 1610 ; in Latin : Sidereus Nuncius ) Discourse on Floating Bodies ( 1612 ; in Italian : Discorso intorno alle cose che stanno in su l'acqua , o che in quella si muovono , `` Discourse on Bodies that Stay Atop Water , or Move in It '' ) History and Demonstration Concerning Sunspots ( 1613 ; in Italian : Istoria e dimostrazioni intorno alle macchie solari ; work based on the Three Letters on Sunspots , Tre lettere sulle macchie solari , 1612 ) `` Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina '' ( 1615 ; published in 1636 ) `` Discourse on the Tides '' ( 1616 ; in Italian : Discorso del flusso e reflusso del mare ) Discourse on the Comets ( 1619 ; in Italian : Discorso delle Comete ) The Assayer ( 1623 ; in Italian : Il Saggiatore ) Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems ( 1632 ; in Italian : Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo ) Discourses and Mathematical Demonstrations Relating to Two New Sciences ( 1638 ; in Italian : Discorsi e Dimostrazioni Matematiche , intorno a due nuove scienze ) See also Astronomy portal Biography portal Catholicism portal History of science portal Italy portal Aristarchus of Samos Catholic Church and science Dialogo de Cecco di Ronchitti da Bruzene in perpuosito de la stella Nuova Galileo affair Philolaus Seleucus of Seleucia Tribune of Galileo ( memorial in the Florence Science Museum ) Villa Il Gioiello ( Galileo 's main home in Florence ) Notes Jump up ^ F. Vinci , Ostilio Ricci da Fermo , Maestro di Galileo Galilei , Fermo , 1929 . Jump up ^ `` The Mathematics Genealogy Project - Galileo Galilei '' . nodak.edu . Jump up ^ Drake ( 1978 , p. 1 ) . The date of Galileo 's birth is given according to the Julian calendar , which was then in force throughout Christendom . In 1582 it was replaced in Italy and several other Catholic countries with the Gregorian calendar . Unless otherwise indicated , dates in this article are given according to the Gregorian calendar . ^ Jump up to : Hannam , James ( 2011 ) . The Genesis of Science . pp. 329 -- 344 . Jump up ^ Sharratt ( 1994 , pp. 127 -- 131 ) , McMullin ( 2005a ) . Jump up ^ Finocchiaro , Maurice ( 2010 ) . Defending Copernicus and Galileo : Critical Reasoning in the Two Affairs . Springer . p. 74 . ISBN 9789048132010 . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Finocchiaro ( 1997 ) , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Hilliam ( 2005 ) , p. 96 . ^ Jump up to : Carney , Jo Eldridge ( 2000 ) . Renaissance and Reformation , 1500 -- 1620 : a . Greenwood Publishing . ISBN 0 - 313 - 30574 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Allan - Olney ( 1870 ) Jump up ^ Singer , Charles ( 1941 ) . `` A Short History of Science to the Nineteenth Century '' . Clarendon Press : 217 . Jump up ^ Whitehouse , David ( 2009 ) . Renaissance Genius : Galileo Galilei & His Legacy to Modern Science . Sterling Publishing . p. 219 . ISBN 1 - 4027 - 6977 - 6 . Jump up ^ Weidhorn , Manfred ( 2005 ) . The Person of the Millennium : The Unique Impact of Galileo on World History . iUniverse . p. 155 . ISBN 0 - 595 - 36877 - 8 . Jump up ^ Thomas Hobbes : Critical Assessments , Volume 1 . Preston King . 1993 . Page 59 Jump up ^ Finocchiaro ( 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Disraeli , Isaac ( 1835 ) . Curiosities of Literature . W. Pearson & Company . p. 371 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , J.J. ; Robertson , E.F. `` Galileo Galilei '' . The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive . University of St Andrews , Scotland . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ John Gribbin . The Fellowship : Gilbert , Bacon , Harvey , Wren , Newton and the Story of the Scientific Revolution . The Overlook Press , 2008 . p. 26 . Jump up ^ Gribbin , John ( 2009 ) ( 2002 ) . Science . A History . 1543 -- 2001 . London : Penguin UK . p. 107 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 141 - 04222 - 0 . ISBN 0 - 14104222 - 2 . Jump up ^ Sobel ( 1999 , p. 16 ) Jump up ^ Sobel ( 1999 , p. 13 ) Jump up ^ `` Galilean '' . The Century Dictionary and Encyclopedia . III . New York : The Century Co. 1903 ( 1889 ) . p. 2436 . Jump up ^ Sobel ( 1999 , p. 16 ) `` The meaning of the name Galileo , or Galilei , harks back to the land of Galilee , although , as Galileo explained on this score , he was not at all a Jew . '' Jump up ^ Maurice Finnochiaro , The Galileo Affair : A Documentary History 300 , 330 n . 13 ( Univ . Cal . Press 1998 ) Jump up ^ Naess , Atle ( 2004 ) . Galileo Galilei - When the World Stood Still . Springer Science & Business Media . pp. 89 -- 91 . ISBN 9783540270546 . Retrieved 2 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Sharratt ( 1994 , pp. 17 , 213 ) Jump up ^ Rosen , Joe ; Gothard , Lisa Quinn ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of Physical Science . Infobase Publishing . p. 268 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 7011 - 4 . Jump up ^ Gribbin . John ( 2008 ) . The Fellowship : Gilbert , Bacon , Harvey , Wren , Newton and the Story of the Scientific Revolution . Overlook Press . p. 42 Jump up ^ Sobel ( 2000 , p. 5 ) Chapter 1 . Retrieved on 14 January 2017 . `` But because he never married Virginia 's mother , he deemed the girl herself unmarriageable . Soon after her thirteenth birthday , he placed her at the Convent of San Matteo in Arcetri . '' Jump up ^ Pedersen , Olaf ( 1985 ) . `` Galileo 's Religion '' . In Coyne , George V. ; Heller , Michał ; Życiński , Józef . The Galileo Affair : A Meeting of Faith and Science , Proceedings of the Cracow Conference , May 24 -- 27 , 1984 . Vatican City : Specola Vaticana . pp. 75 -- 102 . Bibcode : 1985gamf. conf ... 75P . OCLC 16831024 . Jump up ^ Reston ( 2000 , pp. 3 -- 14 ) . ^ Jump up to : Asimov , Isaac ( 1964 ) . Asimov 's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology . ISBN 978 - 0385177719 ^ Jump up to : Edgerton , Samuel Y . The Mirror , the Window , and the Telescope , 2009 ^ Jump up to : Panofsky , Erwin ( 1956 ) . `` Galileo as a Critic of the Arts : Aesthetic Attitude and Scientific Thought '' . Isis. 47 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 15 . doi : 10.1086 / 348450 . JSTOR 227542 . Jump up ^ Sharratt ( 1994 , pp. 45 -- 66 ) . Jump up ^ Rutkin , H. Darrel . `` Galileo , Astrology , and the Scientific Revolution : Another Look '' . Program in History & Philosophy of Science & Technology , Stanford University . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Finocchiaro ( 1989 ) , pp. 67 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Finocchiaro ( 1989 ) , p. 354 , n . 52 Jump up ^ Finocchiaro ( 1989 ) , pp. 119 -- 133 Jump up ^ Finocchiaro ( 1989 ) , pp. 127 -- 131 and Galilei , ( 1953 ) , pp. 432 -- 6 Jump up ^ Einstein ( 1953 ) p. xvii Jump up ^ Galilei , ( 1953 ) , p. 462 . Jump up ^ James Robert Voelkel . The Composition of Kepler 's Astronomia Nova . Princeton University Press , 2001 . p. 74 Jump up ^ Stillman Drake . Essays on Galileo and the History and Philosophy of Science , Volume 1 . University of Toronto Press , 1999 . p. 343 Jump up ^ Drake ( 1960 , pp. vii , xxiii -- xxiv ) , Sharratt ( 1994 , pp. 139 -- 140 ) . Jump up ^ Grassi ( 1960a ) . Jump up ^ Drake ( 1978 , p. 268 ) , Grassi ( 1960a , p. 16 ) . Jump up ^ Galilei & Guiducci ( 1960 ) . Jump up ^ Drake ( 1960 , p. xvi ) . Jump up ^ Drake ( 1957 , p. 222 ) , Drake ( 1960 , p. xvii ) . Jump up ^ Sharratt ( 1994 , p. 135 ) , Drake ( 1960 , p. xii ) , Galilei & Guiducci ( 1960 , p. 24 ) . Jump up ^ Sharratt ( 1994 , p. 135 ) . Jump up ^ Sharratt ( 1994 , p. 135 ) , Drake ( 1960 , p. xvii ) . Jump up ^ Grassi ( 1960b ) . Jump up ^ Drake ( 1978 , p. 494 ) , Favaro ( 1896 , 6 : 111 ) Archived 8 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... The pseudonym was a slightly imperfect anagram of Oratio Grasio Savonensis , a Latinised version of his name and home town . Jump up ^ Galilei ( 1960 ) . Jump up ^ Sharratt ( 1994 , p. 137 ) , Drake ( 1957 , p. 227 ) . Jump up ^ Sharratt ( 1994 , p. 138 -- 142 ) . Jump up ^ Drake ( 1960 , p. xix ) . Jump up ^ Alexander , Amir ( 2014 ) . Infinitesimal : How a Dangerous Mathematical Theory Shaped the Modern World . Scientific American / Farrar , Straus and Giroux . p. 131 . ISBN 978 - 0374176815 . Jump up ^ Drake ( 1960 , p. vii ) . Jump up ^ Sharratt ( 1994 , p. 175 ) . Jump up ^ Sharratt ( 1994 , pp. 175 -- 78 ) , Blackwell ( 2006 , p. 30 ) . Jump up ^ Blackwell , Richard ( 1991 ) . Galileo , Bellarmine , and the Bible . Notre Dame : University of Notre Dame Press . p. 25 . ISBN 0 - 268 - 01024 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Hannam , James . `` The Genesis of Science '' . 2011 . p303 - 316 . Jump up ^ `` The Gregorian calendar , first adopted in 1582 , was based on computations that made use of Copernicus ' work '' ( Kuhn , Thomas ( 1957 ) , The Copernican Revolution , Harvard University Press , p. 125 ) . Jump up ^ Graney and Danielson ( 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Brodrick ( 1965 , c1964 , p. 95 ) quoting Cardinal Bellarmine 's letter to Foscarini , dated 12 April 1615 . Translated from Favaro ( 1902 , 12 : 171 -- 72 ) ( in Italian ) . Jump up ^ Finocchiaro ( 1989 ) , pp. 27 - 28 . Jump up ^ Langford ( 1992 ) , pp. 56 -- 57 Jump up ^ Finocchiaro ( 1989 ) , pp. 28 & 134 . Jump up ^ Graney ( 2015 , pp. 68 - 69 ) Ingoli 's essay was published in English translation for the first time in 2015 . Jump up ^ Finocchiaro ( 2010 , pp. 72 ) Jump up ^ Graney ( 2015 , pp. 71 ) Jump up ^ Graney ( 2015 , pp. 66 - 76 , 164 - 175 , 187 - 195 ) Jump up ^ Finocchiaro , Maurice . `` West Chester University -- History of Astronomy ; Lecture notes : Texts from The Galileo Affair : A Documentary History '' . West Chester University . ESS 362 / 562 . Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Retrieved 18 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Una errata reproducida durante siglos cambia la censura de la Iglesia a Galileo '' . Materia . ^ Jump up to : Heilbron ( 2010 ) , p. 218 Jump up ^ Sharratt ( 1994 , pp. 126 -- 31 ) . Jump up ^ `` Pope Urban VIII Biography '' . Galileo Project . Jump up ^ Finocchiaro ( 1997 ) , p. 82 ; Moss & Wallace ( 2003 ) , p. 11 Jump up ^ See Langford ( 1966 , pp. 133 -- 34 ) , and Seeger ( 1966 , p. 30 ) , for example . Drake ( 1978 , p. 355 ) asserts that Simplicio 's character is modelled on the Aristotelian philosophers Lodovico delle Colombe and Cesare Cremonini , rather than Urban . He also considers that the demand for Galileo to include the Pope 's argument in the Dialogue left him with no option but to put it in the mouth of Simplicio ( Drake , 1953 , p. 491 ) . Even Arthur Koestler , who is generally quite harsh on Galileo in The Sleepwalkers ( 1959 ) , after noting that Urban suspected Galileo of having intended Simplicio to be a caricature of him , says `` this of course is untrue '' ( 1959 , p. 483 ) . Jump up ^ Lindberg , David . `` Beyond War and Peace : A Reappraisal of the Encounter between Christianity and Science '' . Jump up ^ Sharratt ( 1994 , pp. 171 -- 75 ) ; Heilbron ( 2010 , pp. 308 -- 17 ) ; Gingerich ( 1992 , pp. 117 -- 18 ) . Jump up ^ Fantoli ( 2005 , p. 139 ) , Finocchiaro ( 1989 , pp. 288 -- 93 ) . Finocchiaro 's translation of the Inquisition 's judgement against Galileo is `` available on - line '' . Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 30 ... `` Vehemently suspect of heresy '' was a technical term of canon law and did not necessarily imply that the Inquisition considered the opinions giving rise to the verdict to be heretical . The same verdict would have been possible even if the opinions had been subject to only the less serious censure of `` erroneous in faith '' ( Fantoli , 2005 , p. 140 ; Heilbron , 2005 , pp. 282 -- 84 ) . Jump up ^ Finocchiaro ( 1989 , pp. 38 , 291 , 306 ) . Finocchiaro 's translation of the Inquisition 's judgement against Galileo is `` available on - line '' . Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 30 ... Jump up ^ Drake ( 1978 , p. 367 ) , Sharratt ( 1994 , p. 184 ) , Favaro ( 1905 , 16 : 209 Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , 230 ) Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . ( in Italian ) . See Galileo affair for further details . Jump up ^ Drake ( 1978 , p. 356 - 7 ) . Jump up ^ Shea , William ( January 2006 ) . `` The Galileo Affair '' ( unpublished work ) . Grupo de Investigación sobre Ciencia , Razón y Fe ( CRYF ) . Retrieved 12 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Stephen Hawking , ed. p. 398 , On the Shoulders of Giants : `` Galileo ... is the father of modern physics -- indeed of modern science '' -- Albert Einstein . Jump up ^ Sobel ( 2000 , pp. 232 -- 4 ) . Jump up ^ Gerard , John ( 1909 ) . `` Galileo Galilei '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton . Jump up ^ Shea & Artigas ( 2003 , p. 199 ) ; Sobel ( 2000 , p. 378 ) . Jump up ^ Shea & Artigas ( 2003 , p. 199 ) ; Sobel ( 2000 , p. 378 ) ; Sharratt ( 1994 , p. 207 ) ; Favaro ( 1906 , 18 : 378 -- 80 ) Archived 3 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine . ( in Italian ) . Jump up ^ Monumental tomb of Galileo . Institute and Museum of the History of Science , Florence , Italy . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ Shea & Artigas ( 2003 , p. 199 ) ; Sobel ( 2000 , p. 380 ) . Jump up ^ Shea & Artigas ( 2003 , p. 200 ) ; Sobel ( 2000 , pp. 380 -- 384 ) . Jump up ^ Section of Room VII Galilean iconography and relics , Museo Galileo . Accessed on line 27 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Middle finger of Galileo 's right hand , Museo Galileo . Accessed on line 27 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Sharratt ( 1994 , pp. 204 -- 05 ) Jump up ^ Cohen , H.F. ( 1984 ) . Quantifying Music : The Science of Music at . Springer . pp. 78 -- 84 . ISBN 90 - 277 - 1637 - 4 . Jump up ^ Field , Judith Veronica ( 2005 ) . Piero Della Francesca : A Mathematician 's Art . Yale University Press . pp. 317 -- 320 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 10342 - 5 . Jump up ^ In Drake ( 1957 , pp. 237 -- 238 ) Jump up ^ Wallace , ( 1984 ) . Jump up ^ Sharratt ( 1994 , pp. 202 -- 04 ) , Galilei ( 1954 , pp. 250 -- 52 ) , Favaro ( 1898 ) , 8 : 274 -- 75 Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . ( in Italian ) Jump up ^ Sharratt ( 1994 , pp. 202 -- 04 ) , Galilei ( 1954 , pp. 252 ) , Favaro ( 1898 ) , 8 : 275 Archived 8 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine . ( in Italian ) Jump up ^ King ( 2003 , pp. 30 -- 32 ) . The Netherlands States - General would not grant Lippershey his requested patent ( King , 2003 , p. 32 ) . Jump up ^ Drake ( 1990 , pp. 133 -- 34 ) . Jump up ^ Sharratt ( 1994 , pp. 1 -- 2 ) Jump up ^ Kollerstrom , Nicholas ( October 2004 ) . `` Galileo and the new star '' ( PDF ) . Astronomy Now . 18 ( 10 ) : 58 -- 59 . Bibcode : 2004AsNow ... 18j ... 58K . ISSN 0951 - 9726 . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ i.e. , invisible to the naked eye . Jump up ^ Drake ( 1978 , p. 146 ) . Jump up ^ In Sidereus Nuncius ( Favaro , 1892 , 3 : 81 Archived 27 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine . ( in Latin ) ) Galileo stated that he had reached this conclusion on 11 January . Drake ( 1978 , p. 152 ) , however , after studying unpublished manuscript records of Galileo 's observations , concluded that he did not do so until 15 January . Jump up ^ Sharratt ( 1994 , p. 17 ) . Jump up ^ Linton ( 2004 , pp. 98,205 ) , Drake ( 1978 , p. 157 ) . Jump up ^ Drake ( 1978 , pp. 158 -- 68 ) , Sharratt ( 1994 , pp. 18 -- 19 ) . Jump up ^ God 's Philosophers ju James Hannam Orion 2009 p313 Jump up ^ Drake ( 1978 , p. 168 ) , Sharratt ( 1994 , p. 93 ) . Jump up ^ Thoren ( 1989 ) , p. 8 ; Hoskin ( 1999 ) p. 117 . Jump up ^ In the Capellan model only Mercury and Venus orbit the Sun , whilst in its extended version such as expounded by Riccioli , Mars also orbits the Sun , but the orbits of Jupiter and Saturn are centred on the Earth Jump up ^ Baalke , Ron . Historical Background of Saturn 's Rings . Archived 21 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jet Propulsion Laboratory , California Institute of Technology , NASA . Retrieved on 2007 - 03 - 11 Jump up ^ Drake & Kowal ( 1980 ) Jump up ^ Vaquero , J.M. ; Vázquez , M. ( 2010 ) . The Sun Recorded Through History . Springer . Chapter 2 , p. 77 : `` Drawing of the large sunspot seen by naked - eye by Galileo , and shown in the same way to everybody during the days 19 , 20 , and 21 August 1612 '' Jump up ^ Drake ( 1978 , p. 209 ) . Sizzi reported the observations he and his companions had made over the course of a year to Orazio Morandi in a letter dated 10 April 1613 ( Favaro , 1901 , 11 : 491 ) Archived 8 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine . ( in Italian ) . Morandi subsequently forwarded a copy to Galileo . Jump up ^ In geostatic systems the apparent annual variation in the motion of sunspots could only be explained as the result of an implausibly complicated precession of the Sun 's axis of rotation ( Linton , 2004 , p. 212 ; Sharratt , 1994 , p. 166 ; Drake , 1970 , pp. 191 -- 196 ) . This did not apply , however , to the modified version of Tycho 's system introduced by his protegé , Longomontanus , in which the Earth was assumed to rotate . Longomontanus 's system could account for the apparent motions of sunspots just as well as the Copernican . Jump up ^ Ondra ( 2004 ) , p. 72 -- 73 Jump up ^ Graney ( 2010 , p. 455 ) ; Graney & Grayson ( 2011 , p. 353 ) . Jump up ^ Van Helden , ( 1985 , p. 75 ) ; Chalmers , ( 1999 , p. 25 ) ; Galilei ( 1953 , pp. 361 -- 62 ) . Jump up ^ Finocchiaro ( 1989 , pp. 167 -- 76 ) , Galilei ( 1953 , pp. 359 -- 60 ) , Ondra ( 2004 , pp. 74 -- 5 ) . Jump up ^ Graney ( 2010 , p. 454 - 462 ) ; Graney & Grayson ( 2011 , p. 352 - 355 ) . Jump up ^ Reston ( 2000 , p. 56 ) . Jump up ^ Sobel ( 2000 , p. 43 ) , Drake ( 1978 , p. 196 ) . In the Starry Messenger , written in Latin , Galileo had used the term `` perspicillum '' . Jump up ^ Rosen , Edward , The Naming of the Telescope ( 1947 ) Jump up ^ Drake ( 1978 , pp. 163 -- 164 ) , Favaro ( 1892 , 3 : 163 Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine. -- 164 ) Archived 22 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine. ( in Latin ) Jump up ^ Probably in 1623 , according to Drake ( 1978 , p. 286 ) . Jump up ^ Drake ( 1978 , p. 289 ) , Favaro ( 1903 , 13 : 177 ) Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . ( in Italian ) . Jump up ^ Drake ( 1978 , p. 286 ) , Favaro ( 1903 , 13 : 208 ) Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . ( in Italian ) . The actual inventors of the telescope and microscope remain debatable . A general view on this can be found in the article Hans Lippershey ( last updated 2003 - 08 - 01 ) , © 1995 -- 2007 by Davidson , Michael W. and the Florida State University . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 28 Jump up ^ `` brunelleschi.imss.fi.it `` Il microscopio di Galileo '' '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Van Helden , Al . Galileo Timeline ( last updated 1995 ) , The Galileo Project . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 28 . See also Timeline of microscope technology . Jump up ^ Drake ( 1978 , p. 286 ) . Jump up ^ Longitude : the true story of a lone genius who solved the greatest scientific problem of his time , Dava Sobel Penguin , 1996 ISBN 0 - 14 - 025879 - 5 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 025879 - 0 Jump up ^ Cesare S. Maffioli ( 2008 ) . `` Galileo , Guiducci and the Engineer Bartolotti on the Bisenzio River '' . academia.edu . Galileana ( V ) . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Newton , R.G. ( 2004 ) . Galileo 's Pendulum : From the Rhythm of Time to the Making of Matter . Harvard University Press . p. 51 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 01331 - X . Jump up ^ Galileo Galilei , Two New Sciences , ( Madison : Univ. of Wisconsin Pr. , 1974 ) p. 50 . Jump up ^ I. Bernard Cohen , `` Roemer and the First Determination of the Velocity of Light ( 1676 ) '' , Isis , 31 ( 1940 ) : 327 -- 379 , see pp. 332 -- 333 Jump up ^ Drake ( 1978 , pp. 19 , 20 ) . At the time when Viviani asserts that the experiment took place , Galileo had not yet formulated the final version of his law of free fall . He had , however , formulated an earlier version which predicted that bodies of the same material falling through the same medium would fall at the same speed ( Drake , 1978 , p. 20 ) . Jump up ^ Drake ( 1978 , p. 9 ) ; Sharratt ( 1994 , p. 31 ) . Jump up ^ Groleau , Rick . `` Galileo 's Battle for the Heavens . July 2002 '' . Ball , Phil ( 2005 - 06 - 30 ) . `` Science history : setting the record straight . 30 June 2005 '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Jump up ^ Heilbron , John L. ( 2015 ) , `` That Galileo publicly refuted Aristotle 's conclusions about motion by repeated experiments made from the campanile of Pisa '' , in Numbers , Ronald L. ; Kampourakis , Kostas , Newton 's Apple and Other Myths about Science , Harvard University Press , pp. 40 -- 47 , ISBN 9780674915473 Jump up ^ Drake ( 1978 , pp. 19 -- 21 , 414 -- 416 ) Jump up ^ Galileo Galilei : The Falling Bodies Experiment . Last accessed 26 Dec 2011 . Jump up ^ Lucretius , De rerum natura II , 225 -- 229 ; Relevant passage appears in : Lane Cooper , Aristotle , Galileo , and the Tower of Pisa ( Ithaca , N.Y. : Cornell University Press , 1935 ) , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Simon Stevin , De Beghinselen des Waterwichts , Anvang der Waterwichtdaet , en de Anhang komen na de Beghinselen der Weeghconst en de Weeghdaet ( The Elements of Hydrostatics , Preamble to the Practice of Hydrostatics , and Appendix to The Elements of the Statics and The Practice of Weighing ) ( Leiden , Netherlands : Christoffel Plantijn , 1586 ) reports an experiment by Stevin and Jan Cornets de Groot in which they dropped lead balls from a church tower in Delft ; relevant passage is translated in : E.J. Dijksterhuis , ed. , The Principal Works of Simon Stevin Amsterdam , Netherlands : C.V. Swets & Zeitlinger , 1955 vol. 1 , pp. 509 , 511 . Jump up ^ Sharratt ( 1994 , p. 203 ) , Galilei ( 1954 , pp. 251 -- 54 ) . Jump up ^ Sharratt ( 1994 , p. 198 ) , Galilei ( 1954 , p. 174 ) . Jump up ^ Clagett ( 1968 , p. 561 ) . Oresme , however , regarded this discovery as a purely intellectual exercise having no relevance to the description of any natural phenomena , and consequently failed to recognise any connection with the motion of falling bodies ( Grant , 1996 , p. 103 ) . Jump up ^ Sharratt ( 1994 , p. 198 ) , Wallace ( 2004 , pp. II 384 , II 400 , III 272 ) Soto , however , did not anticipate many of the qualifications and refinements contained in Galileo 's theory of falling bodies . He did not , for instance , recognise , as Galileo did , that a body would fall with a strictly uniform acceleration only in a vacuum , and that it would otherwise eventually reach a uniform terminal velocity . Jump up ^ Jung ( 2011 , p. 504 ) . This aspect of Aristotle 's theory of motion is covered in Books VII and VIII of his Physics . Jump up ^ Galilei , ( 1954 , p. 268 ) or Inertia # Classical inertia Jump up ^ Giuseppe Moleti , Walter Roy Laird . The unfinished mechanics of Giuseppe Moletti . University of Toronto Press , 1999 . p. 5 Jump up ^ Robert Henry Herman , Vincenzo Galilei . Dialogo della musica antica et della moderna of Vincenzo Galilei : translation and commentary , Part 1 . North Texas State University , 1973 . p. 17 Jump up ^ Adam , Mosley . `` Tycho Brahe '' . Starry Messenger . History & Philosophy of Science Dept , University of Cambridge . Retrieved 13 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Timothy Ferris . Coming of Age in the Milky Way . William Morrow & Company , Inc. 1988 . p. 95 Jump up ^ Shea , William ; Artigas , Mariano . `` The Galileo Affair '' . ^ Jump up to : Galileo Galilei , `` Letter to Benedetto Castelli ( 1613 ) '' , Religion and Science . ( Source of the English translation . Archived 6 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine . ) Jump up ^ Heilbron ( 2005 , p. 299 ) . Jump up ^ Two of his non-scientific works , the letters to Castelli and the Grand Duchess Christina , were explicitly not allowed to be included ( Coyne 2005 , p. 347 ) . Jump up ^ Heilbron ( 2005 , pp. 303 -- 04 ) ; Coyne ( 2005 , p. 347 ) . The uncensored version of the Dialogue remained on the Index of prohibited books , however ( Heilbron 2005 , p. 279 ) . Jump up ^ Heilbron ( 2005 , p. 307 ) ; Coyne ( 2005 , p. 347 ) The practical effect of the ban in its later years seems to have been that clergy could publish discussions of heliocentric physics with a formal disclaimer assuring its hypothetical character and their obedience to the church decrees against motion of the earth : see for example the commented edition ( 1742 ) of Newton 's ' Principia ' by Fathers Le Seur and Jacquier , which contains such a disclaimer ( ' Declaratio ' ) before the third book ( Propositions 25 onwards ) dealing with the lunar theory . Jump up ^ McMullin ( 2005 , p. 6 ) ; Coyne ( 2005 , p. 346 ) . In fact , the Church 's opposition had effectively ended in 1820 when a Catholic canon , Giuseppe Settele , was given permission to publish a work which treated heliocentrism as a physical fact rather than a mathematical fiction . The 1835 edition of the Index was the first to be issued after that year . Jump up ^ Discourse of His Holiness Pope Pius XII given on 3 December 1939 at the Solemn Audience granted to the Plenary Session of the Academy , Discourses of the Popes from Pius XI to John Paul II to the Pontifical Academy of the Sciences 1939 -- 1986 , Vatican City , p. 34 Jump up ^ Robert Leiber , Pius XII Stimmen der Zeit , November 1958 in Pius XII . Sagt , Frankfurt 1959 , p. 411 Jump up ^ An earlier version had been delivered on 16 December 1989 , in Rieti , and a later version in Madrid on 24 February 1990 ( Ratzinger , 1994 , p. 81 ) . According to Feyerabend himself , Ratzinger had also mentioned him `` in support of '' his own views in a speech in Parma around the same time ( Feyerabend , 1995 , p. 178 ) . ^ Jump up to : Ratzinger ( 1994 , p. 98 ) . Jump up ^ `` Vatican admits Galileo was right '' . New Scientist ( 1846 ) . 1992 - 11 - 07 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 09 ... Jump up ^ `` Papal visit scuppered by scholars '' . BBC News . 2008 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Owen & Delaney ( 2008 ) . Jump up ^ `` Pope praises Galileo 's astronomy '' . BBC News . 2008 - 12 - 21 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Owen ( 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Hawking ( 1988 , p. 179 ) . Jump up ^ Einstein ( 1954 , p. 271 ) . `` Propositions arrived at by purely logical means are completely empty as regards reality . Because Galileo realised this , and particularly because he drummed it into the scientific world , he is the father of modern physics -- indeed , of modern science altogether . '' Jump up ^ Stephen Hawking , Galileo and the Birth of Modern Science Archived 24 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine. , American Heritage 's Invention & Technology , Spring 2009 , Vol. 24 , No. 1 , p. 36 Jump up ^ Fischer , Daniel ( 2001 ) . Mission Jupiter : The Spectacular Journey of the Galileo Spacecraft . Springer . pp. v. ISBN 0 - 387 - 98764 - 9 . Jump up ^ United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ( 11 August 2005 ) . `` Proclamation of 2009 as International year of Astronomy '' ( PDF ) . UNESCO . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' . everything2 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Stavis , Barrie . Lamp at Midnight . South Brunswick , New Jersey : A.S. Barnes , 1966 . Jump up ^ Lalonde , Robert . Galileo Galilei / Vesalius and Servetus . February 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9783909 - 1 - 4 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Kim Stanley ( 2009 ) . Galileo 's Dream . New York : Ballantine Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 80659 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Hydrostatic balance '' . The Galileo Project . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Works of Galileo '' . The University of Oklahoma , College of Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on 17 July 2010 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Sunspots and Floating Bodies '' . The University of Oklahoma , College of Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on 24 October 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Galileo , Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina '' . The University of Oklahoma , College of Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on 16 July 2010 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Galileo 's Theory of the Tides '' . The Galileo Project . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Galileo Timeline '' . The Galileo Project . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Galileo Galilei '' . Tel - Aviv University , Science and Technology Education Center . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Collection of Galileo Galilei 's Manuscripts and Related Translations '' . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 04 . References Allan - Olney , Mary ( 1870 ) . The Private Life of Galileo : Compiled primarily from his correspondence and that of his eldest daughter , Sister Maria Celeste . Boston : Nichols and Noyes . Altieri Biagi , Maria ( 1965 ) . Galileo e la terminologia tecnico - scientifica . Florence : L.S. Olschki . LCCN 71019084 . IT \ ICCU \ SBL02939 . Biagioli , Mario ( 1993 ) . Galileo , Courtier : The Practice of Science in the Culture of Absolutism . Chicago , IL : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 04559 - 5 . Blackwell , Richard J. ( 2006 ) . Behind the Scenes at Galileo 's Trial . Notre Dame , IN : University of Notre Dame Press . ISBN 0 - 268 - 02201 - 1 . Brodrick , James , S.J. ( 1965 ) . Galileo : the man , his work , his misfortunes . London : G. Chapman . Chalmers , Alan Francis ( 1999 ) ( 1976 ) . What is this thing called Science ? ( third ed . ) . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7022 - 3093 - 6 . Clagett , Marshall ( editor & translator ) ( 196 ) . Nicole Oresme and the Medieval Geometry of Qualities and Motions ; a treatise on the uniformity and difformity of intensities known as Tractatus de configurationibus qualitatum et motuum . Madison , WI : University of Wisconsin Press . ISBN 0 - 299 - 04880 - 2 . Clavelin , Maurice ( 1974 ) . The Natural Philosophy of Galileo . MIT Press . Coffa , J. ( 1968 ) . `` Galileo 's Concept of Inertia '' . Physis Riv . Internaz . Storia Sci. 10 : 261 -- 281 . Consolmagno , Guy ; Schaefer , Marta ( 1994 ) . Worlds Apart , A Textbook in Planetary Science . Englewood , New Jersey : Prentice - Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 964131 - 9 . Cooper , Lane ( 1935 ) . Aristotle , Galileo , and the Tower of Pisa . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press . ISBN 1 - 4067 - 5263 - 0 . Coyne , George V. ( 2005 ) . The Church 's Most Recent Attempt to Dispel the Galileo Myth . In McMullin . pp. 340 -- 359 . Domínguez , Nuño ( 28 February 2014 ) . `` Una errata reproducida durante siglos cambia la censura de la Iglesia a Galileo '' . EsMateria.com . Drabkin , Israel ; Drake , Stillman , eds. ( 1960 ) . On Motion and On Mechanics . University of Wisconsin Press . ISBN 0 - 299 - 02030 - 4 . Drake , Stillman ( 1953 ) . Notes to English translation of Galileo 's Dialogue . In Galilei . pp. 467 -- 91 . Drake , Stillman ( 1957 ) . Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo . New York : Doubleday & Company . ISBN 0 - 385 - 09239 - 3 . Drake , Stillman ( 1960 ) . `` Introduction '' . Controversy on the Comets of 1618 . In Drake & O'Malley . pp. vii -- xxv . Drake , Stillman ( 1970 ) . Galileo Studies . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press . ISBN 0 - 472 - 08283 - 3 . Drake , Stillman ( 1973 ) . `` Galileo 's Discovery of the Law of Free Fall '' . Scientific American . 228 ( 5 ) : 84 -- 92 . Bibcode : 1973SciAm. 228e ... 84D . doi : 10.1038 / scientificamerican0573 - 84 . Drake , Stillman ( 1978 ) . Galileo At Work . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 16226 - 5 . Drake , Stillman ( 1990 ) . Galileo : Pioneer Scientist . Toronto : The University of Toronto Press . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 2725 - 3 . Drake , Stillman ; Kowal , C.T. ( 1980 ) . `` Galileo 's Sighting of Neptune '' . Scientific American . 243 ( 6 ) : 74 -- 81 . Bibcode : 1980SciAm. 243f ... 74D . doi : 10.1038 / scientificamerican1280 - 74 . Dugas , René ( 1988 ) ( 1955 ) . A History of Mechanics . Dover Publications . ISBN 0 - 486 - 65632 - 2 . Duhem , Pierre ( 1906 -- 1913 ) . Études sur Leonard de Vinci . Duhem , Pierre ( 1913 ) . Le Système du Monde . Duhem , Pierre ( 1912 ) . `` History of Physics '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton . Einstein , Albert ( 1953 ) . `` Foreword '' . In Drake , Stillman . Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems . Berkeley , CA : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 375 - 75766 - X . Einstein , Albert ( 1954 ) . Ideas and Opinions . Translated by Bargmann , Sonja . London : Crown Publishers . ISBN 0 - 285 - 64724 - 5 . Fantoli , Annibale ( 2003 ) . Galileo : For Copernicanism and the Church ( third English ed . ) . Vatican Observatory Publications . ISBN 88 - 209 - 7427 - 4 . Fantoli , Annibale ( 2005 ) . The Disputed Injunction and its Role in Galileo 's Trial . In McMullin . pp. 117 -- 149 . Favaro , Antonio , ed. ( 1890 -- 1909 ) . Le Opere di Galileo Galilei , Edizione Nazionale ( The Works of Galileo Galilei , National Edition ) ( in Italian ) . Florence : Barbera . ISBN 88 - 09 - 20881 - 1 . Archived from the original on 13 July 2007 . Reprinted 1929 -- 1939 and 1964 -- 1966 . A searchable online copy is available on the Institute and Museum of the History of Science , Florence , and a brief overview of Le Opere is available here at the Wayback Machine ( archived 3 January 2011 ) . Feyerabend , Paul ( 1975 ) . Againat Method . Verso . Feyerabend , Paul ( 1995 ) . Killing Time : The Autobiography of Paul Feyerabend . Chicago , MI : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 24531 - 4 . Fillmore , Charles ( July 2004 ) ( 1931 ) . Metaphysical Bible Dictionary ( 17th ed . ) . Unity Village , Missouri : Unity House . ISBN 0 - 87159 - 067 - 0 . Finocchiaro , Maurice ( 2010 ) . Defending Copernicus and Galileo : Critical Reasoning in the two Affairs . Springer . ISBN 978 - 9048132003 . Finocchiaro , Maurice A. ( 1997 ) . Galileo on the world systems : a new abridged translation and guide . Berkeley and Los Angeles , CA : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 20548 - 0 . Finocchiaro , Maurice A. ( 1989 ) . The Galileo Affair : A Documentary History . Berkeley , CA : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 06662 - 6 . Finocchiaro , Maurice A. ( Fall 2007 ) . `` Book Review -- The Person of the Millennium : The Unique Impact of Galileo on World History '' . 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Notre Dame , IN : University of Notre Dame Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 268 - 02988 - 3 . Graney , Christopher M. ( 2010 ) . `` The Telescope Against Copernicus : Star Observations by Riccioli Supporting a Geocentric Universe '' . Journal for the History of Astronomy . 41 ( 4 ) : 453 -- 467 . Bibcode : 2010JHA ... 41 ... 453G . Graney , Christopher M. ; Danielson , Dennis ( 2014 ) , `` The Case Against Copernicus '' , Scientific American , 310 ( 1 ) : 72 -- 77 Graney , Christopher M. ; Grayson , Timothy P. ( 2011 ) . `` On the Telescopic Disks of Stars : A Review and Analysis of Stellar Observations from the Early Seventeenth through the Middle Nineteenth Centuries '' . Annals of Science . 68 ( 3 ) : 351 -- 373 . doi : 10.1080 / 00033790.2010. 507472 . Grant , Edward ( 1996 ) . The Foundations of Modern Science in the Middle Ages : Their Religious , Institutional , and Intellectual Contexts . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 56762 - 9 . 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Historisch theologische Untersuchungen über die Urtheile römischen Congregationen im Galileiprocess ( Historico - theological Discussions concerning the Decisions of the Roman Congregations in the case of Galileo ) . Regensburg : Pustet , . pp. 211 -- 213 . ISBN 0 - 7905 - 6229 - 4 . Hall , A.R. ( 1963 ) . ' From Galileo to Newton . Hall , A.R. ( 1964 -- 1965 ) . `` Galileo and the Science of Motion '' . British Journal for the History of Science . 2 . doi : 10.1017 / s0007087400002193 . Hilliam , R. ( 2005 ) . `` Galileo Galilei : Father of modern science '' . The Rosen Publishing Group : 96 . ISBN 1 - 4042 - 0314 - 1 . Hoskin , Michael , ed. ( 1999 ) . The Cambridge concise history of astronomy Cambridge University Press . Hawking , Stephen ( 1988 ) . A Brief History of Time . New York , NY : Bantam Books . ISBN 0 - 553 - 34614 - 8 . Heilbron , John L. ( 2005 ) . Censorship of Astronomy in Italy after Galileo . In McMullin . pp. 279 -- 322 . Hellman , Hal ( 1988 ) . Great Feuds in Science . Ten of the Liveliest Disputes Ever . New York : Wiley . Heilbron , John L. ( 2010 ) . Galileo . New York , NY : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 958352 - 2 . Humphreys , W.C. ( 1967 ) . `` Galileo , Falling Bodies and Inclined Planes . An Attempt at Reconstructing Galileo 's Discovery of the Law of Squares '' . British Journal for the History of Science . Jarrel , Richard A. ( 1989 ) . The contemporaries of Tycho Brahe . In Taton and Wilson . pp. 22 -- 32 . Jung , Elzbieta ( 2011 ) . `` Impetus '' . In Lagerlund , Henrik . Encyclopedia of Medieval Philosophy : Philosophy Between 500 and 1500 . Volume 1 . pp. 540 -- 542 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 9728 - 7 . Kelter , Irving A. ( 2005 ) ( 1955 ) . The Refusal to Accommodate . Jesuit Exegetes and the Copernican System . In McMullin . pp. 38 -- 53 . King , Charles C. ( 2003 ) . The History of the Telescope ( Dover reprint ed . ) . Dover Publications . ISBN 0 - 486 - 43265 - 3 . Koestler , Arthur ( 1990 ) ( 1959 ) . The Sleepwalkers : A History of Man 's Changing Vision of the Universe . Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 019246 - 8 . Original edition published by Hutchinson ( 1959 , London ) . Koyré , Alexandre ( 1955 ) . `` A Documentary History of the Problem of Fall from Kepler to Newton '' . Transactions of the American Philosophical Society . Koyré , Alexandre ( 1978 ) . Galilean Studies . Harvester Press . Kuhn , Thomas ( 1957 ) . The Copernican Revolution . Kuhn , Thomas ( 1962 ) . The Structure of Scientific Revolutions . Lattis , James M. ( 1994 ) . Between Copernicus and Galileo : Christopher Clavius and the Collapse of Ptolemaic Cosmology . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . Langford , Jerome K. ( 1998 ) ( 1966 ) . Galileo , Science and the Church ( third ed . ) . St. Augustine 's Press . ISBN 1 - 890318 - 25 - 6 ... Original edition by Desclee ( New York , NY , 1966 ) Lessl , Thomas ( June 2000 ) . `` The Galileo Legend '' . New Oxford Review : 27 -- 33 . Linton , Christopher M. ( 2004 ) . From Eudoxus to Einstein -- A History of Mathematical Astronomy . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 82750 - 8 . Losee , J. ( 1966 ) . `` Drake , Galileo , and the Law of Inertia '' . American Journal of Physics. 34 ( 5 ) : 430 -- 432 . Bibcode : 1966AmJPh ... 34 ... 430L . doi : 10.1119 / 1.1973014 . McMullin , Ernan , ed. ( 2005 ) . The Church and Galileo . Notre Dame , IN : University of Notre Dame Press . ISBN 0 - 268 - 03483 - 4 . McMullin , Ernan ( 2005a ) . The Church 's Ban on Copernicanism , 1616 . In McMullin . pp. 150 -- 190 . Mach , Ernst ( 1893 ) . The Science of Mechanics . Machamer , Peter , ed. ( 1998 ) . The Cambridge Companion to Galileo . Cambridge University Press . Moss , Jean Dietz ; Wallace , William ( 2003 ) . Rhetoric & dialectic in the time of Galileo . Washington D.C. : CUA Press . ISBN 0 - 8132 - 1331 - 2 . Naylor , Ronald H. ( 1990 ) . `` Galileo 's Method of Analysis and Synthesis '' . Isis. 81 ( 4 ) : 695 -- 707 . doi : 10.1086 / 355546 . Newall , Paul ( 2004 ) . `` The Galileo Affair '' . Ondra , Leos ( July 2004 ) . `` A New View of Mizar '' . Sky & Telescope . 108 : 72 -- 75 . Bibcode : 2004S&T ... 108a ... 72O . Owen , Richard ( 29 January 2009 ) . `` Catholic Church abandons plan to erect statue of Galileo '' . London : TimesOnline News . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 22 . Owen , Richard ; Delaney , Sarah ( 2008 - 03 - 04 ) . `` Vatican recants with a statue of Galileo '' . TimesOnline News . London . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 02 . Remmert , Volker R. ( 2005 ) . `` Galileo , God , and Mathematics '' . In Koetsier , Teun ; Bergmans , Luc . Mathematics and the Divine . A Historical Study . Amsterdam : Elsevier . pp. 347 -- 360 . Ratzinger , Joseph Cardinal ( 1994 ) . Turning point for Europe ? The Church in the Modern World -- Assessment and Forecast . Translated by McNeil , Brian . San Francisco , CA : Ignatius Press . ISBN 0 - 89870 - 461 - 8 . OCLC 60292876 . translated from the 1991 German edition Reston , Jr. , James ( 2000 ) . Galileo : A Life . Beard Books . ISBN 1 - 893122 - 62 - X . Seeger , Raymond J. ( 1966 ) . Galileo Galilei , his life and his works . Oxford : Pergamon Press . ISBN 0 - 08 - 012025 - 3 . Settle , Thomas B. ( 1961 ) . `` An Experiment in the History of Science '' . Science . 133 ( 3445 ) : 19 -- 23 . Bibcode : 1961Sci ... 133 ... 19S . doi : 10.1126 / science. 133.3445. 19 . PMID 17759858 . Sharratt , Michael ( 1994 ) . Galileo : Decisive Innovator . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 56671 - 1 . Shapere , Dudley ( 1974 ) . Galileo , a Philosophical Study . University of Chicago Press . Shea , William R. & Artigas , Mario ( 2003 ) . Galileo in Rome : The Rise and Fall of a Troublesome Genius . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 516598 - 5 . Sobel , Dava ( 2000 ) ( 1999 ) . Galileo 's Daughter . London : Fourth Estate . ISBN 1 - 85702 - 712 - 4 . Taton , René , ed. ( 1964 ) ( 1958 ) . The Beginnings of Modern Science from 1450 to 1800 . London : Thames and Hudson . Taton , René ; Wilson , Curtis , eds. ( 1989 ) . Planetary astronomy from the Renaissance to the rise of astrophysics Part A : Tycho Brahe to Newton . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 24254 - 1 . Thoren , Victor E. ( 1989 ) . `` Tycho Brahe '' . In Taton , René ; Wilson , Curtis . Planetary astronomy from the Renaissance to the rise of astrophysics Part A : Tycho Brahe to Newton . In Taton and Wilson . pp. 3 -- 21 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 35158 - 8 . Van Helden , Albert ( 1989 ) . `` Galileo , telescopic astronomy , and the Copernican system '' . In Taton , René ; Wilson , Curtis . Planetary astronomy from the Renaissance to the rise of astrophysics Part A : Tycho Brahe to Newton . In Taton and Wilson . pp. 81 -- 105 . Van Helden , Albert ( 1985 ) . Measuring the Universe : Cosmic Dimensions from Aristarchus to Halley . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 84881 - 7 . Wallace , William A. ( 1984 ) . Galileo and His Sources : The Heritage of the Collegio Romano in Galileo 's Science . Princeton , NJ : Princeton Univ . ISBN 0 - 691 - 08355 - X . Wallace , William A. ( 2004 ) . Domingo de Soto and the Early Galileo . Aldershot : Ashgate Publishing . ISBN 0 - 86078 - 964 - 0 . Walusinsky , G. ( 1964 ) ( 1958 ) . `` The Golden age of Observational Astronomy '' . In Taton , René . The Beginnings of Modern Science from 1450 to 1800 . In Taton . pp. 268 -- 286 . White , Andrew Dickson ( 1898 ) . A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom . New York : D. Appleton and Company . ISBN 0 - 7905 - 8168 - X . White , Michael ( 2007 ) . Galileo : Antichrist : A Biography . London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 297 - 84868 - 4 . Wisan , Winifred Lovell ( 1984 ) . `` Galileo and the Process of Scientific Creation '' . Isis. 75 ( 2 ) : 269 -- 286 . doi : 10.1086 / 353480 . Zik , Yaakov ( 2001 ) . `` Science and Instruments : The telescope as a scientific instrument at the beginning of the seventeenth century '' . Perspectives on Science . 9 ( 3 ) : 259 -- 284 . doi : 10.1162 / 10636140160176143 . External links Find more aboutGalileo Galileiat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Galileo Galilei . By Galileo Works by Galileo Galilei at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Galileo at Internet Archive Works by Galilei Galileo at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) Electronic representation of Galilei 's notes on motion ( MS . 72 ) Galileo 's c. 1590 De Motu translation Works by Galileo Galilei : text with concordances and frequencies . Galilei , Galileo . Le Operazioni del Compasso Geometrico et Militare , Rome , 1610 . From the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress Galilei , Galileo . Istoria e Dimostrazioni Intorno Alle Macchie Solar , Rome , 1613 . From the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress Linda Hall Library features a first edition of Sidereus Nuncius Magna as well as a pirated edition from the same year , both fully digitised . Sidereus Nuncius from the Collections at the Library of Congress On Galileo Starry Messenger : Observing the Heavens in the Age of Galileo -- an exhibition at the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University Museo Galileo -- Florence , Italy Galileo 's math genealogy Portraits of Galileo The Galileo Project at Rice University PBS documentary : 400 Years of the Telescope Feather & Hammer Drop on Moon on YouTube article by UK journalist on proposed disinterment to determine Galileo 's eyesight problems `` Galileo , The Starry Messenger '' ( NYT , 18 January 2013 ) . Biography Galileo at Encyclopædia Britannica Full text of Galileo . by Walter Bryant ( public domain biography ) PBS Nova Online : Galileo 's Battle for the Heavens Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on Galileo Animated Hero Classics : Galileo ( 1997 ) on IMDb O'Connor , John J. ; Robertson , Edmund F. , `` Galileo Galilei '' , MacTutor History of Mathematics archive , University of St Andrews . Galileo and the Church Galileo Galilei , Scriptural Exegete , and the Church of Rome , Advocate of Science lecture ( audio here ) by Thomas Aquinas College tutor Dr. Christopher Decaen `` The End of the Myth of Galileo Galilei '' by Atila Sinke Guimarães Galileo and the Church , article by John Heilbron . Galileo Affair catholic.net at the Wayback Machine ( archived 9 December 2007 ) ( hide ) Galileo Galilei Scientific career Observational astronomy Galileo affair Galileo 's escapement Galilean invariance Galilean moons Galilean transformation Leaning Tower of Pisa experiment Phases of Venus Celatone Thermoscope Works The Assayer De Motu Antiquiora Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems `` Discourse on the Tides '' `` Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina '' Sidereus Nuncius Two New Sciences Family Vincenzo Galilei ( father ) Michelagnolo Galilei ( brother ) Vincenzo Gamba ( son ) Maria Celeste ( daughter ) Marina Gamba ( mistress ) Related `` And yet it moves '' Villa Il Gioiello Galileo 's paradox Sector Museo Galileo Galileo 's telescopes Tribune of Galileo In popular culture Life of Galileo ( 1943 play ) Lamp At Midnight ( 1947 play ) Galileo ( 1968 film ) Galileo ( 1975 film ) Starry Messenger ( 1996 book ) Galileo 's Daughter : A Historical Memoir of Science , Faith , and Love ( 1999 book ) Galileo Galilei ( 2002 opera ) Galileo 's Dream ( 2009 novel ) Philosophy of science Concepts Analysis Analytic -- synthetic distinction A priori and a posteriori Causality Commensurability Consilience Construct Creative synthesis Demarcation problem Empirical evidence Explanatory power Fact Falsifiability Feminist method Ignoramus et ignorabimus Inductive reasoning Intertheoretic reduction Inquiry Nature Objectivity Observation Paradigm Problem of induction Scientific law Scientific method Scientific revolution Scientific theory Testability Theory choice Theory - ladenness Underdetermination Unity of science Metatheory of science Coherentism Confirmation holism Constructive empiricism Constructive realism Constructivist epistemology Contextualism Conventionalism Deductive - nomological model Hypothetico - deductive model Inductionism Epistemological anarchism Evolutionism Fallibilism Foundationalism Instrumentalism Pragmatism Model - dependent realism Naturalism Physicalism Positivism / Reductionism / Determinism Rationalism / Empiricism Received view / Semantic view of theories Scientific realism / Anti-realism Scientific essentialism Scientific formalism Scientific skepticism Scientism Structuralism Uniformitarianism Vitalism Philosophy of Physics thermal and statistical Motion Chemistry Biology Environment Geography Social science Technology Engineering Artificial intelligence Computer science Information Mind Psychiatry Psychology Perception Space and time Related topics Alchemy Criticism of science Epistemology Faith and rationality History and philosophy of science History of science History of evolutionary thought Logic Metaphysics Pseudoscience Relationship between religion and science Rhetoric of science Sociology of scientific knowledge Sociology of scientific ignorance Philosophers of science by era Ancient Plato Aristotle Stoicism Epicureans Medieval Averroes Avicenna Roger Bacon William of Ockham Hugh of Saint Victor Dominicus Gundissalinus Robert Kilwardby Early modern Francis Bacon Thomas Hobbes René Descartes Galileo Galilei Pierre Gassendi Isaac Newton David Hume Classical modern Immanuel Kant Friedrich Schelling William Whewell Auguste Comte John Stuart Mill Herbert Spencer Wilhelm Wundt Charles Sanders Peirce Wilhelm Windelband Henri Poincaré Pierre Duhem Rudolf Steiner Karl Pearson Late modern Alfred North Whitehead Bertrand Russell Albert Einstein Otto Neurath C.D. Broad Michael Polanyi Hans Reichenbach Rudolf Carnap Karl Popper Carl Gustav Hempel W.V.O. Quine Thomas Kuhn Imre Lakatos Paul Feyerabend Jürgen Habermas Ian Hacking Bas van Fraassen Larry Laudan Daniel Dennett Portal Category `` The template below ( Scientists whose names are used as non SI units ) is being considered for deletion . See templates for discussion to help reach a consensus . '' Scientists whose names are used as non SI units Anders Jonas Ångström Alexander Graham Bell Marie Curie Pierre Curie John Dalton Peter Debye Loránd Eötvös Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit Galileo Galilei Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss William Gilbert Heinrich Kayser Johann Heinrich Lambert Samuel Pierpont Langley Heinrich Mache James Clerk Maxwell John Napier Hans Christian Ørsted Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille William John Macquorn Rankine René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur Wilhelm Röntgen Sir George Stokes , 1st Baronet John Strutt , 3rd Baron Rayleigh Joseph John Thomson Evangelista Torricelli Scientists whose names are used as SI units Scientists whose names are used in chemical element names Scientists whose names are used in physical constants BNE : XX1003156 BNF : cb11903931b ( data ) GND : 118537229 ISNI : 0000 0001 2117 8199 LCCN : n79003254 MGP : 134975 NDL : 00440426 NKC : jn19990002534 NLA : 35109969 RLS : 000036118 ICCU : IT \ ICCU \ CFIV \ 004372 SELIBR : 187875 SNAC : w6833x7s SUDOC : 026879255 ULAN : 500318087 VIAF : 2470550 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Galileo_Galilei&oldid=843040513 '' Categories : Galileo Galilei 1564 births 1642 deaths 16th - century Italian mathematicians 16th - century Italian writers 17th - century astronomers 17th - century Italian mathematicians 17th - century Italian writers 17th - century Latin - language writers Ballistics experts Blind academics Blind people from Italy Burials at Basilica of Santa Croce , Florence Catholicism - related controversies Christian astrologers Copernican Revolution Discoverers of moons Experimental physicists Galileo affair Italian astrologers Italian astronomers Italian inventors Italian physicists Italian Roman Catholics Natural philosophers People from Pisa Philosophers of science Scientific instrument makers Theoretical physicists University of Pisa alumni University of Pisa faculty Members of the Lincean Academy Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Italian - language external links Articles incorporating text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia without Wikisource reference Articles with Latin - language external links Articles with short description Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from October 2011 Good articles Biography with signature Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Pages with numeric Bible version references Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles needing more detailed references Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links AC with 16 elements Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SBN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Armãneashti অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Bikol Central Bislama Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Эрзянь Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Ladino Лезги Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Livvinkarjala La . lojban . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the scientist credited for formulating a model in which the earth circles the sun is | [
"Galileo's championing of heliocentrism and Copernicanism was controversial during his lifetime, when most subscribed to either geocentrism or the Tychonic system.[4] He met with opposition from astronomers, who doubted heliocentrism because of the absence of an observed stellar parallax.[4] The matter was investigated by the Roman Inquisition in 1615, which concluded that heliocentrism was \"foolish and absurd in philosophy, and formally heretical since it explicitly contradicts in many places the sense of Holy Scripture.\"[4][5][6] Galileo later defended his views in Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (1632), which appeared to attack Pope Urban VIII and thus alienated him and the Jesuits, who had both supported Galileo up until this point.[4] He was tried by the Inquisition, found \"vehemently suspect of heresy\", and forced to recant. He spent the rest of his life under house arrest.[7][8] While under house arrest, he wrote one of his best-known works, Two New Sciences, in which he summarized work he had done some forty years earlier on the two sciences now called kinematics and strength of materials.[9][10]"
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"Galileo"
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250262225229462714 | Last Man Standing (U.S. TV series) | Last Man Standing ( U.S. TV series ) - wikipedia Last Man Standing ( U.S. TV series ) Last Man Standing Genre Sitcom Created by Jack Burditt Starring Tim Allen Nancy Travis Alexandra Krosney Molly Ephraim Kaitlyn Dever Christoph Sanders Héctor Elizondo Amanda Fuller Flynn Morrison Jordan Masterson Jonathan Adams Composer ( s ) Monte Montgomery Carl Thiel Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 6 No. of episodes 130 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Tim Allen Becky Clements Marty Adelstein Shawn Levy Richard Baker Rick Messina John Pasquin Kevin Abbott Michael Shipley Matt Berry Tim Doyle Jack Burditt ( season 1 ) Producer ( s ) John Amodeo Cinematography Donald A. Morgan Editor ( s ) Pamela J. Marshall Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 21 minutes Production company ( s ) 21 Laps - Adelstein Productions Double Wide Productions / NestEgg Productions ( season 1 ) Mr. Big Shot Fancy - Pants Productions ( seasons 2 -- 4 ) Lyonsberry Productions ( seasons 5 -- 6 ) 20th Century Fox Television Distributor 20th Television Release Original network ABC ( 2011 -- 2017 ) Picture format 720p ( HDTV ) Original release October 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 11 ) -- March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) External links Website Last Man Standing is an American television sitcom starring Tim Allen as a senior employee of a sporting goods store in Denver , Colorado , who is a married father of three daughters . The series includes his interactions with family , neighbors , and coworkers . Distributed by 20th Century Fox Television , the series originally ran on ABC from 2011 to 2017 for six seasons , and entered syndication in 2015 . Despite being ABC 's second - highest rated sitcom for the 2016 -- 17 season , it was revealed in May 2017 that the network had declined to renew Last Man Standing for a seventh season . Media publications reported that ABC was unwilling to cover the production costs for a seventh season on behalf of 20th Century Fox Television . One year later , the studio 's sibling network Fox announced it had picked up the show for a seventh season , which is set to premiere on September 28 , 2018 . Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Notable guest stars 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development and casting 4.2 Filming 4.3 Cancellation 4.4 Revival on Fox 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Ratings 5.3 Awards and nominations 6 Home media 7 Syndication 8 Broadcast 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Premise ( edit ) The series follows Mike Baxter , a senior executive and director of marketing for an outdoor sporting goods store chain based in Denver , Colorado , whose world is filled with his wife , three daughters , grandson , and the young men married to or dating his daughters . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Tim Allen as Mike Baxter : Mike is a father of three daughters and the director of marketing for the Outdoor Man chain of sporting goods stores . He fervently supports `` traditional '' American values , is a Protestant and is politically conservative . Mike loves his daughters but says his favorite is Eve , the youngest and most athletic daughter , and whose political opinions and interests mirror his own . He is proud of her ability to excel at anything she tries , including school work , hunting and playing sports . Mike often finds himself annoyed with Outdoor Man 's young slow - witted employee Kyle ( who later becomes his son - in - law ) , and with Ryan , his politically liberal son - in - law married to his oldest daughter , and the father of Mike 's grandson , Boyd . The video blog or `` vlog '' that Mike does for Outdoor Man is frequently used as a vehicle to rant about his political views . Mike is a graduate of the University of Michigan , and an amateur radio operator using the call sign KA0XTT . Nancy Travis as Vanessa Baxter , Mike 's wife : Vanessa is a geologist working in the energy industry for a company that does hydraulic fracturing , or `` fracking '' . In season four , Vanessa becomes frustrated with her job and decides to go back to college to become a high school science teacher . After being fired as a teacher due to budget cuts , Vanessa begins her own tutoring business . Vanessa was ambiguous in her political views until season five , when she announces she is supporting Hillary Clinton for president , mainly because she thinks it will advance women 's causes . She is shown drinking wine frequently , and is also frequently mocked by Mike and her daughters about it . She is a graduate of Ohio State University with a Master of Science degree in Physics and a PhD in Geology . Vanessa often makes attempts to be politically correct , but only highlights how uncomfortable she is trying to relate to people of other races . Despite this , she and her African - American neighbor Carol Larabee seem to get along . Vanessa 's humor includes bad puns , which irritate Mike and the girls no end . Amanda Fuller ( seasons 2 -- present ) and Alexandra Krosney ( season 1 ) as Kristin Beth Baxter , the oldest daughter : Kristin , unlike her father , espouses liberal political views and her views with regard to Christianity seem ambiguous . During her senior year of high school , Kristin became pregnant with her son , Boyd . She was a single mother living in the Baxter home until moving out in the season two finale . She began to reconcile with Boyd 's father , Ryan Vogelson , in season three , and the two get married between seasons four and five . Kristin worked at a diner until landing a job at an upscale restaurant run by a former co-worker at the end of season two . In season four , she becomes the manager of the new restaurant opened by Outdoor Man . Kristin tends to work extra hard in this new job to prove she did not get the position through nepotism , despite Mike and Ed frequently telling her she was qualified . Alexandra Krosney portrayed Kristin in the show 's first season ( despite being nearly two years younger than Molly Ephraim , playing Kristin 's younger sister ) ; Krosney was replaced by Amanda Fuller prior to season two for unspecified creative reasons . Molly Ephraim ( seasons 1 -- 6 ) and Molly McCook ( recurring , season 7 ) as Amanda Elaine `` Mandy '' Baxter - Anderson , the middle daughter : Mandy is not as academic as her sisters ( and she has a penchant for cutting class and ignoring homework ) , but she excels in social situations . Interested in fashion ( and little else ) , she was one of the most popular girls at her high school . Mandy is very confident and creative , demonstrating traits found in her father . She can be lazy , conceited , selfish , insulting , and delinquent -- she drinks underage , ignores all driving laws , shoplifts from Outdoor Man , there are many implications that she smokes weed , and she has been caught staying out all night -- but occasionally she displays moments of generosity and caring . She started dating Kyle in season 2 . As of season three , she attends a local college and works at the diner where Kristin used to work . Later that same season , she begins an online clothing business , selling her self - designed fashions which she assembles in the basement of her parents ' house . Kyle asks her to marry him in season 5 , the 100th episode . She marries Kyle in season six , but they have yet to move out of the Baxter home . Up until she turned 21 , a running gag on the show was Mike , Vanessa , and occasionally Kristin snatching glasses of alcohol out of Mandy 's hand , usually followed by Mandy making a lame excuse . Kaitlyn Dever as Eve Baxter , ( series regular , seasons 1 -- 6 ; recurring , season 7 ) the youngest daughter : Eve is intelligent and athletic , and generally has the same interests as Mike , including camping , sports , guns , and the military . She also has conservative views like Mike . She is Mike 's favorite daughter , and excels at her hobbies . She frequently outplays the boys in soccer and makes the boys ' football team as their placekicker . She is well aware of being the favorite over her two sisters . Eve also shares her father 's sense of humor , and her sarcastic wit is frequently directed at clueless sister Mandy . Eve is an excellent student , whose only weak subject is art , though she did have to change math classes to escape a prejudiced teacher . Eve is a member of Army Junior ROTC and works toward gaining admittance to West Point . Her attempt to do so is unsuccessful , which seriously depresses her , so in season six , Eve decides to take a `` personal year '' rather than immediately attend college . She spends some of this time singing and playing guitar for money , but this proves to be unfruitful . During her gap year , Eve applies to the Air Force Academy in nearby Colorado Springs , and is accepted . Christoph Sanders as Kyle Anderson , a young employee at Outdoor Man : Kyle is universally recognized as a good guy . Kyle idolizes Mike , having grown up without a father figure . Kyle takes care of his grandmother who has dementia , and it is implied he grew up in her home . Kyle is often oblivious to social cues and is slow to catch on to the events happening around him . Kyle dated Kristin in season one and started dating Mandy in season two before proposing in season five , and marrying Mandy in season six . Héctor Elizondo as Edward `` Ed '' Alzate , Mike 's longtime business partner : Ed started a bait and tackle shop many years ago and hired Mike , who helped turn the shop into the 20 - store Outdoor Man chain . Ed is perhaps fifteen years older than Mike , but the two men bond over similar outdoor hobbies and shared conservative values . Mike regularly talks to Ed about the happenings in his home and occasionally seeks advice . Having been divorced four times , Ed 's suggestions are rarely helpful . He also has 5 daughters . Ed is a Vietnam veteran , although he saw no combat in Vietnam , stating that he was a clerk in Saigon . He continues to help fellow veterans at the local Veterans of Foreign Wars hall with their Veteran Affairs paperwork . Ed is also a recurring target for jokes about his age and lack of hair , most often from Mike . It is revealed in season 6 that Ed has early onset dementia . Flynn Morrison ( regular , seasons 2 -- 6 ) , Jet Jurgensmeyer ( recurring , season 7 ) and Evan and Luke Kruntchev ( recurring , season 1 ) as Boyd Baxter , Kristin 's son : Mike enjoys spending quality time with his grandson Boyd , and affectionately views him as the son he never had . Mike and Ryan often clash on how he should be raised . Boyd enjoys activities encouraged by both his father and grandfather . Jordan Masterson ( regular , seasons 2 -- present ) and Nick Jonas ( guest star , season 1 ) as Ryan Vogelson , Boyd 's Canadian father : Though Ryan initially fled when Kristin got pregnant , he returned to be involved in Boyd 's upbringing , and eventually the two reconciled and got engaged ( at the end of season 3 ) . Ryan holds liberal views , both politically and philosophically , and he and Mike routinely clash over their fundamentally opposing values , especially when it comes to child - rearing . Ryan wishes to raise his son without religion , hunting culture and nationalism , however , neither Mike nor Kristin agree with this approach . His vegan diet , views on discipline , and what Mike sees as his oversensitivity are an affront to Mike 's beliefs , but Ryan generally enjoys being a thorn in Mike 's side . On rare occasions , Ryan and Mike agree on what is best for Boyd , but this usually puts them at odds with Kristin or Vanessa . Mike comes to reluctantly respect and like his son - in - law for standing up for what he believes and for being a loving husband and father . Jonathan Adams as Chuck Larabee ( regular , seasons 4 -- present ; recurring , seasons 2 -- 3 ) , Mike and Vanessa 's neighbor : Chuck is a retired U.S. Marine and a veteran of the first Gulf War who runs a private security business and later takes charge of security for the Denver Outdoor Man . Chuck is an African - American , and often jokes with Mike about racial stereotypes , and they regularly exchange barbs as if they do n't like each other . In reality , they are good friends , despite being unwilling to admit it . Vanessa sees through their heated exchanges , often telling them to `` get a room '' . Chuck is married to Carol and they have a son , Brandon , who is the same age as Eve . Recurring ( edit ) Robert Forster as Bud Baxter ( seasons 1 , 3 -- 4 ) , Mike 's widower father who is initially in the construction business , but later opens a marijuana store ( `` Bud 's Buds '' ) after it becomes legal in Colorado . Christina Moore as April ( seasons 1 & 3 ) , Vanessa 's air - headed and immature younger sister . She is always asking for money . Danielle Bisutti as Michelle ( season 1 ) , Vanessa 's friend and next - door neighbor ; she is a meteorologist who gets most of her data from a free phone app . Erika Alexander as Carol Larabee ( seasons 2 -- 6 ) , Chuck 's wife and Mike and Vanessa 's neighbor . She is also Vanessa 's best friend . Vanessa often goes overboard trying to act racially open - minded around her , but usually ends up looking foolish and annoying Carol . Carla Jimenez as Blanca Alvarez ( seasons 2 -- 4 ) , the Baxters ' Guatemalan - born housekeeper who also helps Mandy with her fashion business . The Baxters were happy to celebrate with Blanca after she was sworn in as an American citizen . Sarah Gilman as Cammy Harris ( seasons 2 -- 6 ) , Eve 's soccer teammate and extremely chatty best friend . Jonathan Taylor Thomas as John Baker ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) , Kristin 's boss at a fancy restaurant where she works . Thomas also had a cameo as `` Randy '' ( a nod to his Home Improvement character ) in the season 4 episode `` Helen Potts '' , with fellow Home Improvement co-star Patricia Richardson . Tye Sheridan as Justin ( seasons 3 -- 4 ) , Eve 's fellow Jr . ROTC member and football teammate who becomes her boyfriend . The two break up in season 4 . Zachary Gordon as Andrew ( season 3 ) , Eve 's nerdy classmate who worships her and desperately wants to be her boyfriend . Joely Fisher as Wendi Gracin ( seasons 3 -- 5 ) , Ed 's meddling younger girlfriend , whom he meets near the end of season three . Ed routinely has to put her in her place , particularly when she shows up at the store and tries to get involved in running his business . Wendi deserts Ed offscreen between Seasons 4 and 5 , but the two patch things up and reunite . Jay Leno as Joe Leonard ( seasons 5 -- 6 ) , a semi-retired auto technician from whom Vanessa buys a classic car for Mike . Joe later works in the repair shop at Outdoor Man , servicing ATVs and snowmobiles . Travis Tope as Rob ( season 6 ) , Eve 's boyfriend who is studying criminal justice at UC Boulder . He 's a recovering alcoholic , which worries Mike and Vanessa when they first meet him . Notable guest Stars ( edit ) Several notable guest stars have appeared throughout the series , including appearances made from cast members of Tim Allen 's previous series , Home Improvement . ( Episode numbers in parentheses ) Paul F. Tompkins as Chester McAllister Cassandra Peterson as Elvira Nick Jonas as Ryan in his first appearance Tony Hawk as himself Jamie - Lynn Sigler as Gabriella Alzate , one of Ed 's five daughters ( not including the war baby ) Andrew Daly as Mr. Peckem Kim Kardashian as herself Tony Stewart as himself Mike Rowe as Jimmy Baxter , Mike 's younger brother Frankie Muniz as Richard , who works at the bank where Mike and his brother Jimmy go to ask for a loan Melanie Paxson as Liz Richard Karn as Bill McKendree . Karn portrayed Al Borland , co-worker and friend to Tim Allen 's character on Home Improvement Si Robertson as Uncle Ray Willie Robertson as Brody Michael Gross as Mr. Hardin Patricia Richardson as Helen Potts , the Baxters ' widowed neighbor . Richardson portrayed Jill Taylor , the wife of Tim Allen 's character in Home Improvement Jere Burns as Victor Vogelson , Ryan 's estranged father Blake Clark as Clark , the owner of a club in which Eve performed . Clark played Harry Turner , Tim 's friend and owner of the hardware store on Home Improvement Robin Roberts as Teresa , a tank mechanic and Persian Gulf War veteran Reba McEntire as Billie Cassidy , Mike 's mountain - climbing former girlfriend Bill Engvall as Reverend Paul , the new pastor of the Baxter family 's church . Nancy Travis played Bill 's wife Susan on three seasons of The Bill Engvall Show . Brad Leland as Wayne Sizemore Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Last Man Standing episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Network 24 October 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 11 ) May 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 08 ) ABC 18 November 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 02 ) March 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 22 ) 22 September 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 20 ) April 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 25 ) 22 October 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 03 ) April 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 17 ) 5 22 September 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 25 ) April 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 22 ) 6 22 September 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 23 ) March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) Production ( edit ) Development and casting ( edit ) Last Man Standing first appeared on ABC 's development slate in late 2010 when writer Jack Burditt received a put pilot commitment from the network under the original title Man Up . In January 2011 , ABC green - lighted production of a pilot episode under the title Last Days of Man . On February 18 , Tim Allen , who had been attached to the potential series from the beginning , officially joined the project in the lead role . At the end of March , Nancy Travis joined the cast in the leading female role as Allen 's `` smart and loving wife who does n't miss much '' . Soon thereafter , Héctor Elizondo came on board in a supporting role as the boss to Allen 's character . Filming ( edit ) On May 13 , 2011 , ABC picked up the pilot for the 2011 -- 2012 television season under the new title Last Man Standing . On May 17 , 2011 , ABC announced that the series would air on Tuesday nights at 8 Eastern / 7 Central . It debuted on October 11 , 2011 , with the first two episodes airing in a one - hour premiere . On November 3 , 2011 , the series was picked up for a full season of twenty - two episodes . On January 12 , 2012 , the order was increased to twenty - four episodes . On May 11 , 2012 , ABC renewed the series for a second season set to air in the 2012 -- 2013 season in November . On June 11 , 2012 , Tim Doyle was hired as the new showrunner of the series . Doyle was the third showrunner that the series had had since it entered production . Doyle replaced Kevin Abbott , who joined the staff as the showrunner mid-way in the first season . Abbott replaced series creator Jack Burditt , who was the showrunner for the first thirteen episodes . Unlike Burditt , who is no longer credited as an executive producer , Abbott continued to serve as an executive producer while showrunning the fellow ABC sitcom Malibu Country starring Reba McEntire . Both Last Man Standing and Malibu Country aired as a part of ABC 's Friday night lineup for the 2012 -- 2013 primetime television season . On November 8 , 2012 , Abbott re-joined the Last Man Standing crew full - time , after a stint in rehab , and gave Nastaran Dibai full showrunning duties of Malibu Country . On June 11 , 2012 , it was announced that Alexandra Krosney ( Kristin ) was let go from the show for creative reasons . Krosney was replaced by Amanda Fuller in season 2 . On June 19 , 2012 , it was also announced that twins Luke and Evan Kruntchev , who played the role of Boyd in season 1 , would not be returning ; they were replaced by Flynn Morrison in season 2 . The character of Boyd was also age - advanced from two years old to five years old . Jordan Masterson plays Ryan , Boyd 's father , in a recurring role beginning in season 2 . The role was previously played by Nick Jonas , who guest - starred in one episode in season 1 . The second season initially received a 13 - episode order . ABC announced on November 12 , 2012 , that an additional three scripts had been ordered . On November 27 , five more episodes were ordered to bring the second - season episode total to 18 . On May 10 , 2013 , the series was renewed for a third season , which premiered on September 20 , 2013 , and ended on April 25 , 2014 , after 22 episodes . On May 10 , 2014 , ABC renewed Last Man Standing for a fourth season , which premiered on October 3 , 2014 . Allen and Elizondo guest - starred as their Last Man Standing characters in a crossover episode with the fellow ABC Friday sitcom Cristela . On May 10 , 2015 , ABC announced the show had been renewed for a fifth season . Last Man Standing had become a solid performer for the Friday night lineup at ABC , which with the help of Shark Tank and 20 / 20 has become the top network among adults 18 -- 49 for the night . Leading off Friday night for ABC , the sitcom averaged a 1.8 rating in adults 18 -- 49 and 8.2 million viewers overall , according to Nielsen 's Live + 7 estimates . On May 13 , 2016 , ABC renewed the series for a sixth season , which premiered on September 23 , 2016 . Cancellation ( edit ) On May 10 , 2017 , ABC canceled Last Man Standing after six seasons , despite the series being the second-most - watched ABC sitcom during the 2016 -- 17 season ( based on Live + 7 figures ) , with ratings remaining mostly steady during its sixth season . A representative for 20th Century Fox Television said cancellation decisions are made by ABC . `` This was a scheduling decision , '' wrote Jori Arancio , senior vice president of ABC Entertainment and ABC Studios . ABC and its production partner for the show , 20th Century Fox Television , typically negotiate licensing fees prior to each season ; however , the network decided to cancel the show without doing so . Also , the contract between 20th Century Fox Television and ABC for the show , in which 20th Century Fox Television covered the cost of production , had expired after six seasons . Had the series been renewed for a seventh season , ABC would have been required to pick up Last Man Standing 's production costs , which the network was unwilling to do . The cancellation was met with outrage from the show 's fans , many of whom took to social media to voice their displeasure and petition for another network to pick up the show . It also happened some months after lead actor Tim Allen ( who is also a real - life Republican ) said in an interview on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! , that being a Republican in Hollywood is `` like 1930s Germany . You got ta be real careful around here , you know . You 'll get beat up if you do n't believe what everybody believes . '' His comment was widely criticized , especially his comparing the treatment of Republicans in Hollywood with Nazi Germany . A viewer petition on the website Change.org calling for ABC to reinstate Last Man Standing surpassed 380,000 signatures as of May 23 , 2017 . In a conference call with reporters earlier in May , ABC president Channing Dungey stated , `` Last Man Standing was a challenging one for me , because it was a steady performer . Once we made the decision not to continue with comedy on Friday , it was just kind of that 's where we landed . '' Dungey cited studio ownership , future creative direction , ratings and viewer engagement as all factors in her decision . A year later , the petition 's signatures had grown to 438,000 . Tim Allen voiced his displeasure with the cancellation , tweeting on May 16 , 2017 : `` Stunned and blindsided by the network I called home for the last six years . '' On May 20 , 2017 , Howard Kurtzman , president of 20th Century Fox Television , reportedly showed some interest in his studio continuing to produce the show . `` We 're starting to explore that , '' Kurtzman said . `` ... ( Fox Co-President ) Jonnie ( Davis ) and I are hopeful that we can find another home for it . '' Variety also confirmed in an exclusive report that 20th Century Fox Television would shop the series to other networks and streaming services in hopes it would be picked up for a seventh season ; another home was not quickly found , however . In August 2017 , Allen expressed his appreciation for support by the show 's fans to bring it back , and said the talent behind the show had much more to add . Revival on Fox ( edit ) On May 3 , 2018 , Allen tweeted that a return `` just might be a reality '' and prompted the show 's supporters to `` keep it up '' . The same day , TVLine reported that Fox was `` poised to '' resurrect Last Man Standing for the 2018 -- 19 TV season , adding that Tim Allen is `` officially on board '' . Deadline Hollywood reported that Fox was in talks for another season , but it was `` by no means a sure thing '' , suggesting it would depend on whether the actors could be re-signed `` at reasonable salaries '' . On May 11 , 2018 , Fox TV 's CEOs and chairmen announced that Fox had officially picked up Last Man Standing for a seventh season . Dana Walden , chairman of Fox Television Group , later hinted that the return of Last Man Standing was in part a response to the huge success of the Roseanne reboot on ABC earlier in 2018 : `` Obviously , I think everyone took a good , hard look at the performance of Roseanne . It did so well , and it certainly did remind us that we have a huge , iconic comedy star in our Fox family in Tim Allen . '' On July 2 , Fox announced that , in addition to Allen , series regulars Nancy Travis , Amanda Fuller , Hector Elizondo , Christoph Sanders , Jordan Masterson and Jonathan Adams have all signed on to appear in the season 7 reboot . Molly Ephraim and Flynn Morrison both opted not to return for the new season . Their roles ( `` Mandy '' and `` Boyd '' , respectively ) will be recast ahead of the new season . Kaitlyn Dever , who recently signed on to play a lead role in the 2019 Netflix miniseries Unbelieveable , is in negotiations to return as `` Eve '' in a recurring role . On August 6 , 2018 , it was announced that Molly McCook and Jet Jurgensmeyer would be taking over the roles of `` Mandy '' and `` Boyd '' , respectively . The show will air in the same Friday night time slot as it did on ABC for the sixth season ; if it is renewed for an eighth season , it will be forced to move to a new time slot , as Fox has signed an agreement to air WWE SmackDown on Friday nights beginning in fall 2019 . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) ( L to R ) Last Man Standing stars Héctor Elizondo , Tim Allen and Christoph Sanders Last Man Standing received generally negative reviews from critics . On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , season one holds an approval rating of 15 % based on 33 reviews , and an average rating of 4.14 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Last Man Standing is a thoroughly middling sitcom relying on jokes that feel alternately dated or hostile . The first season received an 80 % from the audience on the site and the second season received a 79 % . '' On Metacritic , the season has a weighted average score of 33 out of 100 , based on 24 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . The Hollywood Reporter called the series `` a predictable sitcom with a stupid premise and bad acting . '' Los Angeles Times : `` The jokes and plots have been efficiently constructed , but most have no traction ; they slide right off you , and the characters themselves seem disconnected from one another . '' Entertainment Weekly offered a slightly more favorable review of the show : `` When I look at the now - rounded softness of Tim Allen , and note once again how his sandpaper voice contrasts winningly with his hopeful eyes , it 's impossible to plunge a shiv into this series . '' Season two of the series holds an approval rating of 40 % on Rotten Tomatoes . Entertainment Weekly commented : `` I think it 's time the folks involved with Last take a closer look at All in the Family , in which the prejudice was built around real jokes . '' The A.V. Club : `` The problem with Last Man Standing 's attempts to go political is exemplified by the first scene of the season première , which remains one of the most uncomfortable scenes of television I 've ever watched ... doing its best to push buttons in the audience that do n't need to be pushed , as if it thinks what made ( Norman ) Lear 's sitcoms a success was the yelling or the mentions of social issues that people sometimes argued about . '' Philly.com wrote about season three : `` The unlikely comeback vehicle for Tim Allen , Last Man Standing on ABC , is a thoroughly traditional , absolutely charming sitcom . ( ... ) Last Man is both economical and efficient , getting excellent comic mileage out of the most marginal bit players . '' The series is particularly popular among conservatives , many of whom viewed the show as a counterpoint to Modern Family , another 20th Century Fox sitcom that aired on ABC at the same time and featured more liberal ideologies . A study conducted during the 2016 U.S. presidential election found that it was the tenth most popular show on television with Republicans . Ratings ( edit ) ABC 's series premiere of Last Man Standing drew a 3.5 adults 18 -- 49 rating . That was 9 % better than the 3.2 adults 18 -- 49 rating for the series premiere of No Ordinary Family in the same time - slot the previous year ( which was two weeks earlier in the season ) . Season 2 of Last Man Standing premiered with a 2.0 , down about 38 % from its first - season premiere , but up about 18 % from the previous season 's finale . Season Timeslot ( ET ) Network No. of episodes Premiered Ended TV season Rank Viewers ( million ) Live + DVR viewers Date Premiere viewers ( million ) Premiere 18 -- 49 rating / share Date Finale viewers ( million ) Finale 18 -- 49 rating / share Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ABC 24 October 11 , 2011 12.93 3.4 / 10 May 8 , 2012 6.62 1.7 / 5 2011 -- 12 50 9.12 9.76 Friday 8 : 00 pm 18 November 2 , 2012 8.07 2.0 / 7 March 22 , 2013 7.85 1.6 / 6 2012 -- 13 53 7.93 8.34 22 September 20 , 2013 6.67 1.5 / 6 April 25 , 2014 6.10 1.4 / 6 2013 -- 14 58 7.17 7.92 22 October 3 , 2014 6.91 1.3 / 5 April 17 , 2015 6.16 1.1 / 5 2014 -- 15 60 8.18 8.52 5 22 September 25 , 2015 6.26 1.1 / 5 April 22 , 2016 5.94 1.0 / 4 2015 -- 16 56 7.96 TBA 6 22 September 23 , 2016 5.95 1.1 / 5 March 31 , 2017 6.06 1.1 / 5 2016 -- 17 41 8.06 TBA 7 Fox TBA September 28 , 2018 TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA 2018 -- 19 TBA TBA TBA Awards and nominations ( edit ) Last Man Standing was nominated for a 2012 People 's Choice Award for `` Favorite New TV Comedy '' , but lost to CBS 's 2 Broke Girls . Year Association Nominee / episode Outcome 2011 ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top Television Series Carl Thiel ( composer ) Won 2012 People 's Choice Awards Favorite New TV Comedy Last Man Standing Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Actor Tim Allen Nominated TV Guide Magazine 's Fan Favorites Awards Favorite Comeback Won Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a TV Series ( Comedy or Drama ) -- Supporting Young Actress Kaitlyn Dever Nominated 2013 Environmental Media Awards Television Episodic Comedy `` Mother Fracker '' Won ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top Television Series Carl Thiel ( composer ) Won 2014 Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Cinematography For A Multi-Camera Series Donald A. Morgan -- `` Eve 's Boyfriend '' Nominated ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top Television Series Carl Thiel ( composer ) Won 2015 ASCAP Screen Music Awards Top Television Series Carl Thiel ( composer ) Won Home media ( edit ) DVD Name Ep # Release Date Last Man Standing : The Complete First Season 24 May 13 , 2014 Last Man Standing : The Complete Second Season 18 Last Man Standing : The Complete Third Season 22 October 28 , 2014 Last Man Standing : The Complete Fourth Season 22 October 5 , 2015 Last Man Standing : The Complete Fifth Season 22 June 26 , 2018 Last Man Standing : The Complete Sixth Season 22 Syndication ( edit ) On September 3 , 2015 , it was announced that ABC Family ( now Freeform ) had obtained syndication rights to the series , which began airing episodes on September 28 , 2015 . As of 2018 , Freeform no longer airs the series . On May 15 , 2015 , it was announced that Hallmark Channel had obtained the rights to the sitcom , and they aired the series from January 2016 until December 31 , 2017 . On September 4 , 2015 , the series joined the CMT Network with a mini-marathon of episodes . The series also joined WGN America on April 30 , 2018 . Five seasons were available for streaming on Netflix . Currently , all six seasons are available for streaming on Hulu . Broadcast ( edit ) Last Man Standing aired on ABC in the U.S. ; on Fox8 , Network Ten and Eleven ( previously aired on One ) in Australia ; City in Canada ; and TV3 in New Zealand . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , it premiered on October 9 , 2012 on Sky One , which aired the first three seasons before dropping it due to low ratings ; the show was bought by E4 , where it premiered on March 13 , 2017 ; Channel 4 then reran the program on Sunday mornings from July until September 2017 ; in 2018 , 5STAR acquired the show for reruns . In Israel , it airs on yes Comedy . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Since becoming series regulars in season 4 , Jordan Masterson and Jonathan Adams are only credited for the episodes in which they appear . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` Fox Sets Fall Premiere Dates : ' Empire ' , ' 9 - 1 - 1 ' , Recast ' Lethal Weapon ' & More '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ham Radio in Hollywood : Comedian Tim Allen Stars as Radio Amateur on New TV Show '' . American Radio Relay League . December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 2 , 2018 ) . `` Last Man Standing Shake - Up : 2 Major Roles Being Recast Ahead of Season 7 '' . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 11 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : Alexandra Krosney Exits Last Man Standing , Role Recast '' . tvline.com . Retrieved November 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( August 6 , 2018 ) . `` Last Man Standing 's Mandy Recast : Molly McCook Replaces Molly Ephraim '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Last Man Standing EP Laments That ' Unfortunate ' Cast Departure '' . TV Line . TV Line . Retrieved 2 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Vince Calandra ( writer ) & Victor Gonzalez ( director ) ( October 10 , 2014 ) . `` Rediscover America '' . Last Man Standing . Season 4 . Episode 3 . ABC . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 8 , 2010 ) . `` ABC Lands ' Man Up ' Comedy From Writer Jack Burditt Which May Star Tim Allen '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Development Update : Wednesday , January 19 '' . The Futon Critic . January 19 , 2011 . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( January 19 , 2011 ) . `` NBC orders Ron Moore pilot '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2011 . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( February 18 , 2011 ) . `` Home Improvement Redux : Tim Allen Returns to ABC Roots With Comedy Pilot '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 18 , 2011 ) . `` Tim Allen Commits To ABC Comedy Pilot '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( February 18 , 2011 ) . `` Tim Allen Nabs ABC Sitcom Pilot '' . AolTV . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( March 29 , 2011 ) . `` Nancy Travis lands lead in Tim Allen 's ABC pilot '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 29 , 2011 ) . `` Nancy Travis Gets Female Lead In ABC 's Tim Allen Pilot , Jere Burns Joins NBC Comedy '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey , Morgan ( March 30 , 2011 ) . `` Nancy Travis joins ABC Tim Allen pilot '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( August 30 , 2011 ) . `` Hector Elizondo joins Tim Allen project '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ; Hibberd , James ( May 13 , 2011 ) . `` ABC picks up Tim Allen comedy , renews ' Happy Endings ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 17 , 2011 ) . `` ABC 2011 -- 12 Primetime Schedule Announced '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( June 27 , 2011 ) . `` ABC Announces Fall Series Premiere Dates : Late Starts for ' Once Upon a Time , ' ' Man Up ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 3 , 2011 ) . `` ABC Picks Up Full Seasons of ' Once Upon a Time , ' ' Last Man Standing ' and ' Happy Endings ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( January 12 , 2012 ) . `` ABC orders more of ' Last Man Standing ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : Private Practice , ' Body of Proof ' Renewed ; ' Last Man Standing , ' ' Scandal ' & ' Apt 23 ′ Renewed Too ; ' GCB ' Canceled '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( July 26 , 2012 ) . `` Fall TV : ABC Announces Premiere Dates '' . TV Line . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie . `` Tim Doyle Joins ABC 's ' Last Man Standing ' As New Showrunner '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 28 , 2012 ) . `` Nastaran Dibai To Run ' Malibu Country ' , Kevin Abbott Rejoins ' Last Man Standing ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Michael Ausiello . `` Last Man Standing Drops Alexandra Krosney -- Season 2 '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 27 , 2012 ) . `` TV Castings -- Chicago Fire , Last Man Standing , Arrow '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Baldwin , Kristen . `` ' Last Man Standing ' adds actors to play Tim Allen 's daughter , grandson '' . Insidetv.ew.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Last Man Standing ' Season 2 retools family dynamic and ages up the kid -- From Inside the Box -- Zap2it '' . Blog.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2012 . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Keck 's Exclusives : Last Man Standing Recasts Role -- Today 's News : Our Take '' . TVGuide.com . August 16 , 2012 . Retrieved October 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Baldwin , Kristen . `` ' Last Man Standing ' adds actors to play Tim Allen 's daughter , grandson '' . Insidetv.ew.com . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie . `` ABC Comedies ' Malibu Country ' & ' Last Man Standing ' Get Orders For More Scripts '' . deadline.com on November 12 , 2012 . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 28 , 2012 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' and ' Malibu Country ' Get 5 More Episodes Each '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' Renewed : ABC Orders Season 3 '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 16 , 2013 ) . `` ABC Sets Premiere Dates for 2013 -- 2014 Including ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' Once Upon A Time In Wonderland ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2013 . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Last Man Standing ' renewed for 4th season '' . Entertainment Weekly . May 10 , 2014 . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Allen Guest Stars on ' Cristela ' in ' Last Man Standing ' Crossover Episode ! '' . Entertainment Tonight . Jump up ^ `` Last Man Standing renewed for season 5 '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Wagmeister ( 2015 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' Renewed : Season 5 Greenlit by ABC -- Variety '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` ' Last Man Standing ' Season 6 Premiere Date Revealed '' . TV Series . June 30 , 2016 . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' Canceled By ABC After 6 Seasons '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Despite High Ratings , ABC Cancels Trump - Friendly Sitcom ' Last Man Standing ' '' . May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mooney , Paula . `` ' LAST MAN STANDING ' CANCELED WITH 8.1 M VIEWERS : FANS BOYCOTT ABC OVER TIM ALLEN 'S CONSERVATIVE CHRISTIAN ROLE '' . Inquisitir . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Maglio , Tony ; Gajewski , Ryan . `` Did Tim Allen 's Nazi Germany Joke Help Kill ' Last Man Standing ' ? '' . TheWrap . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blasting News '' . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Allen Breaks Silence on Cancellation of `` Last Man Standing '' as Petition Clears 140,000 + Signatures `` . Tribuist.com . May 16 , 2017 . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' Resurrected At Fox For Season 7 With Original Cast Led By Tim Allen '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Staff , AOL . `` Tim Allen lashes out at ABC after ' Last Man Standing ' cancellation '' . AOL.com . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AOL.com '' . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' : 20th Century Fox TV Will Seek New Home for Tim Allen Comedy '' . Variety.com . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Savitsky , Sasha ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' ratings put pressure on networks to revive conservative show ' Last Man Standing ' '' . Fox News . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Savitsky , Sasha ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` Tim Allen teases ' Last Man Standing ' return '' . Fox News . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` Last Man Standing Revival Eyed at Fox , Tim Allen Officially on Board '' . TVLine.com . Retrieved May 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' Eyes Resurrection At Fox With Star Tim Allen Set to Return '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Corriston , Michele ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` Tim Allen 's Last Man Standing Is Returning to TV 1 Year After Cancellation '' . People . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Levin , Gary ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` Last Man Standing ' resurfaces at Fox , a year after ABC canceled it '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Battaglio , Stephen . `` Tim Allen 's ' Last Man Standing ' returns -- this time on Fox 's fall schedule '' . latimes.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Morrow , Brendan ( July 3 , 2018 ) . `` Who Is n't Returning for ' Last Man Standing ' Season 7 ? Two Roles Are Being Recast '' . cheatsheet.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 2 , 2018 ) . `` Last Man Standing Shake - Up : 2 Major Roles Being Recast Ahead of Season 7 ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . TVLine . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( July 2 , 2018 ) . `` Tim ' Last Man Standing ' Regulars Molly Ephraim , Flynn Morrison Exit Ahead of Season 7 , Roles to Be Recast '' . variety.com . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Guthrie , Marisa ( June 27 , 2018 ) . `` Fox and WWE Close Five - Year Deal to Bring ' SmackDown ' to Network '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Traina , Jimmy ( June 27 , 2018 ) . `` Cord cutting , millennials ca n't stop Vince McMahon and WWE '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Last Man Standing : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Last Man Standing ( 2011 ) -- Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2011 . Retrieved May 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Tim ( October 5 , 2011 ) . `` Last Man Standing : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Robert ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` Last Man Standing ' : Review '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' : Tim Allen returns to TV , no ' Home Improvement ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Last Man Standing : Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken ( November 2 , 2012 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' and ' Malibu Country ' : Season premiere reviews '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd ( April 1 , 2013 ) . `` Last Man Standing 's second season was the weirdest sitcom season since ' Til Death '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hiltbrand , David ( December 20 , 2013 ) . `` Lots of funny business all over TV '' . Philly.com . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 favorite TV shows of Democrats and Republicans '' . Business Insider . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kondology , Amanda ( November 5 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Final TV Ratings : ' Last Man Standing ' and ' Malibu Country ' Adjusted Up ; ' Fringe ' and ' Nikita ' Adjusted Down '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Last Man , ' ' NCIS , ' ' 90210 , ' ' Dancing ' Adjusted Up ; ' Ringer , ' ' Body Of Proof ' Adjusted Down -- Ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 9 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Voice ' , ' Glee ' , ' DWTS ' + ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' LA Complex ' , + ' Private Practice ' Adjusted Down '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Complete List Of 2011 -- 12 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' American Idol , ' ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' -- Ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 -- 2012 Full Season Live + 7 DVR Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Leads Ratings and Viewership Gains , ' Grimm ' Ranks Number One In Percentage Increases -- Ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . June 11 , 2012 . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Daily Preliminary Broadcast Cable Finals Broadcast Finals ( November 2 , 2012 ) . `` Friday Final TV Ratings : ' Last Man Standing ' and ' Malibu Country ' Adjusted Up ; ' Fringe ' and ' Nikita ' Adjusted Down -- Ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 23 , 2013 ) . `` TV Ratings Friday : ' Last Man Standing ' & ' Malibu Country ' Finales Rise , ' Grimm ' Flat , ' Touch ' Up , Plus NCAA Tournament Preliminary Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Complete List Of 2012 -- 13 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' NCIS , ' ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' -- Ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . May 29 , 2013 . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic . `` Full 2012 -- 2013 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : Complete 2012 -- 13 Season ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase & Tops Total Viewership Gains ; ' Hannibal ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase -- Ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 23 , 2013 ) . `` Friday Final TV Ratings : ' Shark Tank ' Adjusted Up , ' 20 / 20 ' Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for ' Last Man Standing ' or ' The Neighbors ' '' . TV by the Numbers . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 28 , 2014 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' , ' Blue Bloods ' , ' Last Man Standing ' & ' Shark Tank ' Adjusted Up ; ' Grimm ' , ' Hannibal ' & ' Dateline ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team . `` Primetime TV Series 2013 Ratings & Rankings -- Full List -- Deadline '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings : Complete 2013 - 14 Season ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Raising Hope ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase , ' The Blacklist ' Tope Viewership Gains - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 6 , 2014 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' Last Man Standing ' , ' Shark Tank ' & ' 20 / 20 ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2014 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' The Amazing Race ' Adjusted Up ; ' 20 / 20 ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` Full 2014 -- 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 Ratings : Complete 2014 - 15 Season ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' The Messengers ' Earns Biggest Percentage Increase , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewership Gains - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Dixon , Dani ( September 28 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' The Amazing Race ' + ' Shark Tank ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' and ' 20 / 20 ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2015 . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' adjusts up , ' MacGyver ' and ' Exorcist ' hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' finale adjusts up , ' The Originals ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Final 2016 -- 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Magazine Fan Favorites Awards Winners Revealed ! '' . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EMA Awards Past and present '' . The Environmental Media Association . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Television Series '' . American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Television Series '' . American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 ASCAP Screen Music Awards '' . American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers . March 24 , 2016 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Family Fall 2015 Schedule with Last Man Standing ; Girl Meets World Tackles Asperger 's Syndrome in Upcoming Episode -- SitcomsOnline.com News Blog '' . sitcomsonline.com . Jump up ^ `` Hallmark Channel Acquires Last Man Standing for 2016 ; Sitcom Stars on Talk Shows ( Week of May 18 , 2015 ) -- SitcomsOnline.com News Blog '' . sitcomsonline.com . Jump up ^ `` ABC Primetime Schedule 2011 '' . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( September 20 , 2013 ) . `` FOX8 premieres : Sept / Oct '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Last Man Standing -- Shows -- TV3 '' . MediaWorks . September 20 , 2013 . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( September 19 , 2012 ) . `` Sky1 Acquires UK Rights To ABC 's Comedy Series ' Last Man Standing ' '' . TVWise . Retrieved September 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` E4 buys Last Man Standing '' . Chortle . March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved 24 May 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Last Man Standing . Official website Last Man Standing on IMDb Last Man Standing at TV.com Fox programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 9 - 1 - 1 ( since 2018 ) Bob 's Burgers ( since 2011 ) Beat Shazam ( since 2017 ) Cosmos : A Spacetime Odyssey ( since 2014 ) Empire ( since 2015 ) Family Guy ( 1999 -- 2002 ; since 2005 ) The Four : Battle for Stardom ( since 2018 ) The Gifted ( since 2017 ) Gordon Ramsay 's 24 Hours to Hell and Back ( since 2018 ) Gotham ( since 2014 ) Hell 's Kitchen ( since 2005 ) Lethal Weapon ( since 2016 ) Love Connection ( since 2017 ) MasterChef ( since 2010 ) MasterChef Junior ( since 2013 ) Miss Universe ( since 2015 ) Miss USA ( since 2016 ) The Orville ( since 2017 ) Prison Break ( 2005 -- 2009 ; since 2017 ) The Resident ( since 2018 ) Showtime at the Apollo ( since 2018 ) The Simpsons ( since 1989 ) So You Think You Can Dance ( since 2005 ) Star ( since 2016 ) News Fox News Sunday ( since 1996 ) Sports Fox College Football ( since 1999 ) MLB on Fox ( since 1996 ) Fox NASCAR ( since 2001 ) Fox NFL / Fox NFL Sunday ( since 1994 ) The OT ( since 2005 ) Fox USGA ( since 2014 ) Fox UFC ( since 2011 ) Upcoming Last Man Standing ( 2018 ) Rel ( 2018 ) The Cool Kids ( 2018 ) Thursday Night Football ( 2018 ) The Masked Singer ( 2019 ) The Passage ( 2019 ) Proven Innocent ( 2019 ) Mental Samurai ( TBA ) Spin the Wheel ( TBA ) See also 4Kids TV Animation Domination Animation Domination High - Def Fox Kids Speed on Fox Sunday Funday Weekend Marketplace Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Last_Man_Standing_(U.S._TV_series)&oldid=854377778 '' Categories : 2011 American television series debuts 2010s American sitcoms American Broadcasting Company network shows American television series revived after cancellation Conservative media in the United States Denver in fiction English - language television programs Fox network shows Teenage pregnancy in television Television series about marriage Television series about sisters Television series about suburbia Television series by 20th Century Fox Television Television shows set in Colorado Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2018 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 TV.com template with ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latviešu ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 22 : 03 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played mike baxter's father on last man standing | [
"Robert Forster as Bud Baxter (seasons 1, 3–4), Mike's widower father who is initially in the construction business, but later opens a marijuana store (\"Bud's Buds\") after it becomes legal in Colorado."
] | [
"Robert Forster"
] |
-2571909086755097627 | Rainy Days and Mondays | Rainy Days and Mondays - Wikipedia Rainy Days and Mondays Jump to : navigation , search `` Rainy Days and Mondays '' Single by The Carpenters from the album Carpenters B - side `` Saturday '' Released May 21 , 1971 Format 7 '' single Recorded 1971 Genre Pop Length 3 : 36 Label A&M 1260 Songwriter ( s ) Paul Williams ; Roger Nichols Producer ( s ) Jack Daugherty The Carpenters singles chronology `` For All We Know '' ( 1971 ) `` Rainy Days and Mondays '' ( 1971 ) `` Superstar '' ( 1971 ) `` For All We Know '' ( 1971 ) `` Rainy Days and Mondays '' ( 1971 ) `` Superstar '' ( 1971 ) Carpenters track listing Side one `` Rainy Days and Mondays '' `` Saturday '' `` Let Me Be the One '' `` ( A Place to ) Hideaway '' `` For All We Know '' Side two `` Superstar '' `` Druscilla Penny '' `` One Love '' `` Bacharach / David Medley '' `` Sometimes '' `` Rainy Days and Mondays '' is a 1971 song by The Carpenters , with instrumental backing by L.A. session musicians from the Wrecking Crew , that went to number 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and it was the duo 's fourth number 1 song on the Adult Contemporary singles chart . However , the song failed to chart in the United Kingdom until it went to number 63 in a reissue there in 1993 . `` Rainy Days and Mondays '' was certified Gold by the RIAA . The song was composed in 1971 by the then fairly unknown composers Roger Nichols and Paul Williams . It was released as the first track on the album Carpenters , popularly known as the Tan Album , and the B - side on the single is `` Saturday '' , written and sung by Richard Carpenter . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personnel 2 Chart performance 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 Compilations 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Personnel ( edit ) Karen Carpenter - lead and backing vocals Richard Carpenter - backing vocals , piano , Wurlitzer electric piano , orchestration Joe Osborn - bass Hal Blaine - drums Tommy Morgan - harmonica Bob Messenger - alto saxophone Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1971 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Easy Listening US Cash Box Top 100 Canada RPM Top Singles Canada RPM Adult Contemporary New Zealand 19 Australia 35 Japan ( Oricon ) 71 Chart ( 1993 ) Peak position United Kingdom 63 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1971 ) Rank Australia 122 Canada 42 US Billboard Hot 100 37 US Easy Listening ( Billboard ) US Cash Box Top 100 33 Compilations ( edit ) Yesterday Once More From the Top Interpretations Love Songs The Essential Collection Carpenters : Gold 35th Anniversary Edition See also ( edit ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1971 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hartman , Kent ( 2012 ) . The Wrecking Crew . St. Martin 's Griffin . pp. 261 -- 263 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 250 - 03046 - 7 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 47 . Jump up ^ http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.5347&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.5347.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.5347 Jump up ^ `` flavour of new zealand - search listener '' . Flavourofnz.co.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.7590&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=mhe12pta2k83e08udtq66ot062 Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1971 / Top 100 Songs of 1971 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Billboard . Books.google.co.uk. 1971 - 12 - 25 . p. 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 30 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) The Carpenters Karen Carpenter Richard Carpenter Albums Offering ( Ticket to Ride ) Close to You Carpenters A Song for You Now & Then Horizon A Kind of Hush Passage Made in America Voice of the Heart Lovelines As Time Goes By Live albums Live in Japan Live at the Palladium Compilation albums The Singles : 1969 -- 1973 The Singles : 1974 -- 1978 The Very Best of the Carpenters Yesterday Once More Only Yesterday From the Top Interpretations : A 25th Anniversary Celebration Love Songs Reflections The Singles : 1969 -- 1981 The Essential Collection : 1965 -- 1997 Carpenters Perform Carpenter Gold : 35th Anniversary Edition The Ultimate Collection 40 / 40 Other Christmas Portrait An Old - Fashioned Christmas Time ( Richard Carpenter ) Karen Carpenter ( album ) Pianist , Arranger , Composer , Conductor ( Richard Carpenter ) Singles `` Looking for Love '' `` Ticket to Ride '' `` ( They Long to Be ) Close to You '' `` We 've Only Just Begun '' `` Merry Christmas , Darling '' `` For All We Know '' `` Rainy Days and Mondays '' `` Superstar '' `` Bless the Beasts and Children '' `` Hurting Each Other '' `` It 's Going to Take Some Time '' `` Goodbye to Love '' `` Sing '' `` Yesterday Once More '' `` Top of the World '' `` Jambalaya ( On the Bayou ) '' `` I Wo n't Last a Day Without You '' `` Please Mr. Postman '' `` Santa Claus Is Comin ' to Town '' `` Only Yesterday '' `` Solitaire '' `` There 's a Kind of Hush ( All Over the World ) '' `` I Need to Be in Love '' `` Goofus '' `` Breaking Up Is Hard to Do '' `` All You Get from Love Is a Love Song '' `` Calling Occupants of Interplanetary Craft '' `` The Christmas Song ( Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire ) '' `` Sweet , Sweet Smile '' `` I Believe You '' `` Touch Me When We 're Dancing '' `` ( Want You ) Back in My Life Again '' `` Those Good Old Dreams '' `` Beechwood 4 - 5789 '' `` Make Believe It 's Your First Time '' `` Your Baby Does n't Love You Anymore '' `` Now '' `` Little Altar Boy '' `` Honolulu City Lights '' `` Something in Your Eyes '' `` If I Had You '' `` Let Me Be the One '' `` Tryin ' to Get the Feeling Again '' `` Ave Maria '' `` The Rainbow Connection '' TV series / specials Make Your Own Kind of Music Live at the BBC Very First TV Special Space Encounters A Christmas Portrait Music , Music , Music DVDs Gold : Greatest Hits Interpretations Close to You : Remembering the Carpenters Related articles Discography Songs John Bettis Joe Osborn Tony Peluso If I Were a Carpenter The Karen Carpenter Story Superstar : The Karen Carpenter Story Book This 1970s single -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rainy_Days_and_Mondays&oldid=819487864 '' Categories : 1971 singles Songs written by Paul Williams ( songwriter ) Songs written by Roger Nichols ( songwriter ) The Carpenters songs Andy Williams songs Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles A&M Records singles 1971 songs 1970s single stubs Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 17 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sang rainy days and mondays always get me down | [
"\"Rainy Days and Mondays\" is a 1971 song by The Carpenters, with instrumental backing by L.A. session musicians from the Wrecking Crew,[1] that went to number 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and it was the duo's fourth number 1 song on the Adult Contemporary singles chart.[2] However, the song failed to chart in the United Kingdom until it went to number 63 in a reissue there in 1993. \"Rainy Days and Mondays\" was certified Gold by the RIAA."
] | [
"The Carpenters"
] |
3589567412613339549 | Pro Football Hall of Fame Game | Pro Football Hall of Fame game - wikipedia Pro Football Hall of Fame game Jump to : navigation , search Pro Football Hall of Fame Game Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium before the start of the 2017 Pro Football Hall of Fame Game Recent and upcoming games 2017 season Dallas Cowboys 20 Arizona Cardinals 18 2018 season TBA The Pro Football Hall of Fame Game is an annual National Football League exhibition game that is held the weekend of the Pro Football Hall of Fame 's induction ceremonies . The game is played at Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium , which is located adjacent to the Hall of Fame building in Canton , Ohio . It is traditionally the first game in the NFL 's preseason , marking the end of the NFL 's six - month offseason . Contents ( hide ) 1 Team selection 1.1 Expansion clubs 1.2 Scheduling 2 Television and radio 3 Game history 4 Standings 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Team selection ( edit ) The two teams that play in the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game are typically selected by the league in advance of the remainder of the preseason schedule . The participants are usually announced around the time that the new Hall of Fame members are announced , which coincides with Super Bowl week . Often if a particularly notable player will be entering the Hall of Fame that year a team they were strongly associated with may be selected to play in the game to help maximize attendance and publicity of the game itself . Since 1971 , the opponents for each game have traditionally included one AFC team and one NFC team . In 2009 , as recognition of the 50th anniversary of the American Football League , the game paired two AFC teams who were part of the `` original eight '' franchises of the AFL , the Tennessee Titans ( dressed as their previous incarnation , the Houston Oilers ) and the Buffalo Bills , whose owner , Ralph Wilson , was inducted into the Hall that year . An all - NFC matchup was scheduled for 2011 , but it was canceled due to the 2011 NFL lockout ; the following year , another intra-conference matchup of two NFC teams took its place . Since 2012 , both competing teams in the game has had at least one prominent alumnus being inducted into the Hall that year . Because this game and the Hall of Fame 's induction ceremonies are scheduled on the weekend before the league 's regular four - week exhibition season begins , both teams end up playing five exhibition games instead of the normal four , and unlike the Canadian Football League , the league does not remove an exhibition game from another week . Expansion clubs ( edit ) The last four expansion teams to have been added to the league each played in the Hall of Fame Game as their first game . In 1995 , expansion clubs Jacksonville and Carolina played one another , and in 2002 , Houston was one of the participants . When the Cleveland Browns returned to the league with a rebooted roster in 1999 , they too played in the Hall of Fame Game . ( The Baltimore Ravens , while officially considered as being established in 1996 , did not play in the Hall of Fame Game that year , nor have they played at any time in their existence . ) Scheduling ( edit ) Prior to the AFL - NFL merger , the Hall of Fame Game was played in August or September , in some cases at the end of the preseason . In 1970 , it was moved to the beginning of the preseason . Prior to 2002 , it was not uncommon for the game to be played in July . Since 2002 , when the league permanently moved the start of the season to the weekend after Labor Day , the game has always been played in early August . The 2011 game was originally scheduled between the St. Louis Rams and the Chicago Bears , but the game was canceled due to an ongoing labor dispute that had disrupted nearly all league activity during the 2011 offseason . The two clubs had set a deadline of July 22 to ratify a resolution in enough time to prepare for the game . The league and players did not ratify the agreement until July 25 , forcing cancellation of the game . The 2016 edition , which was scheduled to be played between the Green Bay Packers and the Indianapolis Colts , was canceled due to unsafe playing conditions . Mike Silver of NFL.com reported that on the morning of game day , the logos at midfield and the end zones had been painted using paint which was not intended for use on artificial turf . When it was apparent the paint was n't drying fast enough , the field was heated to speed up the drying process , but this caused the turf 's rubber to melt . These issues led to unfavorable play conditions . The affected areas were described as being slick and `` like cement , '' making it impossible to get decent footing . Stadium officials attempted to address this by applying a solvent , reportedly paint thinner , to the turf . A Packers employee noticed a label warning that this substance could result in burns when exposed to skin , and alerted others to the discovery . When officially cancelling the game , both the league and the Players Association cited safety concerns . Both teams were told at 6 : 40 p.m. -- an hour and 20 minutes before kickoff -- that the game was going to be canceled . However , fans in the stadium only learned of the pending cancellation via social media . No official announcement was made until just before the scheduled 8 p.m. kickoff . On December 28 , 2016 , the NFL announced that the 2017 edition of the game would be played on Thursday , August 3 , 2017 . The scheduling change makes the Hall of Fame Game the first event of the Hall of Fame Weekend . On February 23 , 2017 , it was announced the 2017 edition will be played between the Dallas Cowboys and the Arizona Cardinals . Television and radio ( edit ) Unlike the majority of NFL preseason games , which air on local networks , the Hall of Fame Game airs nationwide . From 1999 to 2005 , the game was held on Monday night , televised as part of ABC 's Monday Night Football package . It had previously been held typically on Saturday afternoons , except from 1963 to 1965 on Sunday afternoons , televised as part of ABC 's Wide World of Sports package ( still using the MNF crew ) . In 1998 , the game was put in the MNF package , and played on a Saturday night , which served as a test run for the move to Monday night . Starting in 2006 , it was moved to Sunday night , coinciding with the new NBC Sunday Night Football television package . The 2007 game was telecast on NFL Network as NBC was intending to televise the China Bowl game in Beijing , China ( a game which was postponed to 2009 and later canceled ) . The Hall of Fame Game has since bounced between both networks . The 2012 game aired on NFL Network due to NBC 's coverage of the Summer Olympics . After a two - year absence , the game returned to NBC in 2013 and remained on the network until 2015 . The 2016 game was scheduled to air on ESPN as it was to be played two days into the 2016 Summer Olympics but the game was canceled due to field conditions , it returned to NBC in 2017 and will remain on the network until 2019 . Westwood One owns national radio rights ; it is the only preseason game to air on a nationwide network . Each team 's radio network is also allowed to broadcast the games ( albeit usually with fewer affiliates since exhibition games are traditionally much lower priority to non-sports and non-flagship stations ) . In 2007 and 2008 , the game was broadcast live in both Ireland and the United Kingdom by Sky Sports . It was not shown in 2009 because of a dispute between Sky Sports and the NFL over TV rights . ESPN America ( formerly North American Sports Network ) broadcasts the game in the rest of Europe . From 1998 to 2005 , the Global Television Network aired the game in Canada , simulcasting ABC ; upon the move to Sunday night in 2006 , the CTV Television Network aired the game until 2010 . With CTV airing the 2012 Summer Olympics , TSN broadcast the Hall of Fame Game in 2012 . Azteca 7 aired Spanish - language coverage of the Hall of Fame Game in Mexico from 1998 to 2005 ; the Game moved to Canal 5 in 2006 and aired on that station until 2010 . Due to the cancellation of the 2011 Hall of Fame Game and Televisa 's Summer Olympics coverage , the Hall of Fame Game moved to Televisa Deportes in 2012 and then to Galavision in 2013 . Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium is part of the Cleveland market , and is also within 75 miles of numerous other television markets in northeast Ohio and western Pennsylvania . As such , the NBC affiliates ( and before them , the ABC affiliates ) are within league requirements to blackout the game in the rare event the game does not sell out . Because the stadium only holds 22,375 fans ( less than half the NFL 's minimum requirements for its stadiums ) and the Hall of Fame induction ceremonies bring large numbers of outside fans to Canton , the game has , to date , always sold out ( several NFL teams , as well as the Super Bowl , have similarly enjoyed long sellout streaks ) . Game history ( edit ) Date Away team Away score Home team Home score Recap August 11 , 1962 New York Giants 21 St. Louis Cardinals 21 Recap September 8 , 1963 Cleveland Browns 7 Pittsburgh Steelers 16 Recap September 6 , 1964 Baltimore Colts 48 Pittsburgh Steelers 17 Recap September 12 , 1965 Detroit Lions Washington Redskins 20 Recap August 5 , 1967 Cleveland Browns 13 Philadelphia Eagles 28 Recap August 3 , 1968 Dallas Cowboys 24 Chicago Bears 30 Recap September 13 , 1969 Green Bay Packers 38 Atlanta Falcons 24 Recap August 8 , 1970 New Orleans Saints 14 Minnesota Vikings 13 Recap July 31 , 1971 Houston Oilers 6 Los Angeles Rams 17 Recap July 29 , 1972 Kansas City Chiefs 23 New York Giants 17 Recap July 28 , 1973 San Francisco 49ers 20 New England Patriots 7 Recap July 27 , 1974 Buffalo Bills 13 St. Louis Cardinals 21 Recap August 2 , 1975 Washington Redskins 17 Cincinnati Bengals 9 Recap July 24 , 1976 Denver Broncos 10 Detroit Lions 7 Recap July 30 , 1977 Chicago Bears 20 New York Jets 6 Recap July 29 , 1978 Miami Dolphins Philadelphia Eagles 17 Recap July 28 , 1979 Dallas Cowboys 13 Oakland Raiders 20 Recap August 2 , 1980 San Diego Chargers 0 Green Bay Packers 0 Recap August 1 , 1981 Atlanta Falcons 10 Cleveland Browns 24 Recap August 7 , 1982 Baltimore Colts 14 Minnesota Vikings 30 Recap July 30 , 1983 New Orleans Saints 14 Pittsburgh Steelers 27 Recap July 28 , 1984 Seattle Seahawks 38 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 0 Recap August 3 , 1985 New York Giants 21 Houston Oilers 20 Recap August 2 , 1986 New England Patriots 21 St. Louis Cardinals 16 Recap August 8 , 1987 San Francisco 49ers 20 Kansas City Chiefs 7 Recap July 30 , 1988 Cincinnati Bengals 14 Los Angeles Rams 7 Recap August 5 , 1989 Washington Redskins 31 Buffalo Bills 6 Recap August 4 , 1990 Cleveland Browns 0 Chicago Bears 13 Recap July 27 , 1991 Detroit Lions 14 Denver Broncos Recap August 1 , 1992 New York Jets 41 Philadelphia Eagles 14 Recap July 31 , 1993 Green Bay Packers Los Angeles Raiders 19 Recap July 30 , 1994 San Diego Chargers 17 Atlanta Falcons 21 Recap July 29 , 1995 Carolina Panthers 20 Jacksonville Jaguars 14 Recap July 27 , 1996 Indianapolis Colts 10 New Orleans Saints Recap July 26 , 1997 Minnesota Vikings 28 Seattle Seahawks 26 Recap August 1 , 1998 Pittsburgh Steelers 6 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 30 Recap August 9 , 1999 Dallas Cowboys 17 Cleveland Browns 20 Recap July 31 , 2000 New England Patriots 20 San Francisco 49ers 0 Recap August 6 , 2001 St. Louis Rams 17 Miami Dolphins 10 Recap August 5 , 2002 Houston Texans 17 New York Giants 34 Recap August 4 , 2003 Kansas City Chiefs 9 Green Bay Packers 0 Recap August 9 , 2004 Denver Broncos 17 Washington Redskins 20 Recap August 8 , 2005 Chicago Bears 27 Miami Dolphins 24 Recap August 6 , 2006 Oakland Raiders 16 Philadelphia Eagles 10 Recap August 5 , 2007 New Orleans Saints 7 Pittsburgh Steelers 20 Recap August 3 , 2008 Indianapolis Colts 16 Washington Redskins 30 Recap August 9 , 2009 Buffalo Bills 18 Tennessee Titans 21 Recap August 8 , 2010 Dallas Cowboys 16 Cincinnati Bengals 7 Recap August 7 , 2011 Canceled due to 2011 NFL lockout Ref . August 5 , 2012 Arizona Cardinals 10 New Orleans Saints 17 Recap August 4 , 2013 Miami Dolphins 20 Dallas Cowboys 24 Recap August 3 , 2014 New York Giants 17 Buffalo Bills 13 Recap August 9 , 2015 Pittsburgh Steelers Minnesota Vikings 14 Recap August 7 , 2016 Canceled due to poor field conditions Ref . August 3 , 2017 Dallas Cowboys 20 Arizona Cardinals 18 Recap August 5 , 2018 TBA TBA Standings ( edit ) Team PCT Last appearance Washington Redskins 5 0 0 1.000 2008 Chicago Bears 0 0 1.000 2005 Oakland / Los Angeles Raiders 0 0 1.000 2006 Carolina Panthers 0 0 1.000 1995 Minnesota Vikings 0 . 750 2015 Pittsburgh Steelers 0 . 500 2015 New England Patriots 0 . 667 2000 San Francisco 49ers 0 . 667 2000 Los Angeles / St. Louis Rams 0 . 667 Kansas City Chiefs 0 . 667 2003 New York Giants . 625 2014 Dallas Cowboys 0 . 500 2017 Indianapolis / Baltimore Colts 0 . 500 2008 Philadelphia Eagles 0 . 500 2006 New York Jets 0 . 500 Seattle Seahawks 0 . 500 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 0 . 500 1998 Cleveland Browns 0 . 400 1999 New Orleans Saints 0 . 400 2012 Green Bay Packers . 375 2003 Cincinnati Bengals 0 . 333 Atlanta Falcons 0 . 333 1994 Denver Broncos 0 . 333 Detroit Lions 0 . 333 1991 Tennessee Titans / Houston Oilers 0 . 333 2009 Arizona / St. Louis Cardinals . 300 2017 Los Angeles / San Diego Chargers 0 . 250 1994 Baltimore Ravens 0 0 0 -- N / A Houston Texans 0 0 . 000 2002 Jacksonville Jaguars 0 0 . 000 1995 Buffalo Bills 0 0 . 000 2014 Miami Dolphins 0 0 . 000 2013 Most appearances -- 6 : Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1963 , 1964 , 1983 , 1998 , 2007 , and 2015 ) and Dallas Cowboys ( 1968 , 1979 , 1999 , 2010 , 2013 , and 2017 ) Most wins -- 5 : Washington Redskins ( 1965 , 1975 , 1989 , 2004 , and 2008 ) Longest active drought without Hall of Fame Game appearance -- 26 seasons : Detroit Lions ( last appearance -- 1991 ) ; 25 seasons : New York Jets ( last appearance -- 1992 ) ; 23 seasons : Atlanta Falcons and Los Angeles Chargers ( last appearance -- 1994 ) ; 22 seasons : Carolina Panthers and Jacksonville Jaguars ( last appearance -- 1995 ) Active teams to have never made a Hall of Fame Game appearance -- Baltimore Ravens Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Game ended with 5 : 29 remaining in the fourth quarter due to severe lightning . Jump up ^ Game ended with 5 : 49 remaining in the third quarter due to severe lightning . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Individual Tickets & Festival Fan Packages '' . Profootballhof.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Silver , Mike ( 2016 - 08 - 04 ) . `` Hall of Fame Game cancellation : NFL made the right decision '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ Demovsky , Rob ( August 7 , 2016 ) . `` Poor field conditions force cancellation of Hall of Fame game '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Fame Game fiasco : How the wrong paint , melted rubber , and caustic paint thinner nixed Packers - Colts '' . Acme Packing Company ( SBNation ) . Vox Media . Retrieved 10 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Doyel , Gregg ( 2016 - 08 - 07 ) . `` Doyel : NFL fans deserve better '' . The Indianapolis Star . Jump up ^ `` Annual Hall of Fame Game moved to Thursday night '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 29 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Sunday Night Football '' Debuts `` . NBC Sports History Page . 2006 NFL Record and Fact Book . p. 401 . ISBN 1 - 933405 - 32 - 5 . `` AFC - NFC Hall of Fame Game '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 08 . External links ( edit ) Pro Football Hall of Fame American Football League Legacy Game Pro Football Dallas Cowboys Hall of Fame Game 2017 National Football League ( 2017 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history AFL Championship ( 1960 -- 1969 ) NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Other Owners Officials Properties Stadiums ( chronology ) Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Awards All - Pro Numbers ( retired ) Hall of Fame Lore Nicknames AFL Merger International Foreign players London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Media TV NFL Network Radio Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement NFLPA Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Tied games Canceled games Lockouts Controversies Cheerleading Mascots Color Rush Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pro_Football_Hall_of_Fame_Game&oldid=806474076 '' Categories : Pro Football Hall of Fame Game 1962 establishments in Ohio American football in Ohio Annual sporting events in the United States National Football League competitions National Football League exhibition season Pro Football Hall of Fame Recurring sporting events established in 1962 Sports in Canton , Ohio Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2017 , at 07 : 32 . 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"The Pro Football Hall of Fame Game is an annual National Football League exhibition game that is held the weekend of the Pro Football Hall of Fame's induction ceremonies. The game is played at Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium, which is located adjacent to the Hall of Fame building in Canton, Ohio. It is traditionally the first game in the NFL's preseason, marking the end of the NFL's six-month offseason."
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633302866828483216 | Salute | Salute - Wikipedia Salute Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the gesture . For other uses , see Salute ( disambiguation ) . A salute is a gesture or other action used to display respect . Salutes are primarily associated with armed forces , but other organizations and civilians also use salutes . A U.S. Navy officer performs a military hand salute . Pakistan army soldiers saluting British - style , palms facing outward . Scouting leader and a new Scout exchange salutes Contents ( hide ) 1 Military salutes 1.1 Saluting with left hand 1.2 Origin 1.3 Small arms salutes 1.4 Heavy arms : gun salutes 1.4. 1 Naval cannon fire 1.4. 2 United States Army Presidential Salute Battery 1.4. 3 Aerial salutes 1.5 Military salutes in different countries 1.5. 1 Australia and New Zealand 1.5. 2 British military 1.5. 2.1 British Army 1.5. 2.2 Royal Air Force 1.5. 2.3 Royal Navy 1.5. 2.4 In the colonial context 1.5. 3 Canadian military 1.5. 4 Danish military 1.5. 5 French military 1.5. 6 German military 1.5. 7 Indian military 1.5. 8 Indonesia Salute 1.5. 9 Israel Defense Forces 1.5. 10 Pakistan Armed Forces 1.5. 11 People 's Republic of China 1.5. 12 Polish military 1.5. 13 Swiss Armed Forces 1.5. 14 Turkish Armed Forces 1.5. 15 U.S. Armed Forces 1.5. 16 Zogist salute 2 Non-military services 2.1 Canadian police 2.1. 1 Non-police 2.2 Hong Kong 2.3 Civilian military auxiliaries ( U.S. ) 2.4 State Defense Forces ( U.S. ) 3 Civilian salutes 3.1 Roman salute 3.2 Airline industry 3.3 One - finger salute 3.4 Clenched fist salute 3.5 Greetings 3.6 Obeisances 3.7 Marching bands and Drum & Bugle Corps 4 Military salutes in popular culture 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Military salutes ( edit ) Admiral Jay L. Johnson and Admiral Vern Clark of the United States Navy salute each other during a change - of - command ceremony . Clark is replacing Johnson as Chief of Naval Operations . In military traditions of various times and places , there have been numerous methods of performing salutes , using hand gestures , cannon or rifle shots , hoisting of flags , removal of headgear , or other means of showing respect or deference . In the Commonwealth of Nations , only commissioned officers are saluted , and the salute is to the commission they carry from their respective commanders - in - chief representing the Monarch , not the officers themselves . The British Army 's salute is almost identical to the French salute . The customary salute in the Polish Armed Forces is the two - fingers salute , a variation of the British military salute with only two fingers extended . In the Russian military , the right hand , palm down , is brought to the right temple , almost , but not quite , touching ; the head has to be covered . In the Swedish armed forces , the salute is identical to that of the U.S. armed forces and the Royal Navy . In the Hellenic Army salute the palm is facing down and the fingers point to the coat of arms . In the United States Navy , United States Marine Corps , United States Coast Guard , United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps , Colombian Army and Ecuadorian Army , as well as in all branches of the French Armed Forces , British Armed Forces , Canadian Forces , Danish Armed Forces , Hellenic Armed Forces , Italian Armed Forces , Norwegian Armed Forces , Polish Armed Forces , Swedish Armed Forces and Turkish Armed Forces , Russian and all former Soviet republic forces , hand salutes are only given when a cover ( protection for the head , usually a hat ) is worn . The United States Army and United States Air Force give salutes both covered and uncovered , but saluting indoors is forbidden except when formally reporting to a superior officer or during an indoor ceremony . It should be noted that when outdoors , a cover is to be worn at all times when wearing Battle Dress Uniforms / Army Combat Uniforms , but is not required when wearing physical training ( PT ) gear . When the presence of enemy snipers is suspected , military salutes are generally forbidden , since the enemy may use them to recognize officers as valuable targets . Saluting with left hand ( edit ) Some soldiers may salute with the left hand when the right hand is encumbered in some way ( though it is rare ) , for example , a soldier with a rifle at Right Shoulder Arms ; if movement of a weapon would be encumbered when making the armed salute ; if the performance of duty requires the right hand for use or operation of equipment such as riding a motorcycle ; if it is not possible to use the hand due to injury or amputation ; when escorting a woman and it is not possible to walk on her right side . Origin ( edit ) Rustic Civility by William Collins showing a child `` tugging his forelock '' as a person of higher standing passes on horseback ( only visible by the shadow ) According to some modern military manuals , the modern Western salute originated in France when knights greeted each other to show friendly intentions by raising their visors to show their faces , using a salute . Others also note that the raising of one 's visor was a way to identify oneself saying `` This is who I am , and I am not afraid . '' Medieval visors were , to this end , equipped with a protruding spike that allowed the visor to be raised using a saluting motion . The US Army Quartermaster School provides another explanation of the origin of the hand salute : that it was a long - established military custom for subordinates to remove their headgear in the presence of superiors . As late as the American Revolution , a British Army soldier saluted by removing his hat . With the advent of increasingly cumbersome headgear in the 18th and 19th centuries , however , the act of removing one 's hat was gradually converted into the simpler gesture of grasping or touching the visor and issuing a courteous salutation . As early as 1745 , a British order book stated that : `` The men are ordered not to pull off their hats when they pass an officer , or to speak to them , but only to clap up their hands to their hats and bow as they pass . '' Over time , it became conventionalized into something resembling our modern hand salute . The naval salute , with the palm downwards is said to have evolved because the palms of naval ratings , particularly deckhands , were often dirty through working with lines and was deemed insulting to present a dirty palm to an officer ; thus the palm was turned downwards . During the Napoleonic Wars , British crews saluted officers by touching a clenched fist to the brow as though grasping a hat - brim between fingers and thumb . Small arms salutes ( edit ) Main article : Present arms ( command ) A captain of the French Navy salutes by holding the back of his saber to his face during the ceremonies of the 14th of July in Toulon . When carrying a sword ( which is still done on ceremonial occasions ) , European military forces and their cultural descendants use a two - step gesture . The sword is first raised , in the right hand , to the level of and close to the front of the neck . The blade is inclined forward and up 30 degrees from the vertical ; the true edge is to the left . Then the sword is slashed downward to a position with the point close to the ground in front of the right foot . The blade is inclined down and forward with the true edge to the left . This gesture originated in the Crusades . The hilt of a sword formed a cross with the blade , so if a crucifix was not available , a Crusader could kiss the hilt of his sword when praying , before entering battle , for oaths and vows , and so on . The lowering of the point to the ground is a traditional act of submission . In fencing , the fencers salute each other before putting their masks on to begin a bout . There are several methods of doing this , but the most common is to bring the sword in front of the face so that the blade is pointing up in front of the nose . The fencers also salute the referee and the audience . When armed with a rifle , two methods are available when saluting . The usual method is called `` present arms '' ; the rifle is brought to the vertical , muzzle up , in front of center of the chest with the trigger away from the body . The hands hold the stock close to the positions they would have if the rifle were being fired , though the trigger is not touched . Less formal salutes include the `` order arms salute '' and the `` shoulder arms salutes . '' These are most often given by a sentry to a low - ranking superior who does not rate the full `` present arms '' salute . In the `` order arms salute , '' the rifle rests on its butt by the sentry 's right foot , held near the muzzle by the sentry 's right hand , and does not move . The sentry brings his flattened left hand across his body and touches the rifle near its muzzle . When the rifle is being carried on the shoulder , a similar gesture is used in which the flattened free hand is brought across the body to touch the rifle near the rear of the receiver . A different type of salute with a rifle is a ritual firing performed during military funerals , known as a three - volley salute . In this ceremonial act , an odd number of rifleman fire three blank cartridges in unison into the air over the casket . This originates from an old European tradition wherein a battle was halted to remove the dead and wounded , then three shots were fired to signal readiness to reengage . Heavy arms : gun salutes ( edit ) A cannon on a naval vessel 's deck fired during the arrival of a dignitary . The Saluting Battery in Valletta firing a gun salute . Naval cannon fire ( edit ) See also : 21 - gun salute The custom of firing cannon salutes originated in the Royal Navy . When a cannon was fired , it partially disarmed the ship , so needlessly firing a cannon showed respect and trust . As a matter of courtesy a warship would fire her guns harmlessly out to sea , to show that she had no hostile intent . At first , ships were required to fire seven guns , and forts , with their more numerous guns and a larger supply of gunpowder , to fire 21 times . Later , as the quality of gunpowder improved , the British increased the number of shots required from ships to match the forts . The system of odd numbered rounds is said to have been originated by Samuel Pepys , Secretary to the Navy in the Restoration , as a way of economising on the use of powder , the rule until that time having been that all guns had to be fired . Odd numbers were chosen , as even numbers indicated a death . As naval customs evolved , the 21 - gun salute came to be reserved for heads of state , with fewer rounds used to salute lower - ranking officials . Today , heads of government and cabinet ministers ( e.g. , the Vice President , U.S. cabinet members , and service secretaries ) , and military officers with five - star rank receive 19 rounds ; four - stars receive 17 rounds ; three - stars receive 15 ; two - stars receive 13 ; and a one - star general or admiral receives 11 . These same standards are currently adhered to by ground - based saluting batteries . Multiples of 21 - gun salutes may be fired for particularly important celebrations . In monarchies this is often done at births of members of the royal family of the country and other official celebrations associated with the royal family . United States Army Presidential salute Battery ( edit ) A specialty platoon of the 3rd US Infantry Regiment ( The Old Guard ) , the Presidential Salute Battery is based at Fort Myer , Virginia . The Guns Platoon ( as it is known for short ) has the task of rendering military honors in the National Capital Region , including armed forces full - honors funerals ; state funerals ; presidential inaugurations ; full - honors wreath ceremonies at the Tomb of the Unknowns in Arlington National Cemetery ; state arrivals at the White House and Pentagon , and retirement ceremonies for general - grade officers in the Military District of Washington , which are normally conducted at Fort Myer . The Presidential Salute Battery also participates in A Capitol Fourth , the Washington Independence Day celebration ; the guns accompany the National Symphony Orchestra in performing the `` 1812 Overture '' . The platoon maintains its battery of ten ceremonially - modified World War II - vintage M - 5 anti-tank guns at the Old Guard regimental motor pool . Aerial salutes ( edit ) A ceremonial or celebratory form of aerial salute is the flypast ( known as a `` flyover '' in the United States ) , which often follows major parades such as the annual Trooping the Colour in the United Kingdom or the French défilé du 14 juillet . It is seen in other countries as well , notably Singapore and Canada . In Singapore , the Republic of Singapore Air Force usually conducts aerial salutes during the annual National Day Parade and major state events , such as during the funeral of Lee Kuan Yew . Gun salute by aircraft , primarily displayed during funerals , began with simple flypasts during World War I and have evolved into the missing man formation , where either a formation of aircraft is conspicuously missing an element , or where a single plane abruptly leaves a formation A casual salute by an aircraft , somewhat akin to waving to a friend , is the custom of `` waggling '' the wings by partially rolling the aircraft first to one side , and then the other . Military salutes in different countries ( edit ) Australia and New Zealand ( edit ) In both countries , the right - hand salute is generally identical to , and drawn from the traditions of , the British armed forces . The salute of the Australian or New Zealand Army is best described as the right arm taking the path of the longest way up and then the shortest way down . Similar in many ways , the salute of the Royal Australian Air Force and Royal New Zealand Air Force takes the longest way up and the shortest way down . The Royal Australian Navy and Royal New Zealand Navy , however , take the shortest way up , palm down , and the shortest way down . The action of the arm rotating up is slower than the action of the conclusion of the salute which is the arm being quickly `` snapped '' down to the saluter 's side . Junior members are required to salute first and the senior member is obliged to return the compliment . Protocol dictates that the Monarch , members of the Royal Family , the Governor - General and State Governors are to be saluted at all times by all ranks . Except where a Drill Manual ( or parade ) protocol dictates otherwise , the duration of the salute is timed at three beats of the quick - time march ( approximately 1.5 seconds ) , timed from the moment the senior member first returns it . In situations where cover ( or `` headdress '' , as it is called in the Australian Army ) is not being worn , the salute is given verbally ; the junior party ( or at least the senior member thereof ) will first come to attention , then offer the salute `` Good morning / afternoon Your Majesty / Your Royal Highness / Prime Minister / Your Grace / Sir / Ma'am '' , etc. , as the case may be . It is this , rather than the act of standing to attention , which indicates that a salute is being offered . If either party consists of two or more members , all will come to attention , but only the most senior member of the party will offer ( or return ) the physical or verbal salute . The party which is wearing headdress must always offer , or respond with , a full salute . At the Forward Edge of the Battle Area ( FEBA ) no salutes of any kind are given , under any circumstances ; it is always sensible to assume that there are snipers in the area . In this case , parties personally known to each other are addressed familiarly by their first or given names , regardless of rank ; senior officers are addressed as one might address a stranger , courteously , but without any naming or mark of respect . British military ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Personnel from the Royal Air Force , the British Army and the Royal Navy saluting . British Army ( edit ) Since 1917 , the British Army 's salute has been given with the right hand palm facing forwards with the fingers almost touching the cap or beret . Before 1917 , the salute was given with whichever hand was furthest from the person being saluted , whether that was the right or the left . The salute is given to acknowledge the Queen 's commission . A salute may not be given unless a soldier is wearing his regimental headdress , for example a Beret , Caubeen , Tam o ' Shanter , Glengarry , field service cap or peaked cap . This does not apply to members of The Blues and Royals ( RHG / 1stD ) The Household Cavalry who , after The Battle of Warburg were allowed to salute without headdress . If a soldier or officer is not wearing headdress then he or she must come to attention instead of giving / returning the salute . The subordinate salutes first and maintains the salute until the superior has responded in kind . There is a widespread though erroneous belief that it is statutory for `` all ranks to salute a bearer of the Victoria Cross '' . There is no official requirement that appears in the official Warrant of the VC , nor in Queen 's Regulations and Orders , but tradition dictates that this occurs and as such the Chiefs of Staff will salute a Private awarded a VC or GC . Royal Air Force ( edit ) The custom of saluting commissioned officers relates wholly to the commission given by Her Majesty the Queen to that officer , not the person . Therefore , when a subordinate airman salutes an officer , he is indirectly acknowledging Her Majesty as Head of State . A salute returned by the officer is on behalf of the Queen . The RAF salute is similar to the British Army , the hand is brought upwards in a circular motion out from the body , it is stopped 1 inch ( 20 mm ) to the rear of the right of the right eye , the elbow and wrist are kept inline with the shoulder . The hand is then brought straight down back to the position of attention , this movement is completed to the timing `` UP TWO - THREE / DOWN '' Royal Navy ( edit ) The Naval salute differs in that the palm of the hand faces down towards the shoulder . This dates back to the days of sailing ships , when tar and pitch were used to seal a ship 's timbers from seawater . To protect their hands , officers wore white gloves and it was considered most undignified to present a dirty palm in the salute , so the hand was turned through 90 degrees . A common story is that Queen Victoria , having been saluted by an individual with a dirty palm , decreed that in future sailors of the fleet would salute palm down , with the palm facing the ground . In the colonial context ( edit ) In the British Empire ( originally in the maritime and hinterland sphere of influence of the East India Company , HEIC , later transformed into crown territories ) , mainly in British India , the numbers of guns fired as a gun salute to the ruler of a so - called princely state became a politically highly significant indicator of his status , not governed by objective rules , but awarded ( and in various cases increased ) by the British paramount power , roughly reflecting his state 's socio - economic , political and / or military weight , but also as a prestigious reward for loyalty to the Raj , in classes ( always odd numbers ) from three to twenty - one ( seven lacking ) , for the `` vassal '' indigenous rulers ( normally hereditary with a throne , sometimes raised as a personal distinction for an individual ruling prince ) . Two sovereign monarchies officially outside the Empire were granted a higher honor : thirty - one guns for the royal houses of Afghanistan ( under British and Russian influence ) , and Siam ( which was then ruled by the Rattanakosin Kingdom ) . In addition , the right to style himself Highness ( Majesty , which since its Roman origin expresses the sovereign authority of the state , was denied to all `` vassals '' ) , a title of great importance in international relations , was formally restricted to rulers of relatively high salute ranks ( originally only those with eleven guns or more , later also those with nine guns ) . Canadian military ( edit ) Much as the British salute , described above , the Canadian military salutes to demonstrate a mark of respect and courtesy for the commissioned ranks . When in uniform and not wearing headdress one does not salute . Instead , compliments shall be paid by standing at attention . If on the march , arms shall be swung and the head turned to the left or right as required . On Remembrance Day , 2009 , The Prince of Wales attended the national ceremony in Ottawa with Governor General Michaëlle Jean -- both wearing Canadian military dress . CBC live television coverage of the event noted that , when Prince Charles saluted , he performed the Canadian form of the salute with a cupped hand ( the British `` naval salute '' -- appropriate , as he did his military service as an officer in the Royal Navy ) , adopted by all elements of the Canadian Forces after unification in 1968 , rather than the British ( Army ) form with the palm facing forward . Danish military ( edit ) Danish Army Salute In the Danish military , there are two types of military salutes . The first type is employed by the Royal Danish Navy , Royal Danish Air Force , and Guard Hussar Regiment Mounted Squadron , and is the same as one the used by the U.S. . The second is employed by the Royal Danish Army , and goes as follows : Raise the right arm forward , as to have upper arm 90 degrees from the body . Move the right hand to the temple , and have it parallel to the ground . French military ( edit ) A lieutenant - colonel saluting officials at the ceremonies of the 14th of July in Toulon . The French military salutes to demonstrate a mark of respect , fraternity and courtesy for all soldiers ; subalterns salute superiors and every salute is given back . Salutes are not performed if a member is not wearing a headdress or if is holding a weapon . The French salute , as the original template , is performed with a flat hand , palm facing forwards ; the upper arm is horizontal and the tip of the fingers come near the corner of the eyes . It perfectly mirrors the gesture made when knights greeted each other to show friendly intentions by raising their visors to show their faces . A crisp tension may be given when the salute is broken . German military ( edit ) In the German Bundeswehr , the salute is performed with a flat hand , with the thumb resting on the index finger . The hand is slightly tilted to the front so that the thumb can not be seen . The upper arm is horizontal and the fingers point to the temple but do not touch it or the headgear . Every soldier saluting another uniformed soldier is entitled to be saluted in return . Soldiers below the rank of Feldwebel are not permitted to speak while saluting . Since the creation of the Bundeswehr , soldiers are required to salute with and without headgear . Originally , in the Reichswehr it was not permitted to perform the salute when the soldier is not wearing uniform headgear . In the Wehrmacht , the traditional military salute was required when wearing headgear , but the Nazi salute was performed when not wearing headgear . East German National People 's Army followed the Reichswehr protocol . Indian military ( edit ) In India , the three forces have different salutes with the Indian Army and the Indian Navy following the British tradition . In the Indian army , the salute is performed by keeping the open palm forward , with fingers and thumb together and middle finger almost touching the hatband or right eyebrow . This is often accompanied by the regimental salutation , eg : `` Sat Sri Akal '' in the Sikh Regiment . The Navy salute has the palm facing towards the ground at a 90 - degree angle . The Indian Air Force salute involves the right arm being sharply raised from the front by the shortest possible way , with the plane of the palm at 45 - degree angle to the forehead . Indonesia salute ( edit ) In Indonesia , the salute is a very common gesture amongst every part of the country , starting from school to military , police and firefighters , the salute is a gesture that every person must know and is commonly used for the flag raising ceremony . In the military , this gesture is known as Present Arms or in Indonesian : Hormat Senjata , Gerak ( with weapons ) or Hormat , Gerak ( without weapons ) . Israel Defense Forces ( edit ) Israeli style salute at IDF ceremony for the newly appointed Commander in Chief of Israeli Navy , Brig . General Ram Rotenberg In the Israel Defense Forces , saluting is normally reserved for special ceremonies . Unlike the United States , saluting is not a constant part of day to day barracks life . Pakistan Armed Forces ( edit ) In Pakistan , the salute is generally identical to that of British armed forces . Salute is given with the right hand palm facing forward and fingers slightly touching the right side of the forehead , but not on the forehead . The salute must be performed by the lower rank officials to the higher rank officials under all conditions except when the higher rank official is not in uniform or if the lower rank official is the driver and the vehicle is in motion . The salute is sometimes also performed by left hand if the right hand of the person is completely occupied . People 's republic of china ( edit ) Military personnel of the People 's Liberation Army salute according to Chinese standards and similar to the Royal Navy salute . Polish military ( edit ) Polish style salute , using two fingers In Polish military forces , military men use two fingers to salute , and when they wear headdress ( including helmet ) only ( an expression of the Polish struggle towards the ultimate egalitarian society : not saluting the person per se ) . This is called the Two - finger salute . There are some exceptions in Polish regulations when salute is not demonstrated , for instance after proclaiming alert in military unit area . As above , salute is marking respect for higher rank or command . Untrained recruits are obliged to salute as without headdress , i.e. to stand at attention ( or -- during walking -- to march at attention ) . Swiss Armed Forces ( edit ) Swiss soldiers are required to salute any higher - ranking military personnel whenever they encounter them . The salute is given like that of the British navy with the palm pointing towards the shoulder . Turkish Armed Forces ( edit ) Turkish soldiers salute while the band plays the national anthem . Within the Turkish military hand salutes are only given when a cover ( protection for the head , usually a hat ) is worn . If head is not covered or when the personnel is carrying a rifle on the shoulder the head salute is performed by nodding the head forward slightly while maintaining erect posture . The salute ( hand or head ) must be performed first by the lower ranking personnel to the higher ranking personnel , and higher official is expected to return the salute , under all conditions except : Personnel who are driving vehicles . Personnel who are on sentry , patrol , observation duty or defending a specific point . Personnel on combat orders . Personnel who are transporting live ammuniton . Military prisoners and personnel escorting them . Despite of the rank , casket of a martyr personnel while in transport or on stand has to be saluted by all ranks of personnel . U.S. Armed Forces ( edit ) Within United States ' military , the salute is a courteous exchange of greetings , with the junior member always saluting first . When returning or rendering an individual salute , the head and eyes are turned toward the Colors or person saluted . Military personnel in uniform are required to salute when they meet and recognize persons entitled to a salute , except when it is inappropriate or impractical ( in public conveyances such as planes and buses , in public places such as inside theaters , or when driving a vehicle ) . It is believed that the U.S. military 's salute was influenced by British military , although differs slightly , in that the palm of the hand faces down towards the shoulder . This difference may date back to the days of sailing ships , when tar and pitch were used to seal the timber from seawater . During such times , it was considered undignified to present a dirty palm in the salute , so the hand was turned through 90 degrees . Specifically , a proper salute goes as follows : Raise the right hand sharply , fingers and thumb extended and joined , palm facing down , and place the tip of the right forefinger on the rim of the visor , slightly to the right of the eye . The outer edge of the hand is barely canted downward so that neither the back of the hand nor the palm is clearly visible from the front . The hand and wrist are straight , the elbow inclined slightly forward , and the upper arm is horizontal . Zogist salute ( edit ) Albanian soldiers performing the Zogist salute Main article : Zogist salute The Zogist salute is a military salute that was instituted by Zog I of Albania . It is a gesture whereby the right hand is placed over the heart , with the palm facing downwards . It was first widely used by Zog 's personal police force and was later adopted by the Royal Albanian Army . In Mexico , a salute similar to the Zogist one is rendered by Mexican civilians during the playing of the Mexican national anthem . Non-military services ( edit ) Canadian Police ( edit ) Most police forces salute similar to the Canadian Forces standard , with the exception of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary , which follow the British Army standard of saluting with the full palm facing forward , touching the brim of the hat , if worn . Non-police ( edit ) Similar salutes are used by honour guards for non-police services ( e.g. Toronto Fire Services , Toronto Transit Commission ) during funerals or ceremonial events . Hong Kong ( edit ) All uniform branches of the Hong Kong ( Police , Police Auxiliary , Police Pipeband , Fire ( including Ambulance service members ) , Immigration , Customs , Correctional Services , Government Flying Service , Civil Aid Service ) salute according to British Army traditions . Personnel stationed with the People 's Liberation Army in Hong Kong salute using the Chinese military standards and similar to those used by the Royal Navy . Non-government organizations like Hong Kong Air Cadet Corps , Hong Kong Adventure Corps , the Boys ' Brigade , Hong Kong , Hong Kong Sea Cadet Corps and St. John Ambulance all follow the same military salutes due to their ties with the British Armed Forces . Civilian military auxiliaries ( U.S. ) ( edit ) In the United States , civilian military auxiliaries such as the Civil Air Patrol are required to salute all commissioned and warrant officers of the U.S. Uniformed Services ( Army , Navy , Air Force , Marine Corps , Coast Guard , U.S. Public Health Service , National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Corps ) senior in rank to them , as well as all friendly foreign officers , though military members are not required to reciprocate ( they may salute voluntarily if they choose ) . CAP officers are required to salute one another though this is not uniformly observed throughout the CAP . Cadets are required to salute all senior members and military / uniformed services personnel . The U.S. Coast Guard Auxiliary requires its members to salute all commissioned and warrant officers ; since Auxiliarists hold `` office '' rather than `` grade '' ( indicated by modified military insignia ) , all Auxiliarists are required to perform this courtesy . Saluting among Auxiliarists is not encouraged . When operating in direct support of the USCG , or when on military installations in general , Auxiliarists usually wear `` member '' insignia unless specified otherwise by the officer / NCO in charge . State Defense Forces ( U.S. ) ( edit ) State Defense Forces are not subject to the Uniform Code of Military Justice . However , they are subject to their State military laws and regulations and render the same customs and courtesies as active duty , Reserve and National Guard personnel . Civilian salutes ( edit ) In most countries , such as the United Kingdom and Canada , civilians do not salute the flag , although some may stand at attention when a national anthem is played or the national flag raised or lowered . In the United Kingdom , certain civilian individuals , such as officers of HM Revenue and Customs , salute the quarterdeck of Royal Navy vessels on boarding . In Ireland , citizens stand at attention when the national anthem `` Amhrán na bhFiann '' is played . They either sing or remain completely silent during the playing of the anthem . This practice usually takes place before Gaelic Games begin . It is also observed at bars and pubs if live music is played . When the performer ( s ) are finished playing it is traditional to perform the national anthem but less common in recent years . In many countries , gestures such as tipping one 's hat when passing another on the street can be considered appropriate civilian salutes . A more formal hat tip - and - lift is common in Britain , especially by doormen in hotels . In the United States , civilians may salute the U.S. flag by placing their right hand over their heart or by standing at attention during the playing of the national anthem or while reciting the U.S. Pledge of Allegiance , or when the flag is passing by , as in a parade . Men and boys remove their hats and other headgear during the salute ; religious headdress ( and military headdress worn by veterans in uniform , who are otherwise civilians ) are exempt . The nature of the headgear determines whether it is held in the left or right hand , tucked under the left arm , etc . However , if it is held in the right hand , the headgear is not held over the heart but the hand is placed in the same position it would be if it were not holding anything . The Defense Authorization Act of 2009 , signed by President Bush , contained a provision that gave veterans and active - duty service members not in uniform the right to salute during the playing of the national anthem . Previous legislation authorized saluting when not in uniform during the raising , lowering and passing of the flag . However , because a salute is a form of communication protected by the Free Speech clause of the First Amendment , legislative authorization is not required for any civilian -- veteran or non-veteran -- to salute the U.S. flag . Civilians in some other countries , like Italy , South Africa , Afghanistan , Bosnia and Herzegovina , South Korea , Poland , Kazakhstan , and Nigeria also render the same civilian salute as their U.S. counterparts when hearing their respective national anthems . In Iran a salute similar to the United States is given . In ancient times a salute would be given by raising a flat hand in front of the chest with the thumb facing the saluters face . In Latin America , especially in Mexico , a salute similar to the United States military 's salute is used , but the hand is placed across the left chest with the palm facing the ground . The same salute was instituted in Albania as the `` Zog salute '' by King Zog I . In the Philippines , civilians salute to the national flag during flag raising and upon hearing the Philippine National Anthem by standing at attention and doing the same hand - to - heart salute as their American , Italian , Nigerian , and South African counterparts . People wearing hats or caps must bare their heads and hold the headwear over their heart . Members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines , the Philippine National Police and the Philippine Coast Guard and sometimes airline pilots and civilian ship crews , meanwhile do the traditional military salutes if they are in uniform on duty ; off - duty personnel do the hand - to - heart salutes ( civilians only ) . During the Martial Law years from 1972 -- 1981 up to the 1986 EDSA Revolution , the `` clenched fist '' salute was done during the singing and playing of the National Anthem by some groups . Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts meanwhile have their own form of salutes . In Indonesia , civilians may either place their right hand to their left - breast ( heart ) or salute the flag as per a military salute , which may be that of the PETA Revolutionaries , or as per modern military drill . All persons present regardless of nationality are expected to stand silently and respectfully during its raising and lowering . It is a severe criminal offense in Indonesia to dishonour the national flag ( known in Indonesian as Sang Saka Merah Putih , `` The Red and White '' ) and its ceremonies , or the national anthem , `` Indonesia Raya '' . Thailand also has the same rule like Indonesia wherein all persons present regardless of nationality are expected to stand at attention and respectfully during the flag raising and lowering and upon hearing the Thai National Anthem every 8 : 00 a.m. and 6 : 00 p.m. or hearing the Sansoen Phra Barami . The Lèse majesté in Thailand says that it is a serious criminal offense to dishonor the flag of Thailand or National / Royal Anthem . Roman salute ( edit ) The Oath of the Horatii , by Jacques - Louis David The Roman salute is a gesture in which the arm is held out forward straight , with palm down and fingers extended straight and touching . Sometimes the arm is raised upward at an angle , sometimes it is held out parallel to the ground . A well known symbol of Nazism , it is commonly perceived to be based on a classical Roman custom . but no known Roman work of art displays this salute , and no known Roman text describes it . Beginning with Jacques - Louis David 's painting The Oath of the Horatii ( 1784 ) , an association of the gesture with Roman republican and imperial culture emerged through 18th - century French art . The association with ancient Roman traditions was further developed in France during the Napoleonic era and again in popular culture through late 19th - and early 20th - century plays and films . These include the epic Cabiria ( 1914 ) , whose screenplay was attributed to Italian nationalist Gabriele d'Annunzio . In a case of life imitating art , d'Annunzio appropriated the salute as a neo-imperial ritual when he led the occupation of Fiume in 1919 . It was soon adopted by the Italian Fascist party , who 's use of the salute inspired the Nazi party salute . However , the armed forces ( Wehrmacht ) of the Third Reich used a German form of the military salute until , in the wake of the July 20 plot on Hitler 's life in 1944 , the Nazi salute or Hitlergruss was imposed on them . The Bellamy salute was a similar gesture and was the civilian salute of the United States from 1892 to 1942 . The United States , considering itself the new Roman Empire , adopted the salute in 1892 in an effort to create a historical link with the Romans . In Germany showing the Roman salute is today prohibited by law . Those rendering similar salutes , for example raising the left instead of the right hand , or raising only three fingers , are liable to prosecution . The punishment derives from § 86a of the German Criminal Code and can be up to three years imprisonment or a fine ( in minor cases ) . Airline industry ( edit ) According to SOPs ( standard operating procedures ) of most airlines , the ground crew that handles departure of an aircraft from a gate ( such handling normally includes : disconnecting of required for engine start pneumatic generators or aircraft power and ventilation utilities , aircraft push - back , icing inspection , etc . ) is required to salute the captain before the aircraft is released for taxi . Captain normally returns the salute . Since a large percentage of airline pilots are ex-military pilots , this practice was transferred to the airline industry from the military . Exactly the same saluting practice is appropriate to most military aircraft operations , including Air Force , Navy and Army . One - finger salute ( edit ) In Islam raising the index finger signifies the Tawhīd ( تَوْحِيد ) , which denotes the indivisible oneness of God . It is used to express the unity of God ( `` there is no god but God '' ) . The gesture has recently become widespread among supporters of political Islam and jihad , particularly members of ISIS , though its use does not necessarily signal extremism . In Arabic , the index or fore finger is called musabbiḥa ( مُسَبِّحة ) , mostly used with the definite article : al - musabbiḥa ( الْمُسَبِّحة ) . Sometimes also as - sabbāḥa ( السَّبّاحة ) is used . The Arabic verb سَبَّحَ - which shares the same root as the Arabic word for index finger - means to praise or glorify God by saying : `` Subḥāna Allāh '' ( سُبْحانَ الله ) . Clenched fist salute ( edit ) The raised clenched fist , symbolizing unity in struggle , was popularized in the 19th century by the socialist , communist and anarchist movements , and is still used today . In the United States , the raised fist was associated with the Black Power movement , symbolized in the 1968 Olympics Black Power salute ; a clenched - fist salute is also proper in many African nations , including South Africa . However , the two salutes are somewhat different : in the Black Power salute , the arm is held straight , while in the salute of leftist movements the arm is bent slightly at the elbow . Greetings ( edit ) Main article : Greeting The civilian Secretary General of NATO Joseph Luns tips his hat at a troop review in 1983 , in lieu of a military salute . This ( the full gesture is shown here ) was by then becoming old - fashioned as a general social greeting , but had once been normal . Many different gestures are used throughout the world as simple greetings . In Western cultures the handshake is very common , though it has numerous subtle variations in the strength of grip , the vigour of the shake , the dominant position of one hand over the other , and whether or not the left hand is used . Historically , when men normally wore hats out of doors , male greetings to people they knew , and sometimes those they did not , involved touching , raising slightly ( `` tipping '' ) , or removing their hat in a variety of gestures , see hat tip . This basic gesture remained normal in very many situations from the Middle Ages until men typically ceased wearing hats in the mid-20th century . Hat - raising began with an element of recognition of superiority , where only the socially inferior party might perform it , but gradually lost this element ; King Louis XIV of France made a point of at least touching his hat to all women he encountered . However the gesture was never used by women , for whom their head - covering included considerations of modesty . When a man was not wearing a hat he might touch his hair to the side of the front of his head to replicate a hat tipping gesture . This was typically performed by lower class men to social superiors , such as peasants to the land - owner , and is known as `` tugging the forelock '' , which still sometimes occurs as a metaphor for submissive behaviour . In Europe , the formal style of upper - class greeting used by a man to a woman in the Early Modern Period was to hold the woman 's presented hand ( usually the right ) with his right hand and kiss it while bowing , see hand - kissing and kissing hands . This style has not been widespread for a century or more . In cases of a low degree of intimacy , the hand is held but not kissed . The ultra-formal style , with the man 's right knee on the floor , is now only used in marriage proposals , as a romantic gesture . The Arabic term salaam ( literally `` peace '' , from the spoken greeting that accompanies the gesture ) , refers to the practice of placing the right palm on the heart , before and after a handshake . A Chinese greeting features the right fist placed in the palm of the left hand and both shaken back and forth two or three times ; it may be accompanied by a head nod or bow . The gesture may be used on meeting and parting , and when offering thanks or apologies . In India , it is common to see the Namaste greeting ( or `` Sat Sri Akal '' for Sikhs ) where the palms of the hands are pressed together and held near the heart with the head gently bowed . Adab , meaning respect and politeness , is a hand gesture used as a Muslim greeting of south Asian Muslims , especially of Urdu - speaking communities of Uttar Pradesh , Hyderabadi Muslims , Bengali Muslims and Muhajir people of Pakistan . The gesture involves raising the right hand towards the face with palm inwards such that it is in front of the eyes and the finger tips are almost touching the forehead , as the upper torso is bent forward . It is typical for the person to say `` adab arz hai '' , or just `` adab '' . It is often answered with the same or the word `` Tasleem '' is said as an answer or sometimes it is answered with a facial gesture of acceptance . In Indonesia , a nation with a huge variety of cultures and religions , many greetings are expressed , from the formalized greeting of the highly stratified and hierarchical Javanese to the more egalitarian and practical greetings of outer islands . Javanese , Batak and other ethnicities currently or formerly involved in the armed forces will salute a Government - employed superior , and follow with a deep bow from the waist or short nod of the head and a passing , loose handshake . Hand position is highly important ; the superior 's hand must be higher than the inferior 's . Muslim men will clasp both hands , palms together at the chest and utter the correct Islamic slametan ( greeting ) phrase , which may be followed by cheek - to - cheek contact , a quick hug or loose handshake . Pious Muslim women rotate their hands from a vertical to perpendicular prayer - like position in order to barely touch the finger tips of the male greeter and may opt out of the cheek - to - cheek contact . If the male is an Abdi Dalem royal servant , courtier or particularly `` peko - peko '' ( taken directly from Japanese to mean obsequious ) or even a highly formal individual , he will retreat backwards with head downcast , the left arm crossed against the chest and the right arm hanging down , never showing his side or back to his superior . His head must always be lower than that of his superior . Younger Muslim males and females will clasp their elder 's or superior 's outstretched hand to the forehead as a sign of respect and obeisance . If a manual worker or a person with obviously dirty hands salutes or greets an elder or superior , he will show deference to his superior and avoid contact by bowing , touching the right forehead in a very quick salute or a distant `` slamet '' gesture . The traditional Javanese Sungkem involves clasping the palms of both hands together , aligning the thumbs with the nose , turning the head downwards and bowing deeply , bending from the knees . In a royal presence , the one performing sungkem would kneel at the base of the throne . A gesture called a wai is used in Thailand , where the hands are placed together palm to palm , approximately at nose level , while bowing . The wai is similar in form to the gesture referred to by the Japanese term gassho by Buddhists . In Thailand , the men and women would usually press two palms together and bow a little while saying `` Sawadee ka '' ( female speaker ) or `` Sawadee krap '' ( male speaker ) . Some cultures use hugs and kisses ( regardless of the sex of the greeters ) , but those gestures show an existing degree of intimacy and are not used between total strangers . All of these gestures are being supplemented or completely displaced by the handshake in areas with large amounts of business contact with the West . These bows indicate respect and acknowledgment of social rank , but do not necessarily imply obeisance . Obeisances ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) An obeisance is a gesture not only of respect but also of submission . Such gestures are rarer in cultures that do not have strong class structures ; citizens of the Western World , for example , often react with hostility to the idea of bowing to an authority figure . The distinction between a formally polite greeting and an obeisance is often hard to make ; for example , proskynesis ( from the words πρός pros ( towards ) and κυνέω kyneo ( to kiss ) ) is described by the Greek researcher Herodotus of Halicarnassus , who lived in the 5th century BC in his Histories 1.134 : When they meet each other in the streets , you may know if the persons meeting are of equal rank by the following token : if they are , instead of speaking , they kiss each other on the lips . In the case where one is a little inferior to the other , the kiss is given on the cheek ; where the difference of rank is great , the inferior prostrates himself upon the ground . After his conquest of Persia , Alexander the Great introduced Persian etiquette into his own court , including the practice of proskynesis . Visitors , depending on their ranks , would have to prostrate themselves , bow to , kneel in front of , or kiss the king . His Greek countrymen objected to this practice , as they considered these rituals only suitable to the gods . In countries with recognized social classes , bowing to nobility and royalty is customary . Standing bows of obeisance all involve bending forward from the waist with the eyes downcast , though variations in the placement of the arms and feet are seen . In western European cultures , women do not bow , they `` curtsey '' ( a contraction of courtesy that became its own word ) , a movement in which one foot is moved back and the entire body lowered to a crouch while the head is bowed . The European formal greeting used from men to women can be transformed into an obeisance gesture by holding the suzerain 's hand with both hands . This kind of respect is due to kings , princes , sovereigns ( in their kingdoms ) , archbishops ( in their metropolitan province ) or the Pope ( everywhere ) . In ultra-formal ceremonies ( a coronation , oath of allegiance or episcopal inauguration ) the right knee shall touch the ground . In South Asia traditions , obeisance also involves prostrating oneself before a king . Many religious believers kneel in prayer , and some ( Roman Catholics , and Anglicans ) genuflect , bending one knee to touch the ground , at various points during religious services ; the Orthodox Christian equivalent is a deep bow from the waist , and as an especially solemn obeisance the Orthodox make prostrations , bending down on both knees and touching the forehead to the floor . Roman Catholics also employ prostrations on Good Friday and at ordinations . During Islamic prayer , a kneeling bow called sajdah is used , with forehead , nose , hands , knees , and toes all touching the ground . Jews bow from the waist many times during prayer . Four times during the Yom Kippur service , and once on each day of Rosh Hashanah , many Jews will kneel and then prostrate . With the Salvation Army , when becoming a soldier , at a christening or other official event , underneath the flag , a salute is often used . This involves holding the hand , palm forwards , with all the fingers held in a clenched fist position . The index finger is left raised pointing towards God , and the hand is often held at chest height , in a similar position to that of Girl Guides . Marching bands and drum & bugle Corps ( edit ) Hand salutes similar to those used in the military are rendered by the Drum Major of a marching band or drum corps just prior to beginning their performance ( after the show announcer asks if the group is ready ) , as well as following completion of the performance , both rendered to the audience . The classic `` corps style '' salute is often known as the `` punch '' type , where the saluting party will first punch their right arm straight forward from their body , arm parallel to the ground , hand in a fist , followed by the more traditional salute position with the right hand , left arm akimbo . Dropping the salute typically entails snapping the saluting hand to the side and clenching the fist , then dropping both arms to the sides . In the US , a Drum Major carrying a large baton or mace will often salute by bringing the right hand , holding the mace with the head upward , to the left shoulder . There are occasional , more flamboyant variations , such as the windmill action of the saluting arm given by the Madison Scouts drum major , or the running of the saluting hand around the brim of the hat worn by the Cavaliers drum major . Military salutes in popular culture ( edit ) Many artefacts of popular culture have created military salutes for fictional purposes , more often than not with a cynical or sarcastic purpose . In his 1953 comic book album Le Dictateur et le Champignon , which is part of the Spirou et Fantasio series , Belgian artist Franquin creates a silly salute , used in a fictional Latin American country named Palombia . When saluting , subordinates of General Zantas must raise their hands over their heads , with the palm facing forward , then point to the top of their heads with their thumbs . Franquin repeats this idea in his 1957 comic book album Z comme Zorglub , another episode of the Spirou et Fantasio series . Here , almighty science wizard Zorglub 's conscripted soldiers salute their leader by pointing to their heads with their index fingers to cynically underline how much of a genius they consider him to be . In the Marvel Comics universe members of the organisation Hydra salute in a similar way to a fascist salute but instead raise both hands with fists clenched . This is also accompanied by chanting `` Hail Hydra '' . In the 1987 parodic science fiction film Spaceballs , directed by Mel Brooks , all subordinates of Supreme leader President Skroob salute him by first bending their forearms over their opposed hands as though they are about to give him the arm of honor salute , but at the last moment , use their raised hands to wave him good bye , rather than showing him the middle finger . In the manga Attack on Titan the members of the armed forces ( and sometimes civilians in a show of respect towards military ) salute by bending their arms and placing their clenched fist over their hearts . The gesture , known as `` offering hearts '' is meant to demonstrate that the soldiers are willing to give their bodies and lives to protect humanity and to ensure its survival . In the BBC TV science fiction comedy Red Dwarf , Arnold J. Rimmer continually performs an elaborate special salute that he has invented for the Space Corps , in spite of the fact that he is not a member of the Corps . It consists of extending the hand out in front of the body , palm down and rotating it about the wrist five times ( to represent the five rings of the Space Corps ) followed by bringing the hand close to the head with the palm facing out . See also ( edit ) Change of command Feu de joie Flypast Military courtesy Noon - day Gun Quenelle ( gesture ) Three - finger salute ( scouts ) Two - fingers salute Water salute References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` See external picture '' . 123rf.com. 2012 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Origin of the Hand Salute '' , US Army Quartermaster Center & School , retrieved 27 September 2014 Jump up ^ `` Maritime Gun Salutes '' . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ E.g. Secretary of the Army , Secretary of the Navy , and Secretary of the Air Force Jump up ^ `` The Origins of Saluting '' . Department of Defence . Archived from the original on 12 October 2009 . Retrieved 9 June 2011 . Jump up ^ General Jack 's Diary ed by John Terraine Jump up ^ `` Royal Air Force website : Frequently Asked Questions -- Who do you salute '' . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Air Officer Administration Headquarters Personnel and Training Command . Royal Air Force Publication AP818 ( RAF DRILL AND CEREMONIAL ) 7th edition . Royal Air force , No date , P. 73 , ( available at : https://learning.bader.mod.uk/Global/AP818%20Drill%20and%20Ceremonial/20061003%20-%20AP%20818%20-%20u.pdf ) Jump up ^ `` 1 section 2 '' . CF Manual of Drill and Ceremonial . Directorate of History and Heritage . pp. 1 -- 2 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Niess , Amanda ( April 2015 ) . Lind , Vickie , ed . `` SBU ( Søvernets basisuddannelse ) '' . Soldaten ( in Danish ) . Copenhagen : Forsvarets Kommunikationssektion ( 3 ) : 22 . Retrieved 14 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How to Salute Like a Soldier '' . wko.olipot.com ( in Danish ) . Retrieved 14 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Different forces , different salutes '' . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ Stephanie Gutmann . The other war : Israelis , Palestinians , and the struggle for media supremacy . p. 26 Jump up ^ The Army Regulations : Instructions corrected upto 30th November , 1959 Jump up ^ TSK İç Hizmet Yönetmeliği ( in Turkish ) ^ Jump up to : `` Everything You Need to Know About the US Military Salute '' . Jump up ^ `` Hand Salute - How To ( ArmyStudyGuide.com ) '' . www.armystudyguide.com . Jump up ^ `` Flag Day in Mexico '' . Vacations.com. 2010 - 02 - 24 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Rippberger , Susan J. ; Staudt , Kathleen A. ( 2012 - 12 - 06 ) . Pledging Allegiance : Learning Nationalism at the El Paso - Juarez Border . Routledge . p. 53 . ISBN 9781136063060 . Students , teachers , and others stand at attention with their right hand held precisely at right angle to their chest , hand flat , parallel to their heart . Jump up ^ inkmonamour ( 28 October 2015 ) . `` South Africa vs New Zealand - 1995 Rugby World Cup final ( anthems + haka ) '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ kimagure ( 24 March 2016 ) . `` 20160324 JAPAN vs AFGHANISTAN Afghanistan Singing of the national anthem '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Felipe Rosa Machado ( 15 August 2014 ) . `` Argentina vs Bosnia , entrance plus Argentina Anthem '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ fugerghiufureow5 ( 31 August 2015 ) . `` MŚ Niemcy 2006 - `` Mazurek Dąbrowskiego '' przed polskimi meczami '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Kazakh Leader Changes National Anthem - RADIO FREE EUROPE / RADIO LIBERTY '' . web-beta.archive.org . Archived from the original on 2006 - 01 - 07 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Winkler , Martin M. ( 2009 ) . The Roman Salute : Cinema , History , Ideology . Columbus : Ohio State University Press , . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8142 - 0864 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Falasca - Zamponi , Simonetta ( 2000 ) . Fascist spectacle : the aesthetics of power in Mussolini 's Italy . Studies on the history of society and culture . 28 ( illustrated ed . ) . University of California Press . pp. 110 -- 113 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 22677 - 7 . Jump up ^ Evans , Richard J. ( 2005 ) . `` The Rize of Nazism '' . The Coming of the Third Reich ( reprint , illustrated ed . ) . Penguin Group . pp. 184 -- 185 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 303469 - 8 . Jump up ^ Allert , Tilman ; Translated by Jefferson Chase ( April 2009 ) . The Hitler Salute : On the Meaning of a Gesture ( Picador ed . ) . Picador . p. 94 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 42830 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Drißner , Gerald ( 2016 ) . Islam for Nerds - 500 Questions and Answers . Berlin : createspace . p. 521 . ISBN 978 - 1530860180 . Jump up ^ Zelinsky , Nathaniel ( 3 September 2014 ) . `` ISIS Sends a Message : What Gestures Say About Today 's Middle East '' . Foreign Affairs . Archived from the original on 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Gambhir , Vijay ( 1996 ) . The Teaching and Acquisition of South Asian Languages . University of Pennsylvania Press . p. 87 . ISBN 0 - 8122 - 3328 - X . Jump up ^ `` Business Etiquette : Greetings '' . Jump up ^ `` Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , An Intermediate Greek - English Lexicon , κυνέω '' . Perseus.tufts.edu . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Internet History Sourcebooks '' . Fordham.edu . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Melia ( October 12 , 2013 ) . `` This Is The Costume Every Teen Is Wearing To New York Comic Con '' . Business Insider . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . As they pass each other they stop , crumpling their right hands into fists over their hearts and placing the other hand behind their backs -- a salute . External links ( edit ) Look up obeisance in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Salutes . Leonard Wong , Douglas C. Lovelace , Jr. : Knowing when to Salute , Strategic Studies Institute of the US Army War College , July 2007 ( hide ) Gestures Friendly gestures Air kiss Applause Cheek kiss Dap Elbow bump Eskimo kiss Fist bump Forehead kiss Hand heart Handshake Hand wave Hat tip High five Hongi ILY sign Kiss Liberian snap handshake Namaste OK Pinky swear Pound hug Shaka Thumb signal Gestures of respect Adab Bow Curtsey Gadaw Genuflection Hand - kiss Kowtow Kuji - in Mano Mudra Namaste Prostration Sampeah Sembah Schwurhand Wai Zolgokh Salutes Bellamy salute Nazi salute Raised fist Roman salute Scout sign and salute Three - finger salute Two - finger salute Vulcan salute Zogist salute Celebratory gestures Applause Crossed hands Fist pump High five Victory clasp V sign Finger - counting Finger binary Chinese number gestures Chisanbop Obscene gestures Anasyrma Bras d'honneur Cornuto Fig sign Finger Mooning Mountza Reversed V sign Shocker Thumb / index - finger ring Wanker Taunts Akanbe Finger Loser Talk to the hand Head motions Head shake Head bobble Nod Other gestures Air quotes Allergic salute Aussie salute Crossed fingers Facepalm Eyelid pull Finger gun Gang signal Hand - in - waistcoat Hand rubbing Jazz hands Laban sign Merkel diamond Pabebe wave Pollice verso Shrug Sign of the cross Sign of the horns Related List of gestures Mudras Articulatory gestures Manual communication Nonverbal communication Sign language Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salute&oldid=815568823 '' Categories : Military life Hand gestures Greetings Gestures of respect Salutes Hidden categories : CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) Articles with Turkish - language external links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from September 2014 Articles needing additional references from November 2017 All articles needing additional references All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2010 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles needing additional references from October 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Svenska தமிழ் Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 17 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who do you salute in the british army | [
"Since 1917, the British Army's salute has been given with the right hand palm facing forwards with the fingers almost touching the cap or beret. Before 1917, the salute was given with whichever hand was furthest from the person being saluted, whether that was the right or the left.[6] The salute is given to acknowledge the Queen's commission. A salute may not be given unless a soldier is wearing his regimental headdress, for example a Beret, Caubeen, Tam o' Shanter, Glengarry, field service cap or peaked cap. This does not apply to members of The Blues and Royals (RHG/1stD) The Household Cavalry who, after The Battle of Warburg were allowed to salute without headdress. If a soldier or officer is not wearing headdress then he or she must come to attention instead of giving/returning the salute. The subordinate salutes first and maintains the salute until the superior has responded in kind."
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"the superior"
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-6879322742995306439 | R/T | R / T - wikipedia R / T Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the vehicle badge . For other uses , see RT . Dodge R / T vehicles badge R / T is the performance marker used on Dodge automobiles since the 1960s ( much like Chevrolet Super Sport ) . R / T stands for Road / Track ( no `` and '' ) . R / T models come with R / T badging , upgraded suspension , tires , brakes , and more powerful engines . Some models come with monotone paint and stripes , as well as aggressive body parts . The Chrysler SRT Division ( Chrysler Corp . SRT Vehicles ) has been the high performance auto group for Dodge vehicles from 2004 until present , therefore the R / T designation does not carry the status it once did . The R / T vehicles , however , still carry upgraded badging and performance indicative of their heritage . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current Vehicles 2 Previous Vehicles 3 Other vehicles using R / T properties 4 Concept vehicles using R / T properties 5 Engines Gallery 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Current Vehicles ( edit ) Vehicle Type Engine 0 -- 60 mph ( 0 -- 100 km / h ) Photo Dodge Challenger R / T 2008 - Present V8 5.7 Chrysler Hemi engine 375 hp ( Manual ) 372 hp ( Automatic ) 5.0 s Dodge Charger R / T 2011 - Present V8 5.7 Chrysler Hemi engine 370 hp 5.3 s Dodge Durango R / T 2011 - Present V8 5.7 Chrysler Hemi engine 360 hp 7.3 s Dodge Journey R / T 2012 - Present V6 3.6 Chrysler Pentastar engine 283hp 6.2 s Previous Vehicles ( edit ) Vehicle Type Engine 0 -- 60 mph ( 0 -- 100 km / h ) Photo Dodge Spirit R / T 1991 - 1992 I4 2.2 Chrysler Turbo DOHC K engine Turbocharged 224 hp 5.8 s Dodge Daytona IROC R / T 1992 - 1993 I4 2.2 Chrysler Turbo DOHC K engine Turbocharged 224 hp 6.0 s Dodge Neon R / T 1998 - 1999 I4 2.0 Chrysler Neon A588 engine 150 hp 7.5 s Dodge Neon R / T 2001 - 2004 I4 2.0 Chrysler Neon Magnum engine 150 hp 7.6 s Dodge Caliber R / T 2004 - 2007 I4 2.4 World engine 172 hp 10.1 s Dodge Stratus R / T 2001 - 2005 V6 3.0 Mitsubishi SOHC 6G72 engine 200 hp 7.4 s Dodge Intrepid R / T 2000 - 2002 V6 3.5 Chrysler SOHC EGJ engine 242 hp Dodge Avenger R / T 2008 - 2014 V6 3.5 Chrysler SOHC EGG engine 283 hp 6.0 s Dodge Nitro R / T 2008 - 2009 V6 4.0 Chrysler SOHC EGG engine 255 hp 7.7 s Dodge Journey R / T 2009 - 2010 V6 3.5 Chrysler SOHC EGG engine 235 hp 8.0 s Dodge Stealth R / T 1991 - 1996 V6 3.0 Mitsubishi SOHC 6G72 engine 170 - dohc 6g72 222 hp 3.0 Mitsubishi Twin - Turbo SOHC 6G72 engine 296 - 320 hp -- - 5.3 s Dodge Coronet R / T 1967 - 1970 V8 7.0 Chrysler 426 Hemi engine 425 hp 7.2 Chrysler RB 440 Six Pack 390HP 7.2 Chrysler RB 440 Magnum 375 HP 6.1 s 7.0 s Dodge Charger R / T 1968 - 1971 V8 7.0 Chrysler 426 Hemi engine 425 hp 7.2 Chrysler RB 440 Six Pack 390HP 5.3 s 7.4 s Dodge Challenger R / T 1970 - 1971 V8 7.0 Chrysler 426 Hemi engine 425 hp 7.2 Chrysler RB 440 Six Pack 390HP -- - 6.2 s Dodge Aspen R / T 1976 - 1980 V8 5.9 Chrysler LA 360 engine 170 hp 9.9 s Dodge Dakota R / T 1998 - 2003 V8 5.9 Chrysler LA Magnum engine 250 hp 7.0 s Dodge Durango R / T 1999 - 2003 V8 5.9 Chrysler LA Magnum engine 250 hp 8.2 s Dodge Magnum R / T 2004 - 2007 V8 5.7 Chrysler Hemi engine 340 hp 6.1 s Dodge Ram 1500 R / T 2005 - 2010 V8 5.7 Chrysler Hemi engine 345 hp ( ' 06 - 07 ) / 370 hp ( 08 - 10 ) 5.7 s Dodge Charger R / T 2006 - 2010 V8 5.7 Chrysler Hemi engine 340 - 350 hp ( ' 06 - 07 ) / 368 hp ( 08 - 10 ) Dodge Viper R / T10 1992 - 1997 V10 8.0 Chrysler Viper engine 400 hp Other vehicles using R / T properties ( edit ) Vehicle Type Engine 0 -- 60 mph ( 0 -- 100 km / h ) Photo Dodge Coronet Super Bee 1968 - 1970 V8 7.0 Chrysler 426 Hemi engine 425HP 7.2 Chrysler RB 440 Six Pack 390HP -- - Dodge Charger Daytona 1969 V8 7.0 Chrysler 426 Hemi engine 425HP -- - Dodge Charger Super Bee 1971 V8 7.0 Chrysler 426 Hemi engine 425HP 7.2 Chrysler RB 440 Six Pack 390HP -- - Dodge Ram 1500 SS / T 1996 - 1998 V8 5.9 Chrysler Hemi engine 240HP -- - Dodge Ram 1500 Rumble Bee 2004 - 2005 V8 5.7 Chrysler Hemi engine 340HP -- - Dodge Charger Daytona 2006 - 2009 V8 5.7 Chrysler Hemi engine 350HP ( 06 - 07 ) / 370HP ( 08 - 09 ) -- - Concept vehicles using R / T properties ( edit ) Vehicle Type Engine 0 -- 60 mph ( 0 -- 100 km / h ) Photo Dodge Copperhead 1997 V6 2.7 Chrysler LH engine 180HP -- - Dodge Sidewinder 1997 V10 8.0 Chrysler Viper engine 410HP -- - Dodge Charger R / T ( 1999 concept ) 1999 V8 4.7 Chrysler engine 325HP -- - Dodge Super 8 Hemi 2005 V8 5.7 Chrysler Hemi engine 340HP -- - Engines gallery ( edit ) The Turbocharged 2.4 L I4 Chrysler Neon Engine that used in Dodge Neon SRT - 4 is also used in Dodge Stratus R / T . The Chrysler 5.7 Hemi Engine is used in most of modern R / T V8 vehicles . A picture of the 8.0 Chrysler LA Viper engine which is used in the Dodge Viper R / T10 and the concept Dodge Sidewinder . The 7.2 Chrysler 440 SixPack engine , this was used in most of classic muscle cars made by Dodge and Plymouth . A picture of the classic 7.0 Chrysler Hemi engine with a power of 425HP , the modern aftermarket - or custom - 426 Hemi produce nearly to 600 HP . See also ( edit ) Chrysler Group SRT Vehicles Mercedes - AMG Chevrolet SS Vehicles BMW M Power References ( edit ) Jump up ^ dodge Challenger R / T 2011 0 - 60 m / h - MotorTrend Jump up ^ Dodge Charger R / T 2011 0 - 60 m / h - MotorTrend Jump up ^ Dodge Durango R / T 2011 0 - 60 m / h - MotorTrend Jump up ^ Dodge Journey R / T 2012 0 - 60 m / h Jump up ^ Dodge Spirit R / T 0 - 60 m / h - OnlineHome.us Jump up ^ Dodge Daytona IROC R / T 0 - 60 m / h - moparautos.com Jump up ^ Dodge Neon 1998 0 - 60 m / h - AllPar Jump up ^ Dodge Neon R / T 0 - 60 m / h - AllPar Jump up ^ Dodge Caliber R / T 0 - 60 m / h - InsideLine Jump up ^ Dodge Stratus R / T 0 - 60 m / h - ModernRacer Jump up ^ Dodge Avenger R / T 0 - 60 m / h - AllPar Jump up ^ Dodge Nitro R / T 0 - 60 m / h - InsideLine Jump up ^ Dodge JourneyR / T 0 - 60 m / h - AllPar Jump up ^ Dodge Stealth R / T 0 - 60 m / h - AllPar Jump up ^ Dodge Coronet R / T Hemi 0 - 60 m / h - MuscleCarClub Jump up ^ Dodge Coronet R / T SixPack 0 - 60 m / h - MuscleCarClub Jump up ^ Dodge Charger R / T Hemi 0 - 60 m / h - MuscleCarClub Jump up ^ Dodge Charger R / T SixPack 0 - 60 m / h - MuscleCarClub Jump up ^ Dodge Challenger R / T SixPack 0 - 60 m / h - MuscleCarClub Jump up ^ Dodge Aspen R / T 0 - 60 m / h - Automobile - Catalog Jump up ^ Dodge Dakota R / T 0 - 60 m / h - TruckTrend Jump up ^ Dodge Durango R / T 2000 0 - 60 m / h - ConceptCarz Jump up ^ Dodge Magnum R / T 0 - 60 m / h - Read&Track Jump up ^ Dodge Ram R / T 0 - 60 m / h - MotorTrend External links ( edit ) Official Dodge Website ( show ) FCA US LLC Marques Current Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram Fiat Automobiles ( USA ) Defunct AMC ( 1966 -- 88 ) Commer ( 1905 -- 79 ) Barreiros ( 1959 -- 78 ) DeSoto ( 1928 -- 61 ) Eagle ( 1988 -- 98 ) Fargo ( 1920 -- 72 ) Hillman ( 1907 -- 76 ) Humber ( 1898 -- 1975 ) Imperial ( 1955 -- 75 , 1981 -- 83 ) Karrier ( 1908 -- 77 ) Plymouth ( 1928 -- 2001 ) Singer ( 1905 -- 70 ) Simca ( 1934 -- 77 ) SRT ( 2013 -- 14 ) Sunbeam ( 1901 -- 76 ) Valiant ( 1960 -- 66 ) Divisions and subsidiaries Current Chrysler Australia Chrysler Capital Chrysler Canada Dodge Jeep Mopar Ram Trucks Street & Racing Technology ( SRT ) Road Track ( R / T ) Defunct Chrysler - Plymouth ( 1928 -- 2001 ) American Motors Corporation ( 1954 -- 88 ) Chrysler Australia ( 1951 -- 81 ) Chrysler Europe ( 1967 -- 81 ) Chrysler UK ( 1970 -- 81 ) Envi ( 2007 -- 09 ) Former Eurostar Automobilwerk Global Electric Motorcars Chrysler First Financial Services Corporation Joint ventures and alliances Current United States Council for Automotive Research Defunct Diamond - Star Motors DaimlerChrysler -- Mitsubishi alliance Global Engine Alliance People Walter Chrysler Lee Iacocca Bob Lutz C. Robert Kidder Thomas W. LaSorda Sergio Marchionne Louis Rhodes Places Chrysler Building Chrysler Headquarters and Technology Center Factories Proving grounds Products Engines ( Hemi , Pentastar , WGE ) Platforms Transmissions Vehicles Other Big Three Cerberus Capital Management Chrysler Classic Racing Daimler - Chrysler ( 1998 -- 2007 ) History ( Chapter 11 reorganization ) Parent Fiat Chrysler Automobiles Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=R/T&oldid=798262209 '' Categories : Chrysler Dodge Muscle cars Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia This page was last edited on 31 August 2017 , at 21 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what does rt mean on a dodge challenger | [
"R/T is the performance marker used on Dodge automobiles since the 1960s (much like Chevrolet Super Sport). R/T stands for Road/Track (no \"and\"). R/T models come with R/T badging, upgraded suspension, tires, brakes, and more powerful engines. Some models come with monotone paint and stripes, as well as aggressive body parts. The Chrysler SRT Division (Chrysler Corp. SRT Vehicles) has been the high performance auto group for Dodge vehicles from 2004 until present, therefore the R/T designation does not carry the status it once did. The R/T vehicles, however, still carry upgraded badging and performance indicative of their heritage."
] | [
"R/T stands for Road/Track"
] |
-6397165412015236171 | Mulan (1998 film) | Mulan ( 1998 film ) - wikipedia Mulan ( 1998 film ) For the franchise , see Mulan ( franchise ) . Mulan Theatrical release poster Directed by Barry Cook Tony Bancroft Produced by Pam Coats Screenplay by Rita Hsiao Philip LaZebnik Chris Sanders Eugenia Bostwick - Singer Raymond Singer Based on Hua Mulan Starring Ming - Na Wen Eddie Murphy B.D. Wong Miguel Ferrer June Foray James Hong Pat Morita George Takei Music by Jerry Goldsmith Matthew Wilder Edited by Michael Kelly Production company Walt Disney Pictures Walt Disney Feature Animation Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Release date June 19 , 1998 ( 1998 - 06 - 19 ) Running time 87 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $90 million Box office $304.3 million Mulan is a 1998 American animated musical action comedy - drama film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation for Walt Disney Pictures . It is based on the Chinese legend of Hua Mulan , and was Disney 's 36th animated feature . It was directed by Tony Bancroft and Barry Cook , with story by Robert D. San Souci and screenplay by Rita Hsiao , Philip LaZebnik , Chris Sanders , Eugenia Bostwick - Singer , and Raymond Singer . Ming - Na , Eddie Murphy , Miguel Ferrer and B.D. Wong star in the English version , while Jackie Chan provided the voice of Captain Li Shang for the Chinese dubs of the film . The film 's plot takes place in China during the Han dynasty , where Fa Mulan , daughter of aged warrior Fa Zhou , impersonates a man to take her father 's place during a general conscription to counter a Hun invasion . Released during the Disney Renaissance , Mulan was the first of three features produced primarily at the Disney animation studio at Disney - MGM Studios in Orlando , Florida . Development for the film began in 1994 , when a number of artistic supervisors were sent to China to receive artistic and cultural inspiration . Mulan was well received by critics and the public , grossing $304 million , earning Golden Globe and Academy Award nominations , and winning several Annie Awards including Best Animated Feature . A 2004 direct - to - video sequel , Mulan II , followed . A live - action adaptation of the film directed by Niki Caro was originally scheduled for November 2 , 2018 , but was later pushed back to March 27 , 2020 in North America . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Animation and design 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical reception 6.3 Accolades 6.4 Reception in China 7 Legacy 7.1 Video game 7.2 Live - action adaptation 7.3 References in Disney media 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Plot The Huns , who are led by the ruthless Shan Yu , invade Han China by breaching the Great Wall . The Chinese emperor orders a general mobilization , with conscription notices requiring one man from each family to join the Chinese army . When Fa Mulan hears that her elderly father Fa Zhou , the only man in their family and an army veteran , is once more to go to war , she becomes anxious and apprehensive due to his weakening health . Taking her father 's old armor , she disguises herself as a man so that she can enlist instead of her parent . The family quickly learn of her departure , and Mulan 's grandmother prays to the family ancestors for Mulan 's safety . The ancestors order their `` great stone dragon '' to protect Mulan ; a small dragon named Mushu , a disgraced former guardian , is sent to awaken the stone dragon , but accidentally destroys it in the process , which Mushu conceals from the ancestors and resolves to protect Mulan himself . Reporting to the training camp , Mulan is able to pass as a man , although her military skills are initially lacking . Mushu provides clumsy guidance to Mulan on how to behave like a man . Under the command of Captain Li Shang , she and her fellow recruits Yao , Ling , and Chien - Po gradually become trained warriors . Desiring to see Mulan succeed , Mushu creates a fake order from Shang 's father , General Li , ordering Shang to follow the main imperial army into the mountains . The reinforcements set out , but arrive at a burnt - out encampment and discover that General Li and his troops have been massacred by the Huns . As the reinforcements solemnly leave the mountains , they are ambushed by the Huns , but Mulan cleverly uses a cannon to cause an avalanche , which buries most of the invaders . An enraged Shan Yu slashes her in the chest , and her deception is revealed when the wound is bandaged . Instead of executing Mulan as the law requires , Shang spares her life , but nonetheless expels her from the army . Mulan is left to follow alone as the recruits depart for the imperial city to report the news of the Huns ' destruction . However , it is discovered that several Hun warriors , including Shan Yu , have survived the avalanche , and Mulan catches sight of them as they make their way to the city , intent on capturing the emperor . At the imperial city , Mulan is unable to convince Shang about Shan Yu 's survival . The Huns capture the emperor and seize the palace . With Mulan 's help , Yao , Ling , and Chien - Po pose as concubines , and are able to enter the palace . With the help of Shang , they defeat Shan Yu 's men ; as Shang prevents Shan Yu from assassinating the Emperor , Mulan lures the Hun leader onto the roof , where she engages him in single combat . Meanwhile , acting on Mulan 's instructions and signal , Mushu fires a large skyrocket at Shan Yu . The rocket strikes and propels him into a fireworks launching tower , where he dies in the resulting explosion . Mulan is praised by the Emperor and the assembled inhabitants of the city , who bow to her in an unprecedented honor . While she accepts the crest of the Emperor and the sword of Shan Yu as gifts , she politely declines his offer to be his advisor , and asks to return to her family . Mulan returns home and presents these gifts to her father , who is overjoyed to have Mulan back safely . Having become enamored with Mulan , Shang soon arrives under the pretext of returning her helmet , but accepts the family 's invitation to stay for dinner . Mushu is reinstated as a Fa family guardian by the ancestors amid a returning celebration . Cast From left to right : Cri - Kee ; Mushu ; Fa Mulan ; Kahn Main article : List of Disney 's Mulan characters Ming - Na Wen as Mulan ( singing voice provided by Lea Salonga ) Eddie Murphy as Mushu B.D. Wong as Captain Li Shang ( singing voice provided by Donny Osmond ) Miguel Ferrer as Shan Yu June Foray as Grandmother Fa ( singing voice provided by Marni Nixon ) Harvey Fierstein as Yao Gedde Watanabe as Ling ( singing voice provided by Matthew Wilder ) Jerry Tondo as Chien - Po James Hong as Chi - Fu Soon - Tek Oh as Fa Zhou Pat Morita as The Emperor of China George Takei as First Ancestor Miriam Margolyes as The Matchmaker Freda Foh Shen as Fa Li James Shigeta as General Li Frank Welker as Cri - Kee and Khan ( Mulan 's horse ) Chris Sanders as Little Brother ( Mulan 's dog ) Mary Kay Bergman as various ancestors Kelly Chen , Coco Lee and Xu Qing voiced Mulan in the Cantonese , Taiwanese Mandarin and Mainland standard versions of the film respectively , while Jackie Chan provided the voice of Li Shang in all three Chinese versions and appeared in the version of promotional music videos of `` I 'll Make a Man Out of You '' . Production Development In 1989 , Walt Disney Feature Animation Florida had opened with 40 to 50 employees , with its original purpose to produce cartoon shorts and featurettes . However , by late 1993 , following several animation duties on Beauty and the Beast , Aladdin , and The Lion King , Disney executives were convinced to allow the Feature Animation Florida studios to produce their first independent film . Around that same time , Disney Feature Animation developed an interest into Asian - themed legends beginning with the optioning several books by children 's book author Robert D. San Souci who had a consulting relationship with Disney executive Jay Dyer . Around that same time , a short straight - to - video film titled China Doll about an oppressed and miserable Chinese girl who is whisked away by a British Prince Charming to happiness in the West was in development . Thomas Schumacher asked Souci if he had any additional stories , in which Souci turned in a manuscript of a book based on the Chinese poem `` The Song of Fa Mu Lan '' . Ultimately , Disney decided to combine the two separate projects . Following the opening of the Feature Animation Florida studios , Barry Cook , who had served as a special - effects animator department since 1982 , had directed the Roger Rabbit cartoon Trail Mix - Up produced at the satellite studio . Upon a lunch invitation with Thomas Schumacher , Cook was offered two projects in development : a Scottish folk tale with a dragon or Mulan . Knowledgeable about the existence of dragons in Chinese mythology , Cook suggested adding a dragon to Mulan , in which a week later , Schumacher urged Cook to drop the Scottish project and accept Mulan as his next project . Following this , Cook was immediately assigned as the initial director of the project , and cited influences from Charlie Chaplin and David Lean during production . While working as a supervising animator on the gargoyles on The Hunchback of Notre Dame , Tony Bancroft was offered to co-direct the film following a recommendation from Rob Minkoff , co-director of The Lion King , to Schumacher , in which he accepted , and joined the creative team by early 1995 . Development for Mulan began in 1994 , after the production team sent a select group of artistic supervisors to China for three weeks to take photographs and drawings of local landmarks for inspiration ; and to soak up local culture . Key members of the creative team at the time -- Pam Coats , Barry Cook , Ric Sluiter , Robert Walker , and Mark Henn -- were invited to travel to China as a research trip to study the landscape , people , and history of the original legend . From June 17 to July 2 , 1994 , the research trip flew to Beijing , China , which is where Pam Coats became inspired by the placement of flags on the Great Wall , Datong , Luoyang , Xi'an , Jiayuguan , Dunhuang , and Guilin . Writing In its earliest stages , the story was originally conceived as a Tootsie - like romantic comedy film where Mulan , who was a misfit tomboy that loves her father , is betrothed to Shang , whom she has not met . On her betrothal day , her father Fa Zhou carves her destiny on a stone tablet in the family temple , which she shatters in anger , running away to forge her own destiny . In November 1993 , Chris Sanders , who had just finished storyboard work on The Lion King , was hoping to work on The Hunchback of Notre Dame until Schumacher appointed him to work on Mulan instead . Acting as Head of Story , Sanders grew frustrated with the romantic comedy aspect of the story , and urged producer Pam Coats to be more faithful to the original legend by having Mulan leave home because of the love for her father . This convinced the filmmakers to decide to change Mulan 's character in order to make her more appealing and selfless . Sequence Six -- in which Mulan takes her father 's conscription order , cuts her long hair , and dons her father 's armor -- served as a pivotal moment in the evolution of Mulan 's character . Director Barry Cook explained that the sequence initially started as a song storyboarded by Barry Johnson and redrawn by character designer Chen - Yi Chang . Following the story changes to have Mulan leave to save her father , the song was dropped . Storyboard artist and co-head of story Dean DeBlois was tasked to revise the sequence , and decided to board the sequence with `` minimal dialogue '' . Assisted with an existing musical selection from another film score courtesy of Sanders , the sequence reel was screened for Peter Schneider and Thomas Schumacher , both of whom were impressed . DeBlois stated , `` Sequence Six was the first sequence that got put into production , and it helped to establish our ' silent ' approach . '' Additionally , General Li was not originally going to be related to Shang at all , but by changing the story , the filmmakers were able to mirror the stories of both Shang 's and Mulan 's love for their fathers . As a Christian , Bancroft declined to explore Buddhism within the film . Because there was no dragon in the original legend , Mulan did not have animal companions ; it was Roy E. Disney who suggested the character of Mushu . Veteran story artist Joe Grant created the cricket character , Cri - Kee for , though animator Barry Temple admitted `` the directors did n't want him in the movie , the story department did n't want him in the movie . The only people who truly wanted him in the movie were Michael Eisner and Joe Grant -- and myself , because I was assigned the character . I would sit in meetings and they 'd say , ' Well , where 's the cricket during all this ? ' Somebody else would say , ' Oh , to hell the cricket . ' They felt Cri - Kee was a character who was n't necessary to tell the story , which is true . '' Throughout development on the film , Grant would slip sketches of Cri - Kee under the directors ' door . Casting Before production began , the production team sought out Chinese , Japanese , Filipino , or Korean vocal talents . Tia Carrere was an early candidate to voice the title character , and Lea Salonga , who had been the singing voice of Princess Jasmine in Aladdin , was also cast as Mulan 's speaking voice , but the directors did not find her attempt at a deeper speaking voice when Mulan impersonated Ping convincing , so Ming - Na Wen was brought in to speak the role . Salonga returned to provide the singing voice . Wen herself landed the role after the filmmakers listened to her narration at the beginning of The Joy Luck Club . Coats reflected on her decision , stating , `` When we heard Ming - Na doing that voice - over , we knew we had our Mulan . She has a very likable and lovely voice , and those are the qualities we were looking for . '' For the role of Mushu , Disney was aiming for top Hollywood talent in the vein of Robin Williams 's performance as the Genie , and approached Eddie Murphy , who at first balked during recording in the Disney studios , and asked to record the voice in his basement at his Bubble Hill mansion in Englewood , New Jersey . For the speaking voice of Captain Li Shang , B.D. Wong was hired , although his singing voice , for the song `` I 'll Make a Man Out of You '' , was performed by Donny Osmond , who had previously auditioned to be the speaking voice of the title character in Hercules . Osmond 's casting originated from a suggestion from the casting director , and throughout recording , Osmond studied Wong 's dialogue tapes , and aimed to match his inflections and personality . Osmond commented that his sons decided that he had finally `` made it '' in show business when he was in a Disney film . Likewise for the role of Grandmother Fa , June Foray provided the speaking voice , and Marni Nixon supplied the singing voice . Animation and design To achieve a harmonious visual look , producer designer Hans Bacher and art director Ric Sluiter , along with Robert Walker and Head of Backgrounds Robert Stanton collaborated to establish a proper chronological location for the film in Chinese history . Since there was no general consensus on the time of Mulan 's existence , they based on the visual design on the Ming and Qing dynasties . An important element of Bacher 's design was to turn the art style closer to Chinese painting , with watercolor and simpler design , as opposed to the details of The Lion King and The Hunchback of Notre Dame . Bacher further studied more than thirty - five film directors ranging from the silent era German Expressionism , British and American epics of the 1950s and 60s , and the spaghetti westerns for inspiration for composition , lighting , and staging that would establish settings that enhanced the characters , and additional inspiration was found in the earlier Disney animated films such as Bambi , Pinocchio , and Dumbo to establish a sense of staging . In October 1997 , the Walt Disney Company announced a major expansion of its Florida animation operations constructing a 200,000 - square - foot , four - story animation building and the addition of 400 animators to the workforce . To create 2,000 Hun soldiers during the Huns ' attack sequence , the production team developed crowd simulation software called Attila . This software allows thousands of unique characters to move autonomously . A variant of the program called Dynasty was used in the final battle sequence to create a crowd of 3,000 in the Forbidden City . Pixar 's photorealistic open API RenderMan was used to render the crowd . Another software developed for this movie was Faux Plane , which was used to add depth to flat two - dimensional painting . Although developed late in production progress , Faux Plane was used in five shots , including the dramatic sequence which features the Great Wall of China , and the final battle sequence when Mulan runs to the Forbidden City . During the scene in which the Chinese are bowing to Mulan , the crowd is a panoramic film of real people bowing . It was edited into the animated foreground of the scene . Music Main article : Mulan ( soundtrack ) In March 1994 , Stephen Schwartz was attached to compose the lyrics and music for the songs for the film . Following the research trip to China in June 1994 , Schwartz was contacted by former Disney studio chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg to compose songs for The Prince of Egypt , which he agreed . Peter Schneider , then - president of Walt Disney Feature Animation , threatened to have Schwartz 's name removed from any publicity materials for Pocahontas and The Hunchback of Notre Dame . Michael Eisner phoned Schwartz , and urged him to back out of his commitment to DreamWorks which he refused and left the project . After Schwartz 's departure , his three songs , `` Written in Stone '' , `` Destiny '' , and `` China Doll '' , were dropped amid story and character changes by 1995 . Shortly after , Disney music executive Chris Montan heard Matthew Wilder 's demo for a stage musical adaption of Anne Rice 's Cry to Heaven , and selected Wilder to replace Schwartz . David Zippel then joined to write the lyrics . The film featured five songs composed by Wilder and Zippel , with a sixth originally planned for Mushu , but dropped following Eddie Murphy 's involvement with the character . Although Danny Elfman and Thomas Newman were considered to score the film , English composer Rachel Portman was selected as the film composer . However , Portman became pregnant during production , and decided to back out . Following Portman 's departure , Randy Edelman -- whose Dragonheart theme was used in the trailer -- and Kitarō were considered , until Jerry Goldsmith became available and signed on after dropping out of a project . The film 's soundtrack is credited for starting the career of pop singer Christina Aguilera , whose first song to be released in the U.S. was her rendition of `` Reflection '' , the first single from the Mulan soundtrack . The song , and Aguilera 's vocals , were so well received that it landed her a recording contract with RCA Records . In 1999 , she would go on to release her self - titled debut album , on which `` Reflection '' was also included . The pop version of `` Reflection '' has a Polish version ( `` Lustro '' performed by Edyta Górniak ) and two Spanish versions , for Spain ( performed by Malú ) and Latin America ( performed by Lucero ) . Other international versions include a Brazilian Portuguese version by Sandy & Junior ( `` Imagem '' ) , a Korean version performed by Lena Park , and a Mandarin version by Coco Lee . The music featured during the haircut scene , often referred as the Mulan Decision score , is different in the soundtrack album . The soundtrack album uses an orchestrated score while the movie uses heavy synthesizer music . The synthesizer version is available on the limited edition CD . Salonga , who often sings movie music in her concerts , has done a Disney medley which climaxes with an expanded version of `` Reflection '' ( not the same as those in Aguilera 's version ) . Salonga also provided the singing voice for Mulan in the film 's sequel , Mulan II . Release Because of the disappointing box office performances of The Hunchback of Notre Dame and Hercules , Disney restricted its marketing campaign for Mulan spending $30 million on promotional advertisements compared to more than $60 million for Hercules the year before . Instead of the lavish media event premieres of Pocahontas in Central Park and the electric light parade on Fifth Avenue for Hercules , Disney opted to premiere the film at the Hollywood Bowl complete with Chinese lanterns and fortune cookies . Two days before the general release , McDonald 's launched its promotional campaign by including one of eight toys free with the purchase of a Happy Meal . The promotion also included Szechuan sauce for its Chicken McNuggets , which would be referenced in a 2017 episode of the Adult Swim series Rick and Morty and subsequently brought back by McDonald 's as a promotional item related to that show . In collaboration with Disney , Hyperion Books published The Art of Mulan authored by Jeff Kurtti , which chronicled the production of the film . In addition with its publication , Hyperion Books also issued a collector 's `` folding , accordion book '' of the ancient poem that inspired the film . On August 18 , 1998 , around 3,700 backpacks and 1,800 pieces of luggage were recalled back to their manufacture , Pyramid Accessories Inc. , when it is discovered they contained lead - based paint . Home media The film was first released on VHS on February 2 , 1999 as part of the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection line . On November 9 , the film was released on DVD as part of the Limited Issues line . In 2000 , it was rereleased on VHS and DVD as part of the Walt Disney Gold Classic Collection line . The second video and DVD release returned to the Disney Vault on January 31 , 2002 . On October 26 , 2004 , Walt Disney Home Entertainment rereleased a restored print of Mulan on VHS and as a 2 - disc Special Edition DVD . In March 2013 , Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released Mulan and Mulan II on Blu - ray and DVD to coincide with the film 's 15th anniversary . In September 2017 , Mulan became available to Netflix users through their streaming service . Reception Box office Mulan 's opening weekend box office gross revenues were $ 22.8 million , making it the second - highest grossing film that week , behind only The X-Files . It went on to gross $120 million in the U.S. and Canada combined , and $304 million worldwide , making it the second - highest grossing family film of the year , behind A Bug 's Life , and the seventh - highest grossing film of the year overall . While Mulan domestically outgrossed the two Disney films which had preceded it , The Hunchback of Notre Dame and Hercules , its box office returns failed to match those of the Disney films of the early 1990s such as Beauty and the Beast , Aladdin , and The Lion King . Internationally , its highest grossing releases included those in the United Kingdom ( $14.6 million ) and France ( $10.2 million ) . Critical reception Reception of Mulan was mostly positive . Rotten Tomatoes gives it a rating of 86 % , based on 73 reviews , with an average rating of 7.5 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads , `` Exploring themes of family duty and honor , Mulan breaks new ground as a Disney film , while still bringing vibrant animation and sprightly characters to the screen . '' In a 2009 countdown , Rotten Tomatoes ranked it twenty - fourth out of the fifty canonical animated Disney features . On Metacritic , the film has a score of 71 out of 100 , based on 24 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film a rare `` A + '' grade . Kyle Suggs described the visuals as `` breathtaking , '' and Dan Jardine described them as `` magnificently animated . '' Film critic Roger Ebert gave Mulan three and a half stars out of four in his written review . He said that `` Mulan is an impressive achievement , with a story and treatment ranking with Beauty and the Beast and The Lion King '' . Negative reviews described it as a `` disappointment '' . The songs were accused of not being memorable , and slowing down the pace of the movie . Ed Gonzalez of Slant Magazine criticized the film as `` soulless '' in its portrayal of Asian society . This movie was also the subject of comment from feminist critics . Mimi Nguyen says the film `` pokes fun at the ultimately repressive gender roles that seek to make Mulan a domesticated creature '' . Nadya Labi agreed , saying `` there is a lyric in the film that gives the lie to the bravado of the entire girl - power movement . '' She pointed out that Mulan needed to become a boy in order to accomplish what she did . Kathleen Karlyn , an assistant professor of English at the University of Oregon , also criticized the film 's portrayal of gender roles : `` In order to even imagine female heroism , we 're placing it in the realm of fantasy '' . Pam Coats , the producer of Mulan , said that the film aims to present a character who exhibits both masculine and feminine influences , being both physically and mentally strong . Accolades Mulan won several Annie Awards , including Best Animated Feature and Individual achievement awards to Pam Coats for producing ; Barry Cook and Tony Bancroft for directing ; Rita Hsiao , Christopher Sanders , Phillip LaZebnick , Raymond Singer and Eugenia Bostwick - Singer for writing , Chris Sanders for storyboarding , Hans Bacher for production design , David Tidgwell for effects animation , Ming - Na for voice acting for the character of Mulan , Ruben A. Aquino for character animation , and Matthew Wilder , David Zippel and Jerry Goldsmith for music . ( Tom Bancroft and Mark Henn were also nominated for an Annie Award for Character Animation . ) The musical score also received significant praise . Jerry Goldsmith won the 1999 BMI Film Music Award . Goldsmith was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Music Score , but lost to Stephen Warbeck 's score for Shakespeare in Love . Goldsmith was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score . Matthew Wilder and David Zippel were nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song for `` Reflection '' . They were beaten by The Truman Show and `` The Prayer '' from Quest for Camelot , respectively . The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2008 : AFI 's 10 Top 10 : Nominated Animation Film Reception in China Disney was keen to promote Mulan to the Chinese , hoping to replicate their success with the 1994 film The Lion King , which was one of the country 's highest - grossing Western films at that time . Disney also hoped it might smooth over relations with the Chinese government which had soured after the release of Kundun , a Disney - funded biography of the Dalai Lama that the Chinese government considered politically provocative . China had threatened to curtail business negotiations with Disney over that film and , as the government only accepted ten foreign films per year at that time to be shown in their country , Mulan 's chances of being accepted were low . Finally , after a year 's delay , the Chinese government did allow the film a limited Chinese release , but only after the Chinese New Year , so as to ensure that local films dominated the more lucrative holiday market . Box office income was low , due to both the unfavorable release date and rampant piracy . Chinese people also complained about Mulan 's depiction as too foreign - looking and the story as too different from the myths . Legacy Video game A Windows , Macintosh , and PlayStation point - and - click adventure interactive storybook based on the film , Disney 's Animated Storybook : Mulan ( titled Disney 's Story Studio : Mulan on PlayStation ) , was released on December 15 , 1999 . The game was developed by Media Station for computers and Revolution Software ( under the name `` Kids Revolution '' ) for PlayStation . The game was met with generally positive reception and holds a 70.67 % average rating at the review aggregator website GameRankings . Live - action adaptation Walt Disney Pictures first expressed interest in a live - action adaptation of Mulan in the 2000s . Zhang Ziyi was to star in it and Chuck Russell was chosen as the director . The film was originally planned to start filming in October 2010 , but was eventually canceled . In 2015 , Disney again began developing a live - action remake . Elizabeth Martin and Lauren Hynek 's script treatment reportedly featured a white merchant who falls in love with Mulan , and is drawn into a central role in the country 's conflict with the Huns . According to a Vanity Fair source , the spec script was only a `` jumping - off point '' and all main characters will in fact be Chinese . Dawn of the Planet of the Apes and Jurassic World screenwriters Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver are to rewrite Hynek and Martin 's screenplay with Chris Bender , J.C. Spink and Jason Reed producing . In February 2017 , it was announced that Niki Caro will direct the live - action adaptation of the 1998 animated film . The casting process of a Chinese actress to portray the heroine began in October 2016 . The film was originally scheduled to be released on November 2 , 2018 , but it was later taken off the release schedule with The Nutcracker and the Four Realms taking its old slot . On November 29 , 2017 , Liu Yifei was cast as the titular character . In March 2018 , Disney scheduled the film for release on March 27 , 2020 . Donnie Yen was cast as Commander Tung , a mentor and teacher to Mulan . Following him , Jet Li joined the film as the emperor of China , Gong Li was cast as the villain , a witch , and Xana Tang was announced to play Mulan 's sister . The next month , Utkarsh Ambudkar was cast as Skatch , a con artist , and Ron Yuan was cast as Sergeant Qiang , the second in command of the Imperial Regiment . In June , Yoson An was cast as Chen Honghui , `` a confident and ambitious recruit '' who becomes Mulan 's love interest . References in Disney media Although she is royalty neither by birth nor marriage ( her husband is merely a high - ranking military officer ) , Mulan is part of the Disney Princess media franchise . In the film Lilo & Stitch , Nani has a poster of Mulan in her room . Mulan is also present in the Disney and Square Enix video game series Kingdom Hearts . In the first Kingdom Hearts and in Kingdom Hearts : Chain of Memories , Mushu is a summonable character , and in Kingdom Hearts II , the movie is featured as a playable world named `` The Land of Dragons '' , with the plot being changed to accommodate the game 's characters ( Sora , Donald and Goofy ) and Mulan ( both as herself and as `` Ping '' ) able to join the player 's party as a skilled sword fighter . Actress Jamie Chung plays a live - action version of Mulan in the second , third , and fifth seasons of the ABC television series Once Upon a Time . See also History of the Han dynasty ( for info on the period this film is loosely based on ) Han -- Xiongnu War ( for info on the conflict this film is loosely based on ) List of Disney animated features List of Disney animated films based on fairy tales List of animated feature - length films List of traditional animated feature films 1990s portal Animation portal Cartoon portal China portal Disney portal Film in the United States portal References Jump up ^ `` Mulan '' . The - Numbers . Nash Information Services . Retrieved May 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mulan ( 1998 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 11 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ; Couch , Aaron ( March 1 , 2018 ) . `` Live - Action ' Mulan ' Pushed Back More Than a Year to Spring 2020 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pack , David ( January 11 , 2004 ) . `` Disney Animation Unit Fades Away In Orlando '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . 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Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 6 , 2012 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' scoop : ' Hangover 2 ' actress cast as legendary warrior -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . Bibliography Kurtti , Jeff ( 1998 ) . The Art of Mulan . Hyperion Books . ISBN 978 - 0786863884 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Mulan ( 1998 film ) Official website Mulan on IMDb Mulan at AllMovie Mulan at Rotten Tomatoes Mulan at the Big Cartoon DataBase Mulan at Box Office Mojo Disney 's Mulan Films Mulan ( 1998 ) Mulan II ( 2004 ) Characters Mulan Other characters Attractions and musicals Mulan Jr . Video games Disney 's Mulan Disney 's Animated Storybook : Mulan Music `` Honor to Us All '' `` Reflection '' `` I 'll Make a Man Out of You '' `` A Girl Worth Fighting For '' Category Disney Princess Snow White Cinderella Aurora Ariel Belle Jasmine Pocahontas Mulan Tiana Rapunzel Merida Films Featured Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Cinderella Sleeping Beauty The Little Mermaid Beauty and the Beast Aladdin Pocahontas Mulan The Princess and the Frog Tangled Brave Sequels The Return of Jafar Aladdin and the King of Thieves Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas Pocahontas II : Journey to a New World The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea Cinderella II : Dreams Come True Cinderella III : A Twist in Time Mulan II Tangled : Before Ever After Prequels Beauty and the Beast : Belle 's Magical World The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning Shorts Tangled Ever After The Legend of Mor'du Disney Princess Enchanted Tales : Follow Your Dreams ( DTV 2 shorts ) Live - action Maleficent Cinderella Beauty and the Beast Aladdin Maleficent II Television The Little Mermaid Aladdin Sing Me a Story with Belle Tangled : The Series Albums Disney 's Princess Favorites Disney Princess : The Ultimate Song Collection Disney Princess Tea Party Ultimate Disney Princess Related Princes Aladdin Beast Flynn Rider Media If You Can Dream Mickey 's Pirate and Princess Party Sofia the First Disney Princess : Enchanted Journey Kingdom Hearts Disney Princess : My Fairytale Adventure Disney 's Descendants Descendants 2 Descendants : Wicked World Descendants : School of Secrets The 7D Elena of Avalor Elena and the Secret of Avalor Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 List of Disney Princess firsts Category Disney theatrical animated features Walt Disney Animation Studios films Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Live - action films with animation The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) DisneyToon Studios films DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( 1990 ) A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Return to Never Land ( 2002 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Bambi II ( 2006 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Other Disney units films The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Doug 's 1st Movie ( 1999 ) Recess : School 's Out ( 2001 ) Teacher 's Pet ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Mars Needs Moms ( 2011 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Related lists Unproduced films Book Walt Disney Animation Studios List of feature films Released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Upcoming films Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Associated productions The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1949 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) People Executives Edwin Catmull Roy Conli Roy E. Disney Walt Disney Don Hahn Jeffrey Katzenberg John Lasseter Peter Schneider Thomas Schumacher David Stainton Disney 's Nine Old Men Les Clark Marc Davis Ollie Johnston Milt Kahl Ward Kimball Eric Larson John Lounsbery Wolfgang Reitherman Frank Thomas Related topics History Disney animators ' strike Disney Renaissance Methods and technologies 12 basic principles of animation Computer Animation Production System Disney Animation : The Illusion of Life Multiplane camera Documentaries Frank and Ollie ( 1995 ) The Sweatbox ( 2001 ) Dream On Silly Dreamer ( 2005 ) Waking Sleeping Beauty ( 2009 ) Other Disney animation units Disney Television Animation DisneyToon Studios ( WDAS unit ) Lucasfilm Animation Marvel Animation Pixar Animation Studios Circle 7 ( defunct ) Miscellaneous Alice Comedies Laugh - O - Gram Studio List of Disney animated shorts List of Disney theatrical animated features unproduced Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Mickey Mouse ( film series ) Silly Symphonies Once Upon a Time Annie Award for Best Animated Feature 1990s Beauty and the Beast ( 1992 ) Aladdin ( 1993 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) Toy Story ( 1996 ) Cats Do n't Dance ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) The Iron Giant ( 1999 ) 2000s Toy Story 2 ( 2000 ) Shrek ( 2001 ) Spirited Away ( 2002 ) Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) The Incredibles ( 2004 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit ( 2005 ) Cars ( 2006 ) Ratatouille ( 2007 ) Kung Fu Panda ( 2008 ) Up ( 2009 ) 2010s How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) Rango ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) How to Train Your Dragon 2 ( 2014 ) Inside Out ( 2015 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Coco ( 2017 ) Disney portal Film in the United States portal 1990s portal Animation portal Cartoons portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mulan_(1998_film)&oldid=845328573 '' Categories : 1998 films English - language films 1998 animated films Mulan ( franchise ) 1990s action films 1990s adventure films 1990s American animated films 1990s comedy - drama films 1990s fantasy films 1990s musical films Action drama films American action adventure films American action comedy films American children 's animated adventure films American children 's animated comedy films American children 's animated fantasy films American comedy - drama films American fantasy adventure films American films Animated action films Animated adventure films Animated comedy films Animated drama films Animated musical films Best Animated Feature Annie Award winners Children 's comedy - drama films Chinese mythology in popular culture Cross-dressing in American films Disney Renaissance Feminist films Films about sexism Films scored by Jerry Goldsmith Films directed by Barry Cook Films directed by Tony Bancroft Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films set in the Han dynasty Walt Disney Animation Studios films Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from October 2015 Good articles Official website not in Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Latina Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 中文 39 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 June 2018 , at 02 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what year is the movie mulan set in | [
"Mulan is a 1998 American animated musical action comedy-drama film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation for Walt Disney Pictures. It is based on the Chinese legend of Hua Mulan, and was Disney's 36th animated feature. It was directed by Tony Bancroft and Barry Cook, with story by Robert D. San Souci and screenplay by Rita Hsiao, Philip LaZebnik, Chris Sanders, Eugenia Bostwick-Singer, and Raymond Singer. Ming-Na, Eddie Murphy, Miguel Ferrer and B. D. Wong star in the English version, while Jackie Chan provided the voice of Captain Li Shang for the Chinese dubs of the film. The film's plot takes place in China during the Han dynasty, where Fa Mulan, daughter of aged warrior Fa Zhou, impersonates a man to take her father's place during a general conscription to counter a Hun invasion."
] | [
"during the Han dynasty"
] |
762487365879138595 | Liebeck v. McDonald's Restaurants | Liebeck v. McDonald 's Restaurants - wikipedia Liebeck v. McDonald 's Restaurants Jump to : navigation , search `` Hot coffee case '' redirects here . For similar uses , see Hot Coffee ( disambiguation ) . Liebeck v. McDonald 's Restaurants Full case name Stella Liebeck v. McDonald 's Restaurants , P.T.S. , Inc. and McDonald 's International , Inc . Decided August 18 , 1994 Citation ( s ) 1994 Extra LEXIS 23 ( Bernalillo County , N.M. Dist . Ct. 1994 ) , 1995 WL 360309 ( Bernalillo County , N.M. Dist . Ct. 1994 ) , Court membership Judge ( s ) sitting Robert H. Scott Liebeck v. McDonald 's Restaurants , also known as the McDonald 's coffee case and the hot coffee lawsuit , was a 1994 product liability lawsuit that became a flashpoint in the debate in the United States over tort reform . Although a New Mexico civil jury awarded $2.86 million to plaintiff Stella Liebeck , a 79 - year - old woman who suffered third - degree burns in her pelvic region when she accidentally spilled hot coffee in her lap after purchasing it from a McDonald 's restaurant , ultimately Liebeck was only awarded $640,000 . Liebeck was hospitalized for eight days while she underwent skin grafting , followed by two years of medical treatment . Liebeck 's attorneys argued that , at 180 -- 190 ° F ( 82 -- 88 ° C ) , McDonald 's coffee was defective , claiming it was too hot and more likely to cause serious injury than coffee served at any other establishment . McDonald 's had refused several prior opportunities to settle for less than what the jury ultimately awarded . The jury damages included $160,000 to cover medical expenses and compensatory damages and $2.7 million in punitive damages . The trial judge reduced the final verdict to $640,000 , and the parties settled for a confidential amount before an appeal was decided . The case was said by some to be an example of frivolous litigation ; ABC News called the case `` the poster child of excessive lawsuits '' , while the legal scholar Jonathan Turley argued that the claim was `` a meaningful and worthy lawsuit '' . In June 2011 , HBO premiered Hot Coffee , a documentary that discussed in depth how the Liebeck case has centered in debates on tort reform . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Burn incident 2 Trial and verdict 3 Aftermath 3.1 Similar lawsuits 3.2 Coffee temperature 3.3 Hot Coffee documentary 3.4 The New York Times Retro Report 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Background ( edit ) Burn incident ( edit ) On February 27 , 1992 , Stella Liebeck , a 79 - year - old woman from Albuquerque , New Mexico , ordered a 49 - cent cup of coffee from the drive - through window of a local McDonald 's restaurant located at 5001 Gibson Boulevard Southeast . Liebeck was in the passenger 's seat of a 1989 Ford Probe which did not have cup holders . Her grandson parked the car so that Liebeck could add cream and sugar to her coffee . Liebeck placed the coffee cup between her knees and pulled the far side of the lid toward her to remove it . In the process , she spilled the entire cup of coffee on her lap . Liebeck was wearing cotton sweatpants ; they absorbed the coffee and held it against her skin , scalding her thighs , buttocks , and groin . Liebeck was taken to the hospital , where it was determined that she had suffered third - degree burns on six percent of her skin and lesser burns over sixteen percent . She remained in the hospital for eight days while she underwent skin grafting . During this period , Liebeck lost 20 pounds ( 9 kg , nearly 20 % of her body weight ) , reducing her to 83 pounds ( 38 kg ) . After the hospital stay , Liebeck needed care for 3 weeks , which was provided by her daughter . Liebeck suffered permanent disfigurement after the incident and was partially disabled for two years . Pre-trial Liebeck sought to settle with McDonald 's for $620,000 to cover her actual and anticipated expenses . Her past medical expenses were $10,500 ; her anticipated future medical expenses were approximately $2,500 ; and her daughter 's loss of income was approximately $5,000 for a total of approximately $18,000 . Instead , the company offered only $800 . When McDonald 's refused to raise its offer , Liebeck retained Texas attorney Reed Morgan . Morgan filed suit in New Mexico District Court accusing McDonald 's of `` gross negligence '' for selling coffee that was `` unreasonably dangerous '' and `` defectively manufactured '' . McDonald 's refused Morgan 's offer to settle for $90,000 . Morgan offered to settle for $300,000 , and a mediator suggested $225,000 just before trial , but McDonald 's refused these final pre-trial attempts to settle . Trial and verdict ( edit ) The trial took place from August 8 -- 17 , 1994 , before New Mexico District Court Judge Robert H. Scott . During the case , Liebeck 's attorneys discovered that McDonald 's required franchisees to hold coffee at 180 -- 190 ° F ( 82 -- 88 ° C ) . At 190 ° F ( 88 ° C ) , the coffee would cause a third - degree burn in two to seven seconds . Liebeck 's attorney argued that coffee should never be served hotter than 140 ° F ( 60 ° C ) , and that a number of other establishments served coffee at a substantially lower temperature than McDonald 's . Liebeck 's lawyers presented the jury with evidence that 180 ° F ( 82 ° C ) coffee like that McDonald 's served may produce third - degree burns ( where skin grafting is necessary ) in about 12 to 15 seconds . Lowering the temperature to 160 ° F ( 71 ° C ) would increase the time for the coffee to produce such a burn to 20 seconds . Liebeck 's attorneys argued that these extra seconds could provide adequate time to remove the coffee from exposed skin , thereby preventing many burns . McDonald 's claimed that the reason for serving such hot coffee in its drive - through windows was that those who purchased the coffee typically were commuters who wanted to drive a distance with the coffee ; the high initial temperature would keep the coffee hot during the trip . However , the company 's own research showed that some customers intend to consume the coffee immediately while driving . Other documents obtained from McDonald 's showed that from 1982 to 1992 the company had received more than 700 reports of people burned by McDonald 's coffee to varying degrees of severity , and had settled claims arising from scalding injuries for more than $500,000 . McDonald 's quality control manager , Christopher Appleton , testified that this number of injuries was insufficient to cause the company to evaluate its practices . He argued that all foods hotter than 130 ° F ( 54 ° C ) constituted a burn hazard , and that restaurants had more pressing dangers to worry about . The plaintiffs argued that Appleton conceded that McDonald 's coffee would burn the mouth and throat if consumed when served . A twelve - person jury reached its verdict on August 18 , 1994 . Applying the principles of comparative negligence , the jury found that McDonald 's was 80 % responsible for the incident and Liebeck was 20 % at fault . Though there was a warning on the coffee cup , the jury decided that the warning was neither large enough nor sufficient . They awarded Liebeck $200,000 in compensatory damages , which was then reduced by 20 % to $160,000 . In addition , they awarded her $2.7 million in punitive damages . The jurors apparently arrived at this figure from Morgan 's suggestion to penalize McDonald 's for one or two days ' worth of coffee revenues , which were about $1.35 million per day . The judge reduced punitive damages to $480,000 , three times the compensatory amount , for a total of $640,000 . The decision was appealed by both McDonald 's and Liebeck in December 1994 , but the parties settled out of court for an undisclosed amount less than $600,000 . Aftermath ( edit ) The case is considered by some to be an example of frivolous litigation . ABC News called the case `` the poster child of excessive lawsuits '' . Jonathan Turley called the case `` a meaningful and worthy lawsuit '' . McDonald 's asserts that the outcome of the case was a fluke , and attributed the loss to poor communications and strategy by an unfamiliar insurer representing a franchise . Liebeck 's attorney , Reed Morgan , and the Association of Trial Lawyers of America defended the result in Liebeck by claiming that McDonald 's reduced the temperature of its coffee after the suit . Detractors have argued that McDonald 's refusal to offer more than an $800 settlement for the $10,500 in medical bills indicated that the suit was meritless and highlighted the fact that Liebeck spilled the coffee on herself rather than any wrongdoing on the company 's part . They also argued that the coffee was not defective because McDonald 's coffee conformed to industry standards , and coffee continues to be served as hot or hotter today at McDonald 's and chains like Starbucks . They further stated that the vast majority of judges who consider similar cases dismiss them before they get to a jury . Liebeck died on August 5 , 2004 , at age 91 . According to her daughter , `` the burns and court proceedings ( had taken ) their toll '' and in the years following the settlement Liebeck had `` no quality of life '' , and that the settlement had paid for a live - in nurse . Similar lawsuits ( edit ) In McMahon v. Bunn Matic Corporation ( 1998 ) , Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals Judge Frank Easterbrook wrote a unanimous opinion affirming dismissal of a similar lawsuit against coffeemaker manufacturer Bunn - O - Matic , finding that 179 ° F ( 82 ° C ) hot coffee was not `` unreasonably dangerous '' . In Bogle v. McDonald 's Restaurants Ltd. ( 2002 ) , a similar lawsuit in England failed when the court rejected the claim that McDonald 's could have avoided injury by serving coffee at a lower temperature . Since Liebeck , major vendors of coffee , including Chick - Fil - A , Starbucks , Dunkin ' Donuts , Wendy 's , Burger King , hospitals , and McDonald 's have been defendants in similar lawsuits over coffee - related burns . Coffee temperature ( edit ) In 1994 , a spokesman for the National Coffee Association said that the temperature of McDonald 's coffee conformed to industry standards . An `` admittedly unscientific '' survey by the LA Times that year found that coffee was served between 157 and 182 ° F , and that two coffee outlets tested , one Burger King and one Starbucks , served hotter coffee than McDonald 's . Since Liebeck , McDonald 's has not reduced the service temperature of its coffee . McDonald 's policy today is to serve coffee at 80 -- 90 ° C ( 176 -- 194 ° F ) , relying on more sternly worded warnings on cups made of rigid foam to avoid future liability , though it continues to face lawsuits over hot coffee . The Specialty Coffee Association of America supports improved packaging methods rather than lowering the temperature at which coffee is served . The association has successfully aided the defense of subsequent coffee burn cases . Similarly , as of 2004 , Starbucks sells coffee at 175 -- 185 ° F ( 79 -- 85 ° C ) , and the executive director of the Specialty Coffee Association of America reported that the standard serving temperature is 160 -- 185 ° F ( 71 -- 85 ° C ) . Hot coffee documentary ( edit ) On June 27 , 2011 , HBO premiered a documentary about tort reform problems titled Hot Coffee . A large portion of the film covered Liebeck 's lawsuit . This included news clips , comments from celebrities and politicians about the case , as well as myths and misconceptions , including how many people thought she was driving when the incident occurred and thought that she suffered only minor superficial burns . The film also discussed in great depth how Liebeck v. McDonald 's Restaurants is often used and misused to describe a frivolous lawsuit and referenced in conjunction with tort reform efforts . It contends that corporations have spent millions promoting misconceptions of tort cases in order to promote tort reform . In reality , the majority of damages in the case were punitive due to McDonald 's ' reckless disregard for the number of burn victims prior to Liebeck . The New York Times Retro Report ( edit ) On October 21 , 2013 , The New York Times published a Retro Report video about the media reaction and an accompanying article about the changes in coffee drinking over 20 years . The New York Times noted how the details of Liebeck 's story lost length and context as it was reported worldwide . An October 25 follow - up article noted that the video had more than one million views and had sparked vigorous debate in the online comments . See also ( edit ) McDonald 's legal cases References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Liebeck v. McDonald 's Restaurants , P.T.S. , Inc. , No . D - 202 CV - 93 - 02419 , 1995 WL 360309 ( Bernalillo County , N.M. Dist . Ct . August 18 , 1994 ) , docket entry from nmcourts.com ^ Jump up to : Gerlin , Andrea ( September 1 , 1994 ) . `` A Matter of Degree : How a Jury Decided that a Coffee Spill is Worth $2.9 Million '' ( PDF ) . Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 23 , 2015 . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Actual Facts About -- The Mcdonalds ' Coffee Case '' ^ Jump up to : Mark B. Greenlee , `` Kramer v. Java World : Images , Issues , and Idols in the Debate Over Tort Reform '' , 26 Cap . U.L. Rev. 701 ^ Jump up to : ABC News , `` I 'm Being Sued for What ? '' , 2 May 2007 ^ Jump up to : The case led to `` tort reform law '' when people failed to understand that the majority of the damages awarded were punitive due to the number of lawsuits that McDonalds settled from burn victims and had failed to settle the plaintiff 's reasonable medical reimbursement requests . Legal Urban Legends Hold Sway Archived 2012 - 03 - 03 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Doroshow , Joanne ( June 26 , 2011 ) . `` Watch Hot Coffee , a Powerful New Film on HBO June 27 '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 28 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Schmerler , Jessica ( December 5 , 2011 ) . `` Frivolous Lawsuits and How We Perceive Them '' . Yale Journal of Medicine and Law . VIII ( 1 ) . Retrieved 5 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Michael McCann , William Haltom , and Anne Bloom , `` LAW & SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM : Java Jive : Genealogy of a Juridical Icon '' , 56 U. Miami L. Rev. 113 ( October 2001 ) , which describes the accident in detail Jump up ^ See Gerlin . See also Ralph Nader & Wesley J. Smith , No Contest : Corporate Lawyers and the Perversion of Justice in America ( 1996 ) ISBN 0 - 375 - 75258 - 7 , 268 Jump up ^ Nader & Smith , No Contest , 268 ^ Jump up to : http://injury.findlaw.com/product-liability/the-mcdonald-s-coffee-cup-case-separating-mcfacts-from-mcfiction.html Jump up ^ Kirsty Horsey ; Erika Rackley ( 18 July 2013 ) . Tort Law . Oxford University Press . pp. 356 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 966189 - 3 . Jump up ^ William Haltom ; Michael McCann ( 15 November 2009 ) . Distorting the Law : Politics , Media , and the Litigation Crisis . University of Chicago Press . pp. 186 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 31469 - 3 . Jump up ^ Amended Complaint about Damages , Stella LIEBECK , Plaintiff , v. MCDONALD 'S RESTAURANTS , P.T.S , Inc. and McDonald 's Corporation , Defendants. 1993 WL 13651163 , District Court of New Mexico , ( Bernalillo County , N.M. Dist . Ct . October 5 , 1993 ) ^ Jump up to : Liebeck v. McDonald 's Restaurants , docket entry from nmcourts.com : : `` 08 / 18 / 1994 NCJ : JURY TRIAL 12 PERSON : : Filing Judgment entered solely against DF McDonald 's and to PL for compensatory damages of $160,000.00 and punitive damages of 0 $2,700,000.00 plus interest and costs Jump up ^ See Gerlin . See also trial and deposition transcripts reproduced in Nader & Smith , 270 -- 272 Jump up ^ Daniel J. Shapiro , Punitive Damages , 43 La . B.J. 252 , 254 n. 1 ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Stephen Bainbridge ( 2004 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Trial lawyer propaganda at kos '' ( revised relocated blog entry ) . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 14. ) Jump up ^ Anthony J. Sebok , Dispatches from the Tort Wars : A Review Essay , 85 Tex . L. Rev. 1465 , 1509 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Ted Frank , `` Urban legends and Stella Liebeck and the McDonald 's coffee case '' , Overlawyered.com , 20 October 2005 Jump up ^ Matt Fleischer - Black ( 2004 - 06 - 04 ) . `` One Lump or Two ? Infamous coffee - burn case -- which inspired both caricature and quiet reform -- about to get a 10th - anniversary rerun . '' . The American Lawyer . ALM Media , Inc . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 13 . Ted Lingle , the executive director of the Specialty Coffee Association of America ( said ) ' the answer is in more secure packaging . ' Jump up ^ See , e.g. , McMahon v. Bunn - O - Matic , 150 F. 3d 651 , 654 ( 7th Cir. 1998 ) ( listing cases ) . Jump up ^ Student Measured Heat in Coffee Case , by Toby Smith , in the Albuquerque Journal ; published January 6 , 2009 ; retrieved May 16 , 2015 Jump up ^ Judge Easterbrook : `` The smell ( and therefore the taste ) of coffee depends heavily on the oils containing aromatic compounds that are dissolved out of the beans during the brewing process . Brewing temperature should be close to 200 ° F ( 93 ° C ) to dissolve them effectively , but without causing the premature breakdown of these delicate molecules . Coffee smells and tastes best when these aromatic compounds evaporate from the surface of the coffee as it is being drunk . Compounds vital to flavor have boiling points in the range of 150 -- 160 ° F ( 66 -- 71 ° C ) , and the beverage therefore tastes best when it is this hot and the aromatics vaporize as it is being drunk . For coffee to be 150 ° F when imbibed , it must be hotter in the pot . Pouring a liquid increases its surface area and cools it ; more heat is lost by contact with the cooler container ; if the consumer adds cream and sugar ( plus a metal spoon to stir them ) the liquid 's temperature falls again . If the consumer carries the container out for later consumption , the beverage cools still further . '' McMahon v. Bunn Matic Corporation , 150 F. 3d 651 ( 7th Cir. 1997 ) Jump up ^ Judge Field of the Queen 's Bench wrote : `` If this submission be right , McDonald 's should not have served drinks at any temperature which would have caused a bad scalding injury . The evidence is that tea or coffee served at a temperature of 65 ° C ( 149 ° F ) will cause a deep thickness burn if it is in contact with the skin for just two seconds . Thus , if McDonald 's were going to avoid the risk of injury by a deep thickness burn they would have had to have served tea and coffee at between 55 ° C and 60 ° C. ( 131 -- 140 ° F ) But tea ought to be brewed with boiling water if it is to give its best flavour and coffee ought to be brewed at between 85 ° C and 95 ° C. ( 185 -- 203 ° F ) Further , people generally like to allow a hot drink to cool to the temperature they prefer . Accordingly , I have no doubt that tea and coffee served at between 55 ° C and 60 ° C would not have been acceptable to McDonald 's customers . Indeed , on the evidence , I find that the public want to be able to buy tea and coffee served hot , that is to say at a temperature of at least 65 ° C , even though they know ( as I think they must be taken to do for the purposes of answering issues ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) ) that there is a risk of a scalding injury if the drink is spilled . '' Bogle & Ors v McDonald 's Restaurants Ltd. ( 2002 ) EWHC 490 , at 33 Jump up ^ Hurtado , Linda ( 2011 - 02 - 12 ) . `` Local woman sues National Franchise over coffee '' . ABC Action News . The E.W. Scripps Co . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Burned woman sues Burger King '' . 3 News NZ . January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , John ( 2006 - 06 - 06 ) . `` Woman 's estate sues over hot coffee '' . The West Virginia Record . Madison County Record , Inc . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ Behme , Todd J. ( March 23 , 2012 ) . `` McDonald 's hit with 2 hot - coffee lawsuits '' . Crain 's Chicago Business . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Denise Gellene ( 1994 - 09 - 16 ) . `` A Hot Tip for Coffee Lovers : Most Retailers Prefer to Make It Scalding '' . Los Angeles Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Burger chain sued after boy 's ordeal '' . Cambridge News . Cambridge Newspapers Ltd , Cambridge UK . 2007 - 06 - 22 . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2009 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 14 . Matthew Allen , 10 , suffered second degree burns after he bumped into his mum 's tray and the drink tipped on to his arm ... He saw a plastic surgeon because it was feared he would need a skin graft ... McDonald 's says its black coffee should be served at 85 ° C , plus or minus five degrees . Jump up ^ Greenlee , 26 Cap . U.L. Rev. 701 , 724 Jump up ^ Greenlee , 26 Cap . U.L. Rev. 701 , 724 ( citing Lesly Pogerew v. Brothers Gourmet Coffees Inc. , No. 96 - CV - 93848 ( Denver Co. , Dist . Ct. , CO November 19 , 1997 ) ) . Jump up ^ Hot Coffee ( 2011 ) on IMDb ^ Jump up to : `` Scalded by Coffee , Then News Media '' . Retro Report . The New York Times . October 21 , 2013 . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stout , Hilary ( October 21 , 2013 ) . `` Not Just a Hot Cup Anymore '' . Retro Report . The New York Times . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bertram , Bonnie ( October 25 , 2013 ) . `` Storm Still Brews Over Scalding Coffee '' . Retro Report . The New York Times . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Rutherford , Denney G. ( 1998 ) . `` Lessons from Liebeck : QSRs Cool the Coffee '' . Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly . 39 ( 3 ) : 72 -- 75 . ISSN 0010 - 8804 . doi : 10.1177 / 001088049803900314 . Enghagen , Linda K. ; Gilardi , Anthony ( 2002 ) . `` Putting things in perspective : McDonald 's and the $2.9 - million cup of coffee '' . Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly . 43 ( 3 ) : 53 -- 60 . ISSN 0010 - 8804 . doi : 10.1016 / S0010 - 8804 ( 02 ) 80018 - 0 . External links ( edit ) The Stella Liebeck McDonald 's Hot Coffee Case FAQ at Abnormal Use The Full Story Behind the Case and How Corporations Used it to Promote Tort Reform ? -- video report by Democracy Now ! Thought the McDonald 's Hot Coffee Spilling Lawsuit was Frivolous ? by David Haynes of The Cochran Firm Case Study : The True Story Behind the McDonald 's Coffee Lawsuit ( hide ) McDonald 's History Advertising ad programs Countries with franchises Legal cases Product list International availability People Richard and Maurice McDonald Ray Kroc Joan Kroc Ralph Alvarez Charlie Bell Al Bernardin Jim Cantalupo George Cohon Dan Coudreaut Steve Easterbrook Janice L. Fields Den Fujita Don Gorske Jack M. Greenberg Eikō Harada June Martino Herb Peterson Michael R. Quinlan Ed Rensi Willard Scott James A. Skinner Donald N. Smith Harry J. Sonneborn Don Thompson Fred L. Turner Company Hamburger University Leaps and Bounds McBarge McCafé McDonald 's # 1 Store Museum McDonald 's ( Will Rogers Turnpike ) Oldest McDonald 's restaurant Rock N Roll McDonald 's Ronald McDonald House Charities Products Beef Big Mac Big N ' Tasty Deluxe line Kiwiburger Quarter Pounder ( McRoyal ) Chicken Chicken McNuggets McChicken Other Deli Choices Filet - O - Fish Georgie Pie Happy Meal McArabia McGriddles McMuffin McRib Premium line Shamrock Shake Former Arch Deluxe McAfrika Advertising Campaigns Changeables Global Gladiators Golden Arches Mac Tonight McDonaldland McDonald 's Monopoly McDonald 's Treasure Land Adventure M.C. Kids McKids Ronald McDonald Teenie Beanies The Wacky Adventures of Ronald McDonald Sponsorships Kyle Larson ( NASCAR ) Jamie McMurray ( NASCAR ) Graham Rahal ( IndyCar Series ) McDonald 's All - American Game McDonald 's Championship McDonald 's Championship ( golf ) McDonald 's Cycle Center McDonald 's Gospelfest McDonald 's Olympic Swim Stadium Related Burger wars Donald Land Fast food advertising Mac and Me ( 1988 film ) McDonald 's sign ( Pine Bluff , Arkansas ) Supersize Branches Canada Israel New Zealand Criticism Fast Food Nation ( film ) McDonaldization McDonald 's Videogame McJob McRefugee McLibel Maxime , McDuff & McDo Super Size Me Do n't Eat This Book Legal cases Liebeck v. McDonald 's Restaurants Magee v. McDonald 's McDonald 's Restaurants v. Morris & Steel Sid & Marty Krofft Television Productions Inc. v. McDonald 's Corp . Related McDelivery Big Mac Index Bill Elliott McDonald 's Young Entertainers McWords San Ysidro McDonald 's massacre `` Seriously McDonalds '' Sydney River McDonald 's murders Taiwan McDonald 's bombings Urban legends Boom , Like That The Founder ( 2016 film ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liebeck_v._McDonald%27s_Restaurants&oldid=798660312 '' Categories : McDonald 's litigation New Mexico state case law United States tort case law 1994 in United States case law 1994 in New Mexico Food safety in the United States Coffee preparation History of Albuquerque , New Mexico Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Bahasa Indonesia עברית 日本 語 Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 05 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was mcdonald's sued for hot coffee | [
"Liebeck v. McDonald's Restaurants,[1] also known as the McDonald's coffee case and the hot coffee lawsuit, was a 1994 product liability lawsuit that became a flashpoint in the debate in the United States over tort reform. Although a New Mexico civil jury awarded $2.86 million to plaintiff Stella Liebeck, a 79-year-old woman who suffered third-degree burns in her pelvic region when she accidentally spilled hot coffee in her lap after purchasing it from a McDonald's restaurant, ultimately Liebeck was only awarded $640,000. Liebeck was hospitalized for eight days while she underwent skin grafting, followed by two years of medical treatment."
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"1994"
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3173891162628917476 | Automotive industry | Automotive industry - wikipedia Automotive industry Jump to : navigation , search Modern assembly line Play media A video showing new SEAT , Škoda & Volkswagen cars being transported by rail at Kutná Hora město train station in the Czech Republic The automotive industry is a wide range of companies and organizations involved in the design , development , manufacturing , marketing , and selling of motor vehicles , some of them are called automakers . It is one of the world 's most important economic sectors by revenue . The automotive industry does not include industries dedicated to the maintenance of automobiles following delivery to the end - user , such as automobile repair shops and motor fuel filling stations . The term automotive was created from Greek autos ( self ) , and Latin motivus ( of motion ) to represent any form of self - powered vehicle . This term was proposed by Elmer Sperry . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Safety 3 Economy 4 World motor vehicle production 4.1 By year 4.2 By country 4.3 By manufacturer 4.4 By market segment 5 Company relationships 5.1 Stake holding 5.2 Joint ventures 6 Top vehicle manufacturing groups by volume 7 Car brands and parent companies 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the automobile Thomas B. Jeffery automobile factory in Kenosha , Wisconsin , c. 1916 Citroën assembly line in 1918 The automotive industry began in the 1860s with hundreds of manufacturers that pioneered the horseless carriage . For many decades , the United States led the world in total automobile production . In 1929 , before the Great Depression , the world had 32,028,500 automobiles in use , and the U.S. automobile industry produced over 90 % of them . At that time the U.S. had one car per 4.87 persons . After World War II , the U.S. produced about 75 percent of world 's auto production . In 1980 , the U.S. was overtaken by Japan and then became world 's leader again in 1994 . In 2006 , Japan narrowly passed the U.S. in production and held this rank until 2009 , when China took the top spot with 13.8 million units . With 19.3 million units manufactured in 2012 , China almost doubled the U.S. production , with 10.3 million units , while Japan was in third place with 9.9 million units . From 1970 ( 140 models ) over 1998 ( 260 models ) to 2012 ( 684 models ) , the number of automobile models in the U.S. has grown exponentially . Safety ( edit ) Main article : Automobile safety Safety is a state that implies to be protected from any risk , danger , damage or cause of injury . In the automotive industry , safety means that users , operators or manufacturers do not face any risk or danger coming from the motor vehicle or its spare parts . Safety for the autmobiles themselves , implies that there is no risk of damage . Safety in the automotive industry is particularly important and therefore highly regulated . Automobiles and other motor vehicles have to comply with a certain number of norms and regulations , whether local or international , in order to be accepted on the market . The standard ISO 26262 , is considered as one of the best practice framework for achieving automotive functional safety . In case of safety issues , danger , product defect or faulty procedure during the manufacturing of the motor vehicle , the maker can request to return either a batch or the entire production run . This procedure is called product recall . Product recalls happen in every industry and can be production - related or stem from the raw material . Product and operation tests and inspections at different stages of the value chain are made to avoid these product recalls by ensuring end - user security and safety and compliance with the automotive industry requirements . However , the automotive industry is still particularly concerned about product recalls , which cause considerable financial consequences . Economy ( edit ) See also : Automotive industry by country Around the world , there were about 806 million cars and light trucks on the road in 2007 , consuming over 980 billion litres ( 980,000,000 m ) of gasoline and diesel fuel yearly . The automobile is a primary mode of transportation for many developed economies . The Detroit branch of Boston Consulting Group predicts that , by 2014 , one - third of world demand will be in the four BRIC markets ( Brazil , Russia , India and China ) . Meanwhile , in the developed countries , the automotive industry has slowed down . It is also expected that this trend will continue , especially as the younger generations of people ( in highly urbanized countries ) no longer want to own a car anymore , and prefer other modes of transport . Other potentially powerful automotive markets are Iran and Indonesia . Emerging auto markets already buy more cars than established markets . According to a J.D. Power study , emerging markets accounted for 51 percent of the global light - vehicle sales in 2010 . The study , performed in 2010 expected this trend to accelerate . However , more recent reports ( 2012 ) confirmed the opposite ; namely that the automotive industry was slowing down even in BRIC countries . In the United States , vehicle sales peaked in 2000 , at 17.8 million units . World Motor vehicle production ( edit ) World Motor Vehicle Production Production volume ( 1000 vehicles ) 1960s : Post war increase 1970s : Oil crisis and tighter safety and emission regulation . 1990s : production started in NICs 2000s : rise of China as top producer Automotive industry crisis of 2008 -- 2010 to 1950 : USA had produced more than 80 % of motor vehicles . 1950s : UK , Germany and France restarted production . 1960s : Japan started production and increased volume through the 1980s . US , Japan , Germany , France and UK produced about 80 % of motor vehicles through the 1980s . 1990s : Korea became a volume producer . In 2004 , Korea became No. 5 passing France . 2000s : China increased its production drastically , and 2009 became the world largest producing country . 2013 : The share of China ( 25.4 % ) , Korea , India , Brazil and Mexico rose to 43 % , while the share of USA ( 12.7 % ) , Japan , Germany , France and UK fell to 34 % . By year ( edit ) See also : List of countries by motor vehicle production Year Production Change Source 54,434,000 -- 1998 52,987,000 2.7 % 1999 56,258,892 6.2 % 2000 58,374,162 3.8 % 56,304,925 3.5 % 2002 58,994,318 4.8 % 2003 60,663,225 2.8 % 64,496,220 6.3 % 2005 66,482,439 3.1 % 2006 69,222,975 4.1 % 2007 73,266,061 5.8 % 2008 70,520,493 3.7 % 2009 61,791,868 12.4 % 77,857,705 26.0 % 2011 79,989,155 3.1 % 2012 84,141,209 5.3 % 2013 87,300,115 3.7 % 2014 89,747,430 2.6 % 2015 90,086,346 0.4 % 2016 94,976,569 4.5 % Car exports by country ( 2014 ) from Harvard Atlas of Economic Complexity Global automobile import and export in 2011 By country ( edit ) Main article : Automotive industry by country The OICA counts over 50 countries which assemble , manufacture or disseminate automobiles . Of that figure , only 13 , boldfaced in the list below , possess the capability to design automobiles from the ground up . Algeria Argentina Australia ( main page ) Austria Azerbaijan Bangladesh ( main page ) Belarus ( main page ) Belgium Brazil ( main page ) Bulgaria ( main page ) Canada ( main page ) China ( main page ) Colombia Czech Republic Ecuador Egypt Finland France ( main page ) Ghana Germany ( main page ) Hungary ( main page ) India ( main page ) Indonesia ( main page ) Iran ( main page ) Italy ( main page ) Japan ( main page ) Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya ( main page ) Morocco ( main page ) Malaysia ( main page ) Mexico ( main page ) Netherlands Pakistan ( main page ) Philippines Poland ( main page ) Portugal Romania ( main page ) Russia ( main page ) Serbia ( main page ) Slovakia ( main page ) Slovenia South Africa ( main page ) South Korea ( main page ) Spain ( main page ) Sweden ( main page ) Taiwan Thailand ( main page ) Tunisia Turkey ( main page ) Ukraine ( main page ) United Kingdom ( main page ) United States ( main page ) Uzbekistan ( main page ) Venezuela Vietnam Top 20 motor vehicle producing countries ( 2016 ) Country Motor vehicle production ( units ) China 28,118,794 United States 12,198,137 Japan 9,204,590 Germany 6,062,562 India 4,488,965 South Korea 4,228,509 Mexico 3,597,462 Spain 2,885,922 Canada 2,370,271 Brazil 2,156,356 France 2,082,000 Thailand 1,944,417 United Kingdom 1,816,622 Turkey 1,485,927 Czech Republic 1,349,896 Russia 1,303,989 Indonesia 1,177,389 Iran 1,164,710 Italy 1,103,516 Slovakia 1,040,000 `` Production Statistics '' . OICA . By manufacturer ( edit ) See also : List of manufacturers by motor vehicle production This is a list of the 15 largest manufacturers by production in 2016 . Rank Group Country Vehicles Toyota Japan 10,213,486 Volkswagen Group Germany 10,126,281 Hyundai South Korea 7,889,538 General Motors United States 7,793,066 5 Ford United States 6,429,485 6 Nissan Japan 5,556,241 7 Honda Japan 4,999,266 8 Fiat Chrysler Automobiles Italy / United States 4,681,457 9 Renault France 3,373,278 10 PSA France 3,152,787 11 Suzuki Japan 2,945,295 12 SAIC China 2,566,793 13 Daimler Germany 2,526,450 14 BMW Germany 2,359,756 15 Changan China 1,715,871 By market segment ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2018 ) Company relationships ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Stake Holding ( edit ) It is common for automobile manufacturers to hold stakes in other automobile manufacturers . These ownerships can be explored under the detail for the individual companies . Notable current relationships include : Daimler AG holds a 20 % stake in Eicher Motors . Daimler AG holds a 10.0 % stake in KAMAZ . Daimler AG holds an 89.29 % stake in Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corporation . Daimler AG holds a 6.75 % stake in Tata Motors . Daimler AG holds a 3.1 % in the Renault - Nissan Alliance . Daimler AG holds a 12 % stake in Beijing Automotive Group , Daimler AG holds an 85 % stake in Master Motors . Dongfeng Motor holds a 12.23 % stake and an 19.94 % exercisable voting rights in PSA Groupe . FAW Group owns 49 % of Haima Automobile . FCA holds a 10 % stake in Ferrari . FCA holds a 67 % stake in Fiat Automobili Srbija . FCA holds 37.8 % of Tofaş with another 37.8 % owned by Koç Holding . Fiat Automobili Srbija owns a 54 % stake in Zastava Trucks . Fiat Industrial owns a 46 % stake in Zastava Trucks . Fujian Motors Group holds a 15 % stake in King Long . FMG , Beijing Automotive Group , China Motor , and Daimler has a joint venture called Fujian Benz . FMG , China Motor , and Mitsubishi Motors has a joint venture called Soueast , FMG holds a 50 % stake , and both China Motor and Mitsubishi Motors holds an equal 25 % stake . Geely Automobile holds a 23 % stake in The London Taxi Company . Geely Automobile holds a 49.9 % stake in PROTON Holdings and a 51 % stake in Lotus Cars . Geely Holding Group holds a 9.69 % stake in Daimler AG . Geely Holding Group holds an 8.3 % stake and a 15.9 % exercisable voting rights in AB Volvo . General Motors holds a 94 % stake in GM Korea and SAIC Group holds a 6 % stake . General Motors holds a 20 % stake in Industries Mécaniques Maghrébines . Isuzu owns 10 % of Industries Mécaniques Maghrébines . MAN SE holds a 17.01 % voting stake in Scania . Marcopolo owns 19 % of New Flyer Industries . Mitsubishi Group holds 20 % of Mitsubishi Motors . Nissan owns 34 % of Mitsubishi Motors and had the since October 2016 , thus having the right to nominate the chairman of Mitsubishi Motors 's board and a third of its directors . Nissan owns 43 % of Nissan Shatai . Porsche Automobil Holding SE has a 50.74 % voting stake in Volkswagen Group . The Porsche automotive business is fully owned by the Volkswagen Group . Renault and Nissan Motors have an alliance ( Renault - Nissan Alliance ) involving two global companies linked by cross-shareholding , with Renault holding 43.4 % of Nissan shares , and Nissan holding 15 % of ( non-voting ) Renault shares . Renault - Nissan Alliance holds a 3.1 % share in Daimler AG . Renault holds a 25 % stake in AvtoVAZ Renault holds an 80.1 % stake in Renault Samsung . SAIPA holds a 51 % stake in Pars Khodro . Toyota holds a 100 % stake in Daihatsu . Toyota holds a 50.1 % stake in Hino . Toyota holds a 16.7 % stake in Fuji Heavy Industries , parent company of Subaru . Toyota holds a 5.9 % stake in Isuzu . Toyota holds a 5.05 % stake in Mazda , while Mazda holds 0.25 % stake in Toyota . Volkswagen Group holds a 99.55 % stake in the Audi Group . Volkswagen Group holds a 37.73 % stake in Scania ( 68.6 % voting rights ) , a 53.7 % stake in MAN SE ( 55.9 % voting rights ) , Volkswagen is integrating Scania , MAN and its own truck division into one division . Paccar inc . has a 19 % stake in Tatra . Joint ventures ( edit ) AB Volvo and Eicher Motors has a 50 - 50 % joint venture called VE Commercial Vehicles . Beijing Automotive Group has a joint venture with Daimler called Beijing Benz , both companies hold a 50 - 50 % stake . both companies also have a joint venture called Beijing Foton Daimler Automobile . BAG also has a joint venture with Hyundai called Beijing Hyundai , both companies hold a 50 - 50 % stake . BMW and Brilliance have a joint venture called BMW Brilliance . BMW owns a 50 % stake , Brilliance owns a 40.5 % stake , and the Shenyang municipal government owns a 9.5 % stake . Chang'an Automobile Group has joint venture with Groupe PSA ( CAPSA ) , both hold a 50 - 50 % stake , Chang'an Automobile Group has joint venture with Suzuki ( Changan Suzuki ) , both hold a 50 - 50 % stake , Chang'an Automobile Group has joint venture with Ford and Mazda ( Changan Ford Mazda ) , CAG holds a 50 % stake , Ford holds a 35 % stake , and Mazda holds a 15 % stake . Chang'an and Ford have a joint venture called Chang'an Ford Nanjing . Jiangling and Chang'an have a joint venture called Jiangxi Jiangling . Chery has a joint venture with Tata Motors called Chery Jaguar Land Rover , both companies hold a 50 - 50 % stake . Chery and Israel Corporation has a joint venture called Qoros , both companies hold a 50 - 50 % stake . Daimler AG and BYD Auto have a joint venture called Denza , both companies hold a 50 - 50 % stake . Dongfeng Motor and Nissan have a 50 - 50 % joint venture called Dongfeng Motor Company . Dongfeng Motor and PSA Group have a 50 - 50 % joint venture called Dongfeng Peugeot - Citroen , Dongfeng Motor has a 50 - 50 % joint venture with Honda called Dongfeng Honda , Dongfeng Motor has a joint venture with AB Volvo called Dongfeng Nissan - Diesel , Dongfeng Motor has a 50 - 50 % joint venture with Renault named Dongfeng Renault in Wuhan , which was founded in the end of 2013 Ford Motor Company and Navistar International have a 50 - 50 joint venture called Blue Diamond Truck . Ford and Sollers JSC have a 50 - 50 joint venture called Ford Sollers . Both Ford and Koç Holding own a 41 % stake in Ford Otosan . Ford and Lio Ho Group have a joint venture called Ford Lio Ho , Ford owns 70 % and Lio Ho Group owns 30 % . FAW Group and GM has a 50 - 50 joint venture called FAW - GM , FAW Group has a 50 - 50 joint venture with Volkswagen Group called FAW - Volkswagen , FAW Group has a 50 - 50 joint venture with Toyota called Sichuan FAW Toyota Motor and both companies also have another joint venture called Ranz . General Motors and Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation ( SAIC ) , both have two joint ventures in Shanghai General Motors and SAIC - GM - Wuling Automobile . Both also hold an equal 50 % stake in General Motors India Private Limited . General Motors and UzAvtosanoat have a joint venture called GM Uzbekistan , UzAvtosanoat owns 75 % and General Motors owns 25 % . General Motors and UzAvtosanoat also have a joint venture called UzDaewooAvto both each hold a 50 - 50 stake . General Motors , AvtoVAZ , and EBRD have a joint venture called GM - AvtoVAZ , Both GM and AvtoVAZ owns 41.61 % and EBRD owns 16.76 % . Hyundai Motor Company and Kibar Holding has a joint venture called Hyundai Assan Otomotiv , Hyundai Motor Group owns 70 % and Kibar Holding owns 30 % . Isuzu and Anadolu Group have a 50 - 50 % joint venture called Anadolu Isuzu . Isuzu and General Motors has a 50 - 50 % joint venture called Isuzu Truck South Africa . Isuzu , Sollers JSC , and Imperial Sojitz have a joint venture called Sollers - Isuzu , Sollers JSC owns 66 % , Isuzu owns 29 % , and Imperial Sojitz owns 5 % . Mahindra & Mahindra and Navistar International has a joint venture called Mahindra Trucks and Buses Limited . Mahindra & Mahindra owns 51 % and Navistar International owns 49 % . MAN SE and UzAvtosanoat have a joint venture called MAN Auto - Uzbekistan , UzAvtosanoat owns 51 % and MAN owns 49 % . Navistar International and JAC has a joint venture called Anhui Jianghuai Navistar . PSA Groupe and Toyota have a 50 - 50 % joint venture called Toyota Peugeot Citroen Automobile Czech , and another joint venture with Chang'an called Chang'an PSA automobile . Sollers JSC is involved in Joint ventures with Ford ( Ford Sollers ) and Mazda to produce cars . Tata Motors also formed a joint venture in India with Fiat and gained access to Fiat 's diesel engine technology . Tata Motors and Marcopolo have a Tata Marcopolo , Tata owns 51 % and Marcopolo owns 49 % . ZAP owns 51 % of Zhejiang Jonway . Top vehicle manufacturing groups by volume ( edit ) The table below shows the world 's 10 largest motor vehicle manufacturing groups , along with the marques produced by each one . The table is ranked by 2016 production figures from the International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers ( OICA ) for the parent group , and then alphabetically by marque . Joint ventures are not reflected in this table . Production figures of joint ventures are typically included in OICA rankings , which can become a source of controversy . Marque Country of origin Ownership Markets 1 . Toyota ( Japan ) Daihatsu Japan Subsidiary Europe , Asia ( except South Korea , South Asia ( excluding Sri Lanka ) ) , Africa , South America Hino Japan Subsidiary South East Asia , Japan , North America , Central America , South America , Caribbean Lexus Japan Business Unit South East Asia , China , Japan , South Korea , Middle East , United States , Canada , Europe , Brazil , Costa Rica , Panama , Chile , Peru , Bolivia , Australia , New Zealand , South Africa , India Toyota Japan Division Global , except Iran 2 . Volkswagen AG ( Germany ) Audi Germany Subsidiary Global , except Iran Bentley United Kingdom Subsidiary Global Bugatti France Subsidiary Global , except Australia Ducati Italy Subsidiary Global Lamborghini Italy Subsidiary Global MAN Germany Subsidiary Global , except North America Porsche Germany Subsidiary Global , except Iran , North Korea , Syria , Cuba Scania Sweden Subsidiary Global , except North America SEAT Spain Subsidiary Europe , China , Singapore , Mexico , Central America , South America , Middle East , Northern Africa Škoda Czech Republic Subsidiary Europe , Asia ( except Indonesia , The Philippines , Iran , Japan , South Korea , North Korea ) , Central America , South America , Dominican Republic , Northern Africa , Western Africa , Australia , New Zealand Volkswagen Germany Division Global Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles Germany Subsidiary Global VTB Brazil Business Unit Brazil , Mexico , Nigeria , South Africa 3 . Hyundai ( South Korea ) Genesis South Korea Business Unit South Korea , Russia , United States , Canada , Middle East Hyundai South Korea Division Global Kia South Korea Subsidiary Global , except Japan 4 . General Motors ( United States ) Buick United States Business Unit North America , China , Israel Cadillac United States Business Unit North America , Middle East , China , Europe , Japan , South Korea Chevrolet United States Business Unit Global , except Australia , New Zealand GMC United States Business Unit North America , Middle East ( except Israel ) Holden Australia Subsidiary Australia , New Zealand JieFang China Business Unit China SAIC - GM China Business Unit China UzDaewoo Uzbekistan Business Unit Central Asia , Russia 5 . Ford ( United States ) Ford United States Division Global Lincoln United States Business Unit North America , Middle East , Japan , South Korea , China Troller Veículos Especiais Brazil Subsidiary South America , Africa , Australia , Europe 6 . Nissan ( Japan ) Datsun Japan Division Indonesia , India , Russia , South Africa Infiniti Japan Subsidiary Global , except Japan , South America ( excluding Chile ) , Africa ( excluding South Africa ) Nissan Japan Division Global 7 . Honda ( Japan ) Acura Japan Division China , Kuwait , North America , Russia Honda Japan Division Global 8 . Fiat Chrysler Automobiles ( Italy ) Abarth Italy Subsidiary Global , except Iran Alfa Romeo Italy Subsidiary Global , except Iran , China , Taiwan , the Philippines Chrysler United States Division Global , except Europe ( excluding United Kingdom , Ireland ) , Africa ( excluding South Africa , Egypt ) , South Asia , South East Asia ( excluding Indonesia , the Philippines , Singapore ) Dodge United States Division Global , except Europe , Africa ( excluding South Africa , Egypt ) , South Asia , South East Asia ( excluding Indonesia , the Philippines ) Fiat Italy Subsidiary Global , except Africa ( excluding South Africa ) , Iran , South East Asia Fiat Professional Italy Business Unit Global , except Africa ( excluding South Africa ) , Iran , South East Asia , United States , Canada Jeep United States Division Global , except Africa ( excluding South Africa , Egypt ) , South Asia ( excluding India , Sri Lanka ) , South East Asia ( excluding Malaysia , Indonesia , the Philippines , Singapore ) Lancia Italy Division Europe , except United Kingdom , Ireland Maserati Italy Subsidiary Global Ram United States Division North America , Brazil , Middle East , Peru 9 . Renault ( France ) Dacia Romania Subsidiary Europe , North Africa Lada Russia Subsidiary Russia , Belarus , Ukraine , Armenia , Azerbaijan , Czech Republic , Slovakia , Austria , France , Germany , Hungary , Egypt Renault France Subsidiary Global Renault Samsung Motors South Korea Subsidiary South Korea 10 . Groupe PSA ( France ) Citroën France Division Europe , Central and South America , Northern and Western Africa , South Africa , Madagascar , Australia , New Zealand , Asia ( except India , Pakistan , Bangladesh ) DS France Division Europe , China Peugeot France Division Global , except USA , Canada , India , Pakistan , Bangladesh Opel Germany Subsidiary Europe ( except United Kingdom ) , North Africa , South Africa , Middle East , Singapore , Chile Vauxhall United Kingdom Subsidiary United Kingdom Car brands and parent companies ( edit ) The table below lists most car brands and their parent companies . Parent ( Owner ) Parent Origin Brand Brand Origin Fiat Chrysler Automobiles Italy Abarth Italy Honda Japan Acura Japan Polaris Industries United States Aixam France Fiat Chrysler Automobiles Italy Alfa Romeo Italy Renault France Alpine France Aston Martin United Kingdom Aston Martin United Kingdom Volkswagen Group Germany Audi Germany SAIC - GM - Wuling China / United States Baojun China Volkswagen Group Germany Bentley United Kingdom BMW Germany BMW Germany Brilliance China Brilliance China Volkswagen Group Germany Bugatti France General Motors United States Buick United States BYD China BYD China General Motors United States Cadillac United States Caterham United Kingdom Caterham United Kingdom Chang'an China Chang'an China General Motors United States Chevrolet United States Fiat Chrysler Automobiles Italy Chrysler United States Groupe PSA France Citroën France Volkswagen Group Germany Cupra Spain Renault France Dacia Romania Toyota Japan Daihatsu Japan Nissan Japan Datsun Japan Fiat Chrysler Automobiles Italy Dodge United States Dongfeng Motor Corporation China Dongfeng China Groupe PSA France DS France Dongfeng Motor Corporation China Dongfeng Fengshen China Fiat Chrysler Automobiles Italy Fiat Italy Wanxiang China Karma United States Ford United States Ford United States Ferrari Italy Ferrari Italy Geely China Geely China Hyundai Motor Group South Korea Genesis South Korea General Motors United States GMC United States Toyota Japan Hino Motors Japan General Motors United States Holden ( HSV ) Australia Honda Japan Honda Japan Hyundai Motor Group South Korea Hyundai South Korea Nissan Japan Infiniti Japan Isuzu Motors Japan Isuzu Japan Jaguar Land Rover United Kingdom Jaguar United Kingdom Fiat Chrysler Automobiles Italy Jeep United States FAW Group / FAW - GM China / United States Jie Fang China Kantanka Group Conglomerate Ghana Kantanka Ghana Koenigsegg Sweden Koenigsegg Sweden Hyundai Motor Group South Korea Kia South Korea Renault France Lada Russia Volkswagen Group Germany Lamborghini Italy Fiat Chrysler Automobiles Italy Lancia Italy Jaguar Land Rover United Kingdom Land Rover United Kingdom Toyota Japan Lexus Japan Ligier France Ligier France Ford United States Lincoln United States Geely China Lotus United Kingdom Geely China LTI United Kingdom Yulon Motor Taiwan Luxgen Taiwan Mahindra & Mahindra India Mahindra India Suzuki Japan Maruti Suzuki India Fiat Chrysler Automobiles Italy Maserati Italy Mastretta Mexico Mastretta Mexico Daimler AG Germany Maybach Germany Mazda Japan Mazda Japan McLaren Automotive United Kingdom McLaren United Kingdom Daimler AG Germany Mercedes - Benz Germany SAIC Motor China MG United Kingdom Ligier France Microcar France BMW Germany Mini United Kingdom Nissan / Mitsubishi Group Japan Mitsubishi Japan Morgan Motor Company United Kingdom Morgan United Kingdom National Electric Vehicle Sweden ( NEVS ) Sweden NEVS Sweden Nissan Japan Nissan Japan Peter Dyson United Kingdom Noble United Kingdom Groupe PSA France Opel Germany Pagani Automobili Italy Pagani Italy Perodua Malaysia Perodua Malaysia Groupe PSA France Peugeot France PGO France PGO France Volkswagen Group Germany Porsche Germany Geely / DRB - HICOM China / Malaysia PROTON Malaysia Fiat Chrysler Automobiles Italy Ram United States GM Uzbekistan Uzbekistan Ravon Uzbekistan Renault France Renault France Rimac Automobili Croatia Rimac Croatia SAIC Motor China Roewe China BMW Germany Rolls Royce United Kingdom Saleen United States Saleen United States Iran Khodro ( IKCO ) Iran Samand Iran Renault France Renault Samsung Motors South Korea Volkswagen Group Germany SEAT Spain BAIC Motor China Senova China Volkswagen Group Germany Škoda Czech Republic Daimler AG Germany Smart Germany Mahindra & Mahindra India SsangYong South Korea Subaru Corporation Japan Subaru Japan Suzuki Japan Suzuki Japan Tata Motors India Tata India Tesla United States Tesla United States Saipa Iran Tiba / Miniator Iran Toyota Japan Toyota Japan Uniti Sweden AB Sweden Uniti Sweden Groupe PSA France Vauxhall United Kingdom Dongfeng Motor Co. , Ltd . ( Dongfeng - Nissan ) China / Japan Venucia China Volkswagen Group Germany Volkswagen Germany Geely China Volvo Cars Sweden Vuhl Mexico Vuhl Mexico SAIC - GM - Wuling China / United States Wuling China Innoson Nigeria IVM Nigeria See also ( edit ) Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers Automotive industry by country Automotive industry crisis of 2008 -- 2010 Automotive industry in the United States Big Three ( automobile manufacturers ) Effects of the 2008 -- 10 automotive industry crisis on the United States List of countries by motor vehicle production Motocycle List of largest automotive companies by revenue Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` automotive industry '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 25 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Scientific and Technical Societies of the United States ( Eighth ed . ) . Washington DC : National Academy of Sciences . 1968 . p. 164 . Retrieved 25 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Makes Ninety Percent of World 's Automobiles '' . Popular Science . 115 ( 5 ) : 84 . November 1929 . Retrieved 6 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Production Statistics '' . OICA . Retrieved 6 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Aichner , T. ; Coletti , P ( 2013 ) . `` Customers ' online shopping preferences in mass customization '' . Journal of Direct , Data and Digital Marketing Practice. 15 ( 1 ) : 20 -- 35 . Jump up ^ `` ISO 26262 - 10 : 2012 Road vehicles -- Functional safety -- Part 10 : Guideline on ISO 26262 '' . International Organization for Standardization . Retrieved 25 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Automobile Industry Introduction '' . Plunkett Research . 2008 . Archived from the original on 19 December 2010 . Retrieved 25 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Khor , Martin . `` Developing economies slowing down '' . twnside.org.sg . Archived from the original on 13 October 2012 . Retrieved 21 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Global Automotive Consumer Study : Exploring consumer preferences and mobility choices in Europe '' ( PDF ) . Deloittelcom . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 07 - 04 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Eisenstein , Paul A. `` Building BRIC 's : 4 Markets Could Soon Dominate the Auto World '' . TheDetroitBureau.com . Jump up ^ Bertel Schmitt ( 15 February 2011 ) . `` Auto industry sets new world record '' . The Truth About Cars . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Global Automotive Outlook for 2011 Appears Positive as Mature Auto Markets Recover , Emerging Markets Continue to Expand '' . J.D. Power and Associates . 15 February 2011 . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. vehicle sales peaked in 2000 '' . thecherrycreeknews.com. 2015 - 05 - 27 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Table 1 - 23 : World Motor Vehicle Production , Selected Countries ( Thousands of vehicles ) Bureau of Transportation Statistics '' . Rita.dot.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Arno A. Evers FAIR - PR '' . Hydrogenambassadors.com . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1998 - 1997 WORLD MOTOR VEHICLE PRODUCTION BY TYPE AND ECONOMIC AREA '' ( pdf ) . oica.net . Retrieved 21 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 Production Statistics '' . oica.net . Jump up ^ `` 2000 Production Statistics '' . oica.net . Jump up ^ `` 2001 Production Statistics '' . oica.net . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Production Statistics '' . oica.net . Jump up ^ `` 2003 Production Statistics '' . oica.net . Jump up ^ `` 2004 Production Statistics '' . oica.net . Jump up ^ `` 2005 Production Statistics '' . oica.net . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Production Statistics '' . oica.net . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Production Statistics '' . oica.net . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Production Statistics '' . oica.net . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Production Statistics '' . oica.net . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Production Statistics '' . oica.net . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Production Statistics '' . oica.net . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Production Statistics '' . oica.net . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Production Statistics '' . oica.net . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Production Statistics '' . oica.net . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Production Statistics '' . oica.net . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Production Statistics '' . oica.net . ^ Jump up to : OICA : World Motor Vehicle Production Jump up ^ Jared Lynch , Mark Hawthorne ( 17 October 2015 ) . `` Australia 's car industry one year from closing its doors '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on 27 May 2017 . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.oica.net/wp-content/uploads/By-country.pdf Jump up ^ `` China 's Geely to Acquire Stake in Malaysian Carmaker Proton '' . Bloomberg.com. 2017 - 05 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Nissan to take 34 % stake in Mitsubishi Motors - BBC News '' . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Subscribe to read '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ http://www.caradvice.com.au/572997/toyota-buys-stake-in-mazda-joint-us-factory-ev-development-planned/ Jump up ^ `` GM Slips to Number Two Worldwide , Ford to Fourth '' . The Truth About Cars . Archived from the original on 13 May 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` TTAC Announces World 's Top Ten Automakers '' . The Truth About Cars . Archived from the original on 5 June 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 12 . External links ( edit ) Look up automotive industry in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Automotive industry . Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers Automotive industry Car Motor vehicle By country Africa Egypt Ethiopia Ghana Ivory Coast Libya Kenya Morocco Namibia Nigeria South Africa Sudan Tunisia Asia Armenia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Myanmar Cambodia China manufacturers Georgia India Indonesia Iran Israel Japan manufacturers Kazakhstan Lebanon Malaysia North Korea Pakistan Philippines South Korea Sri Lanka Taiwan Thailand Turkey Vietnam Uzbekistan Europe Austria Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic automobiles Denmark Finland France manufacturers Germany manufacturers Greece Hungary Italy manufacturers Ireland Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Monaco Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia manufacturers Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Soviet Union Spain Sweden manufacturers Switzerland Ukraine Yugoslavia United Kingdom manufacturers North America Canada Mexico United States manufacturers South America Argentina Brazil Colombia Venezuela Oceania Australia New Zealand Data Automobile sales by model Best - selling automobiles Countries by motor vehicle production Countries by car exports Countries by vehicles per capita Top manufacturers History Automotive industry crisis of 2008 -- 10 History of the automobile History of the internal combustion engine History of the motorcycle Timeline of motor vehicle brands Manufacturers Automobile manufacturers marques Motorcycle manufacturers Truck manufacturers Minor automotive manufacturing groups Organisations Association for Standardisation of Automation and Measuring Systems European Automobile Manufacturers Association Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles Related topics Auto and motor shows Automotive design Automotive engineering Automotive standards People Commons List Portal Major industries Heavy Light Activism Advertising Aerospace Space Aircraft Aircraft tire Agriculture Flowers Horticulture Coffee Audiovisual Alcohol Anime Arms Automotive Bicycle Biotechnology Chemical Computer Construction Dredging Content Creative Cultural Education Electric power Electronics Semiconductor Energy Renewable energy Engineering Entertainment Fashion Film Financial services Insurance industry Fishing Food Bushfood Fur Gaming Online gambling Health care Hospitality Information Language Leisure Manufacturing Meat industry Meat packing Mineral Motorsport Music Naval stores Payment card Personal care Petroleum Oil shale Pharmaceutical Plastics Poverty Professional services Pulp and paper Radio Real estate Housing Online service Security Sex Shipbuilding Software Sport Textile Tobacco Tourism Video game Water GND : 4032690 - 1 NDL : 00574684 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automotive_industry&oldid=838401436 '' Categories : Automotive industry Mass production Heavy industry Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from January 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles needing additional references from April 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Articles prone to spam from September 2015 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Use dmy dates from April 2017 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 40 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 19 : 27 . 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"\n\nRank\nGroup\nCountry\nVehicles\n\n\n1\nToyota\nJapan\n10,213,486\n\n\n2\nVolkswagen Group\nGermany\n10,126,281\n\n\n3\nHyundai\nSouth Korea\n7,889,538\n\n\n4\nGeneral Motors\nUnited States\n7,793,066\n\n\n5\nFord\nUnited States\n6,429,485\n\n\n6\nNissan\nJapan\n5,556,241\n\n\n7\nHonda\nJapan\n4,999,266\n\n\n8\nFiat Chrysler Automobiles\nItaly / United States\n4,681,457\n\n\n9\nRenault\nFrance\n3,373,278\n\n\n10\nPSA\nFrance\n3,152,787\n\n\n11\nSuzuki\nJapan\n2,945,295\n\n\n12\nSAIC\nChina\n2,566,793\n\n\n13\nDaimler\nGermany\n2,526,450\n\n\n14\nBMW\nGermany\n2,359,756\n\n\n15\nChangan\nChina\n1,715,871\n\n",
"\n\nRank\nGroup\nCountry\nVehicles\n\n\n1\nToyota\nJapan\n10,213,486\n\n\n2\nVolkswagen Group\nGermany\n10,126,281\n\n\n3\nHyundai\nSouth Korea\n7,889,538\n\n\n4\nGeneral Motors\nUnited States\n7,793,066\n\n\n5\nFord\nUnited States\n6,429,485\n\n\n6\nNissan\nJapan\n5,556,241\n\n\n7\nHonda\nJapan\n4,999,266\n\n\n8\nFiat Chrysler Automobiles\nItaly / United States\n4,681,457\n\n\n9\nRenault\nFrance\n3,373,278\n\n\n10\nPSA\nFrance\n3,152,787\n\n\n11\nSuzuki\nJapan\n2,945,295\n\n\n12\nSAIC\nChina\n2,566,793\n\n\n13\nDaimler\nGermany\n2,526,450\n\n\n14\nBMW\nGermany\n2,359,756\n\n\n15\nChangan\nChina\n1,715,871\n\n",
"\n\nRank\nGroup\nCountry\nVehicles\n\n\n1\nToyota\nJapan\n10,213,486\n\n\n2\nVolkswagen Group\nGermany\n10,126,281\n\n\n3\nHyundai\nSouth Korea\n7,889,538\n\n\n4\nGeneral Motors\nUnited States\n7,793,066\n\n\n5\nFord\nUnited States\n6,429,485\n\n\n6\nNissan\nJapan\n5,556,241\n\n\n7\nHonda\nJapan\n4,999,266\n\n\n8\nFiat Chrysler Automobiles\nItaly / United States\n4,681,457\n\n\n9\nRenault\nFrance\n3,373,278\n\n\n10\nPSA\nFrance\n3,152,787\n\n\n11\nSuzuki\nJapan\n2,945,295\n\n\n12\nSAIC\nChina\n2,566,793\n\n\n13\nDaimler\nGermany\n2,526,450\n\n\n14\nBMW\nGermany\n2,359,756\n\n\n15\nChangan\nChina\n1,715,871\n\n",
"\n\nRank\nGroup\nCountry\nVehicles\n\n\n1\nToyota\nJapan\n10,213,486\n\n\n2\nVolkswagen Group\nGermany\n10,126,281\n\n\n3\nHyundai\nSouth Korea\n7,889,538\n\n\n4\nGeneral Motors\nUnited States\n7,793,066\n\n\n5\nFord\nUnited States\n6,429,485\n\n\n6\nNissan\nJapan\n5,556,241\n\n\n7\nHonda\nJapan\n4,999,266\n\n\n8\nFiat Chrysler Automobiles\nItaly / United States\n4,681,457\n\n\n9\nRenault\nFrance\n3,373,278\n\n\n10\nPSA\nFrance\n3,152,787\n\n\n11\nSuzuki\nJapan\n2,945,295\n\n\n12\nSAIC\nChina\n2,566,793\n\n\n13\nDaimler\nGermany\n2,526,450\n\n\n14\nBMW\nGermany\n2,359,756\n\n\n15\nChangan\nChina\n1,715,871\n\n",
"\n\nRank\nGroup\nCountry\nVehicles\n\n\n1\nToyota\nJapan\n10,213,486\n\n\n2\nVolkswagen Group\nGermany\n10,126,281\n\n\n3\nHyundai\nSouth Korea\n7,889,538\n\n\n4\nGeneral Motors\nUnited States\n7,793,066\n\n\n5\nFord\nUnited States\n6,429,485\n\n\n6\nNissan\nJapan\n5,556,241\n\n\n7\nHonda\nJapan\n4,999,266\n\n\n8\nFiat Chrysler Automobiles\nItaly / United States\n4,681,457\n\n\n9\nRenault\nFrance\n3,373,278\n\n\n10\nPSA\nFrance\n3,152,787\n\n\n11\nSuzuki\nJapan\n2,945,295\n\n\n12\nSAIC\nChina\n2,566,793\n\n\n13\nDaimler\nGermany\n2,526,450\n\n\n14\nBMW\nGermany\n2,359,756\n\n\n15\nChangan\nChina\n1,715,871\n\n",
"\n\nRank\nGroup\nCountry\nVehicles\n\n\n1\nToyota\nJapan\n10,213,486\n\n\n2\nVolkswagen Group\nGermany\n10,126,281\n\n\n3\nHyundai\nSouth Korea\n7,889,538\n\n\n4\nGeneral Motors\nUnited States\n7,793,066\n\n\n5\nFord\nUnited States\n6,429,485\n\n\n6\nNissan\nJapan\n5,556,241\n\n\n7\nHonda\nJapan\n4,999,266\n\n\n8\nFiat Chrysler Automobiles\nItaly / United States\n4,681,457\n\n\n9\nRenault\nFrance\n3,373,278\n\n\n10\nPSA\nFrance\n3,152,787\n\n\n11\nSuzuki\nJapan\n2,945,295\n\n\n12\nSAIC\nChina\n2,566,793\n\n\n13\nDaimler\nGermany\n2,526,450\n\n\n14\nBMW\nGermany\n2,359,756\n\n\n15\nChangan\nChina\n1,715,871\n\n",
"\n\nRank\nGroup\nCountry\nVehicles\n\n\n1\nToyota\nJapan\n10,213,486\n\n\n2\nVolkswagen Group\nGermany\n10,126,281\n\n\n3\nHyundai\nSouth Korea\n7,889,538\n\n\n4\nGeneral Motors\nUnited States\n7,793,066\n\n\n5\nFord\nUnited States\n6,429,485\n\n\n6\nNissan\nJapan\n5,556,241\n\n\n7\nHonda\nJapan\n4,999,266\n\n\n8\nFiat Chrysler Automobiles\nItaly / United States\n4,681,457\n\n\n9\nRenault\nFrance\n3,373,278\n\n\n10\nPSA\nFrance\n3,152,787\n\n\n11\nSuzuki\nJapan\n2,945,295\n\n\n12\nSAIC\nChina\n2,566,793\n\n\n13\nDaimler\nGermany\n2,526,450\n\n\n14\nBMW\nGermany\n2,359,756\n\n\n15\nChangan\nChina\n1,715,871\n\n",
"\n\nRank\nGroup\nCountry\nVehicles\n\n\n1\nToyota\nJapan\n10,213,486\n\n\n2\nVolkswagen Group\nGermany\n10,126,281\n\n\n3\nHyundai\nSouth Korea\n7,889,538\n\n\n4\nGeneral Motors\nUnited States\n7,793,066\n\n\n5\nFord\nUnited States\n6,429,485\n\n\n6\nNissan\nJapan\n5,556,241\n\n\n7\nHonda\nJapan\n4,999,266\n\n\n8\nFiat Chrysler Automobiles\nItaly / United States\n4,681,457\n\n\n9\nRenault\nFrance\n3,373,278\n\n\n10\nPSA\nFrance\n3,152,787\n\n\n11\nSuzuki\nJapan\n2,945,295\n\n\n12\nSAIC\nChina\n2,566,793\n\n\n13\nDaimler\nGermany\n2,526,450\n\n\n14\nBMW\nGermany\n2,359,756\n\n\n15\nChangan\nChina\n1,715,871\n\n",
"\n\nRank\nGroup\nCountry\nVehicles\n\n\n1\nToyota\nJapan\n10,213,486\n\n\n2\nVolkswagen Group\nGermany\n10,126,281\n\n\n3\nHyundai\nSouth Korea\n7,889,538\n\n\n4\nGeneral Motors\nUnited States\n7,793,066\n\n\n5\nFord\nUnited States\n6,429,485\n\n\n6\nNissan\nJapan\n5,556,241\n\n\n7\nHonda\nJapan\n4,999,266\n\n\n8\nFiat Chrysler Automobiles\nItaly / United States\n4,681,457\n\n\n9\nRenault\nFrance\n3,373,278\n\n\n10\nPSA\nFrance\n3,152,787\n\n\n11\nSuzuki\nJapan\n2,945,295\n\n\n12\nSAIC\nChina\n2,566,793\n\n\n13\nDaimler\nGermany\n2,526,450\n\n\n14\nBMW\nGermany\n2,359,756\n\n\n15\nChangan\nChina\n1,715,871\n\n",
"\n\nRank\nGroup\nCountry\nVehicles\n\n\n1\nToyota\nJapan\n10,213,486\n\n\n2\nVolkswagen Group\nGermany\n10,126,281\n\n\n3\nHyundai\nSouth Korea\n7,889,538\n\n\n4\nGeneral Motors\nUnited States\n7,793,066\n\n\n5\nFord\nUnited States\n6,429,485\n\n\n6\nNissan\nJapan\n5,556,241\n\n\n7\nHonda\nJapan\n4,999,266\n\n\n8\nFiat Chrysler Automobiles\nItaly / United States\n4,681,457\n\n\n9\nRenault\nFrance\n3,373,278\n\n\n10\nPSA\nFrance\n3,152,787\n\n\n11\nSuzuki\nJapan\n2,945,295\n\n\n12\nSAIC\nChina\n2,566,793\n\n\n13\nDaimler\nGermany\n2,526,450\n\n\n14\nBMW\nGermany\n2,359,756\n\n\n15\nChangan\nChina\n1,715,871\n\n"
] | [
"Toyota",
"Volkswagen Group",
"Hyundai",
"General Motors",
"Ford",
"Nissan",
"Honda",
"Fiat Chrysler Automobiles",
"Renault",
"PSA"
] |
-1210936972032245990 | Curious George (TV series) | Curious George ( TV series ) - wikipedia Curious George ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the television series shown from 2006 . For the 1980s television series , see Curious George . Curious George Genre Children 's television series Created by Margret Rey ( books ) H.A. Rey ( books ) Based on Curious George by Margret Rey H.A. Rey Developed by Joe Fallon Directed by Scott Heming Frank Marino Cathy Malkasian Starring Frank Welker Jeff Bennett Voices of Rob Paulsen Jim Cummings Debi Derryberry Bill Chott Lex Lang Susan Silo Kath Soucie Narrated by William H. Macy ( season 1 ) Rino Romano Opening theme `` Like Curious George ! '' by Dr. John Ending theme `` Like Curious George ! '' ( instrumental ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 9 No. of episodes 108 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Ron Howard Brian Grazer David Kirschner Jon Shapiro Editor ( s ) Kirk Demorest Camera setup Jaclyn Brick Running time 30 minutes Production company ( s ) Imagine Entertainment Universal 1440 Entertainment ( Universal Studios Family Productions before 2013 ) WGBH Boston Distributor NBCUniversal Television Distribution Release Original network PBS Kids Picture format HDTV 1080i SDTV 480i ( seasons 1 -- 4 ) Original release September 4 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 04 ) -- April 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 01 ) External links Website Curious George is an American animated children 's television series based on the children 's book series of the same name which features Jeff Bennett as the voice of The Man with the Yellow Hat . Frank Welker , who voiced George in the 2006 feature film , returns here as the voice of Curious George . As of April 2017 , reruns of the show are still broadcasting on PBS Kids . The show premiered on September 4 , 2006 , and ended on April 1 , 2015 . Curious George is a production of Universal 1440 Entertainment ( Universal Studios Family Productions before 2013 ) , Imagine Entertainment , and WGBH Boston , and animated by Toon City . Each episode has two short cartoons per half hour episode , and a live action segment after each story . The pilot and the production began in 2005 , and the copyrighted byline was created in July 2005 . After the TV show ends , the series illustrates and explains various concepts in math and science , and each live - action segment shows schoolchildren engaging in experiments , that teach the math or science concept featured in the previous cartoon . Contents ( hide ) 1 Settings 2 Characters 3 Episodes 4 Awards 5 References 6 External links Settings ( edit ) The City : George and the Man with the Yellow Hat live in an apartment in `` The City '' . The Doorman keeps a pigeon coop on the roof and is the guardian of Hundley , his dachshund dog . The apartment is near Endless Park , the museum where Professor Wiseman works , and a zoo . Chef Pisghetti 's restaurant is nearby , as are a donut shop , Dulson 's Toy Store , Mabel 's Department Store , a supermarket and a pet shop . These are recurring locations . The Country : George and the Man with the Yellow Hat vacation in a small house in the country . The house is near Lake Wanasink Lake , a stream , and a river that eventually flows past the city and to the ocean . Characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Curious George characters Curious George ( voiced by Frank Welker ) : A tailless monkey ( Barbary Macaque ) who is the protagonist of the show . He is excessively curious and often causes unintentional problems . He is used as the `` teachable '' character in the show , and he is the one to whom new concepts are explained in detail by the other characters . He is written as having the mind of a young child . The Man with the Yellow Hat ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) : The man who first befriended George and also acts as his primary teacher and mentor . He does not wear his hat at home but wears it when going in public . the Man often has bad luck and makes mistakes ( such as constantly losing his hat , being in the wrong place at the wrong time , tasting something terrible with a sour reaction , etc . ) . He is also absent - minded , and a bit awkward . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Curious George episodes The setting for most episodes is either the city , where George lives in an apartment building with The Man in the Yellow Hat or the country , where they share a small house near a lake called Lake Wanasinklake . This allows George to mirror the experiences of kids who live in an urban environment and those who live on farms and in suburbs . A few episodes take place in alternate but familiar settings , like an airport or a train station . Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 30 September 4 , 2006 February 23 , 2007 20 September 3 , 2007 April 22 , 2008 11 September 1 , 2008 April 22 , 2009 9 September 8 , 2009 June 14 , 2010 5 10 September 6 , 2010 May 6 , 2011 6 10 September 3 , 2011 April 20 , 2012 7 6 December 3 , 2012 April 24 , 2013 8 6 February 10 , 2014 May 21 , 2014 9 6 October 28 , 2014 April 1 , 2015 Awards ( edit ) Emmy Award 2008 -- Outstanding Children 's Animated Program 2010 -- Outstanding Children 's Animated Program References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Curious George - Program Summary '' . PBS . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2012 . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Curious George - Program Summary '' . PBS . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Curious George - TV Credits '' . PBS . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website Curious George on IMDb Curious George at TV.com Curious George series by H.A. Rey and Margret Rey Books Cecily G. and the Nine Monkeys Curious George Curious George Takes a Job Curious George Rides a Bike Curious George Gets a Medal Curious George Flies a Kite Curious George Learns the Alphabet Curious George Goes to the Hospital Films Curious George ( soundtrack , video game ) Curious George 2 : Follow That Monkey ! Curious George 3 : Back to the Jungle TV series Characters Episodes PBS Kids original programming Former 1960s -- 1980s debuts Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood ( 1968 -- 2001 ) The Electric Company ( 1971 -- 1977 ) Zoom ( 1972 -- 1978 ) 3 - 2 - 1 Contact ( 1980 -- 1988 ) Powerhouse ( 1982 -- 1983 ) Reading Rainbow ( 1983 -- 2006 ) Newton 's Apple ( 1983 -- 1999 ) Kidsongs ( 1985 -- 1998 ) Square One Television ( 1987 -- 1992 ) Gerbert ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Shining Time Station ( 1989 -- 1995 ) Long Ago and Far Away ( 1989 -- 1993 ) Thomas & Friends ( 1989 -- 2017 ) 1990s debuts Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego ? ( 1991 -- 1995 ) The Big Comfy Couch ( 1992 -- 2006 ) Barney & Friends ( 1992 -- 2009 ) Lamb Chop 's Play Along ( 1992 -- 1997 ) Ghostwriter ( 1992 -- 95 ) Kino 's Storytime ( 1992 -- 97 ) Tots TV ( 1993 -- 1998 ) Theodore Tugboat ( 1993 -- 2001 ) Bill Nye the Science Guy ( 1993 -- 1998 ) The Adventures of Dudley the Dragon ( 1993 -- 1999 ) Katie and Orbie ( 1994 -- 2002 ) The Magic School Bus ( 1994 -- 1997 ) Globe Trekker ( 1994 -- 2010 ) The Huggabug Club ( 1995 -- 2000 ) The Puzzle Place ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Wimzie 's House ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Wishbone ( 1995 -- 2001 ) Groundling Marsh ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Kratts ' Creatures ( 1996 ) Where in Time Is Carmen Sandiego ? ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Adventures from the Book of Virtues ( 1996 -- 2000 ) In the Mix ( 1996 -- 2012 ) Teletubbies ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Caillou ( 1997 -- 2010 ) The Charlie Horse Music Pizza ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Noddy ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Jay Jay the Jet Plane ( 1998 -- 2005 ) Elmo 's World ( 1998 -- 2009 ) Zoom ( 1999 -- 2005 ) Zoboomafoo ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Redwall ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Dragon Tales ( 1999 -- 2005 ) 2000s debuts Between the Lions ( 2000 -- 2010 ) The Dooley and Pals Show ( 2000 -- 2003 ) Clifford the Big Red Dog ( 2000 -- 2003 ) Corduroy ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Elliot Moose ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Marvin the Tap - Dancing Horse ( 2000 -- 2002 ) George Shrinks ( 2000 -- 2004 ) Seven Little Monsters ( 2000 -- 2004 ) Timothy Goes to School ( 2000 -- 01 ) Anne of Green Gables ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Sagwa , the Chinese Siamese Cat ( 2001 -- 2002 ) DragonflyTV ( 2002 -- 2008 ) Angelina Ballerina ( 2002 -- 2006 ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Make Way for Noddy ( 2002 -- 2007 ) The Berenstain Bears ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Boohbah ( 2003 -- 2006 ) Jakers ! The Adventures of Piggley Winks ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Clifford 's Puppy Days ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Franny 's Feet ( 2004 -- 2011 ) Curiosity Quest ( 2004 -- 2015 ) Peep and the Big Wide World ( 2004 -- 2011 ) Maya & Miguel ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Postcards from Buster ( 2004 -- 2012 ) It 's a Big Big World ( 2005 -- 2010 ) Danger Rangers ( 2005 -- 2006 ) The Zula Patrol ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Signing Time ! ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Wunderkind Little Amadeus ( 2006 ) Fetch ! with Ruff Ruffman ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Curious George ( 2006 -- 2015 ) SeeMore 's Playhouse ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Design Squad ( 2007 -- 2011 ) WordGirl ( 2007 -- 2015 ) WordWorld ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Super Why ! ( 2007 -- 2016 ) Mama Mirabelle 's Home Movies ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Animalia ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Biz Kid $ ( 2008 -- 2017 ) Betsy 's Kindergarten Adventures ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Sid the Science Kid ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Martha Speaks ( 2008 -- 2014 ) Lomax , the Hound of Music ( 2008 ) The Electric Company ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Angelina Ballerina : The Next Steps ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Dinosaur Train ( 2009 -- 2017 ) 2010s debuts SciGirls ( 2010 - 2018 ) Mack & Moxy ( 2016 ) Current Sesame Street ( since 1969 , second run since 2016 ) Arthur ( since 1996 ) Cyberchase ( since 2002 ) Bob the Builder ( since 2005 ) The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! ( since 2010 ) Wild Kratts ( since 2011 ) Daniel Tiger 's Neighborhood ( since 2012 ) Peg + Cat ( since 2013 ) Odd Squad ( since 2014 ) Nature Cat ( since 2015 ) Ready Jet Go ! ( since 2016 ) Splash and Bubbles ( since 2016 ) Pinkalicious & Peterrific ( since 2018 ) Upcoming Let 's Go Luna ! ( Fall 2018 ) Molly of Denali ( Summer 2019 ) See also PBS network shows Educational television PBS Kids Bookworm Bunch PBS Kids Go ! PBS Kids Preschool Block WGBH Educational Foundation Television stations WFXZ - CD WGBH - TV WGBX - TV WGBY - TV Radio stations WCAI WCRB WGBH WNAN WNCK WZAI Media accessibility efforts Media Access Group ( closed captioning and audio description ) Descriptive Video Service Television productions America 's Test Kitchen American Experience Antiques Roadshow Arthur Ask This Old House Basic Black Between the Lions Cook 's Country Curious George Design Squad Fetch ! with Ruff Ruffman Food Trip with Todd English French in Action Frontline Gourmet 's Adventures with Ruth Gourmet 's Diary of a Foodie Greater Boston High School Quiz Show Maria Hinojosa : One - on - One Martha Speaks Masterpiece Nova Nova ScienceNow Peep and the Big Wide World Pinkalicious & Peterrific Postcards from Buster Rough Cut -- Woodworking with Tommy Mac Simply Ming The Victory Garden This Old House Zoom Public Radio International − PRI productions Studio 360 The Takeaway To the Point The World Public Radio International − PRI distributions Afropop Worldwide America Abroad As It Happens Classical 24 Day 6 Echoes Innovation Hub Jazz After Hours Live Wire Living on Earth On Story Out in the Open Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra Podcast Playlist Q The Record Shelf Science Friday Selected Shorts The Tobolowsky Files Radio hosts Kurt Andersen Clark Boyd Steve Curwood Celeste Headlee Mary Kay Magistad Lisa Mullins Femi Oke Warren Olney Jeb Sharp Faith Salie Ray Suarez Jesse Thorn Marco Werman Robin Young Websites GlobalPost WFXZ - CD maintains a channel sharing agreement with WGBH - TV . Universal Animation Studios Direct - to - video feature films Universal Cartoon Studios The Land Before Time II : The Great Valley Adventure ( 1994 ) The Land Before Time III : The Time of the Great Giving ( 1995 ) The Land Before Time IV : Journey Through the Mists ( 1996 ) The Land Before Time V : The Mysterious Island ( 1997 ) Hercules and Xena -- The Battle for Mount Olympus ( 1998 ) The Land Before Time VI : The Secret of Saurus Rock ( 1998 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet Frankenstein ( 1999 ) An American Tail : The Treasure of Manhattan Island ( 2000 ) An American Tail : The Mystery of the Night Monster ( 2000 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet the Wolfman ( 2000 ) The Land Before Time VII : The Stone of Cold Fire ( 2000 ) The Land Before Time VIII : The Big Freeze ( 2001 ) Balto II : Wolf Quest ( 2002 ) The Land Before Time IX : Journey to Big Water ( 2002 ) Charlotte 's Web 2 : Wilbur 's Great Adventure ( 2003 ) The Land Before Time X : The Great Longneck Migration ( 2003 ) Van Helsing : The London Assignment ( 2004 ) The Land Before Time XI : Invasion of the Tinysauruses ( 2005 ) Balto III : Wings of Change ( 2005 ) The Adventures of Brer Rabbit ( 2006 ) Universal Animation Studios The Land Before Time XII : The Great Day of the Flyers ( 2007 ) The Land Before Time XIII : The Wisdom of Friends ( 2007 ) Curious George 2 : Follow That Monkey ! ( 2010 ) The Little Engine That Could ( 2011 ) Curious George 3 : Back to the Jungle ( 2015 ) The Land Before Time : Journey of the Brave ( 2016 ) Mariah Carey 's All I Want for Christmas Is You ( 2017 ) Theatrical Films Curious George ( 2006 ) The Tale of Despereaux ( 2008 ) Woody Woodpecker ( 2017 ) Short films Fractured Fairy Tales : The Phox , the Box , & the Lox ( 1999 ) TV series Back to the Future ( 1991 -- 92 ) Fievel 's American Tails ( 1992 ) Exosquad ( 1993 -- 94 ) Problem Child ( 1993 -- 94 ) Monster Force ( 1994 ) Beethoven ( 1994 -- 95 ) Earthworm Jim ( 1995 -- 96 ) The Savage Dragon ( 1995 -- 96 ) The Spooktacular New Adventures of Casper ( 1996 -- 98 ) Wing Commander Academy ( 1996 ) Vor - Tech : Undercover Conversion Squad ( 1996 ) The New Woody Woodpecker Show ( 1999 -- 2002 ) The Mummy ( 2001 -- 03 ) Curious George ( 2006 -- 15 ) The Land Before Time ( 2007 -- 08 ) TV specials Opus ' n ' Bill : A Wish for Wings That Work ( 1991 ) Curious George : A Very Monkey Christmas ( 2009 ) How Murray Saved Christmas ( 2014 ) See also Illumination Entertainment Walter Lantz Productions DreamWorks Animation DreamWorks Classics Entertainment Rights Big Idea Entertainment Harvey Films UPA Amblimation Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Children 's Animated Program Muppet Babies ( 1985 ) Muppet Babies ( 1986 ) Muppet Babies ( 1987 ) Muppet Babies ( 1988 ) The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1989 ) Beetlejuice / The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1990 ) Tiny Toon Adventures ( 1991 ) Rugrats ( 1992 ) Tiny Toon Adventures ( 1993 ) Rugrats ( 1994 ) Where on Earth Is Carmen Sandiego ? ( 1995 ) Animaniacs ( 1996 ) Animaniacs ( 1997 ) Arthur ( 1998 ) Arthur ( 1999 ) Pinky , Elmyra & the Brain ( 2000 ) Arthur ( 2001 ) Madeline ( 2002 ) Rugrats ( 2003 ) Little Bill ( 2004 ) Peep and the Big Wide World ( 2005 ) Jakers ! The Adventures of Piggley Winks ( 2006 ) Arthur ( 2007 ) Curious George ( 2008 ) WordWorld ( 2009 ) Curious George ( 2010 ) The Penguins of Madagascar ( 2011 ) The Penguins of Madagascar ( 2012 ) Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness ( 2013 ) Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness ( 2014 ) All Hail King Julien ( 2015 ) Niko and the Sword of Light ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curious_George_(TV_series)&oldid=837856001 '' Categories : Curious George 2006 American television series debuts 2000s American animated television series 2010s American animated television series American animated television programs featuring anthropomorphic characters American children 's animated adventure television series American children 's animated comedy television series American children 's animated fantasy television series American television series with live action and animation Preschool education television series Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program winners Fictional birds Fictional cats Fictional dogs Fictional monkeys Fictional squirrels PBS Kids shows PBS network shows Television programs based on children 's books Television programs based on films Television series by Universal Animation Studios Television series by WGBH Television shows set in Chicago 2015 American television series endings Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 13 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who voices the man in the yellow hat | [
"\nThe Man with the Yellow Hat (voiced by Jeff Bennett): The man who first befriended George and also acts as his primary teacher and mentor. He does not wear his hat at home but wears it when going in public. the Man often has bad luck and makes mistakes (such as constantly losing his hat, being in the wrong place at the wrong time, tasting something terrible with a sour reaction, etc.). He is also absent-minded, and a bit awkward.\n"
] | [
"Jeff Bennett"
] |
6234403584202156280 | Tombs of the Kings (Jerusalem) | Tombs of the Kings ( Jerusalem ) - wikipedia Tombs of the Kings ( Jerusalem ) Tombs of the Kings , 1842 Tombs of the Kings , 1903 Tombs of the Kings , 2011 The Tombs of the Kings ( Hebrew : קברי המלכים ) ( Arabic : قبور السلاطين ) are a collection of rock cut tombs in East Jerusalem believed to be the burial site of Queen Helene of Adiabene . The tombs are located 820 meters north of Jerusalem 's Old City walls in the Sheikh Jarrah neighborhood ( Hebrew : שכונת שייח ג'ראח ) ( Arabic : `` حي الشيخ جرّاح '' ) The grandeur of the site led to the mistaken belief that the tombs had once been the burial place of the kings of Judah , hence the name Tombs of the Kings ; but the tombs are now associated with Queen Helena of Adiabene . According to this theory , Queen Helena chose the site to bury her son Isates and others of her dynasty . Contents 1 Location 2 Access 3 History 4 Site description 5 See also 6 References Location ( edit ) Tomb of the Kings gate The site is just east of the intersection of Nablus Road and Saladin Street . The gate of the property is marked `` Tombeau des Rois '' , French for `` Tomb of the Kings '' . Access ( edit ) As of May 2016 , the Tombs of the Kings can not normally be visited . As property of the French State , they are used sporadically as a venue for special cultural events organised by the French Consulate , and these are the only opportunity to enter the site . History ( edit ) In 1847 the Ottoman governor of Jerusalem started the excavation in the site . The excavation was then followed in 1863 by French archaeologists , was acquired by Pereire brothers , famous bankers of the Second Empire , who gave to France in 1886 . The tombs are located underneath a piece of land that has a small stone house on top of it . The house was built and inhabited by Irhimeh ( Arabic : ارحيمه ) , a Jerusalemite family . The remains recovered from the excavations are on display at the Louvre Museum in Paris . The tomb was described by the Greek geographer Pausanias as the second most beautiful tomb in the world ( after the tomb of Mausolus , one of the seven wonders of the ancient world ) . Site description ( edit ) Site plan From the house there is a 9 meter wide staircase ( 23 steps ) that was originally paved and leads to a forecourt . The rain water is collected in baths , which are carved in the steps , and carried via a channel system to the water wells . At the bottom of the stairs there is a stone wall to the left with a gate . This gate leads to a courtyard that was cut from the rock at the same date . The dimensions of this courtyard are roughly 27 meters long from north to south and 25 meters wide from west to east . The entrance to the tombs is via this courtyard . The tombs are entered via a rock - cut arch ( facade ) in the western side . The 28 - meter facade was crowned with three pyramids , which no longer exist , and decorated with reliefs of grapes , plexus leaves , acorns and fruit , reflecting the Greek architectural style . The architrave was originally supported by two pillars , fragments of which were found in the excavations . The tombs are arranged on two levels around a central chamber , with four rooms upstairs and three rooms downstairs . The central chamber itself is entered from the courtyard via an antechamber that goes down into a dimly lit maze of chambers . The access from the antechamber to the exterior courtyard could be sealed closed by rolling a round stone across it , and the stone still remains in - situ . In the first century C.E. , a `` secret mechanism '' operated by water pressure moved the stone . Probably a small amount of water pressure activated a system of weights to open the tomb . Two of the eight burial chambers have arcosolia , resting places made of a bench with an arch over it . Some of the arcosolia have triangular niches where oil lamps were placed to give light during the burial process . The two most common types of tombs in the first century CE are found in this tomb complex . Shaft tombs were long narrow shafts in which the deceased were placed and closed with a stone slab which probably had the name of the occupant inscribed on it . Channels in the center of the shafts were probably carved to drain the water that seeped through the rock . Sarcophagus of Helena of Adiabene , Louvre The tombs are now empty , but previously housed a number of sarcophagi ; they were excavated by a French archaeological mission headed by Louis Felicien de Saulcy , who took them back to France . They are exhibited at the Louvre . Although no kings were buried here , one of the sarcophagi bears two Aramaic inscriptions identifying the corpse within as that of Queen Sadah ( Tzada Malchata , צדה מלכתה ) ; this is thought to refer to Helena , the Queen of Adiabene . The decorative architecture of the tomb complex is Seleucid , which would fit with this identification . See also ( edit ) Rock - cut tombs in ancient Israel References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ancient Jerusalem 's Funerary Customs and Tombs : Part Three Ancient Jerusalem 's Funerary Customs and Tombs : Part Three , L.Y. Rahmani , The Biblical Archaeologist , Vol. 45 , No. 1 ( Winter , 1982 ) , pp. 43 - 53 , Jump up ^ Michelson , Menachem ( 1996 ) . מקומות קדושים וקברי צדיקים בארץ ישראל ( The Jewish Holy Places in the Land of Israel ) ( in Hebrew ) . Milner , Moshe ; Salomon , Yehuda . Israel : Israel Ministry of Defense . p. 59 . ISBN 965 - 05 - 0836 - 8 . בלובר שבפריס מוצגים ארונות קבורה , ממצאים ושרידים שנמצאו בקברי המלכים -- מערת הקברים הידועה בירושלים המזרחית . Jump up ^ Ecclesiastical History 2 : 12 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tomb of the Kings . Cemeteries in Jerusalem Christian cemeteries Mount Zion Cemetery Franciscan Cemetery , Mount Zion Jewish cemeteries Har HaMenuchot Mount of Olives Jewish Cemetery Sanhedria Cemetery Shaare Zedek Cemetery Sheikh Badr Islamic cemeteries Mamilla Cemetery Military cemeteries Jerusalem British War Cemetery Mount Herzl Tombs Cave of Nicanor Cave of the Ramban David 's Tomb Jason 's Tomb Herod Family Tomb Holy Sepulchre Silwan necropolis Tomb of Absalom Tomb of Benei Hezir Tomb of Simeon the Just Tombs of the Sanhedrin Tomb of the Virgin Mary Tomb of Zechariah Tombs of the Kings Jerusalem portal Israel portal Judaism portal Christianity portal Islam portal Coordinates : 31 ° 47 ′ 19 '' N 35 ° 13 ′ 45 '' E / 31.78852 ° N 35.22919 ° E / 31.78852 ; 35.22919 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tombs_of_the_Kings_(Jerusalem)&oldid=856683197 '' Categories : Archaeological sites in Jerusalem Buildings and structures in Jerusalem Buildings and structures in the West Bank Rock - cut tombs Tourist attractions in Jerusalem Historic sites in Jerusalem Hidden categories : CS1 uses Hebrew - language script ( he ) CS1 Hebrew - language sources ( he ) Articles containing Hebrew - language text Articles containing Arabic - language text Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français עברית Polski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 22 : 54 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | where are the tombs of the kings of israel | [
"The Tombs of the Kings (Hebrew: קברי המלכים) (Arabic: قبور السلاطين) are a collection of rock cut tombs in East Jerusalem believed to be the burial site of Queen Helene of Adiabene. The tombs are located 820 meters north of Jerusalem's Old City walls in the Sheikh Jarrah neighborhood (Hebrew: שכונת שייח ג'ראח) (Arabic: \"حي الشيخ جرّاح\")\n"
] | [
"820 meters north of Jerusalem's Old City walls in the Sheikh Jarrah neighborhood"
] |
4046656293009274827 | Minnesota Twins | Minnesota Twins - wikipedia Minnesota Twins Minnesota Twins 2018 Minnesota Twins season Established in 1901 Based in Minnesota since 1961 Team logo Cap insignia Major league affiliations American League ( 1901 -- present ) Central Division ( 1994 -- present ) West Division ( 1969 -- 1993 ) Current uniform Retired numbers 6 10 14 28 29 34 42 Colors Navy blue , scarlet red , Minnesota Kasota gold , white Name Minnesota Twins ( 1961 -- present ) Washington Senators ( 1901 -- 1960 ) Other nicknames Twinkies Ballpark Target Field ( 2010 -- present ) Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome ( 1982 -- 2009 ) Metropolitan Stadium ( 1961 -- 1981 ) Griffith Stadium ( 1911 -- 1960 ) a.k.a. National Park ( 1911 -- 1920 ) National Park ( 1904 -- 1910 ) American League Park ( 1901 -- 1903 ) Major league titles World Series titles ( 3 ) 1924 1991 AL Pennants ( 6 ) 1924 1925 1933 1965 1991 Central Division titles ( 6 ) 2002 2003 2006 2009 West Division titles ( 4 ) 1969 1970 1991 Wild card berths ( 1 ) 2017 Front office Owner ( s ) Jim Pohlad Manager Paul Molitor General Manager Thad Levine President of Baseball Operations Derek Falvey The Minnesota Twins are an American professional baseball team based in Minneapolis , Minnesota . The Twins compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) Central division . The team is named after the Twin Cities area comprising Minneapolis and St. Paul . They played in Metropolitan Stadium from 1961 to 1981 and the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome from 1982 to 2009 . They played their inaugural game at the newly completed Target Field on April 12 , 2010 . The team was founded in Washington , D.C. in 1901 as one of the eight original teams of the American League , named the Washington Senators or Washington Nationals . Although the Washington team endured long bouts of mediocrity ( immortalized in the 1955 Broadway musical Damn Yankees ) , they had a period of prolonged success in the 1920s and 1930s , led by Baseball Hall of Fame members Bucky Harris , Goose Goslin , Sam Rice , Heinie Manush , Joe Cronin , and Walter Johnson . Manager Clark Griffith joined the team in 1912 and became the team 's owner in 1920 . The franchise remained under Griffith family ownership until 1984 . In 1960 , Major League Baseball granted the city of Minneapolis an expansion team . Washington owner Calvin Griffith , Clark 's nephew and adopted son , requested that he be allowed to move his team to Minneapolis - St. Paul and instead give Washington the expansion team . Upon league approval , the team moved to Minnesota after the 1960 season , setting up shop in Metropolitan Stadium , while Washington fielded a brand new `` Washington Senators '' ( which later became the Texas Rangers prior to the 1972 season ) . Success came quickly to the team in Minnesota . Sluggers Harmon Killebrew and Bob Allison , who had already been stars in Washington , were joined by Tony Oliva and Zoilo Versalles , and later second baseman Rod Carew and pitchers Jim Kaat and Jim Perry , winning the American League pennant in 1965 . A second wave of success came in the late 1980s and early 1990s under manager Tom Kelly , led by Kent Hrbek , Bert Blyleven , Frank Viola , and Kirby Puckett , winning the franchise 's second and third World Series ( and first and second in Minnesota ) . Through the 2017 season , the franchise has won three World Series championships ( 1924 , 1987 , and 1991 ) , and has fielded 18 American League batting champions . The team has hosted five All - Star Games ( 1937 , 1956 , 1965 , 1985 and 2014 ) . Contents 1 Team history 1.1 Washington Nationals / Senators : 1901 -- 1960 1.1. 1 Team nickname 1.2 Minnesota Twins : 1961 to present 1.2. 1 1960s 1.2. 2 1970s 1.2. 3 1980s -- 90s 1.2. 4 2000s 1.2. 4.1 2006 1.2. 4.2 2008 1.2. 4.3 2009 1.2. 4.4 2010 1.2. 4.5 2011 1.2. 4.6 2012 -- 2016 1.3 Threatened contraction or relocation of the team 1.4 Target Field 2 Current roster 3 Minor league affiliates 4 Achievements 4.1 Baseball Hall of Famers 4.2 Ford C. Frick Award recipients 4.3 Team captains 4.4 Twins Hall of Fame 5 Retired numbers 6 Awards 7 Team records 8 Team seasons 9 Radio and television 10 Community activities 11 Team and franchise traditions 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Team history ( edit ) Main article : History of the Minnesota Twins Washington Nationals / Senators : 1901 -- 1960 ( edit ) Main article : History of the Washington Senators Washington 's Bucky Harris scores on his home run in the fourth inning of Game 7 of the 1924 World Series . The Washington Senators spent the first decade of their existence finishing near the bottom of the American League standings . Their fortunes began to improve with the arrival of 19 - year - old pitcher , Walter Johnson , in 1907 . Johnson blossomed in 1911 with 25 victories , although the Senators still finished the season in seventh place . In 1912 , the Senators improved dramatically , as their pitching staff led the league in team earned run average and in strikeouts . Johnson won 33 games while teammate Bob Groom added another 24 wins to help the Senators finish the season in second place . The Senators continued to perform respectably in 1913 with Johnson posting a career - high 35 victories , as the team once again finished in second place . The Senators then fell into another period of decline for the next decade . After a string of mediocre seasons , a rejuvenated Johnson rebounded in 1924 to win 23 games with the help of his catcher , Muddy Ruel , as the Senators won the American League pennant for the first time in the history of the franchise . The Senators faced John McGraw 's heavily favored New York Giants in the 1924 World Series . The two teams traded wins back and forth until the series reached the seventh and deciding game . The Senators trailed the Giants 3 to 1 in the eighth inning of Game 7 , when Bucky Harris hit a routine ground ball to third which hit a pebble and took a bad hop over Giants third baseman Freddie Lindstrom . Two runners scored on the play , tying the score at three . An aging Walter Johnson then came in to pitch the ninth inning , and held the Giants scoreless into extra innings . In the bottom of the twelfth inning with Ruel at bat , he hit a high , foul ball directly over home plate . The Giants ' catcher , Hank Gowdy , dropped his protective mask to field the ball but , failing to toss the mask aside , stumbled over it and dropped the ball , thus giving Ruel another chance to bat . On the next pitch , Ruel hit a double and proceeded to score the winning run when Earl McNeely hit a ground ball that took another bad hop over Lindstrom 's head . This would mark the only World Series triumph for the franchise during their 60 - year tenure in Washington . The following season they repeated as American League champions but ultimately lost the 1925 World Series to the Pittsburgh Pirates . After Walter Johnson 's retirement in 1927 , he was hired as manager of the Senators . After enduring a few losing seasons , the team returned to contention in 1930 . In 1933 , Senators owner Clark Griffith returned to the formula that worked for him nine years prior : 26 - year - old shortstop Joe Cronin became player - manager . The Senators posted a 99 -- 53 record and cruised to the pennant seven games ahead of the New York Yankees , but in the 1933 World Series the Giants exacted their revenge winning in five games . Following the loss , the Senators sank all the way to seventh place in 1934 and attendance began to fall . Despite the return of Harris as manager from 1935 -- 42 and again from 1950 -- 54 , Washington was mostly a losing ball club for the next 25 years contending for the pennant only during World War II . Washington came to be known as `` first in war , first in peace , and last in the American League '' , with their hard luck being crucial to the plot of the musical and film Damn Yankees . Cecil Travis , Buddy Myer ( 1935 A.L. batting champion ) , Roy Sievers , Mickey Vernon ( batting champion in 1946 and 1953 ) , and Eddie Yost were notable Senators players whose careers were spent in obscurity due to the team 's lack of success . In 1954 , the Senators signed future Hall of Fame member Harmon Killebrew . By 1959 he was the Senators ' regular third baseman and led the league with 42 home runs earning him a starting spot on the American League All - Star team . President Calvin Coolidge ( left ) and Washington Senators pitcher Walter Johnson ( right ) shake hands following the Senators ' 1924 championship . After Griffith 's death in 1955 , his nephew and adopted son Calvin took over the team presidency . Calvin sold Griffith Stadium to the city of Washington and leased it back leading to speculation that the team was planning to move as the Boston Braves , St. Louis Browns and Philadelphia Athletics had all done in the early 1950s . By 1957 , after an early flirtation with San Francisco ( where the New York Giants would eventually move after that season ended ) , Griffith began courting Minneapolis -- St. Paul , a prolonged process that resulted in his rejecting the Twin Cities ' first offer before agreeing to relocate . The American League opposed the move at first , but in 1960 a deal was reached : The Senators would move and would be replaced with an expansion Senators team for 1961 . Thus , the old Washington Senators became the Minnesota Twins . Team nickname ( edit ) The Washington franchise was known as both `` Senators '' and `` Nationals '' at various times , and sometimes at the same time . In 1905 , the team changed its official name to the `` Washington Nationals . '' The name `` Nationals '' appeared on uniforms for only two seasons , and was then replaced with the `` W '' logo for the next 52 years . The media often shortened the nickname to `` Nats . '' Many fans and newspapers ( especially out - of - town papers ) persisted in using the `` Senators '' nickname , because of potential confusion caused by an American League team using the `` Nationals '' name . Over time , `` Nationals '' faded as a nickname , and `` Senators '' became dominant . Baseball guides listed the club 's nickname as `` Nationals or Senators '' , acknowledging the dual - nickname situation . The team name was officially changed to Washington Senators around the time of Clark Griffith 's death . It was not until 1959 that the word `` Senators '' first appeared on team shirts . `` Nats '' continued to be used by space - saving headline writers , even for the 1961 expansion team , which was never officially known as `` Nationals . '' The current `` Nationals '' and `` Nats '' names were revived in 2005 , when the Montreal Expos relocated to Washington to become the Nationals . Minnesota Twins : 1961 to present ( edit ) The name `` Twins '' was derived from the popular name of the region , the Twin Cities ( Minneapolis and St. Paul ) . The NBA 's Minneapolis Lakers had relocated to Los Angeles in 1960 due to poor attendance which was believed to have been caused in part by the reluctance of fans in St. Paul to support the team . Griffith was determined not to alienate fans in either city by naming the team after one city or the other , so his desire was to name the team the `` Twin Cities Twins '' , however MLB objected . Griffith therefore named the team the Minnesota Twins . However , the team was allowed to keep its original `` TC '' ( for Twin Cities ) insignia for its caps . The team 's logo shows two men , one in a Minneapolis Millers uniform and one in a St. Paul Saints uniform , shaking hands across the Mississippi River within an outline of the state of Minnesota . The `` TC '' remained on the Twins ' caps until 1987 , when they adopted new uniforms . By this time , the team felt it was established enough to put an `` M '' on its cap without having St. Paul fans think it stood for Minneapolis . The `` TC '' logo was moved to a sleeve on the jerseys , and occasionally appeared as an alternate cap design . Both the `` TC '' and `` Minnie & Paul '' logos remain the team 's primary insignia . As of 2010 , the `` TC '' logo has been reinstated on the cap as their logo . 1960s ( edit ) The Twins were eagerly greeted in Minnesota when they arrived in 1961 . They brought a nucleus of talented players : Harmon Killebrew , Bob Allison , Camilo Pascual , Zoilo Versalles , Jim Kaat , Earl Battey , and Lenny Green . Tony Oliva , who would go on to win American League batting championships in 1964 , 1965 and 1971 , made his major league debut in 1962 . That year , the Twins won 91 games , the most by the franchise since 1933 . Behind Mudcat Grant 's 21 victories , Versalles ' A.L. MVP season and Oliva 's batting title , the Twins won 102 games and the American League Pennant in 1965 , but they were defeated in the World Series by the Los Angeles Dodgers in seven games ( behind the Series MVP , Sandy Koufax , who compiled a 2 -- 1 record , including winning the seventh game ) . Heading into the final weekend of the 1967 season , when Rod Carew was named the A.L. Rookie of the Year , the Twins , Boston Red Sox , Chicago White Sox , and Detroit Tigers all had a shot at clinching the American League championship . The Twins and the Red Sox started the weekend tied for 1st place and played against each other in Boston for the final three games of the season . The Red Sox won two out of the three games , seizing their first pennant since 1946 with a 92 -- 70 record . The Twins and Tigers both finished one game back , with 91 -- 71 records , while the White Sox finished three games back , at 89 -- 73 . In 1969 , the new manager of the Twins , Billy Martin , pushed aggressive base running all - around , and Carew set the all - time Major League record by stealing home seven times in addition to winning the first of seven A.L. batting championships . With Killebrew slugging 49 homers and winning the AL MVP Award , these 1969 Twins won the very first American League Western Division Championship , but they lost three straight games to the Baltimore Orioles , winners of 109 games , in the first American League Championship Series . The Orioles would go on to be upset by the New York Mets in the World Series . Martin was fired after the season , in part due to an August 1969 fight in Detroit with 20 - game winner Dave Boswell and outfielder Bob Allison , in an alley outside the Lindell A.C. bar . Bill Rigney led the Twins to a repeat division title in 1970 , behind the star pitching of Jim Perry ( 24 - 12 ) , the A.L. Cy Young Award winner , while the Orioles again won the Eastern Division Championship behind the star pitching of Jim Palmer . Once again , the Orioles won the A.L. Championship Series in a three - game sweep , and this time they would win the World Series . 1970s ( edit ) After winning the division again in 1970 , the team entered an eight - year dry spell , finishing around the . 500 mark . Killebrew departed after 1974 . Owner Calvin Griffith faced financial difficulty with the start of free agency , costing the Twins the services of Lyman Bostock and Larry Hisle , who left as free agents after the 1977 season , and Carew , who was traded after the 1978 season . In 1975 , Carew won his fourth consecutive AL batting title , having already joined Ty Cobb as the only players to lead the major leagues in batting average for three consecutive seasons . In 1977 , Carew batted . 388 , which was the highest in baseball since Boston 's Ted Williams hit . 406 in 1941 ; he won the 1977 AL MVP Award . He won another batting title in 1978 , hitting . 333 . 1980s -- 90s ( edit ) The Metrodome , 2007 In 1982 , the Twins moved into the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome , which they shared with the Minnesota Vikings . After a 16 - 54 start , the Twins were on the verge on becoming the worst team in MLB history . They turned the season around somewhat , but still lost 102 games which is the second - worst record in Twins history ( beaten only by the 2016 team , who lost 103 games ) , despite the . 301 average , 23 homers and 92 RBI from rookie Kent Hrbek . In 1984 , Griffith sold the Twins to multi-billionaire banker / financier Carl Pohlad . The Metrodome hosted the 1985 Major League Baseball All - Star Game . After several losing seasons , the 1987 team , led by Hrbek , Gary Gaetti , Frank Viola ( A.L. Cy Young winner in 1988 ) , Bert Blyleven , Jeff Reardon , Tom Brunansky , Dan Gladden , and rising star Kirby Puckett , returned to the World Series after defeating the favored Detroit Tigers in the ALCS , 4 games to 1 . Tom Kelly managed the Twins to World Series victories over the St. Louis Cardinals in 1987 and the Atlanta Braves in 1991 . The 1988 Twins were the first team in American League history to draw more than 3 million fans . On July 17 , 1990 , the Twins became the only team in major league history to pull off two triple plays in the same game . Twins ' pitcher and Minnesota native Jack Morris was the star of the series in 1991 , going 2 -- 0 in his three starts with a 1.17 ERA. 1991 also marked the first time that any team that finished in last place in their division would advance to the World Series the following season ; both the Twins and the Braves did this in 1991 . Contributors to the 1991 Twins ' improvement from 74 wins to 95 included Chuck Knoblauch , the A.L. Rookie of the Year ; Scott Erickson , 20 - game winner ; new closer Rick Aguilera and new designated hitter Chili Davis . The World Series in 1991 is regarded by many as one of the classics of all time . In this Series , four games were won during the teams ' final at - bat , and three of these were in extra innings . The Atlanta Braves won all three of their games in Atlanta , and the Twins won all four of their games in Minnesota . The sixth game was a legendary one for Puckett , who tripled in a run , made a sensational leaping catch against the wall , and finally in the 11th inning hit the game - winning home run . The seventh game was tied 0 -- 0 after the regulation nine innings , and marked only the second time that the seventh game of the World Series had ever gone into extra innings . The Twins won on a walk - off RBI single by Gene Larkin in the bottom of the 10th inning , after Morris had pitched ten shutout innings against the Braves . The seventh game of the 1991 World Series is widely regarded as one of the greatest games in the history of professional baseball . After a winning season in 1992 but falling short of Oakland in the division , the Twins fell into a years - long stretch of mediocrity , posting a losing record each season for the next eight : 71 -- 91 in 1993 , 50 -- 63 in 1994 , 56 -- 88 in 1995 , 78 -- 84 in 1996 , 68 -- 94 in 1997 , 70 -- 92 in 1998 , 63 -- 97 in 1999 and 69 -- 93 in 2000 . From 1994 to 1997 , a long sequence of retirements and injuries hurt the team badly , and Tom Kelly spent the remainder of his managerial career attempting to rebuild the Twins . In 1997 , owner Carl Pohlad almost sold the Twins to North Carolina businessman Don Beaver , who would have moved the team to the Piedmont Triad area . Puckett after the 1995 season was forced to retire at age 35 due to loss of vision in one eye from a central retinal vein occlusion . The 1989 A.L. batting champion , he retired as the Twins ' all - time leader in career hits , runs , doubles , and total bases . At the time of his retirement , his . 318 career batting average was the highest by any right - handed American League batter since Joe DiMaggio . Puckett was the fourth baseball player during the 20th century to record 1,000 hits in his first five full calendar years in Major League Baseball , and was the second to record 2,000 hits during his first 10 full calendar years . He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2001 , his first year of eligibility . 2000s ( edit ) Justin Morneau , drafted in 1999 by the Twins , won the AL MVP award in 2006 . The Twins dominated the Central Division in the first decade of the new century , winning the division in six of those ten years ( ' 02 , ' 03 , ' 04 , ' 06 , ' 09 and ' 10 ) , and nearly winning it in ' 08 as well . From 2001 to 2006 , the Twins compiled the longest streak of consecutive winning seasons since moving to Minnesota . Threatened with closure by league contraction , the 2002 team battled back to reach the American League Championship Series before being eliminated 4 -- 1 by that year 's World Series champion Anaheim Angels . The Twins have not won a playoff series since the 2002 series against the Athletics , this despite the team winning several division championships in the decade . 2006 ( edit ) Main article : 2006 Minnesota Twins season In 2006 , the Twins won the division on the last day of the regular season ( the only day all season they held sole possession of first place ) but lost to the Oakland Athletics in the ALDS . Ozzie Guillén coined a nickname for this squad , calling the Twins `` little piranhas '' . The Twins players embraced the label , and in response , the Twins Front office started a `` Piranha Night '' , with piranha finger puppets given out to the first 10,000 fans . Scoreboard operators sometimes played an animated sequence of piranhas munching under that caption in situations where the Twins were scoring runs playing `` small ball '' , and the stadium vendors sold T - shirts and hats advertising `` The Little Piranhas '' . The Twins also had the AL MVP in Justin Morneau , the AL batting champion in Joe Mauer , and the AL Cy Young Award winner in Johan Santana . 2008 ( edit ) Main article : 2008 Minnesota Twins season In 2008 , the Twins finished the regular season tied with the White Sox on top of the AL Central , forcing a one - game playoff in Chicago to determine the division champion . The Twins lost that game and missed the playoffs . The game location was determined by rule of a coin flip that was conducted in mid-September . This rule was changed for the start of the 2009 season , making the site for any tiebreaker game to be determined by the winner of the regular season head - to - head record between the teams involved . 2009 ( edit ) Main article : 2009 Minnesota Twins season Joe Nathan won the Rolaids Relief Man Award in 2009 . After a year where the Twins played . 500 baseball for most of the season , the team won 17 of their last 21 games to tie the Detroit Tigers for the lead in the Central Division . The Twins were able to use the play - in game rule to their advantage when they won the AL Central at the end of the regular season by way of a 6 -- 5 tiebreaker game that concluded with a 12th - inning walk - off hit by Alexi Casilla to right field , that scored Carlos Gómez . However , they failed to advance to the American League Championship Series as they lost the American League Divisional Series in three straight games to the eventual World Series champion New York Yankees . That year , Joe Mauer became only the second catcher in 33 years to win the AL MVP award . Iván Rodríguez won for the Texas Rangers in 1999 , previous to that , the last catcher to win an AL MVP was the New York Yankees Thurman Munson in 1976 . Main article : 2010 Minnesota Twins season In their inaugural season played at Target Field , the Twins finished the regular season with a record of 94 - 68 , clinching the AL Central Division title for the 6th time in 9 years under manager Ron Gardenhire . New regular players included rookie Danny Valencia at third base , designated hitter Jim Thome , closer Matt Capps , infielder J.J. Hardy , and infielder Orlando Hudson . In relief pitching roles were late additions Brian Fuentes and Randy Flores . On July 7 , the team suffered a major blow when Justin Morneau sustained a concussion , which knocked him out for the rest of the season . In the divisional series , the Twins lost to the Yankees in a three - game sweep for the second consecutive year . Following the season , Ron Gardenhire received AL Manager of the Year honors after finishing as a runner up in several prior years . 2011 ( edit ) Main article : 2011 Minnesota Twins season After repeating as AL Central champions in 2010 , the Twins entered 2011 with no players on the disabled list , and the team seemed poised for another strong season . During the off - season , the team signed Japanese shortstop Tsuyoshi Nishioka to fill a hole in the middle infield , re-signed Jim Thome , who was in pursuit of career home run number 600 , and also re-signed Carl Pavano . However , the season was largely derailed by an extensive list of injuries . Nishioka 's broken leg in a collision at second base led the way and was followed by DL stints from Kevin Slowey , Joe Mauer , Jason Repko , Thome , Delmon Young ( two stints on the DL ) , José Mijares , Glen Perkins , Joe Nathan , Francisco Liriano , Jason Kubel , Denard Span ( two stints ) , Justin Morneau , Scott Baker , and Alexi Casilla . The team 's low point was arguably on May 1 when the team started 7 players who were batting below . 235 in a game against Kansas City . From that day forward , the Twins made a strong push to get as close as five games back of the division lead by the All - Star break . However , the team struggled down the stretch and fell back out of contention . The team failed to reach the playoffs for the first time since 2008 and experienced their first losing season in four years . Despite an AL - worst 63 - 99 record , the team drew over 3 million fans for the second consecutive year . Michael Cuddyer served as the Twins representative at the All - Star game , his first appearance . Bert Blyleven 's number was retired during the season and he was also inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame during the month of July . On August 10 , Nathan recorded his 255th save , passing Rick Aguilera for first place on the franchise 's all - time saves list . On August 15 , Thome hit 599th and 600th home run at Comerica Park to become the eighth player in Major League history to hit 600 home runs , joining Babe Ruth , Willie Mays , Hank Aaron , Barry Bonds , Sammy Sosa , Ken Griffey , Jr. , and Alex Rodriguez . 2012 -- 2016 ( edit ) Main articles : 2012 Minnesota Twins season , 2013 Minnesota Twins season , 2014 Minnesota Twins season , and 2015 Minnesota Twins season The team started the 2012 season with a league worst 10 - 24 record . In late May and early June , the team embarked on a hot streak , winning ten out of thirteen games . By mid July , the team found themselves only 10 games out of the division lead . On July 16 , the Twins defeated the Baltimore Orioles 19 - 7 , the most runs scored in the short history of Target Field . By the end of August , the Twins were more than 20 games below . 500 , and last in the American League . On August 29 , it was announced that the Twins would host the 2014 All - Star Game . In 2013 , the Twins finished in 4th place in the AL Central , with a record of 66 - 96 . In 2014 , the team finished with a 70 - 92 record , last in the division and accumulated the second fewest wins in the American League . As a result , Ron Gardenhire was fired on September 29 , 2014 . On November 3 , 2014 Paul Molitor was announced by the team as the 13th manager in Twins history . In 2015 , the team had a winning season ( 83 - 79 ) , following four consecutive seasons of 90 or more losses . In 2016 , the Minnesota Twins finished last in the AL Central , with a 59 - 103 record . Brian Dozier set his career high in home runs with 43 , which was tied for second in baseball , and leading all 2nd basemen. Tyler Duffey led all Twins starters with 9 wins throughout the season , while fellow reliever Brandon Kintzler led the team with 17 saves . Rising stars Miguel Sano , Max Kepler , and Byron Buxton combined to have 263 total hits , 52 home runs , 167 RBIs , and a batting average of . 232 throughout the season . The Twins signed star Korean slugger Byung Ho Park to a 4 - year / $12 million contract , where he hit a . 191 batting average , with 12 home runs , and 24 RBIs before being sent down to Rochester for the remainder of the season . Threatened contraction or relocation of the team ( edit ) The Metrodome in 2006 . The quirks of the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome , including the turf floor and the white roof , gave the Twins a significant home - field advantage that played into their winning the World Series in both 1987 and 1991 , at least in the opinion of their opponents , as the Twins went 12 -- 1 in postseason home games during those two seasons . These were the first two World Series in professional baseball history in which a team won the championship by winning all four home games . ( The feat has since been repeated once , by the Arizona Diamondbacks in 2001 . ) Nevertheless , the Twins argued that the Metrodome was obsolete and that the lack of a dedicated baseball - only ballpark limited team revenue and made it difficult to sustain a top - notch , competitive team ( the Twins had been sharing tenancy in stadiums with the NFL 's Minnesota Vikings since 1961 ) . The team was rumored to contemplate moving to such places as New Jersey , Las Vegas , Portland , Oregon , the Greensboro / Winston - Salem , North Carolina , area , and elsewhere in search of a more financially competitive market . In 2002 , the team was nearly disbanded when Major League Baseball selected the Twins and the Montreal Expos ( now the Washington Nationals franchise ) for elimination due to their financial weakness relative to other franchises in the league . The impetus for league contraction diminished after a court decision forced the Twins to play out their lease on the Metrodome . However , Twins owner Carl Pohlad continued his efforts to relocate , pursuing litigation against the Metropolitan Stadium Commission and obtaining a state court ruling that his team was not obligated to play in the Metrodome after the 2006 season . This cleared the way for the Twins to either be relocated or disbanded prior to the 2007 season if a new deal was not reached . Target Field ( edit ) Main article : Target Field Target Field in 2010 . In response to the threatened loss of the Twins , the Minnesota private and public sector negotiated and approved a financing package for a replacement stadium -- a baseball - only outdoor , natural turf ballpark in the Warehouse District of downtown Minneapolis -- owned by a new entity known as the Minnesota Ballpark Authority . Target Field was constructed at a cost of $544.4 million ( including site acquisition and infrastructure ) , utilizing the proceeds of a $392 million public bond offering based on a 0.15 % sales tax in Hennepin County and private financing of $185 million provided by the Pohlad family . As part of the deal , the Twins also signed a 30 - year lease of the new stadium , effectively guaranteeing the continuation of the team in Minnesota for a long time to come . Construction of the new field began in 2007 , and was completed in December 2009 , in time for the 2010 season . Commissioner Bud Selig , who earlier had threatened to disband the team , observed that without the new stadium the Twins could not have committed to sign their star player , catcher Joe Mauer , to an 8 - year , $184 million contract extension . The first regular season game in Target Field was played against the Boston Red Sox on April 12 , 2010 , with Mauer driving in two runs and going 3 - for - 5 to help the Twins defeat the Red Sox , 5 -- 2 . On May 18 , 2011 , Target Field was named `` The Best Place To Shop '' by Street and Smith 's SportsBusiness Journal at the magazine 's 2011 Sports Business Awards Ceremony in New York City . It was also named `` The Best Sports Stadium in North America '' by ESPN The Magazine in a ranking that included over 120 different stadiums , ballparks and arenas from around North America . In July 2014 , Target Field hosted the 85th Major League Baseball All - Star Game and the Home Run Derby . Current roster ( edit ) Minnesota Twins roster Active roster Inactive roster Coaches / Other Pitchers Starting rotation 17 José Berríos 44 Kyle Gibson 12 Jake Odorizzi 54 Ervin Santana 53 Kohl Stewart Bullpen 32 Oliver Drake 21 Tyler Duffey 39 Trevor Hildenberger 68 Matt Magill 65 Trevor May 58 Gabriel Moya 43 Addison Reed 55 Taylor Rogers Catchers 23 Mitch Garver 46 Bobby Wilson Infielders 16 Ehire Adrianza 31 Tyler Austin 24 Logan Forsythe 7 Joe Mauer 11 Jorge Polanco 22 Miguel Sanó Outfielders 60 Jake Cave 51 Johnny Field 26 Max Kepler 20 Eddie Rosario Pitchers 19 Matt Belisle 67 Alan Busenitz 27 John Curtiss -- Chase De Jong 59 Stephen Gonsalves 52 Zack Littell 49 Adalberto Mejía 77 Fernando Romero 50 Aaron Slegers 71 Lewis Thorpe Infielders 64 Willians Astudillo 99 Logan Morrison Outfielders 25 Byron Buxton 8 Zack Granite 36 Robbie Grossman Manager 4 Paul Molitor Coaches 41 Garvin Alston ( pitching ) 75 Nate Dammann ( bullpen catcher ) 13 Gene Glynn ( third base ) 18 Eddie Guardado ( bullpen ) 63 Rudy Hernandez ( assistant hitting ) 30 Jeff Pickler ( major league coach ) 76 Ben Richardson ( bullpen catcher ) 33 James Rowson ( hitting ) 37 Jeff Smith ( first base ) 9 Derek Shelton ( bench ) 60 - day disabled list 15 Jason Castro 35 Michael Pineda 25 active , 15 inactive 7 - or 10 - day disabled list Suspended list Personal leave Roster and coaches updated August 12 , 2018 Transactions Depth chart → All MLB rosters Minnesota Twins all - time roster : A complete list of players who played in at least one game for the Twins franchise . Minor league affiliates ( edit ) Main article : List of Minnesota Twins minor league affiliates Level Team League Location AAA Rochester Red Wings International League Rochester , New York AA Chattanooga Lookouts Southern League Chattanooga , Tennessee Advanced A Fort Myers Miracle Florida State League Fort Myers , Florida Cedar Rapids Kernels Midwest League Cedar Rapids , Iowa Rookie Elizabethton Twins Appalachian League Elizabethton , Tennessee GCL Twins Gulf Coast League Fort Myers , Florida DSL Twins Dominican Summer League Dominican Republic Achievements ( edit ) Baseball Hall of Famers ( edit ) Minnesota Twins Hall of Famers Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Washington Senators Stan Coveleski Joe Cronin Ed Delahanty Rick Ferrell Lefty Gomez Goose Goslin Clark Griffith Bucky Harris Whitey Herzog Walter Johnson Heinie Manush Sam Rice Al Simmons George Sisler Tris Speaker Early Wynn Minnesota Twins Bert Blyleven Rod Carew Steve Carlton Harmon Killebrew Paul Molitor Jack Morris Kirby Puckett Jim Thome Dave Winfield Players and managers listed in bold are depicted on their Hall of Fame plaques wearing a Twins or Senators cap insignia . Molitor and Winfield , St. Paul natives and University of Minnesota graduates , came to the team late in their careers and were warmly received as `` hometown heroes '' , but were elected to the Hall on the basis of their tenures with other teams . Both swatted their 3,000 th hit with the Twins . Cronin , Goslin , Griffith , Harris , Johnson , Killebrew and Wynn are listed on the Washington Hall of Stars display at Nationals Park ( previously they were listed at Robert F. Kennedy Stadium ) . So are Ossie Bluege , George Case , Joe Judge , George Selkirk , Roy Sievers , Cecil Travis , Mickey Vernon and Eddie Yost . Ford C. frick Award recipients ( edit ) Minnesota Twins Ford C. Frick Award recipients Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Herb Carneal Russ Hodges Arch McDonald Chuck Thompson Bob Wolff Names in bold received the award based primarily on their work as broadcasters for the Twins or Senators . Team captains ( edit ) 3 Harmon Killebrew 1961 -- 74 Twins Hall of Fame ( edit ) Key Year Year inducted Bold Member of the Baseball Hall of Fame Member of the Baseball Hall of Fame as a Twin Bold Recipient of the Hall of Fame 's Ford C. Frick Award Minnesota Twins Hall of Fame Year No . Name Position ( s ) Tenure 2000 Harmon Killebrew 1B 1961 -- 74 29 Rod Carew 2B 1967 -- 78 6 Tony Oliva RF / DH 1962 -- 76 14 Kent Hrbek 1B 1981 -- 94 34 Kirby Puckett CF 1984 -- 95 -- Calvin Griffith President and Owner 1961 -- 83 2001 -- Herb Carneal Radio Broadcaster 1962 -- 2007 36 Jim Kaat 1961 -- 73 2002 28 Bert Blyleven 1970 -- 76 1985 -- 88 10 Tom Kelly Manager 1986 -- 2001 2003 Bob Allison OF 1961 -- 70 -- Bob Casey Public Address Announcer 1961 -- 2004 10 Earl Battey 1961 -- 67 2005 16 Frank Viola 1982 -- 89 -- Carl Pohlad Owner 1984 -- 2009 2006 Zoilo Versalles SS 1961 -- 67 2007 8 Gary Gaetti 3B 1981 -- 90 -- Jim Rantz Director of Minor Leagues 1986 -- 2012 2008 38 Rick Aguilera 1989 -- 95 1996 -- 99 2009 22 , 23 , 59 Brad Radke 1995 -- 2006 -- George Brophy Front office executive 1961 -- 85 7 Greg Gagne SS 1983 -- 92 2011 31 Jim Perry 1963 -- 72 2012 17 Camilo Pascual 1961 -- 66 2013 18 Eddie Guardado 1993 -- 2003 , 2008 -- Tom Mee Media Relations Director 1961 - 91 2016 -- John Gordon Radio Broadcaster 1987 - 2011 48 Torii Hunter CF / RF 1997 -- 2007 , 2015 2017 5 Michael Cuddyer RF 2001 -- 11 -- Andy MacPhail General Manager 1985 -- 94 2018 57 Johan Santana 2000 -- 2007 Retired numbers ( edit ) Banners and retired numbers displayed in the Metrodome See also : List of Major League Baseball retired numbers The Metrodome 's upper deck in center and right fields was partly covered by a curtain containing banners of various titles won , and retired numbers . There was no acknowledgment of the Twins ' prior championships in Washington and several Senator Hall of Famers , such as Walter Johnson , played in the days prior to numbers being used on uniforms . However Killebrew played seven seasons as a Senator , including two full seasons as a regular prior to the move to Minnesota in 1961 . Prior to the addition of the banners , the Twins acknowledged their retired numbers on the Metrodome 's outfield fence . Harmon Killebrew 's # 3 was the first to be displayed , as it was the only one the team had retired when they moved in . It was joined by Rod Carew 's # 29 in 1987 , Tony Oliva 's # 6 in 1991 , Kent Hrbek 's # 14 in 1995 , and Kirby Puckett 's # 34 in 1997 before the Twins began hanging the banners to reduce capacity . The championships , meanwhile were marked on the `` Baggie '' in right field . Harmon Killebrew LF - 1B - 3B Retired May 4 , 1975 Tony Oliva RF - DH - Coach Retired July 14 , 1991 Tom Kelly Manager Retired September 8 , 2012 Kent Hrbek 1B Retired August 13 , 1995 Bert Blyleven Retired July 16 , 2011 Rod Carew 1B - 2B Retired July 19 , 1987 Kirby Puckett CF Retired May 25 , 1997 Jackie Robinson All MLB Honored April 15 , 1997 Target Field retired number signs in 2010 . In the Metrodome , the numbers ran in that order from left to right . In Target Field , they run from right to left , presumably to allow space for additional numbers in the future . The retired numbers also serve as entry points at Target Field , The center field gate is Gate No. 3 , honoring Killebrew , the left field gate is Gate No. 6 , honoring Oliva , the home plate gate is Gate No. 14 , for Hrbek , the right field gate serves as Gate No. 29 , in tribute to Carew , and the plaza gate is known as Gate No. 34 , honoring Puckett . The numbers that have been retired hang within Target Field in front of the tower that serves as the Twins ' executive offices in left field foul territory . The championships banners have been replaced by small pennants that fly on masts at the back of the left field upper deck . Those pennants , along with the flags flying in the plaza behind right field , serve as a visual cue for the players , suggesting the wind direction and speed . Jackie Robinson 's number , 42 , was retired by Major League Baseball on April 15 , 1997 and formally honored by the Twins on May 23 , 1997 . Robinson 's number was positioned to the left of the Twins numbers in both venues . Player Jersey Position Date retired Harmon Killebrew LF - 1B - 3B : 1954 -- 60 ( WAS ) LF - 1B - 3B : 1961 -- 74 ( MIN ) May 4 , 1975 Rod Carew 29 1B - 2B : 1967 -- 78 ( MIN ) July 19 , 1987 Tony Oliva 6 RF - DH : 1962 -- 76 ( MIN ) Coach : 1976 -- 78 ( MIN ) Coach : 1985 -- 91 ( MIN ) July 14 , 1991 Kent Hrbek 14 1B : 1981 -- 94 ( MIN ) August 13 , 1995 Jackie Robinson 42 Retired by MLB April 15 , 1997 Kirby Puckett 34 CF : 1984 -- 95 ( MIN ) May 25 , 1997 Bert Blyleven 28 P : 1970 -- 76 ( MIN ) P : 1985 -- 88 ( MIN ) July 16 , 2011 Tom Kelly 10 Manager : 1986 -- 2001 ( MIN ) September 8 , 2012 Awards ( edit ) Main article : Minnesota Twins award winners and league leaders Team records ( edit ) Main article : Minnesota Twins team records Team seasons ( edit ) Main article : List of Minnesota Twins seasons Year Regular Season Postseason Result Wins Losses Win % Finish Attendance Attendance per Game Record Win % 2001 85 77 . 525 2nd -- AL Central 1,782,929 22,011 0 -- 0 . 000 2002 94 67 . 584 1st -- AL Central 1,924,473 23,906 4 -- 6 . 400 Won ALDS vs Oakland Athletics , 3 -- 2 Lost ALCS to Anaheim Angels , 1 -- 4 2003 90 72 . 556 1st -- AL Central 1,946,011 24,025 1 -- 3 . 250 Lost ALDS to New York Yankees , 1 -- 3 92 70 . 568 1st -- AL Central 1,911,490 23,599 1 -- 3 . 250 Lost ALDS to New York Yankees , 1 -- 3 2005 83 79 . 512 3rd -- AL Central 2,034,243 25,114 0 -- 0 . 000 2006 96 66 . 593 1st -- AL Central 2,285,018 28,210 0 -- 3 . 000 Lost ALDS to Oakland Athletics , 0 -- 3 2007 79 83 . 488 3rd -- AL Central 2,296,347 28,349 0 -- 0 . 000 2008 88 75 . 540 2nd -- AL Central 2,302,611 28,427 0 -- 0 . 000 2009 87 76 . 534 1st -- AL Central 2,416,237 29,466 0 -- 3 . 000 Lost ALDS to New York Yankees , 0 -- 3 94 68 . 580 1st -- AL Central 3,223,640 39,798 0 -- 3 . 000 Lost ALDS to New York Yankees , 0 -- 3 2011 63 99 . 389 5th -- AL Central 3,168,107 39,112 0 -- 0 . 000 2012 66 96 . 407 5th -- AL Central 2,776,354 34,275 0 -- 0 . 000 2013 66 96 . 407 4th -- AL Central 2,477,644 30,588 0 -- 0 . 000 2014 70 92 . 432 5th -- AL Central 2,250,606 27,785 0 -- 0 . 000 2015 83 79 . 521 2nd -- AL Central 2,220,054 27,408 0 -- 0 . 000 2016 59 103 . 364 5th -- AL Central 1,963,912 24,246 0 -- 0 . 000 2017 85 77 . 525 2nd -- AL Central 2,051,279 25,324 0 -- 1 . 000 Lost AL Wild Card Game ( Yankees ) 2018 48 53 . 475 2nd -- AL Central 1,202,731 25,056 0 -- 0 . 000 Total as Twins 4549 4647 . 495 -- -- -- 25 -- 39 . 391 2 World Series Championships Radio and television ( edit ) See also : List of Minnesota Twins broadcasters In 2007 , the Twins took the rights to the broadcasts in - house and created the Twins Radio Network ( TRN ) . With that new network in place the Twins secured a new Metro Affiliate flagship radio station in KSTP ( AM 1500 ) . It replaced WCCO ( AM 830 ) , which held broadcast rights for the Twins since the team moved to Minneapolis in 1961 . For 2013 , the Twins moved to FM radio on KTWN - FM 96.3 K - Twin , which is owned by the Pohlad family . The original radio voices of the Twins in 1961 were Ray Scott , Halsey Hall and Bob Wolff . After the first season , Herb Carneal replaced Wolff . Twins TV and radio broadcasts were originally sponsored by the Hamm 's Brewing Company . In 2009 , Treasure Island Resort & Casino became the first ever naming rights partner for the Twins Radio Network , making the commercial name of TRN the Treasure Island Baseball Network . In 2017 , it was announced that WCCO would become the flagship station the Twins again starting in 2018 , thus returning the team back to its original station after 11 years . Cory Provus is the current radio play by play announcer , taking over in 2012 for longtime Twins voice John Gordon who retired following the 2011 season . Former Twins OF Dan Gladden serves as color commentator . TRN broadcasts are originated from the studios at Minnesota News Network and Minnesota Farm Networks . Kris Atteberry hosts the pre-game show , the `` Lineup Card '' and the `` Post-game Download '' from those studios except when filling in for Provus or Gladden when they are on vacation . On April 1 , 2007 , Herb Carneal , the radio voice of the Twins for all but one year of their existence , died at his home in Minnetonka , Minnesota after a long battle with a list of illnesses . Carneal is in the broadcasters wing of the Baseball Hall of Fame . Hall of Famer Bert Blyleven played 11 seasons for the Twins The television rights are held by Fox Sports North with Dick Bremer as the play - by - play announcer and former Twin , 2011 National Baseball Hall of Fame inductee , Bert Blyleven as color analyst . They are sometimes joined by Roy Smalley and Jack Morris . Bob Casey was the Twins first public - address announcer starting in 1961 and continuing until his death in 2005 . He was well known for his unique delivery and his signature announcements of `` No smoking in the Metrodome , either go outside or quit ! '' ( or `` go back to Boston '' , etc . ) , `` Batting 3rd , the center - fielder , No. 34 , Kirby Puckett ! ! ! '' and asking fans not to ' throw anything or anybody ' onto the field . Community activities ( edit ) Minnesota Twins Community Fund -- Play Ball ! Minnesota Team and franchise traditions ( edit ) Fans wave a Homer Hanky to rally the team during play - offs and other crucial games . The Homer Hanky was created by Terrie Robbins of the Star Tribune newspaper in the Twin Cities in 1987 . It was her idea to originally give away 60,000 inaugural Homer Hankies . That year , over 2.3 million Homer Hankies were distributed . The party atmosphere of the Twins clubhouse after a win is well - known , the team 's players unwinding with loud rock music ( usually the choice of the winning pitcher ) and video games . The club has several hazing rituals , such as requiring the most junior relief pitcher on the team to carry water and snacks to the bullpen in a brightly colored small child 's backpack ( Barbie in 2005 , SpongeBob SquarePants in 2006 , Hello Kitty in 2007 , Disney Princess and Tinkerbell in 2009 , Chewbacca and Darth Vader in 2010 ) , and many of its players , both past and present , are notorious pranksters . For example , Bert Blyleven earned the nickname `` The Frying Dutchman '' for his ability to pull the `` hotfoot '' -- which entails crawling under the bench in the dugout and lighting a teammate 's shoelaces on fire . See also ( edit ) Baseball Hall of Fame Minnesota Twins all - time roster References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bollinger , Rhett ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` Twins ' new home uniforms have touch of gold '' . TwinsBaseball.com . MLB Advanced Media . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2014 . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . The Twins are introducing a new color to their scheme , as the uniform will feature the traditional scarlet red and navy blue , but it will be accented by Minnesota Kasota Gold , a color symbolizing the Mankato limestone that is featured throughout Target Field . Jump up ^ `` Introducing the 2015 Twins Home Uniform '' . TwinsBaseball.com . MLB Advanced Media . November 10 , 2014 . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bollinger , Rhett ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Levine formally named general manager '' . Minnesota Twins . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ E. Neal III , La Velle ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Twins name Thad Levine general manager '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Twins name Derek Falvey Executive Vice President , Chief Baseball Officer '' ( Press release ) . Minnesota Twins . October 3 , 2016 . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ E. Neal III , La Velle ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` Derek Falvey officially named Twins ' chief baseball officer '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Twins Move Into Target Field '' ( Press release ) . Minnesota Twins . January 4 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2010 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Damn Yankees '' . The Broadway Musical Home . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Johnson , Walter Baseball Hall of Fame '' . Baseballhall.org . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Griffith , Clark Baseball Hall of Fame '' . Baseballhall.org . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Richard ( October 21 , 1999 ) . `` Calvin Griffith , 87 , Is Dead ; Tight - Fisted Baseball Owner '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Texas Rangers on Baseball Almanac '' . Baseball-almanac.com . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Killebrew , Harmon Baseball Hall of Fame '' . Baseballhall.org . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Carew , Rod Baseball Hall of Fame '' . Baseballhall.org . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1965 Minnesota Twins Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Blyleven , Bert Baseball Hall of Fame '' . Baseballhall.org . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Puckett , Kirby Baseball Hall of Fame '' . Baseballhall.org . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kirby Puckett & Your 1987 And 1991 World Series Championship Winning Minnesota Twins 30 - Year Old Cardboard '' . Bapple2286.wordpress.com . March 14 , 2012 . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Twins Team History & Encyclopedia '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Batting Average Year - by - Year Leaders / Batting Champions on Baseball Almanac '' . Baseball-almanac.com . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1911 Washington Senators '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1912 Washington Senators '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1913 American League Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1924 American League Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1924 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1924 World Series Game 7 box score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ruel , Muddy ( October 1964 ) . How Senators ' Strategy Won for Johnson . Baseball Digest . Retrieved April 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Senators '' . BaseballLibrary.com . Retrieved Aug 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Grosshandler , Stan ( February 1981 ) . 13 Most Forgotten Stars In Major League History . Baseball Digest . Books.Google.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vass , George ( August 1999 ) . 20th Century All - Overlooked Stars . Baseball Digest . Books.Google.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Senators Reject Bids to Move to Minneapolis or St. Paul '' . New York Times . October 27 , 1957 . Retrieved May 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Twins Team History & Encyclopedia '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 24 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Today in Twins History '' . Twinstrivia.com . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Twins Uniforms and Logos twinsbaseball.com : History '' . Minnesota Twins . MLB . June 19 , 2012 . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Twins Unveil New Logos , Uniforms for 2010 Season '' . Bizofbaseball.com . November 16 , 2009 . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1965 World Series -- Los Angeles Dodgers over Minnesota Twins ( 4 - 3 ) '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rod Carew Baseball Hall of Fame Jump up ^ `` 1970 Minnesota Twins Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rod Carew Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rod Carew Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2012 . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kent Hrbek '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2012 . Retrieved April 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 World Series by Baseball Almanac '' . Baseball-almanac.com . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 World Series -- Minnesota Twins over St. Louis Cardinals ( 4 - 3 ) '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1991 World Series by Baseball Almanac '' . Baseball-almanac.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Twins Timeline '' . Minnesota Twins . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Caple , Jim ( November 19 , 2003 ) . `` 1991 World Series had it all '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ `` Worst to First : Looking Back on the Miracle Season of the 1991 Atlanta Braves Braves 101 Sports Media 101 '' . Braves 101 . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Morris 1991 Game by Game Pitching Logs '' . Baseball-almanac.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The top 25 single - game performances in MLB postseason history -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . June 20 , 2012 . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` MLB 's 20 Greatest Games MLB Network : Network '' . Mlb.mlb.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Berkow , Ira ( October 28 , 1991 ) . `` WORLD SERIES : SPORTS OF THE TIMES ; Game 7 Was a Gift From Above '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Twins Meet Don Beaver : He Inks Letter of Intent to Buy Team Street & Smith 's SportsBusiness Daily Jump up ^ Was baseball deal charade ? ` Well , sort of ' - Justin Catanoso , Triad Business Journal , 3 May 1999 Jump up ^ Jim Souhan ( March 27 , 1998 ) . `` Kirby says goodbye '' . StarTribune . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ Gettings , John ( 2001 ) . `` Labor Pains : A guide to Major League Baseball 's contraction issue '' . Infoplease.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mauer wins AL batting title on final day -- MLB -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com . October 1 , 2006 . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Morneau edges Jeter to win AL MVP -- MLB -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com . November 23 , 2006 . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Johan Santana Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` White Sox claim AL Central crown whitesox.com : News '' . Chicago.whitesox.mlb.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Coin flips no longer used as tiebreaker MLB.com : News '' . Mlb.mlb.com . June 19 , 2012 . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Minnesota Twins Schedule , Box Scores and Splits '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Tigers vs. Minnesota Twins '' . CNN . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Postseason MLB.com : Schedule '' . Mlb.mlb.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mauer handily catches AL MVP Award MLB.com : News '' . Minnesota Twins . MLB . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tools Of Excellence '' . Hartford Courant . November 24 , 2009 . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Thome , Twins -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Capps -- Minnesota Twins -- MLB -- Yahoo ! Sports '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Milwaukee Brewers trade SS J.J. Hardy for Minnesota Twins ' CF Carlos Gómez -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com . November 6 , 2009 . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Orlando Hudson gets one - year deal from Minnesota Twins -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com . February 5 , 2010 . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Postseason MLB.com : Schedule '' . Mlb.mlb.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` MLB Manager of the Year Award Winners '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Transactions twinsbaseball.com : Team '' . Mlb.mlb.com . June 19 , 2012 . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota vs. Kansas City -- May 1 , 2011 '' . Sports Illustrated Canada . May 1 , 2011 . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 MLB Attendance -- Major League Baseball -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Cuddyer a first - time All - Star at age 32 HardballTalk '' . Hardballtalk.nbcsports.com . July 3 , 2011 . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jim Caple ( July 24 , 2011 ) . `` Roberto Alomar , Bert Blyleven , Pat Gillick welcomed into HOF -- ESPN New York '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Setting Twins saves record an ' honor ' for Joe Nathan twinsbaseball.com : News '' . Mlb.mlb.com . June 19 , 2012 . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Duane Burleson , Associated Press . `` Thome slugs home run No. 600 '' . StarTribune.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Minnesota Twins Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Twins vs. Seattle Mariners - Box Score - May 06 , 2012 - ESPN '' . Scores.espn.go.com . May 6 , 2012 . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto Blue Jays vs. Minnesota Twins - Box Score - May 13 , 2012 - ESPN '' . Scores.espn.go.com . May 13 , 2012 . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Athletics vs. Minnesota Twins - Box Score - July 15 , 2012 - ESPN '' . Scores.espn.go.com . July 15 , 2012 . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Baltimore Orioles vs. Minnesota Twins - Box Score - July 16 , 2012 - ESPN '' . Scores.espn.go.com . July 16 , 2012 . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Span , Revere Spark Twins In 19 - 7 Win Over Orioles `` CBS Minnesota '' . Minnesota.cbslocal.com . July 16 , 2012 . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Twins vs. Texas Rangers - Box Score - August 25 , 2012 - ESPN '' . Scores.espn.go.com . August 25 , 2012 . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` MLB tabs Target Field for ' 14 All - Star Game '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MLB Regular Season Standings Major League Baseball '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 MLB Regular Season Standings - Major League Baseball - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Twins fire manager Ron Gardenhire -- ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ByungHo Park Stats - Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Jump up ^ Adams , Dan ( March 30 , 2010 ) . `` Minnesota Twins Organization , World Series Dreams Trashed by Target Field ? '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gammons , Peter ( 2006 ) . The 2006 ESPN Baseball Encyclopedia . New York : Sterling Pub. Co . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4027 - 3625 - 4 . Jump up ^ Weiner , Jay ( April 1 , 2010 ) . `` Target Field : ' The House That Jerry Bell Willed to Completion ' '' . MinnPost . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Editorial : Target Field built to exceed expectations '' . Star Tribune . May 31 , 2009 . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Jack ( March 2010 ) . `` The Coolest Ballpark in America '' . Twin Cities Business Magazine . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` April 12 , 2010 Boston Red Sox at Minnesota Twins Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com. April 12 , 2010 . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vomhof , Jr. , John ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` Target Field named Sports Facility of the Year '' . Minneapolis / St. Paul Business Journal . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hart Van Denburg ( July 2 , 2010 ) . `` ESPN Magazine calls Target Field the best stadium in North America '' . City Pages . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2014 . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` National Baseball Hall of Fame -- The 3,000 Hit Club -- Paul Molitor '' . Exhibits.baseballhalloffame.org . September 16 , 1996 . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mr. Longevity '' . CNN . September 27 , 1993 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Molitor 3,000 th Hit Box Score ( Enhanced ) by Baseball Almanac '' . Baseball-almanac.com . September 16 , 1996 . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Senators Hall of Fame ? '' . Baseball-fever.com . November 27 , 2010 . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Thesier , Kelly ( Jan 23 , 2009 ) . `` Radke , Brophy join Twins Hall of Fame '' . Minnesota Twins . Retrieved Jan 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Thesier , Kelly ( February 9 , 2010 ) . `` Gagne elected to Twins Hall of Fame '' . Minnesota Twins . Retrieved Jul 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Thesier , Kelly ( January 25 , 2011 ) . `` Twins great Perry gains entrance to club 's Hall '' . Minnesota Twins . Retrieved Jan 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bollinger , Rhett ( January 25 , 2012 ) . `` Pascual elected to Twins Hall of Fame '' . Minnesota Twins . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Twins Hall of Fame adds Eddie Guardado , Tom Mee '' . Minnesota Twins . January 25 , 2013 . Retrieved January 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Sports Almanac '' . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Retired Uniform Numbers in the American League by Baseball Almanac '' . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Retired Numbers '' . Minnesota Twins . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Twins Radio Network twinsbaseball.com : Schedule '' . Minnesota Twins . MLB . June 19 , 2012 . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Venta , Lance ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Minnesota Twins Return To WCCO '' . Radio Insight . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Haudricourt , Tom . `` Twins hire Provus , Gladden returns as analyst '' . JSOnline . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Twins radio play - by - play man John Gordon will retire after season MLB.com : News '' . Minnesota Twins . MLB . June 19 , 2012 . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Twins hire Cory Provus for radio play - by - play / analyst position twinsbaseball.com : News '' . Minnesota Twins . MLB . June 19 , 2012 . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Twins Hall of Fame broadcaster dies of heart failure -- MLB -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. April 1 , 2007 . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` FS - North , Twins announce TV schedule '' . Foxsportsnorth.com . February 16 , 2011 . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Blyleven , Bert Baseball Hall of Fame '' . Baseballhall.org. April 6 , 1951 . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Twins News , Photos and Video '' . FOXSportsNorth.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Twins announcer Casey dies at age 79 twinsbaseball.com : News '' . Minnesota Twins . MLB . June 19 , 2012 . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2007 . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Home page '' . Play Ball ! Minnesota . Minnesota Twins Community Fund . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` McGuire on Media '' Remembering the Homer Hanky , the Twins and the Star Tribune `` . Cronkite.asu.edu . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Twins Auction : Grounds Crew for a Day '' . Fox Sports North . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kepner , Tyler ( January 6 , 2011 ) . `` Bert Blyleven Is the Hall of Fame 's Merry Prankster '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Bert Blyleven Quotes '' . Baseball-almanac.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) Povich , Shirley ( 1954 ) . The Washington Senators . New York : Putnam . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Washington Senators ( 1901 -- 1960 ) . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Minnesota Twins . Minnesota Twins official website Minnesota Twins Established in 1901 Formerly the Washington Nationals and the Washington Senators Based in Minneapolis , Minnesota ( Twin Cities ) Franchise Franchise history in Washington Seasons Records No - hitters Awards Players Managers Owners and executives Broadcasters First - round draft picks Opening Day starting pitchers Ballparks American League Park National Park Griffith Stadium Metropolitan Stadium Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome Target Field Spring Training : Plant Field Tinker Field Hammond Stadium Culture and lore Homer Hanky Little Big League Major League : Back to the Minors Continental League `` The Piranhas '' AL Central tie - breaker games 2008 2009 Damn Yankees musical film The Year the Yankees Lost the Pennant Important figures Senators Hall of Famers Herb Carneal Goose Goslin Bucky Harris Walter Johnson Arch McDonald Sam Rice Wall of Fame members Rick Aguilera Bob Allison Earl Battey Bert Blyleven George Brophy Rod Carew Bob Casey Gary Gaetti Calvin Griffith Kent Hrbek Jim Kaat Tom Kelly Harmon Killebrew Tony Oliva Carl Pohlad Kirby Puckett Brad Radke Jim Rantz Zoilo Versalles Frank Viola Key personnel Owner Jim Pohlad President Dave St. Peter Vice president / Chief baseball officer Derek Falvey General manager Thad Levine Manager Paul Molitor World Series championships ( 3 ) 1924 1991 Pennants ( 6 ) American League : 1924 1925 1933 1965 1991 Division titles ( 10 ) West 1969 1970 1991 Central 2002 2003 2006 2009 Wild Card titles ( 1 ) 2017 Minor league affiliates Triple - A Rochester Red Wings Double - A Chattanooga Lookouts A Adv . Fort Myers Miracle Cedar Rapids Kernels Rookie Adv . Elizabethton Twins Rookie GCL Twins DSL Twins Seasons ( 118 ) 1900s 1900 . 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Links to related articles Preceded by New York Yankees 1923 World Series champions Washington Senators 1924 Succeeded by Pittsburgh Pirates 1925 Preceded by New York Mets 1986 World Series champions Minnesota Twins Succeeded by Los Angeles Dodgers 1988 Preceded by Cincinnati Reds 1990 World Series champions Minnesota Twins 1991 Succeeded by Toronto Blue Jays 1992 and 1993 Preceded by New York Yankees 1921 , 1922 , and 1923 American League champions Washington Senators 1924 and 1925 Succeeded by New York Yankees 1926 , 1927 , and 1928 Preceded by New York Yankees 1932 American League champions Washington Senators 1933 Succeeded by Detroit Tigers 1934 and 1935 Preceded by New York Yankees 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , and 1964 American League champions Minnesota Twins 1965 Succeeded by Baltimore Orioles 1966 Preceded by Boston Red Sox 1986 American League champions Minnesota Twins Succeeded by Oakland Athletics 1988 , 1989 , and 1990 Preceded by Oakland Athletics 1988 , 1989 , and 1990 American League champions Minnesota Twins 1991 Succeeded by Toronto Blue Jays 1992 and 1993 Minnesota Twins retired numbers 3 Harmon Killebrew 6 Tony Oliva 10 Tom Kelly 14 Kent Hrbek 28 Bert Blyleven 29 Rod Carew 34 Kirby Puckett Championship navigation boxes Washington Senators 1924 World Series champions Ossie Bluege Goose Goslin Bucky Harris Walter Johnson Joe Judge Nemo Leibold Firpo Marberry Joe Martina Earl McNeely Ralph Miller George Mogridge Curly Ogden Roger Peckinpaugh Sam Rice Muddy Ruel Allen Russell Mule Shirley By Speece Bennie Tate Tommy Taylor Tom Zachary Manager Bucky Harris Regular season History Minnesota Twins 1987 World Series champions 4 Steve Lombardozzi 5 Roy Smalley 7 Greg Gagne 8 Gary Gaetti ( ALCS MVP ) 9 Gene Larkin 14 Kent Hrbek 15 Tim Laudner 16 Frank Viola ( World Series MVP ) 17 Les Straker 18 Don Baylor 21 George Frazier 22 Keith Atherton 24 Tom Brunansky 25 Randy Bush 26 Al Newman 27 Mark Davidson 28 Bert Blyleven 31 Dan Schatzeder 32 Dan Gladden 33 Sal Butera 34 Kirby Puckett 36 Joe Niekro 40 Juan Berenguer 41 Jeff Reardon Manager 10 Tom Kelly Coaches 6 Tony Oliva 42 Dick Such 43 Rick Stelmaszek 44 Rick Renick 45 Wayne Terwilliger Regular season American League Championship Series Minnesota Twins 1991 World Series champions 0 Junior Ortiz 1 Jarvis Brown 7 Greg Gagne 9 Gene Larkin 11 Chuck Knoblauch 12 Brian Harper 13 Mike Pagliarulo 14 Kent Hrbek 15 Lenny Webster 18 Paul Sorrento 19 Scott Erickson 24 Shane Mack 25 Randy Bush 26 Al Newman 30 Terry Leach 31 Scott Leius 32 Dan Gladden 34 Kirby Puckett ( ALCS MVP ) 36 Kevin Tapani 38 Rick Aguilera 39 David West 40 Steve Bedrosian 44 Chili Davis 47 Jack Morris ( World Series MVP ) 51 Carl Willis 53 Mark Guthrie Manager 10 Tom Kelly Coaches 6 Tony Oliva 35 Ron Gardenhire 42 Dick Such 43 Rick Stelmaszek 45 Wayne Terwilliger 46 Terry Crowley Regular season American League Championship Series Major League Baseball ( 2018 ) American League East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Schedule Spring training Opening Day Jackie Robinson Day Civil Rights Game All - Star Game Interleague play International games World Baseball Classic Postseason World Series Champions AL AL Champions ALCS ALDS NL NL Champions NLCS NLDS Wild Card Game Appearances Streaks Droughts Series Business Draft Rule 5 Players Association Highest paid players Luxury tax Lockouts / strikes Winter Meetings Hot stove league Transactions Media Logo Radio Television MLB.com MLB Advanced Media Minor League Baseball Authentication Program Miscellaneous Instant replay Team uniforms Stadiums Mascots Rivalries History History AL Seasons Tie - breakers Tie - breaking procedures Records Awards Retired numbers Hall of Fame Steroid usage Drug policy suspensions Mitchell Report Juiced Vindicated Biogenesis baseball scandal BALCO scandal Game of Shadows Barry Bonds perjury case Timeline Timeline of Major League Baseball History of team nicknames Dead - ball era Live - ball era Golden age of baseball Defunct and relocated teams Relocation of the 1950s -- 60s Expansion 1961 1962 1969 1977 1993 1998 Commissioner : Rob Manfred League Presidents AL NL American League Organization Parent league : Major League Baseball Partner league : National League Origins : ( History Western League ) Honorary president : Frank Robinson Current teams East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers Former , relocated , and disestablished teams Baltimore Orioles ( 1901 -- 1902 ) Kansas City Athletics ( 1955 -- 1967 ) Milwaukee Brewers I ( 1901 ) Milwaukee Brewers II ( 1970 -- 1997 ) Philadelphia Athletics ( 1901 -- 1954 ) Seattle Pilots ( 1969 ) St. Louis Browns ( 1902 -- 1953 ) Washington Senators I ( 1901 -- 1960 ) Washington Senators II ( 1961 -- 1971 ) Championship play List of champions Championship Series Division Series Wild Card winners Related articles Designated hitter Professional baseball Sports teams based in Minnesota Baseball MLB Minnesota Twins AA St. Paul Saints NwL Duluth Huskies Mankato MoonDogs Rochester Honkers St. Cloud Rox Willmar Stingers Basketball NBA Minnesota Timberwolves WNBA Minnesota Lynx MBL Minnesota Broncos Minnesota Rangers Football NFL Minnesota Vikings WFA Minnesota Machine IWFL Minnesota Vixen Hockey NHL Minnesota Wild NWHL Minnesota Whitecaps NAHL Austin Bruins Minnesota Magicians Minnesota Wilderness SIJHL Minnesota Iron Rangers Thief River Falls Norskies Roller derby WFTDA Babe City Rollers Harbor City Roller Dames Med City Mafia Minnesota RollerGirls North Star Roller Derby MRDA Minnesota Men 's Roller Derby Independent Mankato Area Derby Girls SCAR Dolls Soccer MLS Minnesota United FC NPSL Duluth FC Med City FC Minneapolis City SC Minnesota Twin Stars Viejos Son Los Trapos FC PLA Minnesota United Reserves WPSL Minnesota Twin Stars Ultimate AUDL Minnesota Wind Chill College athletics NCAA Division I Bemidji State University Minnesota State University , Mankato St. Cloud State University University of Minnesota University of Minnesota Duluth Baseball portal Minnesota portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minnesota_Twins&oldid=852793304 '' Categories : Major League Baseball teams Grapefruit League Minnesota Twins Sports in Minneapolis Professional baseball teams in Minnesota Baseball teams established in 1901 1901 establishments in Washington , D.C. Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2013 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 31 July 2018 , at 11 : 51 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what does the c in the minnesota twins logo stand for | [
"The name \"Twins\" was derived from the popular name of the region, the Twin Cities (Minneapolis and St. Paul). The NBA's Minneapolis Lakers had relocated to Los Angeles in 1960 due to poor attendance which was believed to have been caused in part by the reluctance of fans in St. Paul to support the team.[33] Griffith was determined not to alienate fans in either city by naming the team after one city or the other, so his desire was to name the team the \"Twin Cities Twins\",[33] however MLB objected. Griffith therefore named the team the Minnesota Twins. However, the team was allowed to keep its original \"TC\" (for Twin Cities) insignia for its caps. The team's logo shows two men, one in a Minneapolis Millers uniform and one in a St. Paul Saints uniform, shaking hands across the Mississippi River within an outline of the state of Minnesota. The \"TC\" remained on the Twins' caps until 1987, when they adopted new uniforms. By this time, the team felt it was established enough to put an \"M\" on its cap without having St. Paul fans think it stood for Minneapolis. The \"TC\" logo was moved to a sleeve on the jerseys, and occasionally appeared as an alternate cap design.[34] Both the \"TC\" and \"Minnie & Paul\" logos remain the team's primary insignia. As of 2010, the \"TC\" logo has been reinstated on the cap as their logo.[35]\n"
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-8215244275719297030 | AR-15 style rifle | AR - 15 style rifle - wikipedia AR - 15 style rifle Jump to : navigation , search `` AR - 15 '' redirects here . For other uses , see AR - 15 ( disambiguation ) . AR - 15 style rifles come in many sizes and have many options , depending on the manufacturer . The part shown bottom center is the lower receiver without the receiver extension , rear takedown pin , and buttstock . An AR - 15 style rifle is a lightweight semi-automatic rifle based on the Colt AR - 15 design . After Colt 's patents expired in 1977 , an expanded marketplace emerged with many manufacturers producing their own version of the AR - 15 design for commercial sale . They are referred to as modern sporting rifles by the National Shooting Sports Foundation , a firearms industry trade association , and by some manufacturers . Coverage of high - profile incidents where various versions of the rifle were involved often uses the shorthand AR - 15 . Since 2010 , AR - 15 style rifles have become one of the `` most beloved and most vilified rifles '' in the United States , according to the New York Times . It has been promoted as `` America 's rifle '' by the National Rifle Association . It has been used in many mass shootings in the United States . The Federal Assault Weapons Ban restricted the Colt AR - 15 and derivatives from 1994 - 2004 , although it did not affect rifles with fewer features . There are an estimated 10 - 12 million in circulation in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 2 Modularity 3 Comparison to military versions 4 Production and sales 5 Cartridge variations 6 Use in crime and mass shootings 7 List of models 8 Examples of AR - 15 style rifles and carbines 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography Terminology 1973 Colt AR - 15 SP1 rifle with ' slab side ' lower receiver ( lacking raised boss around magazine release button ) and original Colt 20 - round box magazine In 1956 , ArmaLite designed a lightweight assault rifle for military use and designated it the ArmaLite Rifle - 15 , or AR - 15 . Due to financial problems , and limitations in terms of manpower and production capacity , ArmaLite sold the design and the AR - 15 trademark to Colt 's Manufacturing Company in 1959 . In 1964 , Colt began selling its own version with an improved semi-automatic design known as the Colt AR - 15 . After Colt 's patents expired in 1977 , an active marketplace emerged for other manufacturers to produce and sell their own AR - 15 style rifles . In 2009 , the term `` modern sporting rifle '' was coined by the National Shooting Sports Foundation for its survey that year as a marketing term used by the firearms industry to describe modular semi-automatic rifles including AR - 15s . Today , nearly every major firearm manufacturer produces its own generic AR - 15 style rifle . As Colt continues to own and use the AR - 15 trademark for its line of AR - 15 variants , other manufacturers must use their own model numbers and names to market their AR - 15 style rifles for commercial sale . Modularity While most earlier breech - loading rifles had a single receiver housing both the trigger and reloading mechanism , an innovative feature of the AR - 15 was modular construction to simplify substitution of parts and avoid need for arsenal facilities for most repairs of malfunctioning military rifles . A distinctive two - part receiver is used by both military and sporting AR - 15 style rifles . As civilian ownership of AR - 15 style rifles became sufficient to create a market for improvements , numerous manufacturers began producing one or more `` improved '' modules , assemblies , or parts with features not found on factory rifles ; and individuals with average mechanical aptitude can often substitute these pieces for original equipment . Due to the vast assortment of aftermarket parts and accessories available , AR - 15 style rifles have also been referred to as `` the Swiss Army knife of rifles '' , `` Barbie Dolls for Guys '' or `` LEGOs '' for adults . These more or less interchangeable modules are a defining characteristic of AR - 15 style modern sporting rifles . The lower receiver is the serial - numbered part legally defined as the firearm under United States law . The lower receiver is visually distinguished by the trigger guard ahead of the detachable pistol grip , and behind the magazine well capable of holding detachable magazines . The lower receiver holds the trigger assembly including the hammer , and is the attachment point for the buttstock . The lower receiver is attached to the upper receiver by two removable pins . Disassembly for cleaning or repair of malfunctions often requires removal of these pins . Removal of the rear take - down pin allows the receiver to be opened by rotation around the forward pivot pin as a hinge . The upper receiver contains the bolt carrier assembly , and is attached to the barrel assembly . Sights will be attached to the upper receiver or to the barrel assembly . A handguard usually encloses the barrel and a gas - operated reloading device using burnt powder gas vented from a hole ( or port ) in the barrel near the forward end of the handguard . The handguard is attached to the upper receiver and may also be attached to the barrel . The initial design included a tube to vent burnt powder gas back into the bolt carrier assembly where it expands in a variable volume chamber forcing the bolt open to eject the spent cartridge case . A buffer spring in the buttstock then pushes the bolt closed picking up a new cartridge from the magazine . This direct gas impingement ( DGI ) system has the disadvantage of venting unburned smokeless powder residue into the receiver where it may ultimately accumulate in quantities causing malfunctions . A more recent alternative design has a metal operating rod pushing against the bolt carrier from a gas piston under the handguard near the barrel port . This piston keeps the receiver cleaner by exhausting under the handguard . While both the DGI and piston systems produce semi-automatic fire , an alternative unported barrel assembly includes a sliding handguard connected to a rod moving the bolt by a pump action and eliminating semi-automatic fire . Most rifles eject spent cartridges from the right side of the receiver away from right handed shooters who place the butt against the right shoulder while sighting with the right eye and using a finger of the right hand to pull the trigger . Right - side ejection is a disadvantage for the third of the population whose left eye is dominant , and for the tenth of the population who are left handed , because holding these rifles against their left shoulder for maximum accuracy causes the rifle to eject hot spent cases toward the chest , neck or face of a left handed shooter . The modular design of AR - 15 style rifles has encouraged several manufacturers to offer specialized parts including leftward ejecting upper receivers for converting right handed AR - 15 style rifles for left handed use . Some AR - 15 - style rifles have features limiting use of detachable magazines to comply with state regulations . A few unusual versions are incapable of semi-automatic fire . Nearly all versions of the civilian AR - 15 have a pistol grip like the military versions , and some have folding or collapsible stocks like the M4 carbine which reduce the overall length of the rifle . Comparison to military versions The semi-automatic civilian AR - 15 was introduced by Colt in 1963 . The primary distinction between civilian semi-automatic rifles and military models is select fire . Military models were produced with firing modes , semi-automatic fire and either fully automatic fire mode or burst fire mode , in which the rifle fires three rounds in succession when the trigger is depressed . Most components are interchangeable between semi-auto and select fire rifles including magazines , sights , upper receiver , barrels and accessories . The military M4 carbine typically uses a 14.5 '' barrel . Civilian rifles commonly have 16 inch or longer barrels to comply with the National Firearms Act . In order to prevent a civilian semi-automatic AR - 15 from being readily converted for use with the select fire components a number of features were changed . Parts changed include the lower receiver , bolt carrier , hammer , trigger , disconnector , and safety / mode selector . The semi-automatic bolt carrier has a longer lightening slot to prevent the bolt 's engagement with an automatic sear . Due to a decrease in mass the buffer spring is heavier . On the select fire version , the hammer has an extra spur which interacts with the additional auto - sear that holds it back until the bolt carrier group is fully in battery , when automatic fire is selected . Using a portion of the select fire parts in a semi-automatic rifle will not enable a select fire option . As designed by Colt the pins supporting the semi-auto trigger and hammer in the lower receiver are larger than those used in the military rifle to prevent interchangeability between semi-automatic and select fire components . Production and sales A custom built AR - 15 style rifle with an ACOG sight . The first version produced for commercial sale by Colt was the AR - 15 Sporter , in . 223 Remington , with a 20 - inch barrel and issued with 5 - round magazines . Initial sales of the Colt AR - 15 were slow , primarily due to its fixed sights and carry handle that made scopes difficult to mount and awkward to use . In the 1990s , sales of AR - 15 style rifles increased dramatically , partly as a result of the introduction of the flat top upper receiver which allowed scopes and sighting devices to be easily mounted as well as new features such as free floating hand guards that increased accuracy . While only a handful of companies were manufacturing these rifles in 1994 , by the 21st century the number of AR - 15 style rifles had more than doubled . From 2000 to 2015 , the number of manufacturers of AR - 15 style variants and knock - offs increased from 29 to about 500 . Today , AR - 15 style rifles are available in a wide range of configurations and calibers from a large number of manufacturers . These configurations range from standard full - sizes rifles with 20 inch barrels , to short carbine - length models with 16 inch barrels , adjustable length stocks and optical sights , to long range target models with 24 inch barrels , bipods and high - powered scopes . Estimates vary as to how many of the rifles are owned in the United States . The National Shooting Sports Foundation has estimated that approximately 5 million to 10 million AR - 15 style rifles exist in the U.S. within the broader total of the 300 million firearms owned by Americans . Cartridge variations Since the upper and lower receivers may be swapped between rifles , forensic firearm examination of bullets and spent cartridges may reveal distinguishing marks from the barrel and upper receiver group without identifying the lower receiver for which legal records may be available . An individual may use several upper receiver groups with the same lower receiver . These upper receiver groups may have differing barrel lengths and sights , and may fire different cartridges . A hunter with a single lower receiver might have one upper receiver with a . 223 Remington barrel and telescopic sight for varmint hunting in open country and another upper receiver with a . 458 SOCOM barrel and iron sights for big - game hunting in brushy woodland . The dimensions of upper and lower receivers originally designed for the 5.56 × 45mm NATO cartridge impose an overall length limit and diameter limits when adapting modules for other cartridges included in this list of AR platform calibers . The same magazine in the lower receiver group may hold differing numbers of different cartridges . Use in Crime and mass shootings While most gun killings in the United States are with handguns , AR - 15 style rifles have played `` an oversized role in many of the most high - profile '' mass shootings in the United States , and have come to be widely characterized as the weapon of choice for perpetrators of these crimes . AR - 15 variants were the primary weapon used in the most recent six of the ten deadliest mass shootings in American history , including the 2012 Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting , the 2015 San Bernardino attack , the 2017 Las Vegas shooting , the 2017 Sutherland Springs church shooting , and the 2018 Stoneman Douglas High School shooting . Following the use of a Colt AR - 15 rifle in the Port Arthur massacre , the worst single - person shooting incident in Australian history , the country enacted the National Firearms Programme Implementation Act 1996 , restricting the private ownership of semi-automatic rifles with a capacity of more than 5 rounds ( Category D ) . List of models Barrett REC7 Bushmaster XM - 15 Carbon 15 Colt AR - 15 Daniel Defense DDM4 DPMS Panther Arms Tactical Rifle Heckler & Koch MR556 Lewis Machine & Tool Company CQB16 LWRC International IC series Mossberg Tactical Semi-Automatic Rifles Olympic Arms K series Patriot Ordnance Factory rifles and carbines Remington R5 RGP Rock River Arms LAR - 15 Ruger SR - 556 Savage Arms MSR - 15 SIG Sauer SIG516 SIG Sauer SIGM400 Smith & Wesson M&P15 Stag Arms STAG - 15 Wilson Combat Tactical Rifle Examples of AR - 15 style rifles and carbines REC7 by Barrett SR - 556 by Ruger SIG516 by SIG Sauer M&P15 by Smith & Wesson See also Assault weapons legislation in the United States List of Colt AR - 15 & M16 rifle variants , a list of Colt - made firearms based on the ArmaLite AR - 15 design List of most - produced firearms , comparison of relative production of modern firearms References ^ Jump up to : Jeff Zimba ( 2014 - 11 - 26 ) . The Evolution of the Black Rifle : 20 Years of Upgrades , Options , and Accessories . ISBN 9780692317266 . Jump up ^ `` Modern Sporting Rifle Facts '' . National Shooting Sports Foundation . 2013 . Retrieved 21 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Walker , Rob ( 2016 - 12 - 30 ) . `` The Year in Nine Objects '' . The New Yorker . ISSN 0028 - 792X . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Feuer , Alan ( 13 June 2016 ) . `` AR - 15 Rifles Are Beloved , Reviled and a Common Element in Mass Shootings '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Plumer , Brad ( 2012 - 12 - 17 ) . `` Everything you need to know about the assault weapons ban , in one post '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Guns Like The AR - 15 Were Never Fully Banned '' . FiveThirtyEight. 2016 - 06 - 14 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` ArmaLite History : 1955 - 1959 '' . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Bartocci , Christopher R. ( July 16 , 2012 ) . `` The AR - 15 / M16 : The rifle that was never supposed to be '' . Gun Digest . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . These are two of the main reasons why the AR - 15 / M16 - series rifles are considered the finest human - engineered assault rifles in the world . Jump up ^ Bocetta , Sam ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` The Complete History of the AR - 15 Rifle '' . Small Wars Journal . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . The ArmaLite 15 is a classic assault rifle ... Ironically enough , the AR - 15 fits both of these descriptions ( assault rifle and assault weapon ) : it 's a military style rifle that was illegal during the 1994 Federal Assault Weapons Ban . Jump up ^ Bartocci , Christopher R. ( July 16 , 2012 ) . `` AR - 15 / M16 : The Rifle That Was Never Supposed to Be '' . Gun Digest . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bob Hutton & Bob Forker ( October 1964 ) . `` A Beautiful Marriage : . 223 Remington and Colt 's AR - 15 ' Sporter ' '' . Guns & Ammo . Jump up ^ `` Modern Sporting Rifle Owners Are Most Active Shooters , Says NSSF / Responsive Management Survey '' . National Shooting Sports Foundation . 2010 - 04 - 19 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Peters , Justin ( 2016 - 06 - 14 ) . `` Omar Mateen Had a `` Modern Sporting Rifle '' `` . Slate . ISSN 1091 - 2339 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` DPMS Founder and President Retires '' . The Outdoor Wire Digital Network . 14 December 2009 . Retrieved 16 August 2013 . Luth 's quest to introduce the hunting market to the AR platform was recognized in January 2009 when he was named to the Outdoor Life 's OL - 25 , and later chosen by online voters as the OL - 25 `` Reader 's Choice '' recipient . The recent campaign by the NSSF to educate hunters everywhere about the `` modern sporting rifle '' can be directly attributed to Luth 's push to make AR rifles acceptable firearms in the field , the woods and on the range . Jump up ^ `` Modern Sporting Rifle - AR - 15 platform - based rifles '' . NSSF . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Richardson , Reed ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` American Rifle : A Biography of the AR - 15 '' . Talking Points Memo . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Fueled by this `` Obama effect '' -- his reelection in 2012 coincided with the best month for gun sales in decades -- every mainline gun manufacturer now sells an AR - 15 model . Jump up ^ `` AR - 15 - Trademark Details '' . JUSTIA Trademarks . Retrieved 27 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Colt ( January 1980 ) . M16A1 RIFLE . Hartford , Connecticut : Colt 's Manufacturing Company . Jump up ^ Patrick Sweeney ARS Across the Board Archived 2011 - 08 - 19 at the Wayback Machine ... GUNS&AMMO November 2010 Jump up ^ `` Chicago Tribune : Why Assault Rifle Sales are Booming - The Truth About Guns '' . June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Levings , Darryl ( February 2 , 2013 ) . `` AR - 15 rifle more loved -- and hated -- than ever - Amid the rising call for the rifle to be banned , sales of the `` Barbie doll for guys '' have soared `` . Kansas City Star . Retrieved 10 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Kyle , Chris ( 2014 ) . American Gun . William Morrow Paperbacks . p. 252 . ISBN 0062242725 . Jump up ^ Stokes , Jon . `` The AR - 15 Is More Than a Gun . It 's a Gadget '' . WIRED . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Fifteen of the Best Cheap AR Accessories '' . The Shooter 's Log . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Lego Kits for Adults '' . AR Blog. 2016 - 07 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Modern Sporting Rifle '' . National Shooting Sports Foundation . Retrieved 27 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Popenker , Maxim . `` Ar - 15 - type rifles '' . Modern Firearms . Retrieved 27 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Horman , B. GIl . `` Review : Troy 223 National Sporting Pump - Action Rifle '' . American Rifleman . Retrieved 27 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Craige , John Houston The Practical Book of American Guns ( 1950 ) Bramhall House pp. 108 -- 114 Jump up ^ Chaurasia BD , Mathur BB ( 1976 ) . `` Eyedness '' . Acta Anat ( Basel ) . 96 ( 2 ) : 301 -- 5 . doi : 10.1159 / 000144681 . PMID 970109 . Jump up ^ Hardyck C , Petrinovich LF ( 1977 ) . `` Left - handedness '' . Psychol Bull . 84 ( 3 ) : 385 -- 404 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 2909.84. 3.385 . PMID 859955 . Jump up ^ Boddington , Craig . `` Rifles For Left - Out Lefties '' . American Rifleman . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` LEFT HAND '' . Moriarti Armaments . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Left Handed Upper Halves '' . Stag Arms . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` LEFT HANDED '' . Black Rain Ordnance . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AR - 15 COMPMAG '' . COMPMAG . Retrieved 27 February 2018 . Jump up ^ LaPedis , Ron . `` How to make your AR great again -- in California '' . PoliceOne . Retrieved 27 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ComGraf Pump Action Rifle '' . TREND EDITOR . Retrieved 27 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Bartocci , Christopher . `` AR - 15 / M16 : The Rifle That Was Never Supposed to Be '' . GunDigest . Gun Digest Media . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zimba , Jeff ( 2014 ) . The Evolution of the Black Rifle . Prepper Press . ISBN 0692317260 . Jump up ^ Muramatsu , Kevin ( 2014 ) . Gun Digest Guide to Customizing Your AR - 15 . F + W Media , Inc . ISBN 1440242798 . Jump up ^ Hanks , D.A. ( 2004 ) . Workbench AR - 15 Project . Paladin Press . ISBN 1610048466 . Jump up ^ Leghorn , Nick . `` Ask Foghorn : What 's the Difference Between a Full Auto and Semi-Auto Only AR - 15 Bolt Carrier ? '' . The Truth About Guns . THETRUTHABOUTGUNS.COM . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sweeney , Patrick ( 2016 ) . Gunsmithing the Ar - 15 , the Bench Manual . F + W Media , Inc . ISBN 1440246602 . ^ Jump up to : Mann , Richard A. ( 30 April 2014 ) . GunDigest Shooter 's Guide to the AR - 15 . Iola , Wisconsin : Krause Publications . pp. 15 -- 16 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4402 - 3847 - 5 . Jump up ^ Sweeney , Patrick ( 30 August 2016 ) . Gunsmithing the AR - 15 , the Bench Manual . Iola , Wisconsin : F + W Media , Inc . pp. 7 -- 9 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4402 - 4660 - 9 . Jump up ^ O'Dea , Meghan ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` What Makes the AR - 15 So Appealing to Mass Shooters ? '' . Fortune . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . While Colt alone makes the official AR - 15 , variants and knock - offs are made by a huge number of gun manufactures , including Bushmaster , Les Baer , Remington , Smith & Wesson ( swhc , + 0.00 % ) , and Sturm & Ruger ( rgr , - 2.04 % ) , just to name a few . TacticalRetailer claims that from 2000 to 2015 the AR manufacturing sector expanded from 29 AR makers to about 500 , `` a stunning 1,700 % increase . '' ^ Jump up to : Evolution of an AR Gear Guns & Ammo Archived September 15 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Archives.gunsandammo.com ( August 29 , 2011 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Schoen , John W. ( 13 June 2016 ) . `` Owned by 5 million Americans , AR - 15 under renewed fire after Orlando massacre '' . Jump up ^ Davis , Ann L. `` How can a bullet be traced to a particular gun ? '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 27 February 2018 . Jump up ^ U.S. Military Small Arms Ammunition Failures and Solutions , GK Roberts , NDIA Dallas , TX , May 21 , 2008 `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` In Many U.S. States , 18 Is Old Enough to Buy a Semiautomatic '' . CBS News . The Associated Press . February 16 , 2018 . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . On average , more than 13,000 people are killed each year in the United States by guns , and most of those incidents involve handguns while a tiny fraction involve an AR - style firearm . Still , the AR plays an oversized role in many of the most high - profile shootings ... Jump up ^ `` Expanded Homicide Data Table 4 '' . 2016 Crime in the United States . Federal Bureau of Investigation . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ Balko , Radley ( 2013 - 07 - 09 ) . Rise of the Warrior Cop : The Militarization of America 's Police Forces . PublicAffairs . ISBN 9781610392129 . Jump up ^ Smith , Aaron ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Why the AR - 15 is the mass shooter 's go - to weapon '' . CNN . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . The AR - 15 , the type of rifle used in the deadliest mass shooting in U.S. history , is the weapon of choice for mass killers . Jump up ^ Picchi , Aimee ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` America 's rifle : The marketing of assault - style weapons '' . CBS MoneyWatch . CBS News . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . America has grown accustomed to military - style semi-automatic weapons such as the AR - 15 . It 's not hard to see why : These firearms have been heavily marketed to gun owners . But at the same time , they 're often the weapons of choice for mass murderers . Jump up ^ Zhang , Sarah ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` What an AR - 15 Can Do to the Human Body '' . Wired . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . The AR - 15 is America 's most popular rifle . It has also been the weapon of choice in mass shootings from Sandy Hook to Aurora to San Bernardino . Jump up ^ Williams , Joseph P. ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` How the AR - 15 Became One of the Most Popular Guns in America , A brief history of the guns that have become the weapons of choice for mass shootings '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . They 're lightweight , relatively cheap and extremely lethal , inspired by Nazi infantrymen on the Eastern Front during World War II . They 're so user - friendly some retailers recommend them for children , yet their design is so aggressive one marketer compared them to carrying a `` man card '' -- although ladies who dare can get theirs in pink . And if the last few mass shootings are any indication , guns modeled after the AR - 15 assault rifle -- arguably the most popular , most enduring and most profitable firearm in the U.S. -- have become the weapon of choice for unstable , homicidal men who want to kill a lot of people very , very quickly . Jump up ^ Jansen , Bart ; Cummings , William ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` Why mass shooters are increasingly using AR - 15s '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . AR - 15 style rifles have been the weapon of choice in many recent mass shootings , including the Texas church shooting Sunday , the Las Vegas concert last month , the Orlando nightclub last year and Sandy Hook Elementary School in 2012 . Jump up ^ Oppel Jr. , Richard A. ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` In Florida , an AR - 15 Is Easier to Buy Than a Handgun '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . The N.R.A. calls the AR - 15 the most popular rifle in America . The carnage in Florida on Wednesday that left at least 17 dead seemed to confirm that the rifle and its variants have also become the weapons of choice for mass killers . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Whitney ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` Why AR - 15 - style rifles are popular among mass shooters '' . ABC News . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . AR - 15 - style rifles have become something of a weapon of choice for mass shooters . Jump up ^ Beckett , Lois ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` Most Americans can buy an AR - 15 rifle before they can buy beer '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . While AR - 15 style rifles have become the weapon of choice for some of America 's most recent and deadly mass shootings , these military - style guns are still comparatively rarely used in everyday gun violence . Jump up ^ Samis , Max ( April 22 , 2018 ) . `` Brady Campaign Responds to Developments in Nashville Waffle House Shooting '' . Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . Kris Brown , co-president of the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence , stated , ' It adds insult to the literal injuries and loss of life suffered by today 's victims that even though the killer was known to be too dangerous to have guns , his father chose to rearm him including , reportedly , with the AR - 15 used this morning , a weapon of war that now happens to be the weapon of choice in far too many mass killings in America . ' Jump up ^ Pearce , Matt ( 14 February 2018 ) . `` Mass shootings are getting deadlier . And the latest ones all have something new in common : The AR - 15 '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . in all of the latest incidents ... the attackers primarily used AR - 15 semiautomatic rifles . ^ Jump up to : `` Why the AR - 15 keeps appearing at America 's deadliest mass shootings '' . USA Today . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Shapiro , Emily ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` At least 17 dead in ' horrific ' Florida school shooting , suspect had ' countless magazines ' '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Oakes , Dan ( 2013 - 01 - 23 ) . `` Assault guns made here '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Firearms in Australia : a guide to electronic resources '' . aph.gov.au . Commonwealth of Australia . 9 August 2007 . Retrieved 4 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How Australia Passed Gun Control : The Port Arthur Massacre and Beyond '' . Foreign Affairs . October 13 , 2017 . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Wahlquist , Calla ( 14 March 2016 ) . `` It took one massacre : how Australia embraced gun control after Port Arthur '' . The Guardian . Bibliography Wikimedia Commons has media related to AR - 15 . Stevens , R. Blake and Edward C. Ezell . The Black Rifle M16 Retrospective . Enhanced second printing . Cobourg , Ontario , Canada : Collector Grade Publications Incorporated , 1994 . ISBN 0 - 88935 - 115 - 5 . Bartocci , Christopher R. Black Rifle II The M16 Into the 21st Century . Cobourg , Ontario , Canada : Collector Grade Publications Incorporated , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 88935 - 348 - 4 . ArmaLite AR - 10 derivatives Battle rifles Standard ArmaLite AR - 10 Heckler & Koch HK417 MPT - 76 Sniper rifles M110 Semi-Automatic Sniper System Marine Scout Sniper Rifle Mk 12 Special Purpose Rifle SEAL Recon Rifle SR - 25 United States Marine Corps Squad Advanced Marksman Rifle United States Army Squad Designated Marksman Rifle Assault rifles Standard ArmaLite AR - 15 M16 rifle variants Colt Advanced Piston Carbine Colt ACR Colt Canada C7 Adcor A-556 Barrett REC7 Barrett M468 Heckler & Koch HK416 KH - 2002 Knight 's Armament Company SR - 47 LR - 300 LWRC M6 Norinco CQ PVAR Remington GPC Safir T - series SOCIMI AR - 831 T65 T86 T91 Carbines CAR - 15 M4 carbine Bushmaster M4 - type Carbine Close Quarters Battle Receiver CMMG Mk45 G13 carbine Olympic Arms OA - 93 SIG516 Special Operations Assault Rifle Submachine guns Colt 9mm SMG CAR - 15 Submachine Gun La France M16K Personal defense weapons Colt MARS AR - 57 AAC Honey Badger PDW GA Personal Defense Weapon Machine guns Colt Automatic Rifle Ares Shrike 5.56 M27 Infantry Automatic Rifle Semi-automatic rifles Centerfire Colt AR - 15 variants AR - 15 style rifle Bushmaster XM - 15 Heckler & Koch MR223 Heckler & Koch MR308 Ruger SR - 556 SIG MCX SIG Sauer SIG516 SIG Sauer SIGM400 Smith & Wesson M&P10 Smith & Wesson M&P15 CMMG Mk47 Mutant Rimfire Armi Jager AP - 74 Smith & Wesson M&P15 - 22 Shotguns Intrepid RAS - 12 Safir T - series UTAS XTR - 12 Pistols Carbon 15 Olympic Arms OA - 93 Other developments M231 Firing Port Weapon CM901 Daewoo K2 Colt 's Manufacturing Company Revolvers 19th Century M1860 Army M1851 Navy Dragoon Model 1855 M1861 Navy Paterson Pocket Percussion Walker Open Top Open Top Pocket Model House New Line Single Action Army Buntline M1877 M1878 M1889 M1892 20th Century Model 1905 New Police New Service Official Police Police Positive Police Positive Special Anaconda Cobra Detective Special Diamondback King Cobra Python Trooper Semi-automatic pistols M1911 Colt 2000 Ace Commander Delta Elite Double Eagle M1900 M1902 Model 1903 Pocket Hammer Model 1903 Pocket Hammerless Model 1908 Vest Pocket Officer 's ACP Woodsman SSP Mustang Rifles , PDWs , and Machine Guns OHWS SCAMP Burgess Lightning Carbine M1839 Carbine Revolving Rifle Ring Lever AR - 15 variants M1895 Colt - Browning machine gun M16 CAR - 15 M4 Carbine Colt Automatic Rifle C7 Advanced Colt Carbine - Monolithic ACR MARS 9mm SMG Cartridges Revolver . 32 Long Colt . 38 Short Colt . 38 Long Colt . 41 Long Colt . 44 Colt . 45 Colt Semi-automatic pistol . 25 ACP . 32 ACP . 380 ACP . 38 ACP . 45 ACP People Samuel Colt Elizabeth Jarvis Colt Richard Jarvis William Mason Charles Brinckerhoff Richards Related Colt Armory Colt Defense National Arms Company Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AR-15_style_rifle&oldid=842602841 '' Categories : ArmaLite AR - 10 derivatives 5.56 mm firearms Semi-automatic rifles Semi-automatic pistols Semi-automatic shotguns AR Rifle Components Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pages protected due to dispute Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 13 : 47 . About Wikipedia | how many ar 15 type rifles in america | [
"Since 2010, AR-15 style rifles have become one of the \"most beloved and most vilified rifles\" in the United States, according to the New York Times.[4] It has been promoted as \"America's rifle\" by the National Rifle Association. It has been used in many mass shootings in the United States.[4] The Federal Assault Weapons Ban restricted the Colt AR-15 and derivatives from 1994-2004, although it did not affect rifles with fewer features.[5][6] There are an estimated 10-12 million in circulation in the United States.[4]"
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"an estimated 10-12 million"
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-6037160916238432042 | A.D. The Bible Continues | A.D. The Bible Continues - Wikipedia A.D. The Bible Continues This article is about the 2015 miniseries . For the 1985 miniseries , see A.D. ( miniseries ) . A.D. The Bible Continues Genre Biblical drama Created by Roma Downey Mark Burnett Based on The New Testament Directed by Ciaran Donnelly Tony Mitchell Brian Kelly Rob Evans Paul Wilmshurst Starring Juan Pablo Di Pace Adam Levy Chipo Chung Babou Ceesay Emmett J. Scanlan Will Thorp Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of episodes 12 Production Producer ( s ) Roma Downey Mark Burnett Richard Bedser Cinematography Tim Fleming Toby Moore Editor ( s ) Robert Hall David Fisher John Richards Nick Arthurs Iain Erskine Tim Murrell Oral Norrie Ottey Steve Singleton Jamie Trevill Running time 46 minutes Production company ( s ) Lightworkers Media United Artists Media Group Release Original network NBC Original release April 5 -- June 21 , 2015 Chronology Preceded by The Bible External links Website A.D. The Bible Continues ( also known as A.D. Kingdom and Empire ) is a television miniseries , based on the Bible , and a sequel to the 2013 miniseries , The Bible . It is produced by Roma Downey , Mark Burnett , and Richard Bedser . The limited series began airing on NBC on Easter Sunday , April 5 , 2015 , in twelve weekly one - hour episodes . The story takes place immediately after the events of The Bible miniseries , beginning with the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus , and continues with the first ten chapters of the Acts of the Apostles . On July 3 , 2015 , NBC cancelled A.D. The Bible Continues after one season . However , producers Burnett and Downey plan future biblical productions on their OTT digital channel . Contents 1 Cast 2 Development 3 Reception 4 Episodes 5 References 6 External links Cast ( edit ) Juan Pablo Di Pace as Jesus Adam Levy as Peter Richard Coyle as Caiaphas Vincent Regan as Pontius Pilate James Callis as Herod Antipas Greta Scacchi as Mary Babou Ceesay as John Chipo Chung as Mary Magdalene Will Thorp as Cornelius the Centurion Emmett J. Scanlan as Saul of Tarsus Jodhi May as Leah , wife of Caiaphas Joanne Whalley as Claudia , wife of Pontius Pilate Ken Bones as Annas Kevin Doyle as Joseph of Arimathea Helen Daniels as Maya , daughter of Peter Fraser Ayres as Simon the Zealot Andrew Gower as Caligula Claire Cooper as Herodias Chris Brazier as Reuben Jóhannes Haukur Jóhannesson as Thomas Kenneth Collard as Barnabas Pedro Lloyd Gardiner as Matthew Denver Isaac as James brother of John George Georgiou ( de ) as Boaz Farzana Dua Elahe as Saint Joanna Joe Dixon as Philip Jim Sturgeon as Chuza Marama Corlett as Tabitha Charlene McKenna as Eva Alastair Mackenzie as James the Just Kenneth Cranham as Tiberius Reece Ritchie as Stephen Stephen Walters as Simon the Sorcerer Michael Peluso as Herod Agrippa Struan Rodger as Gamaliel Nicholas Sidi as Ananias of Damascus Peter De Jersey as Ananias , husband of Sapphira Indra Ové as Sapphira Colin Salmon as Gabra the Ethiopian Francis Magee as Levi , the leader of the Zealots John Benfield as Yitzhak , student of Simon the Sorcerer John Ioannou as Melek , a healed cripple Lex Shrapnel as Jonathan , son of Annas Development ( edit ) On December 17 , 2013 , it was announced that there would be a follow - up miniseries to The Bible in 2015 . In anticipation of the global event , a number of companion materials were released in an effort by Palam Fidelis Publishing to engage thoughtful , religious discussion by offering `` Family Discussion Guides '' for each episode . Reception ( edit ) The show premiered on Easter Sunday 2015 on NBC to 9.7 million viewers . It averaged 6.5 million viewers across 12 episodes on NBC . A.D. : The Bible Continues has received mixed reviews from critics . On the aggregate website Metacritic , eleven critics have given it a score of 55 out of 100 , based on `` mixed or average reviews '' . On Rotten Tomatoes , the miniseries received a 58 % score based on twelve reviews ( seven positive and five negative ) . The Rotten Tomatoes consensus summary states , `` Attempts to offer a fresh look at a traditional tale notwithstanding , A.D. : The Bible Continues does n't do enough to set itself apart from its many predecessors . '' Viewers tended to be more favorable , with over 80 % of viewers liking the series ; with an average rating of 4 out 5 . In Australia , the series premiered on July 5 , 2015 on the Nine Network , as A.D. Kingdom and Empire . It premiered to 472,000 viewers , losing 828,000 viewers from its 60 Minutes lead - in . Episodes ( edit ) This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date US viewers ( millions ) `` The Tomb Is Open '' Ciaran Donnelly Simon Block April 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 05 ) 9.68 After the public calls for Jesus to be crucified and Peter denies knowing him , Jesus is sent to Pontius Pilate to have the final say . Pilate orders the crucifixion of Jesus in order to maintain the peace and satisfy his people . Overcome with guilt for betraying Jesus , Judas hangs himself in the wastelands . Caiaphas defends his decision to send Jesus to Pilate with his father - in - law Annas . The act will send a message to all who oppose Roman law . Annas suggests a quicker death . Pilate grants two requests : Jesus ' expedited death and Joseph of Arimathea 's petition to claim the body . Pilate 's wife Claudia warns that he will regret crucifying Jesus , who soon dies on the cross . Jerusalem trembles and the temple 's holy veil splits . A soldier arrives to ensure Jesus ' death , and Joseph offers his tomb as a final resting place . There he , Mother Mary , John , and Mary Magdalene clean the body and pray before closing the tomb . Caiaphas requests that Pilate post soldiers outside the tomb and place a Roman seal across the front , which will carry the death penalty if broken . Pilate agrees . Peter admits to John and Mary Magdalene that he denied Jesus , as the remaining disciples gather at the safe house . They all argue over the next course of action and Mother Mary reminds them of the prophesied return of Jesus . They decide to leave the city if he does n't return on the third day . Soon , another tremble and the tomb illuminates behind its seal . An angel dressed as a warrior appears on top of the tomb and exposes its sword , a sign to the shocked Roman guards to not interfere . Later , Caiaphas receives news that the Roman seal has been broken , the tomb opened , and Jesus is gone . `` The Body Is Gone '' Ciaran Donnelly Simon Block April 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 12 ) 7.75 Mary Magdalene sneaks to Joseph 's tomb and finds it open . Nothing is inside but the shroud that Jesus wore on the cross , left perfectly folded . She returns to the safe house to tell the others . Caiaphas listens to Reuben and the other guards try to explain what happened -- a warrior angel broke the seal and moved the massive stone . Caiaphas thinks that some followers of Jesus must have raided the tomb in an attempt to fake a resurrection . Caiaphas gives his men strict orders to say that they fell asleep on duty if asked , and instructs Reuben to find Jesus ' body immediately . Caiaphas then lies to Pilate that Jesus is dead in the tomb ; however , a tomb guard reports otherwise after Caiaphas leaves . After being left at the empty tomb by Peter and John , Mary Magdalene is visited by Jesus , who is without stain . She returns to the chaotic safe house to report the news . Jesus appears to his disciples and later to a doubting Thomas , before guards storm the safe house and the disciples scatter into the city . Pilate orders the deaths of most of Caiaphas ' guards , as Reuben and Caiaphas search the city for the body of Jesus . The disciples make it to the coast of the Sea of Galilee , where Peter finds it difficult catching fish . A man appears and instructs him to cast the net on the right side of the boat . The net quickly becomes filled with fish , and the men confirm their adviser to be Jesus . He suggests that they return to Jerusalem , wait there , then spread the word . Jesus then climbs a hill and disappears in a bright light . Angry over the death of his men , Caiaphas confronts Pilate , who then kills the tomb guards in front of him as a lesson in `` civic administration '' . `` The Spirit Arrives '' Ciaran Donnelly Andy Rattenbury April 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 19 ) 6.36 Leah comforts her distressed husband Caiaphas by saying that his men 's deaths was Pilate 's order to quash any rumor of resurrection . Pilate confesses to Claudia about killing the soldiers in the palace , which is preparing for King Herod Antipas ' visit . Upon his arrival , Antipas asks Caiaphas why the city feels as if it is about to erupt . He assures King Antipas that it has nothing to do with the recent crucifixion , but Antipas says that Caiaphas mishandled to entire thing by involving the Romans and warns to not do it again . Peter 's daughter Maya joins him at the safe house , and she suggests prayer to be the disciples ' solution for their future missions . After the Holy Spirit fills them , they confidently set out to spread the word . Caiaphas ensures the widow of a guard that his murderer will be found , but Leah tells her to leave the city . Claudia remains distant from Pilate , but asks Cornelius to look after him during the Festival of Pentecost . The disciples enter the temple and heal a crippled man in the name of Jesus , only to be beaten by Reuben and his men . Peter and John are arrested , but they are proud that their mission has begun . An assassination attempt is made on Pilate which results in the death of Roman soldier Drusus . Pilate orders the deaths of those in the vicinity of the crime . Upon seeing the dead bodies of his townspeople , Caiaphas knows that he must stand up for himself and his fellow Jews against the ruthless Romans . `` The Wrath '' Tony Mitchell Ben Newman April 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 26 ) 5.77 Pilate decrees that ten Jews will be crucified every day until the assassin is found . As Thomas baptizes Stephen , Maya announces her return to the city to check on her father , and Mary Magdalene joins her to keep her promise of Maya 's safety to Peter . Cornelius and his men search the city for Boaz , after finding in his shop the knife used in the attempt . Caiaphas puts Peter and John on public trial . The crowd supports their miracles under God 's name and Caiaphas is forced to release them , with the caveat to not teach nor speak Jesus ' name . Peter and John 's popularity grows after their release , which overwhelms Peter . Mother Mary comforts him by stating that Jesus knew that Peter 's faith would help him with his new responsibilities . John has a dream that leads him to the Temple , where he recruits Barnabas , who gives his land to the cause . Levi finds Boaz and warns him of the ease in doing so , adding that he should leave the city . Boaz visits the new commune , and Peter says that he can live there as long as he repents of his sins . Boaz refuses , relying on his Jewish identity and not the name of Jesus . The Holy Spirit shows Peter a vision of Ananias and Sapphira hiding money , despite their telling Peter that they donated everything to the commune . When confronted , both die , drowning in their own fluids . Caiaphas disrespects Pilate , and Claudia gives Boaz 's name to Leah , hoping to end the chaos . 5 `` The First Martyr '' Tony Mitchell Ben Newman May 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 03 ) 5.47 After Peter 's trial , the people of the camp have become afraid of him . Mother Mary assures him that , in time , faith will give them understanding , but pain and despair are currently in control . Jesus came to free them from it . Peter gathers the apostles ; they will go to Jerusalem to offer their fearful followers sanctuary in the camp . Once in Jerusalem , Peter and the apostles are stunned to find their former safe house filled with scared converts and refugees . With no assassin news , Pilate orders Cornelius to seize 10 Jewish women from a wedding party and crucify them . Cornelius and his men take 10 Jews from the market to crucify . Meanwhile , Leah finds a worried Caiaphas and shares the assassin 's name ( Boaz ) , adding that his fiancée Eva has been found and could flush him out . Leah visits Eva , asking her to persuade Boaz to give himself up , hoping to end Pilate 's crucifixions . Eva remains stoic . Boaz turns himself in to Caiaphas and Reuben . Pilate has Cornelius to torture Boaz , who is then spared when Levi the leader of the Zealots shoots him with an arrow , killing him . Later , Stephen publicly condemns Caiaphas for refusing the Word of God , and he is stoned to death while a young man named Saul of Tarsus is watching . 6 `` The Persecution '' Tony Mitchell Damian Wayling May 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 10 ) 4.53 After Stephen 's death by stoning , the disciples gather at the safe house to pray over his body . Back at the camp , Barnabas tells Philip that he dreamed that Stephen would n't be the last of them to die . The two men notice a stranger entering the camp , who introduces himself as Saul of Tarsus , a scholar , Jew , Roman , Pharisee , and defender of the Temple of Jerusalem . Saul claims that Jesus was nothing more than a false prophet , and preaching his message will bring nothing but wrath upon the disciples . While walking through the market , Annas asks his son Jonathan if he can not see that Caiaphas must be replaced because of his involvement with Pilate . Jonathan points out that Annas is plotting against his own son - in - law , but Annas waves him off . The Sanhedrin seeks Caiaphas 's successor and now the family needs Jonathan to step up . Caiaphas is not happy to play host to Leah 's family , and less happy to discover that Herod Antipas and Herodias have invited themselves to stay for the Purim festival . On their way , the royal couple stops off to survey the Nazarene 's camp to see that it was so close to Jerusalem and densely populated . Over dinner , they admit that Purim was a useful excuse for them to check to see if the city still stands after Pilate 's recent wave of crucifixions . Annas and Jonathan steer the conversation towards the Nazarene 's encampment , sowing seeds of doubt against Caiaphas . Herodias and Antipas would prefer not to choose between Caiaphas and Jonathan . Nevertheless , he knows that he 'll have to throw his support behind one of them and then let Pilate have the responsibility of dealing with the fallout . 7 `` The Visit '' Brian Kelly Andy Rattenbury May 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 17 ) 4.80 Saul and his men search Jerusalem for Peter and the disciples . Simon the Sorcerer fails to heal an unconscious woman in the market and asks to be baptized , following Philip 's managing to do so in the name of Jesus . Roman Emperor Tiberius and his nephew Caligula enter Jerusalem . Tiberius has asked Antipas and Herodias to be in attendance of Pilate 's governorship review . Pilate asks Caiaphas to speak for him . Emperor Tiberius dismisses all when talk of God arises . Later , Caiphas dupes Saul into thinking that Peter left for Damascus ; Saul leaves Jerusalem in pursuit of Peter . Claudia escorts Tiberius to his bedchamber to hear his recollection of some dreams . She later tells Pilate that they must keep their nerve , as Tiberius is a tired old man . 8 `` The Road to Damascus '' Brian Kelly Damian Wayling May 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 24 ) 4.24 Caiaphas asks Reuben to escort Saul to Damascus , hoping that Tiberius will depart Jerusalem before Saul 's return . The long trip to Damascus wears Reuben down , and he asks why Saul hates Peter . Saul angrily exclaims that God would not choose a simple fisherman to spread His message , adding that Jesus is an impostor . The sky then goes dark and Jesus appears to Saul in a ball of light . He instructs Saul to go to Damascus and await further instruction . Saul 's men find him blinded and screaming for help . Jesus later appears to Ananias , saying that Saul is the chosen instrument to inform the Gentiles and their kings and the Jewish people and their priests . Ananias cures Saul of his blindness and later baptizes him . He becomes a new man and goes to the synagogue in Damascus to preach . John and Peter go to Samaria to assist Philip . Simon the Sorcerer offers to donate all of his money to help spread Jesus ' word , in exchange for `` a few drops of the Holy Spirit '' . His bargaining attempt causes rage to explode from Peter and blood to flow from his eye sockets , but Peter urges him to repent and begs God for mercy on Simon . Upon witnessing Caligula 's debauchery with Herod Agrippa , Claudia and Pilate counsel Tiberius , which includes separating them by sending Caligula back to Rome . Enraged , Caligula warns Pilate and Claudia that they will answer to him and that Tiberius ' reign and protection is nearing an end . Claudia dreams of Tiberius ' death by Caligula 's hand . Antipas , Pilate , and their wives learn from Caligula that Tiberius died in his sleep . Caligula tears up Pilate 's commission and proclaims himself to be the new emperor . ( This is historically inaccurate because Tiberius died in 37 A.D. , not 33 A.D. ; also that Caligula was a good emperor for 6 months before devolving into a tyrant for his remaining 3 years of rule before his assassination in 41 A.D. , the show portrayed him as a sadistic murdering bisexual from the get go . ) 9 `` Saul 's Return '' Rob Evans Tom Grieves May 31 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 31 ) 4.74 Saul 's preaching at the Damascus synagogue sparks a riot from Saul 's former friends , the Jews in Damascus . Barnabas helps him escape and with excitement they go back to Jerusalem to see Peter and the other disciples . Back in Jerusalem , Leah , furious at Saul 's betrayal , orders Reuben to find him , shame him , and kill him for his switch of allegiance . Emperor Caligula gets no response from Claudia when asking her to show her devotion to her emperor . He asks the same of Aurelius , Tiberius ' advisor , who falls onto his own sword and dies . Just before leaving to Rome with Herod Agrippa , Caligula orders Pilate to erect a statue of him in the temple , the new `` king '' of the Jews . When Caiaphas learns of the statue plans , he cites the Book of Daniel ( Chapter 8 ) and its foretelling of death and destruction . At the camp , Peter argues with Saul , who insists that he has turned to Jesus Christ and that they should carry on spreading His message . Claudia consults with Leah and Herodias regarding Caligula and his statue . Leah suggests making Saul a scapegoat , igniting a war between church and state . Meanwhile , the disciples learn of the statue plans and imagine that , once the `` abomination of desolation '' ( the statue of Caligula ) is set up , Jesus might return . However , Leah , Cornelius , Herodias , and Claudia discuss circumventing that , as well as the expected fallout from the proposed statue . Simon the Zealot , unhappy with the disciples accepting Saul , meets Eva , Boaz 's widow , who calls it the first step to meeting the enemies of Rome and giving them news vital to the future of the Temple . While searching for Simon the Zealot , Saul is captured by Reuben and his men . Leah tells Caiaphas that Saul should be stoned publicly so that the Jewish people may learn what happens to a man who betrays the high priest . Caiaphas then neglects that idea and says that it might be possible to try to talk Saul out of his new faith and prove the fact that belief in the `` dead '' Jesus can change no one . But Caiaphas goes to the prison and sees Saul praying to Jesus ; he realizes that it will be harder than he thinks . 10 `` Brothers In Arms '' Rob Evans Rachel Anthony June 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 07 ) 4.09 Caiaphas talks with Saul about how he came to the high priest and demanded that he could attack the `` blasphemers '' and defend the Temple . Saul replies that he wanted to impress Caiaphas but now he understands truth . Caiaphas threatens Saul with the idea of what Gamaliel his teacher would make of his new understanding and asks him to rejoin the Temple . But Saul declares that the Temple is a temporary home and that no one except Jesus can forgive him and He already did by fulfilling prophet Isaiah 's words and recreating him in Jesus ' name . Caiaphas punches Saul and threatens him with misery when Saul says that there is no need for the Temple or for the high priest . However , eventually , Saul is released by Caiaphas , much to Leah 's dismay . Leah requests that Saul 's release be under the condition of forgiveness , but Caiaphas denies it , saying that he is busy uniting the Jews to fight the statue being brought in by the Romans . Meanwhile , James the Just , Jesus ' childhood friend , visits the disciples and talks to Caiaphas about ending the persecution brought on the followers of Jesus . Caiaphas offers the disciples peace and sanctification , but they are reluctant considering the amount of harm that Caiaphas did to them . Controversy erupts with the disciples and Saul over the function of the Temple . James the Just argues that , since they 're Jews , the Temple is important , but Saul says that they follow Jesus and He is more important and they have a message to preach . This creates suspicion and resentment in the heart of Simon the Zealot , and Levi the leader of the Zealots is able to use those feelings to get Simon the Zealot to side with him and possibly against Saul . A wealthy Ethiopian treasurer visits Jerusalem and Pilate invites him to dine in the Roman palace . The Ethiopian treasurer wants peace from his enemies , to which Pilate and Antipas argue that they are enemies . In the meantime , with the encouragement and ministry of Joanna and Mary Magdalene , Tabitha becomes a Christian , but is discovered by Claudia and Herodias , finally is scourged by Pilate 's orders . However , Saul consoles Tabitha that no one can stand against the love of Jesus , which brings a change in Simon the Zealot , who warns the other disciples of the Zealots ' intention to kill Saul . Pilate plans to kill Joanna to make her death count , but Claudia gives her food each night to keep her strength up . Unbeknownst to them , a scheme is made between the Ethiopians and the Zealots . 11 `` Rise Up '' Paul Wilmshurst Ben Newman June 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 14 ) 3.99 Pilate kills Joanna and exiles the Ethiopian treasurer for collaboration with the Zealots ; the disciples send Saul back to Tarsus to preach ; Peter heals Aeneas and resurrects Tabitha ( from Acts 9 ) , winning new converts to the faith . The Jewish people and the Zealots rally for war , but distrust each other . Upon witnessing the Ethiopian treasurer banished , Caiaphas suspects that his wife Leah might have had a hand in it . A change is seen in Claudia and Cornelius after the death of Joanna . Philip returns to Jerusalem and meets Peter again . The two have a good time talking , then an angel dressed as a warrior instructs Philip to go to the road that leads from Jerusalem to the Mediterranean Sea . While on the road , Philip meets the Ethiopian treasurer reading the prophet Isaiah 's writings , given to him by Caiaphas the high priest . Philip explains to the Ethiopian that the writings speak of a man who knew great suffering that produced great faith and , in the end , that man bore our transgressions for us , was killed , then rose again - Jesus Christ the son of God . While traveling with Philip , the Ethiopian believes and is baptized . After baptizing the Ethiopian believer , Philip is transported back to Samaria . Emperor Caligula 's statue ( made of pure gold ) enters Jerusalem with the promise of total war and destruction . 12 `` The Abomination '' Paul Wilmshurst Tom Grieves June 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 21 ) 3.56 Emperor Caligula 's golden statue arrives in Jerusalem which draws everyone in rebellion against the Romans including the high priest . Pilate meets with Caiaphas and his wife Leah to tell them that the golden statue of Emperor Caligula must enter the Temple whether they like it or not . Caiaphas opposes , saying that he ca n't help Pilate anymore . Pilate taunts Caiaphas by saying that Leah , Caiaphas ' wife , is a friend of his because she helped him expose a past conspiracy between the Ethiopians and the Zealots . Caiaphas replies that his wife Leah gave the information with his knowledge so he is untainted and Pilate has no allies or victims and the Caligula statue made of gold will never enter the Temple . Meanwhile , Peter and Mary Magdalene are led to the house of Cornelius , now ready to repent of his sins and become a Christian . After being baptized and accepting Jesus , Cornelius and his family are filled with the Holy Spirit , to Peter and Mary Magdalene 's amazement . Caiaphas calls a meeting with James the Just to tell him that , if the disciples join him , they can repel the statue of Caligula . James the Just denies the offer , saying that he worships Jesus and can not use violence . Enraged , Caiaphas swears that he will persecute all the disciples of Jesus and that they have no interest in anything but themselves . On the heights of the Temple , Caiaphas chides his wife Leah for conspiring with Pilate . Leah says that it had to be done , at which Caiaphas banishes her to her home . Leah asks her father and brother Annas and Jonathan for assistance , but they deny her request . Pilate tries to convince his wife Claudia that his responsibilities as governor are important and he has no choice in what he does . Claudia informs Pilate that he enjoys the bloody things which he does . Pilate asks about the subject of Joanna and then says that she was nothing . Claudia denies that and says that he can not win every battle . Obsessed with winning the war and half - insane with determination , Pilate hits Claudia and forces her to back down . The disciples stand with the high priest and the other rabbis which stops the newly converted Cornelius from attacking them . The resistance of the Zealots is crushed but the gold statue of the Emperor gets damaged in the process . Peter informs the other disciples that the prophecy of Daniel wo n't be fulfilled today and that Cornelius was converted by him . At his palace , Pilate refuses to concede defeat and says that next time he 'll rebuild the statue and be tougher with the Jews . Disgusted with Pilate 's brutal plans , Claudia tries to leave him but , as she is going with Cornelius , she refuses and chooses to be dominated by him . Peter tries to explain his conversion of Cornelius to James the Just and the other disciples , but he is taken away by Roman soldiers . The age of the disciples ' martyrdom has now begun . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` NBC Announces Midseason Schedule : Premieres of ' Allegiance ' , ' A.D. ' . ' Odyssey ' , ' The Slap ' & ' One Big Happy ' ; ' The Night Shift ' Takes Over Monday 10PM Timeslot '' . Zap2it . Retrieved April 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dent Brant , Ginny . `` ' A.D. : The Bible Continues ' slated for primetime '' . The Biblical Recorder . Retrieved April 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About A.D. The Bible Continues '' . Lightworkers Media . Retrieved April 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : NBC Cancels ' A.D. ' As Producers Plan Digital Revival For Biblical Drama Jump up ^ This Boaz is neither the character in the book of Ruth nor from the New Testament . Jump up ^ A.D. : The Bible Continues - Family Discussion Guide ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Up ; ' American Odyssey ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A.D. : The Bible Continues '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A.D. : The Bible Continues : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( June 30 , 2015 ) . `` Airdate : A.D. : The Bible Continues '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( July 6 , 2015 ) . `` The Voice lifts to 1.61 m viewers '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 14 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' Adjusted Up ; ' Mad Secretary ' , ' The Good Wife ' & ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon a Time ' , ' Secrets & Lies ' , & ' A.D. : The Bible Continues ' Adjusted Up ; ' ACM Awards ' , & ' American Odyssey ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 28 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Family Guy ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustments to ' Once Upon A Time ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Family Guy ' & ' Secrets and Lies ' Adjusted Up ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon A Time ' & ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Simpsons ' & ' Billboard Music Awards ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : Final Numbers for NASCAR Coca - Cola 600 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : No Adjustments for ' Golan the Insatiable ' , ' A.D. : The Bible Continues ' or ' American Odyssey ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/06/08/sunday-final-ratings-golan-the-insatiable-tony-awards-adjusted-up-final-nba-finals-game-2-numbers/414515/ Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/06/16/sunday-final-ratings-no-adjustment-for-golan-the-insatiable-or-a-d-the-bible-continues-final-basketball-numbers/417914/ Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - ad the bible continues on nbc '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved June 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/06/23/sunday-final-ratings-u-s-open-adjusted-down/421172/ External links ( edit ) Christianity portal Television portal A.D. The Bible Continues ( official NBC website ) A.D. The Bible Continues on IMDb Mark Burnett Director 2007 MTV Movie Awards ( 2007 ) 2008 MTV Movie Awards ( 2008 ) TV series created Eco-Challenge ( 1995 -- 2002 ) The Casino ( 2004 ) The Contender ( 2005 ) Amne $ ia ( 2007 ) Pirate Master ( 2007 ) The Apprentice ( 2004 -- 2017 ) Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader ? ( 2007 -- 11 , 2015 ) My Dad Is Better Than Your Dad ( 2008 ) Bully Beatdown ( 2009 -- 12 ) Expedition Impossible ( 2011 ) The Bible ( 2013 ) Spin Off ( 2013 -- present ) A.D. The Bible Continues ( 2015 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A.D._The_Bible_Continues&oldid=852364937 '' Categories : 2015 television films 2010s American drama television miniseries 2015 American television series debuts 2015 American television series endings Films set in ancient Egypt NBC network shows Television programs based on the Bible Television series by MGM Television Works based on the New Testament Cultural depictions of Judas Iscariot Cultural depictions of Pontius Pilate Television series set in the Roman Empire Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from November 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 28 July 2018 , at 13 : 22 ( UTC ) . 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3342533119030360491 | Louise Brown | Louise Brown - wikipedia Louise Brown This is the current revision of this page , as edited by Doc James ( talk contribs ) at 00 : 15 , 17 April 2017 . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 00 : 15 , 17 April 2017 by Doc James ( talk contribs ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search For other people named Louise Brown , see Louise Brown ( disambiguation ) . Louise Joy Brown Born ( 1978 - 07 - 25 ) 25 July 1978 ( age 39 ) Oldham General Hospital , Oldham , England Known for First in - vitro baby Weight 5 lb 12 oz ( 2.608 kg ) at birth Spouse ( s ) Wesley Mullinder ( 2004 -- present ) Children 2 sons , Cameron ( born 20 December 2006 ) ; Aiden ( born August 2013 ) Family Lesley and John Brown ( parents ) Natalie Brown ( sister ) Louise Joy Brown ( born 25 July 1978 ) is an English woman known for being the first human to have been born after conception by in vitro fertilisation , or IVF . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 2 Ethical and religious issues 3 References 4 External links Biography ( edit ) Louise Joy Brown was born at Oldham General Hospital , Oldham , by planned Caesarean section delivered by registrar John Webster . She weighed 5 pounds , 12 ounces ( 2.608 kg ) at birth . Her parents , Lesley and John Brown , had been trying to conceive for nine years . Lesley faced complications of blocked fallopian tubes . On 10 November 1977 , Lesley Brown underwent a procedure , later to become known as IVF ( in vitro fertilisation ) , developed by Patrick Steptoe and Robert Edwards . Edwards was awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize in Medicine for this work . Although the media referred to Brown as a `` test tube baby '' , her conception actually took place in a Petri dish . Her younger sister , Natalie Brown , was also conceived through IVF four years later , and became the world 's fortieth child after conception by IVF . In May 1999 , Natalie was the first human born after conception by IVF to give birth herself -- without IVF -- to daughter Casey . Natalie has subsequently had three additional children ; sons Christopher , Daniel , and Aeron , the last of whom was born in August 2013 . In 2004 , Brown married nightclub doorman ( bouncer ) Wesley Mullinder . Dr. Edwards attended their wedding . Their son Cameron , conceived naturally , was born on 20 December 2006 . Brown 's second son , Aiden Patrick Robert , was born in August 2013 . Brown 's father died in 2007 . Her mother died on 6 June 2012 in Bristol Royal Infirmary at the age of 64 due to complications from a gallbladder infection . Ethical and religious issues ( edit ) See also : Moral theology of John Paul I Although the Browns knew the procedure was experimental , the doctors did not tell them that no case had yet resulted in a baby . This has raised questions of informed consent . Shortly before the death of Pope Paul VI , when asked for his reaction to Brown 's birth , the patriarch of Venice , Cardinal Albino Luciani ( later Pope John Paul I ) , expressed concerns about the possibility that artificial insemination could lead to women being used as `` baby factories '' , but also refused to condemn the parents of the child , noting they simply wanted to have a baby . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hutchinson , Martin ( 24 July 2003 ) . `` I helped deliver Louise '' . BBC News . ^ Jump up to : `` World 's first IVF baby marks 30th birthday '' , Agence France - Presse , 23 July 2008 . Retrieved 24 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Wade , Nicholas ( 4 October 2010 ) . `` Pioneer of in Vitro Fertilisation Wins Nobel Prize '' . New York Times . Retrieved 5 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Hall , Sarah ( 11 July 2006 ) . `` Louise Brown , first test tube baby , is pregnant '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` Baby son joy for test - tube mother '' . BBC News . 14 January 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Denise Grady `` Lesley Brown , Mother of World 's First ' Test - Tube Baby , ' Dies at 64 '' , New York Times , 23 June 2012 Jump up ^ `` First test tube baby mother Lesley Brown dies '' , Bristol news , BBC News , 20 June 2012 , retrieved 20 June 2012 Jump up ^ Robin Marantz Henig , Pandora 's Baby , Houghton Mifflin , 2004 , p 134 Jump up ^ Prospettive nel Mondo , 1 August 1978 ; Luciani , Opera Omnia , vol. 8 , pp. 571 - 72 . Jump up ^ Eley , Adam ( 23 July 2015 ) . `` How has IVF developed since the first ' test - tube baby ' ? '' . BBC . External links ( edit ) BBC profile of Louise Brown ( July 2003 ) History of the early years of IVF 30th birthday for first IVF baby ( July 2008 ) Authority control WorldCat Identities VIAF : 25879467 LCCN : n79045705 IATH : w6rd03fv Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louise_Brown&oldid=775768265 '' Categories : 1978 births Living people English children In vitro fertilisation People from Oldham Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans العربية Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2017 , at 00 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the first in vitro baby born | [
"Louise Joy Brown (born 25 July 1978) is an English woman known for being the first human to have been born after conception by in vitro fertilisation, or IVF."
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"25 July 1978"
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5363754465044931405 | Best Day Ever (mixtape) | Best Day Ever ( mixtape ) - wikipedia Best Day Ever ( mixtape ) For other uses , see Best Day Ever ( disambiguation ) . Best Day Ever Mixtape by Mac Miller Released March 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 11 ) Genre Hip hop Length 51 : 26 Label Rostrum Producer I.D. Labs , Big Jerm , Teddy Roxpin , Sap Da Beat Man , Beanz n Kornbread , Chuck Inglish , Just Blaze , Blue ( of The Sore Losers ) , Ritz Reynolds , Khrysis Mac Miller chronology K.I.D.S ( 2010 ) Best Day Ever ( 2011 ) On and On and Beyond ( 2011 ) Singles from Best Day Ever `` Donald Trump '' Released : 17 May 2011 Best Day Ever is the fifth mixtape by American rapper Mac Miller . This mixtape was released online March 11 , 2011 . Over 20,000 viewers joined Miller for a live video stream just prior to releasing the tape . The mixtape consists of 16 songs produced by nine producers ( predominantly ID Labs ) . Best Day Ever represents the follow up to Mac Miller 's highly acclaimed previous mixtape K.I.D.S. ( Kickin ' Incredibly Dope Shit ) Four of the songs in the mixtape have their respective videos , the songs being : `` Donald Trump '' , `` Get Up '' , `` Wear My Hat '' and `` Best Day Ever '' . These videos have achieved popularity on YouTube . The mixtape only features two other artists besides Mac Miller himself : Phonte on the chorus of the song dedicated to Mac Miller 's mother `` I 'll Be There '' and label mate Wiz Khalifa on the chorus of the marijuana themed song `` Keep Floatin '' . Contents 1 Critical reception 2 Release and promotion 3 Commercial performance 4 Track listing 5 Charts 6 References Critical reception ( edit ) The mixtape received favorable reviews , including an ' XL ' ( second highest ) from XXL Magazine . Release and promotion ( edit ) The first single , `` Donald Trump '' charted on the US Billboard Hot 100 debuting at number 80 . Since the release , it has been downloaded over 1,000,000 times and streamed over 740,000 times from the official host of the mixtape , DatPiff . Custom made copies can be found online . The video for the first single released from this mixtape , `` Donald Trump '' , has reached 83 million views on YouTube , and Donald Trump himself acknowledged the video on the social networking site Twitter when it reached 16 million views stating `` Who would n't be flattered ? '' . Commercial performance ( edit ) Following Mac Miller 's death on September 7 , 2018 , Best Day Ever debuted at number 26 on the US Billboard 200 with 17,000 album - equivalent units . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Best Day Ever '' I.D. Labs 2 : 39 2 . `` Get Up ! '' Teddy Roxpin 2 : 38 3 . `` Donald Trump '' SAP 2 : 44 4 . `` Oy Vey '' I.D. Labs 3 : 28 5 . `` I 'll Be There '' ( featuring Phonte ) Beanz ' n ' Kornbread 3 : 11 6 . `` Wear My Hat '' Chuck Inglish 4 : 00 7 . `` Wake Up '' SAP , I.D. Labs 3 : 54 8 . `` All Around the World '' Just Blaze 3 : 41 9 . `` Down the Rabbit Hole '' Blue ( of The Sore Losers ) 3 : 13 10 . `` In the Air '' Ritz Reynolds 2 : 53 11 . `` Play Ya Cards '' Chuck Inglish 2 : 18 12 . `` She Said '' Khrysis 2 : 46 13 . `` Life Ai n't Easy '' I.D. Labs 2 : 37 14 . `` Snooze '' I.D. Labs 2 : 49 15 . `` Keep Floatin ' '' ( featuring Wiz Khalifa ) I.D. Labs 4 : 13 16 . `` BDE Bonus '' I.D. Labs 4 : 12 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 147 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) 41 US Billboard 200 26 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Donald Trump : Mac Miller : Music '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Miller , Mac . `` Mac Miller TV 03 / 11 / 11 08 : 00PM '' . Archived from the original on 16 March 2011 . Retrieved 8 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mac Miller - Donald Trump '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Mac Miller - Get Up '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Mac Miller - Wear My Hat ( Produced By Chuck Inglish ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Mac Miller - Best Day Ever '' . YouTube . 2011 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` '' Best Day Ever '' Gets XL Rating In New XXL `` . Retrieved 8 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mac Miller - Best Day Ever Hosted by Rostrum Records '' . Retrieved 11 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Donald Trump Acknowledges Mac Miller '' . The Source . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 15 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( September 18 , 2018 ) . `` Mac Miller 's ' Swimming ' Returns to Top 10 on Billboard 200 Albums Chart Following Death '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Mac Miller -- Best Day Ever '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Canadian Albums '' . FYIMusicNews . Retrieved September 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mac Miller Chart History ( Billboard 200 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 18 , 2018 . Mac Miller Discography Studio albums Blue Slide Park Watching Movies with the Sound Off GO : OD AM The Divine Feminine Swimming Live albums Live from Space EPs On and On and Beyond Mixtapes K.I.D.S. Best Day Ever I Love Life , Thank You Macadelic Stolen Youth Delusional Thomas Faces Singles `` Donald Trump '' `` Frick Park Market '' `` Party on Fifth Ave . '' `` Loud '' `` S.D.S. '' `` Watching Movies '' `` Goosebumpz '' `` 100 Grandkids '' `` My Favorite Part '' `` Self Care '' Featured singles `` Middle Finger '' `` The Way '' Concert tours Blue Slide Park Tour Macadelic Tour Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Best_Day_Ever_(mixtape)&oldid=860281433 '' Categories : Mac Miller albums 2011 mixtape albums Albums produced by Sap ( producer ) Rostrum Records albums Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 September 2018 , at 15 : 58 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did mac miller release best day ever | [
"Best Day Ever is the fifth mixtape by American rapper Mac Miller. This mixtape was released online March 11, 2011. Over 20,000 viewers joined Miller for a live video stream just prior to releasing the tape.[2] The mixtape consists of 16 songs produced by nine producers (predominantly ID Labs).\n"
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"March 11, 2011"
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637672739683280923 | Ministry of Law and Justice (India) | Ministry of Law and Justice ( India ) - Wikipedia Ministry of Law and Justice ( India ) Jump to : navigation , search Ministry of Law and Justice Emblem of India Agency overview Formed 1833 Jurisdiction Government of India Headquarters Cabinet Secretariat Raisina Hill , New Delhi 28 ° 36 ′ 50 '' N 17 ° 12 ′ 32 '' E / 28.61389 ° N 17.20889 ° E / 28.61389 ; 17.20889 Agency executive Ravi Shankar Prasad , Minister of Law and Justice Child agencies Department of legal affairs Legislative department Department of justice Website lawmin.nic.in The Ministry of Law and Justice in the Government of India is a cabinet ministry which deals with the management of the legal affairs , legislative activities and administration of justice in India through its three departments namely the Legislative Department and the Department of Legal Affairs and Department of Justice respectively . The Department of Legal Affairs is concerned with advising the various Ministries of the Central Government while the Legislative Department is concerned with drafting of principal legislation for the Central Government . The ministry is headed by a cabinet rank minister appointed by the President of India on the recommendation of the Prime Minister of India . Ravi Shankar Prasad is the current minister for law and justice in India . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Structure 2.1 Legislative Department 2.2 Department of Justice 3 Ministers 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Ministry of law and justice is the oldest limb of the government of India dating back to 1833 when the Charter Act 1833 was enacted by the British Parliament when India was under British control . The said Act vested for the first time legislative power in a single authority , namely the Governor General in Council . By virtue of this authority and the authority vested under him under section 22 of the Indian Councils Act 1861 the Governor General in Council enacted laws for the country from 1834 to 1920 . After the commencement of the Government of India Act 1919 the legislative power was exercised by the Indian Legislature constituted thereunder . The Government of India Act 1919 was followed by the Government of India Act 1935 . With the passing of the Indian Independence Act 1947 India became a ' dominion ' and the ' dominion legislature ' made laws from 1947 to 1949 under the provisions of section 100 of the Government of India Act 1935 as adapted by the India ( Provisional Constitution ) Order 1947 . When the Constitution of India came into force on 26 January 1950 , the legislative power thereafter got vested in the Indian parliament . Structure ( edit ) The Government of India ( Allocation of Business ) Rules of 1961 entail the various departments working under the Ministry of Law and Justice of Government of India . In terms of these Rules , the Ministry comprises the following departments : Department of Legal Affairs , Legislative Department , and Department of Justice . Legislative Department ( edit ) The Legislative Department is mainly concerned with drafting of all principal legislation for the Central Government i.e. Bills to be introduced in Parliament , Ordinances to be promulgated by the President , measures to be enacted as President 's Acts for States under the President 's rule and Regulations to be made by the President for Union territories . It is also concerned with election Laws namely the Representation of the People Act 1950 and the Representation of the People Act 1951 . In addition it is also entrusted with task of dealing with certain matters relating to List III of the Seventh Schedule to the Constitution like personal law , contracts evidence etc . The responsibility of maintaining up to date the statutes enacted by Parliament is also with this Department . The Allocation of Business Rules identify the following functions to be carried out by this Department ; ( 1 ) The drafting of Bills , including the business of the Draftsmen in Select Committees , drafting and promulgation of Ordinances and Regulations ; enactment of State Acts as President 's Acts whenever required ; scrutiny of Statutory Rules and Orders ( except notifications under clause ( a ) of section 3 , section 3A and section 3D , of the National Highways Act , 1956 ( 48 of 1956 ) ) . Constitution Orders ; notifications for bringing into force Constitution ( Amendment ) Acts . ( a ) Publication of Central Acts , Ordinance and Regulations ; ( b ) Publication of authorised translations in Hindi of Central Acts , Ordinances , Orders , Rules , Regulations and bye - laws referred to in section 5 ( 1 ) of the Official Languages Act , 1963 ( 19 of 1963 ) . Compilation and publication of unrepealed Central Acts , Ordinances and Regulations of general statutory Rules and Orders , and other similar publications . Elections to Parliament , to the Legislatures of States , to the Offices of the President and Vice-President ; and the Election Commission . Preparation and publication of standard legal terminology for use , as far as possible , in all official languages . Preparation of authoritative texts in Hindi of all Central Acts and of Ordinances promulgated and Regulations made by the President and of all rules , regulations and orders made by the Central Government under such Acts , Ordinances and Regulations . Making arrangements for the translation into official languages of the States of Central Acts and of Ordinances promulgated and Regulations made by the President and for the translation of all State Acts and Ordinances into Hindi if the texts of such Acts or Ordinance are in a language other than Hindi . Publication of law books and law journals in Hindi . Marriage and divorce ; infants and minors ; adoption , wills ; intestate and succession ; joint family and partition . Transfer of property other than agricultural land ( excluding benami transactions registration of deeds and documents ) . Contracts , but not including those relating to agricultural land . Actionable wrongs . Bankruptcy and insolvency . Trusts and trustees , Administrators , General and Official Trustees . Evidence and oaths . Civil Procedure including Limitation and Arbitration . Charitable and religious endowments and religious institutions . Department of Justice ( edit ) The Department of Justice performs the administrative functions in relation to the appointment of various judges at various courts in India , maintenance and revision of the conditions and rules of service of the judges and other related areas . The Allocation of Business Rules identify the following functions to be carried out by this Department ; ( 2 ) Appointment , resignation and removal of the Chief Justice of India and Judges of the Supreme Court of India ; their salaries , rights in respect of leave of absence ( including leave allowances ) , pensions and travelling allowances . Appointment , resignation and removal , etc. , of Chief Justice and Judges of High Courts in States ; their salaries , rights in respect of leave of absence ( including leave allowances ) , pensions and travelling allowances . Appointment of Judicial Commissioners and Judicial officers in Union Territories . Constitution and organisation ( excluding jurisdiction and powers ) of the Supreme Court ( but including contempt of such Court ) and the fees taken therein . Constitution and organisation of the High Courts and the Courts of Judicial Commissioners except provisions as to officers and servants of these courts . Administration of justice and constitution and organisation of courts in the Union Territories and fees taken in such courts . Court fees and Stamp duties in the Union Territories . Creation of all India Judicial Service . Conditions of service of District Judges and other Members of Higher Judicial Service of Union Territories . Extension of the Jurisdiction of a High Court to a Union Territory or exclusion of a Union Territory from the Jurisdiction of a High Court . Ministers ( edit ) Main article : Minister of Law and Justice Name Portrait Term of office Party Prime Minister B.R. Ambedkar 15 August 1947 1952 Congress Jawaharlal Nehru Charu Chandra Biswas May 1952 April 1957 Ashoke Kumar Sen 1957 1966 Lal Bahadur Shastri Gopal Swarup Pathak 1966 1967 Indira Gandhi Shanti Bhushan 1977 1979 JP Morarji Desai Hans Raj Khanna 1979 1979 JNP ( S ) Charan Singh P. Shiv Shankar 1980 1982 Congress Indira Gandhi Jagannath Kaushal 1982 1984 Ashoke Kumar Sen 1984 Rajiv Gandhi P. Shiv Shankar Bindeshwari Dubey 14 February 1988 26 June 1988 B. Shankaranand June 1988 December 1989 Dinesh Goswami 2 December 1989 10 November 1990 AGP V.P. Singh Subramanian Swamy 1991 JP Chandra Shekhar Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy 1991 Congress P.V. Narasimha Rao Ram Jethmalani 16 May 1996 1 June 1996 BJP Atal Bihari Vajpayee Ramakant Khalap 1 June 1996 21 April 1997 MGP H.D. Dewe Gowda M. Thambidurai 19 March 1998 April 1999 AIADMK NDA Atal Bihari Vajpayee Ram Jethmalani October 1999 23 July 2000 BJP NDA Arun Jaitley 23 July 2000 July 2002 Jana Krishnamurthy July 2002 January 2003 Arun Jaitley 29 January 2003 21 May 2004 H.R. Bhardwaj 22 May 2004 28 May 2009 Congress UPA Manmohan Singh Veerappa Moily 31 May 2009 19 July 2011 Salman Khurshid July 2011 28 October 2012 Ashwani Kumar 28 October 2012 10 May 2013 Kapil Sibal 11 May 2013 26 May 2014 Ravi Shankar Prasad 26 May 2014 9 November 2014 BJP NDA Narendra Modi D.V. Sadananda Gowda 9 November 2014 5 July 2016 Ravi Shankar Prasad 5 July 2016 Incumbent See also ( edit ) Cabinet of India Government of India Law Commission of India Constitution of India India portal Government of India portal Law portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Ministry of Law and Justice - About Us '' . Ministry of Law and Justice . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About Ministry of Law and Justice ( More information ) '' . Minsitry of Law and Justice . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Government of India ( Allocation of Business ) Rules of 1961 '' . Parliament of India . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . Jump up ^ RAJYA SABHA MEMBERS , BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES , 1952 - 2003 : A Jump up ^ RAJYA SABHA MEMBERS , BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES , 1952 - 2003 : B ^ Jump up to : RAJYA SABHA MEMBERS , BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES , 1952 - 2003 : ^ Jump up to : Biographical Sketch , Member of Parliament , 12th Lok Sabha : SHIV SHANKER , SHRI P . Jump up ^ 8th Lok Sabha , Members Bioprofile : KAUSHAL , SHRI JAGANNATH Archived 26 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Tenth Lok sabha ; , Members Bioprofile ; SHANKARANAND , SHRI B. ; Lok Sabha / National Informatics Centre Jump up ^ RAJYA SABHA MEMBERS , BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES , 1952 - 2003 : G Jump up ^ Biographical Sketch , Member of Parliament , 12th Lok Sabha : SWAMY , DR . SUBRAMANIAN Jump up ^ Biographical Sketch , Member of Parliament , 12th Lok Sabha : REDDY , SHRI KOTLA VIJAYA BHASKARA Jump up ^ Biographical Sketch , Member of Parliament , XI LOK SABHA : KHALAP , SHRI RAMAKANT D. Archived 17 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Minister of State ( Independent Charge ) Jump up ^ Sixteenth Lok Sabha , Members Bioprofile : Thambidurai , Dr. Munisamy Archived 5 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Jaitley was Minister of State ( Independent Charge ) for Law and Justice till 7 November 2000 , then was Union Cabinet Minister Jump up ^ RAJYA SABHA MEMBERS , BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES , 1952 - 2003 : K Jump up ^ Sixteenth Lok Sabha , Members Bioprofile : Moily , Dr. M. Veerappa Jump up ^ Fifteenth Lok Sabha , Members Bioprofile : Khurshid , Shri Salman Jump up ^ Fifteenth Lok Sabha , Members Bioprofile : Sibal , Shri Kapil new act The Central Board of Direct Taxes ( CBDT ) is a part of the Department of Revenue in the Ministry of Finance , Government of India. ( 24 ) The CBDT provides essential inputs for policy and planning of direct taxes in India and is also responsible for administration of the direct tax laws through Income Tax Department . The CBDT is a statutory authority functioning under the Central Board of Revenue Act , 1963.It is India 's official FATF unit. The Central Board of Revenue as the Department apex body charged with the administration of taxes came into existence as a result of the Central Board of Revenue Act , 1924 . Initially the Board was in charge of both direct and indirect taxes . However , when the administration of taxes became too unwieldy for one Board to handle , the Board was split up into two , namely the Central Board of Direct Taxes and Central Board of Excise and Customs with effect from 1.1. 1964 . This bifurcation was brought about by constitution of the two Boards u / s 3 of the Central Boards of Revenue Act , 1963 . External links ( edit ) Ministry of Law and Justice Official website of the Ministry of Law and Justice Department of Law and Justice Department of Legal Affairs Law Commission of India ( hide ) Government ministries of India President ( List ) Government of India Prime Minister ( List Office ) Deputy Prime Minister Council of Ministers Current Agriculture and Farmers Welfare AYUSH Chemicals and Fertilizers Civil Aviation Coal Commerce and Industry Communications Consumer Affairs Culture Defence Drinking Water and Sanitation Earth Sciences Electronics and Information Technology Environment , Forest and Climate Change External Affiars Finance Food Processing Industries Health and Family Welfare Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises Home Affairs Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation Human Resource Development Information and Broadcasting Labour and Employment Law and Justice Micro , Small and Medium Enterprises Mines Minority Affairs New and Renewable Energy North East Panchayati Raj Parliamentary Affairs Personnel , Public Grievances and Pensions Petroleum Power Railways Road Transport and Highways Rural Development Science and Technology Shipping Skill Development and Entrepreneurship Social Justice and Empowerment Statistics and Programme Implementation Steel Textiles Tourism Tribal Affairs Urban Development Water Resources Women and Child Development Defunct Communications and Information Technology Overseas Indian Affairs Surface Transport Ministers Defence External Affairs Finance Health and Family Welfare Home Affairs Human Resource Development Information and Broadcasting Labour and Employment Law and Justice North Eastern Region Parliamentary Affairs Personnel , Public Grievances and Pensions Railways Science and Technology Tribal Affairs Secretaries Cabinet Defence Finance Foreign Home Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Law_and_Justice_(India)&oldid=833984882 '' Categories : Law in India Government ministries of India Justice ministries Ministries established in 1919 Law Ministers of India Law ministries Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use Indian English from May 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from October 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia मराठी Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 09 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the present law minister of india | [
"The Ministry of Law and Justice in the Government of India is a cabinet ministry which deals with the management of the legal affairs, legislative activities and administration of justice in India through its three departments namely the Legislative Department and the Department of Legal Affairs and Department of Justice respectively. The Department of Legal Affairs is concerned with advising the various Ministries of the Central Government while the Legislative Department is concerned with drafting of principal legislation for the Central Government. The ministry is headed by a cabinet rank minister appointed by the President of India on the recommendation of the Prime Minister of India.[1][2] Ravi Shankar Prasad is the current minister for law and justice in India."
] | [
"Ravi Shankar Prasad"
] |
8781610427052762025 | Great Pyramid of Giza | Great Pyramid of Giza - wikipedia Great Pyramid of Giza The Great Pyramid of Giza Khufu Coordinates 29 ° 58 ′ 45.03 '' N 31 ° 08 ′ 03.69 '' E / 29.9791750 ° N 31.1343583 ° E / 29.9791750 ; 31.1343583 Coordinates : 29 ° 58 ′ 45.03 '' N 31 ° 08 ′ 03.69 '' E / 29.9791750 ° N 31.1343583 ° E / 29.9791750 ; 31.1343583 Ancient name Khufu 's Horizon Constructed c. 2580 -- 2560 BC ( 4th dynasty ) Type True pyramid Material Limestone , granite Height 146.7 metres ( 481 ft ) or 280 Egyptian Royal cubits 138.8 metres ( 455 ft ) ( contemporary ) Base Length of 230.34 metres ( 756 ft ) or 440 Egyptian Royal cubits Volume 2,583,283 cubic metres ( 91,227,778 cu ft ) Slope 51 ° 52 ' ± 2 ' Building details Record height Tallest in the world from 2560 BC to 1311 AD Surpassed by Lincoln Cathedral UNESCO World Heritage Site Part of Memphis and its Necropolis -- the Pyramid Fields from Giza to Dahshur Criteria Cultural : i , iii , vi Reference 86 - 002 Inscription 1979 ( 3rd Session ) The Great Pyramid of Giza ( also known as the Pyramid of Khufu or the Pyramid of Cheops ) is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza pyramid complex bordering what is now El Giza , Egypt . It is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World , and the only one to remain largely intact . Based on a mark in an interior chamber naming the work gang and a reference to the fourth dynasty Egyptian Pharaoh Khufu , Egyptologists believe that the pyramid was built as a tomb over a 10 - to 20 - year period concluding around 2560 BC . Initially at 146.5 metres ( 481 feet ) , the Great Pyramid was the tallest man - made structure in the world for more than 3,800 years . Originally , the Great Pyramid was covered by limestone casing stones that formed a smooth outer surface ; what is seen today is the underlying core structure . Some of the casing stones that once covered the structure can still be seen around the base . There have been varying scientific and alternative theories about the Great Pyramid 's construction techniques . Most accepted construction hypotheses are based on the idea that it was built by moving huge stones from a quarry and dragging and lifting them into place . There are three known chambers inside the Great Pyramid . The lowest chamber is cut into the bedrock upon which the pyramid was built and was unfinished . The so - called Queen 's Chamber and King 's Chamber are higher up within the pyramid structure . The main part of the Giza complex is a set of buildings that included two mortuary temples in honour of Khufu ( one close to the pyramid and one near the Nile ) , three smaller pyramids for Khufu 's wives , an even smaller `` satellite '' pyramid , a raised causeway connecting the two temples , and small mastaba tombs surrounding the pyramid for nobles . Transparent view of Khufu 's pyramid from SE . Taken from a 3d model Contents ( hide ) 1 History and description 2 Materials 2.1 Casing stones 2.2 Construction theories 3 Interior 3.1 Queen 's Chamber 3.2 Grand Gallery 3.3 King 's Chamber 3.4 Modern entrance 4 Pyramid complex 5 Boats 6 Looting 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 Further reading 11 External links History and description Timeline and map of the Great Pyramid of Giza and the other Wonders of the Ancient World Egyptologists believe the pyramid was built as a tomb for the Fourth Dynasty Egyptian pharaoh Khufu ( often Hellenized as `` Cheops '' ) and was constructed over a 20 - year period . Khufu 's vizier , Hemiunu ( also called Hemon ) is believed by some to be the architect of the Great Pyramid . It is thought that , at construction , the Great Pyramid was originally 280 Egyptian Royal cubits tall ( 146.5 metres ( 480.6 ft ) ) , but with erosion and absence of its pyramidion , its present height is 138.8 metres ( 455.4 ft ) . Each base side was 440 cubits , 230.4 metres ( 755.9 ft ) long . The mass of the pyramid is estimated at 5.9 million tonnes . The volume , including an internal hillock , is roughly 2,500,000 cubic metres ( 88,000,000 cu ft ) . Based on these estimates , building the pyramid in 20 years would involve installing approximately 800 tonnes of stone every day . Additionally , since it consists of an estimated 2.3 million blocks , completing the building in 20 years would involve moving an average of more than 12 of the blocks into place each hour , day and night . The first precision measurements of the pyramid were made by Egyptologist Sir Flinders Petrie in 1880 -- 82 and published as The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh . Almost all reports are based on his measurements . Many of the casing - stones and inner chamber blocks of the Great Pyramid fit together with extremely high precision . Based on measurements taken on the north - eastern casing stones , the mean opening of the joints is only 0.5 millimetre wide ( 1 / 50 of an inch ) . Great Pyramid of Giza from a 19th - century stereopticon card photo The pyramid remained the tallest man - made structure in the world for over 3,800 years , unsurpassed until the 160 - metre - tall ( 520 ft ) spire of Lincoln Cathedral was completed c. 1300 . The accuracy of the pyramid 's workmanship is such that the four sides of the base have an average error of only 58 millimetres in length . The base is horizontal and flat to within ± 15 mm ( 0.6 in ) . The sides of the square base are closely aligned to the four cardinal compass points ( within four minutes of arc ) based on true north , not magnetic north , and the finished base was squared to a mean corner error of only 12 seconds of arc . The completed design dimensions , as suggested by Petrie 's survey and subsequent studies , are estimated to have originally been 280 Egyptian Royal cubits high by 440 cubits long at each of the four sides of its base . The ratio of the perimeter to height of 1760 / 280 Egyptian Royal cubits equates to 2 π to an accuracy of better than 0.05 percent ( corresponding to the well - known approximation of π as 22 / 7 ) . Some Egyptologists consider this to have been the result of deliberate design proportion . Verner wrote , `` We can conclude that although the ancient Egyptians could not precisely define the value of π , in practice they used it '' . Petrie , author of Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh concluded : `` but these relations of areas and of circular ratio are so systematic that we should grant that they were in the builder 's design '' . Others have argued that the Ancient Egyptians had no concept of pi and would not have thought to encode it in their monuments . They believe that the observed pyramid slope may be based on a simple seked slope choice alone , with no regard to the overall size and proportions of the finished building . In 2013 , rolls of papyrus called the Diary of Merer were discovered written by some of those who delivered limestone and other construction materials from Tora to Giza . Materials The Great Pyramid consists of an estimated 2.3 million blocks which most believe to have been transported from nearby quarries . The Tura limestone used for the casing was quarried across the river . The largest granite stones in the pyramid , found in the `` King 's '' chamber , weigh 25 to 80 tonnes and were transported from Aswan , more than 800 km ( 500 mi ) away . Traditionally , ancient Egyptians cut stone blocks by hammering into them wooden wedges , which were then soaked with water . As the water was absorbed , the wedges expanded , causing the rock to crack . Once they were cut , they were carried by boat either up or down the Nile River to the pyramid . It is estimated that 5.5 million tonnes of limestone , 8,000 tonnes of granite ( imported from Aswan ) , and 500,000 tonnes of mortar were used in the construction of the Great Pyramid . Casing stones Casing stone in the British Museum . At completion , the Great Pyramid was surfaced by white `` casing stones '' -- slant - faced , but flat - topped , blocks of highly polished white limestone . These were carefully cut to what is approximately a face slope with a seked of 51⁄2 palms to give the required dimensions . Visibly , all that remains is the underlying stepped core structure seen today . In AD 1303 , a massive earthquake loosened many of the outer casing stones , which were then carted away by Bahri Sultan An - Nasir Nasir - ad - Din al - Hasan in 1356 to build mosques and fortresses in nearby Cairo . Many more casing stones were removed from the great pyramids by Muhammad Ali Pasha in the early 19th century to build the upper portion of his Alabaster Mosque in Cairo , not far from Giza . These limestone casings can still be seen as parts of these structures . Later explorers reported massive piles of rubble at the base of the pyramids left over from the continuing collapse of the casing stones , which were subsequently cleared away during continuing excavations of the site . Nevertheless , a few of the casing stones from the lowest course can be seen to this day in situ around the base of the Great Pyramid , and display the same workmanship and precision that has been reported for centuries . Petrie also found a different orientation in the core and in the casing measuring 193 centimetres ± 25 centimetres . He suggested a redetermination of north was made after the construction of the core , but a mistake was made , and the casing was built with a different orientation . Petrie related the precision of the casing stones as to being `` equal to opticians ' work of the present day , but on a scale of acres '' and `` to place such stones in exact contact would be careful work ; but to do so with cement in the joints seems almost impossible '' . It has been suggested it was the mortar ( Petrie 's `` cement '' ) that made this seemingly impossible task possible , providing a level bed , which enabled the masons to set the stones exactly . Construction theories Main article : Egyptian pyramid construction techniques Clay seal bearing the name of Khufu from the Great Pyramid . On display at the Musée du Louvre . Many alternative , often contradictory , theories have been proposed regarding the pyramid 's construction techniques . Many disagree on whether the blocks were dragged , lifted , or even rolled into place . The Greeks believed that slave labour was used , but modern discoveries made at nearby workers ' camps associated with construction at Giza suggest that it was built instead by tens of thousands of skilled workers . Verner posited that the labour was organized into a hierarchy , consisting of two gangs of 100,000 men , divided into five zaa or phyle of 20,000 men each , which may have been further divided according to the skills of the workers . One mystery of the pyramid 's construction is its planning . John Romer suggests that they used the same method that had been used for earlier and later constructions , laying out parts of the plan on the ground at a 1 - to - 1 scale . He writes that `` such a working diagram would also serve to generate the architecture of the pyramid with precision unmatched by any other means '' . He also argues for a 14 - year time - span for its construction . A modern construction management study , in association with Mark Lehner and other Egyptologists , estimated that the total project required an average workforce of about 14,500 people and a peak workforce of roughly 40,000 . Without the use of pulleys , wheels , or iron tools , they used critical path analysis methods , which suggest that the Great Pyramid was completed from start to finish in approximately 10 years . Interior Diagram of the interior structures of the Great Pyramid . The inner line indicates the pyramid 's present profile ; the outer line indicates the original profile . The original entrance to the Great Pyramid is on the north , 17 metres ( 56 ft ) vertically above ground level and 7.29 metres ( 23.9 ft ) east of the centre line of the pyramid . From this original entrance , there is a Descending Passage 0.96 metres ( 3.1 ft ) high and 1.04 metres ( 3.4 ft ) wide , which goes down at an angle of 26 ° 31'23 '' through the masonry of the pyramid and then into the bedrock beneath it . After 105.23 metres ( 345.2 ft ) , the passage becomes level and continues for an additional 8.84 metres ( 29.0 ft ) to the lower Chamber , which appears not to have been finished . There is a continuation of the horizontal passage in the south wall of the lower chamber ; there is also a pit dug in the floor of the chamber . Some Egyptologists suggest that this Lower Chamber was intended to be the original burial chamber , but Pharaoh Khufu later changed his mind and wanted it to be higher up in the pyramid . 28.2 metres ( 93 ft ) from the entrance is a square hole in the roof of the Descending Passage . Originally concealed with a slab of stone , this is the beginning of the Ascending Passage . The Ascending Passage is 39.3 metres ( 129 ft ) long , as wide and high as the Descending Passage and slopes up at almost precisely the same angle to reach the Grand Gallery . The lower end of the Ascending Passage is closed by three huge blocks of granite , each about 1.5 metres ( 4.9 ft ) long . One must use the Robbers ' Tunnel ( see below ) to access the Ascending Passage . At the start of the Grand Gallery on the right - hand side there is a hole cut in the wall . This is the start of a vertical shaft which follows an irregular path through the masonry of the pyramid to join the Descending Passage . Also at the start of the Grand Gallery there is the Horizontal Passage leading to the `` Queen 's Chamber '' . The passage is 1.1 m ( 3'8 `` ) high for most of its length , but near the chamber there is a step in the floor , after which the passage is 1.73 metres ( 5.7 ft ) high . Queen 's Chamber Richard Pococke 's sketch of Pyramid of Cheops from 1754 . The `` Queen 's Chamber '' is exactly halfway between the north and south faces of the pyramid and measures 5.75 metres ( 18.9 ft ) north to south , 5.23 metres ( 17.2 ft ) east to west , and has a pointed roof with an apex 6.23 metres ( 20.4 ft ) above the floor . At the eastern end of the chamber there is a niche 4.67 metres ( 15.3 ft ) high . The original depth of the niche was 1.04 metres ( 3.4 ft ) , but has since been deepened by treasure hunters . In the north and south walls of the Queen 's Chamber there are shafts , which , unlike those in the King 's Chamber that immediately slope upwards ( see below ) , are horizontal for around 2 m ( 6.6 ft ) before sloping upwards . The horizontal distance was cut in 1872 by a British engineer , Waynman Dixon , who believed a shaft similar to those in the King 's Chamber must also exist . He was proved right , but because the shafts are not connected to the outer faces of the pyramid or the Queen 's Chamber , their purpose is unknown . At the end of one of his shafts , Dixon discovered a ball of black diorite ( a type of rock ) and a bronze implement of unknown purpose . Both objects are currently in the British Museum . The shafts in the Queen 's Chamber were explored in 1993 by the German engineer Rudolf Gantenbrink using a crawler robot he designed , Upuaut 2 . After a climb of 65 m ( 213 ft ) , he discovered that one of the shafts was blocked by limestone `` doors '' with two eroded copper `` handles '' . Some years later the National Geographic Society created a similar robot which , in September 2002 , drilled a small hole in the southern door , only to find another door behind it . The northern passage , which was difficult to navigate because of twists and turns , was also found to be blocked by a door . Research continued in 2011 with the Djedi Project . Realizing the problem was that the National Geographic Society 's camera was only able to see straight ahead of it , they instead used a fibre - optic `` micro snake camera '' that could see around corners . With this they were able to penetrate the first door of the southern shaft through the hole drilled in 2002 , and view all the sides of the small chamber behind it . They discovered hieroglyphs written in red paint . They were also able to scrutinize the inside of the two copper `` handles '' embedded in the door , and they now believe them to be for decorative purposes . They also found the reverse side of the `` door '' to be finished and polished , which suggests that it was not put there just to block the shaft from debris , but rather for a more specific reason . Grand Gallery The Grand Gallery of the Great Pyramid of Giza The Grand Gallery continues the slope of the Ascending Passage , but is 8.6 metres ( 28 ft ) high and 46.68 metres ( 153.1 ft ) long . At the base it is 2.06 metres ( 6.8 ft ) wide , but after 2.29 metres ( 7.5 ft ) the blocks of stone in the walls are corbelled inwards by 7.6 centimetres ( 3.0 in ) on each side . There are seven of these steps , so , at the top , the Grand Gallery is only 1.04 metres ( 3.4 ft ) wide . It is roofed by slabs of stone laid at a slightly steeper angle than the floor of the gallery , so that each stone fits into a slot cut in the top of the gallery like the teeth of a ratchet . The purpose was to have each block supported by the wall of the Gallery , rather than resting on the block beneath it , in order to prevent cumulative pressure . At the upper end of the Gallery on the right - hand side there is a hole near the roof that opens into a short tunnel by which access can be gained to the lowest of the Relieving Chambers . The other Relieving Chambers were discovered in 1837 -- 1838 by Colonel Howard Vyse and J.S. Perring , who dug tunnels upwards using blasting powder . The floor of the Grand Gallery consists of a shelf or step on either side , 51 centimetres ( 20 in ) wide , leaving a lower ramp 1.04 metres ( 3.4 ft ) wide between them . In the shelves there are 54 slots , 27 on each side matched by vertical and horizontal slots in the walls of the Gallery . These form a cross shape that rises out of the slot in the shelf . The purpose of these slots is not known , but the central gutter in the floor of the Gallery , which is the same width as the Ascending Passage , has led to speculation that the blocking stones were stored in the Grand Gallery and the slots held wooden beams to restrain them from sliding down the passage . This , in turn , has led to the proposal that originally many more than 3 blocking stones were intended , to completely fill the Ascending Passage . At the top of the Grand Gallery , there is a step giving onto a horizontal passage some metres long and approximately 1.02 metres ( 3.3 ft ) in height and width , in which can be detected four slots , three of which were probably intended to hold granite portcullises . Fragments of granite found by Petrie in the Descending Passage may have come from these now - vanished doors . In 2017 , scientists from the Scan Pyramids Project discovered a large cavity above the Grand Gallery , using muon radiography that can detect cosmic rays . Its length is at least 30 metres ( 98 ft ) and its cross-section is similar to that of the Grand Gallery . It was detected using three different technologies : nuclear emulsion films , scintillator hodoscopes , and gas detectors . The purpose of the cavity is not known and it is not accessible but according to Zahi Hawass it may have been a gap used in the construction of the Grand Gallery . The Japanese research team disputes this , however , saying that the huge void is completely different from the construction spaces previously identified . King 's Chamber Sarcophagus in the King 's chamber The `` King 's Chamber '' is 20 Egyptian Royal cubits or 10.47 metres ( 34.4 ft ) from east to west and 10 cubits or 5.234 metres ( 17.17 ft ) north to south . It has a flat roof 11 cubits and 5 digits or 5.852 metres ( 19 feet 2 inch ) above the floor . 0.91 m ( 3.0 ft ) above the floor there are two narrow shafts in the north and south walls ( one is now filled by an extractor fan in an attempt to circulate air inside the pyramid ) . The purpose of these shafts is not clear : they appear to be aligned towards stars or areas of the northern and southern skies , yet one of them follows a dog - leg course through the masonry , indicating no intention to directly sight stars through them . They were long believed by Egyptologists to be `` air shafts '' for ventilation , but this idea has now been widely abandoned in favour of the shafts serving a ritualistic purpose associated with the ascension of the king 's spirit to the heavens . The King 's Chamber is entirely faced with granite . Above the roof , which is formed of nine slabs of stone weighing in total about 400 tons , are five compartments known as Relieving Chambers . The first four , like the King 's Chamber , have flat roofs formed by the floor of the chamber above , but the final chamber has a pointed roof . Vyse suspected the presence of upper chambers when he found that he could push a long reed through a crack in the ceiling of the first chamber . From lower to upper , the chambers are known as `` Davison 's Chamber '' , `` Wellington 's Chamber '' , `` Nelson 's Chamber '' , `` Lady Arbuthnot 's Chamber '' , and `` Campbell 's Chamber '' . It is believed that the compartments were intended to safeguard the King 's Chamber from the possibility of a roof collapsing under the weight of stone above the Chamber . As the chambers were not intended to be seen , they were not finished in any way and a few of the stones still retain masons ' marks painted on them . One of the stones in Campbell 's Chamber bears a mark , apparently the name of a work gang . The entrance of the Pyramid The only object in the King 's Chamber is a rectangular granite sarcophagus , one corner of which is broken . The sarcophagus is slightly larger than the Ascending Passage , which indicates that it must have been placed in the Chamber before the roof was put in place . Unlike the fine masonry of the walls of the Chamber , the sarcophagus is roughly finished , with saw - marks visible in several places . This is in contrast with the finely finished and decorated sarcophagi found in other pyramids of the same period . Petrie suggested that such a sarcophagus was intended but was lost in the river on the way north from Aswan and a hurriedly made replacement was used instead . Modern entrance Today tourists enter the Great Pyramid via the Robbers ' Tunnel , a tunnel purportedly created around AD 820 by Caliph al - Ma'mun 's workmen using a battering ram . The tunnel is cut straight through the masonry of the pyramid for approximately 27 metres ( 89 ft ) , then turns sharply left to encounter the blocking stones in the Ascending Passage . It is believed that their efforts dislodged the stone fitted in the ceiling of the Descending Passage to hide the entrance to the Ascending Passage and it was the noise of that stone falling and then sliding down the Descending Passage , which alerted them to the need to turn left . Unable to remove these stones , however , the workmen tunnelled up beside them through the softer limestone of the Pyramid until they reached the Ascending Passage . It is possible to enter the Descending Passage from this point , but access is usually forbidden . Pyramid complex Main article : Giza pyramid complex Map of Giza pyramid complex -- `` Pyramid of Khufu '' refers to the Great Pyramid . The Great Pyramid is surrounded by a complex of several buildings including small pyramids . The Pyramid Temple , which stood on the east side of the pyramid and measured 52.2 metres ( 171 ft ) north to south and 40 metres ( 130 ft ) east to west , has almost entirely disappeared apart from the black basalt paving . There are only a few remnants of the causeway which linked the pyramid with the valley and the Valley Temple . The Valley Temple is buried beneath the village of Nazlet el - Samman ; basalt paving and limestone walls have been found but the site has not been excavated . The basalt blocks show `` clear evidence '' of having been cut with some kind of saw with an estimated cutting blade of 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) in length , capable of cutting at a rate of 1.5 inches ( 38 mm ) per minute . John Romer suggests that this `` super saw '' may have had copper teeth and weighed up to 300 pounds ( 140 kg ) . He theorizes that such a saw could have been attached to a wooden trestle and possibly used in conjunction with vegetable oil , cutting sand , emery or pounded quartz to cut the blocks , which would have required the labour of at least a dozen men to operate it . On the south side are the subsidiary pyramids , popularly known as the Queens ' Pyramids . Three remain standing to nearly full height but the fourth was so ruined that its existence was not suspected until the recent discovery of the first course of stones and the remains of the capstone . Hidden beneath the paving around the pyramid was the tomb of Queen Hetepheres I , sister - wife of Sneferu and mother of Khufu . Discovered by accident by the Reisner expedition , the burial was intact , though the carefully sealed coffin proved to be empty . Group photo of Australian 11th Battalion soldiers on the Great Pyramid in 1915 . Aerial photography , taken from Eduard Spelterini 's balloon on 21 November 1904 The Giza pyramid complex , which includes among other structures the pyramids of Khufu , Khafre and Menkaure , is surrounded by a cyclopean stone wall , the Wall of the Crow . Mark Lehner has discovered a worker 's town outside of the wall , otherwise known as `` The Lost City '' , dated by pottery styles , seal impressions , and stratigraphy to have been constructed and occupied sometime during the reigns of Khafre ( 2520 -- 2494 BC ) and Menkaure ( 2490 -- 2472 BC ) . Recent discoveries by Mark Lehner and his team at the town and nearby , including what appears to have been a thriving port , suggest the town and associated living quarters consisting of barracks called `` galleries '' may not have been for the pyramid workers after all , but rather for the soldiers and sailors who utilized the port . In light of this new discovery , as to where then the pyramid workers may have lived , Lehner now suggests the alternative possibility they may have camped on the ramps he believes were used to construct the pyramids or possibly at nearby quarries . In the early 1970s , the Australian archaeologist Karl Kromer excavated a mound in the South Field of the plateau . This mound contained artefacts including mudbrick seals of Khufu , which he identified with an artisans ' settlement . Mudbrick buildings just south of Khufu 's Valley Temple contained mud sealings of Khufu and have been suggested to be a settlement serving the cult of Khufu after his death . A worker 's cemetery used at least between Khufu 's reign and the end of the Fifth Dynasty was discovered south of the Wall of the Crow by Zahi Hawass in 1990 . Boats Main article : Khufu ship There are three boat - shaped pits around the pyramid , of a size and shape to have held complete boats , though so shallow that any superstructure , if there ever was one , must have been removed or disassembled . In May 1954 , the Egyptian archaeologist Kamal el - Mallakh discovered a fourth pit , a long , narrow rectangle , still covered with slabs of stone weighing up to 15 tons . Inside were 1,224 pieces of wood , the longest 23 metres ( 75 ft ) long , the shortest 10 centimetres ( 0.33 ft ) . These were entrusted to a boat builder , Haj Ahmed Yusuf , who worked out how the pieces fit together . The entire process , including conservation and straightening of the warped wood , took fourteen years . The result is a cedar - wood boat 43.6 metres ( 143 ft ) long , its timbers held together by ropes , which is currently housed in a special boat - shaped , air - conditioned museum beside the pyramid . During construction of this museum , which stands above the boat pit , a second sealed boat pit was discovered . It was deliberately left unopened until 2011 when excavation began on the boat . Looting Comparison of approximate profiles of the Great Pyramid of Giza with some notable pyramidal or near - pyramidal buildings . Dotted lines indicate original heights , where data are available . In its SVG file , hover over a pyramid to highlight and click for its article . Although succeeding pyramids were smaller , pyramid - building continued until the end of the Middle Kingdom . However , as authors Brier and Hobbs claim , `` all the pyramids were robbed '' by the New Kingdom , when the construction of royal tombs in a desert valley , now known as the Valley of the Kings , began . Joyce Tyldesley states that the Great Pyramid itself `` is known to have been opened and emptied by the Middle Kingdom '' , before the Arab caliph Abdullah al - Mamun entered the pyramid around AD 820 . I.E.S. Edwards discusses Strabo 's mention that the pyramid `` a little way up one side has a stone that may be taken out , which being raised up there is a sloping passage to the foundations '' . Edwards suggested that the pyramid was entered by robbers after the end of the Old Kingdom and sealed and then reopened more than once until Strabo 's door was added . He adds : `` If this highly speculative surmise be correct , it is also necessary to assume either that the existence of the door was forgotten or that the entrance was again blocked with facing stones '' , in order to explain why al - Ma'mun could not find the entrance . He also discusses a story told by Herodotus . Herodotus visited Egypt in the 5th century BC and recounts a story that he was told concerning vaults under the pyramid built on an island where the body of Cheops lies . Edwards notes that the pyramid had `` almost certainly been opened and its contents plundered long before the time of Herodotus '' and that it might have been closed again during the Twenty - sixth Dynasty of Egypt when other monuments were restored . He suggests that the story told to Herodotus could have been the result of almost two centuries of telling and retelling by Pyramid guides . See also Djedi Project Golden Ratio dimensions in Egyptian pyramids Index of Egypt - related articles List of archaeoastronomical sites by country List of Egyptian pyramids List of largest monoliths including a section on calculating the weight of megaliths List of tallest freestanding structures Pyramid inch Pyramidion Pyramidology The Upuaut Project References ^ Jump up to : `` By themselves , of course , none of these modern labels define the ancient purposes of the architecture they describe . '' -- Romer ( 2007 ) , p. 8 Jump up ^ Shaw ( 2003 ) , p. 89 Jump up ^ Levy ( 2005 ) , p. 17 ^ Jump up to : Petrie ( 1883 ) Jump up ^ I.E.S. Edwards ( 1986 ) ( 1947 ) . The Pyramids of Egypt . p. 285 . 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Jump up ^ Arnold , Dieter ; Nigel Strudwick ; Helen Strudwick ( 2002 ) . The encyclopaedia of ancient Egyptian architecture . I.B. Tauris . p. 126 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86064 - 465 - 8 . Jump up ^ Romer Jump up ^ `` Egyptian Pyramids -- Lost City of the Pyramid Builders -- AERA -- Ancient Egypt Research Associates '' . aeraweb.org . Jump up ^ `` Dating the Lost City of the Pyramids -- Mark Lehner & AERA -- Ancient Egypt Research Associates '' . aeraweb.org . Jump up ^ `` Ruins of Bustling Port Unearthed at Egypt 's Giza Pyramids '' . Livescience.com. 2014 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Zahi Hawass : ' `` Giza , workmen 's community '' , In : Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt . Compiled and edited by Kathryn A. Bard . London / New York 1999 , ISBN 0 - 415 - 18589 - 0 pp. 423 -- 426 Jump up ^ Hawass , Zahi ; Ashraf Senussi ( 2008 ) . Old Kingdom Pottery from Giza . Supreme Council of Antiquities . pp. 127 -- 128 . ISBN 978 - 977 - 305 - 986 - 6 . Jump up ^ Hawass , Zahi . `` The Discovery of the Tombs of the Pyramid Builders at Giza '' . Retrieved 21 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Khufu 's Second Boat '' . Institute of Egyptology . Tokyo , Japan : Waseda University . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ Bob Brier ; A. Hoyt Hobbs ( 1999 ) . Daily Life of the Ancient Egyptians . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 164 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30313 - 5 . Jump up ^ Aedeen Cremin ( 2007 ) . Archaeologica : The World 's Most Significant Sites and Cultural Treasures . Frances Lincoln . p. 96 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7112 - 2822 - 1 . Jump up ^ Edwards ( 1986 ) , pp. 99 -- 100 Jump up ^ Edwards ( 1986 ) , pp. 990 -- 91 Bibliography Bauval , Robert & , Hancock , Graham ( 1996 ) . Keeper of Genesis . Mandarin books . ISBN 0 - 7493 - 2196 - 2 . Brier , Bob & , Hobbs , A. Hoyt ( 1999 ) . Daily Life of the Ancient Egyptians . Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30313 - 5 . Calter , Paul A. ( 2008 ) . Squaring the Circle : Geometry in Art and Architecture . Key College Publishing . ISBN 1 - 930190 - 82 - 4 . Clayton , Peter A. ( 1994 ) . Chronicle of the Pharaohs . Thames & Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 05074 - 0 . Cole , J.H. ( 1925 ) . Determination of the Exact Size and Orientation of the Great Pyramid of Giza . Cairo : Government Press . SURVEY OF EGYPT Paper No. 39 . Collins , Dana M. ( 2001 ) . The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 510234 - 5 . Cremin , Aedeen ( 2007 ) . Archaeologica . Frances Lincoln . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7112 - 2822 - 1 . Edwards , I.E.S. ( 1986 ) ( 1962 ) . The Pyramids of Egypt . Max Parrish . Gahlin , Lucia ( 2003 ) . Myths and Mythology of Ancient Egypt . Anness Publishing Ltd . ISBN 1 - 84215 - 831 - 7 . Hassan , Selim ( 1960 ) . The Great Pyramid of Khufu and its Mortuary Chapel With Names and Titles of Vols . I-X of the Excavations at Giza ( PDF ) . Ministry of Culture and National Orientation , Antiquities Department of Egypt . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 January 2013 . Jackson , K. ; Stamp , J. ( 2002 ) . Pyramid : Beyond Imagination . Inside the Great Pyramid of Giza . BBC Worldwide Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 563 - 48803 - 3 . Lehner , Mark ( 1997 ) . The Complete Pyramids . London : Thames and Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 05084 - 8 . Levy , Janey ( 2005 ) . The Great Pyramid of Giza : Measuring Length , Area , Volume , and Angles . Rosen Publishing Group . ISBN 1 - 4042 - 6059 - 5 . Lepre , J.P. ( 1990 ) . The Egyptian Pyramids : A Comprehensive , Illustrated Reference . McFarland & Company . ISBN 0 - 89950 - 461 - 2 . Lightbody , David I ( 2008 ) . Egyptian Tomb Architecture : The Archaeological Facts of Pharaonic Circular Symbolism . British Archaeological Reports International Series S1852 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4073 - 0339 - 0 . Oakes , Lorana ; Lucia Gahlin ( 2002 ) . Ancient Egypt . Hermes House . ISBN 1 - 84309 - 429 - 0 . Petrie , Sir William Matthew Flinders ( 1883 ) . The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh . Field & Tuer . ISBN 0 - 7103 - 0709 - 8 . Romer , John ( 2007 ) . The Great Pyramid : Ancient Egypt Revisited . Cambridge University Press , Cambridge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 87166 - 2 . Scarre , Chris ( 1999 ) . The Seventy Wonders of the Ancient World . Thames & Hudson , London . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 05096 - 5 . Seidelmann , P. Kenneth ( 1992 ) . Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac . University Science Books . ISBN 0 - 935702 - 68 - 7 . Shaw , Ian ( 2003 ) . The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 815034 - 2 . Siliotti , Alberto ( 1997 ) . Guide to the pyramids of Egypt ; preface by Zahi Hawass . Barnes & Noble Books . ISBN 0 - 7607 - 0763 - 4 . Smyth , Piazzi ( 1978 ) . The Great Pyramid . Crown Publishers Inc . ISBN 0 - 517 - 26403 - X . Tyldesley , Joyce ( 2007 ) . Egypt : How a lost civilization was rediscovered . BBC Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 563 - 52257 - 7 . Verner , Miroslav ( 2001 ) . The Pyramids : The Mystery , Culture , and Science of Egypt 's Great Monuments . Grove Press . ISBN 0 - 8021 - 1703 - 1 . Verner , Miroslav ( 2003 ) . The Pyramids : Their Archaeology and History . Atlantic Books . ISBN 1 - 84354 - 171 - 8 . Wirsching , Armin ( 2009 ) . Die Pyramiden von Giza -- Mathematik in Stein gebaut ( 2nd ed . ) . Books on Demand . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8370 - 2355 - 8 . Further reading Cooper , Roscoe , Vicki Teague Cooper , Carolyn Croll , Diana Craig Patch , and Atha Tehon. 1997 . The Great Pyramid : An Interactive Book . London : British Museum Press . Der Manuelian , Peter . 2017 . Digital Giza : Visualizing the Pyramids . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . Grajetzki , Wolfgang. 2006 . The Middle Kingdom of Ancient Egypt : History , Archaeology and Society . Bristol , UK : Golden House . Hawass , Zahi A. 2006 . Mountains of the Pharaohs : The Untold Story of the Pyramid Builders . Cairo : American University in Cairo Press . Nell , Erin and Clive Ruggles. 2014 . `` The Orientations of the Giza Pyramids and Associated Structures . '' Journal for the History of Astronomy 45 , no . 3 : 304 -- 60 . Oppenheim , Adela , Dieter Arnold , and Kei Yamamoto. 2015 . Ancient Egypt Transformed : The Middle Kingdom . New York : Metropolitan Museum of Art . Petrie , W.M. Flinders. 2006 . The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh . Worcester , UK : Yare Egyptology . Rossi , Corinna , and Laura Accomazzo. 2005 . The Pyramids and the Sphinx . English ed . Cairo : American University in Cairo Press . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Great Pyramid of Giza . Library resources about Great Pyramid of Giza Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Pyramids at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Building the Khufu Pyramid `` The Giza Plateau Mapping Project '' . Oriental Institute . Records Preceded by Red Pyramid World 's tallest structure c. 2570 BC − 1300 AD 146.6 m Succeeded by Lincoln Cathedral Egyptian pyramids List of Egyptian pyramids ( Lepsius ) Commons Period Dynasty Pyramids Old Kingdom ( 2686 -- 2181 BC ) III Djoser Buried Layer Lepsius I ( de ) Athribis Elephantine Edfu South el - Kula ( de ) Naqada Saujet el - Meitin ( de ) Sinki ( de ) IV Seila ( de ) Meidum Bent Red Khufu Djedefre Unfinished Northern Pyramid of Zawyet el'Aryan Khafre Menkaure Khentkaus I ( de ) Mastabet el - Fara'un G1 - a G1 - b G1 - c G1 - d Lepsius L ( de ) V Userkaf Neferhetepes ( de ) Sahure Neferirkare Khentkaus II Neferefre Unfinished Nyuserre Lepsius XXIV Double Headless Djedkare - Isesi Unas VI Teti Pepi I Merenre Pepi II Sesheshet 1 Intermediate Period ( 2181 -- 2040 BC ) VII VIII Ity Neferkare Neby Ibi Khui X Merikare Middle Kingdom ( 2040 -- 1650 BC ) XI Reherishefnakht XII Amenemhat I Senusret I White Senusret II Senusret III Black Hawara Neferuptah ( de ) Central Dahshur ( de ) South Mazghuna North Mazghuna XIII Ameny Qemau Khendjer Southern South Saqqara SAK S 3 SAK S 7 ( de ) South Dahshur A ( de ) South Dahshur B ( de ) DAS 46 DAS 49 DAS 50 DAS 51 DAS 53 ( de ) S 9 S 10 Merneferre Ay Second Intermediate ( 1650 -- 1570 BC ) XVII Sobekemsaf I Sobekemsaf II Sekhemre - Wepmaat Intef Nubkheperre Intef Senakhtenre Ahmose Seqenenre Tao Kamose New Kingdom ( 1570 -- 1070 BC ) XVIII Ahmose Step pyramid Construction techniques Seked Texts Pyramidion Pyramidology Mathematics and art Concepts Algorithm Catenary Fractal Golden ratio Plastic number Hyperboloid structure Minimal surface Paraboloid Perspective Camera lucida Camera obscura Projective geometry Proportion Architecture Human Symmetry Tessellation Wallpaper group Forms Algorithmic art Anamorphic art Computer art 4D art Fractal art Islamic geometric patterns Girih Jali Muqarnas Zellige Knotting Architecture Geodesic dome Islamic Mughal Pyramid Vastu shastra Music Origami Textiles String art Sculpture Tiling Artworks List of works designed with the golden ratio Continuum Octacube Pi Pi in the Sky Buildings Hagia Sophia Pantheon Parthenon Pyramid of Khufu Sagrada Família St Mary 's Cathedral Sydney Opera House Taj Mahal Artists Renaissance Paolo Uccello Piero della Francesca Albrecht Dürer Leonardo da Vinci Vitruvian Man Parmigianino Self - portrait in a Convex Mirror 19th -- 20th Century William Blake The Ancient of Days Newton Jean Metzinger Danseuse au café L'Oiseau bleu Man Ray René Magritte La condition humaine Salvador Dalí Crucifixion The Swallow 's Tail Giorgio de Chirico M.C. Escher Circle Limit III Print Gallery Relativity Reptiles Waterfall Contemporary Martin and Erik Demaine Scott Draves Jan Dibbets John Ernest Helaman Ferguson Peter Forakis Bathsheba Grossman George W. Hart Desmond Paul Henry John A. Hiigli Anthony Hill Charles Jencks Garden of Cosmic Speculation Robert Longhurst István Orosz Hinke Osinga Hamid Naderi Yeganeh A Bird in Flight Boat Tony Robbin Oliver Sin Hiroshi Sugimoto Daina Taimina Roman Verostko Theorists Ancient Polykleitos Canon Vitruvius De architectura Renaissance Luca Pacioli De divina proportione Piero della Francesca De prospectiva pingendi Leon Battista Alberti De pictura De re aedificatoria Sebastiano Serlio Regole generali d'architettura Andrea Palladio I quattro libri dell'architettura Albrecht Dürer Vier Bücher von Menschlicher Proportion Romantic Frederik Macody Lund `` Ad Quadratum '' Jay Hambidge `` The Greek Vase '' Samuel Colman `` Nature 's Harmonic Unity '' Modern Owen Jones The Grammar of Ornament Ernest Hanbury Hankin The Drawing of Geometric Patterns in Saracenic Art G.H. Hardy A Mathematician 's Apology George David Birkhoff Aesthetic Measure Douglas Hofstadter Gödel , Escher , Bach Nikos Salingaros The ' Life ' of a Carpet Publications Journal of Mathematics and the Arts Organizations Ars Mathematica The Bridges Organization European Society for Mathematics and the Arts Goudreau Museum of Mathematics in Art and Science Institute For Figuring Museum of Mathematics Related topics Droste effect Mathematical beauty Patterns in nature Sacred geometry Memphis and the Memphis pyramid complex City Memphis Abu Rawash Pyramid of Djedefre Giza Giza pyramid complex Great Pyramid of Giza Pyramid of Khafre Pyramid of Menkaure Sphinx Zawyet el'Aryan Abusir Abu Gorab Saqqara Step Pyramid Pyramid of Unas Mastabet el - Fara'un Serapeum Pyramid of Teti Imhotep Museum Dahshur Bent Pyramid Red Pyramid Black Pyramid Mazghuna See also Egyptian pyramid construction techniques Lepsius list of pyramids Seven Wonders of the Ancient World The Seven Wonders Great Pyramid of Giza Hanging Gardens of Babylon Statue of Zeus at Olympia Temple of Artemis Mausoleum at Halicarnassus Colossus of Rhodes Lighthouse of Alexandria Related Wonders of the World Seven Wonders of the World ( 1956 film ) BNF : cb11939303h ( data ) GND : 4093545 - 0 LCCN : sh85057002 SUDOC : 027326578 VIAF : 247198851 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=848830166 '' Categories : Buildings and structures completed in the 26th century BC Pyramids of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt Former world 's tallest buildings Giza Plateau Khufu Seven Wonders of the Ancient World Buildings and structures in Giza Tourist attractions in Egypt Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use dmy dates from June 2011 Use British English Oxford spelling from August 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata Pages which use embedded infobox templates with the title parameter Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Articles with Curlie links Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kurdî ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Livvinkarjala Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली 日本 語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Twi Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray Yorùbá 粵語 Zeêuws 中文 88 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 July 2018 , at 16 : 46 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many blocks did it take to build the great pyramid of khufu | [
"The Great Pyramid consists of an estimated 2.3 million blocks which most believe to have been transported from nearby quarries. The Tura limestone used for the casing was quarried across the river. The largest granite stones in the pyramid, found in the \"King's\" chamber, weigh 25 to 80 tonnes and were transported from Aswan, more than 800 km (500 mi) away. Traditionally,[clarification needed] ancient Egyptians cut stone blocks by hammering into them wooden wedges, which were then soaked with water. As the water was absorbed, the wedges expanded, causing the rock to crack. Once they were cut, they were carried by boat either up or down the Nile River to the pyramid.[16] It is estimated that 5.5 million tonnes of limestone, 8,000 tonnes of granite (imported from Aswan), and 500,000 tonnes of mortar were used in the construction of the Great Pyramid.[17]\n"
] | [
"2.3 million"
] |
3507862850932372029 | Joey Tribbiani | Joey Tribbiani - wikipedia Joey Tribbiani Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Joey Tribbiani Friends / Joey character Portrayed by Matt LeBlanc Duration 1994 -- 2006 First appearance Friends : `` The Pilot '' ( episode 1.01 ) Last appearance Joey : `` Joey and the Wedding '' ( episode . 2.22 ) Created by David Crane Marta Kauffman Kevin S. Bright Spin - off appearances Joey ( 2004 -- 06 ) Profile Other names Ken Adams Occupation Actor / model Santa Claus Christmas elf Entry - level data processor Museum tour guide Waiter Cologne sampler Christmas tree salesman ( show ) Family Father Joseph Tribbiani Sr . Mother Gloria Tribbiani Sisters Gina Tribbiani Dina Tribbiani Mary Angela Tribbiani Mary Therese Tribbiani Veronica Tribbiani Cookie Tribbiani Tina Tribbiani Grandmothers Nonna Nonnie Nephews Michael Tribbiani Joseph Francis `` Joey '' Tribbiani , Jr. is a fictional character from the NBC sitcoms Friends and its spin - off Joey , portrayed by Matt LeBlanc . An Italian - American struggling actor , he lives in New York City with his roommate and best friend , Chandler Bing , and hangs out in a tight - knit group of friends - Chandler Bing , Ross Geller , Monica Geller - Bing , Rachel Green and Phoebe Buffay . Joey was presumably born in 1967 or 1968 as he talks about being 13 in 1981 . He comes from an Italian American family of eight children . His father Joseph Tribbiani , Sr. ( Robert Costanzo ) , is a pipefitter and his mother 's name is Gloria ( Brenda Vaccaro ) . Joey has seven sisters : Mary Therese ( Mimi Lieber ) aka Mary Teresa Christina Ricci , Mary Angela ( Holly Gagnier ) , Dina ( Marla Sokoloff ) , Gina ( Drea de Matteo ) , Tina ( Lisa Maris ) , Veronica ( Dena Miceli ) , and Cookie ( Alex Meneses ) . Joey is from Queens , New York and is Catholic . As a child , he was extremely accident prone . He also had an imaginary friend , Maurice , who was a space cowboy . Joey is portrayed as promiscuous , and dim - witted , but good - natured , as well as very loyal , caring , and protective of his friends . He 's a food - loving womanizer who has had more luck with dates than any of the other group members . In contrast to his `` ladies man '' personality , he has also a marked childish side . He enjoys playing video games and foosball . He loves sandwiches and pizza . He is a big fan of Baywatch . As a struggling actor , he is constantly looking for work . He was ordained as a minister in `` The One with the Truth About London '' , and officiated at both Monica and Chandler and Phoebe and Mike 's weddings . He does not like sharing food and has difficulty with simple mathematics . In sports , Joey likes the Los Angeles Dodgers and the New York Yankees in baseball , Los Angeles Clippers and New York Knicks in basketball , New York Giants and New York Jets in football , and the Detroit Red Wings and New York Rangers in ice hockey . Contents ( hide ) 1 Appearances 2 Joey 3 References 4 External links Appearances ( edit ) Joey is a member of the Screen Actors Guild , having refused to follow in his father 's footsteps and become a pipe fitter . He started his acting profession doing stage work , introduced in the show 's pilot episode by Monica and Chandler having seen Joey in a production of Pinocchio . Sometime prior to the start of the series , Joey also had appeared in a porn film , as a fully clothed extra . Joey also mentioned appearing in a play with trolls before getting the leading role of Sigmund Freud in the musical play Freud ! where he was first spotted by his talent agent Estelle Leonard . She immediately got him a film role in the same episode as Al Pacino 's `` butt double '' -- a speechless role he later lost due to taking the part too seriously . Monica and Chandler also once discussed having seen Joey in a version of Macbeth , in which he was unable to pronounce most of the words . Joey becomes an `` actor - slash - model '' when he appears on print ads for the NYC Free Clinic , as a man named `` Mario '' who has a Venereal disease . He also did an infomercial for a device that lets you pour milk out of milk cartons ; he played `` Kevin '' , a man who had extreme difficulty opening the cartons without the use of the device . ( `` Kevin '' also inadvertently choked on a cookie during the show . ) . This haunted him again when he appeared in the play ' The King ' , where he was made fun of due to choking on a cookie . In Season Two , Joey continued his stage work , appearing as `` The King '' in a poorly reviewed ( and never - named ) play . Published reviews of his performance claimed he was `` disturbingly unskilled '' and that he achieved `` brilliant new levels of sucking '' in a `` mediocre play '' with `` mindless , adolescent direction '' . Only days after these reviews came out , Joey gets his big break when he lands his first major role as Dr. Drake Ramoray on the soap opera Days of Our Lives . He had initially gone in to read for a one - shot role as a cab driver ; it is implied that he got the recurring role of Ramoray by sleeping with the casting director . While still playing Ramoray , he also appears in a bit role as a dead man in the film Outbreak 2 : The Virus Takes Manhattan , starring Jean - Claude Van Damme . Several episodes later , Joey costs himself the Days of our Lives gig when during an interview with Soap Opera Digest , he lies claiming that he makes up his own lines . This angers the show 's writers , who out of spite , `` kill off '' his character by having Dr. Ramoray fall down an elevator shaft . Joey takes this very hard and admits that his role on Days was the best thing that ever happened to him . He goes back to stage acting in Season Three appearing in a play called Boxing Day opposite love interest Kate Miller . The play seems to start out as a conventional drama but ends with Joey 's character `` Victor '' is taken from his apartment by aliens . In Season Four , he lands a small one - scene movie role as a cop , playing his scene opposite Charlton Heston . Joey had some bad luck in terms of his acting career . In Season Five , he is cast in the independent film Shutter Speed , but it is shut down before filming began in Las Vegas . He is also fired from a Burger King commercial . He filmed a role in a Law & Order episode that was cut from the completed episode -- Joey was only `` seen '' as a corpse in a body bag . In seasons 6 and 7 , he lands a starring role as Detective ' Mac ' Machiavelli in a very short - lived , and very bad cop show called Mac and C.H.E.E.S.E , which Chandler described as `` one of the worst things ever ... and not just on TV . '' Joey had high hopes for the series , however Mac and C.H.E.E.S.E was canceled halfway through its first season . In Season 7 , Joey auditions for the role of Dr. Striker Ramoray , a new character on `` Days of Our Lives '' and Drake Ramoray 's brother but he does n't get that role . Eventually , Joey 's luck turns when he gets back his role as Dr. Drake Ramoray and even nominated for an award for Best Returning Character , first as a character in coma , then revived through a brain transplant with another character Jessica Lockhart , ( played by Susan Sarandon ) . In Season 7 he later replaces Susan Sarandon as Dr. Drake Jessica Ramoray . Later in the spin - off Joey , it turns out he loses his Role as Dr. Drake Ramoray and has to again hunt for a new job . Later in season 7 , Joey landed a supporting role as `` Tony '' , a soldier , in a major film opposite an Oscar - nominated actor named Richard Crosby ( Gary Oldman ) . The film was a World War I period film entitled Over There . Joey is also briefly employed at Central Perk as a waiter . Facing a dry spell in his career as an actor , Joey is persuaded by Gunther , the manager , to take a job serving coffee . At first Joey tries to hide his new job from his friends , but they eventually figure it out . He does not like the work but , true to his nature , soon finds a way to use his position to meet and ingratiate himself to attractive women by giving them free food , a practice to which Gunther quickly puts a stop . Joey does n't take his job very seriously and spends a lot of his working hours sitting and talking to his friends . Eventually he is fired for closing the coffeehouse in the middle of the day to go to an audition while Gunther was running a personal errand . Rachel later persuaded Gunther to give Joey back his job , but once Joey found more steady acting jobs he eventually just stopped showing up . His absence was barely noticed . In a later episode , Joey realizes he forgot to tell Gunther he quit , to which Gunther replied that he would have eventually fired him anyway . Joey is also briefly a sperm donor for a medical experiment ; at the end , the hospital would pay any donor $700 . This was later mentioned when Monica goes to a sperm bank . Joey finds to his dismay that his sperm is not very popular . Some of Joey 's other jobs have included selling Christmas trees , dressing as Santa Claus and as a Christmas elf , working as a tour guide at the Museum of Natural History where Ross worked , offering perfume samples to customers at a department store , and as a Roman warrior at Caesar 's Palace in Las Vegas . He also worked at the restaurant `` Alessandro 's '' where Monica was head chef , nicknaming himself `` Dragon '' while on the job . Monica hired him just so she could fire him to intimidate the other employees who paid Monica no respect , but he made a lot of tips and backed out of the deal , only to realize how important his getting fired was to Monica . He then set himself up to be fired the next day . He spends one episode working with Chandler as an entry - level data processor . He treats the job like another acting role , in which he is `` Joseph the Processing Guy '' and creates a complex back - story for the character . Chandler begins to dislike the Joseph character when he starts showing up Chandler at work . Joey eventually leaves after Chandler pretends to sleep with Joey 's `` pretend wife '' . Prior to Monica and Chandler 's wedding , when the two admitted that they were having trouble finding someone to perform the ceremony , Joey volunteered for the role , subsequently getting himself ordained over the Internet to entitle him to perform the marriage . He has apparently retained this role until Season Ten , when he performed the ceremony for Phoebe and Mike 's wedding , claiming that priests are allowed to ride the subway for free ( Although he states that the Bible must be read very carefully to identify the passage that permits this ) . Joey is characterized as a simple - minded but good - natured womanizer who loves food . He particularly loves meatball sub sandwiches . When asked if he would give up sex or food he had trouble deciding and kept blurting out sex or food , eventually yelling `` I want girls on bread ! '' . In `` The One with the Ride Along '' , he appears to be saving Ross from a putative gunshot , when it was actually his meatball sandwich that he was trying to save ; it just happened to be next to Ross . He also loves the `` Joey Special '' -- two pizzas . His greed when it comes to food is also shown in the episode `` The One With the Birth Mother '' where he refuses to call Sarah the next day . When Phoebe asks why , Joey explains how Sarah broke his golden commandment on their date - not to share food . Phoebe 's shocked to say the least , but Rachel admits to her how this is who Joey is . Nonetheless , Phoebe makes Joey go out with Sarah again , making him order extra fries should the need arise . Joey does so , but Sarah really wants to dig in his seafood platter , making him drop his plate to the floor in the process . This makes him explain how `` Joey does n't share food '' , which she seems to understand . However , things change course when Joey wants to nibble at her chocolate torte . As he would n't share his food with her , she reciprocates and warns him not to touch any of her desserts while she wanders off to take a call . When she arrives , her dessert is pretty much gone ; Joey , with chocolate torte all over his face , is at peace with himself , and admits that he 's `` not even sorry ! '' . He is something of an idiot savant in general , but capable of good ideas when the situation arises ; this is alluded to in the episode `` The One Where Ross Dates a Student '' , when Chandler , referring to Joey , says `` A hot girl 's at stake and suddenly he 's Rain Man '' when Joey suggested Ross work out who among his students called him the ' hottie of the paleontology department ' by comparing the handwriting of the note to the handwriting in the class essays . In another example , Joey made up an anecdote referred to as the `` Europe story '' or the `` magic story '' ; apparently , anyone who hears it will immediately want to have sex with the teller . This is proven to be effective when Rachel successfully uses the story on Ross . Being a glutton when it comes to food , Joey is shown throughout the series to have the uncanny ability to eat enormous quantities of food . As he prides the Tribbiani family for their eating prowess ( `` We might not be ( ... ) world leaders , but damn it , we can eat ! '' ) , he takes on Monica 's challenge to eat a whole roast turkey virtually all by himself . In season 8 , episode 9 , Monica is unwilling to cook a whole roast turkey for Thanksgiving dinner as Rachel is pregnant , Chandler refuses to eat Thanksgiving food due to childhood traumas , Phoebe is a vegetarian , and dinner guest Will ( played by Brad Pitt ) is on a diet . Joey 's love for Thanksgiving traditions , however , convinces Monica to roast the turkey only under the condition that Joey can eat the entire 19 - pound bird in one sitting . When Monica sees him struggle , she says she is only kidding , but Joey perseveres and with a little help of Phoebe 's maternity pants , he eventually not only consumes the entire turkey , but has room for dessert afterwards . A similar eating stunt happens in season 9 , episode 5 , when Joey is left alone at the dinner table in a restaurant after Phoebe 's failed birthday dinner , and he is forced to eat six meals by himself . He finishes them , only to tuck into the birthday cake afterwards . Joey is extremely promiscuous , often relying on his catchphrase pickup line `` How you doin ' ? '' . He regularly sleeps with attractive women , but can never seem to get into a committed relationship - judging from a conversation he had with Chandler at the latter 's bachelor party he seems to regard marriage as depressing and restrictive . He sleeps with many of the interns and extras on shows on which he works . He has apparently been sexually active for a very long time ; he undid a 16 - year - old girl 's bra when he was nine , slept with his teacher in the seventh grade , and had a `` wild spring break '' when he was 13 . In the episode `` The One With Joey 's Interview '' , he slept with the interviewer ( played by Sasha Alexander ) so what he said about having a life and not watching soaps was n't published in Soap Opera Digest . Despite his promiscuous nature towards many women throughout the series , he is highly protective and old - fashioned when it comes to the relationships of his own sisters . While he does not seem to have a problem with his own lifestyle , he repeatedly makes sure his sisters do n't go down the same path . When he finds out in season 3 , episode 11 that Chandler drunkenly made out with his sister Mary Angela , he attempts to force the two into a relationship . Later , in season 8 , episode 10 , Joey initially attempts to force his younger sister Dina into marriage with her hapless boyfriend upon hearing she 's pregnant , but they play into his emotional nature by saying they want to raise the baby independently . They hug it out while Joey says the baby will `` of course have its uncle Joey '' . While he is not very bright , Joey is a caring and kindhearted person . He let Rachel live with him when she was fighting with Ross , financially supported Monica and Chandler , and helped Phoebe find work when she was unemployed . He was willing to marry Phoebe and Rachel on the separate occasions he found out that each was pregnant . Joey is also the most physically powerful of the group , being able to easily push Ross over a couch with only one hand , and offering to go to the coffee house to intimidate two bullies into leaving Ross and Chandler alone . He is a Stephen King fan , having read The Shining several times , as well as being a fan of the film adaptation of one of King 's novels , Cujo . He also becomes a fan of the classic novel , Little Women after Rachel asks him to read it to see if it was better than The Shining . Joey briefly mentions to the gang that Al Pacino is his idol . Joey has the poster for the 1983 Al Pacino film Scarface in his bedroom and the same poster is seen in his house in Joey . Joey , Ross and Chandler are huge fans of Die Hard . He moved apartment ( s ) four times in the series . The first time , he moved to his own lavish apartment away from Chandler ( with whom the psychotic Eddie moved in ) after he got the role as Dr. Drake Ramoray on Days of Our Lives , though he moved back soon afterward due to his loss of the role . The other times were when he and Chandler moved into what is usually Monica 's apartment , after winning it from her in a game in `` The One with the Embryos '' . They were later forced back to their own apartment by the girls . Although Joey dated several women in the series , very few of these relationships were ever particularly serious , his romantic partners rarely appearing for more than one episode . However , despite his great interest in women , Joey has made it clear more than once that his friends were more important to him ; when his latest relationship , Janine , stated that she strongly disliked Monica and Chandler , Joey soon broke it off with her despite the fact that he had been trying to win her over for the previous four episodes , telling Janine that Monica and Chandler were like his family and he could n't be with Janine if she did n't like them . Joey was originally shunned by Chandler when he came in for a roommate interview , and Joey thought Chandler was gay . However , Mr. Heckles , another building resident , lied to Chandler 's originally selected roommate , causing Chandler to have to go with his second choice roommate Joey ( In `` The One with the Flashback '' set in 1993 , Joey moved in 3 years before although in `` The One with All the Thanksgivings '' it shows that the gang knew Joey was Chandler 's roommate in 1992 and he would have been his roommate for quite some time ) . Joey 's first couple of days involved a brief , mutual attraction to Monica . This subsided and Chandler and Joey quickly became best friends as Joey 's carefree lifestyle grew on Chandler . Later in the series , they bought a chick and a duck together , whom Chandler had named Yasmine and Dick , respectively . A long - running gag depicted Joey and Chandler occasionally fighting with each other like an old married couple . Joey moved out temporarily when he found success playing Dr. Drake Ramoray on a soap opera , but soon moved back in after his character was dropped down an elevator shaft . At the end of the series , Chandler and Monica made it clear to Joey that their new house outside the city would have a room for him . While Joey is best friends with Chandler , Ross is a close second ( although Ross has been referred to as his best friend several times ) . At a time when Joey and Chandler had problems , when Chandler had kissed Joey 's girlfriend , Joey stopped acting as Chandler 's best friend and replaced him with Ross , although this only lasted until Chandler spent Thanksgiving in a box in order to show his remorse and apologize to him . Joey and Chandler have remained best friends ever since . Furthermore , Joey and Ross share a moment in an episode after watching Die Hard all night . They fall asleep on Ross ' couch , which is evidently enjoyed by Joey , as he tries to coerce Ross into more nap sessions with him . Also , earlier in the series , after much persuading by Joey , Ross gives in and kisses him to help him practice kissing men . In response , Joey replies that the audition was already over , he had n't gotten the part , but the kiss was very well received . The major development of their relationship outside the realm of normal male interaction was when Joey fell in love with Rachel , Ross 's ex-girlfriend and the object of Ross 's affections since ninth grade . When Joey goes on to tell Ross about it , he ca n't say it in his face and instead says that he loves his `` friend 's '' ex-girlfriend . When asked if that `` friend '' ( Ross ) is a good guy , Joey honestly answers `` Yeah ... He 's the best '' . Initially it causes a major rift , with Joey being apologetic , but when Ross sees Joey truly in love with Rachel he gives him the go ahead . Ross basically says that he 's not okay with it but he wants to be , and the two 's friendship deepens due to Joey 's refusal to date Rachel unless Ross okays the deal . However , Joey and Rachel do not date long and later Joey encourages Ross to pursue Rachel in the season finale . Joey and Monica are close friends often joking around with each other . Joey allowed Monica to hire and fire him to prove to her employees that she was not a pushover . When he discovered that Monica and Chandler had developed a romantic relationship , he agreed to keep it secret until the two were ready to reveal it to the rest of their group . In an episode where he sees how close Chandler and Monica are , he dreams of himself and Monica in the same way . This later causes him to act weird around Monica . Finally he reveals this to Chandler and Monica , its that he wants a relationship like that , but Monica finds it nice thinking Joey thought of them two together . He also called Chandler moments after suspecting Monica of having an affair with a mystery male he had heard in her apartment . When Monica and Chandler needed their Engagement Picture taken , Chandler could not smile . In the newspaper announcement , it showed the photo was of Monica and Joey . Joey always enjoyed a close relationship with Monica , Rachel , and Phoebe ; LeBlanc once speculated that Joey saw the girls as sisters more than potential romantic interests . However , the tension between Monica and Joey is at times fairly obvious and it is made clear that the two have a very close , almost intimate , relationship , though it is never consummated on the show . According to DVD commentary of the pilot episode , Joey and Monica were initially meant to be the principal love connection of the show but was overshadowed by the Ross - Rachel relationship . In Episode 1.07 `` The One with the Blackout '' , Phoebe blurted to Joey that Monica has a crush on him when he was moving in with Chandler . This idea was revisited in Season 7 when it is revealed that Monica initially meant to hit on Joey in London , and not Chandler . She states that it was because she was looking for something meaningless , never expecting to have found Chandler and fall in love with him . The concept of what their marriage would have been like was then envisioned by Phoebe and it consisted of Monica cooking all the time for a very fat Joey . Phoebe is Joey 's female best friend . They appear to understand each other . They are the only members of the group who lack a college education . Joey is Phoebe 's best male friend ; they have dinner together once a month to talk about the rest of the group and Joey like to be called ' Big daddy ' by phoebe . Both characters show a softness for each other , even when joking or when they are upset with the others . In `` The One with the Race Car Bed '' , it is implied that Phoebe can hear Joey 's thoughts . In `` The One With the Ride Along '' , she explains that `` when the revolution comes , I will have to destroy you all ... not you , Joey '' . In the episode `` The One in Vegas '' , after Joey has said that no one will live in his hand shaped mansion , he adds `` Except you Pheebs ... You can live in the thumb . '' When she was a surrogate mother for her brother 's triplets and suddenly craved meat , Joey offered to eat no meat until the babies were born , to compensate for her consumption and , in a way , preserve her vegetarianism ( no extra animals would have to be killed ) . In The One With All the Cheesecakes , it is shown that the two tried to meet once a month for dinner in order to discuss the other Friends . When Phoebe was upset because she 'd turned thirty - one without having had the perfect kiss , Joey kissed her so that she could cross that off her list ( also adding that he was one - sixteenth Portuguese when she mentioned that she had n't met any Portuguese people ) . Joey did not have romantic feelings for Phoebe . Joey dates briefly Phoebe 's twin sister Ursula , which upsets Phoebe ; he breaks it off to preserve his friendship with Phoebe , however . When Monica finds out that Joey `` sees a friend in a different way '' , she assumes it to be Phoebe . Phoebe , overwhelmed by the news , approaches Joey , only to find that it is Rachel . Phoebe also has Joey locked in as a backup for her marriage . When the Friends believe that the group may have to split up , Phoebe and Rachel conspire to form a separate group by themselves , but Phoebe insists that Joey be invited to their new group as well . Phoebe 's loyalty is proved again when she states that she could live in Las Vegas , since it has everything she needs , `` Including Joey ! '' . He , in turn , invites her to live with him in the mansion he expected to own when he becomes rich from having a hand twin . When Joey learned from a customer at Central Perk that Phoebe was apparently a porn star , he refused to watch the movies even when the other four decided to do so . However , he shows a new interest in them when he learned that the film actually stars Ursula . When Joey believes Phoebe to be pregnant , he proposes , claiming the world is too scary for a single mother . This proposal is apparently made entirely without romantic intentions . Phoebe says yes and accepts his ring , but Monica tells Joey that it is Rachel who is pregnant , so Joey proposes to Rachel and must retrieve the ring from a reluctant Phoebe . Phoebe also sets up Joey with many of her friends . On a double date , Joey sets her up with a stranger , Mike ( Paul Rudd ) , whom she eventually marries . In one episode , after persuasion from Rachel , he reads Little Women and she reads The Shining . She finds out that whenever he gets scared whilst reading he puts the book in the freezer . At the end of the episode , Joey is afraid that one of the characters is going to die and Rachel says ' Do you want to put it in the freezer ? ' Their close friendship continues and when a fire destroys Rachel and Phoebe 's apartment , Rachel moves in with Joey and stays there , even after her apartment has been repaired . Halfway through season 8 , Joey and Rachel go out on a date , so that Rachel can have one night of fun before it becomes too obvious that she 's pregnant . They have a great time , and afterwards , Joey starts developing feelings for Rachel unbeknown to her . He does not act on his feelings because he is too loyal to Ross and feels like it would betray him to have a possible relationship with Rachel . However , upon discovering that Joey 's not just having a crush on Rachel , but is in fact in love with her , Ross encourages his friend to talk to her . Joey tells Rachel about his feelings , but she does not return them , and things are awkward between them for a while . In late season 9 , Rachel starts developing feelings for Joey , but fears he does not feel the same way anymore and has already moved on , especially when he starts dating Charlie . When the gang goes to Barbados for a convention from Ross ' work , Joey finds out about Rachel 's feelings , and even though he first says nothing can happen , he changes his mind when he sees Charlie and Ross kiss , and he goes back to Rachel 's room to be with her . They continue their relationship for several episodes and gain Ross ' approval after he realizes it 's been six years since his relationship with Rachel ended , and he should move on from that . When Rachel and Joey prepare for their first night together , however , they realize they 're too close as friends to make their relationship work , with Rachel instinctively slapping Joey away when he tries to touch her as she suddenly finds herself unable to get past the fact that it 's Joey touching her . After Chandler mentions how natural it was for him and Monica to make the transition from friends to lovers , Joey and Rachel realize they are n't on the same path and go back to being friends . At the end , when Chandler and Monica announce that they are moving into a house , Joey presents them with a housewarming gift of a chick and a duck , who are named Chick Jr. and Duck Jr . The pets remain in Joey 's apartment . Joey ( edit ) After the 2003 / 2004 final season of Friends , Joey Tribbiani became the main character of Joey , a spin - off TV series , where he moved to L.A. to polish his acting career . His sister Gina Tribbiani and her son Michael ( Paulo Costanzo ) were two other central characters of the show . Joey turned down a role in a sitcom called Nurses to star in a different series pilot . His pilot did not get picked up , while Nurses became a huge hit . However , his acting career has had some better moments . In Joey , it is revealed that Joey 's character of Dr. Drake Ramoray died again on Days of our Lives where he is stabbed by a nurse ( `` Joey and the Wrong Name '' ) . He won a Daytime Soap Award for `` Best Death Scene '' . In later Joey episodes , Joey landed a starring role on the prime time soap Deep Powder . When he got fired from that job , he almost immediately bounced back by snagging a leading role in the big - budget action picture Captured . The series ' penultimate episode sees Joey in an established and committed relationship with Alex Garrett , his next - door neighbor . References ( edit ) Friends portal Jump up ^ Matt Leblanc Fan Site Jump up ^ `` The One with Joey 's Fridge '' . Friends . Season 6 . Episode 19 . March 23 , 2000 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : http://www.mtv.com/news/2743243/joey-tribbianis-sisters-friends/ Jump up ^ `` The One With the Dozen Lasagnas '' . fangj.github.io . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The One with the Boob Job '' . Friends . Season 9 . Episode 16 . February 20 , 2003 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` The One with the Embryos '' . Friends . Season 4 . Episode 12 . January 15 , 1998 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` The One Where Joey Loses His Insurance '' . Friends . Season 6 . Episode 4 . October 14 , 1999 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` The One with the Boobies '' . Friends . Season 1 . Episode 13 . January 19 , 1995 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` The One with Phoebe 's Husband '' . Friends . Season 2 . Episode 4 . October 12 , 1995 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` The One with the Butt '' . Friends . Season 1 . Episode 6 . October 27 , 1994 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` The One Where Underdog Gets Away '' . Friends . Season 1 . Episode 9 . November 17 , 1994 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` The One with Russ '' . Friends . Season 2 . Episode 10 . January 4 , 1996 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` The One Where Dr. Ramoray Dies '' . Friends . Season 2 . Episode 18 . March 21 , 1996 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` The One with the Screamer '' . Friends . Season 3 . Episode 22 . April 24 , 1997 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` The One with Joey 's Dirty Day '' . Friends . Season 4 . Episode 14 . February 5 , 1998 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` The One with Joey 's Big Break '' . Friends . Season 5 . Episode 22 . May 11 , 1998 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` The One with Rachel 's Assistant '' . Friends . Season 7 . Episode 4 . October 26 , 2000 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` The One with Joey 's New Brain '' . Friends . Season 7 . Episode 15 . February 15 , 2001 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` The One with Ross and Monica 's Wedding '' . Friends . Season 7 . Episode 24 . May 17 , 2001 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` The One with the Joke '' . Friends . Season 6 . Episode 12 . January 4 , 1996 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` The One with the Jam '' . Friends . Season 3 . Episode 3 . October 5 , 1996 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` The One with the Monkey '' . Friends . Season 1 . Episode 10 . December 15 , 1994 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` The One with the Chicken Pox '' . Friends . Season 2 . Episode 23 . May 9 , 1996 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` The One with the Videotape '' . Friends . Season 8 . Episode 4 . October 18 , 2001 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` The one Where Monica and Richard Are Just Friends '' . Friends . Season 3 . Episode 13 . January 30 , 1997 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` The One with the Nap Partners '' . Friends . Season 7 . Episode 6 . November 9 , 2000 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` The One with Two Parts '' . Friends . Season 1 . Episode 17 . February 23 , 1995 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` The One Where Chandler Ca n't Cry '' . Friends . Season 6 . Episode 14 . February 10 , 2000 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` The One with the Red Sweater '' . Friends . Season 8 . Episode 2 . October 4 , 2001 . NBC . External links ( edit ) Friends Characters Chandler Bing Phoebe Buffay Monica Geller Ross Geller Rachel Green Joey Tribbiani Episodes Season 1 `` The Pilot '' ( 1.01 ) `` The One with the Sonogram at the End '' ( 1.02 ) `` The One with George Stephanopoulos '' ( 1.04 ) `` The One with the East German Laundry Detergent '' ( 1.05 ) `` The One Where Nana Dies Twice '' ( 1.08 ) `` The One Where Underdog Gets Away '' ( 1.09 ) `` The One with the Monkey '' ( 1.10 ) `` The One with the Dozen Lasagnas '' ( 1.12 ) `` The One with the Boobies '' ( 1.13 ) `` '' The One with Two Parts : Part 1 '' ( 1.16 ) `` The One with Two Parts : Part 2 '' ( 1.17 ) `` The One with All the Poker '' ( 1.18 ) `` The One Where the Monkey Gets Away '' ( 1.19 ) Season 2 `` The One with the Lesbian Wedding '' ( 2.11 ) `` The One After the Superbowl '' ( 2.12 -- 2.13 ) `` The One with the Prom Video '' ( 2.14 ) `` The One Where Dr. Ramoray Dies '' ( 2.18 ) Season 3 `` The One Where No One 's Ready '' ( 3.02 ) Season 4 `` The One with the Embryos '' ( 4.12 ) `` The One with Ross 's Wedding '' ( 4.23 -- 4.24 ) Season 5 `` The One After Ross Says Rachel '' ( 5.01 ) `` The One Hundredth '' ( 5.03 ) `` The One with All the Thanksgivings '' ( 5.08 ) `` The One with the Girl Who Hits Joey '' ( 5.15 ) `` The One Where Rachel Smokes '' ( 5.18 ) `` The One Where Ross Ca n't Flirt '' ( 5.19 ) `` The One with the Ride - Along '' ( 5.20 ) Season 6 `` The One After Vegas '' ( 6.01 ) `` The One with the Apothecary Table '' ( 6.11 ) `` The One with the Proposal '' ( 6.24 -- 6.25 ) Season 7 `` The One with Monica and Chandler 's Wedding '' ( 7.23 -- 7.24 ) Season 8 `` The One with Rachel 's Date '' ( 8.05 ) `` The One with the Rumor '' ( 8.09 ) Season 9 -- Season 10 `` The Last One '' ( 10.17 -- 10.18 ) Related articles Music `` I 'll Be There for You '' Joey Mad About You Awards and nominations Friends ... ' Til the End Hello Friends Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joey_Tribbiani&oldid=835113047 '' Categories : Fictional actors Fictional American people of Italian descent Fictional American people Fictional tour guides Fictional waiting staff Fictional salespeople Fictional characters from New York City Fictional characters introduced in 1994 Friends characters Fictional characters who became a protagonist in a spin - off Male characters in television Hidden categories : Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from March 2016 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles lacking reliable references from March 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Español فارسی Français Gaeilge Հայերեն Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English کوردی Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 16 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does joey return to days of our lives | [
"In Season 7, Joey auditions for the role of Dr. Striker Ramoray, a new character on \"Days of Our Lives\" and Drake Ramoray's brother but he doesn't get that role. Eventually, Joey's luck turns when he gets back his role as Dr. Drake Ramoray and even nominated for an award for Best Returning Character, first as a character in coma,[17] then revived through a brain transplant with another character Jessica Lockhart, (played by Susan Sarandon).[18]"
] | [
"Season 7"
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-8553693310037121209 | 2016 NBA Finals | 2016 NBA Finals - wikipedia 2016 NBA Finals This is the current revision of this page , as edited by Nymusix ( talk contribs ) at 19 : 07 , 27 August 2017 . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 19 : 07 , 27 August 2017 by Nymusix ( talk contribs ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search 2016 NBA Finals Team Coach Wins Cleveland Cavaliers Tyronn Lue 4 Golden State Warriors Steve Kerr 3 Dates June 2 -- 19 MVP LeBron James ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) Television United States : English : ABC and ESPN3 Spanish : ESPN Deportes Canada : ( all ABC simulcasts ) TSN ( Games 1 , 2 , 5 , 7 ) Sportsnet ( Games 3 , 4 , 6 ) Announcers ABC : Mike Breen ( play - by - play ) Mark Jackson and Jeff Van Gundy ( analysts ) Doris Burke ( sideline reporter ) Craig Sager ( sideline reporter in Game 6 ) ESPN Deportes : Álvaro Martín ( play - by - play ) , and Carlos Morales ( analyst ) Radio network ESPN Radio ( National ) Cleveland Cavaliers Radio Network ( Cleveland ) Golden State Warriors Radio Network ( Golden State Warriors Announcers Kevin Calabro and Hubie Brown ( ESPN Radio ) John Michael and Jim Chones ( Cleveland ) Tim Roye , Jim Barnett and Tom Tolbert ( Golden State ) Referees Game 1 : Ken Mauer , Marc Davis , Ed Malloy Game 2 : Scott Foster , Tony Brothers , James Capers Game 3 : Monty McCutchen , Derrick Stafford , Zach Zarba Game 4 : Danny Crawford , Mike Callahan , Jason Phillips Game 5 : Monty McCutchen , Marc Davis , Derrick Stafford Game 6 : Scott Foster , Ken Mauer , Jason Phillips Game 7 Danny Crawford , Mike Callahan , Monty McCutchen Eastern Finals Cavaliers defeated Raptors , 4 -- 2 Western Finals Warriors defeated Thunder , 4 -- 3 < 2015 NBA Finals 2017 > The 2016 NBA Finals was the championship series of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) 2015 -- 16 season and conclusion of the 2016 playoffs . The Eastern Conference champion Cleveland Cavaliers defeated the Western Conference champion Golden State Warriors 4 -- 3 in a rematch of the 2015 NBA Finals . It was the 14th rematch of the previous NBA Finals in history , and the first Finals since 2008 in which the number one seed in each conference met . It was the second straight rematch in back - to - back years , as the Miami Heat and San Antonio Spurs played each other in 2013 and 2014 . Golden State , which earned home - court advantage with setting the NBA regular season wins record ( 73 -- 9 ) , jumped to a 2 -- 0 lead in the series while recording the largest combined margin of victory ( 48 ) through two games in NBA Finals history . Cleveland returned home and responded with a 120 -- 90 win in Game 3 , but the Warriors won Game 4 to take a 3 -- 1 series lead . The Cavaliers won the next three games to become the first team in Finals history to successfully overcome a 3 -- 1 deficit . It also marked the first time since 1978 that Game 7 was won by the road team . The win by the Cavaliers was the first major professional sports championship won by a team based in Cleveland since 1964 , and the first - ever championship won by the Cavaliers franchise . NBA Finals MVP winner LeBron James propelled the Cavaliers to the historic comeback . For the first time since 2004 , a new scheduling format was instituted for the Finals . In previous years , the Finals were played in a Thursday -- Sunday -- Tuesday scheme . However , the league changed its scheduling to ensure an extra day off for both teams , which have to travel from one city to another during the series . This , along with the designated travel day , took place after Games 2 , 4 , 5 , and 6 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Cleveland Cavaliers 1.2 Golden State Warriors 1.3 Road to the Finals 1.4 Regular season series 2 Series summary 3 Game summaries 3.1 Game 1 3.2 Game 2 3.3 Game 3 3.4 Game 4 3.5 Game 5 3.6 Game 6 3.7 Game 7 4 Rosters 4.1 Cleveland Cavaliers 4.2 Golden State Warriors 5 Player statistics 6 Broadcast 6.1 Television ratings 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( edit ) Main article : 2015 -- 16 Cleveland Cavaliers season This was Cleveland 's second consecutive trip to the NBA Finals , and third overall , seeking to win their first ever NBA championship . This would also be the sixth consecutive NBA Finals appearance for LeBron James , the most for any player not part of the 1960s Boston Celtics , and the fifth for James Jones ( who technically qualified for the 2011 NBA Finals along with James , but did not play ) . Despite holding the best record in the Eastern Conference at 30 -- 11 midway through the season on January 22 , 2016 , the Cavaliers fired head coach David Blatt . Associate head coach Tyronn Lue was then promoted to replace Blatt . General Manager David Griffin cited `` a lack of fit with our personnel and our vision '' as the reason for Blatt 's firing . Cleveland finished the regular season with a 57 -- 25 record , capturing the Central Division title and the top playoff seed in the Eastern Conference . They then advanced to the Finals after sweeping both the Detroit Pistons in the first round and the Atlanta Hawks in the second round , and defeating the Toronto Raptors in the Eastern Conference Finals in six games . The Cavaliers were the first team in history to go to two consecutive NBA Finals with rookie head coaches . Golden State Warriors ( edit ) Main article : 2015 -- 16 Golden State Warriors season This was the defending NBA Champions Golden State Warriors ' second consecutive trip to the NBA Finals and eighth overall . The Warriors broke the record set by the 1995 -- 96 Chicago Bulls by finishing the regular season with a 73 -- 9 record . In addition , the Warriors broke numerous other NBA records , including most road wins ( 34 ) , best start to a season ( 24 -- 0 ) and longest regular - season home win streak ( 54 dating back to the 2014 -- 15 season ) . They also became the first team to make over 1,000 three - pointers in the regular - season with 1,077 , eclipsing the previous record of 933 set by the 2014 -- 15 Houston Rockets . The Warriors were led by Stephen Curry , who was named the NBA Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) for the second straight season . The Splash Brothers twosome of Curry and Klay Thompson were the highest scoring duo in the league , combining to average 52.2 points per game . Head coach Steve Kerr missed the first 43 regular season games because of a back injury . Assistant coach Luke Walton served as interim head coach during Kerr 's absence and he led the Warriors to a 39 -- 4 start . In the playoffs , the Warriors defeated the Houston Rockets in the first round and the Portland Trail Blazers in the conference semifinals in five games each . In Game 7 of the Western Conference Finals , the Warriors defeated the Oklahoma City Thunder , 96 -- 88 , becoming only the 10th team in NBA history to overcome a 3 -- 1 series deficit , and advancing to a second straight NBA Finals for the first time since 1947 and 1948 . Road to the Finals ( edit ) Main article : 2016 NBA Playoffs Cleveland Cavaliers ( Eastern Conference Champion ) Golden State Warriors ( Western Conference Champion ) Eastern Conference # Team W L PCT GB GP 1 c -- Cleveland Cavaliers * 57 25 . 695 -- 82 2 y -- Toronto Raptors * 56 26 . 683 1.0 82 3 y -- Miami Heat * 48 34 . 585 9.0 82 4 x -- Atlanta Hawks 48 34 . 585 9.0 82 5 x -- Boston Celtics 48 34 . 585 9.0 82 6 x -- Charlotte Hornets 48 34 . 585 9.0 82 7 x -- Indiana Pacers 45 37 . 549 12.0 82 8 x -- Detroit Pistons 44 38 . 537 13.0 82 9 Chicago Bulls 42 40 . 512 15.0 82 10 Washington Wizards 41 41 . 500 16.0 82 11 Orlando Magic 35 47 . 427 22.0 82 12 Milwaukee Bucks 33 49 . 402 24.0 82 13 New York Knicks 32 50 . 390 25.0 82 14 Brooklyn Nets 21 61 . 256 36.0 82 15 Philadelphia 76ers 10 72 . 122 47.0 82 1st seed in the East , 3rd best league record Regular season Western Conference # Team W L PCT GB GP 1 z -- Golden State Warriors * 73 9 . 890 -- 82 2 y -- San Antonio Spurs * 67 15 . 817 6.0 82 3 y -- Oklahoma City Thunder * 55 27 . 671 18.0 82 4 x -- Los Angeles Clippers 53 29 . 646 20.0 82 5 x -- Portland Trail Blazers 44 38 . 537 29.0 82 6 x -- Dallas Mavericks 42 40 . 512 31.0 82 7 x -- Memphis Grizzlies 42 40 . 512 31.0 82 8 x -- Houston Rockets 41 41 . 500 32.0 82 9 Utah Jazz 40 42 . 488 33.0 82 10 Sacramento Kings 33 49 . 402 40.0 82 11 Denver Nuggets 33 49 . 402 40.0 82 12 New Orleans Pelicans 30 52 . 366 43.0 82 13 Minnesota Timberwolves 29 53 . 354 44.0 82 14 Phoenix Suns 23 59 . 280 50.0 82 15 Los Angeles Lakers 17 65 . 207 56.0 82 1st seed in the West , best league record Defeated the 8th seeded Detroit Pistons , 4 -- 0 First round Defeated the 8th seeded Houston Rockets , 4 -- 1 Defeated the 4th seeded Atlanta Hawks , 4 -- 0 Conference Semifinals Defeated the 5th seeded Portland Trail Blazers , 4 -- 1 Defeated the 2nd seeded Toronto Raptors , 4 -- 2 Conference Finals Defeated the 3rd seeded Oklahoma City Thunder , 4 -- 3 Regular season series ( edit ) The Warriors won the regular season series 2 -- 0 . December 25 , 2015 Recap Cleveland Cavaliers 83 , Golden State Warriors 89 Oracle Arena , Oakland , California January 18 , 2016 Recap Golden State Warriors 132 , Cleveland Cavaliers 98 Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio Series summary ( edit ) Game Date Home Team Result Road Team Game 1 Thursday , June 2 Golden State Warriors 104 -- 89 ( 1 -- 0 ) Cleveland Cavaliers Game 2 Sunday , June 5 Golden State Warriors 110 -- 77 ( 2 -- 0 ) Cleveland Cavaliers Game 3 Wednesday , June 8 Cleveland Cavaliers 120 -- 90 ( 1 -- 2 ) Golden State Warriors Game 4 Friday , June 10 Cleveland Cavaliers 97 -- 108 ( 1 -- 3 ) Golden State Warriors Game 5 Monday , June 13 Golden State Warriors 97 -- 112 ( 3 -- 2 ) Cleveland Cavaliers Game 6 Thursday , June 16 Cleveland Cavaliers 115 -- 101 ( 3 -- 3 ) Golden State Warriors Game 7 Sunday , June 19 Golden State Warriors 89 -- 93 ( 3 -- 4 ) Cleveland Cavaliers Game summaries ( edit ) All times are in Eastern Daylight Time ( UTC − 4 ) ( in Cleveland ) Game 1 ( edit ) The Warriors defeated the Cavaliers 104 -- 89 in Game 1 to take a 1 -- 0 series lead . The Cavaliers led 68 -- 67 before the Warriors broke the game open with a 29 -- 8 run spanning the third and fourth quarters to take a 96 -- 76 lead . Cleveland got the deficit within eleven points at 98 -- 87 after an 11 -- 2 run , but Stephen Curry and Klay Thompson nailed back - to - back three - pointers to essentially seal the victory for Golden State . While Curry and Thompson had a rough night combining for 20 points , the Warriors got a lift from its bench , outscoring the Cavaliers ' bench 45 -- 10 . Shaun Livingston scored his playoff - career high 20 points to lead Golden State , while Kyrie Irving led all scorers with 26 points . LeBron James fell one assist shy of a triple - double ( 23 points , 12 rebounds , 9 assists ) . Cleveland Cavaliers v Golden State Warriors June 2 Cleveland Cavaliers 89 -- 104 ( Series : 0 -- 1 ) Golden State Warriors Oracle Arena , Oakland , California 9 : 00 PM Scoring by quarter : 24 -- 28 , 19 -- 24 , 25 -- 22 , 21 -- 30 ABC Pts : Kyrie Irving 26 Rebs : Kevin Love 13 Asts : LeBron James 9 Boxscore Pts : Shaun Livingston 20 Rebs : Draymond Green 11 Asts : Draymond Green 7 Attendance : 19,596 Referees : Ken Mauer , Marc Davis , Ed Malloy Starters : Pts Reb Ast 1.0 ! PG 2 Kyrie Irving 26 3 4 2.0 ! SG 5 J.R. Smith 3 1 1 3.0 ! SF 23 LeBron James 23 12 9 4.5 ! PF 0 Kevin Love 17 13 2 6.0 ! C 13 Tristan Thompson 10 12 0 Reserves : 5.5 ! F / C 9 Channing Frye 2 1 0 4.0 ! F 24 Richard Jefferson 3 2 0 6.0 ! C 20 Timofey Mozgov 0 2 0 1.5 ! G 8 Matthew Dellavedova 2 0 1 1.5 ! G 52 Mo Williams 0 0 0 1.5 ! G 4 Iman Shumpert 3 1 0 2.5 ! G / F 30 Dahntay Jones 0 0 0 2.5 ! G / F 1 James Jones 0 0 0 Head coach : Tyronn Lue Cavaliers Warriors Starters : Pts Reb Ast 1.0 ! PG 30 Stephen Curry 11 5 6 2.0 ! SG 11 Klay Thompson 9 5 2 3.0 ! SF 40 Harrison Barnes 13 1 2 4.5 ! PF 23 Draymond Green 16 11 7 6.0 ! C 12 Andrew Bogut 10 3 2 Reserves : 2.5 ! G / F 9 Andre Iguodala 12 7 6 1.5 ! G 34 Shaun Livingston 20 4 3 1.5 ! G 19 Leandro Barbosa 11 1 0 2.5 ! G / F 4 Brandon Rush 0 0 0 1.5 ! G 21 Ian Clark 0 0 0 6.0 ! C 31 Festus Ezeli 2 3 0 6.0 ! C 18 Anderson Varejão 0 1 1 5.5 ! F / C 5 Marreese Speights 0 1 1 Head coach : Steve Kerr Game 2 ( edit ) The Warriors defeated the Cavaliers 110 -- 77 in Game 2 to take a 2 -- 0 series lead . Cleveland took a 28 -- 22 lead about two minutes into the second quarter , but Golden State answered with a 20 -- 2 run while outscoring the Cavs 30 -- 16 the rest of the period . During the run , the Cavaliers ' Kevin Love suffered a head injury while attempting to grab a defensive rebound . Love stayed throughout the remainder of the period but did not play the second half . The Warriors continued to dominate Cleveland from there , outscoring the Cavaliers 58 -- 33 in the final two quarters . Draymond Green led all scorers with 28 points , including 5 of 8 from three - point range . Curry and Klay Thompson added 18 and 17 points , respectively , while drilling four threes each . With their victory , the Warriors posted the highest winning margin in the first two Finals games with a 48 - point differential . James led the Cavs with 19 points , 8 rebounds , and 9 assists , but he committed 7 turnovers . James added 4 steals while surpassing John Stockton for fourth on the all - time playoff steals list . Cleveland Cavaliers v Golden State Warriors June 5 Cleveland Cavaliers 77 -- 110 ( Series : 0 -- 2 ) Golden State Warriors Oracle Arena , Oakland , California 8 : 00 PM Scoring by quarter : 21 -- 19 , 23 -- 33 , 18 -- 30 , 15 -- 28 ABC Pts : LeBron James 19 Rebs : LeBron James 8 Asts : LeBron James 9 Boxscore Pts : Draymond Green 28 Rebs : Stephen Curry 9 Asts : Green , Livingston , Thompson 5 each Attendance : 19,596 Referees : Scott Foster , Tony Brothers , James Capers Starters : Pts Reb Ast 1.0 ! PG 2 Kyrie Irving 10 3 1 2.0 ! SG 5 J.R. Smith 5 2 2 3.0 ! SF 23 LeBron James 19 8 9 4.5 ! PF 0 Kevin Love 5 3 0 6.0 ! C 13 Tristan Thompson 8 5 0 Reserves : 5.5 ! F / C 9 Channing Frye 0 1 0 4.0 ! F 24 Richard Jefferson 12 5 0 6.0 ! C 20 Timofey Mozgov 5 3 0 1.5 ! G 8 Matthew Dellavedova 7 1 2 1.5 ! G 52 Mo Williams 0 0 1 1.5 ! G 4 Iman Shumpert 3 1 0 2.5 ! G / F 30 Dahntay Jones 3 0 0 2.5 ! G / F 1 James Jones 0 2 0 Head coach : Tyronn Lue Cavaliers Warriors Starters : Pts Reb Ast 1.0 ! PG 30 Stephen Curry 18 9 4 2.0 ! SG 11 Klay Thompson 17 5 1 3.0 ! SF 40 Harrison Barnes 5 5 1 4.5 ! PF 23 Draymond Green 28 7 5 6.0 ! C 12 Andrew Bogut 2 6 0 Reserves : 2.5 ! G / F 9 Andre Iguodala 7 5 3 1.5 ! G 34 Shaun Livingston 7 2 5 1.5 ! G 19 Leandro Barbosa 10 3 1 2.5 ! G / F 4 Brandon Rush 0 3 1 1.5 ! G 21 Ian Clark 7 3 1 6.0 ! C 31 Festus Ezeli 6 2 1 5.5 ! F / C 5 Marreese Speights 3 0 0 6.0 ! C 18 Anderson Varejão DNP Head coach : Steve Kerr Game 3 ( edit ) The Cavaliers avenged their lopsided defeat to Golden State by routing the Warriors 120 -- 90 in Game 3 to trail the series 2 -- 1 . The Cavaliers scored the game 's first nine points en route to outscoring the Warriors 33 -- 16 after one quarter . Golden State rallied to trim Cleveland 's lead as low as seven points on a couple of occasions before the Cavs settled for a 51 -- 43 halftime lead . In the second half , Cleveland continued to extend their lead and outscored Golden State 69 -- 47 . Love did not play due to a concussion . James led all scorers with 32 points . Irving added 30 points for the Cavs . Curry led the Warriors with 19 points , while drilling four threes . Harrison Barnes also contributed 18 points in 33 minutes of play . Golden State Warriors v Cleveland Cavaliers June 8 Golden State Warriors 90 -- 120 ( Series : 2 -- 1 ) Cleveland Cavaliers Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio 9 : 00 PM Scoring by quarter : 16 -- 33 , 27 -- 18 , 26 -- 38 , 21 -- 31 ABC Pts : Stephen Curry 19 Rebs : Harrison Barnes 8 Asts : Draymond Green 7 Boxscore Pts : LeBron James 32 Rebs : Tristan Thompson 13 Asts : Kyrie Irving 8 Attendance : 20,562 Referees : Monty McCutchen , Derrick Stafford , Zach Zarba Starters : Pts Reb Ast 1.0 ! PG 30 Stephen Curry 19 3 4 2.0 ! SG 11 Klay Thompson 10 2 1 3.0 ! SF 40 Harrison Barnes 18 8 3 4.5 ! PF 23 Draymond Green 6 7 7 6.0 ! C 12 Andrew Bogut 4 2 0 Reserves : 2.5 ! G / F 9 Andre Iguodala 11 2 0 1.5 ! G 34 Shaun Livingston 5 6 3 1.5 ! G 19 Leandro Barbosa 8 0 2 2.5 ! G / F 4 Brandon Rush 0 1 0 1.5 ! G 21 Ian Clark 3 0 0 6.0 ! C 31 Festus Ezeli 0 0 0 5.5 ! F / C 5 Marreese Speights 5 1 0 6.0 ! C 18 Anderson Varejão 1 2 2 Head coach : Steve Kerr Warriors Cavaliers Starters : Pts Reb Ast 1.0 ! PG 2 Kyrie Irving 30 4 8 2.0 ! SG 5 J.R. Smith 20 4 1 3.0 ! SF 23 LeBron James 32 11 6 4.5 ! PF 24 Richard Jefferson 9 8 2 6.0 ! C 13 Tristan Thompson 14 13 2 Reserves : 5.5 ! F / C 9 Channing Frye 0 0 0 6.0 ! C 20 Timofey Mozgov 2 2 0 1.5 ! G 8 Matthew Dellavedova 2 1 1 1.5 ! G 52 Mo Williams 3 2 0 1.5 ! G 4 Iman Shumpert 3 5 1 2.5 ! G / F 30 Dahntay Jones 0 1 0 2.5 ! G / F 1 James Jones 0 0 2 1.5 ! G 12 Jordan McRae 4 1 0 Head coach : Tyronn Lue Game 4 ( edit ) The Warriors defeated the Cavaliers 108 -- 97 in Game 4 to take a 3 -- 1 series lead . After averaging just 16 points in the first three games of the series , Curry scored 38 and was 7 of 13 on three - pointers . The Warriors made 17 three - pointers , then an NBA record for a single Finals game . They made only 16 two - point field goals , the first time in Finals history a team made more shots from three - point range . Klay Thompson added 25 points and four three - pointers for Golden State . It was the Warriors ' 88th win of the season , which broke the 1995 -- 96 Chicago Bulls record of 87 for most wins in an NBA season ( regular - season and postseason combined ) . Green and James had to be separated in the closing minutes of the game , when Green fell to the ground and James stepped over him . Feeling disrespected , Green swung his arm and appeared to make contact with James ' groin . Golden State Warriors v Cleveland Cavaliers June 10 Golden State Warriors 108 -- 97 ( Series : 3 -- 1 ) Cleveland Cavaliers Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio 9 : 00 PM Scoring by quarter : 29 -- 28 , 21 -- 27 , 29 -- 22 , 29 -- 20 ABC Pts : Stephen Curry 38 Rebs : Draymond Green 12 Asts : Andre Iguodala 7 Boxscore Pts : Kyrie Irving 34 Rebs : LeBron James 13 Asts : LeBron James 9 Attendance : 20,562 Referees : Danny Crawford , Mike Callahan , Jason Phillips Starters : Pts Reb Ast 1.0 ! PG 30 Stephen Curry 38 6 7 2.0 ! SG 11 Klay Thompson 25 4 1 3.0 ! SF 40 Harrison Barnes 14 8 2 4.5 ! PF 23 Draymond Green 9 12 4 6.0 ! C 12 Andrew Bogut 0 1 1 Reserves : 2.5 ! G / F 9 Andre Iguodala 10 6 7 1.5 ! G 34 Shaun Livingston 8 3 1 6.0 ! C 31 Festus Ezeli 0 0 0 5.5 ! F / C 5 Marreese Speights 0 0 0 6.0 ! C 18 Anderson Varejão 2 3 0 1.5 ! G 19 Leandro Barbosa DNP 1.5 ! G 21 Ian Clark DNP Head coach : Steve Kerr Warriors Cavaliers Starters : Pts Reb Ast 1.0 ! PG 2 Kyrie Irving 34 4 4 2.0 ! SG 5 J.R. Smith 10 2 1 3.0 ! SF 23 LeBron James 25 13 9 4.5 ! PF 24 Richard Jefferson 3 6 0 6.0 ! C 13 Tristan Thompson 10 7 0 Reserves : 4.0 ! F 0 Kevin Love 11 5 0 5.5 ! F / C 9 Channing Frye 0 1 0 1.5 ! G 8 Matthew Dellavedova 2 1 1 1.5 ! G 4 Iman Shumpert 2 1 0 2.5 ! G / F 30 Dahntay Jones 0 0 0 2.5 ! G / F 1 James Jones DNP 6.0 ! C 20 Timofey Mozgov DNP 1.5 ! G 52 Mo Williams DNP Head coach : Tyronn Lue Game 5 ( edit ) The Cavaliers defeated the Warriors 112 -- 97 in Game 5 to trail the series 3 -- 2 . James and Irving each scored 41 points to become the first teammates in Finals history to score 40 or more in the same game . James also added 16 rebounds . After Game 4 , Green was assessed a Flagrant Foul 1 for his contact with James that was ruled `` unnecessary '' and `` retaliatory '' , and James was given a technical foul for taunting . Having accumulated his fourth flagrant foul point in the playoffs , Green was suspended for Game 5 , becoming the first player to be suspended from playing in a Finals game since Jerry Stackhouse in 2006 . Green watched the game from a luxury box in the nearby Oakland Alameda Coliseum , where the Oakland Athletics were also playing a game at the same time , hosting the Texas Rangers . Warriors center Andrew Bogut suffered a season - ending injury to his left knee in the second half when he jumped to block a layup attempt by Cavs guard J.R. Smith and came down awkwardly on Smith . Cleveland Cavaliers v Golden State Warriors June 13 Cleveland Cavaliers 112 -- 97 ( Series : 2 -- 3 ) Golden State Warriors Oracle Arena , Oakland , California 9 : 00 PM Scoring by quarter : 29 -- 32 , 32 -- 29 , 32 -- 23 , 19 -- 13 ABC Pts : Irving , James 41 each Rebs : LeBron James 16 Asts : LeBron James 7 Boxscore Pts : Klay Thompson 37 Rebs : Andre Iguodala 11 Asts : Andre Iguodala 6 Attendance : 19,596 Referees : Monty McCutchen , Marc Davis and Derrick Stafford Starters : Pts Reb Ast 1.0 ! PG 2 Kyrie Irving 41 3 6 2.0 ! SG 5 J.R. Smith 10 2 1 3.0 ! SF 23 LeBron James 41 16 7 4.5 ! PF 0 Kevin Love 2 3 1 6.0 ! C 13 Tristan Thompson 6 15 0 Reserves : 4.0 ! F 24 Richard Jefferson 8 1 0 6.0 ! C 20 Timofey Mozgov 0 0 0 1.5 ! G 8 Matthew Dellavedova 0 0 0 1.5 ! G 52 Mo Williams 0 0 0 1.5 ! G 4 Iman Shumpert 4 1 0 2.5 ! G / F 30 Dahntay Jones 0 0 0 2.5 ! G / F 1 James Jones 0 0 0 5.5 ! F / C 9 Channing Frye DNP Head coach : Tyronn Lue Cavaliers Warriors Starters : Pts Reb Ast 1.0 ! PG 30 Stephen Curry 25 7 4 2.0 ! SG 11 Klay Thompson 37 3 3 3.0 ! SF 40 Harrison Barnes 5 5 1 2.5 ! G / F 9 Andre Iguodala 15 11 6 6.0 ! C 12 Andrew Bogut 0 3 0 Reserves : 1.5 ! G 34 Shaun Livingston 7 4 3 1.5 ! G 19 Leandro Barbosa 3 0 0 4.0 ! F 20 James Michael McAdoo 0 2 0 2.5 ! G / F 4 Brandon Rush 0 1 0 6.0 ! C 31 Festus Ezeli 2 3 0 5.5 ! F / C 5 Marreese Speights 0 3 2 6.0 ! C 18 Anderson Varejão 3 1 1 4.5 ! PF 23 Draymond Green DNP Head coach : Steve Kerr Game 6 ( edit ) LeBron James charging at Stephen Curry during game six . The Cavaliers defeated the Warriors 115 -- 101 in Game 6 to even the series 3 -- 3 . The Cavaliers scored the game 's first eight points en route to outscoring the Warriors 31 -- 11 after one quarter . Golden State rallied to trim Cleveland 's lead as low as eight points on a couple of occasions before the Cavs settled for a 59 -- 43 halftime lead . In the second half , Cleveland continued to extend their lead and tied the series . LeBron James led all scorers with 41 points with 11 assists . Kyrie Irving added 23 points for the Cavs , while Tristan Thompson had 16 rebounds for the Cavaliers . Stephen Curry led the Warriors with 30 points , while drilling six threes . Klay Thompson added 25 points for the Warriors . Back from suspension , Green was held to eight points on 3 -- 7 shooting . James scored 18 straight points for Cleveland from the end of the third quarter to the 7 : 00 mark of the fourth . Late in the game with the Cavaliers up by 13 , he blocked a Curry shot from behind , and afterward had some words for him . With 4 : 22 left , Curry received his sixth foul and fouled out of the game . He then threw his mouthpiece into the stands in frustration , resulting in a technical foul and his ejection from the game . Curry was the first MVP to foul out of an NBA Finals game since Shaquille O'Neal in 2000 . The Cavaliers became the third team to fall behind 3 -- 1 and force Game 7 ( and the first in 50 years ) . James was the first player to have consecutive 40 - point games in the finals since , coincidentally , Shaquille O'Neal in the 2000 Finals . Following the game , Curry and Warriors head coach Steve Kerr were fined $25,000 each for their actions and public officiating criticism . Golden State Warriors v Cleveland Cavaliers June 16 Golden State Warriors 101 -- 115 ( Series : 3 -- 3 ) Cleveland Cavaliers Quicken Loans Arena , Cleveland , Ohio 9 : 00 PM Scoring by quarter : 11 -- 31 , 32 -- 28 , 28 -- 21 , 30 -- 35 ABC Pts : Stephen Curry 30 Rebs : Draymond Green 10 Asts : Draymond Green 6 Boxscore Pts : LeBron James 41 Rebs : Tristan Thompson 16 Asts : LeBron James 11 Attendance : 20,562 Referees : Scott Foster , Ken Mauer and Jason Phillips Starters : Pts Reb Ast 1.0 ! PG 30 Stephen Curry 30 2 1 2.0 ! SG 11 Klay Thompson 25 3 1 3.0 ! SF 40 Harrison Barnes 0 2 0 4.5 ! PF 9 Andre Iguodala 5 4 3 6.0 ! C 23 Draymond Green 8 10 6 Reserves : 1.5 ! G 34 Shaun Livingston 3 4 3 6.0 ! C 31 Festus Ezeli 4 4 1 5.5 ! F / C 5 Marreese Speights 6 1 0 6.0 ! C 18 Anderson Varejão 0 1 1 1.5 ! G 19 Leandro Barbosa 14 2 2 1.5 ! G 21 Ian Clark 3 0 1 5.5 ! F / C 20 James Michael McAdoo 2 1 0 1.5 ! G 4 Brandon Rush 1 1 0 Head coach : Steve Kerr Warriors Cavaliers Starters : Pts Reb Ast 1.0 ! PG 2 Kyrie Irving 23 4 3 2.0 ! SG 5 J.R. Smith 14 4 3 3.0 ! SF 23 LeBron James 41 8 11 4.5 ! PF 0 Kevin Love 7 3 2 6.0 ! C 13 Tristan Thompson 15 16 3 Reserves : 4.5 ! PF 24 Richard Jefferson 3 6 1 1.5 ! G 8 Matthew Dellavedova 3 0 1 1.5 ! G 4 Iman Shumpert 0 1 0 2.5 ! G / F 30 Dahntay Jones 5 1 0 2.5 ! G / F 1 James Jones 0 0 0 6.0 ! C 20 Timofey Mozgov 0 1 0 1.5 ! G 52 Mo Williams 4 1 1 5.5 ! F / C 9 Channing Frye DNP Head coach : Tyronn Lue Game 7 ( edit ) This season 's Finals marked the first time in NBA history in which both teams entered game 7 after accumulating exactly the same total points scored after game 6 ( 610 points each ) . The Cavaliers defeated the Warriors 93 -- 89 in Game 7 to win the series 4 -- 3 . Game 7 was a close game , with 20 lead changes and 11 ties . This was the only game in the entire series to have a final margin of fewer than 10 points . At halftime , the Warriors were ahead 49 -- 42 . In the second half , the Cavaliers outscored the Warriors 51 -- 40 as the Warriors failed to score a basket during the last 4 : 39 of the game . In the closing minutes of the 4th quarter LeBron James delivered what became known as `` The Block '' on a layup attempt by Andre Iguodala with the score tied at 89 and 01 : 50 remaining in the game . Kyrie Irving made a go - ahead 3 - point field goal over the NBA 's first unanimous regular season MVP Stephen Curry to give Cleveland a 92 -- 89 lead with 0 : 53 remaining in the game . Before Kyrie Irving 's 3 - point field goal both teams were tied at 699 points scored apiece in this series . Immediately after Irving 's three , Golden State brought the ball up - court , opting not to call a timeout , and although Golden State got a preferred switch and matchup of Curry on Kevin Love , Love made arguably `` the biggest defensive stop of the entire NBA season '' , and forced Curry into a contested 3 - pointer , which he missed . After LeBron hurt his right wrist being fouled on a dunk attempt , he nearly clinched the title for the Cavaliers by making one of two free throws , bringing the clock down to 10.6 seconds left . After the Cavaliers fouled Draymond Green with 6.5 seconds remaining , Stephen Curry received the inbounds pass , pump faked and shot a three pointer over Cavaliers guard Iman Shumpert . The attempt missed , and was rebounded by Marreese Speights of the Warriors who attempted a three pointer as time expired and missed . Love immediately hugged the Finals MVP LeBron James . Draymond Green led all scorers with 32 points , including 6 of 8 from three - point range to go along with 15 rebounds and 9 assists . Stephen Curry and Klay Thompson added 17 and 14 points , respectively . LeBron James led all Cavaliers with 27 points and became only the 3rd player ever in NBA history to record a triple double in an NBA Finals Game 7 by adding 11 assists and 11 rebounds . Kyrie Irving added 26 points for Cleveland . The Cavaliers became the first team in NBA history to come back from a 3 -- 1 series deficit to win the NBA Finals . They became the first NBA Champion to clinch all their playoff series on the road since the 1999 San Antonio Spurs , as well as the first road team to win a Finals Game 7 since the 1978 Washington Bullets . The Cavaliers won their first championship in franchise history , ending a nearly 52 - year pro sports championship drought for the city of Cleveland . LeBron James was named the unanimous Finals MVP , becoming the only the fifth player in NBA history to earn the award at least thrice . He also was the overall leader in points , rebounds , assists , steals , and blocks during the series , a feat that had never before been accomplished in any NBA playoff series . Tyronn Lue became the 14th coach to win an NBA championship as a head coach and player . After 13 years , James had finally brought a championship to the city of Cleveland . On July 13 , 2016 , Game 7 of the 2016 NBA Finals received the 2016 ESPY award for Best Game . This loss led the Warriors to pursue Kevin Durant when he became a free agent that summer signing him on July 4 . Cleveland Cavaliers v Golden State Warriors June 19 Cleveland Cavaliers 93 -- 89 ( Series : 4 -- 3 ) Golden State Warriors Oracle Arena , Oakland , California 8 : 00 PM Scoring by quarter : 23 -- 22 , 19 -- 27 , 33 -- 27 , 18 -- 13 ABC Pts : LeBron James 27 Rebs : Kevin Love 14 Asts : LeBron James 11 Boxscore Pts : Draymond Green 32 Rebs : Draymond Green 15 Asts : Draymond Green 9 Attendance : 19,596 Referees : Danny Crawford , Mike Callahan , Monty McCutchen Starters : Pts Reb Ast 1.0 ! PG 2 Kyrie Irving 26 6 1 2.0 ! SG 5 J.R. Smith 12 4 2 3.0 ! SF 23 LeBron James 27 11 11 4.5 ! PF 0 Kevin Love 9 14 3 6.0 ! C 13 Tristan Thompson 9 3 0 Reserves : 4.0 ! F 24 Richard Jefferson 2 9 0 1.5 ! G 52 Mo Williams 2 0 0 1.5 ! G 4 Iman Shumpert 6 1 0 2.5 ! G / F 30 Dahntay Jones DNP 2.5 ! G / F 1 James Jones DNP 5.5 ! F / C 9 Channing Frye DNP 6.0 ! C 20 Timofey Mozgov DNP 1.5 ! G 8 Matthew Dellavedova DNP Head coach : Tyronn Lue Cavaliers Warriors Starters : Pts Reb Ast 1.0 ! PG 30 Stephen Curry 17 5 2 2.0 ! SG 11 Klay Thompson 14 2 2 3.0 ! SF 40 Harrison Barnes 10 2 1 4.5 ! PF 23 Draymond Green 32 15 9 6.0 ! C 31 Festus Ezeli 0 1 1 Reserves : 2.5 ! G / F 9 Andre Iguodala 4 9 4 1.5 ! G 34 Shaun Livingston 8 1 2 1.5 ! G 19 Leandro Barbosa 3 0 0 5.5 ! F / C 5 Marreese Speights 0 4 0 6.0 ! C 18 Anderson Varejão 1 0 1 4.0 ! F 20 James Michael McAdoo DNP 2.5 ! G / F 4 Brandon Rush DNP 1.5 ! G 21 Ian Clark DNP Head coach : Steve Kerr Rosters ( edit ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( edit ) 2015 -- 16 Cleveland Cavaliers roster Players Coaches Pos . No . Name Height Weight DOB ( YYYY - MM - DD ) From 1.5 ! G 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Dellavedova , Matthew 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 198 lb ( 90 kg ) 1990 -- 09 -- 08 Saint Mary 's 5.5 ! F / C 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Frye , Channing 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 255 lb ( 116 kg ) 1983 -- 05 -- 17 Arizona 1.5 ! G 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Irving , Kyrie ( C ) 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 193 lb ( 88 kg ) 1992 -- 03 -- 23 Duke 4.0 ! F 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 James , LeBron ( C ) 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 250 lb ( 113 kg ) 1984 -- 12 -- 30 St. Vincent -- St. Mary HS ( OH ) 4.0 ! F 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 Jefferson , Richard 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 233 lb ( 106 kg ) 1980 -- 06 -- 21 Arizona 2.5 ! G / F 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 Jones , Dahntay 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 225 lb ( 102 kg ) 1980 -- 12 -- 27 Duke 2.5 ! G / F 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Jones , James 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 218 lb ( 99 kg ) 1980 -- 10 -- 04 Miami ( FL ) 6.0 ! C 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Kaun , Sasha 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 260 lb ( 118 kg ) 1985 -- 05 -- 08 Kansas 5.5 ! F / C 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 Love , Kevin 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 251 lb ( 114 kg ) 1988 -- 09 -- 07 UCLA 1.5 ! G 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 McRae , Jordan 7000195580000000000 ♠ 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 179 lb ( 81 kg ) 1991 -- 03 -- 28 Tennessee 6.0 ! C 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 Mozgov , Timofey 7000215899999999999 ♠ 7 ft 1 in ( 2.16 m ) 275 lb ( 125 kg ) 1986 -- 07 -- 16 Russia 1.5 ! G 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Shumpert , Iman 7000195580000000000 ♠ 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 220 lb ( 100 kg ) 1990 -- 06 -- 26 Georgia Tech 2.5 ! G / F 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Smith , J.R. 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 225 lb ( 102 kg ) 1985 -- 09 -- 09 St. Benedict 's Prep ( NJ ) 5.5 ! F / C 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Thompson , Tristan 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 238 lb ( 108 kg ) 1991 -- 03 -- 13 Texas 1.5 ! G 7001520000000000000 ♠ 52 Williams , Mo 7000185420000000000 ♠ 6 ft 1 in ( 1.85 m ) 198 lb ( 90 kg ) 1982 -- 12 -- 19 Alabama Head coach Tyronn Lue Assistant coach ( es ) Jim Boylan Bret Brielmaier Larry Drew Damon Jones Mike Longabardi James Posey Phil Handy ( player development ) Vitaly Potapenko ( player development ) Legend ( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended ( DL ) On assignment to D - League affiliate Injured Roster Transactions Last transaction : 2016 -- 04 -- 13 Golden State Warriors ( edit ) 2015 -- 16 Golden State Warriors roster Players Coaches Pos . No . Name Height Weight DOB ( YYYY - MM - DD ) From 1.5 ! G 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 Barbosa , Leandro 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 194 lb ( 88 kg ) 1982 -- 11 -- 28 Brazil 4.0 ! F 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 Barnes , Harrison 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 225 lb ( 102 kg ) 1992 -- 05 -- 30 North Carolina 6.0 ! C 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Bogut , Andrew 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 260 lb ( 118 kg ) 1984 -- 11 -- 28 Utah 1.5 ! G 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Clark , Ian 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 175 lb ( 79 kg ) 1991 -- 03 -- 07 Belmont 1.5 ! G 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 Curry , Stephen ( C ) 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 190 lb ( 86 kg ) 1988 -- 03 -- 14 Davidson 6.0 ! C 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 Ezeli , Festus 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 265 lb ( 120 kg ) 1989 -- 10 -- 21 Vanderbilt 4.0 ! F 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 Green , Draymond ( C ) 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 230 lb ( 104 kg ) 1990 -- 03 -- 04 Michigan State 2.5 ! G / F 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Iguodala , Andre 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 215 lb ( 98 kg ) 1984 -- 01 -- 28 Arizona 1.5 ! G 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 Livingston , Shaun 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 192 lb ( 87 kg ) 1985 -- 09 -- 11 Peoria Central HS ( IL ) 4.0 ! F 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 Looney , Kevon 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 220 lb ( 100 kg ) 1996 -- 02 -- 06 UCLA 4.0 ! F 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 McAdoo , James Michael 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 240 lb ( 109 kg ) 1993 -- 01 -- 04 North Carolina 2.5 ! G / F 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Rush , Brandon 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 220 lb ( 100 kg ) 1985 -- 07 -- 07 Kansas 5.5 ! F / C 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Speights , Marreese 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 255 lb ( 116 kg ) 1987 -- 08 -- 04 Florida 1.5 ! G 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Thompson , Klay 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 215 lb ( 98 kg ) 1990 -- 02 -- 08 Washington State 5.5 ! F / C 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 Varejão , Anderson 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 273 lb ( 124 kg ) 1982 -- 09 -- 28 Brazil Head coach Steve Kerr Assistant coach ( es ) Ron Adams Jarron Collins Luke Walton Bruce Fraser ( player development ) Legend ( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended ( DL ) On assignment to D - League affiliate Injured Roster Transactions Last transaction : 2016 -- 06 -- 14 Player statistics ( edit ) Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field - goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field - goal percentage FT % Free - throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Cleveland Cavaliers Player GP GS MPG FG % 3FG % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG Dellavedova , Matthew Matthew Dellavedova 6 0 7.6 . 263 . 167 . 833 0.5 1.0 0.0 0.0 2.7 Frye , Channing Channing Frye 4 0 8.3 . 000 . 000 1.000 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.5 Irving , Kyrie Kyrie Irving 7 7 39.0 . 468 . 405 . 939 3.9 3.9 2.1 0.7 27.1 James , LeBron LeBron James 7 7 41.7 . 494 . 371 . 721 11.3 8.9 2.6 2.3 29.7 Jefferson , Richard Richard Jefferson 7 2 24.0 . 516 . 167 . 636 5.3 0.4 1.3 0.1 5.7 Jones , Dahntay Dahntay Jones 6 0 3.0 . 500 . 000 . 800 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.2 1.3 Jones , James James Jones 5 0 4.0 . 000 . 000 . 250 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.2 Love , Kevin Kevin Love 6 5 26.3 . 362 . 263 . 706 6.8 1.3 0.7 0.3 8.5 McRae , Jordan Jordan McRae 1 0 3.0 1.000 . 000 . 000 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 Mozgov , Timofey Timofey Mozgov 5 0 5.0 . 333 . 000 . 750 1.6 0.0 0.6 0.2 1.4 Shumpert , Iman Iman Shumpert 7 0 18.3 . 304 . 267 1.000 1.6 0.1 0.1 0.3 3.0 Smith , J.R. J.R. Smith 7 7 37.3 . 400 . 356 . 667 2.7 1.6 1.4 0.3 10.6 Thompson , Tristan Tristan Thompson 7 7 32.3 . 636 . 000 . 533 10.1 0.7 0.3 0.9 10.3 Williams , Mo Mo Williams 6 0 4.8 . 333 . 200 . 000 0.5 0.2 0.5 0.0 1.5 Golden State Warriors Player GP GS MPG FG % 3FG % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG Barbosa , Leandro Leandro Barbosa 6 0 13.1 . 643 . 500 . 727 1.0 0.8 0.5 0.2 8.2 Barnes , Harrison Harrison Barnes 7 7 31.7 . 352 . 310 . 600 4.4 1.4 0.7 0.4 9.3 Bogut , Andrew Andrew Bogut 5 5 12.0 . 471 . 000 . 000 3.0 0.6 0.4 2.0 3.2 Clark , Ian Ian Clark 4 0 4.8 . 625 . 600 . 000 0.8 0.5 0.0 0.0 3.3 Curry , Stephen Stephen Curry 7 7 35.1 . 403 . 400 . 929 4.9 3.7 0.9 0.7 22.6 Ezeli , Festus Festus Ezeli 7 1 8.6 . 300 . 000 . 500 1.9 0.4 0.1 0.1 2.0 Green , Draymond Draymond Green 6 6 40.0 . 486 . 406 . 783 10.3 6.3 1.7 1.0 16.5 Iguodala , Andre Andre Iguodala 7 2 34.1 . 466 . 304 . 333 6.3 4.1 0.9 0.7 9.1 Livingston , Shaun Shaun Livingston 7 0 21.1 . 511 . 000 . 857 3.4 2.9 0.3 0.3 8.3 McAdoo , James Michael James Michael McAdoo 3 0 6.1 1.000 . 000 . 000 1.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 1.3 Rush , Brandon Brandon Rush 1 0 5.5 . 000 . 000 . 500 1.0 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.2 Speights , Marreese Marreese Speights 7 0 4.7 . 222 . 400 1.000 1.3 0.3 0.1 0.3 2.0 Thompson , Klay Klay Thompson 7 7 35.3 . 427 . 350 . 786 3.0 1.9 1.0 0.6 19.6 Varejão , Anderson Anderson Varejão 6 0 6.9 . 000 . 000 . 500 1.3 1.0 0.2 0.0 1.2 Broadcast ( edit ) In the United States , the NBA Finals aired on ABC with Mike Breen as play - by - play commentator , and Mark Jackson and Jeff Van Gundy serving as color commentators . ESPN Radio aired it as well and had Kevin Calabro and Hubie Brown as commentators . ESPN Deportes provided exclusive Spanish - language coverage of The Finals , with a commentary team of Álvaro Martín and Carlos Morales . Television ratings ( edit ) Game Ratings ( households ) American audience ( in millions ) 1 11.1 19.20 2 9.8 17.49 3 9.7 16.47 4 9.8 16.57 5 11.8 20.53 6 11.8 20.70 7 15.8 31.02 Avg 11.4 20.28 See also ( edit ) Big Three ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) Death lineup Cavaliers -- Warriors rivalry References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CANADIAN TV SCHEDULE -- 2015 -- 16 '' . NBA.com . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2016 . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCauley , Janie ( June 19 , 2016 ) . `` James and Cavaliers win thrilling NBA Finals Game 7 , 93 -- 89 '' . National Basketball Association . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ziegler , P.J ( June 19 , 2016 ) . `` Curse broken : Cleveland Cavaliers win NBA Championship '' . FOX 8 Cleveland . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cato , Tim . `` Cavaliers vs. Raptors 2016 results : LeBron James advances to 6th straight NBA Finals with Game 6 win '' . sbnation.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fedor , Chris ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` David Blatt fired by Cleveland Cavaliers ; Tyronn Lue elevated to head coach '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland.com . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` David Blatt fired as Cavaliers coach ; Tyronn Lue to take over team '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Ethan ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` Epic history : Stephen Curry , Warriors surpass Bulls ' win record '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mather , Victor ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` Move Over , Warriors . Cavs Can Shoot 3s , Too . '' . NY Times . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCauley , Janie ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Durant , Westbrook power Thunder past Warriors 108 -- 102 '' . NBA.com . Associated Press . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shelburne , Ramona ( February 10 , 2016 ) . `` Kerr battles lingering spinal - fluid issues , but coaches through pain '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2016 . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Silence the Thunder in Game 7 , Series '' . NBA . May 30 , 2016 . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors up 1 -- 0 as Draymond Green , supporting cast key win '' . ESPN.com . June 3 , 2016 . Retrieved 6 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBA finals , Game 1 : Golden State Warriors beat Cleveland Cavaliers -- as it happened '' . Guardian . 3 June 2016 . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors whip Cavaliers 110 -- 77 to take 2 -- 0 NBA Finals lead '' . ESPN . 5 June 2016 . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors , Resilient at Home , Cruise Against the Cavaliers '' . New York Times . 5 June 2016 . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Andrew ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` The Warriors are setting NBA Finals records by crushing the Cavs '' . FoxSports.com . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors humiliate Cleveland Cavaliers in NBA finals Game 2 '' . Guardian . 6 June 2016 . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors 90 -- 120 Cleveland Cavaliers -- as it happened '' . Guardian . 9 June 2016 . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James scores 32 as Cavs wallop Warriors , pull to 2 -- 1 '' . ESPN.com . June 9 , 2016 . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Withers , Tom ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` Love not medically cleared , will not play in Game 3 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers roar back to crush Warriors as Steph Curry 's struggles continue '' . Guardian . June 9 , 2016 . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cacciola , Scott ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` Warriors Win and Move a Game Away From the N.B.A. Title '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Splish , splash : Curry , Thompson lead Warriors to Game 4 win '' . NBA.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Three charts on a record - setting night for Curry and the Warriors '' . ESPN.com . June 10 , 2016 . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors '' ( PDF ) . nba.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Win and Move a Game Away From the N.B.A. Title '' . New York Times . 10 June 2016 . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors defeat Cleveland Cavaliers : NBA finals Game 4 -- as it happened '' . Guardian . 10 June 2016 . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian ( June 11 , 2016 ) . `` Sources : Ruling on Green - LeBron incident could come Sunday '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Branch , John ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Cavaliers Stave Off Elimination in N.B.A. Finals '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Leung , Diamond ( June 12 , 2016 ) . `` NBA Finals : Warriors ' Draymond Green suspended for Game 5 by NBA '' . The Mercury News . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Cavaliers beat the Golden State Warriors : NBA finals Game 5 -- as it happened '' . Guardian . 14 June 2016 . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Draymond Green to Watch Game 5 from Oakland Athletics stadium '' . The Sports Xchange. 13 June 2016 . Retrieved 17 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Suspended Draymond Green to Watch Game 5 from Oakland A 's Coliseum , Declines 1st Pitch Offer '' . Lee Bailey 's EURWeb. 13 June 2016 . Retrieved 17 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Suspended Draymond Green to Watch at A 's Game '' . SI Wire. 13 June 2016 . Retrieved 17 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Amick , Sam ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` Andrew Bogut will miss remainder of NBA Finals with left knee injury '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` LeBron goes for 41 as Cavs drop Warriors , force Game 7 of Finals '' . ESPN.com . June 16 , 2016 . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers thrash Warriors to force winner - take - all Game 7 in NBA finals '' . Guardian . 16 June 2016 . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Cavaliers defeat the Golden State Warriors : NBA finals , Game 6 -- as it happened ! '' . Guardian . 16 June 2016 . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Araton , Harvey ( June 18 , 2016 ) . `` With Swat of Stephen Curry , LeBron James Jolted a Debate '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Tim . `` Curry gets ejected late in Warriors ' Game 6 loss '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Poole , Monte . `` Curry flips out in Game 6 of finals , takes first NBA ejection '' . csnbayarea.com . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Chiari , Mike . `` Stephen Curry , Steve Kerr Fined for Game 6 Incidents in NBA Finals '' . bleacherreport.com . Jump up ^ `` Warriors ' Curry voted NBA 's first unanimous MVP '' . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Love came up with the biggest defensive stop of the entire NBA season '' . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Biggest Stop Of Kevin Love 's Life ? It Was n't This One '' . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers vs. Warriors - Game Recap - June 19 , 2016 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 13 Greatest Game 7 Performances In NBA Finals History '' . 2016 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Schilling , Dave ( 2016 - 06 - 20 ) . `` LeBron James leads Cleveland Cavaliers to NBA title and ends 52 - year drought '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Gallo , D.J. ( 2016 - 06 - 20 ) . `` Cleveland Cavaliers beat Golden State Warriors : NBA finals Game 7 -- as it happened '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers become first team to rally from 3 -- 1 series deficit in NBA Finals '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2016 . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Withers , Tom ( June 19 , 2016 ) . `` The End : Cleveland rocks as title drought ends in Finals '' . National Basketball Association . Associated Press . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James wins NBA Finals MVP for 3rd time '' . National Basketball Association . Associated Press . June 19 , 2016 . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James named unanimous Finals MVP after Cavs ' Game 7 win '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ingrassia , Nunzio ( June 19 , 2016 ) . `` This unbelievable stat illustrates just how great LeBron James was in the Finals '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vogel , Brandon ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` Hot Reads : Tryonn '' . Hail Varsity . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Cavaliers 93 - 89 Golden State Warriors : LeBron James helps end 52 - year drought to win first NBA championship in their history after completing remarkable comeback from 3 - 1 down '' . Daily Mail . June 20 , 2016 . Retrieved July 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cacciola , Scott ( June 19 , 2016 ) . `` Cavaliers Defeat Warriors to Win Their First N.B.A. Title '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carafdo , Ben . `` 2016 NBA Finals Tip Off June 2 Exclusively on ABC : Golden State Warriors vs. Cleveland Cavaliers '' . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Teri Couch ( June 3 , 2016 ) . `` NBA Finals Was Most - Watched & Highest - Rated Game 1 Ever on ABC '' . ESPN MediaZone . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rick Porter ( June 3 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : NBA Finals tops 2015 's Game 1 , ' Big Bang ' adjusts up , ' American Grit ' down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( June 8 , 2016 ) . `` Game 2 of NBA Finals Holds Up Well Despite Blowout '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rick Porter ( June 8 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : Miss USA adjusts up , plus final NBA numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` Stinkers Sinking NBA Finals , But Numbers Still Big '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rick Porter ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : NBA Finals adjust up but lowest of series so far '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Closer Game , But No Cigar For NBA Finals '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rick Porter ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : Final NBA and Copa America numbers , ' Masters of Illusion ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` NBA Finals Has Another Viewership Dip , But Nears Post-Jordan High '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rick Porter ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' So You Think You Can Dance ' adjusts up , ' Reign ' and ' Whose Line ' ajdust down , final NBA numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Despite Fifth Straight Decline , NBA Finals Strong Entering Game 7 '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rick Porter ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : NBA Finals hits a high for 2016 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paulsen ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` LeBron , Cleveland 's Game 7 Triumph Tops 30 Million Viewers '' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rick Porter ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : NBA Finals Game 7 adjusts up a little more '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal Official website 2016 NBA Finals at Basketball-Reference.com ( show ) NBA Finals Champions O'Brien Trophy Most Valuable Player Award Brown Trophy Championship ring Broadcasters Game sevens Droughts Streaks TV ratings 1940s 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 ( show ) Cleveland Cavaliers 2015 -- 16 NBA champions 0 Kevin Love 1 James Jones 2 Kyrie Irving 4 Iman Shumpert 5 J.R. Smith 8 Matthew Dellavedova 9 Channing Frye 12 Jordan McRae 13 Tristan Thompson 14 Sasha Kaun 20 Timofey Mozgov 23 LeBron James ( Finals MVP ) 24 Richard Jefferson 30 Dahntay Jones 52 Mo Williams Head coach Tyronn Lue Assistant coaches Bret Brielmaier Jim Boylan Larry Drew Phil Handy Mike Longabardi Damon Jones James Posey Vitaly Potapenko Regular season Playoffs ( show ) Cleveland Cavaliers Founded in 1970 Based in Cleveland , Ohio Franchise History 1970 Expansion Draft All - time roster Draft history Seasons Head coaches Current season Arenas Cleveland Arena Richfield Coliseum Quicken Loans Arena Key personnel Owner : Dan Gilbert General manager : Koby Altman Assistant GM : Mike Gansey Head coach : Tyronn Lue Culture and lore Big Three `` Cleveland Rocks '' Cleveland sports curse Joe Tait Ted Stepien rule The Block The Decision The Miracle of Richfield The Shot Rivalries Chicago Bulls Golden State Warriors Playoff appearances ( 21 ) 1976 1977 1978 1985 1988 1989 1990 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1998 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2015 2016 2017 Central Division titles ( 6 ) 1976 2009 2010 2015 2016 2017 Eastern Conference titles ( 4 ) 2007 2015 2016 2017 NBA Championships ( 1 ) 2016 Retired numbers 7 11 22 25 34 42 43 Hall of Fame inductees Wayne Embry Nate Thurmond Lenny Wilkens G League affiliate Canton Charge Media Broadcasters Radio network Flagships : WTAM WMMS Spanish : WLFM - LP Television : Fox Sports Ohio ( show ) Golden State Warriors Founded in 1946 Played in Philadelphia ( 1946 -- 1962 ) and San Francisco ( 1962 -- 1971 ) Based in Oakland , California Franchise Franchise Team history All - time roster Draft history Seasons Head coaches Current season Arenas Philadelphia Arena Philadelphia Convention Hall Cow Palace San Francisco Civic Auditorium War Memorial Gymnasium ( University of San Francisco ) San Jose Arena Oracle Arena Chase Center General managers Tyrell Gottlieb Feerick Vertlieb Stirling Attles Nelson Twardzik St. Jean Mullin Riley Myers G League affiliate Santa Cruz Warriors Retired numbers 13 14 16 17 24 42 Hall of Famers Paul Arizin Rick Barry Wilt Chamberlain Joe Fulks Tom Gola Neil Johnston Jerry Lucas Šarūnas Marčiulionis Chris Mullin Mitch Richmond Don Nelson Robert Parish Andy Phillip Guy Rodgers Ralph Sampson Nate Thurmond Jamaal Wilkes NBA Championships ( 5 ) 1947 1956 1975 2015 2017 Conference Championships ( 9 ) 1947 1948 1956 1964 1967 1975 2015 2016 2017 Culture / lore Wilt the Stilt 100 point game Nate the Great Nellie Ball Run TMC The Sleepy Floyd game Splash Brothers Death lineup Warrior Girls 73 -- 9 The Block Rivalries Cleveland Cavaliers Media TV NBC Sports Bay Area Radio KGMZ Announcers Bob Fitzgerald Jim Barnett Tim Roye ( show ) 2015 -- 16 NBA season by team Draft Summer League All - Star Game Playoffs Finals Transactions D - League Eastern Atlantic Boston Brooklyn New York Philadelphia Toronto Central Chicago Cleveland Detroit Indiana Milwaukee Southeast Atlanta Charlotte Miami Orlando Washington Western Northwest Denver Minnesota Oklahoma City Portland Utah Pacific Golden State L.A. 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"Cleveland finished the regular season with a 57–25 record, capturing the Central Division title and the top playoff seed in the Eastern Conference. They then advanced to the Finals after sweeping both the Detroit Pistons in the first round and the Atlanta Hawks in the second round, and defeating the Toronto Raptors in the Eastern Conference Finals in six games. The Cavaliers were the first team in history to go to two consecutive NBA Finals with rookie head coaches."
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6940712437283707908 | Whole Foods Market | Whole Foods Market - wikipedia Whole Foods Market Jump to : navigation , search `` Whole Foods '' redirects here . For the type of food , see Whole food . For the food cooperative , see Whole Foods Co-op . Whole Foods Market , Inc . Headquarters in Downtown Austin Type Subsidiary Industry Grocery store Health food store Founded September 20 , 1980 ; 36 years ago ( 1980 - 09 - 20 ) Austin , Texas , U.S. Founders John Mackey , Renee Hardy - Lawson , Mark Skiles , Craig Weller Key people John B. Elstrott ( Chairman ) John Mackey ( CEO ) Jason Buechel ( CIO ) Owner Amazon.com Number of employees 91,000 Subsidiaries 365 By Whole Foods Market Website www.wholefoodsmarket.com Whole Foods Market Inc. is an American supermarket chain exclusively featuring foods without artificial preservatives , colors , flavors , sweeteners , and hydrogenated fats . The precursors of Whole Foods were John Mackey and Renee Hardy Lawson 's SaferWay store , founded in 1978 , and Craig Weller and Mark Skiles ' Clarksville Natural Grocery , both in Austin , Texas . On September 20 , 1980 , these stores merged to open the first Whole Foods Market Store , also in Austin , the company 's current headquarters . In the 1990s , Whole Foods bought a series of organic food chain competitors , including Wellspring and Freshfield 's , quickly cementing its position as the highest - volume seller of organic food in the United States . As of September 2015 , it has 91,000 employees and 431 supermarkets in the United States , Canada , and the United Kingdom , and has its main produce procurement office in Watsonville , California . As of 2015 , founder John Mackey and Walter Robb were co-CEOs of the publicly traded company , with John Elstrott as chairman . In November 2016 , the company announced that Walter Robb would be stepping down as co-CEO at the end of year and would remain with the company as a director . It became a Fortune 500 company in March 2005 and is the 30th largest retailer in the U.S. , based on 2014 revenue . On June 16 , 2017 , it was announced that Amazon.com would acquire Whole Foods for $13.7 billion at $42 per share , a 27 percent premium to its previous closing price . Following the conclusion of the deal at the end of 2017 , Whole Foods will become a subsidiary of Amazon , widely expanding Amazon 's presence as a physical retailer . On August 23 , 2017 , it was reported that the Federal Trade Commission approved the merger between Amazon.com and Whole Foods Market . The following day it was announced that the deal would be closed on August 28 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early years 1.2 Expansion 1.2. 1 United Kingdom and Canada 1.2. 2 Acquisition of Wild Oats Markets and antitrust complaint 1.3 Recent 2 Product quality 3 Rating systems 4 GMO transparency 5 Purchasing 5.1 National Organic Program 5.2 Whole Trade Guarantee 6 Efforts 6.1 Environmental involvement 6.2 Eliminating plastic 6.3 Humane treatment of animals 6.4 Toxins 7 Criticism and controversies 7.1 Whole Foods re-zoning petition regarding protected wetlands 8 Awards and recognition 9 Labor relations and anti-union activity 10 Management system 10.1 Employee structure and culture 10.2 Employee benefits and incentives 10.3 Company structure 10.4 Subsidiary companies and suppliers 11 365 By Whole Foods Market 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links History ( edit ) Early years ( edit ) In 1978 , Mackey and Renee Lawson borrowed $45,000 from family and friends to open a small vegetarian natural foods store called SaferWay in Austin , ( the name being a spoof of Safeway ) . When the two were evicted from their apartment for storing food products in it , they decided to live at the store . Because it was zoned for commercial use , there was no shower stall , so they bathed using a water hose attached to their dishwasher . Two years later , John Mackey and Renee Lawson partnered with Craig Weller and Mark Skiles to merge SaferWay with the latter 's Clarksville Natural Grocery , resulting in the opening of the original Whole Foods Market , which included meat products . At 10,500 square feet ( 980 m ) and with a staff of 19 , the store was quite large in comparison to the standard health food store of the time . The following Memorial Day , on May 25 , 1981 , the most damaging flood in 70 years devastated Austin . Whole Foods ' inventory was ruined , and most of the equipment was damaged . The loss was approximately $400,000 and Whole Foods Market had no insurance . Customers , neighbors , and staff pitched in to repair and clean up the damage . Creditors , vendors , and investors assisted in helping the store recover , and the store reopened 28 days later . Expansion ( edit ) The Whole Foods Market on Bowery , in Manhattan , is the largest grocery store in New York City . The produce department of a new Whole Foods Market located in the Southern Hills area of Tulsa , OK . Whole Foods Market in Boston A Bread & Circus and Whole Foods bakery Beginning in 1984 , Whole Foods Market expanded out of Austin , first to Houston and Dallas and then into New Orleans with the purchase of The Whole Food Co. in 1988 . In 1989 , the company expanded to the West Coast with a store in Palo Alto , Calif . While opening new stores , the company fueled rapid growth by acquiring other natural foods chains throughout the 1990s : Wellspring Grocery of North Carolina , Bread & Circus of Massachusetts and Rhode Island ( banner retired in 2003 ) , Mrs. Gooch 's Natural Foods Markets of Los Angeles , Bread of Life of Northern California , Fresh Fields Markets on the East Coast and in the Midwest , Florida Bread of Life stores , Detroit - area Merchant of Vino stores , and Nature 's Heartland of Boston . The company 's 100th store was opened in Torrance , California , in 1999 . The company started its third decade with additional acquisitions . The first was Natural Abilities in 2000 , which did business as Food for Thought in Northern California . After the departure of then company president Chris Hitt and regional president Rich Cundiff , Southern California region , John Mackey promoted A.C. Gallo , president of the Northeast region and Walter Robb , president of the Northern California region to Co-COO and soon after added the titles of Co-President . This led to the promotion of three new regional presidents and a new era for the company . David Lannon became president of the Northeast region , Anthony Gilmore became president of the Southwest region , Ron Megehan became president of the Northern California region . In 2001 , Whole Foods also moved into Manhattan . Later that year Ken Meyer became president of the newly formed South region and Whole Foods Market acquired the assets of Harry 's Farmers Market , which included three stores in Atlanta . In 2002 , the company continued its expansion in North America and opened its first store in Toronto , Ontario . Further continuing its expansion , Select Fish of Seattle was acquired in 2003 . In 2005 , Whole Foods opened its 80,000 sq ft ( 7,400 m ) flagship store in downtown Austin . The company 's headquarters moved into offices above the store . Whole Foods Market 's expansion has increased the need for products and processing plants . In response , the company added its 365 Everyday Value product line and purchased Allegro Coffee Company in 1997 . It also began to acquire seafood processing plants in 2003 . Whole Foods began opening its Hawaii stores in 2007 and in 2008 it opened a southeast distribution center in Braselton , Georgia , calling it the first `` green distribution center '' for the company . Along with new acquisitions , such as the 2014 purchase of seven Dominick 's Finer Foods locations in Chicago , Whole Foods has also sold stores to other companies . For example , 35 Henry 's Farmers Market and Sun Harvest Market stores were sold to a subsidiary of Los Angeles grocer Smart & Final Inc. for $166 million in 2007 . Whole Foods plans to open its second store in upstate New York in Amherst , a suburb of Buffalo . As part of a streamlining campaign , in January 2017 the company reported that it would close three remaining regional kitchens in Everett , Landover and Atlanta . United Kingdom and Canada ( edit ) In 2004 , Whole Foods Market entered the U.K. by acquiring seven Fresh & Wild stores . In June 2007 , it opened its first full - size store , a total of 80,000 sq ft ( 7,400 m ) on three levels , on the site of the old Barkers department store on Kensington High Street , West London . Company executives claimed that as many as forty stores might eventually be opened throughout the U.K. However , by September 2008 , in the wake of Whole Foods Market 's financial troubles , Fresh & Wild had been reduced to four stores , all in London . The flagship Bristol branch closed because it had `` not met profitability goals '' . In the year to September 28 , 2008 , the UK subsidiary lost £ 36M due to a large impairment charge of £ 27M and poor trading results due to the growing fears of global recession . However , in 2011 , global sales grew + 8 % each financial quarter as shoppers returned to the chain . A first Scottish store was opened on November 16 , 2011 in Giffnock , a suburb of Glasgow . Whole Foods Market Inc. currently operates 9 different Whole Foods locations : in Camden Town , Cheltenham , Clapham Junction , Giffnock , Kensington , Piccadilly Circus , Richmond , Stoke Newington , and Fulham . Whole Foods entered the Canadian market in 2002 in Toronto . In 2013 , Whole Foods said it would open around 40 more stores in Canada over time . At the time , there were 9 Whole Foods in Canada . By January 2017 , Whole Foods had 467 stores , all of which were in the United States except 9 in the United Kingdom and 12 in Canada . In January 2017 , Whole Foods announced it was cancelling plans from 2015 and 2016 to open stores in Calgary and Edmonton . Among the twelve were five in the Vancouver and Toronto areas , one in Ottawa , and one in Victoria , British Columbia . Acquisition of Wild Oats Markets and antitrust complaint ( edit ) On February 21 , 2007 , Whole Foods Market , Inc. and Wild Oats Markets Inc. announced the signing of a merger agreement under which Whole Foods Market , Inc. would acquire Wild Oats Markets Inc. 's outstanding common stock in a cash tender offer of $18.50 per share , or approximately $565 million based on fully diluted shares . Under the agreement , Whole Foods Market , Inc. would also assume Wild Oats Markets Inc. 's existing net debt totaling approximately $106 million as reported on September 30 , 2006 . On June 27 , 2007 , the Federal Trade Commission ( FTC ) issued an administrative complaint challenging Whole Foods Market , Inc. 's acquisition of Wild Oats Markets Inc . According to the complaint , the FTC believed that the proposed transaction would violate federal antitrust laws by eliminating the substantial competition between two close competitors in the operation of premium natural and organic supermarkets nationwide . The FTC contended that if the transaction were to proceed Whole Foods Market would have the ability to raise prices and reduce quality and services . Both Whole Foods Market and Wild Oats stated their intention to vigorously oppose the FTC 's complaint and a court hearing on the issue was scheduled for July 31 and August 1 , 2007 . CEO John Mackey started a blog on the subject to explain his opposition to the FTC 's stance . Further blogging by Mackey was revealed when the FTC released papers detailing highly opinionated comments under the pseudonym `` Rahodeb '' that he made to the Whole Foods Yahoo ! investment message board . This became the subject of an investigation when the Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) noted that Regulation Fair Disclosure law of 2000 may have been violated . The SEC cleared Mackey of the charges on April 25 , 2008 . On July 29 , 2008 , the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia overturned the district court 's decision allowing the merger . The Court of Appeals ruled that `` premium natural , and organic supermarkets '' ( `` PNOS '' ) , such as Whole Foods and Wild Oats , constitute a distinct submarket of all grocers . The court ruled that `` mission driven '' consumers ( those with an emphasis on social and environmental responsibility ) would be adversely affected by the merger because substantial evidence by the FTC showed that Whole Foods intended to raise prices after consummation of the merger . As part of its effort to combat the ruling , Whole Foods subpoenaed financial records , market studies and future strategic plans belonging to New Seasons Market , a regional competitor based in the Portland area . In 2009 Whole Foods agreed to sell the Wild Oats chain . Recent ( edit ) In February 2017 , Whole Foods Market Inc. said it would close nine of its stores and lowered its financial projections for the year , moves made as the natural - foods company struggled with increased competition and slowing sales growth . In late April 2017 , Whole Foods reported their sixth consecutive quarters of declining sales and announced that the company would be closing nine stores : two each in Colorado and California , and one each in Georgia , Arizona , Utah , New Mexico , and Chicago , Illinois . The loss of revenue was attributed to foot traffic being down and other supermarkets offering a similar experience for a lower cost . Wikinews has related news : Amazon.com to acquire Whole Foods at US $42 per share On April 24 , 2017 , it was reported that Albertsons was in preliminary talks with bankers about bidding to purchase Whole Foods . Albertsons at the time was owned by Cerberus Capital Management . On June 15 , 2017 , Amazon.com announced it would acquire Whole Foods Market , adding 400 physical stores to Amazon 's e-commerce assets . The purchase was valued at $13.7 billion , and caused Whole Foods stock prices to soar after the announcement was made . Product quality ( edit ) Produce in a Cary , North Carolina store Whole Foods Market only sells products that meet its self - created quality standards for being `` natural '' , which the store defines as : minimally processed foods that are free of hydrogenated fats as well as artificial flavors , colors , sweeteners , preservatives , and many others as listed on their online `` Unacceptable Food Ingredients '' list . Whole Foods Market has also announced that it does not intend to sell meat or milk from cloned animals or their offspring , even though the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) has ruled them safe to eat . The company also sells many USDA - certified organic foods and products that aim to be environmentally friendly and ecologically responsible . Stores do not carry foie gras or eggs from hens confined to battery cages due to animal cruelty concerns , as a result of successful advocacy by animal welfare groups . The Whole Foods Market website details the company 's criteria for selling food , dietary supplements , and personal care products . Until June 2011 , body care products sold at Whole Foods Market could be marketed as organic even if they contained ingredients not listed by the USDA as acceptable for use in organic food . `` Products made using petroleum - derived and other synthetic or chemical ingredients , prohibited in organic foods , can be found among the organic shampoos and lotions made by Avalon , Nature 's Gate , Jason Natural Cosmetics , Kiss My Face and other brands '' , said Urvashi Rangan , an environmental health scientist at Consumer Reports . This is because the federal guidelines that regulate organic food labeling do not apply to cosmetics . Starting in June 2011 , personal care products sold at Whole Foods Market were required to follow the same USDA National Organic Program standards for organic food . This required products labeled `` Organic '' to contain 95 percent or more certified organic ingredients . Preparing to break open a wheel of Parmigiano - Reggiano cheese at Whole Foods Market in Overland Park , Kansas In a Wall Street Journal article in August 2009 , John Mackey acknowledged that his company had lost touch with its natural food roots and would attempt to reconnect with the idea that health was affected by the quality of food consumed . He said `` We sell a bunch of junk '' . He stated that the company would focus more on health education in its stores . As of 2013 , many stores have employed Healthy Eating Specialists which are team members who `` answer customers ' healthy eating questions and can assist ... in choosing the most nutrient - dense ingredients , suggest satisfying healthy recipes , '' and help `` create a meal plan in keeping with your health goals . '' Rating systems ( edit ) In an effort to allow their customers full - transparency in purchasing Whole Foods Market has developed a number of in - store rating systems for various departments . The Seafood department has a Sustainability Rating System for wild - caught seafood while farm - raised seafood has to meet aquaculture standards both rated in accordance to third - party auditors . The Meat department has a rating system in partnership with the Global Animal Partnership based on animal welfare . The produce department has a rating system based on farming practices which include measures of a farm 's environmental , GMO transparency , worker safety and wage practices . The grocery department has an Eco-scale rating system for its cleaning products which measures their environmental impact . Each system is in place to allow customers to make the most educated choices within Whole Foods Market . There are efforts to create more rating systems in other departments . GMO transparency ( edit ) Continuing with their efforts of full - transparency , Whole Foods Market is committed to becoming the first national grocer to provide its customers GMO ( genetically modified organism ) product labeling by 2018 . Efforts of GMO transparency run the gamut of each department . For years , Non-GMO Project Verified items have been sought in Grocery . While efforts continue in Produce , Whole Foods recommends buying organic or referring to their `` Responsibly Grown produce rating system ( which ) requires growers to disclose use of GMO seeds or plant material . '' In Seafood , plans are being made to launch a Non-GMO Project Verification process for farm - raised fish . Currently , there are no USDA Organic regulations for farmed seafood . Meanwhile , Whole Foods provides a GMO Fact guide including lists of top GMO crops , packaged foods containing GMOs and other products commonly made with GMO plants . Shopping tips to avoid buying potential GMO products at Whole Foods Market are also included in the guide . Currently , the company offers 30,000 certified organic items and about 13,500 Non-GMO Project Verified products . Purchasing ( edit ) Whole Foods Market has opened wine and beer shops to cater to their upmarket brand . Above , the imported beer case at a Whole Foods beer shop . Orange Juice at Whole Foods Market Whole Foods Market purchases products for retail sale from local , regional , and international wholesale suppliers and vendors . The majority of purchasing occurs at the regional and national levels to negotiate volume discounts with major vendors and distributors . Regional and store buyers are focused on local products and any unique products necessary to ensure a neighborhood market feel in the stores . Whole Foods says that the company is committed to buying from local producers that meet its quality standards while also increasingly focusing more of their purchasing on producer - and manufacture - direct programs . Some regions have an employee known as a `` forager '' , whose sole duty is to source local products for each store . National organic program ( edit ) Whole Foods is the first grocer in the United States to have certified adherence to National Organic Program standards ; which involves monitoring products from the time they reach stores until they are placed in a shopping cart . Whole Trade Guarantee ( edit ) In April 2007 , Whole Foods Market launched the Whole Trade Guarantee , a purchasing initiative emphasizing ethics and social responsibility concerning products imported from the developing world . The criteria include fair prices for crops , environmentally sound practices , better wages and labor conditions for workers and the stipulation that one percent of proceeds from Whole Trade certified products go to the Whole Planet Foundation to support micro-loan programs in developing countries . The company 's goal , published in 2007 , is to have at least half of its imported products from these countries fully certified by 2017 . Efforts ( edit ) Whole Foods Market has a policy of donating at least five percent of its annual net profits to charitable causes . Some of this mandate is accomplished through store level donations held on certain `` 5 % days '' throughout the year . The rest of it comes from various targeted projects by the company . Environmental involvement ( edit ) In May 1999 , Whole Foods Market joined the Marine Stewardship Council ( MSC ) , a global independent , not - for - profit organization promoting sustainable fisheries and responsible fishing practices worldwide to help preserve fish stocks for future generations . The company first began selling MSC - certified seafood in 2000 , and a growing selection of MSC - certified fish continues to be available . Whole Foods placed third on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 's list of the `` Top 25 Green Power Partners '' . The company also received the EPA Green Power Award in 2004 and 2005 and Partner of the Year award in 2006 and 2007 . A January 8 , 2007 , Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) report listed Whole Foods Market as the second - highest purchaser of green power nationwide , citing its actions as helping drive the development of new renewable energy sources for the electricity generation . The EPA report showed Whole Foods Market using 463.1 million kilowatt hours annually . It was covered , 100 percent net-wise , by its total electricity from biomass , geothermal , small - hydro , solar , and wind sources . Whole Foods signed an agreement with SolarCity to install solar panels on up to 100 stores . Eliminating plastic ( edit ) In January 2008 , Whole Foods Market was the first U.S. supermarket to commit to completely eliminating disposable plastic grocery bags to help protect the environment and conserve resources and many stores serve as a collection point for shoppers to recycle their plastic bags . On Earth Day , April 22 , 2008 , Whole Foods Market eliminated the use of disposable plastic grocery bags company - wide in favor of reusable bags or paper bags made from recycled paper . The company also began offering `` Better Bags '' , a large and colorful grocery bag made primarily from recycled bottles . The move from the traditional paper / plastic system to environmentally friendly and reusable bags has been packaged as an initiative the company calls `` BYOB -- Bring Your Own Bag '' . The campaign is aimed at reducing pollution by eliminating plastic bags and reducing waste by encouraging bag reuse with `` bag refunds '' of 5 -- 10 cents , depending on the store . Humane treatment of animals ( edit ) In 2002 , People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals began petitioning Whole Foods to take steps to ensure the improvement of treatment of animals sold in the stores . Whole Foods created the Animal Compassion Foundation in January 2005 , a separate nonprofit organization , to help other producers evolve their practices to raise animals naturally and humanely . According to Whole Foods Natural Meat Quality Standards and Animal Compassionate Standards , pulling feathers from live ducks , bill trimming , bill heat treatment , toe punching , slitting the webs of the feet , and toe removal are all prohibited in the raising of ducks for Whole Foods Market . Any ducks treated in this manner , treated with antibiotics or antimicrobials , cloned , genetically modified , or not allowed medical treatment when necessary are to be removed from Whole Foods Market stock . Toxins ( edit ) In January 2004 , in California , the Environmental Working Group and the Center for Environmental Health presented a notice of intent to file an anti-toxin lawsuit against salmon producers . This was in large part due to Whole Foods ' involvement , including highlighting companies ' failure to warn consumers the fish contained potentially dangerous levels of cancer - causing chemicals known as PCBs . In February 2006 , Shareholders of Whole Foods filed a resolution asking Whole Foods to report toxic chemicals found in its products . Substances such as Bisphenol A ( BPA ) , found in products such as baby bottles and children 's cups , are controversial . Whole Foods no longer sells baby bottles and children 's cups made with BPA . In the wake of concern over the safety of seafood imports from China , on July 10 , 2007 , The Washington Post reported that Whole Foods imports a small amount of frozen shrimp from China , accounting for less than 2 % of the company 's total seafood sales . A Whole Foods spokesperson addressed the issue , saying `` We 're not concerned about the less than 2 percent . It 's business as usual for us . '' Criticism and controversies ( edit ) Whole Foods Market is considered anti-labor by most worker organizations and has been criticized that its products may not be as progressive as they are touted to be . Author Michael Pollan has contended that the supermarket chain has done well in expanding the organic market , but has done so at the cost of local foods , regional producers , and distributors . Parts of the debate have taken place publicly through a series of letters between Pollan and Whole Foods Market CEO John Mackey . Whole Foods announced in June 2006 that it would stop selling live lobsters and crabs , but in February 2007 made an exception for a Portland , Maine store for its ability to meet `` humane standards '' . The lobsters are kept in private compartments instead of being piled on top of one another in a tank , and employees use a device that gives them a 110 - volt shock so that they are not boiled alive in a pot of water . This decision was criticized by ex-lobsterman Trevor Corson as damaging a New England tradition and as removing people 's connection to where their food actually comes from . Ronnie Cummins , national director of the United States Organic Consumers Association , said that Whole Foods Market simply uses the term natural as a marketing tool . Cummins concluded that `` Whole Foods Market now is a big - box retailer -- and it 's much more concerned about competing with the other big boxes than issues of ethics and sustainability . '' Similarly , researcher Stacy Mitchell of the New Rules Project argues that the corporation 's aggressive marketing of local food is more hype than substance . Whole Foods has frequently been the subject of resistance or boycotts in response to proposed store locations . The corporation has also been criticized for its aggressive policy of promoting its own in - house brands ( e.g. 365 ) at the expense of smaller or local independent brands . On August 11 , 2009 , Whole Foods CEO John Mackey published an editorial in The Wall Street Journal criticizing the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ; the editorial was controversial in the natural foods community . The company has created other controversies at various times involving business practices , labor issues , product selection , and failure to support farmers and suppliers . In January 2011 , they were criticized by the Organic Consumers Association for `` surrendering '' to agriculture companies such as Monsanto by selling GMO foods ; in March 2013 , Whole Foods promised to label GMO - containing products in North American stores by 2018 . The company has drawn criticism for questionable science behind the claims of benefit of its products , including encouraging and selling drugs that are described to work under homeopathic principles despite the fact that homeopathy is pseudoscience . In 2013 , two workers in Albuquerque , New Mexico were suspended for speaking Spanish . The resulting investigation revealed that Whole Foods has a policy of speaking `` English to customers and other Team Members while on the clock '' . The company soon revised its policy . The company later agreed to pay an $800,000 settlement in response to allegations that its California stores were charging more per weight than what its labels indicated . Whole Foods continued this practice despite the settlement , with investigators alleging thousands of continued violations well into 2015 . In 2015 , the CEOs made a public admission of this happening in New York after a New York City Department of Consumer Affairs investigation . Whole Foods has faced lawsuits in California over the presence of carcinogens . In March 2008 , following a study by the Organic Consumers Association , reports of high levels of 1 , 4 - Dioxane found in body care products at Whole Foods , prompted the Attorney General of California to file a lawsuit against the company for a violation of Proposition 65 . Civil penalties of up to $2,500 a day were expected to be awarded . The action claimed that 365 along with brands sold by other cosmetic companies did not include a label warning about the chemical . Spokesperson Libba Letton stated that the company did `` not believe that these products represent a health risk or are in excess of California 's Proposition 65 Safe Harbor level for 1 , 4 - Dioxane '' while consumer activist David Steinman urged them `` to stop treating the inclusion of cancer - causing chemicals in their products as ' business as usual ' '' . Proposition 65 was invoked again in 2013 when the state sued Whole Foods and other retailers over the presence of lead in certain candies . In May 2014 , Whole Foods launched a pilot program to sell rabbit meat in 5 of its 12 market regions . Because domestic rabbits are the eighth most common pet in the United States as well as an animal rescued and sheltered alongside cats and dogs , this decision triggered a nationwide boycott of Whole Foods by the vegetarian activist House Rabbit Society and their supporters . In June 2014 Whole Foods awarded a financial grant to Oz Family Farms , a family - owned rabbit meat business . In January 2015 , a group of activists organized under the network Direct Action Everywhere ( DxE ) released a video of laying hens from a Northern California farm that supplies eggs to Whole Foods . In the video , which featured footage of crowded , dirty henhouses and injured birds , DxE contended that the hens ' welfare was severely compromised , even though numerous boards had labeled the farm as `` Certified Humane '' . In 2015 , animal rights groups People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals and Direct Action Everywhere released investigations criticizing Whole Foods animal welfare standards and accusing Whole Foods suppliers of animal cruelty . After the release of its investigation , PETA reversed its previous support for Whole Foods ' animal welfare rating system , writing that `` Under the guise of compassion , Whole Foods is profiting from violence against animals . '' PETA co-founder Ingrid Newkirk criticized Whole Foods ' animal welfare approach based on the DxE and PETA investigations , arguing that supposed welfare failures indicate a need for animal rights rather than welfare . Whole Foods has come under harsh criticism from abolitionist vegans such as Gary L. Francione who view the company 's policies as a betrayal of the animal rights position . In June 2016 , US food safety inspectors warned the company that violations discovered at Whole Foods ' Everett , Massachusetts plant could result in food being `` contaminated with filth or rendered injurious to health . '' Whole Foods re-zoning petition regarding protected wetlands ( edit ) In January 2016 , SJ Collins Enterprises , a developer who often works with Whole Foods , petitioned the Sarasota County board of county commissioners to allow the removal a 5 - acre protected wetlands so that they could build a surface parking lot for a planned Whole Foods shopping center and Wawa gas station at the intersection of University Parkway and Honore Avenue . The county commission voted 4 -- 1 to allow the re-zoning and accept 41 acres of replacement wetlands . The lone commissioner voting against the proposal , Charles Hines , stated that approval of the petition could create a domino effect leading to the destruction of other protected areas . He also referred to discussions with county staff members before the commission during the deliberation , such as senior manager Matt Osterhoudt , confirming the health and function of the wetlands and the staff assessment that the comprehensive plan of the county did not allow for the destruction of a wetlands in that condition . Commentators beginning with Tom Lyons responded by expressing their outrage . Awards and recognition ( edit ) Whole Foods Market has been included in Fortune magazine 's annual list of the `` 100 Best Companies to Work For '' every year since the list 's inception in 1998 , most recently at number 44 in 2014 . The chain has also won a number of awards for social responsibility including a first - place ranking by Harris Interactive / The Wall Street Journal in 2006 and past spots on the `` 100 Best Corporate Citizens '' list published by Corporate Responsibility Officer . In 2014 , Supermarket News ranked Whole Foods number 19 on its list of `` Top 75 North American Retailers '' and British trade magazine The Grocer named it the `` World 's Greatest Food Retailer '' in 2006 . A Whole Foods Market in Markham , Ontario . Labor relations and anti-union activity ( edit ) Among its core values , the company lists `` supporting team member happiness and excellence '' . The company maintains that its treatment of workers obviates the need for labor unions : At its U.S. stores , after 800 service hours , full - time workers are given an option to purchase health insurance coverage starting at $20 per paycheck for themselves , and spouse and dependent coverage for an additional charge . Workers also have access to a company - funded personal wellness account , and the starting pay at most stores is highly competitive . Whole Foods Market suburban store in Redwood City , California Whole Food 's health insurance plan is notable for its high deductibles -- $2000 for general medical expenses , and $1000 for prescriptions . However , employees receive $300 to $1800 per year ( depending on years of service ) in personal wellness funds . Once an employee has met the deductibles , insurance covers 80 % of general medical costs and prescriptions but not for any type of mental illness . CEO Mackey drew attention to the insurance program ( offered through United Health Care in the US ) for its employees in an op - ed in The Wall Street Journal . In the article he called his company 's insurance plan a viable alternative to `` Obamacare '' . Mackey summed up his antipathy toward universal coverage in his op - ed by stating : A careful reading of both the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution will not reveal any intrinsic right to health care , food or shelter . That 's because there is n't any . This `` right '' has never existed in America . A `` Boycott Whole Foods '' page on Facebook was created in response to John Mackey 's position on health care . Mackey , a libertarian , believes that unions facilitate an adversarial relationship between management and labor . An attempt at unionizing in Madison , Wisconsin , in 2002 was met with resistance from store management and Whole Foods was accused by labor activists of union busting . Employees at the Madison store voted in favor of unionization . Whole Foods then refused to bargain with their employees . After a year , the company moved to decertify the union . Further attempts at unionizing Whole Foods Market stores have been unsuccessful . Whole Foods launched a nationwide campaign , requiring workers to attend `` Union Awareness Training , '' complete with Power Point presentations . Whole Foods was criticized for its refusal to support a campaign by the United Farm Workers ( UFW ) on behalf of agricultural workers laboring on strawberry farms . During the late 1990s , the UFW persuaded several large supermarket chains to sign a pledge in support of improved wages and working conditions for strawberry pickers . Whole Foods chose instead to support the farm workers indirectly by holding a `` National 5 % Day '' where five percent of that day 's sales -- $125,000 -- was donated to organizations which provide social services to farmworkers . On September 28 , 2015 , Whole Foods announced layoffs of 1,500 jobs , which is 1.6 percent of its workforce , in an effort to lower prices . The eliminated jobs would come from regional and store positions over the next two months . Management system ( edit ) Employee structure and culture ( edit ) Whole Foods Market consists of twelve geographic regions , each with its own president , regional administrative team , store - level leadership , and store - level team members . A 4 - tier hierarchy of employment exists within the Whole Foods Company : Store Employment , Facilities Employment , Regional Offices , and Global Headquarters . Employee Benefits and incentives ( edit ) To help employees learn about products , the company has instituted a mentoring program and developed an online portal called `` Whole Foods Market University '' to aid in training . Internal parlance refers to `` team leaders '' as opposed to `` managers '' and stores sometimes offer prizes for competing teams . A 2014 analysis of 2012 figures found that Whole Foods Market was `` among the least generous companies '' in terms of its 401 ( k ) savings program . Whole Foods Market has an employee discount ; while all employees are provided a standard base discount rate of 20 % on all store purchases , higher rates , up to 30 % can be earned based upon employee physical fitness health tests that are given yearly . These fitness exams are taken at the option of the employee . Company structure ( edit ) In total , Whole Foods Market is composed of seventeen companies , each specializing in a different product . In the 1990s , while new stores were being opened , other natural food chain stores were being acquired for horizontal integration . This led to the Federal Trade Commission challenging the eventual merger with Wild Oats on the basis that it violated antitrust laws , essentially eliminating competition and inflating prices in the health foods market . Subsidiary companies and suppliers ( edit ) Whole Foods Market is based on a system of decentralized buying . Each vendor is approved at the regional level for corporate standards such as being non-gmo and Fair Trade . Individual stores then decide which approved products to stock . They have a rolling ten - year distribution arrangement with UNFI . 365 by Whole Foods Market ( edit ) 365 by Whole Foods Market Industry Retail groceries Founded June 2015 ; 2 years ago ( 2015 - 06 ) Number of locations 5 ( August 2017 ) Parent Whole Foods Market Website 365bywfm.com In June 2015 , the company announced a millennial - focused , and more affordable version of its regular stores , called `` 365 By Whole Foods Market '' . In addition to using digital price tags , in - store communication will largely be done through a smartphone app . In addition , the stores will have the goal of zero waste , donating all leftover food and using LED lights , as well as carbon dioxide - powered refrigeration cases . Jeff Turnas is president of the division . To cut costs , customers unload bulkier products directly off a pallet . Some items , like produce , are priced per item instead of by weight . For items that are still sold by weight , the customers weigh , barcode , and tag those items before they reach the check - out counter . Unlike the regular stores , the 365 stores offer a rewards program . The first 365 By Whole Foods Market store opened in May 2016 in the Silver Lake neighborhood of Los Angeles . A second location opened two months later in Lake Oswego , Oregon , followed by a third store two months after that in Bellevue , Washington . In April 2017 , a fourth location opened in Cedar Park , Texas . In August 2017 , a fifth location was opened in Santa Monica , California . Other future locations include stores in Illinois , Indiana , Ohio , Georgia , and Florida . Although there were as many as twenty two 365 stores under various stages of construction by early July 2017 , progress at most of these construction sites have come to a halt upon the news of the possible acquisition of the parent company by Amazon and there is no information if and when the construction at any of the building sites would resume . In reviewing the new retail format , a reporter for The Motley Fool wrote that the new stores were `` closer to a combination of a fruit stand , convenience store , and a restaurant than a traditional grocery store '' while a MarketWatch reporter called them `` hipster havens '' due to their use of high tech as a cost cutting and efficiency measure . Most reviews were very positive although a few customers said that they miss talking to a person when placing food orders via tablets . See also ( edit ) Companies portal Food portal `` It 's Getting Real in the Whole Foods Parking Lot '' ( song ) Specialty foods Sustainable business References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.cnbc.com/2017/08/28/amazon-officially-owns-whole-foods-here-are-the-products-that-are-getting-marked-down.html ^ Jump up to : https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2015/09/28/whole-foods-cutting-1500-jobs/72964692/ Jump up ^ `` Quality Standards '' . Whole Foods Market . ^ Jump up to : Davis , Joshua ( 2017 - 08 - 08 ) . From Head Shops to Whole Foods : The Rise and Fall of Activist Entrepreneurs . Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 17158 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` US National Offices '' . Whole Foods Market . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Van Allen , Peter ( 2013 - 05 - 08 ) . `` Whole Foods shares surge on sales report '' . Philadelphia Business Journal . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Theis , Michael ( 2015 - 07 - 02 ) . `` Whole Foods CEOs admit to overcharging , say it was unintentional '' . Austin Business Journal . Retrieved July 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Whole Foods CEO John Mackey Stepping Down As Chairman '' . The Huffington Post . 2009 - 12 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ Wahba , Phil ( 2 November 2016 ) . `` Whole Foods Is Making a Drastic Change to How It Is Run '' . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fortune 500 ( 2006 ) -- Whole Foods Market '' . Fortune . 2006 - 04 - 17 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Top100 Table '' . National Retailer Federation . 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Merced , Michael ; Wingfield , Nick ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` Amazon to Buy Whole Foods in $13.7 Billion Deal '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bhattarai , Abha ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` FTC clears Amazon.com purchase of Whole Foods '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon and Whole Foods Market Announce Acquisition to Close This Monday , Will Work Together to Make High - Quality , Natural and Organic Food Affordable for Everyone '' . Amazon.com . BUSINESS WIRE . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Evan ( March 2005 ) . `` John Mackey '' . Texas Monthly . Archived from the original on 2005 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Moore , John ( 2005 - 03 - 21 ) . `` Run , Gun , and Have Fun -- Whole Foods Market Style '' . Brand Autopsy ( blog ) . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Ryssdal , Kai ( 2007 - 02 - 26 ) . `` John Mackey on Whole Foods ' Growth '' . Marketplace . ^ Jump up to : `` Whole Foods Market History '' . Whole Foods Market . Retrieved 14 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Whole Foods Market to Open New York 's Largest and Most Eco-Friendly Supermarket at Bowery and Houston on March 29th '' ( Press release ) . Whole Foods Market , Inc. 2007 - 03 - 27 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 30 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Dunn , James ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` Pamela 's Products bakes in gluten - free success '' . North Bay Business Journal . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Company Timeline '' . Whole Foods Market . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 13 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Whole Foods To Buy Natural Food Supermarket Chain '' . The New York Times . 2000 - 01 - 18 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Fabricant , Florence ( 2001 - 02 - 14 ) . `` New Market Concentrates On Organic Food '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Whole Foods To Buy Assets Of Harry 's Farmers Market '' . The New York Times . 2001 - 08 - 10 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Whole Foods Market to open in Toronto '' . Austin Business Journal . 2002 - 04 - 15 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Sustainable seafood distributor bought by Whole Foods Market '' . Puget Sound Business Journal . 2003 - 11 - 10 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` New Whole Foods Market headquarters set for grand opening '' . Austin Business Journal . 2005 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Sasson , Victor ( 2003 - 06 - 19 ) . `` From sea to the supper table : But how fresh is that catch ? '' . The Record . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 27 -- via Yahoo ! Groups . Jump up ^ Shimogawa , Duane ( 2014 - 05 - 06 ) . `` Whole Foods Market plans to open fourth store in Hawaii and a third on Oahu '' . Pacific Business News . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Testement , Kerri ( 2008 - 04 - 16 ) . `` Whole Foods opens Braselton center '' . Braselton News . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ Shrivastava , Aditi ( 2014 - 02 - 03 ) . `` Whole Foods buys seven Dominick 's leases in Chicago from Safeway '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Davies , Jennifer ( 2007 - 10 - 03 ) . `` Henry 's bought by Smart & Final '' . San Diego Union Tribune . Jump up ^ `` Whole Foods to open first WNY store on September 15th '' . Whoe Foods Market ( Press release ) . 4 August 2017 . Retrieved 28 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Whole Foods to shut three regional kitchens '' . Reuters. 26 January 2017 . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Renton , Alex ( 2007 - 03 - 27 ) . `` Ripe target '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Bowers , Simon ( 2009 - 08 - 03 ) . `` Green store Whole Foods 36 million pounds in the red '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Aislinn ( 2008 - 09 - 05 ) . `` Fresh and Wild closes store as consumers reject organic for cheaper deals '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ Thompson , James ( 2009 - 08 - 04 ) . `` Whole Foods makes £ 36m loss in Britain '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ `` Earnings Preview : Whole Foods '' . Yahoo ! Finance . 2012 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Whole new venture as food giant opens shop in Fulham '' . Evening Standard ( London ) . 3 June 2011 . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Whole Foods CEO Confirms Aggressive Canadian Expansion '' . Retail Insider . November 24 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Van Praet , Nicolas ( May 22 , 2013 ) . `` Whole Foods co-CEO says grocer wants to open 40 more stores in Canada '' . Financial Post . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Healing , Dan ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` Whole Foods ' Canadian expansion plans slow '' . The Star . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Whole Foods to acquire Wild Oats '' . Austin Business Journal . 2007 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Kesmodel , David & Wilke , John R. ( 2007 - 07 - 12 ) . `` Whole Foods Is Hot , Wild Oats a Dud -- So Said ' Rahodeb ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Peter ( 2007 - 07 - 12 ) . `` John Mackey panned Wild Oats on Web '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ `` Form 8 - K for Whole Foods Market , Inc . '' . U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission . 2008 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Whole Foods Market , Inc. , and Wild Oats Markets , Inc '' . Federal Trade Commission . 2009 - 01 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Kelly ( 2008 - 12 - 01 ) . `` UPDATED - Screw Market Share : Whole Foods subpoenas New Seasons ' financial and marketing records '' . Willamette Week . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Full subpoena text '' ( PDF ) . New Seasons Market . 2008 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , George W. ( 2010 ) . Ethics in Information Technology ( Third ed . ) . Course Technology . p. 189 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 538 - 74622 - 9 . OCLC 504510313 . Jump up ^ Helmore , Edward ( 2017 - 04 - 29 ) . `` Hard times for Whole Foods : ' People say it 's for pretentious people . I can see why ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Fontanella - Khan , James ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` Albertsons explores bid for high - end grocer Whole Foods '' . Financial Times . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon to acquire Whole Foods '' . Bloomberg. 2017 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon swoop on Whole Foods rattles supermarket shares '' . Financial Times . United Kingdom . June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nicolau , Anna ( June 17 , 2017 ) . `` Walmart and Amazon in acquisition shopping spree in retail battle '' . Financial Times . United Kingdom . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitten , Sarah ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) . `` Amazon is buying Whole Foods in a deal valued at $13.7 billion '' . CNBC . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Food Ingredient Quality Standards '' . Whole Foods Market . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Rockwell , Lilly ( 2007 - 02 - 14 ) . `` Whole Foods wo n't sell meat from clones '' . Austin American - Statesman . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 16 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cloned Meat Q&A '' . Whole Foods Market . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Organic Body Care Policy '' . Whole Foods Market . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ Leland , John ( 2003 - 05 - 18 ) . `` Is Organic Shampoo Chemistry or Botany ? '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Katy & Martin , Timothy W. ( 2009 - 08 - 05 ) . `` As Sales Slip , Whole Foods Tries Health Push '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Bouchon , Jolène M. ( 2013 - 12 - 31 ) . `` Essential Advice from Our Healthy Eating Specialists '' . Whole Foods Market . Jump up ^ `` Wild - caught seafood sustainability ratings '' . Whole Foods Market . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Aquaculture '' . Whole Foods Market . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Animal Welfare Standards '' . Whole Foods Market . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Produce Rating System '' . Whole Foods Market . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Eco-scale '' . Whole Foods Market . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Health Starts Here Rating System '' . Whole Foods Market . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Our Commitment to GMO Transparency '' . Whole Foods Market . Jump up ^ `` Our Commitment to GMO Transparency '' . Whole Foods Market . Jump up ^ `` Our Commitment to GMO Transparency '' . Whole Foods Market . Jump up ^ `` Our Commitment to GMO Transparency '' . Whole Foods Market . Jump up ^ `` USDA to propose standards for organic seafood raised in U.S. '' . Jump up ^ `` GMO Facts '' . Whole Foods Market . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Annual Report '' . Whole Foods Market . 2006 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Langlois , Cherie ( 2009 - 02 - 18 ) . `` Food & Kitchen -- Foraging for a Change '' . Hobby Farms . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Your Certified Organic Grocery Store '' . Whole Foods Market . Jump up ^ Lomax , Alyce ( 2007 - 04 - 02 ) . `` Fair 's Fair at Whole Foods '' . The Motley Fool . Jump up ^ `` Whole Foods to Certify Sustainable Products '' . California Green Solutions . 2007 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ Spence Jr. , Roy M. ( 2009 ) . It 's not what you sell , it 's what you stand for . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4406 - 9790 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Whole Foods Market Continues Commitment to Seafood Sustainability by Offering Marine Stewardship Council - certified Halibut '' . Marine Stewardship Council . 2006 - 05 - 04 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 09 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Whole Foods Market Introduces Certified Sustainable Seafood '' ( Press release ) . Whole Foods Market . 2000 - 03 - 08 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 18 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Partner Profile '' . United States Environmental Protection Agency . 2010 - 11 - 17 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` EPA Top 25 Partners in the Green Power Partnership '' . US Environmental Protection Agency . 2007 - 01 - 08 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Whole Foods Plan To Solarize 100 Stores With Solar Electricity Boosts NRG & SolarCity Share Prices '' . CleanTechnica . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Meltzer , Erica ( 2013 - 06 - 30 ) . `` Boulder 's bag fee goes into effect today '' . Daily Camera . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Whole Foods Market to Sack Disposable Plastic Grocery Bags by Earth Day / Whole Foods '' ( Press release ) . Whole Foods Market . 2008 - 01 - 22 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Bring Your Own Bag '' . Whole Foods Market . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 28 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Environmental Issues '' . KnowMore.org . Archived from the original on 2006 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Baue , Bill ( 2006 - 02 - 09 ) . `` Shareowner Action on Product Toxicity Shifts from Isolated Resolutions to Become a Campaign '' . Socially Responsible Investing . Jump up ^ `` Issues & Actions : Food Safety : Bisphenol - A '' . Whole Foods Market . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 10 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Merle , Renae & Yang , Xiyun ( 2007 - 07 - 10 ) . `` A Hole in the Food Safety Net ? '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Shapin , Steven ( 2006 - 05 - 15 ) . `` Paradise Sold '' . The New Yorker . Archived from the original on 2006 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Mackey , John ( 2015 - 04 - 10 ) . `` John Mackey 's Blog '' . Whole Foods Market . Retrieved 14 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Whole Foods will sell lobsters in Maine '' . USA Today . Associated Press . 2007 - 02 - 07 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Corson , Trevor ( July 2006 ) . `` Boiling Point '' . Boston Magazine . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 03 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Mesure , Susie ( 2006 - 09 - 14 ) . `` Too good to be true ? '' . The Independent . UK -- via Organic Consumers Association . Jump up ^ Renton , Alex ( 2007 - 03 - 27 ) . `` Ripe target '' . The Guardian . London . ^ Jump up to : Mitchell , Stacy ( 2007 - 09 - 05 ) . `` Whole Foods Markup '' . The Bollard . Jump up ^ `` Whole Foods ' controversy at Jamaica Plain '' . Organic Guide . 2011 - 01 - 21 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ Shore , Derek ( 2014 - 02 - 25 ) . `` Possible Midtown Whole Foods Stirring Controversy Among Businesses '' . CBS . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ Ham , David ( 2013 - 07 - 17 ) . `` Mayor opposes controversial West Seattle Whole Foods project proposal '' . KIRO - TV . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ Moore , Galen ( 2013 - 11 - 11 ) . `` Whole Foods signs a lease in Beverly with controversy and hurdles ahead '' . Boston Business Journal . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Mackey , John ( 2009 - 08 - 11 ) . `` The Whole Foods Alternative to ObamaCare : Eight things we can do to improve health care without adding to the deficit '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 03 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Horn , Heather ( 2009 - 08 - 17 ) . `` The Whole Foods Controversy in 15 Minutes '' . The Atlantic . Jump up ^ Bluejay , Michael . `` What 's wrong with Whole Foods ? '' . Michael Bluejay ( blog ) . Jump up ^ Cummins , Ronnie ( 2011 - 01 - 27 ) . `` The organic elite surrenders to Monsanto : What now ? '' . Organic Consumers Association . Jump up ^ Polis , Carey ( 2013 - 08 - 03 ) . `` Whole Foods GMO labelling to be mandatory by 2018 '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ Schulson , Michael ( 2014 - 02 - 23 ) . `` Whole Foods : America 's Temple of Pseudoscience '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ Maloney , Field ( 2006 - 03 - 17 ) . `` Is Whole Foods Wholesome ? '' . Slate . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Homeopathy for Baby '' . Whole Foods Market . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ Contreras , Russell ( 2013 - 06 - 07 ) . `` Whole Foods , 2 NM workers clash over suspension '' . Yahoo ! News . Associated Press . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ Varela , Julio Ricardo ( 2013 - 06 - 06 ) . `` Opinion : Whole Foods ' English - only policy is clueless and wrong '' . NBC Latino . NBC . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ Contreras , Russell ( 2013 - 06 - 14 ) . `` Whole Foods Revises Employee Language Policy '' . Huffington Post . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ Cormier , Jordyn ( 2014 - 06 - 24 ) . `` Whole Foods Caught Overcharging in CA '' . Care2 . Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , Jim ( 2015 - 06 - 25 ) . `` Whole Foods accused of overcharging customers for prepackaged foods '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` California Suit Against Whole Foods for Carcinogen in Body Care Products , with Corporate Puff Response from CEO John Mackey and the Truth from Nutritionist Cheryl Rounds '' . TransWorldNews , Inc. 2008 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Whole Foods , others named in suit filed by California AG over carcinogens '' . Austin Business Journal . 2008 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ Dearen , Jason ( 2013 - 01 - 05 ) . `` Whole Foods , Trader Joe 's sued by California for lead in candies '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Whole Foods Market Rabbit Standards Development Process '' . Whole Foods Market . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Pet Ownership Statistics '' . American Veterinary Medical Association . 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tell Whole Foods to Stop Killing Bunnies ! '' . House Rabbit Society . 2014 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Serval , Deborah Mitchel ( 2014 - 06 - 20 ) . `` OZ Family Farm wins grant from Whole Foods '' . The Press Democrat . Archived from the original on 2014 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Truth Matters : DxE Investigators Expose `` Humane '' Fraud at Whole Foods . Direct Action Everywhere. 2015 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 25 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Moyer , Justin Wm. ( 2015 - 09 - 21 ) . `` Another Whole Foods mess : Abuse alleged at pig farm linked to chain '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Gee , Kelsey ( 2015 - 11 - 23 ) . `` Video Shows Abuse at Whole Foods Turkey Supplier , Activists Say '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Letter to Whole Foods '' . Direct Action Everywhere. 2016 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Strom , Stephanie & Tavernise , Sabrina ( 2015 - 01 - 08 ) . `` Animal Rights Group 's Video of Hens Raises Questions , but Not Just for Farms '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Newkirk , Ingrid ( 2016 - 01 - 29 ) . `` Dear Whole Foods : Animals need basic rights , not welfare crumbs '' . The Dodo . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Francione , Gary ( 2008 - 09 - 21 ) . `` These animals are our dear friends '' . Animal Rights : The Abolitionist Approach . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Le Coz , Emily ( 2016 - 04 - 15 ) . `` Whole Foods speaks out on proposed development7 '' . Sarasota Herald Tribune . Jump up ^ Short , Jack ( 2015 - 12 - 16 ) . `` Whole Foods project may get bogged down '' . Sarasota Observer ( East County ed . ) . with a recap of the 1999 court ruling to preserve the land Jump up ^ Le Coz , Emily ( 2016 - 01 - 26 ) . `` University Parkway Whole Foods plan OK 'd '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune . Sarasota , Florida . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Hackney , Rachel Brown ( 2016 - 01 - 28 ) . `` Whole foods planning on new store opening in the summer of 2017 '' . Sarasota News Leader . including many graphics delineating the proposal Jump up ^ Lyons , Tom ( 2016 - 01 - 27 ) . `` Lyons : Wetland to become Whole Foods parking lot '' . Sarasota Herald Tribune . Sarasota , Florida . Jump up ^ `` There is a lot of growth ; we ca n't stop it anymore '' . Sarasota Vision 2050 ( blog ) . Sarasota , Florida : Citizens for Sarasota County . 2016 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Best Companies To Work For 2007 '' . Fortune . 2007 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Best Companies to Work For '' . Fortune . 2014 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Alsop , Ronald ( 2007 - 01 - 31 ) . `` How Boss 's Deeds Buff a Firm 's Reputation '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 27 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Upham , BC ( 2010 - 03 - 25 ) . `` CR Magazine 's 100 Best Corporate Citizens `` Way Off Base '' `` . TriplePundit . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Griffin , Justine ( 2015 - 02 - 13 ) . `` Update : Whole Foods opening second store in Sarasota '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Booths Voted One Of World 's Greatest Food Retailers '' . Booths Supermarkets ( Press release ) . 2006 - 12 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Core Values '' . Whole Foods Market . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Whole Foods Market Benefits '' . Whole Foods Market . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ Maloney , Field ( 2006 - 03 - 17 ) . `` Is Whole Foods Wholesome ? The dark secrets of the organic - food movement '' . Slate . John Mackey , the company 's chairman , likes to say , `` There 's no inherent reason why business can not be ethical , socially responsible , and profitable . '' And under the umbrella creed of `` sustainability '' , Whole Foods pays its workers a solid living wage -- its lowest earners starting at $10.00 per hour and after several years of employment average $13.15 an hour . Although Mackey 's stance on unions , as well as employment benefits as well as a substantial wage , there is , however two sides two the coin as `` Team Members '' could potentially be terminated for the most minimal things , such as having a bad day . Leadership at times has overly high expectations and has no human emotion , people skills and thinks of little mistakes as crucial grounds for termination . Whole Foods Market has a point policy with its employees where it is understood and advocated that this point policy effects everyone equally , but in reality it is up to leadership as to how much they want to enforce it. -- Jump up ^ Mokhiber , Russell ( 2009 - 09 - 25 ) . `` Boycott Whole Foods '' . Common Dreams . The Whole Foods Market plan has no mental health coverage , and excludes or places a wide number of barriers to many essential services ( for example , costly prescriptions that are medically necessary can only be received by using a complex mail order system that creates access issues ) . Jump up ^ Burnett , John ( 2009 - 08 - 19 ) . `` Health Care Uproar Swallows Whole Foods '' . NPR . Jump up ^ `` John Mackey 's Wal - Mart for the granola crowd '' . The Economist. 2005 - 07 - 28 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 12 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Whole Foods is anti-union '' . Jump up ^ Oritz , Paul ( May 1998 ) . `` Whole Foods Plays Dirty '' . The Prism -- via ibiblio . Jump up ^ Bates , Eric ( 1998 - 09 - 03 ) . `` Whole Foods Fight '' . Metro Santa Cruz . Jump up ^ Gasparro , Annie ( 2015 - 09 - 28 ) . `` Whole Foods to Cut 1,500 Jobs '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Chevalier , Alysia ( 2012 - 03 - 06 ) . `` Talent Development Whole Foods '' . SlideShare . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Collins , Margaret & Hymowitz , Carol ( 2014 - 07 - 24 ) . `` Who 's got the best retirement plan ? '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Tkaczyk , Christopher ( 2011 - 05 - 18 ) . `` 5 reasons why it 's great to work at Whole Foods '' . Fortune . Jump up ^ `` FTC Consent Order Settles Charges that Whole Foods ' Acquisition of Rival Wild Oats was Anticompetitive '' ( Press release ) . Federal Trade Commission . 2009 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Information For Potential Suppliers '' . Whole Foods Market . Jump up ^ Richards , Brian ( 2013 - 02 - 19 ) . `` How Whole Foods Transformed Its Relationship With United Natural Foods '' . The Motley Fool . Jump up ^ Khouri , Andrew ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) . `` Whole Foods names its ' hip ' lower - cost stores 365 '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Yu , Roger ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) . `` Whole Foods to name new ' streamlined ' chain 365 '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Gasparro , Annie ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) . `` Whole Foods to Use ' 365 ' Name for New Sister Chain '' . Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099 - 9660 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Peters , Adele ( 2016 - 04 - 11 ) . `` Whole Foods Is Launching A Budget Store That Will Aim To Be Sustainable And Zero Waste '' . Co. Exist . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Kessler , Sarah ( 2016 - 05 - 16 ) . `` The Whole Foods Playbook For Reaching New Markets '' . Fast Company . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sneak Peek : 365 by Whole Foods preps for its grand opening in Lake Oswego ( Photos ) '' . Portland Business Journal . 2016 - 07 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Saelinger , Tracy ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) . `` How do Whole Foods ' new 365 grocery stores compare to Trader Joe 's ? '' . NBC Today Show . Jump up ^ Strom , Stephanie ( 2016 - 05 - 11 ) . `` Whole Foods ' Scaled - Down 365 Store Has Robots , but No Tattoo Parlor '' . New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Li , Shan ( 2016 - 05 - 11 ) . `` Whole Foods ' first 365 store in L.A. is designed with ease in mind '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Masunaga , Samantha ( 2016 - 05 - 25 ) . `` First 365 by Whole Foods opens in Silver Lake . See how the prices compare '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Marum , Anna ( 2016 - 07 - 13 ) . `` Whole Foods ' 365 in Lake Oswego : What you need to know before you shop '' . The Oregonian . Jump up ^ Tu , Janet I. ( 2016 - 06 - 22 ) . `` Whole Foods to open Bellevue 's 365 store in September '' . Seattle Times . Jump up ^ Garnick , Coral ( 2016 - 09 - 14 ) . `` The new 365 by Whole Foods in Bellevue is open . Here 's a peek inside '' . Puget Sound Business Journal . Jump up ^ Dinges , Gary ( 2017 - 04 - 20 ) . `` Party kicks off opening events for Cedar Park 365 by Whole Foods store '' . Austin American - Statesman . Jump up ^ Rosales , Nicole ( 2017 - 04 - 24 ) . `` KVUE gets sneak peek at 365 Whole Foods store in Cedar Park '' . KVUE . Jump up ^ Wick , Julia ( 2017 - 05 - 16 ) . `` L.A. 's Second 365 By Whole Foods Market Is Officially Opening This August In Santa Monica '' . LAist . Jump up ^ `` Whole Foods Market 365 Santa Monica Opens Aug. 9 '' ( Press release ) . Whole Foods Market . 2017 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Trotter , Greg ( 2016 - 02 - 11 ) . `` Whole Foods ' 365 store coming to Evergreen Park '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ Christian , Kurt ( 2016 - 03 - 29 ) . `` 365 by Whole Foods Market on way to College Mall '' . Bloomington Herald - Times . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` New stores coming to the Bloomington mall '' . WISH - TV . 2016 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Trotter , Greg ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` Whole Foods ' 365 store in Evergreen Park delayed , concept 's future unclear '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ Skrovan , Sandy ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` Whole Foods halts 365 store openings '' . Food Dive . Jump up ^ Hall , Gina ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` Whole Foods delays cheaper 365 concept in suburban Chicago after Amazon deal '' . Chicago Business Journal . Jump up ^ Orelli , Brian ( 2016 - 06 - 01 ) . `` First Impressions of the New 365 by Whole Foods Market Inc . Concept : A Fool provides a detailed walkthrough of the company 's new smaller store format , which debuted in Los Angeles late last month . '' . The Motley Fool . Jump up ^ French , Sally ( 2015 - 07 - 31 ) . `` Cheaper Whole Foods ' 365 ' stores will be in hipster havens '' . MarketWatch . Jump up ^ Bergman , Ben ( 2016 - 05 - 27 ) . `` Are 365 by Whole Foods ' automated kiosks the future for grocery stores ? '' . KPCC . Further reading ( edit ) Davis , Joshua Clark , From Head Shops to Whole Foods : The Rise and Fall of Activist Entrepreneurs ( New York : Columbia University Press , 2017 ) . Mackey , John and Raj Sisodia : Conscious Capitalism : Liberating the Heroic Spirit of Business ( Cambridge , Mass. : Harvard Business Review , 2012 ) . Mack , Adam . `` The Politics of Good Taste : Whole Foods Markets and Sensory Design . '' The Senses and Society . Volume 7 : March 2012 : 87 -- 94 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Whole Foods Market . Official website Business data for Whole Foods Market : Google Finance Yahoo ! 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"As of 2015[update], founder John Mackey and Walter Robb were co-CEOs of the publicly traded company, with John Elstrott as chairman.[6][7][8] In November 2016, the company announced that Walter Robb would be stepping down as co-CEO at the end of year and would remain with the company as a director.[9] It became a Fortune 500 company in March 2005 and is the 30th largest retailer in the U.S., based on 2014 revenue.[10][11]"
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"John Mackey"
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1050756272455998294 | List of Disney live-action reimaginings of animated films | List of Disney Live - Action reimaginings of animated films - wikipedia List of Disney Live - Action reimaginings of animated films hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This media article uses IMDb for verification . IMDb may not be a reliable source for film and television information and is generally only cited as an external link . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . Please help by replacing IMDb with third - party reliable sources . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional or more specific categories . Please help out by adding categories to it so that it can be listed with similar articles . ( August 2017 ) This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of Disney live - action reimaginings of animated films . This list does not include remakes of live - action films , or animated movies that were produced by another studio and later reimagined into live - action films by Disney . Contents ( hide ) 1 Released 2 Upcoming 3 Other potential projects 4 See also 5 References Released ( edit ) # Live - action film Original animated film Director ( s ) Screenwriter ( s ) Producer ( s ) Release date Sources The Jungle Book The Jungle Book Stephen Sommers Stephen Sommers Ronald Yanover Mark Geldman Edward S. Feldman Raju Patel December 25 , 1994 101 Dalmatians One Hundred and One Dalmatians Stephen Herek John Hughes John Hughes Ricardo Mestres November 27 , 1996 102 Dalmatians Sequel to 101 Dalmatians Kevin Lima Kristen Buckley Brian Regan Bob Tzudiker Noni White Edward S. Feldman November 22 , 2000 Maleficent Sleeping Beauty Robert Stromberg Linda Woolverton Joe Roth May 30 , 2014 5 Cinderella Cinderella Kenneth Branagh Chris Weitz Simon Kinberg Allison Shearmur David Barron March 13 , 2015 6 The Jungle Book The Jungle Book Jon Favreau Justin Marks Jon Favreau Brigham Taylor April 15 , 2016 7 Beauty and the Beast Beauty and the Beast Bill Condon Stephen Chbosky Evan Spiliotopoulos David Hoberman Todd Lieberman March 17 , 2017 Upcoming ( edit ) # Live - action film Original animated film Director ( s ) Screenwriter ( s ) Producer ( s ) Release date Sources 8 Christopher Robin The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh Marc Forster Alex Ross Perry Allison Schroeder Brigham Taylor Kristin Burr August 3 , 2018 9 Dumbo Dumbo Tim Burton Ehren Kruger Justin Springer Ehren Kruger Derek Frey Katterli Frauenfelder March 29 , 2019 10 Aladdin Aladdin Guy Ritchie John August Guy Ritchie Vanessa Taylor Dan Lin Marc Platt May 24 , 2019 11 The Lion King The Lion King Jon Favreau Jeff Nathanson Jon Favreau Karen Gilchrist Jeffrey Silver July 19 , 2019 12 Mulan Mulan Niki Caro Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver Chris Bender March 27 , 2020 13 Maleficent II Sequel to Maleficent Joachim Rønning Linda Woolverton Jez Butterworth Micah Fitzerman - Blue Noah Harpster Angelina Jolie Joe Roth May 29 , 2020 Other potential projects ( edit ) Disney announced a live - action film based on One Hundred and One Dalmatians , titled Cruella , focused on the character of Cruella de Vil . Also announced a sequel to the film The Jungle Book . Other projects of live - action adaptations from animation films include Lady and the Tramp , The Little Mermaid , Peter Pan , Pinocchio , and The Sword in the Stone . Two live - action projects of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs have been announced , one based on the eponymous animation film , and other on the tale Snow - White and Rose - Red . Also an untitled Chronicles of Prydain film ( previously Disney adapted the stories in the animated film The Black Cauldron ) has been announced . See also ( edit ) Alice in Wonderland , a live - action film based on a property Disney previously adapted but otherwise has nothing to do with previous iteration . Pete 's Dragon , a live - action remake of the live - action / animation film of the same name . Mary Poppins Returns , a live - action / animation sequel to a live - action / animation movie released around the same time period as many of the above . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Jungle Book ( 1994 ) '' . Disney Movies . Disney . Jump up ^ `` The Jungle Book ( 1994 ) '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` 101 Dalmatians ( 1996 ) '' . Disney Movies . Disney . Jump up ^ `` 101 Dalmatians ( 1996 ) '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` 102 Dalmatians '' . Disney Movies . Disney . Jump up ^ `` 102 Dalmatians ( 2000 ) '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` Maleficent Official Website presented by Disney Movies '' . Disney Movies . Disney . Jump up ^ `` Maleficent ( 2014 ) '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` Cinderella '' . Disney Movies . Disney . Jump up ^ `` Cinderella ( 2015 ) '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` The Jungle Book '' . Disney Movies . Disney . Jump up ^ `` The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast '' . Disney Movies . Disney . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ Nia Daniels ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Disney 's Christopher Robin starts filming in the UK KFTV News '' . www.kftv.com . Kent Live . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' Moves To Dec. 2019 , Disney 's Christopher Robin Project Opens Next August '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Disney Announces ' Aladdin ' Casting , Previews Live - Action ' Lion King , ' ' Dumbo , ' ' A Wrinkle in Time ' and More at '' . Entertainment Tonight . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Disney Sets Release Dates For ' Frozen 2 , ' ' Lion King , ' and More '' . EW.com . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ; Couch , Aaron ( March 1 , 2018 ) . `` Live - Action ' Mulan ' Pushed Back More Than a Year to Spring 2020 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sun , Rebecca ; Ford , Rebecca ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Disney 's ' Mulan ' Finds Its Star ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ Burke , Carolyn ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` Maleficent 2 Sets Spring Filming Start Date '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Child , Ben ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Angelina Jolie to return in Maleficent 2 '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys . `` ' Jungle Book 2 ' in the Works With Jon Favreau , Justin Marks ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike . `` ' Jungle Book 2 ' in the Works With Jon Favreau , Justin Marks ( ExclusiDisney Unveils Inaugural Streaming Service Launch Slate To Town ; No R - Rated Fareve ) '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Jaafar , Ali ( May 25 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Mulling Live - Action Version Of ' The Little Mermaid ' '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ `` ' The Little Mermaid ' Live - Action Disney Reboot Eyes Rob Marshall as Director '' . Variety.com . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Peter Pan Live - Action Movie in the Works at Disney '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Sam Mendes In Early Talks To Direct Disney 's Live - Action ' Pinocchio ' '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Libbey , Dirk ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action Pinocchio May Have Found Its Director '' . Cinema Blend . Jump up ^ Galuppo , Mia ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` Sam Mendes Exits Disney 's Live - Action ' Pinocchio ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( February 20 , 2018 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Pinocchio ' Enlists ' Paddington ' Director '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( July 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Sword in the Stone ' Live - Action Remake in Development With ' Game of Thrones ' Writer '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( March 31 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Plans Live - Action Film About Snow White 's Sister ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Byrne , Jack . `` Snow White Remake to arrive on 85th anniversary of original release '' . Entertainment Hub . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca . `` Disney Developing Live - Action ' Snow White ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave . `` ' Chronicles of Prydain ' Movie in the Works at Disney ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( March 17 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Plans The Chronicles of Prydain Movie '' . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Disney_live-action_reimaginings_of_animated_films&oldid=848437634 '' Categories : Film series introduced in 1994 Disney - related lists Film - related lists Disney film remakes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2017 Articles lacking reliable references from August 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles sourced by IMDb from August 2017 Articles needing additional categories from August 2017 Articles lacking reliable references from September 2017 Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 1 July 2018 , at 22 : 02 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the next live action disney film | [
"\n\n\n#\n\nLive-action film\n\nOriginal animated film\n\nDirector(s)\n\nScreenwriter(s)\n\nProducer(s)\n\nRelease date\n\nSources\n\n\n8\n\nChristopher Robin\n\nThe Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh\n\nMarc Forster\n\nAlex Ross PerryAllison Schroeder\n\nBrigham TaylorKristin Burr\n\nAugust 3, 2018\n\n[15][16]\n\n\n9\n\nDumbo\n\nDumbo\n\nTim Burton\n\nEhren Kruger\n\nJustin SpringerEhren KrugerDerek FreyKatterli Frauenfelder\n\nMarch 29, 2019\n\n[17]\n\n\n10\n\nAladdin\n\nAladdin\n\nGuy Ritchie\n\nJohn AugustGuy RitchieVanessa Taylor\n\nDan LinMarc Platt\n\nMay 24, 2019\n\n[17]\n\n\n11\n\nThe Lion King\n\nThe Lion King\n\nJon Favreau\n\nJeff Nathanson\n\nJon FavreauKaren GilchristJeffrey Silver\n\nJuly 19, 2019\n\n[18][17]\n\n\n12\n\nMulan\n\nMulan\n\nNiki Caro\n\nRick Jaffa and Amanda Silver\n\nChris Bender\n\nMarch 27, 2020\n\n[19][20]\n\n\n13\n\nMaleficent II\n\nSequel to Maleficent\n\nJoachim Rønning\n\nLinda WoolvertonJez ButterworthMicah Fitzerman-BlueNoah Harpster\n\nAngelina JolieJoe Roth\n\nMay 29, 2020\n\n[21]\n"
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4401220994004608465 | And Then There Were None | And then there were None - wikipedia And then there were None This article is about the book . For other uses , see And Then There Were None ( disambiguation ) . And Then There Were None Cover of first UK 1939 edition by Stephen Bellman with original title Author Agatha Christie Original title Ten Little Niggers Country United Kingdom Language English Genre Mystery , crime , psychological thriller Horror Publisher Collins Crime Club Publication date 6 November 1939 Pages 272 Preceded by Murder Is Easy Followed by Sad Cypress Website And Then There Were None And Then There Were None is a mystery novel by English writer Agatha Christie , her best selling novel and described by her as the most difficult of her books to write . It was first published in the United Kingdom by the Collins Crime Club on 6 November 1939 , as Ten Little Niggers , after the British blackface song , which serves as a major plot point . The US edition was released in January 1940 with the title And Then There Were None . All successive American reprints and adaptations use that title , which is taken from the last five words of the song . It is Christie 's best - selling novel , with more than 100 million copies sold ; it is also the world 's best - selling mystery and one of the best - selling books of all time . Publications International lists the novel as the sixth best - selling title . Contents 1 Plot summary 2 Characters 3 Literary significance and reception 4 Current published version of the rhyme 4.1 19th - century original verses 5 The title 6 Publication history 7 Possible inspirations 8 Adaptations 8.1 Film 8.2 Radio 8.3 Stage 8.4 Television 8.5 Other media 8.6 Timeline of adaptations 9 References 10 External links Plot summary ( edit ) On a hot 8 August in the late 1930s , eight people arrive on a small , isolated island off the Devon coast of England . Each has an invitation tailored to his or her personal circumstances , such as an offer of employment or an unexpected late summer holiday . They are met by Thomas and Ethel Rogers , the butler and cook - housekeeper , who state that their hosts , Mr Ulick Norman Owen and his wife Mrs Una Nancy Owen , whom they have not yet met in person , have not arrived , but left instructions , which strikes all the guests as odd . A framed copy of a nursery rhyme , `` Ten Little Niggers '' ( called `` Ten Little Indians '' or `` Ten Little Soldiers '' in later editions ) , hangs in every guest 's room , and ten figurines sit on the dining room table . After supper , a gramophone ( or `` phonograph '' ) record is played ; the recording describes each visitor in turn , accuses each of having committed murder but escaping justice , and then asks if any of `` the accused '' wishes to offer a defence . All but Anthony Marston and Philip Lombard deny the charges , and Miss Brent refuses to discuss the matter . They discover that none of them actually knows the Owens , and Justice Wargrave concludes that the name `` U.N. Owen '' is shorthand for `` Unknown '' . After the recording , Marston finishes his drink and immediately dies from cyanide poisoning . The remaining guests notice that one of the ten figurines is now broken , and the nursery rhyme appears to reflect the manner of death ( `` One choked his little self and then there were nine '' ) . The next morning , Mrs Rogers ' corpse is found in her bed ; she had died in her sleep from an overdose of chloral hydrate . By lunchtime , General MacArthur is found dead , from a heavy blow to his head . Two more figurines are found to be broken , and again the deaths parallel the rhyme . Miss Brent relates the account of the gramophone charge against her to Vera Claythorne , who later tells the others . A search for Mr Owen shows that nobody else is on the island except the remaining seven . The island is a `` bare rock '' with no hiding places , and no one could have arrived or left ; thus , they conclude that any one of the seven remaining persons is the killer . Wargrave leads the group in determining that so far , none of them can definitively be ruled out as the murderer . The next morning , Rogers is found dead while chopping wood , and after breakfast , Miss Brent is found dead in the kitchen , where she had been left alone after complaining of feeling unwell ; she had been injected with potassium cyanide via a hypodermic needle . Wargrave then suggests searching all the rooms , and any potentially dangerous items they can think of are locked up . Lombard 's gun is missing from his room . When Vera goes upstairs to take a bath , she is shocked by the touch and smell of seaweed left hanging from the ceiling of her room and screams ; the remaining guests rush upstairs to her room . Wargrave , however , is still downstairs . The others find him seated , immobile and crudely dressed up in the attire of a judge . Wargrave is examined briefly by Dr Armstrong and pronounced dead from a gunshot to the forehead . That night , Lombard appears surprised when he finds his gun returned to his room . Blore catches a glimpse of someone leaving the house but loses the trail . He then discovers Armstrong is absent from his room , and the remaining three guests conclude that Armstrong must be the killer . Vera , Blore , and Lombard decide to stay together at all times . In the morning , they signal SOS to the mainland from outside by using a mirror and sunlight , but receive no reply . Blore then returns to the house for food by himself and is killed by a heavy bear - shaped clock statue that is pushed from Vera 's window sill , crushing his skull . Vera and Lombard are now confident that Armstrong is the killer . However , shortly afterwards , the duo come upon Armstrong 's body washed up on the beach . They realize that Armstrong could not have killed Blore . Panicked , each concludes the other must be the killer . Quickly regaining her composure , Vera suggests moving the doctor 's body past the shore , but this is a pretext . She lifts Lombard 's gun . When Lombard lunges at her to get it back , she shoots him dead . She returns to the house in a shaken dreamlike state , relieved to be alive . She finds a noose and chair arranged in her room , and a strong smell of the sea . With visions of her former lover Hugo urging her on , she adjusts the noose and kicks the chair out from under her . Two Scotland Yard officials are puzzled by the identity of UN Owen . Although they can partially reconstruct the deaths from Marston to Wargrave with the help of the victims ' diaries and a coroner 's careful report , they conclude that UN Owen was one of the victims , but are unable to determine which one . The chair on which Vera stood to hang herself had been set back upright , indicating that someone was still alive on the island after her suicide , presumably the killer . Postscript from the Killer In a postscript , a fishing ship picks up a bottle inside its trawling nets ; the bottle contains a written confession of the killings , which is then sent to Scotland Yard . It is not clear how long after the killings the bottle was discovered . In the confession , Justice Wargrave writes that he has long wished to set an unsolvable puzzle of murder . His victims would be of his choosing , as they were not found guilty in a trial . He explains how he tricked Dr Armstrong into helping him fake his own death under the pretext that it would help the group identify the killer . He also explains that he replaced the chair in Vera 's room . Finally , he reveals how he used the gun and some elastic to ensure his own death matched the account in the guests ' diaries . Although he wished to create an unsolvable mystery , he acknowledges in the missive a `` pitiful human need '' for recognition , hence the confession . He describes how his first victim was Isaac Morris , the sleazy lawyer and drugs trafficker who anonymously purchased the island and arranged the invitations on his behalf , making nine murders and two suicides. Morris was poisoned before Wargrave departed for the island . Wargrave 's intention is to stymie the police as to which person on the island was the murderer . He states that , although there are three clues that could guide the police to the correct killer , he is confident they will be unable to find them and that the mystery will remain unsolved until the confession is read . Characters ( edit ) The following details of the characters are based on the original novel published in England . Anthony James Marston , an amoral and irresponsible young man , killed two young children ( John and Lucy Combes ) while driving recklessly , for which he felt no real remorse and accepted no personal responsibility , complaining only that his driving licence had been suspended as a result . He was the first island victim . Mrs Ethel Rogers , the cook / housekeeper and Thomas Rogers ' wife , described as a pale and ghost - like woman who walks in mortal fear . She was dominated by her bullying husband , who coerced her into agreeing to withhold the medicine of a former employer ( Miss Jennifer Brady , an elderly spinster ) in order that they might collect an inheritance they knew she had left them in her will . Mrs Rogers was the second victim . General John Gordon MacArthur , a retired World War I war hero , who sent his late wife 's lover ( a younger officer , Arthur Richmond ) to his death by assigning him to a mission where it was practically guaranteed he would not survive . Leslie MacArthur had mistakenly put the wrong letters in the envelopes on one occasion when she wrote to both men at the same time . The general tells Vera that no one will leave the island alive . Thomas Rogers , the butler and Ethel Rogers ' husband . He dominated his weak - willed wife , and they killed their former elderly employer by withholding her medicine , causing the woman to die from heart failure , thus inheriting the money she bequeathed them in her will . Despite his wife 's death , Rogers was still serving the others . Emily Caroline Brent , an elderly , religiously rigid , socially respectable spinster who accepted the vacation on Soldier Island largely due to financial constraints . Years earlier , she had dismissed her teenage maid , Beatrice Taylor , for becoming pregnant out of wedlock . Beatrice , who had already been rejected by her parents for the same reason , drowned herself , which Miss Brent considered an even worse sin . The murderer put a bee into the room , in addition to murder by poison . ( `` A bumblebee stung one ... '' ) Dr Edward George Armstrong , a Harley Street doctor , responsible for the death of a patient , Louisa Mary Clees , after he operated on her while drunk many years earlier . William Henry Blore , a former police inspector and now a private investigator , was accused of falsifying his testimony in court for a bribe from a dangerous criminal gang , which resulted in an innocent man , James Landor , being convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment . Landor , who had a wife and young child , died shortly afterwards in prison . He arrived under the alias `` Davis '' from South Africa , on the island for `` security work '' . His true name is revealed on the gramophone recording . He denies the accusation against him from the gramophone recording , but later admits the truth to Lombard . Philip Lombard , a soldier of fortune . Literally down to his last square meal , he comes to the island with a loaded revolver , as suggested by his invitation letter . Lombard is accused of causing the deaths of a number of East African tribesmen , after stealing their food and abandoning them to their deaths . Neither he nor Marston feels any remorse . He is the only one to theorize that UN Owen might be Wargrave , but the others reject this . He and Vera are the only victims not killed by Justice Wargrave . Vera Elizabeth Claythorne , a cool , efficient , resourceful young woman who is on leave from her position as a sports mistress at a third - rate girls ' school . Her job as a governess was ended by the death of her charge , Cyril Hamilton . Claythorne let the boy drown so his uncle Hugo Hamilton could inherit the family estate and marry her . Hugo rejected her when he somehow realized what she had done . Justice Lawrence John Wargrave , a retired judge , known as a `` hanging judge '' for liberally awarding the death penalty in murder cases . Wargrave is accused of influencing the jury to hand a guilty verdict to Edward Seton , a man many thought was innocent of his crime of killing an old woman , and sentencing him to death unfairly . As the two policemen discuss at Scotland Yard , new evidence after Seton 's execution proved Seton 's guilt . He admits in his postscript that he has a lifelong hidden sadistic urge to kill , but only the guilty . Finding himself terminally ill , he devises and carries out this plot . Isaac Morris is an unethical lawyer hired by Wargrave to purchase the island ( under the name UN Owen ) , arrange the gramophone recording , and make arrangements on his behalf , including gathering information on the near destitute Philip Lombard , to whom he gave some money to get by and recommended Lombard bring his gun to the island . Morris 's is the first death , as he died before the guests arrived on the island . Morris was responsible for the addiction and suicide of a young woman through his narcotics activities . The victim was the daughter of a friend of Wargrave . He accepts Wargrave 's lethal cocktail of pills , as something that would help him . Fred Narracott , the boatman who delivered the guests to the island . After doing so , he does not appear again in the story , although Inspector Maine notes it was Narracott who , sensing something seriously amiss , returned to the island as soon as the weather allowed , before he was scheduled to do , and found the bodies . Maine speculates that it was the normalcy and ordinariness of the guests that convinced Narracott to do so and ignore his orders to dismiss any signals requesting help . Sir Thomas Legge and Inspector Maine , two Scotland Yard detectives who discuss the case in the epilogue . They reason out the events of the case , but are stymied as to which was the murderer until the confession comes to light . Literary significance and reception ( edit ) Writing for The Times Literary Supplement of 11 November 1939 , Maurice Percy Ashley stated , `` If her latest story has scarcely any detection in it there is no scarcity of murders ... There is a certain feeling of monotony inescapable in the regularity of the deaths which is better suited to a serialized newspaper story than a full - length novel . Yet there is an ingenious problem to solve in naming the murderer '' , he continued . `` It will be an extremely astute reader who guesses correctly . '' For The New York Times Book Review ( 25 February 1940 ) , Isaac Anderson has arrived to the point where `` the voice '' accuses the ten `` guests '' of their past crimes , which have all resulted in the deaths of humans , and then said , `` When you read what happens after that you will not believe it , but you will keep on reading , and as one incredible event is followed by another even more incredible you will still keep on reading . The whole thing is utterly impossible and utterly fascinating . It is the most baffling mystery that Agatha Christie has ever written , and if any other writer has ever surpassed it for sheer puzzlement the name escapes our memory . We are referring , of course , to mysteries that have logical explanations , as this one has . It is a tall story , to be sure , but it could have happened . '' Many compared the book to her novel The Murder of Roger Ackroyd ( 1926 ) . For instance , an unnamed reviewer in the Toronto Daily Star of 16 March 1940 said , `` Others have written better mysteries than Agatha Christie , but no one can touch her for ingenious plot and surprise ending . With And Then There Were None ... she is at her most ingenious and most surprising ... is , indeed , considerably above the standard of her last few works and close to the Roger Ackroyd level . '' Other critics laud the use of plot twists and surprise endings . Maurice Richardson wrote a rhapsodic review in The Observer 's issue of 5 November 1939 which began , `` No wonder Agatha Christie 's latest has sent her publishers into a vatic trance . We will refrain , however , from any invidious comparisons with Roger Ackroyd and be content with saying that Ten Little Niggers is one of the very best , most genuinely bewildering Christies yet written . We will also have to refrain from reviewing it thoroughly , as it is so full of shocks that even the mildest revelation would spoil some surprise from somebody , and I am sure that you would rather have your entertainment kept fresh than criticism pure . '' After stating the set - up of the plot , Richardson concluded , `` Story telling and characterisation are right at the top of Mrs Christie 's baleful form . Her plot may be highly artificial , but it is neat , brilliantly cunning , soundly constructed , and free from any of those red - herring false trails which sometimes disfigure her work . '' Robert Barnard , a recent critic , concurred with the reviews , describing the book as `` Suspenseful and menacing detective - story - cum - thriller . The closed setting with the succession of deaths is here taken to its logical conclusion , and the dangers of ludicrousness and sheer reader - disbelief are skillfully avoided . Probably the best - known Christie , and justifiably among the most popular . '' The original title of the mystery ( Ten Little Niggers ) has been changed because it was offensive in English - speaking countries and some others . Few critics have opined that Christie 's original title and the setting on `` Nigger Island '' ( later changed to `` Indian Island '' and `` Soldier Island '' , variously ) may be integral to the work . These aspects of the novel , argues Alison Light , `` could be relied upon automatically to conjure up a thrilling ' otherness ' , a place where revelations about the ' dark side ' of the English would be appropriate . '' Unlike novels such as Heart of Darkness , `` Christie 's location is both more domesticated and privatized , taking for granted the construction of racial fears woven into psychic life as early as the nursery . If her story suggests how easy it is to play upon such fears , it is also a reminder of how intimately tied they are to sources of pleasure and enjoyment . '' In the `` Binge ! '' article of Entertainment Weekly Issue # 1343 - 44 ( 26 December 2014 -- 3 January 2015 ) , the writers picked And Then There Were None as an `` EW favorite '' on the list of the `` Nine Great Christie Novels '' . Current published version of the rhyme ( edit ) Main article : Ten Little Injuns Ten little Soldier Boys went out to dine ; One choked his little self and then there were nine . Nine little Soldier Boys sat up very late ; One overslept himself and then there were eight . Eight little Soldier Boys travelling in Devon ; One said he 'd stay there and then there were seven . Seven little Soldier Boys chopping up sticks ; One chopped himself in halves and then there were six . Six little Soldier Boys playing with a hive ; A bumblebee stung one and then there were five . Five little Soldier Boys going in for law ; One got in Chancery and then there were four . Four little Soldier Boys going out to sea ; A red herring swallowed one and then there were three . Three little Soldier Boys walking in the zoo ; A big bear hugged one and then there were two . Two little Soldier Boys sitting in the sun ; One got frizzled up and then there was one . One little Soldier Boy left all alone ; He went out and hanged himself and then there were none . 19th - century original verses ( edit ) This children 's rhyme was originally written as songs in the 19th century , one in Britain in 1869 and one in the US in 1868 . 1869 & 1868 verses Ten Little Niggers ( Frank Green ) Ten Little Indians ( Septimus Winner ) Ten little nigger boys went out to dine One choked his little self , and then there were nine . Nine little nigger boys sat up very late One overslept himself , and then there were eight . Eight little nigger boys traveling in Devon One said he 'd stay there , and then there were seven . Seven little nigger boys chopping up sticks One chopped himself in half , and then there were six . Six little nigger boys playing with a hive A bumble - bee stung one , and then there were five . Five little nigger boys going in for law One got in chancery , and then there were four . Four little nigger boys going out to sea A red herring swallowed one , and then there were three . Three little nigger boys walking in the zoo A big bear hugged one , and then there were two . Two little nigger boys sitting in the sun One got frizzled up , and then there was one . One little nigger boys living all alone He went and hanged himself and then there were none . Ten little Injuns standin ' in a line , One toddled home and then there were nine ; Nine little Injuns swingin ' on a gate , One tumbled off and then there were eight . Refrain : One little , two little , three little , four little , five little Injuns boys , Six little , seven little , eight little , nine little , ten little Injuns boys . Eight little Injuns gayest under heav'n , One went to sleep and then there were seven ; Seven little Injuns cutting up their tricks , One broke his neck and then there were six . Six little Injuns kickin ' all alive , One kick 'd the bucket and then there were five ; Five little Injuns on a cellar door , One tumbled in and then there were four . Four little Injuns up on a spree , One he got fuddled and then there were three ; Three little Injuns out in a canoe , One tumbled overboard and then there were two . Two little Injuns foolin ' with a gun , One shot t'other and then there was one ; One little Injuns livin ' all alone , He got married and then there were none . The title ( edit ) Cover of first US 1940 edition with current title for all English - language versions . The novel was originally published in late 1939 and early 1940 almost simultaneously , in the United Kingdom and the United States . In the UK it appeared under the title Ten Little Niggers , in book and newspaper serialized formats . The serialization was in 23 parts in the Daily Express from Tuesday 6 June to Saturday 1 July 1939 . All of the instalments carried an illustration by `` Prescott '' with the first having an illustration of Burgh Island in Devon which inspired the setting of the story . The serialized version did not contain any chapter divisions . The book retailed for seven shillings and six pence . In the United States it was published under the title And Then There Were None , again in both book and serial formats . Both of the original US publications changed the title from that originally used in the UK , due to the offensiveness of the word in American culture , where it was more widely perceived as a racially loaded ethnic slur or insult compared to contemporary UK culture , rather than a fairly innocent rhyme for children to use when selecting one child for a game . The serialized version appeared in the Saturday Evening Post in seven parts from 20 May ( Volume 211 , Number 47 ) to 1 July 1939 ( Volume 212 , Number 1 ) with illustrations by Henry Raleigh , and the book was published in January 1940 by Dodd , Mead and Company for $2 . In the original UK novel all references to `` Indians '' or `` Soldiers '' were originally `` Nigger '' , including the island 's name , the pivotal rhyme found by the visitors , and the ten figurines . ( In Chapter 7 , Vera Claythorne becomes semi-hysterical at the mention by Miss Brent of `` our black brothers '' , which is understandable only in the context of the original name . ) UK editions changed to the current definitive title in 1985 . The word `` nigger '' was already racially offensive in the United States by the start of the 20th century , and therefore the book 's first US edition and first serialization changed the title to And Then There Were None and removed all references to the word from the book , as did the 1945 motion picture . Publication history ( edit ) This is the best selling crime novel of all time , and what makes Agatha Christie the best selling novelist . It is Christie 's best - selling novel , with more than 100 million copies sold ; it is also the world 's best - selling mystery and one of the best - selling books of all time . Publications International lists the novel as the sixth best - selling title . The book and its adaptations have been released under various new names since the original publication , including Ten Little Indians ( 1946 play , Broadway performance and 1964 paperback book ) , Ten Little Soldiers and official title per the Agatha Christie Limited website , And Then There Were None . UK editions continued to use the work 's original title until the 1980s ; the first UK edition to use the alternative title And Then There Were None appeared in 1985 with a reprint of the 1963 Fontana Paperback . Christie , Agatha ( November 1939 ) . Ten Little Niggers . London : Collins Crime Club . OCLC 152375426 . Hardback , 256 pp. ( First edition . ) Christie , Agatha ( January 1940 ) . And Then There Were None . New York : Dodd , Mead . OCLC 1824276 . Hardback , 264 pp. ( First US edition . ) Christie , Agatha ( 1944 ) . And Then There Were None . New York : Pocket Books ( Pocket number 261 ) . Paperback , 173 pp . Christie , Agatha ( 1947 ) . Ten Little Niggers . London : Pan Books ( Pan number 4 ) . Paperback , 190 pp . Christie , Agatha ( 1958 ) . Ten Little Niggers . London : Penguin Books ( Penguin number 1256 ) . Paperback , 201 pp . Christie , Agatha ( 1963 ) . And Then There Were None . London : Fontana . OCLC 12503435 . Paperback , 190 pp . ( The 1985 reprint was the first UK publication of the novel under the title And Then There Were None . ) Christie , Agatha ( 1964 ) . Ten Little Indians . New York : Pocket Books . OCLC 29462459 . ( First publication of novel as Ten Little Indians . ) Christie , Agatha ( 1964 ) . And Then There Were None . New York : Washington Square Press . Paperback , teacher 's edition . Christie , Agatha ( 1977 ) . Ten Little Niggers ( Greenway ed . ) . London : Collins Crime Club . ISBN 0 - 00 - 231835 - 0 . Collected works , Hardback , 252 pp. ( Except for reprints of the 1963 Fontana paperback , this was one of the last English - language publications of the novel under the title Ten Little Niggers . ) Christie , Agatha ( 1980 ) . The Mysterious Affair at Styles ; Ten Little Niggers ; Dumb Witness . Sydney : Lansdowne Press . ISBN 0 - 7018 - 1453 - 5 . ( Late use of the original title in an Australian edition . ) Christie , Agatha ( 1986 ) . Ten Little Indians . New York : Pocket Books . ISBN 0 - 671 - 55222 - 8 . ( Last publication of novel under the title Ten Little Indians . ) Foreign language editions The sensitivity of the original British title varies across nations , depending on their culture and which words are used to describe people by skin color . In the US , the British title was considered offensive at first publication , and changed to the last line of the rhyme instead of its title . As the estate of Agatha Christie now offers it under one title only in English , And Then There Were None , it is likely that new foreign language editions will match that title in their language . The original title ( Ten Little Niggers ) still survives in a few foreign - language versions of the novel , such as the Bulgarian title Десет малки негърчета , and was used in other languages for a time , for example in Dutch until the 1994 release of the 18th edition . The title Ten Little Negroes continues to be commonly used in foreign - language versions , for example in Spanish , Greek , Serbian , Romanian , French and Hungarian , as well as a 1987 Russian film adaptation Десять негритят ( Desyat Negrityat ) . In 1999 , the Slovak National Theatre staged the play under its original title but changed to A napokon nezostal už nik ( And Then There Were None ) mid-run . Possible inspirations ( edit ) The 1930 novel The Invisible Host by Gwen Bristow and Bruce Manning has a plot that strongly matches that of Christie 's later novel , including a recorded voice announcing to the guests that their sins will be visited upon them by death . The Invisible Host was adapted as the 1930 Broadway The Ninth Guest by Owen Davis , which itself was adapted as the 1934 film The Ninth Guest . The 1933 K.B.S. Productions Sherlock Holmes film A Study in Scarlet follows a strikingly similar plot ; it includes a scene where Holmes is shown a card with the hint : `` Six little Indians ... bee stung one and then there were five '' . In this case , the rhyme refers to `` Ten Little Fat Boys '' . ( The film 's plot bears no resemblance to Arthur Conan Doyle 's original story of the same name . ) The author of the movie 's screenplay , Robert Florey , `` doubted that ( Christie ) had seen A Study in Scarlet , but he regarded it as a compliment if it had helped inspire her '' . Adaptations ( edit ) And Then There Were None has had more adaptations than any other single work by Agatha Christie . It is the isolated location where all the players on scene are murdered , never knowing who their murderer is , that is the idea . `` It was an idea which is now the basis for many Hollywood horror films and has become a cliché to modern audiences , but it was Agatha Christie who was the first to do it and so successfully that the story has become her most adapted piece . '' She changed the bleak ending to a more palatable one for theatre audiences when she adapted the novel for the stage in 1943 . Many adaptations incorporate changes to the story , such as using Christie 's alternative ending from her stage play or changing the setting to locations other than an island . With a plot line so well known , parodies and references to the novel or the play are frequent . Many television programs use the essence of the plot , a group of characters cut off from the outside world with a murderer in their midst , but with innocent victims in place of guilty victims , and give no credit to Agatha Christie for the many differences in plot and motivation . Film ( edit ) There have been numerous film adaptations of the novel , some comedic . Examples include : And Then There Were None ( 1945 film ) , René Clair 's cinema adaptation , was a successful US production Ten Little Indians ( 1965 film ) , is George Pollock 's cinema adaptation Gumnaam ( 1965 , translation : Unknown or Anonymous ) is an Indian suspense thriller film adaptation . Five Dolls for an August Moon ( 1970 ) is a loose Italian giallo adaptation directed by Mario Bava . Nadu Iravil ( 1970 , translation : In the middle of the night ) , a Tamil adaptation directed by Sundaram Balachander And Then There Were None ( 1974 film ) , the first English - language colour version , directed by Peter Collinson Desyat ' Negrityat ( 1987 , Десять негритят , Eng : `` Ten Little Negroes '' ) Stanislav Govorukhin 's Russian adaptation keeps intact Christie 's grim storyline and ending . Ten Little Indians , a 1989 American version directed by Alan Birkinshaw Aduthathu ( 2012 ) is a Tamil adaptation Aatagara ( 2015 ) is a Kannada film adaptation Radio ( edit ) The BBC broadcast `` Ten Little Niggers '' ( 1947 ) , adapted by Ayton Whitaker , first aired as a Monday Matinee on the BBC Home Service on 27 December 1947 and as Saturday Night Theatre on the BBC Light Programme on 29 December . On 13 November 2010 , as part of its Saturday Play series , BBC Radio 4 broadcast a 90 - minute adaptation written by Joy Wilkinson . The production was directed by Mary Peate and featured , among others , Geoffrey Whitehead as Justice Wargrave , Lyndsey Marshal as Vera Claythorne , Alex Wyndham as Philip Lombard , John Rowe as Dr. Armstrong , and Joanna Monro as Emily Brent . In this production , which is extremely faithful to the novel , the rhyme is `` Ten Little Soldier Boys '' . Stage ( edit ) And Then There Were None ( 1943 play ) is Christie 's adaptation of the story for the stage . She and the producers agreed that audiences might not flock to a tale with such a grim ending as the novel , nor would it work well dramatically as there would be no one left to tell the story . Thus , she reworked the ending for Lombard and Vera to be innocent of the crimes of which they were accused , survive , and fall in love with each other . Some of the names were also changed , e.g. , General Macarthur became General McKenzie in both the New York and London productions . By 1943 , General Douglas MacArthur was playing a prominent role in the Pacific Theatre of World War II , which may explain the change of the character 's name . Regardless of the reason , it was changed . Ten little niggers ( 1944 play ) , Dundee Repertory Theatre Company was given special permission to restore the original ending of the novel . The company first performed a stage adaptation of the novel in August 1944 under the UK title of the novel , with Agatha Christie credited as the dramatist . It was the first performance in repertory theatre . It was staged again in 1965 . There was an article in the Dundee Evening Register in August 1944 And Then There Were None ( 2005 play ) , On 14 October 2005 , a new version of the play , written by Kevin Elyot and directed by Steven Pimlott , opened at the Gielgud Theatre in London . For this version , Elyot returned to the original story in the novel , restoring the nihilism of the original . Television ( edit ) Several variations of the original novel were adapted for television , three of which were British adaptations . The first of these , in 1949 , was produced by the BBC . The second was produced in 1959 , by ITV . Both of those productions aired with Christie 's original title . The third and most recent British adaptation aired as And Then There Were None on BBC One in December 2015 , as a mini-series produced in cooperation with Acorn Media and Agatha Christie Productions . The 2015 production adhered more closely to the original plot , though there were several differences , and was the first English language film adaptation to feature an ending similar to that of the novel . On 25 and 26 March 2017 TV Asahi in Japan aired そして 誰 もい なくなっ た ( Soshite daremo inakunatta ) , a Japanese language adaptation by Nagasaka Shukei ( 長坂 秀佳 ) of the original story set in modern times . Other Media ( edit ) The novel has been the inspiration for several video games . For the Apple II , Online Systems released the game Mystery House in 1980 . On the PC , The Adventure Company released the video game Agatha Christie : And Then There Were None in 2005 , the first in a series of PC games based on Christie novels . In February 2008 , it was ported to the Wii console . The identity of the murderer is not that of the killer in the original book . The game player assumes the role of Patrick Naracott ( brother of Fred Naracott , who is involved in a newly created subplot ) , who is stranded with the others when his boat is scuttled . This allows for alternate , more successful endings in which Naracott survives and is able to prevent the murders of the innocent Lombard and Claythorne . All endings depart markedly from the novel and previous adaptations in that the killer and motives are different . And Then There Were None was released by HarperCollins as a graphic novel adaptation on 30 April 2009 , adapted by François Rivière and illustrated by Frank Leclercq . Peká Editorial released a board game based on the book , created by Judit Hurtado and Fernando Chavarría , and illustrated by Esperanza Peinado . Timeline of adaptations ( edit ) type Title Year Notes Film And Then There Were None 1945 American film and first cinema adaptation . Produced & directed by René Clair . TV Ten Little Niggers 1949 BBC television production ( IMDb ) TV Ten Little Niggers 1959 ITV television production ( IMDb ) TV Ten Little Indians 1959 NBC television production ( IMDb ) Film Ten Little Indians 1965 British film and second cinema adaptation . Directed by George Pollock and produced by Harry Alan Towers ; Pollock had previously handled four Miss Marple films starring Margaret Rutherford . Set in a mountain retreat in Austria . Film Gumnaam 1965 Loose , uncredited Hindi film adaptation , which adds the characteristic `` Bollywood '' elements of comedy , music and dance to Christie 's plot . TV Zehn kleine Negerlein 1969 West German television production ( IMDb ) Film 5 bambole per la luna d'agosto ( `` Five Dolls for an August Moon '' ) 1970 Loose , uncredited Italian giallo film adaptation written by Mario di Nardo and directed by Mario Bava . Film And Then There Were None English language film by Peter Collinson and produced by Harry Alan Towers . First English - language color film version of the novel , based on a screenplay by Towers ( writing as `` Peter Welbeck '' ) , who co-wrote the screenplay for the 1965 film . Set at a grand hotel in the Iranian desert . TV Ten Little Slaves ( Achra Abid Zghar ) Télé Liban TV series directed by Jean Fayyad , TV Adaptation by Latifeh Moultaka . ( Facebook Page ) Film Desyat ' negrityat Десять негритят ( `` Ten Little Negroes '' ) Russian film version produced / directed by Stanislav Govorukhin , notable for being the first cinema adaptation to keep the novel 's original plot and grim ending . Film Ten Little Indians British film , produced by Harry Alan Towers and directed by Alan Birkinshaw , set on safari in the African savannah . TV Ten Little Slaves ( Achra Abid Zghar ) 2014 MTV Lebanon television production ( MTV ) TV And Then There Were None 2015 BBC One miniseries broadcast on three consecutive nights , directed by Craig Viveiros and adapted by Sarah Phelps . Similar to book , although not identical , with changes to backstories and actual murders on the island . TV Soshite Daremo Inakunatta 2017 Japanese TV Asahi miniseries broadcast on two consecutive nights , directed by Seiji Izumi and adapted by Hideka Nagasaka . ( TV Asahi ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` British Library Item details '' . primocat.bl.uk . Retrieved 29 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` And Then There Were None '' . Agatha Christie Limited . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Review of Ten Little Indian Boys '' . The Observer. 5 November 1939 . p. 6 . ^ Jump up to : Peers , Chris ; Spurrier , Ralph ; Sturgeon , Jamie ( 1999 ) . Collins Crime Club : a checklist of the first editions ( 2nd ed . ) . London , UK : Dragonby Press . p. 15 . ISBN 1 - 871122 - 13 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Pendergast , Bruce ( 2004 ) . Everyman 's Guide to the Mysteries of Agatha Christie . Victoria , BC : Trafford Publishing . p. 393 . ISBN 1 - 4120 - 2304 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Tribute to Agatha Christie -- The Classic Years : 1940 -- 1944 '' . Archived from the original on 2 December 2008 . Retrieved 24 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Davies , Helen ; Dorfman , Marjorie ; Fons , Mary ; Hawkins , Deborah ; Hintz , Martin ; Lundgren , Linnea ; Priess , David ; Clark Robinson , Julia ; Seaburn , Paul ; Stevens , Heidi ; Theunissen , Steve ( 14 September 2007 ) . `` 21 Best - Selling Books of All Time '' . Editors of Publications International , Ltd . Archived from the original on 7 April 2009 . Retrieved 25 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Christie , Agatha ( 1964 ) . Ten Little Niggers . London : The Crime Club . pp. 31 -- 32 . Original nursery rhyme Jump up ^ Ashley , Maurice Percy Ashley ( November 11 , 1939 ) . `` Review : Ten Little Indians '' . The Times Literary Supplement . p. 658 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Isaac ( February 25 , 1940 ) . `` Review : Ten Little Indians '' . The New York Times Book Review . p. 15 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Ten Little Indians '' . Toronto Daily Star . March 16 , 1940 . p. 28 . Jump up ^ Barnard , Robert ( 1990 ) . A Talent to Deceive -- an appreciation of Agatha Christie ( Revised ed . ) . Fontana Books . p. 206 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 637474 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Light , Alison ( 1991 ) . Forever England : Femininity , Literature , and Conservatism Between the Wars . Routledge . p. 99 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 01661 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Binge ! Agatha Christie : Nine Great Christie Novels '' . Entertainment Weekly ( 1343 - 44 ) : 32 -- 33 . 26 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Christie , Agatha ( 1944 ) . And Then There Were None : A Mystery Play in Three Acts . Samuel French . This line is sometimes replaced by One got left behind and then there were seven . Jump up ^ Note : In some versions the ninth verse reads Two little Soldier boys playing with a gun / One shot the other and then there was One . Jump up ^ Christie , Agatha ( March 2008 ) . And Then There Were None . Harper - Collins . p. 276 . ASIN B000FC1RCI . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 074683 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Ten Little Niggers , song written in 1869 by Frank Green , for music by Mark Mason , for the singer GW `` Pony '' Moore . Agatha Christie , for the purposes of her novel , changed the story of the last little boy `` One little nigger boy left all alone / He went out and hanged himself and then there were none '' . ^ Jump up to : Ten Little Indians , song by Septimus Winner , American lyricist residing in Philadelphia , published in July 1868 in London . Jump up ^ Holdings at the British Library ( Newspapers -- Colindale ) ; Shelfmark NPL LON LD3 / NPL LON MLD3 . ^ Jump up to : British National Bibliography for 1985 . British Library ( 1986 ) ; ISBN 0 - 7123 - 1035 - 5 Jump up ^ Whitaker 's Cumulative Book List for 1977 . J Whitaker and Sons . 1978 . ISBN 0 - 85021 - 105 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` '' Zece negri mititei '' si `` Crima din Orient Express '' , azi cu `` Adevarul '' '' ( in Romanian ) . Adevarul.ro. 6 January 2010 . Retrieved 16 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dix petits nègres , nouvelle édition : Livres : Agatha Christie '' ( in French ) . Amazon.fr . Retrieved 16 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Agatha Christie : Desať malých černoškov ... a napokon nezostal už nik '' . Snd.sk . Retrieved 12 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Davis , Owen . The Ninth Guest : A Mystery Melodrama In Three Acts , Samuel French & Co. , 1932 Jump up ^ Taves , Brian ( 1987 ) . Robert Florey , the French Expressionist . New Jersey : Scarecrow Press . p. 152 . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 1929 - 5 . Jump up ^ Taves , Brian ( 1987 ) . Robert Florey , the French Expressionist . New Jersey : Scarecrow Press . p. 153 . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 1929 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Lucas , Tim ( 2007 ) . Mario Bava : All the Colors of the Dark . Video Watchdog . p. 812 . ISBN 0 - 9633756 - 1 - X . Jump up ^ `` Author of incredible reach '' . The Hindu . 24 October 2008 . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Agatha Christie e il cinema : un amore mai sbocciato del tutto '' ( in Italian ) . Comingsoon.it. 12 January 2016 . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Aatagara is not a remake '' . Bangalore Mirror. 30 August 2015 . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ten Little Niggers '' . Radio Times ( 1263 ) . 26 December 1947 . Jump up ^ `` Ten Little Indians at Two New York City playhouses 1944 - 1945 '' . The Broadway League , including cast and characters . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Christie , Agatha ( 1993 ) . The Mousetrap and Other Plays . HarperCollins . p. 2 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 224344 - X . ^ Jump up to : `` Ten little niggers , stage production at Dundee Repertory Theatre '' . Dundee , Scotland : Scottish Theatre Archive - Event Details . August 1944 . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ten little niggers staged at Dundee Repertory Theatre 1944 and 1965 '' . National Library of Scotland . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` And Then There Were None '' . Review . This Is Theatre . 14 October 2005 . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ BBC TV ( 20 August 1949 ) . `` Ten Little Niggers '' . Radio Times ( 1348 ) . p. 39 . Jump up ^ `` Season 4 , Episode 20 ' Ten Little Niggers ' '' . Play of the Week . ITV . January 13 , 1959 . Jump up ^ `` And Then There Were None to air on BBC1 on Boxing Day 2015 '' . Radio Times . 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` And Then There Were None in Japan '' . Agatha Christie . Agatha Christie Limited . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` そして 誰 もい なくなっ た '' . TV Asahi ( in Japanese ) . TV Ashi . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Peká Editorial website Archived 20 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine. ; accessed 10 July 2015 . External links ( edit ) And Then There Were None at the official Agatha Christie website Spark Notes for novel E-book at Archive.org And Then There Were None BBC Television show official website Works by Agatha Christie Universe Characters Hercule Poirot Miss Marple Tommy and Tuppence Ariadne Oliver Arthur Hastings Superintendent Battle Chief Inspector Japp Parker Pyne Mr. Harley Quin Colonel Race Lady Eileen `` Bundle '' Brent Sir Henry Clithering Raymond West Miss Felicity Lemon Countess Vera Rossakoff Locations St. Mary Mead Novels The Mysterious Affair at Styles The Secret Adversary The Murder on the Links The Man in the Brown Suit The Secret of Chimneys The Murder of Roger Ackroyd The Big Four The Mystery of the Blue Train The Seven Dials Mystery The Murder at the Vicarage The Sittaford Mystery Peril at End House Lord Edgware Dies Murder on the Orient Express Why Did n't They Ask Evans ? Three Act Tragedy Death in the Clouds The A.B.C. Murders Murder in Mesopotamia Cards on the Table Dumb Witness Death on the Nile Appointment with Death Hercule Poirot 's Christmas Murder Is Easy And Then There Were None Sad Cypress One , Two , Buckle My Shoe Evil Under the Sun N or M ? The Body in the Library Five Little Pigs The Moving Finger Towards Zero Death Comes as the End Sparkling Cyanide The Hollow Taken at the Flood Crooked House A Murder Is Announced They Came to Baghdad Mrs McGinty 's Dead They Do It with Mirrors After the Funeral A Pocket Full of Rye Destination Unknown Hickory Dickory Dock Dead Man 's Folly 4.50 from Paddington Ordeal by Innocence Cat Among the Pigeons The Pale Horse The Mirror Crack 'd from Side to Side The Clocks A Caribbean Mystery At Bertram 's Hotel Third Girl Endless Night By the Pricking of My Thumbs Hallowe'en Party Passenger to Frankfurt Nemesis Elephants Can Remember Postern of Fate Curtain Sleeping Murder As Mary Westmacott Giant 's Bread Unfinished Portrait Absent in the Spring The Rose and the Yew Tree A Daughter 's a Daughter The Burden Short story collections Poirot Investigates Partners in Crime The Mysterious Mr Quin The Thirteen Problems The Hound of Death The Listerdale Mystery Parker Pyne Investigates Murder in the Mews The Regatta Mystery The Labours of Hercules The Witness for the Prosecution and Other Stories Three Blind Mice and Other Stories The Under Dog and Other Stories The Adventure of the Christmas Pudding Double Sin and Other Stories The Golden Ball and Other Stories Poirot 's Early Cases Miss Marple 's Final Cases and Two Other Stories Problem at Pollensa Bay and Other Stories The Harlequin Tea Set While the Light Lasts and Other Stories Plays Black Coffee And Then There Were None Appointment with Death Murder on the Nile The Hollow The Mousetrap Witness for the Prosecution Spider 's Web Verdict The Unexpected Guest Fiddlers Three Akhnaton Chimneys Radio and television plays Wasp 's Nest The Yellow Iris Three Blind Mice Butter in a Lordly Dish Personal Call Other books The Road of Dreams Come , Tell Me How You Live Star Over Bethlehem Poems An Autobiography Book Agatha Christie 's And Then There Were None Films And Then There Were None ( 1945 ) Ten Little Indians ( 1965 ) Gumnaam ( 1965 ) Five Dolls for an August Moon ( 1970 ) Nadu Iravil ( 1970 ) And Then There Were None ( 1974 ) Desyat Negrityat ( 1987 ) Ten Little Indians ( 1989 ) Miniseries And Then There Were None ( 2015 ) Other And Then There Were None ( play ) Agatha Christie : And Then There Were None ( game ) Related `` And Then There Were Fewer '' `` Private View '' Ten Little Indians Something 's Afoot I Know What You Did Last Wednesday A Stab in the Dark Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=And_Then_There_Were_None&oldid=857087573 '' Categories : 1939 British novels Novels by Agatha Christie Works originally published in The Saturday Evening Post Novels first published in serial form Novels set in the 1930s Novels set in Devon British novels adapted into films Collins Crime Club books Novels set on islands British novels adapted into plays Novels adapted into video games Novels adapted into television programs Novels adapted into radio programs Hidden categories : Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text CS1 Romanian - language sources ( ro ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Webarchive template wayback links Use British English Oxford spelling from November 2013 Use dmy dates from November 2013 Pages to import images to Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Articles containing Russian - language text Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 13 : 48 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was and then there were none set | [
"On a hot 8 August in the late 1930s, eight people arrive on a small, isolated island off the Devon coast of England. Each has an invitation tailored to his or her personal circumstances, such as an offer of employment or an unexpected late summer holiday. They are met by Thomas and Ethel Rogers, the butler and cook-housekeeper, who state that their hosts, Mr Ulick Norman Owen and his wife Mrs Una Nancy Owen, whom they have not yet met in person, have not arrived, but left instructions, which strikes all the guests as odd.\n"
] | [
"a small, isolated island off the Devon coast of England"
] |
-7851257406787403259 | The Ranch (TV series) | The Ranch ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Ranch ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search The Ranch Genre Sitcom Created by Don Reo Jim Patterson Starring Ashton Kutcher Danny Masterson Debra Winger Sam Elliott Elisha Cuthbert Opening theme `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' by Lukas Nelson and Shooter Jennings Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 40 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Don Reo Jim Patterson Ashton Kutcher Danny Masterson Jane Wiseman Blair Fetter Andy Weil Jerry Anglin Producer ( s ) Jamie Rhonheimer Steve Tompkins Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 28 -- 34 minutes Production company ( s ) Ranch Hand Productions Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Original release April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) -- present ( present ) The Ranch is an American comedy web television series starring Ashton Kutcher , Danny Masterson , Debra Winger , Elisha Cuthbert , and Sam Elliott that debuted in 2016 on Netflix . The show takes place on the fictional Iron River Ranch in the fictitious small town of Garrison , Colorado ; detailing the life of the Bennetts , a dysfunctional family consisting of two brothers , their rancher father , and his divorced wife and local bar owner . While the opening sequence shows scenes from Ouray , Colorado and surrounding Ouray County , The Ranch is filmed on a sound stage in front of a live audience in Burbank , California . Each season consists of 20 episodes broken up into two parts , each containing 10 episodes . All episodes are named after American country music songs , predominantly Kenny Chesney in part one , George Strait in part two , Tim McGraw in part three , and Garth Brooks in part four : the first ten episodes premiered on April 1 , 2016 , the second batch of ten episodes premiered on October 7 , 2016 . In April 2016 , Netflix renewed The Ranch for a second season of 20 episodes , the first half of which premiered on June 16 , 2017 , and the second half was released on December 15 , 2017 . On July 4 , 2017 , Netflix announced through its official The Ranch Twitter account that the show had been renewed for a third season of 20 episodes to air in 2018 . In December 2017 , a week before the release of the second - half of the second season , it was announced Masterson had been written out of the show following multiple sexual assault allegations made against him . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Special Guests 1.4 Cameos 2 Episodes 2.1 Series overview 2.2 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 2.3 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Ashton Kutcher as Colt Bennett , a former high school and college football star who returns to his hometown after a fifteen - year absence for a tryout , but ultimately helps his father and older brother on their family ranch . Colt is frequently the butt of jokes from his father and brother , particularly when it comes to his ranching skills ( or lack thereof ) and his disappointing pro football career . He is a heavy drinker and has a penchant for not using common sense , but he seems to have a heart of gold and tries to do right by others . Based on his various T - shirts and dialogue throughout the first season , it 's implied that Colt has played for the Barcelona Dragons , San Jose SaberCats , Spokane Shock , Orlando Predators , Nebraska Danger , Minnesota Axemen and Philadelphia Soul . Dialogue also states that he was a member of teams in Canada , notably the fictional Saskatoon Cold ( `` Like the Miami Heat ... only cold '' ) and Alaska . He also states in the first episode he was the back up of the back up of the back up for Florida State and won the championship in 1999 . Danny Masterson as Jameson `` Rooster '' Bennett , Colt 's older brother . He has lived and worked on the ranch since Colt left to follow his football career . Despite living in Colt 's shadow he is far more competent on the ranch as well as a more level headed thinker . He has however been just as irresponsible as Colt , drinking too much and sleeping around . Debra Winger as Margaret `` Maggie '' Bennett , owner of Maggie 's , and Colt and Rooster 's mother . Maggie is divorced from Beau and lives in a trailer behind the bar she owns . Much more lighthearted and caring than Beau , her company and advice is often sought out by the boys on how to deal with problems , especially those concerning their father . Maggie is something of a hippie and is an avid marijuana smoker . Elisha Cuthbert as Abigail `` Abby '' Phillips , a Garrison High School history teacher and Colt 's high school and current girlfriend . Abby was in a five - year relationship with Kenny and was briefly engaged to him , but ultimately she broke it off and hooked back up with Colt . ( recurring , season 1 ; main cast , season 2 ) Sam Elliott as Beau Bennett , Maggie 's ex-husband , and Colt and Rooster 's father . A Vietnam War veteran , he has worked the ranch since returning from the war and taking it over after his father died . Beau is difficult to get along with , perpetually annoyed with everyone and everything . He detests many modern amenities and is easily angered by his sons ' antics . Beau appears to be a Republican with a special affinity for Ronald Reagan but at times seems to despise all politicians regardless of affiliation . Recurring ( edit ) Barry Corbin as Dale Rivers , a hearing - impaired veterinarian and close friend of Beau 's Grady Lee Richmond as Hank , a regular Maggie 's patron Bret Harrison as Kenneth `` Kenny '' Ballard , a Courtyard by Marriott manager and Abby 's ex-fiancé Megyn Price as Mary Roth , a Cracker Barrel waitress and Rooster 's older girlfriend Kelli Goss as Heather Roth , Mary 's younger daughter and Colt 's ex-girlfriend , pregnant with their child . Molly McCook as Darlene Roth , Mary 's older daughter Kathy Baker as Joanne , a Cracker Barrel waitress , Mary 's friend , and potential new love interest for Beau Ethan Suplee as `` Beer Pong Billy '' Tompkins , a police officer and high school friend of Colt and Rooster 's Aimee Teegarden as Nikki , Heather 's friend and Billy 's fiancée Chasty Ballesteros as Tanya Showers , a sexy weather reporter and Kenny 's current girlfriend Laura Vallejo as Maria , a Maggie 's waitress Sharon Lawrence as Brenda Sanders , a widowed hairdresser who befriended Beau when he and Maggie separated Special guests ( edit ) Jon Cryer as Bill Jensen , a loan officer and former high school football referee Wilmer Valderrama as Umberto , a former Iron River ranch hand , former employee of Neumann 's Hill at the My Little Pony Ranch . He is Rooster and Colt 's friend . Currently deported . Martin Mull as Jerry , Maggie 's sometimes acid - tripping attorney John Amos as Ed Bishop , a longtime family friend of the Bennetts and a Neumann 's Hill employee Thomas F. Wilson as Coach Fitzgerald , the Garrison High School head football coach Debra Jo Rupp as Janice Phillips , Abby 's mother ( Season 2 ) Jim Beaver as Chuck Phillips , Abby 's father , who like Janice is disdainful of Abby 's relationship with Colt ( Season 2 ) Conchata Ferrell as Shirley ( Season 2 ) Lou Diamond Phillips as Clint , a traveling musician attracted to Maggie ( Season 2 ) Kurtwood Smith as Sam Peterson , neighbor of the Iron River Ranch ( Season 2 ) Cameos ( edit ) Joe Firstman Pearl Charles Kurt Neumann Bukka Allen Sam Hawksley Thomas Rhett Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally released 20 10 April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) 10 October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) 20 10 June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 10 December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date Part 1 `` Back Where I Come From '' David Trainer Don Reo & Jim Patterson April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) When Colt Bennett returns home from Canada to try out for a semipro Denver team , he learns that his family 's ranch has fallen on hard times . `` Some People Change '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) Colt runs into an ex at Maggie 's bar and reminisces with Rooster over a bottle of whiskey . Getting back in Beau 's good graces is a losing battle . `` The Boys of Fall '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Tompkins & Nathan Chetty Teleplay by : Jim Patterson & Jamie Rhonheimer April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) When his inflated ego lands him in hot water , Colt realizes he 's not the big man on campus anymore . Beau 's doctor makes him trade in steak for salad . `` Got a Little Crazy '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Steve Tompkins & Nikki Schiefelbein April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) Colt smooths things over with Abby . When Maggie drags Beau to the Marriott for a romantic evening , the guys have some fun back at the house . 5 5 `` American Kids '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Max Searle Teleplay by : Don Reo & Jeff Lowell April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) Rooster and Colt 's long - simmering rivalry comes to a head on the first day of hunting season . But their bickering has an upside for Beau and Maggie . 6 6 `` Better as a Memory '' David Trainer Story by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Jeff Lowell Teleplay by : Don Reo & Nathan Chetty April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) Abby gets a taste of her own medicine after a hazy night of drinking . Beau warms to the idea of mending fences with Maggie . 7 7 `` I Ca n't Go There '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Max Searle Teleplay by : Jim Patterson & Nathan Chetty April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) Colt figures out what he wants from Heather . A sick calf gives Beau an excuse to avoid dealing with his feelings -- and creates some unexpected bonds . 8 8 `` Til It 's Gone '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Tompkins & Steve Leff Teleplay by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Matt Ross April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) The ranch 's dwindling finances drive a wedge between Beau and the boys , and Colt goes behind his father 's back to ask Maggie for help . 9 9 `` There Goes My Life '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Max Searle & Nathan Chetty April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) Heather sets up Rooster with her sister , but Colt 's afraid he 'll ruin a good thing . Maggie and Beau air their dirty laundry at marriage counseling . 10 10 `` Down the Road '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson & Nathan Chetty Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) Colt and Rooster worry when Beau has a change of heart about the calves . But that 's just the beginning of the surprises that await the Bennett clan . Part 2 11 `` Gone as a Girl Can Get '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Tompkins & Jeff Lowell Teleplay by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) An angry Beau clears Maggie 's things out of the house . Colt tries to sort out his feelings for Abby and Heather . 12 `` Living and Living Well '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Max Searle Teleplay by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nathan Chetty October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) Colt struggles to keep his relationship with Abby under wraps . The boys make a big purchase and try to sell Beau on a business opportunity . 13 `` Sittin ' on the Fence '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jeff Lowell Teleplay by : Jim Patterson & Steve Tompkins October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) Beau 's depressed over Maggie , so Mary tries to fix him up with a friend . Colt wonders when Abby 's going to follow through on her promise . 14 `` Let 's Fall to Pieces Together '' David Trainer Story by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nikki Schiefelbein Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Steve Leff October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) While Rooster tries to broker peace between Beau and Maggie , Colt apologizes to Heather -- but his timing could n't be worse . 15 5 `` I Know She Still Loves Me '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Jeff Lowell & Max Searle October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) Beau and Maggie come to a decision about their relationship , but they do n't see eye to eye on the ranch . The boys take Kenny out drinking . 16 6 `` Easy Come , Easy Go '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Max Searle Teleplay by : Don Reo & Nathan Chetty October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) Rooster and Colt try to prove themselves to Beau , but he does n't have much faith in them . Colt gets jealous when he sees Abby and Kenny together . 17 7 `` I 've Come to Expect It from You '' David Trainer Story by : Jim Patterson & Jamie Rhonheimer Teleplay by : Steve Tompkins & Jeff Lowell October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) Colt plans a special date with Abby . Rooster vents his frustrations to Maggie , while Joanne gives Beau some sage advice . 18 8 `` The Cowboy Rides Away '' David Trainer Story by : Nikki Schiefelbein & Nathan Chetty Teleplay by : Jim Patterson & Steve Leff October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) Beau tries to make amends with the boys , but it may be too little , too late . A job offer drives a wedge between Rooster and Colt . 19 9 `` Leavin 's Been Comin ' ( For a Long , Long Time ) '' David Trainer Story by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Steve Tompkins Teleplay by : Don Reo & Jeff Lowell October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) Maggie stands up for Rooster when Beau kicks him out of the house . Meanwhile , Colt is torn between his brother and his father . 20 10 `` Merry Christmas ( Wherever You Are ) '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) Colt realizes what he wants for his future , Beau and Maggie find some closure , and the gang celebrates Christmas at the bar . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date Part 3 21 `` My Next Thirty Years '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) After Heather drops a bombshell , a visit from Abby 's parents is the last thing Colt needs -- and they all end up at church together on Christmas Eve . 22 `` Things Change '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Tompkins & Jeff Lowell Teleplay by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nathan Chetty June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) Heather makes a decision about the pregnancy . Mary reads Rooster the riot act for keeping it a secret , and Colt struggles with how to tell Abby . 23 `` Take Me Away from Here '' David Trainer Story by : Jim Patterson & Nathan Chetty Teleplay by : Max Searle & Steve Leff June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) After a heart - to - heart with Maggie , Colt steps up and supports Heather . Meanwhile , the tension between Rooster and Beau takes a toll on Maggie . 24 `` She 'll Have You Back '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Steve Leff Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Nikki Schiefelbein June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) Abby agrees to give Colt a chance , but her father is n't as forgiving . Beau and Rooster go to a cattle auction . Maggie thinks about selling the bar . 25 5 `` My Best Friend '' David Trainer Story by : Ashton Kutcher & Carla Filisha Teleplay by : Steve Tompkins & Jamie Rhonheimer June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) The guys wind up in hot water after an ice fishing trip . Beau takes Brenda out to dinner , but Maggie 's not far from his mind . 26 6 `` Find Out Who Your Friends Are '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jeff Lowell Teleplay by : Max Williger June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) Emotions run high when Abby and Heather fight , leaving Colt caught in the middle . Rooster faces the consequences of blowing off work . 27 7 `` One of Those Nights '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Max Searle Teleplay by : Jim Patterson & Jason Zumwalt June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) During a snowstorm , Colt and Abby head out of town , Beau and Joanne get cozy at the ranch , and Maggie meets a charming stranger . 28 8 `` I Did n't Ask and She Did n't Say '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Tompkins & Nikki Schiefelbein Teleplay by : Bryce VanKooten & William Vallery June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) Colt gets possessive when Heather starts dating a teacher . Abby gives Beau relationship advice . Maggie has a business proposition for Rooster . 29 9 `` Last Dollar ( Fly Away ) '' David Trainer Story by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nikki Schiefelbein Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) As Heather 's medical bills roll in , Colt realizes how expensive it is having a baby . A surprise visitor at the bar sweeps Maggie off her feet . 30 10 `` Ca n't Really Be Gone '' David Trainer Story by : Jim Patterson & Jeff Lowell Teleplay by : Don Reo & Nathan Chetty June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) Colt 's new responsibilities keep him away from Abby . After a memorable night , Maggie ponders what she wants for her future . Part 4 31 `` Learning to Live Again '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nathan Chetty December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) Colt wants to buy Sam Peterson 's ranch -- with or without his family 's blessing . Colt and Heather have a heart - to - heart about their loss . 32 `` Wrapped Up in You '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Max Searle Teleplay by : Steve Tompkins & Jeff Lowell December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) Wondering if he 's ready to marry Abby , Colt seeks romantic advice from an unlikely source : Beau . Rooster hires a flaky new waitress . 33 `` Rodeo and Juliet '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Max Searle Teleplay by : Carla Filisha & Steve Leff December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) Beau ponders a lucrative business offer . Rooster runs afoul of the liquor board . Colt tries to make peace with Abby 's Dad . 34 `` Much Too Young ( To Feel this Old ) '' David Trainer Story by : Jim Patterson & Matt Ross Teleplay by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nathan Chetty December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) Colt and Abby start planning their wedding , but they do n't see eye to eye . Joanne confesses she still has feelings for Beau . 35 5 `` More Than a Memory '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Tompkins & Steve Leff Teleplay by : Jim Patterson & Jeff Lowell December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) Abby moves in with Colt and Beah when she learns she 's losing her job . Rooster and Jen the engineer bond over getting dumped . 36 6 `` When You Come Back to Me Again '' David Trainer Story by : Bryce VanKooten & William Vallery Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) Back in town , Maggie frets about how Rooster 's been running the bar . Abby considers a career change . 37 7 `` Do What You Gotta Do '' David Trainer Jamie Rhonheimer & Nathan Chetty December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) A job opportunity in Denver threatens to drive a wedge between Colt and Abby . Maggie pushes back about the pipeline . 38 8 `` Big Money '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Nathan Chetty Teleplay by : Jeff Lowell & Nikki Schiefelbein December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) Maggie takes a stand that lands her in hot water . Colt and Rooster come up with a plan to buy the Peterson ranch , but they need Beau 's buy - in . 39 9 `` Ai n't Goin ' Down ( ' Til the Sun Comes Up ) '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Tompkins & Max Searle Teleplay by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nathan Chetty December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) Beau shrugs off the doctor 's oders and resists the family 's efforts to help him . Meanwhile , Colt lashes out at Maggie . 40 10 `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) Beau leaves the boys hanging about the Peterson ranch . Rooser takes Jen on a date . Colt and Abby fight about their future . Reception ( edit ) The Ranch has been met with mixed reviews from critics . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the series an approval rating of 56 % based on 32 reviews , with an average rating of 5.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` A formulaic set - up and predictable plotting are elevated by The Ranch 's surprising sensitivity and strong performances . '' Metacritic gave the series a score of 56 out of 100 , based on 20 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Writing for Slate in a positive review , television critic Willa Paskin wrote of the show , `` The Ranch is a red - state sitcom , though it takes place in the swing state of Colorado , and is good enough to be watched by people of any political affiliation '' and `` The goodness sneaks up on you . '' Los Angeles Times wrote : `` ( Elliott and Winger 's ) scenes together , as restrained as they are , are the show 's most emotionally resonant . You will want to check them out . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Netflix 's ' The Ranch ' offers up a country - heavy soundtrack '' . The Rowdy. April 9 , 2016 . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ashton Kutcher , Danny Masterson Team For Netflix Comedy ' The Ranch ' '' . Variety . June 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ashton Kutcher & Danny Masterson To Star In Netflix Series From ' 2.5 Men ' Duo '' . Deadline . June 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Villareal , Yvonne ( 1 April 2016 ) . `` Ashton Kutcher bucks conventions on his Netflix sitcom ' The Ranch ' and ponders reviving ' That ' 70s Show ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ASHTON KUTCHER AND DANNY MASTERSON STARRING IN NEW NETFLIX SITCOM , THE RANCH '' . IGN . June 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lisa de Moraes ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Unveils Premiere Dates For ' Orange Is The New Black , ' ' The Get Down , ' ' Flaked ' And Others '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - ranch , the on netflix '' . The Futon Critic. April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Ashton Kutcher Sitcom ' The Ranch ' Renewed For Season 2 By Netflix '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Renews ' The Ranch ' for Season 2 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Patrick . `` The Ranch season 2 release date announcement '' . netflixlife.com . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Ranch ' Part 4 Release Date Revealed '' . Streaming . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Olin , Bryce ( July 4 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix Renews ' The Ranch ' for Season 3 '' . Netflix Life . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` Danny Masterson Fired From Netflix 's The Ranch Amid Sexual Assault Claims , Vows To Clear His Name `` Once And For All '' `` . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Ranch : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Ranch - Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paskin , Willa ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's new multicamera sitcom is engineered to compete with network TV . And it 's good '' . Slate ( magazine ) . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Ranch ' is an old - fashioned sitcom , but Sam Elliott and Debra Winger make it worth watching '' . LA Times . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 15 . External links ( edit ) The Ranch on IMDb ( hide ) Netflix original series Current Since 2013 House of Cards Orange Is the New Black Since 2014 BoJack Horseman All Hail King Julien Since 2015 The Adventures of Puss in Boots Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Chef 's Table Between Daredevil Grace and Frankie Sense8 Club de Cuervos Project Mc Dinotrux Narcos The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show Master of None W / Bob & David Jessica Jones Atelier F Is for Family Making a Murderer Dawn of the Croods Real Rob Since 2016 Degrassi : Next Class Chelsea Does Love Fuller House Lego Friends : The Power of Friendship Flaked Netflix Presents : The Characters Lost & Found Music Studios The Ranch Kong : King of the Apes Marseille Chelsea Lady Dynamite Hibana : Spark Voltron : Legendary Defender Word Party World of Winx Stranger Things Home : Adventures with Tip & Oh Last Chance U Beat Bugs Ask the StoryBots Kulipari : An Army of Frogs Easy Luke Cage StoryBots Super Songs Skylanders Academy The Crown Roman Empire : Reign of Blood Paranoid 3 % Captive Luna Petunia Dirk Gently 's Holistic Detective Agency The OA Travelers Trollhunters Since 2017 One Day at a Time Edgar Rice Burroughs ' Tarzan and Jane We 're Lalaloopsy A Series of Unfortunate Events Frontier Santa Clarita Diet Abstract : The Art of Design Ultimate Beastmaster Legend Quest Buddy Thunderstruck Iron Fist Julie 's Greenroom Ingobernable 13 Reasons Why Mystery Science Theater 3000 : The Return Bill Nye Saves the World Dear White People Las chicas del cable Spirit Riding Free Anne with an E El Chapo Free Rein GLOW Castlevania Friends from College Ozark The Worst Witch Atypical True and the Rainbow Kingdom Disjointed Greenhouse Academy The Confession Tapes American Vandal Neo Yokio Jack Whitehall : Travels with My Father Big Mouth The Magic School Bus Rides Again Suburra Mindhunter Super Monsters Cuando conocí al Chapo : La historia de Kate del Castillo Beyond Stranger Things Blazing Transfer Student The Punisher Shot in the Dark Stretch Armstrong and the Flex Fighters She 's Gotta Have It Dark Wormwood Continuations Arrested Development ( season 4 , 2013 ) The Killing ( season 4 , 2014 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( season 6 , 2014 ) Trailer Park Boys ( seasons 8 -- 11 , 2014 -- 17 ) DreamWorks Dragons ( seasons 3 -- 7 , 2015 -- 17 ) Longmire ( seasons 4 -- 6 , 2015 -- 16 ) Black Mirror ( seasons 3 -- 4 , 2016 -- 17 ) Lovesick ( season 2 , 2016 ) The Last Kingdom ( season 2 , 2017 ) Glitch ( season 2 , 2017 ) Ended Lilyhammer ( 2012 -- 14 ) Hemlock Grove ( 2013 -- 15 ) Turbo FAST ( 2013 -- 16 ) VeggieTales in the House ( 2014 -- 16 ) Marco Polo ( 2014 -- 16 ) Richie Rich ( 2015 ) Bloodline ( 2015 -- 17 ) Wet Hot American Summer : First Day of Camp ( 2015 ) Popples ( 2015 -- 16 ) Care Bears and Cousins ( 2015 -- 16 ) Lego Bionicle : The Journey to One ( 2016 ) Chasing Cameron ( 2016 ) White Rabbit Project ( 2016 ) The Get Down ( 2016 -- 17 ) Haters Back Off ( 2016 -- 17 ) Gilmore Girls : A Year in the Life ( 2016 ) Crazyhead ( 2016 ) Five Came Back ( 2017 ) Girlboss ( 2017 ) The Keepers ( 2017 ) Gypsy ( 2017 ) Wet Hot American Summer : Ten Years Later ( 2017 ) The Defenders ( 2017 ) Alias Grace ( 2017 ) Godless ( 2017 ) VeggieTales in the City ( 2017 ) Upcoming Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee ( season 10 , 2018 ) The End of the F * * * ing World ( 2018 ) Devilman Crybaby ( 2018 ) Trolls : The Beat Goes On ! 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( 2018 ) Spy Kids : Mission Critical ( 2018 ) Sword Gai : The Animation ( 2018 ) The Ballad of Buster Scruggs ( 2018 ) The Boss Baby : Back in Business ( 2018 ) The Chilling Adventures of Sabrina ( 2018 ) The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants ( 2018 ) The Legend of Monkey ( 2018 ) The Umbrella Academy ( 2018 ) Carmen Sandiego ( 2019 ) Top Boy ( season 3 , 2019 ) Best Worst Weekend Ever ( TBA ) Collateral ( TBA ) Damnation ( TBA ) Raising Dion ( TBA ) Ratched ( TBA ) Requiem ( TBA ) Seven Seconds ( TBA ) The Dark Crystal : Age of Resistance ( TBA ) The Eddy ( TBA ) The Forgiving Earth ( TBA ) The Good Cop ( TBA ) The Green Beret 's Guide to Surviving the Apocalypse ( TBA ) The Haunting of Hill House ( TBA ) The Kominsky Method ( TBA ) The Letdown ( TBA ) The Spy ( TBA ) Tidelands ( TBA ) Troy : Fall of a City ( TBA ) Wanderlust ( TBA ) Watership Down ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Ranch_(TV_series)&oldid=816056240 '' Categories : 2016 American television series debuts 2010s American comedy television series American television sitcoms English - language television programs Netflix original programming Television series created by Don Reo Television shows set in Colorado Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Polski Português Русский Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 23 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does the next series of the ranch come out | [
"On July 4, 2017, Netflix announced through its official The Ranch Twitter account that the show had been renewed for a third season of 20 episodes to air in 2018.[12] In December 2017, a week before the release of the second-half of the second season, it was announced Masterson had been written out of the show following multiple sexual assault allegations made against him.[13]"
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-4830737044930660236 | Model–view–controller | Model -- view -- controller - wikipedia Model -- view -- controller Diagram of interactions within the MVC pattern . Model -- view -- controller is an architectural pattern commonly used for developing user interfaces that divides an application into three interconnected parts . This is done to separate internal representations of information from the ways information is presented to and accepted from the user . The MVC design pattern decouples these major components allowing for efficient code reuse and parallel development . Traditionally used for desktop graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) , this architecture has become popular for designing web applications and even mobile , desktop and other clients . Popular programming languages like Java , C# , Ruby , PHP have MVC frameworks that are used in web application development straight out of the box . Contents 1 Descriptions 1.1 Components 1.2 Interactions 2 History 3 Use in web applications 4 Goals of MVC 4.1 Simultaneous development 4.2 Code reuse 5 Advantages & disadvantages 5.1 Advantages 5.2 Disadvantages 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography Descriptions ( edit ) As with other software patterns , MVC expresses the `` core of the solution '' to a problem while allowing it to be adapted for each system . Particular MVC architectures can vary significantly from the traditional description here . Components ( edit ) The model is the central component of the pattern . It is the application 's dynamic data structure , independent of the user interface . It directly manages the data , logic and rules of the application . A view can be any output representation of information , such as a chart or a diagram . Multiple views of the same information are possible , such as a bar chart for management and a tabular view for accountants . The third part or section , the controller , accepts input and converts it to commands for the model or view . Interactions ( edit ) In addition to dividing the application into three kinds of components , the model -- view -- controller design defines the interactions between them . The model is responsible for managing the data of the application . It receives user input from the controller . The view means presentation of the model in a particular format . The controller responds to the user input and performs interactions on the data model objects . The controller receives the input , optionally validates it and then passes the input to the model . History ( edit ) One of the seminal insights in the early development of graphical user interfaces , MVC became one of the first approaches to describe and implement software constructs in terms of their responsibilities . Trygve Reenskaug introduced MVC into Smalltalk - 76 while visiting the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center ( PARC ) in the 1970s . In the 1980s , Jim Althoff and others implemented a version of MVC for the Smalltalk - 80 class library . Only later did a 1988 article in The Journal of Object Technology ( JOT ) express MVC as a general concept . The MVC pattern has subsequently evolved , giving rise to variants such as hierarchical model -- view -- controller ( HMVC ) , model -- view -- adapter ( MVA ) , model -- view -- presenter ( MVP ) , model -- view -- viewmodel ( MVVM ) , and others that adapted MVC to different contexts . The use of the MVC pattern in web applications exploded in popularity after the introduction of NeXT 's WebObjects in 1996 , which was originally written in Objective - C ( that borrowed heavily from Smalltalk ) and helped enforce MVC principles . Later , the MVC pattern became popular with Java developers when WebObjects was ported to Java . Later frameworks for Java , such as Spring ( released in October 2002 ) , continued the strong bond between Java and MVC . The introduction of the frameworks Django ( July 2005 , for Python ) and Rails ( December 2005 , for Ruby ) , both of which had a strong emphasis on rapid deployment , increased MVC 's popularity outside the traditional enterprise environment in which it has long been popular . MVC web frameworks now hold large market - shares relative to non-MVC web toolkits . Use in web applications ( edit ) Although originally developed for desktop computing , MVC has been widely adopted as an architecture for World Wide Web applications in major programming languages . Several web frameworks have been created that enforce the pattern . These software frameworks vary in their interpretations , mainly in the way that the MVC responsibilities are divided between the client and server . Some web MVC frameworks take a thin client approach that places almost the entire model , view and controller logic on the server . This is reflected in frameworks such as Django , Rails and ASP.NET MVC . In this approach , the client sends either hyperlink requests or form submissions to the controller and then receives a complete and updated web page ( or other document ) from the view ; the model exists entirely on the server . Other frameworks such as AngularJS , EmberJS , JavaScriptMVC and Backbone allow the MVC components to execute partly on the client ( also see Ajax ) . Goals of MVC ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Simultaneous development ( edit ) Because MVC decouples the various components of an application , developers are able to work in parallel on different components without impacting or blocking one another . For example , a team might divide their developers between the front - end and the back - end . The back - end developers can design the structure of the data and how the user interacts with it without requiring the user interface to be completed . Conversely , the front - end developers are able to design and test the layout of the application prior to the data structure being available . Code reuse ( edit ) By creating components that are independent of each other , developers are able to reuse components quickly and easily in other applications . The same ( or similar ) view for one application can be refactored for another application with different data because the view is simply handling how the data is being displayed to the user . Advantages & disadvantages ( edit ) Advantages ( edit ) Simultaneous development -- Multiple developers can work simultaneously on the model , controller and views . High cohesion -- MVC enables logical grouping of related actions on a controller together . The views for a specific model are also grouped together . Low coupling -- The very nature of the MVC framework is such that there is low coupling among models , views or controllers Ease of modification -- Because of the separation of responsibilities , future development or modification is easier Multiple views for a model -- Models can have multiple views Disadvantages ( edit ) Code navigability -- The framework navigation can be complex because it introduces new layers of abstraction and requires users to adapt to the decomposition criteria of MVC . Multi-artifact consistency -- Decomposing a feature into three artifacts causes scattering . Thus , requiring developers to maintain the consistency of multiple representations at once . Pronounced learning curve -- Knowledge on multiple technologies becomes the norm . Developers using MVC need to be skilled in multiple technologies . See also ( edit ) Hierarchical model -- view -- controller Model -- view -- adapter Model -- view -- presenter Model -- view -- viewmodel Presentation -- abstraction -- control Action -- domain -- responder Observer pattern Strategy pattern Naked objects References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` More deeply , the framework exists to separate the representation of information from user interaction . '' The DCI Architecture : A New Vision of Object - Oriented Programming -- Trygve Reenskaug and James Coplien -- March 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Burbeck ( 1992 ) : `` ... the user input , the modeling of the external world , and the visual feedback to the user are explicitly separated and handled by three types of object . '' Jump up ^ Davis , Ian . `` What Are The Benefits of MVC ? '' . Internet Alchemy . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ Gamma , Erich et al. ( 1994 ) Design Patterns Jump up ^ Moore , Dana et al. ( 2007 ) Professional Rich Internet Applications : Ajax and Beyond : `` Since the origin of MVC , there have been many interpretations of the pattern . The concept has been adapted and applied in very different ways to a wide variety of systems and architectures . '' Jump up ^ Burbeck , Steve ( 1992 ) Applications Programming in Smalltalk - 80 : How to use Model -- View -- Controller ( MVC ) Jump up ^ Simple Example of MVC ( Model -- View -- Controller ) Design Pattern for Abstraction Jump up ^ Buschmann , Frank ( 1996 ) Pattern - Oriented Software Architecture . Jump up ^ Model -- View -- Controller History . C2.com ( 2012 - 05 - 11 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ Notes and Historical documents from Trygve Reenskaug , inventor of MVC . Jump up ^ `` A note on DynaBook requirements '' , Trygve Reenskaug , 22 March 1979 , SysReq. pdf . Jump up ^ Krasner , Glenn E. ; Pope , Stephen T. ( Aug -- Sep 1988 ) . `` A cookbook for using the model -- view controller user interface paradigm in Smalltalk - 80 '' . The Journal of Object Technology . SIGS Publications . Also published as `` A Description of the Model -- View -- Controller User Interface Paradigm in the Smalltalk - 80 System '' ( Report ) , ParcPlace Systems ; Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ The evolution of MVC and other UI architectures from Martin Fowler . Jump up ^ Hot Frameworks ^ Jump up to : Leff , Avraham ; Rayfield , James T. ( September 2001 ) . Web - Application Development Using the Model / View / Controller Design Pattern . IEEE Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference . pp. 118 -- 127 . Bibliography ( edit ) Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Computer Science Design Patterns / Model -- view -- controller Software design patterns Gang of Four patterns Creational Abstract factory Builder Factory method Prototype Singleton Structural Adapter Bridge Composite Decorator Facade Flyweight Proxy Behavioral Chain of responsibility Command Interpreter Iterator Mediator Memento Observer State Strategy Template method Visitor Concurrency patterns Active object Balking Binding properties Double - checked locking Event - based asynchronous Guarded suspension Join Lock Monitor Proactor Reactor Read write lock Scheduler Thread pool Thread - local storage Architectural patterns Front controller Interceptor MVC ADR ECS n - tier Specification Publish -- subscribe Naked objects Service locator Active record Identity map Data access object Data transfer object Inversion of control Model 2 Other patterns Blackboard Business delegate Composite entity Dependency injection Intercepting filter Lazy loading Mock object Null object Object pool Servant Twin Type tunnel Method chaining Delegation Books Design Patterns Enterprise Integration Patterns Patterns of Enterprise Application Architecture Analysis patterns People Christopher Alexander Erich Gamma Ralph Johnson John Vlissides Grady Booch Kent Beck Ward Cunningham Martin Fowler Robert Martin Jim Coplien Douglas Schmidt Linda Rising Communities The Hillside Group The Portland Pattern Repository Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Model -- view -- controller&oldid = 855077168 '' Categories : Software design patterns Architectural pattern ( computer science ) Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles that may contain original research from February 2017 All articles that may contain original research Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 August 2018 , at 19 : 41 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | in mvc pattern design the m component is related to | [
"The MVC pattern has subsequently evolved,[13] giving rise to variants such as hierarchical model–view–controller (HMVC), model–view–adapter (MVA), model–view–presenter (MVP), model–view–viewmodel (MVVM), and others that adapted MVC to different contexts.\n"
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2097317689095716944 | Korean War | Korean War - Wikipedia Korean War Jump to : navigation , search For other conflicts and wars involving Korea , see List of Korean battles . For the ongoing conflict , see Korean conflict . Korean War In South Korea : ( 한국 전쟁 , 6.25 전쟁 ) In North Korea : ( 조국 해방 전쟁 ) Part of the Cold War and the inter-Korean conflict Clockwise from top : A column of the U.S. 1st Marine Division 's infantry and armor moves through Chinese lines during their breakout from the Chosin Reservoir ; UN landing at Incheon harbor , starting point of the Battle of Incheon ; Korean refugees in front of a U.S. M26 Pershing tank ; U.S. Marines , led by First Lieutenant Baldomero Lopez , landing at Incheon ; F - 86 Sabre fighter aircraft Date 25 June 1950 -- 27 July 1953 ( 3 years , 1 month and 2 days ) Location Korean Peninsula , Yellow Sea , Sea of Japan , Korea Strait , China -- North Korea border Result Military stalemate North Korean invasion of South Korea repelled Subsequent U.S. - led United Nations invasion of North Korea repelled Subsequent Chinese invasion of South Korea repelled Korean Armistice Agreement Korean conflict ongoing Territorial changes Korean Demilitarized Zone established Division of the Sovereign States of North Korea and South Korea North Korea gains city of Kaesong but loses a net total of 3,900 km ( 1,500 sq mi ) to South Korea Belligerents South Korea United Nations : United States United Kingdom Canada Turkey Australia Philippines New Zealand Thailand Ethiopia Greece France Colombia Belgium South Africa Netherlands Luxembourg Medical support ( show ) Denmark Italy West Germany India Israel Norway Sweden Other support ( show ) Taiwan Cuba El Salvador Spain North Korea China Soviet Union Medical support ( show ) Bulgaria Czechoslovakia East Germany Hungary Poland Romania Other support ( show ) India Mongolia Commanders and leaders Syngman Rhee Chung Il - kwon Paik Sun - yup Shin Sung - mo Son Won - il Harry S. Truman Dwight Eisenhower Douglas MacArthur Matthew Ridgway Mark Wayne Clark Clement Attlee Winston Churchill Louis St. Laurent Celâl Bayar Robert Menzies Elpidio Quirino Nikolaos Plastiras Sophoklis Venizelos Alexander Papagos Kim Il - sung Pak Hon - yong Choi Yong - kun Kim Chaek Mao Zedong Peng Dehuai Chen Geng Deng Hua Joseph Stalin Nikita Khrushchev Strength 602,902 326,863 14,198 8,123 5,453 2,282 1,496 1,385 1,290 1,271 1,263 1,185 1,068 900 826 819 170 105 100 72 70 44 Total : 972,214 1,350,000 266,600 26,000 Total : 1,642,600 Note : The figures vary by source ; peak unit strength varied during war . Casualties and losses Total : 178,405 dead and 32,925 missing Total wounded : 566,434 Details ( show ) South Korea : 137,899 dead 450,742 wounded 24,495 MIA 8,343 POW United States : 36,574 dead 103,284 wounded 7,926 MIA 4,714 POW United Kingdom : 1,109 dead 2,674 wounded 179 MIA 977 POW Turkey : 741 dead 2,068 wounded 163 MIA 244 POW Canada : 516 dead 1,042 wounded 1 MIA 33 POW Australia : 339 dead 1,216 wounded 43 MIA 26 POW France : 262 dead 1,008 wounded 7 MIA 12 POW Kingdom of Greece 192 dead 543 wounded 3 POW Colombia : 163 dead 448 wounded 28 POW Thailand : 129 dead 1,139 wounded 5 MIA Ethiopian Empire 121 dead 536 wounded Netherlands : 122 dead 645 wounded 3 MIA Belgium : 101 dead 478 Wounded 5 MIA 1 POW Philippines : 92 dead 299 wounded 97 MIA / POW South Africa 34 dead 9 POW New Zealand : 34 dead 299 wounded 1 MIA / POW Norway : 3 dead Luxembourg : 2 dead 13 wounded India : 1 dead Total : 398,000 -- 750,000 + dead and 145,000 + missing Total wounded : 686,500 -- 789,000 Details ( show ) North Korea : 215,000 -- 350,000 dead 303,000 wounded 120,000 MIA or POW China : ( Chinese sources ) : 183,108 dead 383,500 wounded 450,000 hospitalized 25,621 missing 7,110 captured 14,190 defected ( U.S. estimates ) : 400,000 + dead 486,000 wounded Soviet Union : 299 dead 335 planes lost Total civilians killed / wounded : 2.5 million ( est . ) South Korea : 990,968 killed / wounded 373,599 killed 229,625 wounded 387,744 abducted / missing North Korea : 1,550,000 killed / wounded ( est . ) Korean War North Korean Offensive Pokpoong Chuncheon 1st Seoul Gorangpo Kaesong - Munsan Korea Strait Ongjin Uijeongbu Suwon Airfield Air Campaign Andong Chumonchin Chan Osan Pyongtaek Chonan Chochiwon Taejon Sangju Yongdong Hwanggan Hadong Notch Pusan Perimeter Masan P'ohang - Dong Taegu 1st Naktong Bulge Bowling Alley Battle Mountain Kyongju Haman Nam River Ka - San Tabu - Dong Yongsan 2nd Naktong Bulge UN Command Counteroffensive Haeju Inchon 2nd Seoul Hill 282 12 October 1950 Sariwon Pyongyang Yongju Kujin Chongju Chinese Intervention Onjong Unsan Pakchon Ch'ongch'on River Wawon Chosin Reservoir Task Force Faith 3rd Seoul Uijeongbu Chaegunghyon 1st and 2nd Wonju Thunderbolt Twin Tunnels Hoengsong Chipyong - Ni 3rd Wonju Chuam - Ni Wonsan Killer Ripper ( 4th Battle of Seoul ) Maehwa - San Courageous Tomahawk Rugged Dauntless Spring Offensive Imjin River Yultong Kapyong Soyang River Air operations MiG Alley Sunchon Strangle Sui - ho Dam Stalemate Bloody Ridge Minden Punchbowl Heartbreak Ridge Han River Commando 1st Maryang San Haktang - ni Polecharge 2nd Maryang San Sunchon Hill Eerie Sui - Ho Dam Old Baldy Blaze White Horse Triangle Hill 1st Hook 2nd Hook Chatkol Outpost Vegas Pork Chop Hill 3rd Hook Outpost Harry Kumsong Samichon River Korean Armistice Agreement The Korean War ( in South Korean Hangul : 한국 전쟁 ; Hanja : 韓國 戰爭 ; RR : Hanguk Jeonjaeng , `` Korean War '' ; in North Korean Chosŏn'gŭl : 조국 해방 전쟁 ; Hancha : 祖國 解放 戰爭 ; MR : Choguk haebang chǒnjaeng , `` Fatherland Liberation War '' ; 25 June 1950 -- 27 July 1953 ) was a war between North Korea ( with the support of China and the Soviet Union ) and South Korea ( with the principal support of the United States ) . The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea following a series of clashes along the border . The United Nations , with the United States as the principal force , came to the aid of South Korea . China came to the aid of North Korea , and the Soviet Union also gave some assistance to the North . Korea was ruled by Imperial Japan from 1910 until the closing days of World War II . In August 1945 , the Soviet Union declared war on Imperial Japan , as a result of an agreement with the United States , and liberated Korea north of the 38th parallel . U.S. forces subsequently moved into the south . By 1948 , as a product of the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States , Korea was split into two regions , with separate governments . Both claimed to be the legitimate government of all of Korea , and neither accepted the border as permanent . The conflict escalated into open warfare when North Korean forces -- supported by the Soviet Union and China -- moved into the south on 25 June 1950 . On 27 June , the United Nations Security Council authorized the formation and dispatch of UN forces to Korea to repel what was recognized as a North Korean invasion . Twenty - one countries of the United Nations eventually contributed to the UN force , with the United States providing 88 % of the UN 's military personnel . After the first two months of war , South Korean and U.S. forces rapidly dispatched to Korea were on the point of defeat , forced back to a small area in the south known as the Pusan Perimeter . In September 1950 , an amphibious UN counter-offensive was launched at Incheon , and cut off many North Korean troops . Those who escaped envelopment and capture were forced back north . UN forces rapidly approached the Yalu River -- the border with China -- but in October 1950 , mass Chinese forces crossed the Yalu and entered the war . The surprise Chinese intervention triggered a retreat of UN forces which continued until mid-1951 . After these reversals of fortune , which saw Seoul change hands four times , the last two years of fighting became a war of attrition , with the front line close to the 38th parallel . The war in the air , however , was never a stalemate . North Korea was subject to a massive bombing campaign . Jet fighters confronted each other in air - to - air combat for the first time in history , and Soviet pilots covertly flew in defense of their communist allies . The fighting ended on 27 July 1953 , when an armistice was signed . The agreement created the Korean Demilitarized Zone to separate North and South Korea , and allowed the return of prisoners . However , no peace treaty has been signed , and according to some sources the two Koreas are technically still at war . As a war undeclared by all participants , the conflict helped bring the term `` police action '' into common use . It also led to the permanent alteration of the balance of power within the United Nations , where Resolution 377 -- passed in 1950 to allow a bypassing of the Security Council if that body could not reach an agreement -- led to the General Assembly displacing the Security Council as the primary organ of the UN . Contents ( hide ) 1 Names 2 Background 2.1 Imperial Japanese rule ( 1910 -- 1945 ) 2.2 Soviet -- Japanese War ( 1945 ) 2.3 Korea divided ( 1945 -- 1949 ) 2.4 Chinese Civil War ( 1945 -- 1949 ) 2.5 Prelude to war ( 1950 ) 2.6 Comparison of forces 3 Course of the war 3.1 Factors in U.S. intervention 3.2 United Nations Security Council Resolutions 3.3 United Nations ' response ( July -- August 1950 ) 3.4 The drive south and Pusan ( July -- September 1950 ) 3.5 Battle of Inchon ( September 1950 ) 3.6 UN forces cross partition line ( September -- October 1950 ) 3.7 China intervenes ( October -- December 1950 ) 3.8 Fighting around the 38th parallel ( January -- June 1951 ) 3.9 Stalemate ( July 1951 -- July 1953 ) 3.10 Armistice ( July 1953 -- November 1954 ) 3.11 Division of Korea ( 1954 -- present ) 4 Characteristics 4.1 Casualties 4.2 U.S. unpreparedness for war 4.3 Armored warfare 4.4 Naval warfare 4.5 Aerial warfare 4.6 Bombing of North Korea 4.7 U.S. threat of atomic warfare 4.8 War crimes 4.8. 1 Civilian deaths and massacres 4.8. 2 Prisoners of war 4.8. 2.1 Chinese POW 4.8. 2.2 UN Command POW 4.8. 3 Starvation 4.9 Recreation 5 Aftermath 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 Citations 9 References 10 External links 10.1 Historical 10.2 Media 10.3 Organizations 10.4 Memorials Names Korean War South Korean name Hangul 한국 전쟁 ( show ) Transcriptions Revised Romanization Hanguk Jeonjaeng McCune -- Reischauer Han'guk Chŏnjaeng North Korean name Chosŏn'gŭl 조선 전쟁 ( show ) Transcriptions Revised Romanization Joseon Jeonjaeng McCune -- Reischauer Chosŏn Chŏnjaeng In the U.S. , the war was initially described by President Harry S. Truman as a `` police action '' as it was an undeclared military action , conducted under the auspices of the United Nations . It has been referred to in the English - speaking world as `` The Forgotten War '' or `` The Unknown War '' because of the lack of public attention it received both during and after the war , and in relation to the global scale of World War II , which preceded it , and the subsequent angst of the Vietnam War , which succeeded it . In South Korea , the war is usually referred to as `` 625 '' or the `` 6 -- 2 -- 5 Upheaval '' ( 6.25 동란 ( 動亂 ) , yook - i-o dongnan ) , reflecting the date of its commencement on 25 June . In North Korea , the war is officially referred to as the `` Fatherland Liberation War '' ( Choguk haebang chǒnjaeng ) or alternatively the `` Chosǒn ( Korean ) War '' ( 조선 전쟁 , Chosǒn chǒnjaeng ) . In China , the war is officially called the `` War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea '' ( simplified Chinese : 抗美援朝 战争 ; traditional Chinese : 抗美援朝 戰爭 ; pinyin : Kàngměiyuáncháo zhànzhēng ) , although the term `` Chaoxian ( Korean ) War '' ( simplified Chinese : 朝鲜 战争 ; traditional Chinese : 朝鮮 戰爭 ; pinyin : Cháoxiǎn zhànzhēng ) is also used in unofficial contexts , along with the term `` Han ( Korean ) War '' ( simplified Chinese : 韩 战 ; traditional Chinese : 韓 戰 ; pinyin : Hán Zhàn ) more commonly used in regions such as Hong Kong and Macau . Background Imperial Japanese rule ( 1910 -- 1945 ) Main article : Korea under Japanese rule Imperial Japan destroyed the influence of China over Korea in the First Sino - Japanese War ( 1894 -- 95 ) , ushering in the short - lived Korean Empire . A decade later , after defeating Imperial Russia in the Russo - Japanese War ( 1904 -- 05 ) , Japan made Korea its protectorate with the Eulsa Treaty in 1905 , then annexed it with the Japan -- Korea Annexation Treaty in 1910 . Many Korean nationalists fled the country . A Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea was founded in 1919 in Nationalist China . It failed to achieve international recognition , failed to unite nationalist groups , and had a fractious relationship with its U.S. - based founding President , Syngman Rhee . From 1919 to 1925 and beyond , Korean communists led internal and external warfare against the Japanese . In China , the Nationalist National Revolutionary Army and the communist People 's Liberation Army helped organize Korean refugees against the Japanese military , which had also occupied parts of China . The Nationalist - backed Koreans , led by Yi Pom - Sok , fought in the Burma Campaign ( December 1941 -- August 1945 ) . The communists , led by Kim Il - sung among others , fought the Japanese in Korea and Manchuria . At the Cairo Conference in November 1943 , China , the United Kingdom , and the United States all decided that `` in due course Korea shall become free and independent '' . Soviet -- Japanese War ( 1945 ) Main article : Soviet -- Japanese War ( 1945 ) At the Tehran Conference in November 1943 and the Yalta Conference in February 1945 , the Soviet Union promised to join its allies in the Pacific War within three months of the victory in Europe . Accordingly , it declared war on Japan on 9 August 1945 , three days after the USA dropped the bomb on Hiroshima . By 10 August , the Red Army had begun to occupy the northern part of the Korean peninsula . On the night of 10 August in Washington , U.S. colonels Dean Rusk and Charles H. Bonesteel III were tasked with dividing the Korean Peninsula into Soviet and U.S. occupation zones and proposed the 38th parallel . This was incorporated into the U.S. General Order No. 1 which responded to the Japanese surrender on 15 August . Explaining the choice of the 38th parallel , Rusk observed , `` even though it was further north than could be realistically reached by U.S. forces , in the event of Soviet disagreement ... we felt it important to include the capital of Korea in the area of responsibility of American troops '' . He noted that he was `` faced with the scarcity of US forces immediately available , and time and space factors , which would make it difficult to reach very far north , before Soviet troops could enter the area '' . As Rusk 's comments indicate , the U.S. doubted whether the Soviet government would agree to this . Stalin , however , maintained his wartime policy of co-operation , and on 16 August the Red Army halted at the 38th parallel for three weeks to await the arrival of U.S. forces in the south . Korea divided ( 1945 -- 1949 ) See also : Division of Korea On 8 September 1945 , U.S. Lt. Gen. John R. Hodge arrived in Incheon to accept the Japanese surrender south of the 38th parallel . Appointed as military governor , General Hodge directly controlled South Korea as head of the United States Army Military Government in Korea ( USAMGIK 1945 -- 48 ) . He attempted to establish control by restoring Japanese colonial administrators to power , but in the face of Korean protests he quickly reversed this decision . The USAMGIK refused to recognize the provisional government of the short - lived People 's Republic of Korea ( PRK ) due to its suspected Communist sympathies . In December 1945 , Korea was administered by a U.S. - Soviet Union Joint Commission , as agreed at the Moscow Conference , with the aim of granting independence after a five - year trusteeship . The idea was not popular among Koreans and riots broke out . To contain them , the USAMGIK banned strikes on 8 December 1945 and outlawed the PRK Revolutionary Government and the PRK People 's Committees on 12 December 1945 . The right - wing Representative Democratic Council , led by Syngman Rhee , who had arrived with the U.S. military , opposed the trusteeship , arguing that Korea had already suffered from foreign occupation far too long . Following further large - scale civilian unrest , the USAMGIK declared martial law . Citing the inability of the Joint Commission to make progress , the U.S. government decided to hold an election under United Nations auspices with the aim of creating an independent Korea . The Soviet authorities and the Korean Communists refused to co-operate on the grounds it would not be fair , and many South Korean politicians boycotted it . A general election was held in the South on 10 May 1948 . North Korea held parliamentary elections three months later on 25 August . The resultant South Korean government promulgated a national political constitution on 17 July 1948 , and elected Syngman Rhee as President on 20 July 1948 . The Republic of Korea ( South Korea ) was established on 15 August 1948 . In the Soviet Korean Zone of Occupation , the Soviet Union established a communist government led by Kim Il - sung . The Soviet Union withdrew as agreed from Korea in 1948 , and U.S. troops withdrew in 1949 . Chinese Civil War ( 1945 -- 1949 ) Main article : Chinese Civil War With the end of the war with Japan , the Chinese Civil War resumed between the Communists and Nationalists . While the Communists were struggling for supremacy in Manchuria , they were supported by the North Korean government with matériel and manpower . According to Chinese sources , the North Koreans donated 2,000 railway cars worth of supplies while thousands of Koreans served in the Chinese People 's Liberation Army ( PLA ) during the war . North Korea also provided the Chinese Communists in Manchuria with a safe refuge for non-combatants and communications with the rest of China . The North Korean contributions to the Chinese Communist victory were not forgotten after the creation of the People 's Republic of China in 1949 . As a token of gratitude , between 50,000 and 70,000 Korean veterans that served in the PLA were sent back along with their weapons , and they later played a significant role in the initial invasion of South Korea . China promised to support the North Koreans in the event of a war against South Korea . The Chinese support created a deep division between the Korean Communists , and Kim Il - sung 's authority within the Communist party was challenged by the Chinese faction led by Pak Il - yu , who was later purged by Kim . After the formation of the People 's Republic of China in 1949 , the Chinese government named the Western nations , led by the United States , as the biggest threat to its national security . Basing this judgment on China 's century of humiliation beginning in the early 19th century , U.S. support for the Nationalists during the Chinese Civil War , and the ideological struggles between revolutionaries and reactionaries , the Chinese leadership believed that China would become a critical battleground in the United States ' crusade against Communism . As a countermeasure and to elevate China 's standing among the worldwide Communist movements , the Chinese leadership adopted a foreign policy that actively promoted Communist revolutions throughout territories on China 's periphery . Prelude to War ( 1950 ) By 1949 , South Korean forces had reduced the active number of communist guerrillas in the South from 5,000 to 1,000 . However , Kim Il - sung believed that the guerrillas weakened the South Korean military and that a North Korean invasion would be welcomed by much of the South Korean population . Kim began seeking Stalin 's support for an invasion in March 1949 , traveling to Moscow to attempt to persuade him . Serious border clashes between South and North occurred on August 4 , 1949 , when thousands of North Korean troops attacked South Korean troops occupying territory north of the 38th parallel . The 2nd and 18th infantry regiments of ROKA repulsed initial attacks in Kuksa - bong ( above the 38th parallel ) and Ch'ungmu , and at the end of the clashes ROKA troops were `` completely routed '' . Stalin initially did not think the time was right for a war in Korea . Chinese Communist forces were still embroiled in the Chinese Civil War , while U.S. forces remained stationed in South Korea . By spring 1950 , he believed that the strategic situation had changed : Mao 's Communist forces had secured final victory in China , U.S. forces had withdrawn from Korea , and the Soviets detonated their first nuclear bomb , breaking the U.S. atomic monopoly . As the U.S. had not directly intervened to stop the communist victory in China , Stalin calculated that they would be even less willing to fight in Korea , which had much less strategic significance . The Soviets had also cracked the codes used by the U.S. to communicate with their embassy in Moscow , and reading these dispatches convinced Stalin that Korea did not have the importance to the US that would warrant a nuclear confrontation . Stalin began a more aggressive strategy in Asia based on these developments , including promising economic and military aid to China through the Sino - Soviet Treaty of Friendship , Alliance , and Mutual Assistance . In April 1950 , Stalin gave Kim permission to invade the South under the condition that Mao would agree to send reinforcements if needed . Stalin made it clear that Soviet forces would not openly engage in combat , to avoid a direct war with the United States . Kim met with Mao in May 1950 . Mao was concerned the U.S. would intervene but agreed to support the North Korean invasion . China desperately needed the economic and military aid promised by the Soviets . However , Mao sent more ethnic Korean PLA veterans to Korea and promised to move an army closer to the Korean border . Once Mao 's commitment was secured , preparations for war accelerated . Soviet generals with extensive combat experience from the Second World War were sent to North Korea as the Soviet Advisory Group . These generals completed the plans for the attack by May . The original plans called for a skirmish to be initiated in the Ongjin Peninsula on the west coast of Korea . The North Koreans would then launch a counterattack that would capture Seoul and encircle and destroy the South Korean army . The final stage would involve destroying South Korean government remnants , capturing the rest of South Korea , including the ports . On 7 June 1950 , Kim Il - sung called for a Korea - wide election on 5 -- 8 August 1950 and a consultative conference in Haeju on 15 -- 17 June 1950 . On 11 June , the North sent three diplomats to the South as a peace overture that Rhee rejected outright . On 21 June , Kim Il - Sung revised his war plan to involve a general attack across the 38th parallel , rather than a limited operation in the Ongjin peninsula . Kim was concerned that South Korean agents learned about the plans and South Korean forces were strengthening their defenses . Stalin agreed to this change of plan . While these preparations were underway in the North , there were frequent clashes along the 38th parallel , especially at Kaesong and Ongjin , many initiated by the South . The Republic of Korea Army ( ROK Army ) was being trained by the U.S. Korean Military Advisory Group ( KMAG ) . On the eve of war , KMAG 's commander General William Lynn Roberts voiced utmost confidence in the ROK Army and boasted that any North Korean invasion would merely provide `` target practice '' . For his part , Syngman Rhee repeatedly expressed his desire to conquer the North , including when U.S. diplomat John Foster Dulles visited Korea on 18 June . Although some South Korean and U.S. intelligence officers predicted an attack from the North , similar predictions were made before and nothing happened . The Central Intelligence Agency noted the southward movement by the Korean People 's Army ( KPA ) , but assessed this as a `` defensive measure '' and concluded an invasion was `` unlikely '' . On 23 June , UN observers inspected the border and did not detect that war was imminent . Comparison of forces Throughout 1949 and 1950 , the Soviets continued arming North Korea . After the Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War , ethnic Korean units in the Chinese People 's Liberation Army ( PLA ) were released to North Korea . The combat veterans from China , the tanks , artillery and aircraft supplied by the Soviets , and rigorous training increased North Korea 's military superiority over the South , armed by the US military with mostly small arms and given no heavy weaponry such as tanks . According to the first official census in 1949 the population of North Korea numbered 9,620,000 , and by mid-1950 North Korean forces numbered between 150,000 and 200,000 troops , organized into 10 infantry divisions , one tank division , and one air force division , with 210 fighter planes and 280 tanks , who captured scheduled objectives and territory , among them Kaesong , Chuncheon , Uijeongbu , and Ongjin . Their forces included 274 T - 34 - 85 tanks , 200 artillery pieces , 110 attack bombers , and some 150 Yak fighter planes , and 35 reconnaissance aircraft . In addition to the invasion force , the North KPA had 114 fighters , 78 bombers , 105 T - 34 - 85 tanks , and some 30,000 soldiers stationed in reserve in North Korea . Although each navy consisted of only several small warships , the North and South Korean navies fought in the war as sea - borne artillery for their armies . In contrast , the Republic of Korea population totaled 20,188,641 , and its army was unprepared and ill - equipped . As of 25 June 1950 the ROK Army had 98,000 soldiers ( 65,000 combat , 33,000 support ) , no tanks ( they had been requested from the U.S. military , but requests were denied ) , and a 22 - piece air force comprising 12 liaison - type and 10 AT6 advanced - trainer airplanes . Large U.S. garrisons and air forces were in Japan , but only 200 - 300 American troops were in Korea . Course of the War Territory often changed hands early in the war , until the front stabilized . North Korean and Chinese forces South Korean , U.S. , Commonwealth , and United Nations forces Hundreds of thousands of South Koreans fled south in mid-1950 after the North Korean army invaded At dawn on Sunday , 25 June 1950 , the Korean People 's Army crossed the 38th parallel behind artillery fire . The KPA justified its assault with the claim that ROK troops attacked first and that the KPA were aiming to arrest and execute the `` bandit traitor Syngman Rhee '' . Fighting began on the strategic Ongjin peninsula in the west . There were initial South Korean claims that they captured the city of Haeju , and this sequence of events has led some scholars to argue that the South Koreans fired first . Whoever fired the first shots in Ongjin , within an hour , North Korean forces attacked all along the 38th parallel . The North Koreans had a combined arms force including tanks supported by heavy artillery . The South Koreans had no tanks , anti-tank weapons or heavy artillery , to stop such an attack . In addition , South Koreans committed their forces in a piecemeal fashion and these were routed in a few days . On 27 June , Rhee evacuated from Seoul with some of the government . On 28 June , at 2 am , the South Korean Army blew up the highway Hangang Bridge across the Han River in an attempt to stop the North Korean army . The bridge was detonated while 4,000 refugees were crossing it and hundreds were killed . Destroying the bridge also trapped many South Korean military units north of the Han River . In spite of such desperate measures , Seoul fell that same day . A number of South Korean National Assemblymen remained in Seoul when it fell , and forty - eight subsequently pledged allegiance to the North . On 28 June , Rhee ordered the massacre of suspected political opponents in his own country . In five days , the South Korean forces , which had 95,000 men on 25 June , was down to less than 22,000 men . In early July , when U.S. forces arrived , what was left of the South Korean forces were placed under U.S. operational command of the United Nations Command . Factors in U.S. intervention The Truman administration was unprepared for the invasion . Korea was not included in the strategic Asian Defense Perimeter outlined by Secretary of State Dean Acheson . Truman himself was at his home in Independence , Missouri . Military strategists were more concerned with the security of Europe against the Soviet Union than East Asia . At the same time , the administration was worried that a war in Korea could quickly widen into another world war should the Chinese or Soviets decide to get involved . One facet of the changing attitude toward Korea and whether to get involved was Japan . Especially after the fall of China to the Communists , U.S. experts on East Asia saw Japan as the critical counterweight to the Soviet Union and China in the region . While there was no United States policy dealing with South Korea directly as a national interest , its proximity to Japan increased the importance of South Korea . Said Kim : `` The recognition that the security of Japan required a non-hostile Korea led directly to President Truman 's decision to intervene ... The essential point ... is that the American response to the North Korean attack stemmed from considerations of U.S. policy toward Japan . '' Another major consideration was the possible Soviet reaction in the event that the U.S. intervened . The Truman administration was fretful that a war in Korea was a diversionary assault that would escalate to a general war in Europe once the United States committed in Korea . At the same time , `` ( t ) here was no suggestion from anyone that the United Nations or the United States could back away from ( the conflict ) '' . Yugoslavia -- a possible Soviet target because of the Tito - Stalin Split -- was vital to the defense of Italy and Greece , and the country was first on the list of the National Security Council 's post-North Korea invasion list of `` chief danger spots '' . Truman believed if aggression went unchecked , a chain reaction would be initiated that would marginalize the United Nations and encourage Communist aggression elsewhere . The UN Security Council approved the use of force to help the South Koreans and the U.S. immediately began using what air and naval forces that were in the area to that end . The Truman administration still refrained from committing on the ground because some advisers believed the North Koreans could be stopped by air and naval power alone . The Truman administration was still uncertain if the attack was a ploy by the Soviet Union or just a test of U.S. resolve . The decision to commit ground troops became viable when a communiqué was received on 27 June indicating the Soviet Union would not move against U.S. forces in Korea . The Truman administration now believed it could intervene in Korea without undermining its commitments elsewhere . United Nations Security Council resolutions Further information : List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning North Korea On 25 June 1950 , the United Nations Security Council unanimously condemned the North Korean invasion of the Republic of Korea , with UN Security Council Resolution 82 . The Soviet Union , a veto - wielding power , had boycotted the Council meetings since January 1950 , protesting that the Taiwanese `` Republic of China '' and not the mainland `` People 's Republic of China '' held a permanent seat in the UN Security Council . After debating the matter , the Security Council , on 27 June 1950 , published Resolution 83 recommending member states provide military assistance to the Republic of Korea . On 27 June President Truman ordered U.S. air and sea forces to help the South Korean regime . On 4 July the Soviet Deputy Foreign Minister accused the United States of starting armed intervention on behalf of South Korea . The Soviet Union challenged the legitimacy of the war for several reasons . The ROK Army intelligence upon which Resolution 83 was based came from U.S. Intelligence ; North Korea was not invited as a sitting temporary member of the UN , which violated UN Charter Article 32 ; and the fighting was beyond the UN Charter 's scope , because the initial north - south border fighting was classed as a civil war . Because the Soviet Union was boycotting the Security Council at the time , legal scholars posited that deciding upon an action of this type required the unanimous vote of all the six permanent members including the Soviet Union . Within days of the invasion , masses of ROK Army soldiers -- of dubious loyalty to the Syngman Rhee regime -- were retreating southwards or defecting en masse to the northern side , the KPA . United Nations ' response ( July -- August 1950 ) A U.S. howitzer position near the Kum River , 15 July As soon as word of the attack was received , U.S. Secretary of State Dean Acheson informed President Truman that the North Koreans had invaded South Korea . Truman and Acheson discussed a U.S. invasion response and agreed that the United States was obligated to act , paralleling the North Korean invasion with Adolf Hitler 's aggressions in the 1930s , with the conclusion being that the mistake of appeasement must not be repeated . Several U.S. industries were mobilized to supply materials , labor , capital , production facilities , and other services necessary to support the military objectives of the Korean War . However , President Truman later acknowledged that he believed fighting the invasion was essential to the U.S. goal of the global containment of communism as outlined in the National Security Council Report 68 ( NSC - 68 ) ( declassified in 1975 ) : Communism was acting in Korea , just as Hitler , Mussolini and the Japanese had ten , fifteen , and twenty years earlier . I felt certain that if South Korea was allowed to fall , Communist leaders would be emboldened to override nations closer to our own shores . If the Communists were permitted to force their way into the Republic of Korea without opposition from the free world , no small nation would have the courage to resist threat and aggression by stronger Communist neighbors . In August 1950 , the President and the Secretary of State obtained the consent of Congress to appropriate $12 billion for military action in Korea . Because of the extensive defense cuts and the emphasis placed on building a nuclear bomber force , none of the services were in a position to make a robust response with conventional military strength . General Omar Bradley , Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , was faced with re-organizing and deploying a U.S. military force that was a shadow of its World War II counterpart . Acting on State Secretary Acheson 's recommendation , President Truman ordered General MacArthur to transfer matériel to the South Korean military while giving air cover to the evacuation of U.S. nationals . The President disagreed with advisers who recommended unilateral U.S. bombing of the North Korean forces , and ordered the U.S. Seventh Fleet to protect the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) , whose government asked to fight in Korea . The United States denied ROC 's request for combat , lest it provoke a communist Chinese retaliation . Because the United States had sent the Seventh Fleet to `` neutralize '' the Taiwan Strait , Chinese premier Zhou Enlai criticized both the UN and U.S. initiatives as `` armed aggression on Chinese territory '' . The drive South and Pusan ( July -- September 1950 ) G.I. comforting a grieving infantryman Crew of an M - 24 tank along the Nakdong River front , August 1950 The Battle of Osan , the first significant U.S. engagement of the Korean War , involved the 540 - soldier Task Force Smith , which was a small forward element of the 24th Infantry Division which had been flown in from Japan . On 5 July 1950 , Task Force Smith attacked the North Koreans at Osan but without weapons capable of destroying the North Koreans ' tanks . They were unsuccessful ; the result was 180 dead , wounded , or taken prisoner . The KPA progressed southwards , pushing back the U.S. force at Pyongtaek , Chonan , and Chochiwon , forcing the 24th Division 's retreat to Taejeon , which the KPA captured in the Battle of Taejon ; the 24th Division suffered 3,602 dead and wounded and 2,962 captured , including the Division 's Commander , Major General William F. Dean . By August , the KPA steadily pushed back the ROK Army and the Eighth United States Army southwards . The impact of the Truman administration 's defense budget cutbacks were now keenly felt , as U.S. troops fought a series of costly rearguard actions . Lacking sufficient anti-tank weapons , artillery or armor , they were driven down the Korean peninsula . During their advance , the KPA purged the Republic of Korea 's intelligentsia by killing civil servants and intellectuals . On 20 August , General MacArthur warned North Korean leader Kim Il - sung he was responsible for the KPA 's atrocities . By September , UN forces were hemmed into a small corner of southeast Korea , near Pusan . This 140 - mile perimeter enclosed about 10 % of Korea , in a line partially defined by the Nakdong River . Although Kim 's early successes led him to predict he would end the war by the end of August , Chinese leaders were more pessimistic . To counter a possible U.S. deployment , Zhou Enlai secured a Soviet commitment to have the Soviet Union support Chinese forces with air cover , and deployed 260,000 soldiers along the Korean border , under the command of Gao Gang . Zhou commanded Chai Chengwen to conduct a topographical survey of Korea , and directed Lei Yingfu , Zhou 's military advisor in Korea , to analyze the military situation in Korea . Lei concluded that MacArthur would most likely attempt a landing at Incheon . After conferring with Mao that this would be MacArthur 's most likely strategy , Zhou briefed Soviet and North Korean advisers of Lei 's findings , and issued orders to Chinese army commanders deployed on the Korean border to prepare for U.S. naval activity in the Korea Strait . In the resulting Battle of Pusan Perimeter ( August -- September 1950 ) , the U.S. Army withstood KPA attacks meant to capture the city at the Naktong Bulge , P'ohang - dong , and Taegu . The United States Air Force ( USAF ) interrupted KPA logistics with 40 daily ground support sorties that destroyed 32 bridges , halting most daytime road and rail traffic . KPA forces were forced to hide in tunnels by day and move only at night . To deny matériel to the KPA , the USAF destroyed logistics depots , petroleum refineries , and harbors , while the U.S. Navy air forces attacked transport hubs . Consequently , the over-extended KPA could not be supplied throughout the south . On 27 August , 67th Fighter Squadron aircraft mistakenly attacked facilities in Chinese territory and the Soviet Union called the UN Security Council 's attention to China 's complaint about the incident . The U.S. proposed that a commission of India and Sweden determine what the U.S. should pay in compensation but the Soviets vetoed the U.S. proposal . Meanwhile , U.S. garrisons in Japan continually dispatched soldiers and matériel to reinforce defenders in the Pusan Perimeter . Tank battalions deployed to Korea directly from the U.S. mainland from the port of San Francisco to the port of Pusan , the largest Korean port . By late August , the Pusan Perimeter had some 500 medium tanks battle - ready . In early September 1950 , ROK Army and UN Command forces outnumbered the KPA 180,000 to 100,000 soldiers . Battle of Inchon ( September 1950 ) Main article : Battle of Inchon General Douglas MacArthur , UN Command CiC ( seated ) , observes the naval shelling of Incheon from USS Mount McKinley , 15 September 1950 Combat in the streets of Seoul Against the rested and re-armed Pusan Perimeter defenders and their reinforcements , the KPA were undermanned and poorly supplied ; unlike the UN Command , they lacked naval and air support . To relieve the Pusan Perimeter , General MacArthur recommended an amphibious landing at Incheon , near Seoul and well over 160 km ( 100 mi ) behind the KPA lines . On 6 July , he ordered Major General Hobart R. Gay , Commander , 1st Cavalry Division , to plan the division 's amphibious landing at Incheon ; on 12 -- 14 July , the 1st Cavalry Division embarked from Yokohama , Japan , to reinforce the 24th Infantry Division inside the Pusan Perimeter . Soon after the war began , General MacArthur began planning a landing at Incheon , but the Pentagon opposed him . When authorized , he activated a combined U.S. Army and Marine Corps , and ROK Army force . The X Corps , led by General Edward Almond , Commander , consisted of 40,000 men of the 1st Marine Division , the 7th Infantry Division and around 8,600 ROK Army soldiers . By 15 September , the amphibious assault force faced few KPA defenders at Incheon : military intelligence , psychological warfare , guerrilla reconnaissance , and protracted bombardment facilitated a relatively light battle . However , the bombardment destroyed most of the city of Incheon . After the Incheon landing , the 1st Cavalry Division began its northward advance from the Pusan Perimeter . `` Task Force Lynch '' ( after Lieutenant Colonel James H. Lynch ) , 3rd Battalion , 7th Cavalry Regiment , and two 70th Tank Battalion units ( Charlie Company and the Intelligence -- Reconnaissance Platoon ) effected the `` Pusan Perimeter Breakout '' through 171.2 km ( 106.4 mi ) of enemy territory to join the 7th Infantry Division at Osan . The X Corps rapidly defeated the KPA defenders around Seoul , thus threatening to trap the main KPA force in Southern Korea . On 18 September , Stalin dispatched General H.M. Zakharov to Korea to advise Kim Il - sung to halt his offensive around the Pusan perimeter and to redeploy his forces to defend Seoul . Chinese commanders were not briefed on North Korean troop numbers or operational plans . As the overall commander of Chinese forces , Zhou Enlai suggested that the North Koreans should attempt to eliminate the enemy forces at Incheon only if they had reserves of at least 100,000 men ; otherwise , he advised the North Koreans to withdraw their forces north . On 25 September , Seoul was recaptured by South Korean forces . U.S. air raids caused heavy damage to the KPA , destroying most of its tanks and much of its artillery . North Korean troops in the south , instead of effectively withdrawing north , rapidly disintegrated , leaving Pyongyang vulnerable . During the general retreat only 25,000 to 30,000 North Korean soldiers managed to reach the KPA lines . On 27 September , Stalin convened an emergency session of the Politburo , in which he condemned the incompetence of the KPA command and held Soviet military advisers responsible for the defeat . UN forces cross partition line ( September -- October 1950 ) Main article : UN Offensive , 1950 On 27 September , MacArthur received the top secret National Security Council Memorandum 81 / 1 from Truman reminding him that operations north of the 38th parallel were authorized only if `` at the time of such operation there was no entry into North Korea by major Soviet or Chinese Communist forces , no announcements of intended entry , nor a threat to counter our operations militarily '' . On 29 September MacArthur restored the government of the Republic of Korea under Syngman Rhee . On 30 September , Defense Secretary George Marshall sent an eyes - only message to MacArthur : `` We want you to feel unhampered tactically and strategically to proceed north of the 38th parallel . '' During October , the ROK police executed people who were suspected to be sympathetic to North Korea , and similar massacres were carried out until early 1951 . U.S. Air Force attacking railroads south of Wonsan on the eastern coast of North Korea On 30 September , Zhou Enlai warned the United States that China was prepared to intervene in Korea if the United States crossed the 38th parallel . Zhou attempted to advise North Korean commanders on how to conduct a general withdrawal by using the same tactics which allowed Chinese communist forces to successfully escape Chiang Kai - shek 's Encirclement Campaigns in the 1930s , but by some accounts North Korean commanders did not utilize these tactics effectively . Historian Bruce Cumings argues , however , the KPA 's rapid withdrawal was strategic , with troops melting into the mountains from where they could launch guerrilla raids on the UN forces spread out on the coasts . By 1 October 1950 , the UN Command repelled the KPA northwards past the 38th parallel ; the ROK Army crossed after them , into North Korea . MacArthur made a statement demanding the KPA 's unconditional surrender . Six days later , on 7 October , with UN authorization , the UN Command forces followed the ROK forces northwards . The X Corps landed at Wonsan ( in southeastern North Korea ) and Riwon ( in northeastern North Korea ) , already captured by ROK forces . The Eighth U.S. Army and the ROK Army drove up western Korea and captured Pyongyang city , the North Korean capital , on 19 October 1950 . The 187th Airborne Regimental Combat Team made their first of two combat jumps during the Korean War on 20 October 1950 at Sunchon and Sukchon . The missions of the 187th were to cut the road north going to China , preventing North Korean leaders from escaping from Pyongyang ; and to rescue U.S. prisoners of war . At month 's end , UN forces held 135,000 KPA prisoners of war . As they neared the Sino - Korean border , the UN forces in the west were divided from those in the east by 50 -- 100 miles of mountainous terrain . Taking advantage of the UN Command 's strategic momentum against the communists , General MacArthur believed it necessary to extend the Korean War into China to destroy depots supplying the North Korean war effort . President Truman disagreed , and ordered caution at the Sino - Korean border . China intervenes ( October -- December 1950 ) Chinese forces cross the Yalu River On 20 August 1950 , Premier Zhou Enlai informed the UN that `` Korea is China 's neighbor ... The Chinese people can not but be concerned about a solution of the Korean question '' . Thus , through neutral - country diplomats , China warned that in safeguarding Chinese national security , they would intervene against the UN Command in Korea . President Truman interpreted the communication as `` a bald attempt to blackmail the UN '' , and dismissed it . Three commanders of PVA during the Korean War . From left to right : Chen Geng ( 1952 ) , Peng Dehuai ( 1950 -- 1952 ) and Deng Hua ( 1952 -- 1953 ) On 1 October 1950 , the day that UN troops crossed the 38th parallel , the Soviet ambassador forwarded a telegram from Stalin to Mao and Zhou requesting that China send five to six divisions into Korea , and Kim Il - sung sent frantic appeals to Mao for Chinese military intervention . At the same time , Stalin made it clear that Soviet forces themselves would not directly intervene . In a series of emergency meetings that lasted from 2 to 5 October , Chinese leaders debated whether to send Chinese troops into Korea . There was considerable resistance among many leaders , including senior military leaders , to confronting the U.S. in Korea . Mao strongly supported intervention , and Zhou was one of the few Chinese leaders who firmly supported him . After Lin Biao politely refused Mao 's offer to command Chinese forces in Korea ( citing his upcoming medical treatment ) , Mao decided that Peng Dehuai would be the commander of the Chinese forces in Korea after Peng agreed to support Mao 's position . Mao then asked Peng to speak in favor of intervention to the rest of the Chinese leaders . After Peng made the case that if U.S. troops conquered Korea and reached the Yalu they might cross it and invade China the Politburo agreed to intervene in Korea . On 4 August 1950 , with a planned invasion of Taiwan aborted due to the heavy U.S. naval presence , Mao Zedong reported to the Politburo that he would intervene in Korea when the People 's Liberation Army 's ( PLA ) Taiwan invasion force was reorganized into the PLA North East Frontier Force . On 8 October 1950 , Mao Zedong redesignated the PLA North East Frontier Force as the Chinese People 's Volunteer Army ( PVA ) . To enlist Stalin 's support , Zhou and a Chinese delegation arrived in Moscow on 10 October , at which point they flew to Stalin 's home at the Black Sea . There they conferred with the top Soviet leadership which included Joseph Stalin as well as Vyacheslav Molotov , Lavrentiy Beria and Georgi Malenkov . Stalin initially agreed to send military equipment and ammunition , but warned Zhou that the Soviet Union 's air force would need two or three months to prepare any operations . In a subsequent meeting , Stalin told Zhou that he would only provide China with equipment on a credit basis , and that the Soviet air force would only operate over Chinese airspace , and only after an undisclosed period of time . Stalin did not agree to send either military equipment or air support until March 1951 . Mao did not find Soviet air support especially useful , as the fighting was going to take place on the south side of the Yalu . Soviet shipments of matériel , when they did arrive , were limited to small quantities of trucks , grenades , machine guns , and the like . Immediately on his return to Beijing on 18 October 1950 , Zhou met with Mao Zedong , Peng Dehuai , and Gao Gang , and the group ordered two hundred thousand Chinese troops to enter North Korea , which they did on 25 October . UN aerial reconnaissance had difficulty sighting PVA units in daytime , because their march and bivouac discipline minimized aerial detection . The PVA marched `` dark - to - dark '' ( 19 : 00 -- 03 : 00 ) , and aerial camouflage ( concealing soldiers , pack animals , and equipment ) was deployed by 05 : 30 . Meanwhile , daylight advance parties scouted for the next bivouac site . During daylight activity or marching , soldiers were to remain motionless if an aircraft appeared , until it flew away ; PVA officers were under order to shoot security violators . Such battlefield discipline allowed a three - division army to march the 460 km ( 286 mi ) from An - tung , Manchuria , to the combat zone in some 19 days . Another division night - marched a circuitous mountain route , averaging 29 km ( 18 mi ) daily for 18 days . A Soviet - built MiG 15 in North Korean markings . The arrival of MiGs challenged UN air superiority Meanwhile , on 15 October 1950 , President Truman and General MacArthur met at Wake Island in the mid-Pacific Ocean . This meeting was much publicized because of the General 's discourteous refusal to meet the President on the continental United States . To President Truman , MacArthur speculated there was little risk of Chinese intervention in Korea , and that the PRC 's opportunity for aiding the KPA had lapsed . He believed the PRC had some 300,000 soldiers in Manchuria , and some 100,000 -- 125,000 soldiers at the Yalu River . He further concluded that , although half of those forces might cross south , `` if the Chinese tried to get down to Pyongyang , there would be the greatest slaughter '' without air force protection . After secretly crossing the Yalu River on 19 October , the PVA 13th Army Group launched the First Phase Offensive on 25 October , attacking the advancing UN forces near the Sino - Korean border . This military decision made solely by China changed the attitude of the Soviet Union . Twelve days after Chinese troops entered the war , Stalin allowed the Soviet Air Force to provide air cover , and supported more aid to China . After inflicting heavy losses on the ROK II Corps at the Battle of Onjong , the first confrontation between Chinese and U.S. military occurred on 1 November 1950 ; deep in North Korea , thousands of soldiers from the PVA 39th Army encircled and attacked the U.S. 8th Cavalry Regiment with three - prong assaults -- from the north , northwest , and west -- and overran the defensive position flanks in the Battle of Unsan . The surprise assault resulted in the UN forces retreating back to the Ch'ongch'on River , while the Chinese unexpectedly disappeared into mountain hideouts following victory . It is unclear why the Chinese did not press the attack and follow up their victory . Soldiers from the U.S. 2nd Infantry Division in action near the Ch'ongch'on River , 20 November 1950 The UN Command , however , were unconvinced that the Chinese openly intervened because of the sudden Chinese withdrawal . On 24 November , the Home - by - Christmas Offensive was launched with the U.S. Eighth Army advancing in northwest Korea , while the US X Corps attacked along the Korean east coast . But the Chinese were waiting in ambush with their Second Phase Offensive . After consulting with Stalin , on 13 November , Mao appointed Zhou Enlai the overall commander and coordinator of the war effort , with Peng as field commander . On 25 November at the Korean western front , the PVA 13th Army Group attacked and overran the ROK II Corps at the Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River , and then inflicted heavy losses on the US 2nd Infantry Division on the UN forces ' right flank . The UN Command retreated ; the U.S. Eighth Army 's retreat ( the longest in US Army history ) was made possible because of the Turkish Brigade 's successful , but very costly , rear - guard delaying action near Kunuri that slowed the PVA attack for two days ( 27 -- 29 November ) . On 27 November at the Korean eastern front , a U.S. 7th Infantry Division Regimental Combat Team ( 3,000 soldiers ) and the U.S. 1st Marine Division ( 12,000 -- 15,000 marines ) were unprepared for the PVA 9th Army Group 's three - pronged encirclement tactics at the Battle of Chosin Reservoir , but escaped under Air Force and X Corps support fire -- albeit with some 15,000 collective casualties . F4U - 5 Corsairs provide close air support to U.S. Marines fighting Chinese forces , December 1950 . By 30 November , the PVA 13th Army Group managed to expel the U.S. Eighth Army from northwest Korea . Retreating from the north faster than they had counter-invaded , the Eighth Army crossed the 38th parallel border in mid December . UN morale hit rock bottom when commanding General Walton Walker of the U.S. Eighth Army was killed on 23 December 1950 in an automobile accident . In northeast Korea by 11 December , the U.S. X Corps managed to cripple the PVA 9th Army Group while establishing a defensive perimeter at the port city of Hungnam . The X Corps were forced to evacuate by 24 December in order to reinforce the badly depleted U.S. Eighth Army to the south . Map of the UN retreat in the wake of Chinese intervention During the Hungnam evacuation , about 193 shiploads of UN Command forces and matériel ( approximately 105,000 soldiers , 98,000 civilians , 17,500 vehicles , and 350,000 tons of supplies ) were evacuated to Pusan . The SS Meredith Victory was noted for evacuating 14,000 refugees , the largest rescue operation by a single ship , even though it was designed to hold 12 passengers . Before escaping , the UN Command forces razed most of Hungnam city , especially the port facilities ; and on 16 December 1950 , President Truman declared a national emergency with Presidential Proclamation No. 2914 , 3 C.F.R. 99 ( 1953 ) , which remained in force until 14 September 1978 . The next day ( 17 December 1950 ) Kim Il - sung was deprived of the right of command of KPA by China . After that , the leading part of the war became the Chinese army . China justified its entry into the war as a response to `` American aggression in the guise of the UN '' . Later , the Chinese claimed that U.S. bombers had violated PRC national airspace on three separate occasions and attacked Chinese targets before China intervened . Fighting around the 38th parallel ( January -- June 1951 ) With Lieutenant - General Matthew Ridgway assuming the command of the U.S. Eighth Army on 26 December , the PVA and the KPA launched their Third Phase Offensive ( also known as the `` Chinese New Year 's Offensive '' ) on New Year 's Eve of 1950 . Utilizing night attacks in which UN Command fighting positions were encircled and then assaulted by numerically superior troops who had the element of surprise , the attacks were accompanied by loud trumpets and gongs , which fulfilled the double purpose of facilitating tactical communication and mentally disorienting the enemy . UN forces initially had no familiarity with this tactic , and as a result some soldiers panicked , abandoning their weapons and retreating to the south . The Chinese New Year 's Offensive overwhelmed UN forces , allowing the PVA and KPA to conquer Seoul for the second time on 4 January 1951 . B - 26 Invaders bomb logistics depots in Wonsan , North Korea , 1951 These setbacks prompted General MacArthur to consider using nuclear weapons against the Chinese or North Korean interiors , with the intention that radioactive fallout zones would interrupt the Chinese supply chains . However , upon the arrival of the charismatic General Ridgway , the esprit de corps of the bloodied Eighth Army immediately began to revive . UN forces retreated to Suwon in the west , Wonju in the center , and the territory north of Samcheok in the east , where the battlefront stabilized and held . The PVA had outrun its logistics capability and thus were unable to press on beyond Seoul as food , ammunition , and matériel were carried nightly , on foot and bicycle , from the border at the Yalu River to the three battle lines . In late January , upon finding that the PVA had abandoned their battle lines , General Ridgway ordered a reconnaissance - in - force , which became Operation Roundup ( 5 February 1951 ) . A full - scale X Corps advance proceeded , which fully exploited the UN Command 's air superiority , concluding with the UN reaching the Han River and recapturing Wonju . Following the failure of ceasefire negotiations in January , the United Nations General Assembly passed Resolution 498 on 1 February , condemning PRC as an aggressor , and called upon its forces to withdraw from Korea . In early February , the South Korean 11th Division ran the operation to destroy the guerrillas and their sympathizer citizens in Southern Korea . During the operation , the division and police conducted the Geochang massacre and Sancheong - Hamyang massacre . In mid-February , the PVA counterattacked with the Fourth Phase Offensive and achieved initial victory at Hoengseong . But the offensive was soon blunted by the IX Corps positions at Chipyong - ni in the center . The U.S. 2nd Infantry `` Warrior '' Division 's 23rd Regimental Combat Team and the French Battalion fought a short but desperate battle that broke the attack 's momentum . The battle is sometimes known as the `` Gettysburg of the Korean War '' . 5,600 South Korean , U.S. , and French troops were surrounded on all sides by 25,000 Chinese . United Nations forces had previously retreated in the face of large Communist forces instead of getting cut off , but this time they stood and fought , and won . U.S. Marines move out over rugged mountain terrain while closing with North Korean forces In the last two weeks of February 1951 , Operation Roundup was followed by Operation Killer , carried out by the revitalized Eighth Army . It was a full - scale , battlefront - length attack staged for maximum exploitation of firepower to kill as many KPA and PVA troops as possible . Operation Killer concluded with I Corps re-occupying the territory south of the Han River , and IX Corps capturing Hoengseong . On 7 March 1951 , the Eighth Army attacked with Operation Ripper , expelling the PVA and the KPA from Seoul on 14 March 1951 . This was the city 's fourth conquest in a year 's time , leaving it a ruin ; the 1.5 million pre-war population was down to 200,000 , and people were suffering from severe food shortages . On 1 March 1951 , Mao sent a cable to Stalin , in which he emphasized the difficulties faced by Chinese forces and the need for air cover , especially over supply lines . Apparently impressed by the Chinese war effort , Stalin agreed to supply two air force divisions , three anti-aircraft divisions , and six thousand trucks . PVA troops in Korea continued to suffer severe logistical problems throughout the war . In late April Peng Dehuai sent his deputy , Hong Xuezhi , to brief Zhou Enlai in Beijing . What Chinese soldiers feared , Hong said , was not the enemy , but having no food , bullets , or trucks to transport them to the rear when they were wounded . Zhou attempted to respond to the PVA 's logistical concerns by increasing Chinese production and improving supply methods , but these efforts were never sufficient . At the same time , large - scale air defense training programs were carried out , and the Chinese Air Force began participating in the war from September 1951 onward . On 11 April 1951 , Commander - in - Chief Truman relieved the controversial General MacArthur , the Supreme Commander in Korea . There were several reasons for the dismissal . MacArthur crossed the 38th parallel in the mistaken belief that the Chinese would not enter the war , leading to major allied losses . He believed that whether to use nuclear weapons should be his decision , not the President 's . MacArthur threatened to destroy China unless it surrendered . While MacArthur felt total victory was the only honorable outcome , Truman was more pessimistic about his chances once involved in a land war in Asia , and felt a truce and orderly withdrawal from Korea could be a valid solution . MacArthur was the subject of congressional hearings in May and June 1951 , which determined that he had defied the orders of the President and thus had violated the U.S. Constitution . A popular criticism of MacArthur was that he never spent a night in Korea , and directed the war from the safety of Tokyo . MacArthur was relieved primarily from his determination to expand the war into China , which other officials believed would needlessly escalate a limited war and consume too many already overstretched resources . Despite MacArthur 's claims that he was restricted to fighting a limited war when China was fighting all - out , congressional testimony revealed China was using restraint as much as the U.S. was , as they were not using air power against front - line troops , communication lines , ports , naval air forces , or staging bases in Japan , which had been crucial to the survival of UN forces in Korea . Simply fighting on the peninsula had already tied down significant portions of U.S. airpower ; as Air Force chief of staff Hoyt Vandenberg said , 80 -- 85 % the tactical capacity , one - fourth of the strategic portion , and 20 % of air defense forces of the United States were engaged in a single country . There was also fear that crossing into China would provoke the Soviet Union into entering the war ; General Omar Bradley testified that there were 35 Russian divisions totaling some 500,000 troops in the Far East , which if sent into action with the approximately 85 Russian submarines in the vicinity of Korea , they could overwhelm U.S. forces and cut supply lines , as well as potentially assist China in taking over territory in Southeast Asia . British UN troops advance alongside a Centurion tank , March 1951 General Ridgway was appointed Supreme Commander , Korea ; he regrouped the UN forces for successful counterattacks , while General James Van Fleet assumed command of the U.S. Eighth Army . Further attacks slowly depleted the PVA and KPA forces ; Operations Courageous ( 23 -- 28 March 1951 ) and Tomahawk ( 23 March 1951 ) were a joint ground and airborne infilltration meant to trap Chinese forces between Kaesong and Seoul . UN forces advanced to `` Line Kansas '' , north of the 38th parallel . The 187th Airborne Regimental Combat Team 's ( `` Rakkasans '' ) second of two combat jumps was on Easter Sunday , 1951 , at Munsan - ni , South Korea , codenamed Operation Tomahawk . The mission was to get behind Chinese forces and block their movement north . The 60th Indian Parachute Field Ambulance provided the medical cover for the operations , dropping an ADS and a surgical team and treating over 400 battle casualties apart from the civilian casualties that formed the core of their objective as the unit was on a humanitarian mission . The Chinese counterattacked in April 1951 , with the Fifth Phase Offensive , also known as the Chinese Spring Offensive , with three field armies ( approximately 700,000 men ) . The offensive 's first thrust fell upon I Corps , which fiercely resisted in the Battle of the Imjin River ( 22 -- 25 April 1951 ) and the Battle of Kapyong ( 22 -- 25 April 1951 ) , blunting the impetus of the offensive , which was halted at the `` No - name Line '' north of Seoul . On 15 May 1951 , the Chinese commenced the second impulse of the Spring Offensive and attacked the ROK Army and the U.S. X Corps in the east at the Soyang River . After initial success , they were halted by 20 May . At month 's end , the U.S. Eighth Army counterattacked and regained `` Line Kansas '' , just north of the 38th parallel . The UN 's `` Line Kansas '' halt and subsequent offensive action stand - down began the stalemate that lasted until the armistice of 1953 . Stalemate ( July 1951 -- July 1953 ) U.S. M46 Patton tanks , painted with tiger heads thought to demoralize Chinese forces ROK soldiers dump spent artillery casings New Zealand artillery crew in action , 1952 For the remainder of the Korean War the UN Command and the PVA fought , but exchanged little territory ; the stalemate held . Large - scale bombing of North Korea continued , and protracted armistice negotiations began 10 July 1951 at Kaesong . On the Chinese side , Zhou Enlai directed peace talks , and Li Kenong and Qiao Guanghua headed the negotiation team . Combat continued while the belligerents negotiated ; the UN Command forces ' goal was to recapture all of South Korea and to avoid losing territory . The PVA and the KPA attempted similar operations , and later effected military and psychological operations in order to test the UN Command 's resolve to continue the war . The principal battles of the stalemate include the Battle of Bloody Ridge ( 18 August -- 15 September 1951 ) , the Battle of the Punchbowl ( 31 August - 21 September 1951 ) , the Battle of Heartbreak Ridge ( 13 September -- 15 October 1951 ) , the Battle of Old Baldy ( 26 June -- 4 August 1952 ) , the Battle of White Horse ( 6 -- 15 October 1952 ) , the Battle of Triangle Hill ( 14 October -- 25 November 1952 ) , the Battle of Hill Eerie ( 21 March -- 21 June 1952 ) , the sieges of Outpost Harry ( 10 -- 18 June 1953 ) , the Battle of the Hook ( 28 -- 29 May 1953 ) , the Battle of Pork Chop Hill ( 23 March -- 16 July 1953 ) , and the Battle of Kumsong ( 13 -- 27 July 1953 ) . Chinese troops suffered from deficient military equipment , serious logistical problems , overextended communication and supply lines , and the constant threat of UN bombers . All of these factors generally led to a rate of Chinese casualties that was far greater than the casualties suffered by UN troops . The situation became so serious that , on November 1951 , Zhou Enlai called a conference in Shenyang to discuss the PVA 's logistical problems . At the meeting it was decided to accelerate the construction of railways and airfields in the area , to increase the number of trucks available to the army , and to improve air defense by any means possible . These commitments did little to directly address the problems confronting PVA troops . In the months after the Shenyang conference Peng Dehuai went to Beijing several times to brief Mao and Zhou about the heavy casualties suffered by Chinese troops and the increasing difficulty of keeping the front lines supplied with basic necessities . Peng was convinced that the war would be protracted , and that neither side would be able to achieve victory in the near future . On 24 February 1952 , the Military Commission , presided over by Zhou , discussed the PVA 's logistical problems with members of various government agencies involved in the war effort . After the government representatives emphasized their inability to meet the demands of the war , Peng , in an angry outburst , shouted : `` You have this and that problem ... You should go to the front and see with your own eyes what food and clothing the soldiers have ! Not to speak of the casualties ! For what are they giving their lives ? We have no aircraft . We have only a few guns . Transports are not protected . More and more soldiers are dying of starvation . Ca n't you overcome some of your difficulties ? '' The atmosphere became so tense that Zhou was forced to adjourn the conference . Zhou subsequently called a series of meetings , where it was agreed that the PVA would be divided into three groups , to be dispatched to Korea in shifts ; to accelerate the training of Chinese pilots ; to provide more anti-aircraft guns to the front lines ; to purchase more military equipment and ammunition from the Soviet Union ; to provide the army with more food and clothing ; and , to transfer the responsibility of logistics to the central government . Armistice ( July 1953 -- November 1954 ) Men from the Royal Australian Regiment , June 1953 . The on - again , off - again armistice negotiations continued for two years , first at Kaesong , on the border between North and South Korea , and then at the neighboring village of Panmunjom . A major , problematic negotiation point was prisoner of war ( POW ) repatriation . The PVA , KPA , and UN Command could not agree on a system of repatriation because many PVA and KPA soldiers refused to be repatriated back to the north , which was unacceptable to the Chinese and North Koreans . In the final armistice agreement , signed on 27 July 1953 , a Neutral Nations Repatriation Commission , under the chairman Indian General K.S. Thimayya , was set up to handle the matter . In 1952 , the United States elected a new president , and on 29 November 1952 , the president - elect , Dwight D. Eisenhower , went to Korea to learn what might end the Korean War . With the United Nations ' acceptance of India 's proposed Korean War armistice , the KPA , the PVA , and the UN Command ceased fire with the battle line approximately at the 38th parallel . Upon agreeing to the armistice , the belligerents established the Korean Demilitarized Zone ( DMZ ) , which has since been patrolled by the KPA and ROKA , United States , and Joint UN Commands . The Demilitarized Zone runs northeast of the 38th parallel ; to the south , it travels west . The old Korean capital city of Kaesong , site of the armistice negotiations , originally was in pre-war South Korea , but now is part of North Korea . The United Nations Command , supported by the United States , the North Korean People 's Army , and the Chinese People 's Volunteers , signed the Armistice Agreement on 27 July 1953 to end the fighting . The Armistice also called upon the governments of South Korea , North Korea , China and the United States to participate in continued peace talks . The war is considered to have ended at this point , even though there was no peace treaty . North Korea nevertheless claims that it won the Korean War . After the war , Operation Glory was conducted from July to November 1954 , to allow combatant countries to exchange their dead . The remains of 4,167 U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps dead were exchanged for 13,528 KPA and PVA dead , and 546 civilians dead in UN prisoner - of - war camps were delivered to the South Korean government . After Operation Glory , 416 Korean War unknown soldiers were buried in the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific ( The Punchbowl ) , on the island of Oahu , Hawaii . Defense Prisoner of War / Missing Personnel Office ( DPMO ) records indicate that the PRC and the DPRK transmitted 1,394 names , of which 858 were correct . From 4,167 containers of returned remains , forensic examination identified 4,219 individuals . Of these , 2,944 were identified as from the U.S. , and all but 416 were identified by name . From 1996 to 2006 , the DPRK recovered 220 remains near the Sino - Korean border . Division of Korea ( 1954 -- present ) See also : Korean Demilitarized Zone Delegates sign the Korean Armistice Agreement in P'anmunjŏm The Korean Armistice Agreement provided for monitoring by an international commission . Since 1953 , the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission ( NNSC ) , composed of members from the Swiss and Swedish Armed Forces , has been stationed near the DMZ . In April 1975 , South Vietnam 's capital was captured by the North Vietnamese army . Encouraged by the success of Communist revolution in Indochina , Kim Il - sung saw it as an opportunity to invade the South . Kim visited China in April of that year , and met with Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai to ask for military aid . Despite Pyongyang 's expectations , however , Beijing refused to help North Korea for another war in Korea . A U.S. Army officer confers with South Korean soldiers at Observation Post ( OP ) Ouellette , viewing northward , in April 2008 . The DMZ as seen from the north , 2005 . Since the armistice , there have been numerous incursions and acts of aggression by North Korea . In 1976 , the axe murder incident was widely publicized . Since 1974 , four incursion tunnels leading to Seoul have been uncovered . In 2010 , a North Korean submarine torpedoed and sank the South Korean corvette ROKS Cheonan , resulting in the deaths of 46 sailors . Again in 2010 , North Korea fired artillery shells on Yeonpyeong island , killing two military personnel and two civilians . After a new wave of UN sanctions , on 11 March 2013 , North Korea claimed that it invalidated the 1953 armistice . On 13 March 2013 , North Korea confirmed it ended the 1953 Armistice and declared North Korea `` is not restrained by the North - South declaration on non-aggression '' . On 30 March 2013 , North Korea stated that it entered a `` state of war '' with South Korea and declared that `` The long - standing situation of the Korean peninsula being neither at peace nor at war is finally over '' . Speaking on 4 April 2013 , the U.S. Secretary of Defense , Chuck Hagel , informed the press that Pyongyang `` formally informed '' the Pentagon that it `` ratified '' the potential use of a nuclear weapon against South Korea , Japan and the United States of America , including Guam and Hawaii . Hagel also stated the United States would deploy the Terminal High Altitude Area Defense anti-ballistic missile system to Guam , because of a credible and realistic nuclear threat from North Korea . In 2016 , it was revealed that North Korea approached the United States about conducting formal peace talks to formally end the war . While the White House agreed to secret peace talks , the plan was rejected due to North Korea 's refusal to discuss nuclear disarmament as part of the terms of the treaty . Any possibility of talks ended on 6 January when North Korea conducted their fourth nuclear test . Characteristics Korean War memorials are found in every UN Command Korean War participant country ; this one is in Pretoria , South Africa . Casualties According to the data from the U.S. Department of Defense , the United States suffered 33,686 battle deaths , along with 2,830 non-battle deaths , during the Korean War . U.S. battle deaths were 8,516 up to their first engagement with the Chinese on 1 November 1950 . South Korea reported some 373,599 civilian and 137,899 military deaths . Western sources estimate the PVA suffered about 400,000 killed and 486,000 wounded , while the KPA suffered 215,000 killed and 303,000 wounded . Data from official Chinese sources , on the other hand , reported that the Chinese PVA had suffered 114,000 battle deaths , 34,000 non-battle deaths , 340,000 wounded , 7,600 missing and during the war . 7,110 Chinese POWs were repatriated to China . Chinese sources also reported that North Korea had suffered 290,000 casualties , 90,000 captured and a large number of civilian deaths . CNN reported , citing Enciclopedia Britannica that North Korean civilian casualties were 600,000 , while South Korean civilian casualties reached one million . The Chinese and North Koreans estimated that about 390,000 soldiers from the United States , 660,000 soldiers from South Korea and 29,000 other UN soldiers were `` eliminated '' from the battlefield . Recent scholarship puts the full battle death toll on all sides at just over 1.2 million . U.S. unpreparedness for War In a postwar analysis of the unpreparedness of U.S. Army forces deployed to Korea during the summer and fall of 1950 , Army Major General Floyd L. Parks stated that `` Many who never lived to tell the tale had to fight the full range of ground warfare from offensive to delaying action , unit by unit , man by man ... ( T ) hat we were able to snatch victory from the jaws of defeat ... does not relieve us from the blame of having placed our own flesh and blood in such a predicament . '' By 1950 , U.S. Secretary of Defense Louis A. Johnson had established a policy of faithfully following President Truman 's defense economization plans , and had aggressively attempted to implement it even in the face of steadily increasing external threats . He consequently received much of the blame for the initial setbacks in Korea and the widespread reports of ill - equipped and inadequately trained U.S. military forces in the war 's early stages . As an initial response to the invasion , Truman called for a naval blockade of North Korea , and was shocked to learn that such a blockade could be imposed only `` on paper '' , since the U.S. Navy no longer had the warships with which to carry out his request . Army officials , desperate for weaponry , recovered Sherman tanks from World War II Pacific battlefields and reconditioned them for shipment to Korea . Army Ordnance officials at Fort Knox pulled down M26 Pershing tanks from display pedestals around Fort Knox in order to equip the third company of the Army 's hastily formed 70th Tank Battalion . Without adequate numbers of tactical fighter - bomber aircraft , the Air Force took F - 51 ( P - 51 ) propeller - driven aircraft out of storage or from existing Air National Guard squadrons , and rushed them into front - line service . A shortage of spare parts and qualified maintenance personnel resulted in improvised repairs and overhauls . A Navy helicopter pilot aboard an active duty warship recalled fixing damaged rotor blades with masking tape in the absence of spares . Army Reserve and Army National Guard infantry soldiers and new inductees called to duty to fill out understrength infantry divisions found themselves short of nearly everything needed to repel the North Korean forces : artillery , ammunition , heavy tanks , ground - support aircraft , even effective anti-tank weapons such as the M20 3.5 - inch ( 89 mm ) Super Bazooka . Some Army combat units sent to Korea were supplied with worn out , ' red - lined ' M - 1 rifles or carbines in immediate need of ordnance depot overhaul or repair . Only the Marine Corps , whose commanders had stored and maintained their World War II surplus inventories of equipment and weapons , proved ready for deployment , though they still were woefully under - strength , as well as in need of suitable landing craft to practice amphibious operations ( Johnson had transferred most of the remaining craft to the Navy and reserved them for use in training Army units ) . Due to public criticism of his handling of the Korean War , Truman decided to ask for Johnson 's resignation . On September 19 , 1950 , Johnson resigned as Secretary of Defense , and the president quickly replaced him with General of the Army George C. Marshall . Armored warfare The initial assault by North Korean KPA forces was aided by the use of Soviet T - 34 - 85 tanks . A North Korean tank corps equipped with about 120 T - 34s spearheaded the invasion . These drove against a ROK Army with few anti-tank weapons adequate to deal with the Soviet T - 34s . Additional Soviet armor was added as the offensive progressed . The North Korean tanks had a good deal of early successes against South Korean infantry , elements of the 24th Infantry Division , and the United States built M24 Chaffee light tanks that they encountered . Interdiction by ground attack aircraft was the only means of slowing the advancing Korean armor . The tide turned in favour of the United Nations forces in August 1950 when the North Koreans suffered major tank losses during a series of battles in which the UN forces brought heavier equipment to bear , including M4A3 Sherman medium tanks backed by U.S. M26 heavy tanks , along with British Centurion , Churchill , and Cromwell tanks . The U.S. landings at Inchon on 15 September cut off the North Korean supply lines , causing their armored forces and infantry to run out of fuel , ammunition , and other supplies . As a result , the North Koreans had to retreat , and many of the T - 34s and heavy weapons had to be abandoned . By the time the North Koreans withdrew from the South , a total of 239 T - 34s and 74 SU - 76s were lost . After November 1950 , North Korean armor was rarely encountered . Following the initial assault by the north , the Korean War saw limited use of tanks and featured no large - scale tank battles . The mountainous , forested terrain , especially in the Eastern Central Zone , was poor tank country , limiting their mobility . Through the last two years of the war in Korea , UN tanks served largely as infantry support and mobile artillery pieces . Naval warfare Naval engagements of the Korean War ( 1950 -- 1953 ) and post-armistice incidents Pre Armistice Korea Strait Chumonchin Chan Haeju Inchon Operation Wonsan Operation Tailboard Wonsan Operation Fireball Buzz Saw Operation Kickoff USS Walke Incident Han River Post Armistice Gangneung Incident ( 1996 ) Sokcho Incident ( 1998 ) Yeosu ( 1998 ) Maritime border incidents First Yeonpyeong ( 1999 ) Second Yeonpyeong ( 2002 ) Daecheong ( 2009 ) Cheonan sinking ( 2010 ) To disrupt North Korean communications , USS Missouri fires a salvo from its 16 - inch guns at shore targets near Chongjin , North Korea , 21 October 1950 Further information : List of U.S. Navy ships sunk or damaged in action during the Korean conflict Because neither Korea had a significant navy , the Korean War featured few naval battles . A skirmish between North Korea and the UN Command occurred on 2 July 1950 ; the U.S. Navy cruiser USS Juneau , the Royal Navy cruiser HMS Jamaica , and the frigate HMS Black Swan fought four North Korean torpedo boats and two mortar gunboats , and sank them . USS Juneau later sank several ammunition ships that had been present . The last sea battle of the Korean War occurred at Inchon , days before the Battle of Incheon ; the ROK ship PC - 703 sank a North Korean mine layer in the Battle of Haeju Island , near Inchon . Three other supply ships were sunk by PC - 703 two days later in the Yellow Sea . Thereafter , vessels from the UN nations held undisputed control of the sea about Korea . The gun ships were used in shore bombardment , while the aircraft carriers provided air support to the ground forces . During most of the war , the UN navies patrolled the west and east coasts of North Korea , sinking supply and ammunition ships and denying the North Koreans the ability to resupply from the sea . Aside from very occasional gunfire from North Korean shore batteries , the main threat to United States and UN navy ships was from magnetic mine s . During the war , five U.S. Navy ships were lost to mines : two minesweepers , two minesweeper escorts , and one ocean tug . Mines and gunfire from North Korean coastal artillery damaged another 87 U.S. warships , resulting in slight to moderate damage . Aerial warfare Further information : MiG Alley , USAF Units and Aircraft of the Korean War , and Korean People 's Air Force The Korean War was the first war in which jet aircraft played the central role in air combat . Once - formidable fighters such as the P - 51 Mustang , F4U Corsair , and Hawker Sea Fury -- all piston - engined , propeller - driven , and designed during World War II -- relinquished their air - superiority roles to a new generation of faster , jet - powered fighters arriving in the theater . For the initial months of the war , the P - 80 Shooting Star , F9F Panther , Gloster Meteor and other jets under the UN flag dominated North Korea 's prop - driven air force of Soviet Yakovlev Yak - 9 and Lavochkin La - 9s . The Chinese intervention in late October 1950 bolstered the Korean People 's Air Force ( KPAF ) of North Korea with the MiG - 15 , one of the world 's most advanced jet fighters . The heavily armed MiGs were faster than first - generation UN jets and so could reach and destroy U.S. B - 29 Superfortress bomber flights despite their fighter escorts . With increasing B - 29 losses , the Air Force was forced to switch from a daylight bombing campaign to a safer but less accurate nighttime bombing of targets . A B - 29 Superfortress bomber dropping its bombs . The USAF countered the MiG - 15 by sending over three squadrons of its most capable fighter , the F - 86 Sabre . These arrived in December 1950 . The MiG was designed as a bomber interceptor . It had a very high service ceiling -- 15,000 m ( 50,000 ft ) and carried very heavy weaponry : one 37 mm cannon and two 23 mm cannons . The F - 86 had a ceiling of 13,000 m ( 42,000 ft ) and were armed with six . 50 caliber ( 12.7 mm ) machine guns , which were range adjusted by radar gunsights . If coming in at higher altitude the advantage of engaging or not went to the MiG . Once in a level flight dogfight , both swept - wing designs attained comparable maximum speeds of around 1,100 km / h ( 660 mph ) . The MiG climbed faster , but the Sabre turned and dived better . In summer and autumn 1951 , the outnumbered Sabres of the USAF 's 4th Fighter Interceptor Wing -- only 44 at one point -- continued seeking battle in MiG Alley , where the Yalu River marks the Chinese border , against Chinese and North Korean air forces capable of deploying some 500 aircraft . Following Colonel Harrison Thyng 's communication with the Pentagon , the 51st Fighter - Interceptor Wing finally reinforced the beleaguered 4th Wing in December 1951 ; for the next year - and - a-half stretch of the war , aerial warfare continued . A US Navy Sikorsky HO4S flying near USS Sicily Unlike the Vietnam War , in which the Soviet Union only officially sent `` advisers '' , in the Korean aerial war Soviet forces participated via the 64th Airborne Corps . Fearful of confronting the United States directly , the Soviet Union denied involvement of their personnel in anything other than an advisory role , but air combat quickly resulted in Soviet pilots dropping their code signals and speaking over the wireless in Russian . This known direct Soviet participation was a casus belli that the UN Command deliberately overlooked , lest the war for the Korean peninsula expand to include the Soviet Union , and potentially escalate into atomic warfare . 1,106 enemy airplanes were officially downed by the Soviet pilots , 52 of whom got ace status . The Soviet system of confirming air kills erred on the conservative side ; the pilot 's words had to be corroborated and enemy aircraft falling into the sea were not counted , the number might exceed 1,106 . After the war , and to the present day , the USAF reports an F - 86 Sabre kill ratio in excess of 10 : 1 , with 792 MiG - 15s and 108 other aircraft shot down by Sabres , and 78 Sabres lost to enemy fire . The Soviet Air Force reported some 1,100 air - to - air victories and 335 MiG combat losses , while China 's People 's Liberation Army Air Force ( PLAAF ) reported 231 combat losses , mostly MiG - 15s , and 168 other aircraft lost . The KPAF reported no data , but the UN Command estimates some 200 KPAF aircraft lost in the war 's first stage , and 70 additional aircraft after the Chinese intervention . The USAF disputes Soviet and Chinese claims of 650 and 211 downed F - 86s , respectively . However , one source claims that the U.S. Air Force has more recently cited 224 losses ( c. 100 to air combat ) out of 674 F - 86s deployed to Korea . The Korean War marked a major milestone not only for fixed - wing aircraft , but also for rotorcraft , featuring the first large - scale deployment of helicopters for medical evacuation ( medevac ) . In 1944 -- 1945 , during the Second World War , the YR - 4 helicopter saw limited ambulance duty , but in Korea , where rough terrain trumped the jeep as a speedy medevac vehicle , helicopters like the Sikorsky H - 19 helped reduce fatal casualties to a dramatic degree when combined with complementary medical innovations such as Mobile Army Surgical Hospitals . The limitations of jet aircraft for close air support highlighted the helicopter 's potential in the role , leading to development of the AH - 1 Cobra and other helicopter gunships used in the Vietnam War ( 1965 -- 75 ) . Bombing of North Korea The first major U.S. strategic bombing campaign against North Korea , begun in late July 1950 , was conceived as similar to the major offensives of World War II . On 12 August 1950 , the U.S. Air Force dropped 625 tons of bombs on North Korea ; two weeks later , the daily tonnage increased to some 800 tons . Following the intervention of the Chinese in November , General MacArthur ordered increased bombing campaign on North Korea which included incendiary attacks against their arsenals and communications centers and especially against the `` Korean end '' of all the bridges across the Yalu River . As with the aerial bombing campaigns over Germany and Japan in World War II , the nominal objective of the U.S. Air Force was to destroy North Korea 's war infrastructure and shatter their morale . After MacArthur was removed as Supreme Commander in Korea in April 1951 , his successors continued this policy and ultimately extended it to all of North Korea . The U.S. dropped a total of 635,000 tons of bombs , including 32,557 tons of napalm , on Korea , more than during the whole Pacific campaign of World War II . A USAF Douglas B - 26B Invader of the 452nd Bombardment Wing bombing a target in North Korea , 29 May 1951 . Almost every substantial building in North Korea was destroyed as a result . The war 's highest - ranking U.S. POW , U.S. Major General William F. Dean , reported that the majority of North Korean cities and villages he saw were either rubble or snow - covered wasteland . North Korean factories , schools , hospitals , and government offices were forced to move underground , and air defenses were `` non-existent . '' In November 1950 , the North Korean leadership instructed their population to build dugouts and mud huts and to dig underground tunnels , in order to solve the acute housing problem . U.S. Air Force General Curtis LeMay commented , `` we went over there and fought the war and eventually burned down every town in North Korea anyway , some way or another , and some in South Korea , too . '' Pyongyang , which saw 75 percent of its area destroyed , was so devastated that bombing was halted as there were no longer any worthy targets . On 28 November , Bomber Command reported on the campaign 's progress : 95 percent of Manpojin was destroyed , along with 90 percent of Hoeryong , Namsi and Koindong , 85 percent of Chosan , 75 percent of both Sakchu and Huichon , and 20 percent of Uiju . According to USAF damage assessments , `` eighteen of twenty - two major cities in North Korea had been at least half obliterated . '' By the end of the campaign , US bombers had difficulty in finding targets and were reduced to bombing footbridges or jettisoning their bombs into the sea . As well as conventional bombing , the Communist side claimed that the U.S. used biological weapons . These claims have been disputed ; Conrad Crane asserts that while the U.S. worked towards developing chemical and biological weapons , the U.S. military `` possessed neither the ability , nor the will '' , to use them in combat . U.S. threat of atomic warfare Mark 4 bomb , seen on display , transferred to the 9th Bombardment Wing , Heavy On 5 November 1950 , the Joint Chiefs of Staff ( JCS ) issued orders for the retaliatory atomic bombing of Manchurian PRC military bases , if either their armies crossed into Korea or if PRC or KPA bombers attacked Korea from there . The President ordered the transfer of nine Mark 4 nuclear bombs `` to the Air Force 's Ninth Bomb Group , the designated carrier of the weapons ... ( and ) signed an order to use them against Chinese and Korean targets '' , which he never transmitted . Many U.S. officials viewed the deployment of nuclear - capable ( but not nuclear - armed ) B - 29 bombers to Britain as helping to resolve the Berlin Blockade of 1948 -- 1949 . Truman and Eisenhower both had military experience and viewed nuclear weapons as potentially usable components of their military . During Truman 's first meeting to discuss the war on 25 June 1950 , he ordered plans be prepared for attacking Soviet forces if they entered the war . By July , Truman approved another B - 29 deployment to Britain , this time with bombs ( but without their cores ) , to remind the Soviets of U.S. offensive ability . Deployment of a similar fleet to Guam was leaked to The New York Times . As United Nations forces retreated to Pusan , and the CIA reported that mainland China was building up forces for a possible invasion of Taiwan , the Pentagon believed that Congress and the public would demand using nuclear weapons if the situation in Korea required them . As Chinese forces pushed back the United States forces from the Yalu River , Truman stated during a 30 November 1950 press conference that using nuclear weapons was `` always ( under ) active consideration '' , with control under the local military commander . The Indian ambassador , K. Madhava Panikkar , reports `` that Truman announced he was thinking of using the atom bomb in Korea . But the Chinese seemed unmoved by this threat ... The PRC 's propaganda against the U.S. was stepped up . The `` Aid Korea to resist America '' campaign was made the slogan for increased production , greater national integration , and more rigid control over anti-national activities . One could not help feeling that Truman 's threat came in useful to the leaders of the Revolution , to enable them to keep up the tempo of their activities . '' After his statement caused concern in Europe , Truman met on 4 December 1950 with UK prime minister and Commonwealth spokesman Clement Attlee , French Premier René Pleven , and Foreign Minister Robert Schuman to discuss their worries about atomic warfare and its likely continental expansion . The United States ' forgoing atomic warfare was not because of `` a disinclination by the Soviet Union and People 's Republic of China to escalate '' the Korean War , but because UN allies -- notably from the UK , the Commonwealth , and France -- were concerned about a geopolitical imbalance rendering NATO defenseless while the United States fought China , who then might persuade the Soviet Union to conquer Western Europe . The Joint Chiefs of Staff advised Truman to tell Attlee that the United States would use nuclear weapons only if necessary to protect an evacuation of UN troops , or to prevent a `` major military disaster '' . On 6 December 1950 , after the Chinese intervention repelled the UN Command armies from northern North Korea , General J. Lawton Collins ( Army Chief of Staff ) , General MacArthur , Admiral C. Turner Joy , General George E. Stratemeyer , and staff officers Major General Doyle Hickey , Major General Charles A. Willoughby , and Major General Edwin K. Wright met in Tokyo to plan strategy countering the Chinese intervention ; they considered three potential atomic warfare scenarios encompassing the next weeks and months of warfare . In the first scenario : If the PVA continued attacking in full and the UN Command was forbidden to blockade and bomb China , and without ROC reinforcements , and without an increase in U.S. forces until April 1951 ( four National Guard divisions were due to arrive ) , then atomic bombs might be used in North Korea . In the second scenario : If the PVA continued full attacks and the UN Command blockaded China and had effective aerial reconnaissance and bombing of the Chinese interior , and the ROC soldiers were maximally exploited , and tactical atomic bombing was to hand , then the UN forces could hold positions deep in North Korea . In the third scenario : if China agreed to not cross the 38th parallel border , General MacArthur recommended UN acceptance of an armistice disallowing PVA and KPA troops south of the parallel , and requiring PVA and KPA guerrillas to withdraw northwards . The U.S. Eighth Army would remain to protect the Seoul -- Incheon area , while X Corps would retreat to Pusan . A UN commission should supervise implementation of the armistice . Both the Pentagon and the State Department were cautious about using nuclear weapons because of the risk of general war with China and the diplomatic ramifications . Truman and his senior advisors agreed , and never seriously considered using them in early December 1950 despite the poor military situation in Korea . In 1951 , the U.S. escalated closest to atomic warfare in Korea . Because China deployed new armies to the Sino - Korean frontier , pit crews at the Kadena Air Base , Okinawa , assembled atomic bombs for Korean warfare , `` lacking only the essential pit nuclear cores '' . In October 1951 , the United States effected Operation Hudson Harbor to establish a nuclear weapons capability . USAF B - 29 bombers practised individual bombing runs from Okinawa to North Korea ( using dummy nuclear or conventional bombs ) , coordinated from Yokota Air Base in east - central Japan . Hudson Harbor tested `` actual functioning of all activities which would be involved in an atomic strike , including weapons assembly and testing , leading , ground control of bomb aiming '' . The bombing run data indicated that atomic bombs would be tactically ineffective against massed infantry , because the `` timely identification of large masses of enemy troops was extremely rare . '' Ridgway was authorized to use nuclear weapons if a major air attack originated from outside Korea . An envoy was sent to Hong Kong to deliver a warning to China . The message likely caused Chinese leaders to be more cautious about potential U.S. use of nuclear weapons , but whether they learned about the B - 29 deployment is unclear and the failure of the two major Chinese offensives that month likely was what caused them to shift to a defensive strategy in Korea . The B - 29s returned to the United States in June . Despite the greater destructive power deploying atomic weapons would bring to the war , their effects on determining the war 's outcome would have likely been minimal . Tactically , given the dispersed nature of Chinese and North Korean forces , the relatively primitive infrastructure for staging and logistics centers , and the small number of bombs available ( most would have been conserved for use against the Soviets ) , atomic attacks would have limited effects against the ability of China to mobilize and move forces . Strategically , attacking Chinese cities to destroy civilian industry and infrastructure would cause the immediate dispersion of the leadership away from such areas and give propaganda value for the communists to galvanize the support of Chinese civilians . Since the Soviets were not expected to intervene with their few primitive atomic weapons on China or North Korea 's behalf if the U.S. used theirs first , factors such as little operational value and the lowering of the `` threshold '' for using atomic weapons against non-nuclear states in future conflicts played more of a role in not employing them than the threat of a possible nuclear exchange . When Eisenhower succeeded Truman in early 1953 he was similarly cautious about using nuclear weapons in Korea , including for diplomatic purposes to encourage progress in ongoing truce discussions . The administration prepared contingency plans to use them against China , but like Truman , the new president feared doing so would result in Soviet attacks on Japan . The war ended as it began , without U.S. nuclear weapons deployed near battle . War crimes Civilian deaths and massacres Further information : Bodo League massacre , Seoul National University Hospital massacre , No Gun Ri Massacre , Sinchon Massacre , Ganghwa massacre , Sancheong - Hamyang massacre , and Geochang massacre South Korean soldiers walk among the bodies of political prisoners executed near Daejon , July 1950 Civilians killed during a night battle near Yongsan , August 1950 There were numerous atrocities and massacres of civilians throughout the Korean war committed by both the North and South Koreans . Many started on the first days of the war . South Korean President Syngman Rhee ordered the Bodo League massacre on 28 June , beginning numerous killings of more than 100,000 suspected leftist sympathizers and their families by South Korean officials and right - wing groups . During the massacre , the British protested to their allies and saved some citizens . In occupied areas , North Korean Army political officers purged South Korean society of its intelligentsia by executing every educated person -- academic , governmental , religious -- who might lead resistance against the North ; the purges continued during the NPA retreat . When the North Koreans retreated north in September 1950 , they abducted tens of thousands of South Korean men . The reasons are not clear , but the intention might have been to acquire skilled professionals to the North . In addition to conventional military operations , North Korean soldiers fought the UN forces by infiltrating guerrillas among refugees . These soldiers disguised as refugees would approach UN forces asking for food and help , then open fire and attack . U.S. troops acted under a `` shoot - first - ask - questions - later '' policy against any civilian refugee approaching U.S. battlefield positions , a policy that led U.S. soldiers to kill an estimated 400 civilians at No Gun Ri ( 26 -- 29 July 1950 ) in central Korea because they believed some of the refugees to be North Korean soldiers in disguise . The South Korean Truth and Reconciliation Commission defended this policy as a `` military necessity '' . Beginning in 2005 , the South Korean Truth and Reconciliation Commission has investigated numerous atrocities committed by the Japanese colonial government , North Korean military , U.S. military , and the authoritarian South Korean government . It has investigated atrocities before , during and after the Korean War . The Commission verified over 14,000 civilians were killed in the Jeju uprising ( 1948 -- 49 ) that involved South Korean military and paramilitary units against pro-North Korean guerrillas . Although most of the fighting subsided by 1949 , it continued until 1950 . The Commission estimates 86 % of the civilians were killed by South Korean forces . The Americans on the island documented the events , but never intervened . Prisoners of War See also : Korean POWs detained in North Korea , Hill 303 massacre , and List of American and British defectors in the Korean War A U.S. Marine guards North Korean prisoners of war aboard an American warship in 1951 . Chinese POW At Geoje prison camp on Geoje Island , Chinese POWs experienced anti-communist lecturing and missionary work from secret agents from the U.S. and Taiwan in No. 71 , 72 and 86 camps . But Pro-Communist POW experienced torture , cutting out limbs , or executed in public . Being forced to write confession letters and tattoo of Anti-Communism slogan , and Flag of the Republic of China are also commonly seen , in case any want to go back to mainland China . Pro-Communist POW who could not endure the torture also formed an underground group to fight the Pro-Nationalist POW secretly by assassination which led to the Geoje Uprising in the end . The rebellion captured Francis Dodd , and was cracked down by the 187th Infantry Regiment . In the end , 14,235 Chinese POW went to Nationalist China ( Taiwan ) and less than 6,000 POW went back to Mainland China . Those who went to Taiwan are called `` righteous men '' but experienced brainwash again and sent to the army or arrested ; while the survivor who went back to Mainland China were also welcomed as `` hero '' first , but experienced anti-brainwash , strict interrogation , and house arrest eventually , after the tattoo were found out . After 1988 , Taiwanese government allowed POW to go back to Mainland China , and helped to clean anti-communist tattoo ; while Chinese Government started to accept old POW return to Mainland China from Taiwan . UN Command POW During the first days of the war North Korean soldiers committed the Seoul National University Hospital massacre . The United States reported that North Korea mistreated prisoners of war : soldiers were beaten , starved , put to forced labor , marched to death , and summarily executed . The KPA killed POWs at the battles for Hill 312 , Hill 303 , the Pusan Perimeter , and Daejeon ; these massacres were discovered afterwards by the UN forces . Later , a U.S. Congress war crimes investigation , the United States Senate Subcommittee on Korean War Atrocities of the Permanent Subcommittee of the Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations , reported that `` two - thirds of all American prisoners of war in Korea died as a result of war crimes '' . Although the Chinese rarely executed prisoners like their North Korean counterparts , mass starvation and diseases swept through the Chinese - run POW camps during the winter of 1950 -- 51 . About 43 percent of U.S. POWs died during this period . The Chinese defended their actions by stating that all Chinese soldiers during this period were suffering mass starvation and diseases due to logistical difficulties . The UN POWs said that most of the Chinese camps were located near the easily supplied Sino - Korean border , and that the Chinese withheld food to force the prisoners to accept the communism indoctrination programs . According to Chinese reports , over a thousand U.S. POWs died by the end of June 1951 , while a dozen British POWs died , and all Turkish POW survived . According to Hastings , wounded U.S. POWs died for lack of medical attention and were fed a diet of corn and millet `` devoid of vegetables , almost barren of proteins , minerals , or vitamins '' with only 1 / 3 the calories of their usual diet . Especially in early 1951 , thousands of prisoners lost the will to live and `` declined to eat the mess of sorghum and rice they were provided . '' Two Hill 303 survivors after being rescued by U.S. units , 17 August 1950 . The unpreparedness of U.S. POWs to resist heavy communist indoctrination during the Korean War led to the Code of the United States Fighting Force which governs how U.S. military personnel in combat should act when they must `` evade capture , resist while a prisoner or escape from the enemy '' . North Korea may have detained up to 50,000 South Korean POWs after the ceasefire . Over 88,000 South Korean soldiers were missing and the Communists ' claimed they captured 70,000 South Koreans . However , when ceasefire negotiations began in 1951 , the Communists reported they held only 8,000 South Koreans . The UN Command protested the discrepancies and alleged that the Communists were forcing South Korean POWs to join the KPA . The Communist side denied such allegations . They claimed their POW rosters were small because many POWs were killed in UN air raids and that they had released ROK soldiers at the front . They insisted only volunteers were allowed to serve in the KPA . By early 1952 , UN negotiators gave up trying to get back the missing South Koreans . The POW exchange proceeded without access to South Korean POWs not on the Communist rosters . North Korea continued to claim that any South Korean POW who stayed in the North did so voluntarily . However , since 1994 , South Korean POWs have been escaping North Korea on their own after decades of captivity . As of 2010 , the South Korean Ministry of Unification reported that 79 ROK POWs escaped the North . The South Korean government estimates 500 South Korean POWs continue to be detained in North Korea . The escaped POWs have testified about their treatment and written memoirs about their lives in North Korea . They report they were not told about the POW exchange procedures , and were assigned to work in mines in the remote northeastern regions near the Chinese and Russian border . Declassified Soviet Foreign Ministry documents corroborate such testimony . In 1997 , the Geoje POW Camp in South Korea was turned into a memorial . Starvation See also : National Defense Corps Incident In December 1950 , National Defense Corps was founded ; the soldiers were 406,000 drafted citizens . In the winter of 1951 , 50,000 to 90,000 South Korean National Defense Corps soldiers starved to death while marching southward under the Chinese offensive when their commanding officers embezzled funds earmarked for their food . This event is called the National Defense Corps Incident . There is no evidence that Syngman Rhee was personally involved in or benefited from the corruption . Recreation Further information : United Service Organizations Bob Hope entertained X Corps in Korea on 26 October 1950 . In 1950 , Secretary of Defense George C. Marshall and Secretary of the Navy Francis P. Matthews called on the USO which was disbanded by 1947 to provide support for U.S. servicemen . By the end of the war , more than 113,000 USO volunteers from the U.S. were working at home front and abroad . Many stars came to Korea to give their performances . Throughout the Korean War , UN Comfort Stations were operated by South Korean officials for UN soldiers . Aftermath Main article : Aftermath of the Korean War The Korean Peninsula at night , shown in a 2012 composite photograph from NASA . Postwar recovery was different in the two Koreas . South Korea stagnated in the first postwar decade . In 1953 , South Korea and the United States concluded a Mutual Defense Treaty . In 1960 , the April Revolution occurred and students joined an anti-Syngman Rhee demonstration ; 142 were killed by police ; in consequence Syngman Rhee resigned and left for exile in the United States . Park Chung - hee 's May 16 coup enabled social stability . In the 1960s , prostitution and related services earned 25 percent of South Korean GNP . From 1965 to 1973 , South Korea dispatched troops to Vietnam and received $235,560,000 allowance and military procurement from the United States . GNP increased fivefold during the Vietnam War . South Korea industrialized and modernized . Contemporary North Korea remains underdeveloped . South Korea had one of the world 's fastest - growing economies from the early 1960s to the late 1990s . In 1957 South Korea had a lower per capita GDP than Ghana , and by 2010 it was ranked thirteenth in the world ( Ghana was 86th ) . Following extensive USAF bombing , North Korea `` had been virtually destroyed as an industrial society . '' After the armistice , Kim Il - Sung requested Soviet economic and industrial assistance . In September 1953 , the Soviet government agreed to `` cancel or postpone repayment for all ... outstanding debts '' , and promised to grant North Korea one billion rubles in monetary aid , industrial equipment and consumer goods . Eastern European members of the Soviet Bloc also contributed with `` logistical support , technical aid , ( and ) medical supplies . '' China canceled North Korea 's war debts , provided 800 million yuan , promised trade cooperation , and sent in thousands of troops to rebuild damaged infrastructure . Postwar , about 100,000 North Koreans were executed in purges . According to Rummel , forced labor and concentration camps were responsible for over one million deaths in North Korea from 1945 to 1987 ; others have estimated 400,000 deaths in concentration camps alone . Estimates based on the most recent North Korean census suggest that 240,000 to 420,000 people died as a result of the 1990s North Korean famine and that there were 600,000 to 850,000 unnatural deaths in North Korea from 1993 to 2008 . A study by South Korean anthropologists of North Korean children who had defected to China found that 18 - year - old males were 13 centimetres ( 5 in ) shorter than South Koreans their age because of malnutrition . South Korean anti-Americanism after the war was fueled by the presence and behavior of U.S. military personnel ( USFK ) and U.S. support for the authoritarian regime , a fact still evident during the country 's democratic transition in the 1980s . However , anti-Americanism has declined significantly in South Korea in recent years , from 46 % favorable in 2003 to 74 % favorable in 2011 , making South Korea one of the most pro-U.S. countries in the world . In addition , a large number of mixed - race `` G.I. babies '' ( offspring of U.S. and other UN soldiers and Korean women ) were filling up the country 's orphanages . Because Korean traditional society places significant weight on paternal family ties , bloodlines , and purity of race , children of mixed race or those without fathers are not easily accepted in South Korean society . International adoption of Korean children began in 1954 . The U.S. Immigration Act of 1952 legalized the naturalization of non-blacks and non-whites as U.S. citizens , and made possible the entry of military spouses and children from South Korea after the Korean War . With the passage of the Immigration Act of 1965 , which substantially changed U.S. immigration policy toward non-Europeans , Koreans became one of the fastest - growing Asian groups in the United States . Mao Zedong 's decision to take on the United States in the Korean War was a direct attempt to confront what the Communist bloc viewed as the strongest anti-Communist power in the world , undertaken at a time when the Chinese Communist regime was still consolidating its own power after winning the Chinese Civil War . Mao supported intervention not to save North Korea , but because he believed that a military conflict with the United States was inevitable after the United States entered the Korean War , and to appease the Soviet Union to secure military dispensation and achieve Mao 's goal of making China a major world military power . Mao was equally ambitious in improving his own prestige inside the communist international community by demonstrating that his Marxist concerns were international . In his later years Mao believed that Stalin only gained a positive opinion of him after China 's entrance into the Korean War . Inside Mainland China , the war improved the long - term prestige of Mao , Zhou , and Peng , allowing the Chinese Communist Party to increase its legitimacy while weakening anti-Communist dissent . North Koreans touring the Museum of American War Atrocities in 2009 The Chinese government have encouraged the point of view that the war was initiated by the United States and South Korea , though ComIntern documents have shown that Mao sought approval from Joseph Stalin to enter the war . In Chinese media , the Chinese war effort is considered as an example of China 's engaging the strongest power in the world with an under - equipped army , forcing it to retreat , and fighting it to a military stalemate . These successes were contrasted with China 's historical humiliations by Japan and by Western powers over the previous hundred years , highlighting the abilities of the People 's Liberation Army and the Chinese Communist Party . The most significant negative long - term consequence of the war for China was that it led the United States to guarantee the safety of Chiang Kai - shek 's regime in Taiwan , effectively ensuring that Taiwan would remain outside of PRC control through the present day . Mao had also discovered the usefulness of large - scale mass movements in the war while implementing them among most of his ruling measures over PRC . Finally , anti-U.S. sentiments , which were already a significant factor during the Chinese Civil War , was ingrained into Chinese culture during the Communist propaganda campaigns of the Korean War . The Korean War affected other participant combatants . Turkey , for example , entered NATO in 1952 , and the foundation was laid for bilateral diplomatic and trade relations with South Korea . See also Korea portal North Korea portal South Korea portal War portal 1950s portal 1st Commonwealth Division Australia in the Korean War Canada in the Korean War Historical revisionism ( negationism ) # North Korea and the Korean War Joint Advisory Commission , Korea Korean conflict Korean DMZ Conflict ( 1966 -- 1969 ) Korean reunification Korean War in popular culture List of books about the Korean War List of Korean War weapons List of Korean War Medal of Honor recipients List of military equipment used in the Korean War List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll New Zealand in the Korean War North Korea in the Korean War Operation Big Switch Operation Little Switch Operation Moolah Partisans in Korean War , Partisan Movement Philippine Expeditionary Forces to Korea Pyongyang Sally UNCMAC -- the UN Command Military Armistice Commission operating from 1953 to the present UNCURK -- the 1951 UN Commission for the Unification and Rehabilitation of Korea UNTCOK -- the 1950 United Nations Temporary Commission on Korea M * A * S * H -- TV series MASH -- film War memorials : United Nations Memorial Cemetery , Busan , Republic of Korea Korean War Veterans Memorial , Washington , D.C. Philadelphia Korean War Memorial National War Memorial ( New Zealand ) Korean War Memorial Wall , Brampton , Ontario War Memorial of Korea Yongsan - dong , Yongsan - gu , Seoul , South Korea Footnotes ^ Jump up to : On 9 July 1951 troop constituents were : US : 70.4 % , ROK : 23.3 % other UNC : 6.3 % Jump up ^ As per armistice agreement of 1953 , the opposing sides had to `` insure a complete cessation of hostilities and of all acts of armed force in Korea until a final peaceful settlement is achieved '' . Jump up ^ See 50 U.S.C. S 1601 : `` All powers and authorities possessed by the President , any other officer or employee of the Federal Government , or any executive agency ... as a result of the existence of any declaration of national emergency in effect on 14 September 1976 are terminated two years from 14 September 1976 . '' ; Jolley v. INS , 441 F. 2d 1245 , 1255 n. 17 ( 5th Cir. 1971 ) . Citations Jump up ^ Kim , Heesu ( 1996 ) . Anglo - American Relations and the Attempts to Settle the Korean Question 1953 -- 1960 ( PDF ) ( Thesis ) . London School of Economics and Political Science . p. 213 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 10 April 2017 . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Young , Sam Ma ( 2010 ) . `` Israel 's Role in the UN during the Korean War '' ( PDF ) . Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs . 4 ( 3 ) : 81 -- 89 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Edles , Laura Desfor ( 1998 ) . Symbol and Ritual in the New Spain : the transition to democracy after Franco . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 32 . ISBN 0521628857 . Jump up ^ `` Českoslovenští lékaři stáli v korejské válce na straně KLDR . Jejich mise stále vyvolává otazníky '' ( in Czech ) . Czech Radio . 11 April 2013 . Archived from the original on 2 October 2016 . Retrieved 25 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Edwards , Paul M. ( 2006 ) . Korean War Almanac . Almanacs of American wars . New York : Infobase Publishing . p. 528 . ISBN 9780816074679 . Archived from the original on 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Kocsis , Piroska ( 2005 ) . `` Magyar orvosok Koreában ( 1950 -- 1957 ) '' ( Hungarian physicians in Korea ( 1950 -- 1957 ) ) . ArchivNet : XX . századi történeti források ( in Hungarian ) . Budapest : Magyar Országos Levéltár . Archived from the original on 10 May 2017 . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Romania 's `` Fraternal Support '' to North Korea during the Korean War , 1950 -- 1953 `` . Wilson Centre . Archived from the original on 21 February 2013 . Retrieved 24 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Stueck 1995 , p. 196 . Jump up ^ Millett , Allan Reed , ed. ( 2001 ) . The Korean War , Volume 3 . Korea Institute of Military History . U of Nebraska Press . p. 541 . ISBN 9780803277960 . Archived from the original on 4 July 2017 . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . India could not be considered neutral . Jump up ^ Birtle , Andrew J. ( 2000 ) . The Korean War : Years of Stalemate . U.S. Army Center of Military History . p. 34 . Archived from the original on 14 December 2007 . Retrieved 14 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Millett , Allan Reed , ed. ( 2001 ) . The Korean War , Volume 3 . Korea Institute of Military History . U of Nebraska Press . p. 692 . ISBN 9780803277960 . Archived from the original on 9 May 2013 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Total Strength 602,902 troops Jump up ^ Tim Kane ( 27 October 2004 ) . `` Global U.S. Troop Deployment , 1950 -- 2003 '' . Reports . The Heritage Foundation . Archived from the original on 28 January 2013 . Retrieved 15 February 2013 . Ashley Rowland ( 22 October 2008 ) . `` U.S. to keep troop levels the same in South Korea '' . Stars and Stripes . Archived from the original on 12 May 2013 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Colonel Tommy R. Mize , United States Army ( 12 March 2012 ) . `` U.S. Troops Stationed in South Korea , Anachronistic ? '' . United States Army War College . Defense Technical Information Center . Archived from the original on 8 April 2013 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Louis H. Zanardi ; Barbara A. Schmitt ; Peter Konjevich ; M. Elizabeth Guran ; Susan E. Cohen ; Judith A. McCloskey ( August 1991 ) . `` Military Presence : U.S. Personnel in the Pacific Theater '' ( PDF ) . Reports to Congressional Requesters . United States General Accounting Office . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 15 June 2013 . Retrieved 15 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : USFK Public Affairs Office . `` USFK United Nations Command '' . United States Forces Korea . United States Department of Defense . Archived from the original on 11 July 2016 . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Republic of Korea -- 590,911 Colombia -- 1,068 United States -- 302,483 Belgium -- 900 United Kingdom -- 14,198 South Africa -- 826 Canada -- 6,146 The Netherlands -- 819 Turkey -- 5,453 Luxembourg -- 44 Australia -- 2,282 Philippines -- 1,496 New Zealand -- 1,385 Thailand -- 1,204 Ethiopia -- 1,271 Greece -- 1,263 France -- 1,119 Jump up ^ Rottman , Gordon L. ( 2002 ) . Korean War Order of Battle : United States , United Nations , and Communist Ground , Naval , and Air Forces , 1950 -- 1953 . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 126 . ISBN 9780275978358 . Archived from the original on 9 May 2013 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . A peak strength of 14,198 British troops was reached in 1952 , with over 40,000 total serving in Korea . `` UK - Korea Relations '' . British Embassy Pyongyang . Foreign and Commonwealth Office . 9 February 2012 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . When war came to Korea in June 1950 , Britain was second only to the United States in the contribution it made to the UN effort in Korea . 87,000 British troops took part in the Korean conflict , and over 1,000 British servicemen lost their lives Jack D. Walker . `` A Brief Account of the Korean War '' . Information . Korean War Veterans Association . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . Other countries to furnish combat units , with their peak strength , were : Australia ( 2,282 ) , Belgium / Luxembourg ( 944 ) , Canada ( 6,146 ) , Colombia ( 1,068 ) , Ethiopia ( 1,271 ) , France ( 1,119 ) , Greece ( 1,263 ) , Netherlands ( 819 ) , New Zealand ( 1,389 ) , Philippines ( 1,496 ) , Republic of South Africa ( 826 ) , Thailand ( 1,294 ) , Turkey ( 5,455 ) , and the United Kingdom ( Great Britain 14,198 ) . Jump up ^ `` Land of the Morning Calm : Canadians in Korea 1950 -- 1953 '' . Veterans Affairs Canada . Government of Canada . 7 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 23 March 2013 . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . Peak Canadian Army strength in Korea was 8,123 all ranks . ^ Jump up to : `` Casualties of Korean War '' ( in Korean ) . Ministry of National Defense of Republic of Korea . Archived from the original on 20 January 2013 . Retrieved 14 February 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Edwards , Paul M. ( 2006 ) . Korean War Almanac . Almanacs of American wars . Infobase Publishing . p. 517 . ISBN 9780816074679 . Archived from the original on 9 May 2013 . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Zhang 1995 , p. 257 . Jump up ^ Shrader , Charles R. ( 1995 ) . Communist Logistics in the Korean War . Issue 160 of Contributions in Military Studies . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 90 . ISBN 9780313295096 . Archived from the original on 9 May 2013 . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . NKPA strength peaked in October 1952 at 266,600 men in eighteen divisions and six independent brigades . Jump up ^ Kolb , Richard K. ( 1999 ) . `` In Korea we whipped the Russian Air Force '' . VFW Magazine . Veterans of Foreign Wars . 86 ( 11 ) . Archived from the original on 10 May 2013 . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . Soviet involvement in the Korean War was on a large scale . During the war , 72,000 Soviet troops ( among them 5,000 pilots ) served along the Yalu River in Manchuria . At least 12 air divisions rotated through . A peak strength of 26,000 men was reached in 1952 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Military Casualties -- Korean War Casualty Summary '' . Defense Casualty Analysis System . United States Department of Defense . 5 February 2013 . Archived from the original on 22 February 2013 . Retrieved 6 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Summary Statistics '' . Defense POW / Missing Personnel Office . United States Department of Defense . 24 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 25 February 2013 . Retrieved 6 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Records of American Prisoners of War During the Korean War , created , 1950 -- 1953 , documenting the period 1950 -- 1953 '' . Access to Archival Databases . National Archives and Records Administration . Archived from the original on 1 November 2013 . Retrieved 6 February 2013 . This series has records for 4,714 U.S. military officers and soldiers who were prisoners of war ( POWs ) during the Korean War and therefore considered casualties . ^ Jump up to : Office of the Defence Attaché ( 30 September 2010 ) . `` Korean war '' . British Embassy Seoul . Foreign and Commonwealth Office . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Korean War WebQuest '' . Veterans Affairs Canada . Government of Canada . 11 October 2011 . Archived from the original on 30 January 2013 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . In Brampton , Ontario , there is a 60 - metre long `` Memorial Wall '' of polished granite , containing individual bronze plaques which commemorate the 516 Canadian soldiers who died during the Korean War . `` Canada Remembers the Korean War '' . Veterans Affairs Canada . Government of Canada . 1 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 6 October 2012 . Retrieved 27 May 2013 . The names of 516 Canadians who died in service during the conflict are inscribed in the Korean War Book of Remembrance located in the Peace Tower in Ottawa . Jump up ^ Aiysha Abdullah ; Kirk Fachnie ( 6 December 2010 ) . `` Korean War veterans talk of `` forgotten war '' `` . Canadian Army . Government of Canada . Archived from the original on 23 May 2013 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Canada lost 516 military personnel during the Korean War and 1,042 more were wounded . `` Canadians in the Korean War '' . kvacanada.com . Korean Veterans Association of Canada Inc . Archived from the original on 11 May 2013 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Canada 's casualties totalled 1,558 including 516 who died . `` 2013 declared year of Korean war veteran '' . MSN News . The Canadian Press . 8 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 2 November 2013 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . The 1,558 Canadian casualties in the three - year conflict included 516 people who died . Jump up ^ Ted Barris ( 1 July 2003 ) . `` Canadians in Korea '' . legionmagazine.com . Royal Canadian Legion . Archived from the original on 20 July 2013 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Not one of the 33 Canadian PoWs imprisoned in North Korea signed the petitions . Jump up ^ Australian War Memorial Korea MIA Archived 28 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 17 March 2012 ^ Jump up to : Sandler , Stanley , ed. ( 2002 ) . Ground Warfare : H -- Q. Volume 2 of Ground Warfare : An International Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 160 . ISBN 9781576073445 . Archived from the original on 9 May 2013 . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Philippines : KIA 92 ; WIA 299 ; MIA / POW 97 New Zealand : KIA 34 ; WIA 299 ; MIA / POW 1 Jump up ^ `` Two War Reporters Killed '' . The Times . London , England . 14 August 1950 . ISSN 0140 - 0460 . ^ Jump up to : Rummel , Rudolph J. ( 1997 ) . `` Chapter 10 , Statistics of North Korean Democide Estimates , Calculations , And Sources '' . Statistics of Democide : Genocide and Murder Since 1900 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8258 - 4010 - 5 . Archived from the original on 22 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hickey , Michael . `` The Korean War : An Overview '' . Archived from the original on 5 February 2009 . Retrieved 31 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Li , Xiaobing ( 2007 ) . A History of the Modern Chinese Army . Lexington , KY : University Press of Kentucky . p. 111 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 2438 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` 180,000 Chinese soldiers killed in Korean War , says Chinese general '' Archived 3 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine ... China Daily , 28 June 2010 . State Council Information Office , Chinese government , Beijing . `` According to statistics compiled by the army 's medical departments and hospitals , 114,084 servicemen were killed in military action or accidents , and 25,621 soldiers had gone missing . The other about 70,000 casualties died from wounds , illness and other causes , he said . To date , civil affairs departments have registered 183,108 war martyrs , Xu said . '' Jump up ^ Krivošeev , Grigorij F. ( 1997 ) . Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century . London : Greenhill . ISBN 1 - 85367 - 280 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` US State Department statement regarding ' Korea : Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission ' and the Armistice Agreement ' which ended the Korean War ' '' . FAS . Archived from the original on 27 April 2011 . Retrieved 4 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Text of the Korean War Armistice Agreement '' . FindLaw. 27 July 1953 . Archived from the original on 6 July 2008 . Retrieved 26 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` North Korea enters ' state of war ' with South '' . BBC News . 30 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 30 March 2013 . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Millett ( PHD ) , Allan . `` Korean War '' . britannica.com . Archived from the original on 24 April 2016 . Retrieved 21 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Korean War '' . History.com . History Channel . Archived from the original on 20 April 2016 . Retrieved 21 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Cumings 2005 , pp. 247 -- 53 . ^ Jump up to : Stueck 2002 , p. 71 . ^ Jump up to : Devine , Robert A. ; Breen , T.H. ; Frederickson , George M. ; Williams , R. Hal ; Gross , Adriela J. ; Brands , H.W. ( 2007 ) . America Past and Present. II : Since 1865 ( 8th ed . ) . Pearson Longman . pp. 819 -- 21 . ISBN 0 - 321 - 44661 - 5 . Jump up ^ Derek W. Bowett , United Nations Forces : A Legal Study of United Nations Practice , Stevens , London , 1964 , pp. 29 -- 60 Jump up ^ He , Kai ; Feng , Huiyun ( 2013 ) . Prospect Theory and Foreign Policy Analysis in the Asia Pacific : Rational Leaders and Risky Behavior . Routledge . p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 13119 - 7 . Archived from the original on 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Li , Narangoa ; Cribb , Robert ( 2014 ) . Historical Atlas of Northeast Asia , 1590 -- 2010 : Korea , Manchuria , Mongolia , Eastern Siberia . Columbia University Press . p. 194 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 16070 - 4 . Archived from the original on 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Cornwell , RD ( 1980 ) . World History of the Twentieth Century New Edition . London : Longman House . p. 540 . ISBN 0 - 582 - 33075 - 0 . Jump up ^ Truman , Harry S. ( 29 June 1950 ) . `` The President 's News Conference of June 29 , 1950 '' . Teachingamericanhistory.org . Archived from the original on 26 December 2010 . Retrieved 4 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Remembering the Forgotten War : Korea , 1950 -- 1953 '' . Naval Historical Center . Archived from the original on 19 August 2007 . Retrieved 16 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Halberstam 2007 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Pratt , Keith L. ; Rutt , Richard ; Hoare , James ( 1999 ) . Korea : A Historical and Cultural Dictionary . Richmond , Surrey : Curzon . p. 239 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7007 - 0464 - 4 . Jump up ^ Kim , Ilpyong J. ( 2003 ) . Historical Dictionary of North Korea . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press . p. 79 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 4331 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` War to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea Commemorated in Henan '' . China Radio International . 25 October 2008 . Archived from the original on 20 January 2012 . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea Marked in DPRK '' . Xinhua News Agency . 26 October 2000 . Archived from the original on 1 May 2011 . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Stokesbury 1990 . ^ Jump up to : Schnabel , James F. ( 1972 ) . Policy and Direction : The First Year . United States Army in the Korean War . 3 . Washington , DC : Center of Military History , United States Army . pp. 3 , 18 , 22 . ISBN 0 - 16 - 035955 - 4 . Archived from the original on 17 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Stueck 2002 , pp. 19 -- 20 . ^ Jump up to : Stokesbury 1990 , p. 23 . ^ Jump up to : Dear & Foot 1995 , p. 516 . 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Jump up ^ Mark O'Neill , `` Soviet Involvement in the Korean War : A New View from the Soviet - Era Archives '' , OAH Magazine of History , Spring 2000 , p21 . Jump up ^ Weathersby 1993 , pp. 29 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Weathersby 2002 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Weathersby 2002 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Cumings 2005 , pp. 255 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Cumings 2005 , pp. 249 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Millett 2007 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Tom Gjelten ( 25 June 2010 ) . `` CIA Files Show U.S. Blindsided By Korean War '' . National Public Radio . Archived from the original on 24 August 2013 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Seth , Michael J. ( 2010 ) . A history of Korea : From Antiquity to the Present . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield . p. 324 . ISBN 978 - 0742567160 . Jump up ^ Millett 2007 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Millett 2007 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Eberstadt , Nick ( 27 September 2017 ) . `` Policy and Economic Performance in Divided Korea During the Cold War Era : 1945 - 91 '' . Rowman & Littlefield -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ ( Korea , South Country : Strategic Information and Developments International Business Publications . USA pag 68 ) Jump up ^ Korea , South Country : Strategic Information and Developments Jump up ^ Appleman 1998 , p. . Jump up ^ James , Jack ( 1950 - 06 - 25 ) . `` North Koreans invade South Korea '' . United Press . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Stokesbury 1990 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Appleman 1998 , p. 21 . ^ Jump up to : Cumings 2005 , pp. 260 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Buzo , Adrian ( 2002 ) . The Making of Modern Korea . London : Routledge . p. 78 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 23749 - 1 . Jump up ^ Lone , Stewart ; McCormack , Gavan ( 1993 ) . Korea since 1850 . Melbourne : Longman Cheshire . pp. 110 -- 11 . ^ Jump up to : Millett 2007 , pp. 18 -- 19 . Jump up ^ 만물상 6 25 한강 다리 폭파 의 희생자 들 . Chosun Ilbo ( in Korean ) . 29 June 2010 . Archived from the original on 1 May 2011 . Retrieved 15 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Johnston , William . A war of patrols : Canadian Army operations in Korea . Univ of British Columbia Pr . p. 20 . ISBN 0 - 7748 - 1008 - 4 . Jump up ^ Cumings 2005 , pp. 269 -- 70 . ^ Jump up to : Edwards , Paul . Historical Dictionary of the Korean War . Scarecrow Press . p. 32 . ISBN 0810867737 . Jump up ^ Webb , William J. `` The Korean War : The Outbreak '' . United States Army Center for Military History . Archived from the original on 12 June 2010 . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Kim 1973 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ `` Press spokesman doubts President Truman yet told of Korea conflict '' . UP. 1950 - 06 - 24 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Kim 1973 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Rees 1964 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Schindler , John R. ( 24 February 1998 ) . `` Dodging Armageddon : The Third World War That Almost Was , 1950 '' . Cryptologic Quarterly : 85 -- 95 . Archived from the original on 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Rees 1964 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Rees 1964 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Malkasian 2001 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Gromyko , Andrei A. ( 4 July 1950 ) . `` On American Intervention in Korea , 1950 '' . Modern History Sourcebook . New York : Fordham University . Archived from the original on 6 February 2012 . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Gross , Leo ( February 1951 ) . `` Voting in the Security Council : Abstention from Voting and Absence from Meetings '' . The Yale Law Journal . 60 ( 2 ) : 209 -- 57 . doi : 10.2307 / 793412 . JSTOR 793412 . Jump up ^ Schick , F. B ( September 1950 ) . `` Videant Consules '' . The Western Political Quarterly . 3 ( 3 ) : 311 -- 25 . doi : 10.2307 / 443348 . JSTOR 443348 . Jump up ^ `` Truman Address on Korea '' . www.learner.org . Jump up ^ Goulden 1983 , p. 48 . ^ Jump up to : Hess , Gary R. ( 2001 ) . Presidential Decisions for War : Korea , Vietnam and the Persian Gulf . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 6515 - 8 . Jump up ^ Graebner , Norman A. ; Trani , Eugene P. ( 1979 ) . The Age of Global Power : The United States Since 1939 . V3641 . New York : John Wiley & Sons . OCLC 477631060 . Jump up ^ Reis , M. ( 12 May 2014 ) , `` WWII and Korean War Industrial Mobilization : History Programs and Related Records Archived 15 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine . '' , History Associates , retrieved 17 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Truman , Harry S. ; Ferrell , Robert H. ( 1980 ) . The Autobiography of Harry S. Truman . Boulder : University Press of Colorado . ISBN 0 - 87081 - 090 - 1 . Jump up ^ Blair 2003 , p. 290 . Jump up ^ Hofmann , George F. , Tanks and the Korean War : A case study of unpreparedness , Armor , Vol. 109 Issue 5 ( Sep / Oct 2000 ) , pp. 7 -- 12 : In 1948 , the U.S. Army had to impose an 80 percent reduction in equipment requirements , deferring any equipment modernization . When the Joint Chiefs of Staff submitted a $30 billion total defense budget for FY 1948 , the administration capped the DOD budget at the $14.4 billion set in 1947 and progressively reduced in succeeding fiscal years until January 1950 , when it was reduced again to $13.5 billion . Jump up ^ Rees 1964 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Barnouin & Yu 2006 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Stokesbury 1990 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Stokesbury 1990 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Stokesbury 1990 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Dunford , J.F. ( Lt. Col . ) The Strategic Implications of Defensive Operations at the Pusan Perimeter July -- September 1950 , Carlisle , PA : U.S. Army War College ( 7 April 1999 ) pp. 6 -- 8 , 12 Jump up ^ Zabecki , David T. , Stand or Die -- 1950 Defense of Korea 's Pusan Perimeter , Military History ( May 2009 ) : The inability of U.S. forces to stop the 1950 North Korean summer offensive cost the Eighth Army 4,280 killed in action , 12,377 wounded , with 2,107 missing and 401 confirmed captured between 5 July and 16 September 1950 . In addition the lives of tens of thousands of South Korean soldiers and civilians were lost as well . Jump up ^ Stokesbury 1990 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Barnouin & Yu 2006 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Stokesbury 1990 , pp. 47 -- 48 , 66 . Jump up ^ Stokesbury 1990 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ 493rd meeting of the UN Security Council , 31 August 1950 Archived 2 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine . 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Retrieved 10 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : 1965 년 전투병 베트남 파병 의결 . Dong - a Ilbo ( in Korean ) . 2 July 2008 . Archived from the original on 16 June 2013 . Retrieved 24 September 2011 . Jump up ^ South Korea 's debt - to - GDP ratio reaches 34 % in 2011 -- Xinhua English.news.cn Archived 14 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... News.xinhuanet.com ( 10 April 2012 ) . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ North Korea cornered with snowballing debts - The Korea Herald . View.koreaherald.com ( 18 August 2010 ) . Retrieved on 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Leading article : Africa has to spend carefully '' . The Independent . London : INM. 13 July 2006 . ISSN 0951 - 9467 . OCLC 185201487 . Archived from the original on 24 January 2012 . Retrieved 24 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Country Comparison : GDP ( purchasing power parity ) '' . The World Factbook . CIA . 2011 . Archived from the original on 18 November 2011 . Retrieved 24 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Courtois , Stephane , The Black Book of Communism , Harvard University Press , 1999 , pg. 564 . Jump up ^ Omestad , Thomas , `` Gulag Nation '' , U.S. News & World Report , 23 June 2003 . Archived 3 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Spoorenberg , Thomas ; Schwekendiek , Daniel . `` Demographic Changes in North Korea : 1993 -- 2008 '' . Population and Development Review . 38 ( 1 ) : 133 -- 58 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1728 - 4457.2012. 00475. x . Archived from the original on 2 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The unpalatable appetites of Kim Jong - il '' . 8 October 2011 . Archived from the original on 9 October 2011 . Retrieved 8 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Kristof , Nicholas D. ( 12 July 1987 ) . `` Anti-Americanism Grows in South Korea '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 11 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Global Unease With Major World Powers '' Archived 10 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine ... Pew Research Center . 27 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Views of US Continue to Improve in 2011 BBC Country Rating Poll Archived 23 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine. , 7 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Jang , Jae - il ( 11 December 1998 ) . `` Adult Korean Adoptees in Search of Roots '' . The Korea Times . Archived from the original on 20 January 2013 . Retrieved 24 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Choe , Yong - Ho ; Kim , Ilpyong J. ; Han , Moo - Young ( 2005 ) . `` Annotated Chronology of the Korean Immigration to the United States : 1882 to 1952 '' . Duke.edu . Archived from the original on 2 January 2012 . Retrieved 24 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Barnouin & Yu 2006 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ 沈志华 、 李丹慧. 《 战 后 中 苏 关系 若干 问题 研究 》 ( Research into Some Issues of Sino - USSR Relationship After WWII ) 人民 出版 社 , 2006 年 :p. 115 Jump up ^ Zhang , Hong ( 2002 ) , The Making of Urban Chinese Images of the United States , 1945 -- 1953 , Westport , CT : Greenwood Press , pp. 164 -- 67 , ISBN 0313310017 Jump up ^ `` Turkey '' . State.gov . US Department of State . 9 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 2 January 2012 . Retrieved 24 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Revue de la presse turque 26.06. 2010 '' . turquie-news.fr ( in French ) . 26 June 2010 . Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 24 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Rivera , Gilberto ( May 3 , 2016 ) . Puerto Rican Bloodshed on The 38th Parallel : U.S. Army Against Puerto Ricans Inside The Korean War . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 1539098942 . References Cumings , B ( 2011 ) . The Korean War : A history . New York : Modern Library . Kraus , Daniel ( 2013 ) . The Korean War . Booklist . Warner , G. ( 1980 ) . The Korean War . International Affairs . Appleman , Roy E ( 1998 ) ( 1961 ) . South to the Naktong , North to the Yalu . United States Army Center of Military History . pp. 3 , 15 , 381 , 545 , 771 , 719 . ISBN 0 - 16 - 001918 - 4 . Barnouin , Barbara ; Yu , Changgeng ( 2006 ) . Zhou Enlai : A Political Life . Hong Kong : Chinese University Press . ISBN 962 - 996 - 280 - 2 . Becker , Jasper ( 2005 ) . Rogue Regime : Kim Jong Il and the Looming Threat of North Korea . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 517044 - X . Blair , Clay ( 2003 ) . The Forgotten War : America in Korea , 1950 -- 1953 . Naval Institute Press . Chen , Jian ( 1994 ) . China 's Road to the Korean War : The Making of the Sino - American Confrontation . New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 10025 - 0 . Cumings , Bruce ( 2005 ) . Korea 's Place in the Sun : A Modern History . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 32702 - 7 . Cumings , Bruce ( 1981 ) . `` 3 , 4 '' . Origins of the Korean War . Princeton University Press . ISBN 89 - 7696 - 612 - 0 . Dear , Ian ; Foot , M.R.D. ( 1995 ) . The Oxford Companion to World War II . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . p. 516 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 866225 - 4 . Goulden , Joseph C ( 1983 ) . Korea : The Untold Story of the War . New York : McGraw - Hill . p. 17 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 023580 - 5 . Halberstam , David ( 2007 ) . The Coldest Winter : America and the Korean War . New York : Hyperion . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4013 - 0052 - 4 . Hermes , Walter G. ( 1992 ) , Truce Tent and Fighting Front , Washington , DC : Center of Military History , United States Army , ISBN 0 - 16 - 035957 - 0 Jager , Sheila Miyoshi ( 2013 ) . Brothers at War -- The Unending Conflict in Korea . London : Profile Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84668 - 067 - 0 . Kim , Yǒng - jin ( 1973 ) . Major Powers and Korea . Silver Spring , MD : Research Institute on Korean Affairs . OCLC 251811671 . Malkasian , Carter ( 2001 ) . The Korean War , 1950 -- 1953 . Essential Histories . London ; Chicago : Fitzroy Dearborn . ISBN 1 - 57958 - 364 - 4 . Millett , Allan R. ( 2007 ) . The Korean War : The Essential Bibliography . The Essential Bibliography Series . Dulles , VA : Potomac Books Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57488 - 976 - 5 . Mossman , Billy C. ( 1990 ) . Ebb and Flow , November 1950 -- July 1951 . United States Army in the Korean War . 5 . Washington , DC : Center of Military History , United States Army . OCLC 16764325 . Perrett , Bryan ( 1987 ) . Soviet Armour Since 1945 . London : Blandford . ISBN 0 - 7137 - 1735 - 1 . Ravino , Jerry ; Carty , Jack ( 2003 ) . Flame Dragons of the Korean War . Paducah , KY : Turner . Rees , David ( 1964 ) . Korea : The Limited War . New York : St Martin 's . OCLC 1078693 . Stein , R. Conrad ( 1994 ) . The Korean War : `` The Forgotten War '' . Hillside , NJ : Enslow Publishers . ISBN 0 - 89490 - 526 - 0 . Stokesbury , James L ( 1990 ) . A Short History of the Korean War . New York : Harper Perennial . ISBN 0 - 688 - 09513 - 5 . Stueck , William W. ( 1995 ) , The Korean War : An International History , Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press , ISBN 0 - 691 - 03767 - 1 Stueck , William W. ( 2002 ) , Rethinking the Korean War : A New Diplomatic and Strategic History , Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press , ISBN 0 - 691 - 11847 - 7 Weathersby , Kathryn ( 1993 ) , Soviet Aims in Korea and the Origins of the Korean War , 1945 -- 50 : New Evidence From the Russian Archives , Cold War International History Project : Working Paper No. 8 Weathersby , Kathryn ( 2002 ) , `` Should We Fear This ? '' Stalin and the Danger of War with America , Cold War International History Project : Working Paper No. 39 Werrell , Kenneth P. ( 2005 ) . Sabres Over MiG Alley . Annapolis : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 933 - 0 . Zaloga , Steven J. , Jim Kinnear , Andrey Aksenov & Aleksandr Koshchavtsev ( 1997 ) . Soviet Tanks in Combat 1941 -- 45 : The T - 28 , T - 34 , T - 34 - 85 , and T - 44 Medium Tanks , Hong Kong : Concord Publication . ISBN 962 - 361 - 615 - 5 Zhang , Shu Guang ( 1995 ) , Mao 's Military Romanticism : China and the Korean War , 1950 -- 1953 , Lawrence , KS : University Press of Kansas , ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0723 - 4 External links Find more aboutKorean Warat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Historical Anniversary of the Korean War Armistice : Truman on Acheson 's Crucial Role in Going to War Shapell Manuscript Foundation Korean War resources , Dwight D. 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present ) Cold War Korean War Vietnam War Philippine involvement in Korean War and the Philippine Expeditionary Forces to Korea Notable Members of the PEFTOK Fidel Ramos Fortunato Abat Emilio S. Liwanag Battles and Military Operations Operation Tomahawk Battle of the Imjin River Battle of Yultong Battle of Heartbreak Ridge Battle of Hill Eerie Related articles Philippine Army Korean War Philippine Expeditionary Forces to Korea LCCN : sh85073117 GND : 4032467 - 9 NDL : 00573716 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Korean_War&oldid=812274258 '' Categories : Korean War Revolution - based civil wars Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Asia History of Korea United Nations operations in Asia Wars involving Australia Wars involving Canada Wars involving Belgium Wars involving the People 's Republic of China Wars involving Ethiopia Wars involving France Wars involving Greece Wars involving Luxembourg Wars involving New Zealand Wars involving South Africa Wars involving Thailand Wars involving Turkey Wars involving the Netherlands Wars involving the Philippines Wars involving the Soviet Union Wars involving the United Kingdom Wars involving the United States Conflicts in 1950 Conflicts in 1951 Conflicts in 1952 Conflicts in 1953 Civil wars post-1945 Communism - based civil wars Aftermath of World War II Wars involving North Korea Wars involving South Korea 1950s in North Korea 1950s in South Korea Proxy wars Wars involving Korea Hidden categories : CS1 Czech - language sources ( cs ) CS1 Hungarian - language sources ( hu ) CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2017 CS1 uses Korean - language script ( ko ) CS1 uses Chinese - language script ( zh ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Webarchive template archiveis links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use American English from December 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use dmy dates from April 2016 Articles containing Korean - language text Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Articles containing simplified Chinese - language text Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikivoyage Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Sardu Scots Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Võro 文言 Winaray 吴语 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 00 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won the war between north korea and south korea | [
"The fighting ended on 27 July 1953, when an armistice was signed. The agreement created the Korean Demilitarized Zone to separate North and South Korea, and allowed the return of prisoners. However, no peace treaty has been signed, and according to some sources the two Koreas are technically still at war.[45][46]"
] | [
"technically still at war"
] |
2156148487866004256 | List of international cricket centuries by Virat Kohli | List of international cricket centuries by Virat Kohli - wikipedia List of international cricket centuries by Virat Kohli Jump to : navigation , search Kohli has made 49 centuries for India Virat Kohli is an Indian cricketer and the current captain of the national team . A right - handed middle order batsman , he has made 49 centuries in international cricket -- 17 in Test cricket and 32 in One Day Internationals ( ODI ) -- as of October 2017 . In a 2013 interview , former West Indies cricketer Vivian Richards described Kohli as someone whose batting reminds him of himself . Kohli made his ODI debut against Sri Lanka in August 2008 , and scored his first century the following year when he made 107 against the same team at Eden Gardens , Kolkata . His 86 - ball 133 not out against Sri Lanka in February 2012 led India to the second highest run - chase by any team in Australia . Former Australian cricketer Dean Jones described the innings as `` one of the greatest ODI knocks of all time '' . Kohli 's highest score of 183 came against Pakistan during the 2012 Asia Cup ; India successfully chased a target of 330 set by Pakistan and Kohli was adjudged man of the match . Following that in 2013 , he made his first century as a captain while playing against the West Indies in a tri-nation tournament . In the bilateral series against Australia in October 2013 , Kohli made two centuries in successful run chases . The first of the two , 100 not out , was scored off 52 balls and remains the fastest ODI century by an Indian . The next century , which came off 61 balls , remains the third - fastest by an Indian as of October 2017 . Out of his 32 ODI centuries , 19 have come in the second innings , and India have lost only four ODIs when he made a century . As of October 2017 , Kohli has the most ODI centuries for an active player and is only next to Sachin Tendulkar ( 49 ) in the all - time list . After making his Test debut against the West Indies in 2011 , Kohli scored his first century in the format during the Australian tour in January 2012 . In the first Test of the 2014 -- 15 Border - Gavaskar Trophy , he made 115 and 141 , and became the fourth Indian player to score centuries in both the innings of a Test match . He was appointed as the captain of the Test team during the series and became the first player to score centuries in each of his first three Test innings as captain . In 2016 , Kohli scored three double centuries including a career - best 235 against England . He became the fifth player to score three or more double centuries in a calendar year . Ten of his seventeen centuries in the format have been scored at venues outside India . Since his debut Twenty20 International match in 2010 , Kohli is yet to score a century in the format ; his highest score in the format is 90 not out against Australia in 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 Test cricket centuries 3 ODI cricket centuries 4 Footnotes 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External links Key ( edit ) Sher - e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium , where Kohli made his career - highest score in ODIs . Symbol Meaning * Remained not out Man of the match Captained the Indian cricket team Pos . Position in the batting order Inn . The innings of the match S / R Strike rate during the innings H / A / N Venue was at home ( India ) , away or neutral Date Match starting day Lost The match was lost by India Won The match was won by India Drawn The match was drawn ( D / L ) The result of the match was based upon the Duckworth -- Lewis method Home The match was played in India Away The match was played in opponent 's country Neutral The match was played neither in India nor in the opponent 's country Test cricket centuries ( edit ) Test centuries scored by Virat Kohli No . Score Against Pos . Inn . Test Venue H / A / N Date Result Ref 7003116000000000000 ♠ 116 Australia 6 4 / 4 Adelaide Oval , Adelaide Away 000000002012 - 01 - 24 - 0000 24 January 2012 Lost 7003103200000000000 ♠ 103 New Zealand 5 2 / 2 M. Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bangalore Home 000000002012 - 08 - 31 - 0000 31 August 2012 Won 7003103100000000000 ♠ 103 England 5 4 / 4 Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium , Nagpur Home 000000002012 - 12 - 13 - 0000 13 December 2012 Drawn 7003107000000000000 ♠ 107 Australia 5 2 / 4 M.A. Chidambaram Stadium , Chennai Home 000000002013 - 02 - 22 - 0000 22 February 2013 Won 5 7003119000000000000 ♠ 119 South Africa 1 / 2 Wanderers Stadium , Johannesburg Away 000000002013 - 12 - 18 - 0000 18 December 2013 Drawn 6 7003105100000000000 ♠ 105 * New Zealand 2 / 2 Basin Reserve , Wellington Away 000000002014 - 02 - 14 - 0000 14 February 2014 Drawn 7 7003115000000000000 ♠ 115 Australia 1 / 4 Adelaide Oval , Adelaide Away 000000002014 - 12 - 09 - 0000 9 December 2014 Lost 8 7003141000000000000 ♠ 141 Australia 1 / 4 Adelaide Oval , Adelaide Away 000000002014 - 12 - 09 - 0000 9 December 2014 Lost 9 7003169000000000000 ♠ 169 Australia 3 / 4 Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne Away 000000002014 - 12 - 26 - 0000 26 December 2014 Drawn 10 7003143000000000000 ♠ 147 Australia 4 / 4 Sydney Cricket Ground , Sydney Away 000000002015 - 01 - 06 - 0000 6 January 2015 Drawn 11 7003103000000000000 ♠ 103 Sri Lanka 1 / 3 Galle International Stadium , Galle Away 000000002015 - 08 - 12 - 0000 12 August 2015 Lost 12 7003200000000000000 ♠ 200 West Indies 1 / 4 Sir Vivian Richards Stadium , Antigua Away 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 21 July 2016 Won 13 7003211000000000000 ♠ 211 New Zealand 3 / 3 Holkar Stadium , Indore Home 000000002016 - 10 - 08 - 0000 8 October 2016 Won 14 7003167000000000000 ♠ 167 England 2 / 5 ACA - VDCA Cricket Stadium , Visakhapatnam Home 000000002016 - 11 - 17 - 0000 17 November 2016 Won 15 7003235000000000000 ♠ 235 England 4 / 5 Wankhede Stadium , Mumbai Home 000000002016 - 12 - 08 - 0000 8 December 2016 Won 16 7003204000000000000 ♠ 204 Bangladesh 1 / 1 Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium , Hyderabad Home 000000002017 - 02 - 09 - 0000 9 February 2017 Won 17 7003103300000000000 ♠ 103 * Sri Lanka 1 / 3 Galle International Stadium , Galle Away 000000002017 - 07 - 29 - 0000 29 July 2017 Won ODI cricket centuries ( edit ) ODI centuries scored by Virat Kohli No . Score Against Pos . Inn . S / R Venue H / A / N Date Result Ref 7003107100000000000 ♠ 107 Sri Lanka 93.85 Eden Gardens , Kolkata Home 000000002009 - 12 - 24 - 0000 24 December 2009 Won 7003102100000000000 ♠ 102 * Bangladesh 107.36 Shere Bangla National Stadium , Dhaka Away 000000002010 - 01 - 11 - 0000 11 January 2010 Won 7003118000000000000 ♠ 118 Australia 97.52 APCA - VDCA Stadium , Visakhapatnam Home 000000002010 - 10 - 20 - 0000 20 October 2010 Won 7003105000000000000 ♠ 105 New Zealand 100.96 Nehru Stadium , Guwahati Home 000000002010 - 11 - 28 - 0000 28 November 2010 Won 5 7003100000000000000 ♠ 100 * Bangladesh 120.48 Shere Bangla National Stadium , Dhaka Away 000000002011 - 02 - 19 - 0000 19 February 2011 Won 6 7003107200000000000 ♠ 107 England 115.05 Sophia Gardens , Cardiff Away 000000002011 - 09 - 16 - 0000 16 September 2011 Lost ( D / L ) 7 7003112100000000000 ♠ 112 * England 114.28 Feroz Shah Kotla Ground , Delhi Home 000000002011 - 10 - 17 - 0000 17 October 2011 Won 8 7003117000000000000 ♠ 117 West Indies 95.12 APCA - VDCA Stadium , Visakhapatnam Home 000000002011 - 12 - 02 - 0000 2 December 2011 Won 9 7003133100000000000 ♠ 133 * Sri Lanka 154.65 Bellerive Oval , Hobart Neutral 000000002012 - 02 - 28 - 0000 28 February 2012 Won 10 7003108000000000000 ♠ 108 Sri Lanka 90.00 Shere Bangla National Stadium , Dhaka Neutral 000000002012 - 03 - 13 - 0000 13 March 2012 Won 11 7003183000000000000 ♠ 183 Pakistan 123.64 Shere Bangla National Stadium , Dhaka Neutral 000000002012 - 03 - 18 - 0000 18 March 2012 Won 12 7003106000000000000 ♠ 106 Sri Lanka 93.80 MRIC Stadium , Hambantota Away 000000002012 - 07 - 21 - 0000 21 July 2012 Won 13 7003128100000000000 ♠ 128 * Sri Lanka 107.56 R. Premadasa Stadium , Colombo Away 000000002012 - 07 - 31 - 0000 31 July 2012 Won 14 7003102000000000000 ♠ 102 West Indies 122.89 Queen 's Park Oval , Port of Spain Away 000000002013 - 07 - 05 - 0000 5 July 2013 Won 15 7003115000000000000 ♠ 115 Zimbabwe 106.48 Harare Sports Club , Harare Away 000000002013 - 07 - 24 - 0000 24 July 2013 Won 16 7003100100000000000 ♠ 100 * Australia 192.30 Sawai Mansingh Stadium , Jaipur Home 000000002013 - 10 - 16 - 0000 16 October 2013 Won 17 7003115100000000000 ♠ 115 * Australia 174.24 VCA Stadium , Nagpur Home 000000002013 - 10 - 30 - 0000 30 October 2013 Won 18 7003123000000000000 ♠ 123 New Zealand 110.81 McLean Park , Napier Away 000000002014 - 01 - 19 - 0000 19 January 2014 Lost 19 7003136000000000000 ♠ 136 Bangladesh 111.47 Khan Shaheb Osman Ali Stadium , Fatullah Away 000000002014 - 02 - 26 - 0000 26 February 2014 Won 20 7003127000000000000 ♠ 127 West Indies 111.40 HPCA Stadium , Dharamshala Home 000000002014 - 10 - 17 - 0000 17 October 2014 Won 21 7003139000000000000 ♠ 139 * Sri Lanka 110.31 JSCA International Stadium , Ranchi Home 000000002014 - 11 - 16 - 0000 16 November 2014 Won 22 7003107000000000000 ♠ 107 Pakistan 84.90 Adelaide Oval , Adelaide Neutral 000000002015 - 02 - 15 - 0000 15 February 2015 Won 23 7003138000000000000 ♠ 138 South Africa 98.57 M.A. Chidambaram Stadium , Chennai Home 000000002015 - 10 - 22 - 0000 22 October 2015 Won 24 7003117100000000000 ♠ 117 Australia 100.00 Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne Away 000000002016 - 01 - 17 - 0000 17 January 2016 Lost 25 7003106100000000000 ♠ 106 Australia 115.21 Manuka Oval , Canberra Away 000000002016 - 01 - 20 - 0000 20 January 2016 Lost 26 7003154100000000000 ♠ 154 * New Zealand 114.92 Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium , Mohali Home 000000002016 - 10 - 23 - 0000 23 October 2016 Won 27 7003122000000000000 ♠ 122 England 116.19 Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium , Pune Home 000000002017 - 01 - 15 - 0000 15 January 2017 Won 28 7003111000000000000 ♠ 111 * West Indies 96.52 Sabina Park , Kingston Away 000000002017 - 07 - 06 - 0000 6 July 2017 Won 29 7003131000000000000 ♠ 131 Sri Lanka 136.45 R. Premadasa Stadium , Colombo Away 000000002017 - 08 - 31 - 0000 31 August 2017 Won 30 7003110000000000000 ♠ 110 * Sri Lanka 94.82 R. Premadasa Stadium , Colombo Away 000000002017 - 09 - 03 - 0000 3 September 2017 Won 31 7003121100000000000 ♠ 121 New Zealand 96.80 Wankhede Stadium , Mumbai Home 000000002017 - 10 - 22 - 0000 22 October 2017 Lost 32 7003113000000000000 ♠ 113 New Zealand 106.60 Green Park Stadium , Kanpur Home 000000002017 - 10 - 29 - 0000 29 October 2017 Won Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ As of October 2017 , he ranks eighth - highest in the number of centuries in international cricket . Jump up ^ India reached their target of 321 runs in 36.4 overs . Jump up ^ He holds the record for the most centuries in the second innings . Jump up ^ Kohli is the second player to perform this feat on captaincy debut ; the first being Greg Chappell . Jump up ^ The feat was previously achieved by Don Bradman ( in 1930 ) , Ricky Ponting ( in 2003 ) and Brendon McCullum ( in 2014 ) . In 2012 , Michael Clarke broke the record when he made four double centuries . Jump up ^ In the event , he also became the first batsman to score four double centuries in consecutive Test series . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Virat Kohli faces make or break challenge as India 's captain at Asia Cup '' . Daily News and Analysis . 21 February 2014 . Archived from the original on 1 March 2014 . Retrieved 27 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Virat Kohli '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 25 February 2014 . Retrieved 26 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Records / Combined Test , ODI and T20I records / Batting records / Most hundreds in a career '' . ESPNcricinfo . Archived from the original on 4 October 2012 . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Virat Kohli reminds me of myself : Viv Richards '' . The Times of India . 25 April 2013 . Archived from the original on 1 July 2013 . Retrieved 26 February 2014 . 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ISBN 978 - 81 - 8495 - 524 - 8 . External links ( edit ) ( hide ) List of international cricket centuries International men 's cricket ( Test , ODI and T20I ) Sachin Tendulkar ( 100 ) Ricky Ponting ( 71 ) Kumar Sangakkara ( 63 ) Jacques Kallis ( 62 ) Mahela Jayawardene ( 54 ) Hashim Amla ( 54 ) Brian Lara ( 53 ) Virat Kohli ( 49 ) Rahul Dravid ( 48 ) AB de Villiers ( 46 ) Sanath Jayasuriya ( 42 ) Shivnarine Chanderpaul ( 41 ) Younis Khan ( 41 ) Matthew Hayden ( 40 ) Mohammad Yousuf ( 39 ) Tillakaratne Dilshan ( 39 ) Chris Gayle ( 39 ) Mark Waugh ( 38 ) Sourav Ganguly ( 38 ) Virender Sehwag ( 38 ) Graeme Smith ( 37 ) Michael Clarke ( 36 ) Alastair Cook ( 36 ) Sunil Gavaskar ( 35 ) Viv Richards ( 35 ) Desmond Haynes ( 35 ) Steve Waugh ( 35 ) Inzamam - ul - Haq ( 35 ) Herschelle Gibbs ( 35 ) Gary Kirsten ( 34 ) David Warner ( 34 ) Adam Gilchrist ( 33 ) Ross Taylor ( 33 ) Kevin Pietersen ( 32 ) Javed Miandad ( 31 ) Aravinda de Silva ( 31 ) Saeed Anwar ( 31 ) Gordon Greenidge ( 30 ) Allan Border ( 30 ) Don Bradman ( 29 ) Mohammad Azharuddin ( 29 ) Graham Gooch ( 28 ) Steve Smith ( 28 ) Greg Chappell ( 27 ) Marvan Atapattu ( 27 ) Nathan Astle ( 27 ) Andrew Strauss ( 27 ) Garfield Sobers ( 26 ) David Boon ( 26 ) Marcus Trescothick ( 26 ) Ian Bell ( 26 ) Kane Williamson ( 26 ) David Gower ( 25 ) Note : Italics denote the players who are currently active at international level World Cup centuries World T20 centuries Champions Trophy centuries Asia Cup centuries Twenty20 International cricket centuries Women 's cricket Test cricket ODI cricket Twenty20 International cricket Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_international_cricket_centuries_by_Virat_Kohli&oldid=807836552 '' Categories : Lists of international cricket centuries by player Indian cricket lists Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Use dmy dates from March 2014 Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia मराठी Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 11 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | virat kohli highest score in odi against sri lanka | [
"\nODI centuries scored by Virat Kohli[35]\n\nNo.\nScore\nAgainst\nPos.\nInn.\nS/R\nVenue\nH/A/N\nDate\nResult\nRef\n\n\n1\n7003107100000000000♠ 107\n Sri Lanka\n4\n2\n93.85\nEden Gardens, Kolkata\nHome\n000000002009-12-24-000024 December 2009\nWon\n[36]\n\n\n2\n7003102100000000000♠ 102* \n Bangladesh\n3\n2\n107.36\nShere Bangla National Stadium, Dhaka\nAway\n000000002010-01-11-000011 January 2010\nWon\n[37]\n\n\n3\n7003118000000000000♠ 118 \n Australia\n3\n2\n97.52\nAPCA-VDCA Stadium, Visakhapatnam\nHome\n000000002010-10-20-000020 October 2010\nWon\n[38]\n\n\n4\n7003105000000000000♠ 105 \n New Zealand\n3\n1\n100.96\nNehru Stadium, Guwahati\nHome\n000000002010-11-28-000028 November 2010\nWon\n[39]\n\n\n5\n7003100000000000000♠ 100*\n Bangladesh\n4\n1\n120.48\nShere Bangla National Stadium, Dhaka\nAway\n000000002011-02-19-000019 February 2011\nWon\n[40]\n\n\n6\n7003107200000000000♠ 107\n England\n4\n1\n115.05\nSophia Gardens, Cardiff\nAway\n000000002011-09-16-000016 September 2011\nLost (D/L)\n[41]\n\n\n7\n7003112100000000000♠ 112* \n England\n4\n2\n114.28\nFeroz Shah Kotla Ground, Delhi\nHome\n000000002011-10-17-000017 October 2011\nWon\n[42]\n\n\n8\n7003117000000000000♠ 117 \n West Indies\n4\n2\n95.12\nAPCA-VDCA Stadium, Visakhapatnam\nHome\n000000002011-12-02-00002 December 2011\nWon\n[43]\n\n\n9\n7003133100000000000♠ 133* \n Sri Lanka\n4\n2\n154.65\nBellerive Oval, Hobart\nNeutral\n000000002012-02-28-000028 February 2012\nWon\n[44]\n\n\n10\n7003108000000000000♠ 108 \n Sri Lanka\n3\n1\n90.00\nShere Bangla National Stadium, Dhaka\nNeutral\n000000002012-03-13-000013 March 2012\nWon\n[45]\n\n\n11\n7003183000000000000♠ 183 \n Pakistan\n3\n2\n123.64\nShere Bangla National Stadium, Dhaka\nNeutral\n000000002012-03-18-000018 March 2012\nWon\n[46]\n\n\n12\n7003106000000000000♠ 106 \n Sri Lanka\n3\n1\n93.80\nMRIC Stadium, Hambantota\nAway\n000000002012-07-21-000021 July 2012\nWon\n[47]\n\n\n13\n7003128100000000000♠ 128* \n Sri Lanka\n3\n2\n107.56\nR. Premadasa Stadium, Colombo\nAway\n000000002012-07-31-000031 July 2012\nWon\n[48]\n\n\n14\n7003102000000000000♠ 102 \n West Indies\n3\n1\n122.89\nQueen's Park Oval, Port of Spain\nAway\n000000002013-07-05-00005 July 2013\nWon\n[49]\n\n\n15\n7003115000000000000♠ 115 \n Zimbabwe\n3\n2\n106.48\nHarare Sports Club, Harare\nAway\n000000002013-07-24-000024 July 2013\nWon\n[50]\n\n\n16\n7003100100000000000♠ 100*\n Australia\n3\n2\n192.30\nSawai Mansingh Stadium, Jaipur\nHome\n000000002013-10-16-000016 October 2013\nWon\n[51]\n\n\n17\n7003115100000000000♠ 115* \n Australia\n3\n2\n174.24\nVCA Stadium, Nagpur\nHome\n000000002013-10-30-000030 October 2013\nWon\n[52]\n\n\n18\n7003123000000000000♠ 123\n New Zealand\n3\n2\n110.81\nMcLean Park, Napier\nAway\n000000002014-01-19-000019 January 2014\nLost\n[53]\n\n\n19\n7003136000000000000♠ 136 \n Bangladesh\n3\n2\n111.47\nKhan Shaheb Osman Ali Stadium, Fatullah\nAway\n000000002014-02-26-000026 February 2014\nWon\n[54]\n\n\n20\n7003127000000000000♠ 127 \n West Indies\n3\n1\n111.40\nHPCA Stadium, Dharamshala\nHome\n000000002014-10-17-000017 October 2014\nWon\n[55]\n\n\n21\n7003139000000000000♠ 139* \n Sri Lanka\n4\n2\n110.31\nJSCA International Stadium, Ranchi\nHome\n000000002014-11-16-000016 November 2014\nWon\n[56]\n\n\n22\n7003107000000000000♠ 107 \n Pakistan\n3\n1\n84.90\nAdelaide Oval, Adelaide\nNeutral\n000000002015-02-15-000015 February 2015\nWon\n[57]\n\n\n23\n7003138000000000000♠ 138 \n South Africa\n3\n1\n98.57\nM. A. Chidambaram Stadium, Chennai\nHome\n000000002015-10-22-000022 October 2015\nWon\n[58]\n\n\n24\n7003117100000000000♠ 117\n Australia\n3\n1\n100.00\nMelbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne\nAway\n000000002016-01-17-000017 January 2016\nLost\n[59]\n\n\n25\n7003106100000000000♠ 106\n Australia\n3\n2\n115.21\nManuka Oval, Canberra\nAway\n000000002016-01-20-000020 January 2016\nLost\n[60]\n\n\n26\n7003154100000000000♠ 154* \n New Zealand\n3\n2\n114.92\nPunjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium, Mohali\nHome\n000000002016-10-23-000023 October 2016\nWon\n[61]\n\n\n27\n7003122000000000000♠ 122 \n England\n3\n2\n116.19\nMaharashtra Cricket Association Stadium, Pune\nHome\n000000002017-01-15-000015 January 2017\nWon\n[62]\n\n\n28\n7003111000000000000♠ 111* \n West Indies\n3\n2\n96.52\nSabina Park, Kingston\nAway\n000000002017-07-06-00006 July 2017\nWon\n[63]\n\n\n29\n7003131000000000000♠ 131 \n Sri Lanka\n3\n1\n136.45\nR. Premadasa Stadium, Colombo\nAway\n000000002017-08-31-000031 August 2017\nWon\n[64]\n\n\n30\n7003110000000000000♠ 110* \n Sri Lanka\n3\n2\n94.82\nR. Premadasa Stadium, Colombo\nAway\n000000002017-09-03-00003 September 2017\nWon\n[65]\n\n\n31\n7003121100000000000♠ 121 \n New Zealand\n3\n1\n96.80\nWankhede Stadium, Mumbai\nHome\n000000002017-10-22-000022 October 2017\nLost\n[66]\n\n\n32\n7003113000000000000♠ 113 \n New Zealand\n3\n1\n106.60\nGreen Park Stadium, Kanpur\nHome\n000000002017-10-29-000029 October 2017\nWon\n[67]\n\n"
] | [
"139"
] |
-5966292688137245227 | UEFA Euro 2004 Final | UEFA Euro 2004 final - wikipedia UEFA Euro 2004 final Jump to : navigation , search UEFA Euro 2004 Final Match programme cover Event UEFA Euro 2004 Portugal Greece 0 Date 4 July 2004 ( 2004 - 07 - 04 ) Venue Estádio da Luz , Lisbon Man of the Match Theodoros Zagorakis ( Greece ) Referee Markus Merk ( Germany ) Attendance 62,865 Weather Sunny 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) 50 % humidity ← 2000 2008 → The UEFA Euro 2004 Final was a football match played on 4 July 2004 at the Estádio da Luz in Lisbon , Portugal to determine the winner of UEFA Euro 2004 . The match featured tournament hosts Portugal , who went into the match as favourites , and Greece , playing in only their second European Championship . It was the first time in a major international tournament where both finalists had also played in the opening game of the tournament . Both teams had qualified for the knockout stage from Group A of the tournament 's group stage , with Greece winning 2 -- 1 in the teams ' earlier meeting . Greece won the final 1 -- 0 , defying odds of 80 -- 1 from the beginning of the tournament , with Angelos Charisteas scoring the winning goal in the 57th minute . While the dedication of the side and the victory were celebrated by their nation , Greece were dubbed by Barry Glendenning of The Guardian as `` the only underdogs in history that everyone wants to see get beaten '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Route to the final 2 Match 2.1 Details 2.2 Statistics 3 References 4 External links Route to the final ( edit ) Portugal Round Greece Opponent Result Group stage Opponent Result Greece 1 -- 2 Match 1 Portugal 2 -- 1 Russia 2 -- 0 Match 2 Spain 1 -- 1 Spain 1 -- 0 Match 3 Russia 1 -- 2 Group A winner Pos Team Pld Pts Portugal ( H ) 6 Greece Spain Russia Source : UEFA ( H ) Host . Final standings Group A runner - up Pos Team Pld Pts Portugal ( H ) 6 Greece Spain Russia Source : UEFA ( H ) Host . Opponent Result Knockout stage Opponent Result England 2 -- 2 ( aet ) ( 6 -- 5 pen . ) Quarter - finals France 1 -- 0 Netherlands 2 -- 1 Semi-finals Czech Republic 1 -- 0 ( aet ) Match ( edit ) Details ( edit ) Portugal v Greece 4 July 2004 ( 2004 - 07 - 04 ) 19 : 45 WEST Portugal 0 -- 1 Greece Report Charisteas 57 ' Estádio da Luz , Lisbon Attendance : 62,865 Referee : Markus Merk ( Germany ) Portugal Greece GK Ricardo RB 13 Miguel 43 ' CB Jorge Andrade CB 16 Ricardo Carvalho LB 14 Nuno Valente 90 + 3 ' CM 18 Maniche CM 6 Costinha 12 ' 60 ' RW 17 Cristiano Ronaldo AM 20 Deco LW 7 Luís Figo ( c ) CF 9 Pauleta 74 ' Substitutions : DF Paulo Ferreira 43 ' MF 10 Rui Costa 60 ' FW 21 Nuno Gomes 74 ' Manager : Luiz Felipe Scolari GK Antonios Nikopolidis RB Giourkas Seitaridis 63 ' CB 19 Michalis Kapsis CB 5 Traianos Dellas LB 14 Takis Fyssas 67 ' DM 21 Kostas Katsouranis CM 7 Theodoros Zagorakis ( c ) CM 6 Angelos Basinas 45 + 2 ' RW 9 Angelos Charisteas LW 8 Stelios Giannakopoulos 76 ' CF 15 Zisis Vryzas 81 ' Substitutions : DF Stylianos Venetidis 76 ' FW 22 Dimitris Papadopoulos 85 ' 81 ' Manager : Otto Rehhagel Man of the Match : Theodoros Zagorakis ( Greece ) Assistant referees : Christian Schräer ( Germany ) Jan - Hendrik Salver ( Germany ) Fourth official : Anders Frisk ( Sweden ) Match rules 90 minutes . 30 minutes of silver goal extra time if necessary . Penalty shoot - out if scores still level . Maximum of three substitutions . Statistics ( edit ) UEFA Euro 2004 Final The winning goal from Angelos Charisteas Greek fans celebrating their win . Overall Statistic Portugal Greece Goals scored 0 Total shots 17 Shots on target 5 Ball possession 58 % 42 % Corner kicks 10 Fouls committed 18 19 Offsides Yellow cards Red cards 0 0 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Theodoros Zagorakis '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 4 July 2004 . Archived from the original on 5 July 2004 . Retrieved 24 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Mezzasalma , Nicole ( 3 July 2004 ) . `` Just another game -- Merk '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations . Archived from the original on 5 July 2004 . Retrieved 4 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` History for Lisbon , Portugal '' . Wunderground. 4 July 2004 . Retrieved 19 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Greece win Euro 2004 '' . World Soccer. 4 July 2004 . Retrieved 24 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Szreter , Adam ( 4 July 2004 ) . `` Greece kings of Europe '' . Union of European Football Associations . Retrieved 24 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Glendenning , Barry ( 5 July 2004 ) . `` Portugal 0 -- 1 Greece '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Team statistics '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 4 July 2004 . Archived from the original on 6 July 2004 . Retrieved 4 September 2014 . External links ( edit ) UEFA Euro 2004 official website UEFA Euro 2004 Stages Qualification Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Knockout stage Final General information Bids Broadcasting Squads Statistics Official symbols Roteiro ( ball ) Kinas ( mascot ) UEFA Euro 2004 ( video game ) `` Força '' ( song ) Vive O 2004 ! ( album ) UEFA Euro 2004 finalists Champions Greece Runners - up Portugal Eliminated in the semi-finals Czech Republic Netherlands Eliminated in the quarter - finals Denmark England France Sweden Eliminated in the group stage Group A Russia Spain Group B Croatia Switzerland Group C Bulgaria Italy Group D Germany Latvia UEFA European Championship Tournaments France 1960 Spain 1964 Italy 1968 Belgium 1972 Yugoslavia 1976 Italy 1980 France 1984 West Germany 1988 Sweden 1992 England 1996 Belgium / Netherlands 2000 Portugal 2004 Austria / Switzerland 2008 Poland / Ukraine 2012 France 2016 Pan-European 2020 TBA 2024 Qualifying 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Finals 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Squads 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Bids 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Tournament statistics 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Broadcasting rights 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Records and lists Team appearances Teams with no appearances Goalscorers Hat - tricks Own goals Penalty shoot - outs Records Red cards Miscellaneous Awards Mascots Video games Qualifying broadcasting rights Portugal national football team results Overall results History Results All - time record Results by years 1921 -- 39 1940 -- 59 1960 -- 79 1980 -- 99 2000 -- 19 Matches Portugal v Greece ( UEFA Euro 2004 Final ) Portugal v Netherlands ( 2006 FIFA World Cup ) Portugal v France ( UEFA Euro 2016 Final ) Greece national football team General topics Hellenic Football Federation History Managers Results Venues Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium ( until 1982 ) Olympic Stadium Karaiskakis Stadium ( since 2004 ) List of football stadiums in Greece Players List of Greece international footballers World Cup & Euro Championship squads Other footballers FIFA World Cup tournaments Summary 2014 UEFA Euro tournaments Summary 1980 2008 2012 Other tournaments 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup Matches UEFA Euro 2004 Final Other HFF teams U-21 U-20 U-19 U-17 Olympic team Βeach soccer Futsal Women Military Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UEFA_Euro_2004_Final&oldid=812582109 '' Categories : UEFA Euro 2004 UEFA European Championship finals Portugal national football team matches Greece national football team matches Portugal at UEFA Euro 2004 Greece at UEFA Euro 2004 Sports competitions in Lisbon Greece -- Portugal relations 2000s in Lisbon Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Dansk Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Magyar Nederlands Română Русский Српски / srpski Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 November 2017 , at 17 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the only scorer in euro 2004 | [
"\nPortugal\nGreece\n"
] | [
"Greece"
] |
-5276822386032195823 | Bye, Felicia | Bye , Felicia - wikipedia Bye , Felicia Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the phrase originating from the 1995 film Friday . It is not to be confused with ByeFelicia . Ice Cube ( pictured in 2012 ) , who starred in and co-wrote the script for the 1995 film Friday , in which the phrase originated The phrase `` Bye , Felicia '' ( actually spelled `` Felisha '' in the cast listing ) came from a scene in the American stoner buddy crime comedy film Friday ( 1995 ) . According to Ice Cube , who starred in the film and co-wrote its script , `` Bye , Felicia '' is `` the phrase ' to get anyone out of your face ' , '' and , as it was used in the Friday scene , is generally intended as a dismissive kiss - off . Popular culture ( edit ) The saying gained popularity and continues to be used , even by people who have never seen the film . In 2009 , it entered the lexicon of RuPaul 's Drag Race , an American reality competition television series . However , People said `` even that would n't necessarily account for the phrase extending beyond the cultures that would watch either Friday , Drag Race or both . ( Seriously , just look how often people use it on Twitter . ) '' Furthermore , the magazine said of the phrase , `` So when your square friend uses it , take a little bit of pleasure in knowing they 're referencing a stoner comedy -- or a drag reality show referencing a stoner comedy -- even if they have no idea . '' In 2014 , VH1 began airing a television show called Bye Felicia , and American R&B - pop singer Jordin Sparks released a mixtape titled # ByeFelicia . According to Google Trends , the phrase reached its highest usage in mid-2015 . On December 14 , 2017 , Robin Roberts , a host of ABC TV 's Good Morning America , used the phrase to conclude a segment about Omarosa Manigault Newman 's departure from the Trump administration staff . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mackie , Drew ( April 26 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Hit Theaters 20 Years Ago -- And Gave Us ' Bye , Felicia ' '' . People . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Walker , John ( November 25 , 2014 ) . `` Jordin Sparks Has Two Words for Jason DeRulo On New Mixtape : ' Bye Felicia ' '' . MTV . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' GMA ' host Robin Roberts on Omarosa 's White House exit : ' Bye , Felicia ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) The Eternal Appeal of `` Bye , Felicia , '' 20 Years Later by Aisha Harris and Daniel Hubbard ( April 24 , 2015 ) , Slate Watch Ice Cube Tell Conan Why Everybody 's Saying ' Bye Felicia ' by Sarah Begley ( April 16 , 2015 ) , Time Ice Cube is so proud of ' Bye Felicia ' by Maeve McDermott ( April 16 , 2015 ) , USA Today ' Bye Felicia ' Actress , Angela Means Kaaya , Talks 20 - Year Anniversary of ' Friday ' by Brennan Williams ( April 24 , 2015 ) , The Huffington Post Hi , Felicia : Catching Up With ' Friday ' Actress , Angela Means , 20 Years Later by Camille Augustin ( April 24 , 2015 ) , Vibe Friday Films Friday Next Friday Friday After Next Soundtracks Friday Next Friday Friday After Next Related articles Friday : The Animated Series `` Bye , Felicia '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bye,_Felicia&oldid=818489683 '' Categories : Catchphrases Words and phrases introduced in 1995 Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2017 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 January 2018 , at 21 : 34 . About Wikipedia | where did the phrase good bye felicia come from | [
"The phrase \"Bye, Felicia\" (actually spelled \"Felisha\" in the cast listing) came from a scene in the American stoner buddy crime comedy film Friday (1995). According to Ice Cube, who starred in the film and co-wrote its script, \"Bye, Felicia\" is \"the phrase 'to get anyone out of your face',\" and, as it was used in the Friday scene, is generally intended as a dismissive kiss-off.[1]"
] | [
"American stoner buddy crime comedy film Friday"
] |
-3183190274909782417 | List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes | List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes - wikipedia List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes Jump to : navigation , search Hurricane Isabel , as seen from the International Space Station in September 2003 . A total of 33 recorded tropical cyclones have reached Category 5 strength on the Saffir -- Simpson hurricane wind scale in the Atlantic Ocean north of the equator , the Caribbean Sea , and the Gulf of Mexico . Hurricanes of such intensity occur once every three years in this region on average . Only six times -- in the 1932 , 1933 , 1961 , 2005 , 2007 , and 2017 hurricane seasons -- has more than one Category 5 recorded hurricane formed . Only in 2005 have more than two Category 5 hurricanes formed , and only in 2007 and 2017 did more than one make landfall at Category 5 strength . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Systems 3 Listed by month 4 Landfalls 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) Saffir -- Simpson hurricane wind scale TD TS C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 Tracks of all known Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes between 1851 and 2014 A Category 5 Atlantic hurricane is one that is considered by the United States National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) , to have had sustained wind speeds greater than 136 knots ( 157 mph ; 252 km / h ; 70 m / s ) on the Saffir -- Simpson scale . The NHC considers sustained wind speeds to be those that occur over a one - minute period at 10 metres ( 32.8 ft ) above ground . These wind speeds are estimated by using a blend of data from a variety of sources , which include observations from nearby ships , reconnaissance aircraft , or automatic weather stations and pictures from various satellites . Between 1924 and 2017 , 33 hurricanes were recorded at Category 5 strength . No Category 5 hurricanes were observed officially before 1924 . It can be presumed that earlier storms reached Category 5 strength over open waters , but the strongest winds were not measured . The anemometer , a device used for measuring wind speed , was invented in 1846 . However , during major hurricane strikes the instruments as a whole were often blown away , leaving the hurricane 's peak intensity unrecorded . For example , as the Great Beaufort Hurricane of 1879 struck North Carolina , the anemometer cups were blown away when indicating 138 mph ( 222 km / h ) . A reanalysis of weather data is ongoing by researchers who may upgrade or downgrade other Atlantic hurricanes currently listed at Categories 4 and 5 . For example , the 1825 Santa Ana hurricane is suspected to have reached Category 5 strength . Furthermore , paleotempestological research aims to identify past major hurricanes by comparing sedimentary evidence of recent and past hurricane strikes . For example , a `` giant hurricane '' significantly more powerful than Hurricane Hattie ( Category 5 ) has been identified in Belizean sediment , having struck the region sometime before 1500 . An October Category 5 that hit Cuba in 1924 Officially , the decade with the most Category 5 hurricanes is 2000 -- 2009 , with eight Category 5 hurricanes having occurred : Isabel ( 2003 ) , Ivan ( 2004 ) , Emily ( 2005 ) , Katrina ( 2005 ) , Rita ( 2005 ) , Wilma ( 2005 ) , Dean ( 2007 ) , and Felix ( 2007 ) . The previous decades with the most Category 5 hurricanes were the 1930s and 1960s , with six occurring between 1930 and 1939 ( before naming began ) . Nine Atlantic hurricanes -- Camille , Allen , Andrew , Isabel , Ivan , Dean , Felix , Irma and Maria -- reached Category 5 intensity on more than one occasion ; that is , by reaching Category 5 intensity , weakening to a Category 4 or lower , and then becoming a Category 5 again . Such hurricanes have their dates shown together . Camille , Andrew , Dean , Felix , Irma , and Maria each attained Category 5 status twice during their lifespans . Allen , Isabel , and Ivan reached Category 5 intensity on three separate occasions . However , no Atlantic hurricane has reached Category 5 intensity more than three times during its lifespan . The November 1932 Cuba hurricane holds the record for most time spent as a Category 5 ( although it took place before satellite or aircraft reconnaissance , so this record may be somewhat suspect ) . Irma holds the record for longest continuous span as a Category 5 storm in the satellite era . Thirty - three Category 5s have been recorded in the Atlantic basin since 1851 , when records began . Only one Category 5 has been recorded in July , eight in August , nineteen in September , five in October , and one in November . There have been no officially recorded June or off - season Category 5 hurricanes . The July and August Category 5s reached their high intensities in both the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea . These are the areas most favorable for tropical cyclone development in those months . September sees the most Category 5 hurricanes . This coincides with the climatological peak of the Atlantic hurricane season , which occurs in early September . September Category 5s reached their strengths in any of the Gulf of Mexico , Caribbean Sea , and open Atlantic . These places are where September tropical cyclones are likely to form . Many of these hurricanes are either Cape Verde - type storms , which develop their strength by having a great deal of open water ; or so - called Bahama busters , which intensify over the warm Loop Current in the Gulf of Mexico . All six Category 5s in October and November reached their intensities in the western Caribbean , a region that Atlantic hurricanes strongly gravitate toward late in the season . This is due to the climatology of the area , which sometimes has a high - altitude anticyclone that promotes rapid intensification late in the season , as well as warm waters . Systems ( edit ) Name Dates as a Category 5 Duration ( hours ) Sustained wind speeds Pressure Areas affected Deaths Damage ( USD ) Refs Cuba ! `` Cuba '' 19241019 ! October 19 , 1924 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 165 ! 165 mph ( 270 km / h ) 7004910000000000000 ♠ 910 hPa ( 26.87 inHg ) Central America , Mexico , Cuba Florida , The Bahamas 7001900000000000000 ♠ 90 Okeechobee ! `` San Felipe II Okeechobee '' 19280913 ! September 13 -- 14 , 1928 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 160 ! 160 mph ( 260 km / h ) 7004929000000000000 ♠ 929 hPa ( 27.43 inHg ) Lesser Antilles , The Bahamas United States East Coast , Atlantic Canada 7003400000000000000 ♠ 4,000 7008100000000000000 ♠ $100 million Bahamas ! `` Bahamas '' 19320905 ! September 5 -- 6 , 1932 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 160 ! 160 mph ( 260 km / h ) 7004921000000000000 ♠ 921 hPa ( 27.20 inHg ) The Bahamas , Northeastern United States 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 Cuba ! `` Cuba '' 19321105 ! November 5 -- 8 , 1932 7001780000000000000 ♠ 78 175 ! 175 mph ( 280 km / h ) 7004915000000000000 ♠ 915 hPa ( 27.02 inHg ) Lesser Antilles , Jamaica , Cayman Islands Cuba , The Bahamas , Bermuda 7003310300000000000 ♠ 3,103 7007400000000000000 ♠ $40 million Cuba -- Brownsville ! `` Cuba -- Brownsville '' 19330830 ! August 30 , 1933 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 160 ! 160 mph ( 260 km / h ) 7004930000000000000 ♠ 930 hPa ( 27.46 inHg ) The Bahamas , Cuba , Florida Texas , Tamaulipas 7002179000000000000 ♠ 179 7007279000000000000 ♠ $27.9 million Tampico ! `` Tampico '' 19330921 ! September 21 , 1933 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 160 ! 160 mph ( 260 km / h ) 7004929000000000000 ♠ 929 hPa ( 27.43 inHg ) Jamaica , Yucatán Peninsula 7002184000000000000 ♠ 184 7006500000000000000 ♠ $5 million Labor Day ! `` Labor Day '' 19350903 ! September 3 , 1935 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 185 ! 185 mph ( 295 km / h ) 7004892000000000000 ♠ 892 hPa ( 26.34 inHg ) The Bahamas , Florida , Georgia , The Carolinas , Virginia 7002408000000000000 ♠ 408 New England ! `` New England '' 19380919 ! September 19 -- 20 , 1938 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 160 ! 160 mph ( 260 km / h ) 7004940000000000000 ♠ 940 hPa ( 27.76 inHg ) Southeastern United States , Northeastern United States , Southwestern Quebec 7002682000000000000 ♠ 682 7008306000000000000 ♠ $306 million Carol 19530903 ! September 3 , 1953 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 160 ! 160 mph ( 260 km / h ) 7004929000000000000 ♠ 929 hPa ( 27.43 inHg ) Bermuda , New England , Atlantic Canada 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7006200000000000000 ♠ $2 million Janet 19550927 ! September 27 -- 28 , 1955 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 175 ! 175 mph ( 280 km / h ) 7004914000000000000 ♠ 914 hPa ( 26.99 inHg ) Lesser Antilles , Central America 7003102300000000000 ♠ 1,023 7007658000000000000 ♠ $65.8 million Carla 19610911 ! September 11 , 1961 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 175 ! 175 mph ( 280 km / h ) 7004931000000000000 ♠ 931 hPa ( 27.49 inHg ) Texas , Louisiana , Midwestern United States 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 7008325740000000000 ♠ $326 million Hattie 19611030 ! October 30 -- 31 , 1961 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 160 ! 160 mph ( 260 km / h ) 7004920000000000000 ♠ 920 hPa ( 27.17 inHg ) Central America 7002319000000000000 ♠ 319 7007603000000000000 ♠ $60.3 million Beulah 19670920 ! September 20 , 1967 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 160 ! 160 mph ( 260 km / h ) 7004923000000000000 ♠ 923 hPa ( 27.26 inHg ) The Caribbean , Mexico , Texas 7002688000000000000 ♠ 688 7008207650000000000 ♠ $208 million Camille 19690816 ! August 16 -- 18 , 1969 † 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 175 ! 175 mph ( 280 km / h ) 7004900000000000000 ♠ 900 hPa ( 26.58 inHg ) Cuba , United States Gulf Coast 7002259000000000000 ♠ 259 7009142000000000000 ♠ $1.42 billion Edith 19710909 ! September 9 , 1971 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 160 ! 160 mph ( 260 km / h ) 7004943000000000000 ♠ 943 hPa ( 27.85 inHg ) The Caribbean , Central America , Mexico , United States Gulf Coast 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 7007254000000000000 ♠ $25.4 million Anita 19770902 ! September 2 , 1977 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 175 ! 175 mph ( 280 km / h ) 7004926000000000000 ♠ 926 hPa ( 27.34 inHg ) Mexico 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7000100000000000000 ♠ Extensive David 19790830 ! August 30 -- 31 , 1979 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 175 ! 175 mph ( 280 km / h ) 7004924000000000000 ♠ 924 hPa ( 27.29 inHg ) The Caribbean , United States East coast 7003206800000000000 ♠ 2,068 7009154000000000000 ♠ $1.54 billion Allen 19800805 ! August 5 -- 9 , 1980 † 7001720000000000000 ♠ 72 190 ! 190 mph ( 305 km / h ) 7004899000000000000 ♠ 899 hPa ( 26.55 inHg ) The Caribbean , Yucatán Peninsula , Mexico , South Texas 7002269000000000000 ♠ 269 7009123760000000000 ♠ $1.24 billion Gilbert 19880913 ! September 13 -- 14 , 1988 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 185 ! 185 mph ( 295 km / h ) 7004888000000000000 ♠ 888 hPa ( 26.22 inHg ) Jamaica , Venezuela , Central America , Hispaniola , Mexico 7002318000000000000 ♠ 318 7009710000000000000 ♠ $7.1 billion Hugo 19890915 ! September 15 , 1989 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 160 ! 160 mph ( 260 km / h ) 7004918000000000000 ♠ 918 hPa ( 27.11 inHg ) The Caribbean , United States East Coast 7002107000000000000 ♠ 107 7010100000000000000 ♠ $10 billion Andrew 19920823 ! August 23 -- 24 , 1992 † 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 175 ! 175 mph ( 280 km / h ) 7004922000000000000 ♠ 922 hPa ( 27.23 inHg ) The Bahamas , Florida , United States Gulf Coast 7001650000000000000 ♠ 65 7010265000000000000 ♠ $26.5 billion Mitch 19981026 ! October 26 -- 28 , 1998 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 180 ! 180 mph ( 285 km / h ) 7004905000000000000 ♠ 905 hPa ( 26.72 inHg ) Central America , Yucatán Peninsula , South Florida 7004193250000000000 ♠ 19,325 7009620000000000000 ♠ $6.2 billion Isabel 20030911 ! September 11 -- 14 , 2003 † 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 165 ! 165 mph ( 270 km / h ) 7004915000000000000 ♠ 915 hPa ( 27.02 inHg ) Greater Antilles , Bahamas , Eastern United States , Ontario 7001510000000000000 ♠ 51 7009537000000000000 ♠ $5.37 billion Ivan 20040909 ! September 9 -- 14 , 2004 † 7001600000000000000 ♠ 60 165 ! 165 mph ( 270 km / h ) 7004910000000000000 ♠ 910 hPa ( 26.87 inHg ) The Caribbean , Venezuela , United States Gulf Coast 7002124000000000000 ♠ 124 7010232800000000000 ♠ $23.3 billion Emily 20050716 ! July 16 , 2005 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 160 ! 160 mph ( 260 km / h ) 7004929000000000000 ♠ 929 hPa ( 27.43 inHg ) Windward Islands , Jamaica , Mexico , Texas 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 7009101400000000000 ♠ $1.01 billion Katrina 20050828 ! August 28 -- 29 , 2005 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 175 ! 175 mph ( 280 km / h ) 7004902000000000000 ♠ 902 hPa ( 26.64 inHg ) Bahamas , United States Gulf Coast 7003183600000000000 ♠ 1,836 7011108000000000000 ♠ $108 billion Rita 20050921 ! September 21 -- 22 , 2005 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 180 ! 180 mph ( 285 km / h ) 7004895000000000000 ♠ 895 hPa ( 26.43 inHg ) Cuba , United States Gulf Coast 7002125000000000000 ♠ 125 7010120370000000000 ♠ $12 billion Wilma 20071019 ! October 19 , 2005 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 185 ! 185 mph ( 295 km / h ) 7004882000000000000 ♠ 882 hPa ( 26.05 inHg ) Greater Antilles , Central America , Florida 7001870000000000000 ♠ 87 7010294000000000000 ♠ $29.4 billion Dean 20070818 ! August 18 -- 21 , 2007 † 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 175 ! 175 mph ( 280 km / h ) 7004905000000000000 ♠ 905 hPa ( 26.72 inHg ) The Caribbean , Central America 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 7009176000000000000 ♠ $1.76 billion Felix 20070903 ! September 3 -- 4 , 2007 † 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 175 ! 175 mph ( 280 km / h ) 7004929000000000000 ♠ 929 hPa ( 27.43 inHg ) Nicaragua , Honduras 7002133000000000000 ♠ 133 7008720000000000000 ♠ $720 million Matthew 20161001 ! October 1 , 2016 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 165 ! 165 mph ( 270 km / h ) 7004934000000000000 ♠ 934 hPa ( 27.58 inHg ) Antilles , Venezuela , Colombia United States East Coast , Atlantic Canada 7002603000000000000 ♠ 603 7010150900000000000 ♠ $15.1 billion Irma 20170905 ! September 5 -- 9 , 2017 † 7001750000000000000 ♠ 75 185 ! 185 mph ( 295 km / h ) 7004914000000000000 ♠ 914 hPa ( 26.99 inHg ) Cape Verde , The Caribbean , British Virgin Islands U.S. Virgin Islands , Cuba , Florida 7002134000000000000 ♠ 134 > 7010667000000000000 ♠ $66.7 billion Maria 20170918 ! September 18 -- 20 , 2017 † 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 175 ! 175 mph ( 280 km / h ) 7004908000000000000 ♠ 908 hPa ( 26.81 inHg ) Lesser Antilles , Virgin Islands , Puerto Rico , Dominican Republic , Turks and Caicos Islands ≥ 7002547000000000000 ♠ 547 > 7011103450000000000 ♠ $103 billion Overall reference for Name , dates , duration , winds and pressure : † Discontinuous duration ( weakened below Category 5 then restrengthened to that classification at least once ) Listed by month ( edit ) Month Number of recorded storms July August 7 September 19 October 5 November Source National Hurricane Center Landfalls ( edit ) Hurricane Camille , a landfalling Category 5 All Atlantic Category 5 hurricanes have made landfall at some location at hurricane strength . Most Category 5 hurricanes in the Atlantic make landfall because of their proximity to land in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico , where the usual synoptic weather patterns carry them towards land , as opposed to the westward , oceanic mean track of Eastern Pacific hurricanes . Sixteen of the storms made landfall while at Category 5 intensity ; 2007 and 2017 are the only years in which two storms made landfall at this intensity . Many of these systems made landfall shortly after weakening from a Category 5 . This weakening can be caused by dry air near land , shallower waters due to shelving , interaction with land , or cooler waters near shore . In southern Florida , the return period for a Category 5 hurricane is roughly once every 50 years . The following table lists these hurricanes by landfall intensity . Name Year Category 5 Category 4 Category 3 Category 2 Category 1 Tropical storm Tropical depression References Cuba ! `` Cuba '' 1924 Cuba Florida The Bahamas Okeechobee ! `` Okeechobee '' 1928 Puerto Rico Guadeloupe , Turks and Caicos Islands , The Bahamas , & Florida South Carolina Bahamas ! `` Bahamas '' 1932 The Bahamas Cuba ! `` Cuba '' 1932 Little Cayman & Cuba The Bahamas Martinique Cuba ! `` Cuba -- Brownsville '' 1933 The Bahamas Cuba & Texas Tampico ! `` Tampico '' 1933 Yucatán Peninsula Mainland Mexico Labor Day ! `` Labor Day '' 1935 Florida Keys Northwest Florida The Bahamas New England ! `` New England '' 1938 New York & Connecticut Carol 1953 Canada Janet 1955 Yucatán Peninsula Mainland Mexico Carla 1961 Texas Hattie 1961 Belize Mexico Beulah 1967 Texas Yucatán Peninsula Camille 1969 Mississippi Cuba Edith 1971 Nicaragua Louisiana Belize & Mexico Anita 1977 Mexico David 1979 Dominican Republic Dominica Florida Cuba , The Bahamas , & Georgia Allen 1980 Texas Gilbert Quintana Roo Jamaica & Tamaulipas Hugo Guadeloupe , Saint Croix , & South Carolina Puerto Rico Andrew Eleuthera & Florida Berry Islands Louisiana Mitch 1998 Honduras Campeche & Florida Isabel 2003 North Carolina Ivan Alabama Louisiana Emily 2005 Quintana Roo Tamaulipas Grenada Katrina 2005 Louisiana & Mississippi Florida Rita 2005 Louisiana Wilma 2005 Cozumel & Quintana Roo Florida Dean 2007 Quintana Roo Veracruz Felix 2007 Nicaragua Grenada Matthew 2016 Haiti , Cuba & Grand Bahama South Carolina Irma 2017 Barbuda , Saint Martin , Ginger Island , Tortola , Little Inagua & Cuba Florida Keys Southwest Florida Maria 2017 Dominica Puerto Rico See also ( edit ) Tropical cyclones portal Weather portal List of Atlantic hurricanes List of Atlantic hurricane seasons List of Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes List of Category 5 Pacific hurricanes List of Category 4 Pacific hurricanes References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Atlantic hurricane best track ( HURDAT version 2 ) '' . Hurricane Research Division ( Database ) . Miami , FL : National Hurricane Center . April 11 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hudgins , James E. ( 2000 ) . `` Tropical cyclones affecting North Carolina since 1586 '' ( PDF ) . National Weather Service Office Blacksburg , Virginia . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( 2010 - 06 - 08 ) . `` Re-analysis Project '' . Hurricane Research Division -- Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Project . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Donnelly , J.P. ( 2005 ) . `` Evidence of Past Intense Tropical Cyclones from Backbarrier Salt Pond Sediments : A Case Study from Isla de Culebrita , Puerto Rico , USA '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Coastal Research . SI42 : 201 -- 210 . ISSN 0749 - 0208 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ Mccloskey , T ; G Keller ( 2009 ) . `` 5000 year sedimentary record of hurricane strikes on the central coast of Belize '' . Quaternary International . 195 ( 1 - 2 ) : 53 -- 68 . Bibcode : 2009QuInt. 195 ... 53M . doi : 10.1016 / j. quaint. 2008.03. 003 . ISSN 1040 - 6182 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ Rappaport , Edward N. `` Addendum Hurricane Andrew '' . National Hurricane Center . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . ^ Jump up to : Staff writer ( 2010 ) . `` Tropical Cyclone Climatology '' . National Hurricane Center . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Dorst , Neal ( 2010 - 06 - 10 ) . `` Tropical Cyclone FAQ G1 ) When is hurricane season ? '' . National Hurricane Center . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Archived from the original on 2006 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Landsea , Christopher W. ( 2010 - 06 - 08 ) . `` Tropical Cyclone FAQ A2 ) What is a `` Cape Verde '' hurricane ? `` . Hurricane Research Division -- Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Steve Feuer ; Ramon Perez Suarez ; Ricardo Prieto ; Jorge Sanchez - Sesma ( March 2009 ) . `` Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT : Hurricane # 10 in 1924 '' . Hurricane Research Division . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Dunn , Gordon E. ; Davies , Walter R ; Moore , Paul L ( 1955 ) . `` Hurricanes of 1955 '' ( PDF ) . Monthly Weather Review . United States Weather Bureau . 83 ( 12 ) : 315 -- 326 . Bibcode : 1955MWRv ... 83 ... 315D . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0493 ( 1955 ) 083 < 0315 : HO > 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 1520 - 0493 . Retrieved August 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Cite error : The named reference US Deadliest was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Hebert , Paul J ; Taylor , Glenn ; National Hurricane Center ( January 1983 ) . The Deadliest , Costliest , and Most Intense United States Hurricanes of This Century ( and Other Frequently Requested Hurricane Facts ) ( PDF ) ( NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS TPC - 18 ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . p. 5 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on December 3 , 2012 . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dunn , Gordon E ( 1962 ) . `` The Hurricane Season of 1961 '' ( PDF ) . Monthly Weather Review . United States Weather Bureau . 89 ( 3 ) : 108 . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0493 ( 1962 ) 090 < 0107 : THSO > 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 0027 - 0644 . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ National Meteorological Services of Belize ( November 2 , 2006 ) . `` Belize Marked 45th Anniversary of Deadly Hurricane Hattie '' . Belize National Emergency Management Organization . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 03 . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sugg , Arnold L ; Peliser , Joseph M ( 1967 ) . `` The Hurricane Season of 1967 '' ( PDF ) . Monthly Weather Review . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . 96 ( 4 ) : 243 . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0493 ( 1968 ) 096 < 0242 : THSO > 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 0027 - 0644 . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : National Hurricane Center ( April 1 , 2014 ) . `` Re-analysis of 1969 's Hurricane Camille Completed -- Catastrophic hurricane now ranks as second strongest on record '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on March 29 , 2014 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Miles B ( April 1 , 1978 ) . `` Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1977 '' . Monthly Weather Review . American Meteorological Society . 106 ( 4 ) : 536 -- 540 . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0493 ( 1978 ) 106 < 0534 : AHSO > 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 1520 - 0493 . ^ Jump up to : Université Catholique de Louvain ( 2007 ) . `` EM - DAT : The OFDA / CRED International Disaster Database for the Caribbean '' . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2007 . Retrieved September 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hebert , Paul J ( July 1 , 1980 ) . `` Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1979 '' ( PDF ) . Monthly Weather Review . American Meteorological Society . 108 ( 7 ) : 976 . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0493 ( 1980 ) 108 < 0973 : AHSO > 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 1520 - 0493 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 4 , 2011 . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Miles B ; Pelissier , Joseph M ( July 1 , 1981 ) . `` Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1980 '' . Monthly Weather Review . American Meteorological Society . 109 ( 7 ) : 1567 -- 1582 . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0493 ( 1981 ) 109 < 1567 : AHSO > 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 1520 - 0493 . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ National Hurricane Center . Hurricane Allen July 31 -- August 11 ( Preliminary Report ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . pp. 1 -- 6 . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Clark , Gilbert B ( October 26 , 1988 ) . Preliminary Report : Hurricane Gilbert ( PDF ) ( Report ) . United States National Hurricane Center . p. 9 . Retrieved May 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blake , Eric S ; Landsea , Christopher W ; Gibney , Ethan J ; National Hurricane Center ( August 2011 ) . The Deadliest , Costliest , and Most Intense United States Tropical Cyclones from 1851 to 2010 ( And Other Frequently Requested Hurricane Facts ) ( PDF ) ( NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC - 6 ) . United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's National Weather Service . p. 47 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on November 27 , 2012 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lawrence , Miles B ( November 15 , 1989 ) . Preliminary Report : Hurricane Hugo ( PDF ) ( Report ) . United States National Hurricane Center . pp. 1 -- 2 , 7 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Case , Bob ; Mayfield , Max ( May 1 , 1990 ) . `` Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1989 '' . Monthly Weather Review . American Meteorological Society . 118 ( 5 ) : 1175 . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0493 ( 1990 ) 118 < 1165 : AHSO > 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 1520 - 0493 . Retrieved December 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rappaport , Edward N ( December 10 , 1993 ) . Hurricane Andrew : August 16 -- 28 ( Preliminary Report ) . United States National Hurricane Center . Retrieved January 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Guiney , John L ; Lawrence , Miles B ( April 7 , 2017 ) . Hurricane Mitch : October 22 - November 5 , 1998 ( PDF ) ( Tropical Cyclone Report ) . United States National Hurricane Center . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mitch : The Deadliest Atlantic Hurricane Since 1780 '' . United States National Climatic Data Center . 2004 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2012 . Retrieved January 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Inter-American Development Bank . `` Central America After Hurricane Mitch - Costa Rica '' . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2005 . Retrieved January 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Inter-American Development Bank . `` Central America After Hurricane Mitch - El Salvador '' . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2005 . Retrieved January 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Beven , John L ; Cobb , Hugh ( April 7 , 2017 ) . Hurricane Isabel : September 6 - 19 , 2003 ( PDF ) ( Tropical Cyclone Report ) . United States National Hurricane Center . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stewart , Stacy R ( December 16 , 2004 ) . Hurricane Ivan September 2 -- 24 , 2004 ( Tropical Cyclone Report ) . United States National Hurricane Center . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 28 , 2012 . Retrieved December 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Franklin , James L ; Brown , Daniel P ( March 10 , 2006 ) . Hurricane Emily July 11 -- 21 , 2005 ( PDF ) ( Tropical Cyclone Report ) . United States National Hurricane Center . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 24 , 2017 . Retrieved December 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Knabb , Richard D ; Rhome , Jamie R ; Brown , Daniel P ( December 20 , 2005 ) . Hurricane Katrina : August 23 -- 30 , 2005 ( PDF ) ( Tropical Cyclone Report ) . United States National Hurricane Center . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Knabb , Richard D ; Brown , Daniel P ; Rhome , Jamie R ( March 17 , 2006 ) . Hurricane Rita : September 18 - 26 , 2005 ( PDF ) ( Tropical Cyclone Report ) . UUnited States National Hurricane Center . Retrieved December 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Pasch , Richard J ; Blake , Eric S ; Cobb III , Hugh D ; Roberts , David P ( January 12 , 2006 ) . Tropical Cyclone Report : Hurricane Wilma : October 15 -- 26 , 2005 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . United States National Hurricane Center . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Comisión Nacional del Agua ( 2006 ) . `` Resumen del Huracán `` Wilma '' '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 27 , 2012 . Retrieved December 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Royster , Amy ( December 4 , 2005 ) . `` Wilma 's Waves Devastate Grand Bahama Communities '' . Palm Beach Post . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Wilma exacts losses of 704 million dollars : Cuban government '' . Relief Web . Agence France - Presse . December 4 , 2005 . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2012 . Retrieved December 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Franklin , James L ( January 31 , 2008 ) . Hurricane Dean : August 13 -- 23 , 2007 ( PDF ) ( Tropical Cyclone Report ) . United States National Hurricane Center . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación ( FAO ) , Nicaragua ( 2007 ) . `` Evaluación de Daños Causados por el Huracán Félix en el Caribe de Nicaragua '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved December 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Beven , John L ( January 16 , 2008 ) . Hurricane Felix : August 31 -- September 5 , 2007 ( PDF ) ( Tropical Cyclone Report ) . United States National Hurricane Center . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación ( FAO ) , Nicaragua ( 2007 ) . `` Evaluación de Daños Causados por el Huracán Félix en el Caribe de Nicaragua '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved December 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Silva , José A ( January 29 , 2008 ) . `` Huracán los terminó de hundir en la pobreza '' ( in Spanish ) . El Nuevo Diario . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2009 . Retrieved December 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Comisión Permanente de Contingencias , Government of Honduras ( September 7 , 2007 ) . `` Honduras : Informe preliminar de daños por Huracán Félix y últimas lluvias -- Copeco -- Boletín # 53 -- 07 de Septiembre 2007 '' ( in Spanish ) . Reliefweb . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2008 . Retrieved December 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Stewart , Stacy R ( April 7 , 2017 ) . Hurricane Matthew : September 28 -- October 9 , 2016 ( PDF ) ( Tropical Cyclone Report ) . United States National Hurricane Center . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Claire Phipps ; Alan Yuhas ; Matthew Weaver . `` Hurricane Irma : Florida braces for epic storm as Caribbean death toll hits 23 -- latest updates '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ouragan Maria : deux morts et deux disparus en Guadeloupe '' . Le Monde ( in French ) . Agence France - Presse & Reuters . September 19 , 2017 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Landsea , Christopher W ( 2010 - 06 - 08 ) . `` Tropical Cyclone FAQ G8 ) Why do hurricanes hit the East coast of the U.S. , but never the West coast ? '' . Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Landsea , Christopher W. ; Franklin , James L. ; McAdie , Colin J. ; Beven , John L. ; Gross , James M. ; Jarvinen , Brian R. ; Pasch , Richard J. ; Rappaport , Edward N. ; Dunion , Jason P. ; Dodge , Peter P. ( 2004 ) . `` A Reanalysis of Hurricane Andrew 's Intensity '' ( PDF ) . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society . 85 ( 11 ) : 1699 . Bibcode : 2004BAMS ... 85.1699 L . doi : 10.1175 / BAMS - 85 - 11 - 1699 . ISSN 0003 - 0007 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Charles L ( October 1924 ) . `` Notes on the West Indian Hurricane of October 14 -- 23 , 1924 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Weather Bureau . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 19 March 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Irma : Category 5 Storm Leaves Damage in Barbuda '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 6 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Monster Hurricane Irma Makes Landfall On Barbuda In Caribbean '' . NDTV . Agence France - Presse . Retrieved 6 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Irmas Historical Track '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved 6 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Berg , Robbie . `` Hurricane Irma Advisory Number 40 '' . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Landsea , Christopher . `` Hurricane Irma Tropical Cyclone Update '' . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Landsea , Christopher ; Onderlinde , Matthew . `` Hurricane Irma Tropical Cyclone Update '' . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown , Daniel . `` Hurricane Maria Tropical Cyclone Update '' . National Hurricane Center . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . External links ( edit ) NHC web site ( hide ) Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes 1920s `` Cuba ( 1924 ) '' `` Okeechobee '' ( 1928 ) 1930s `` Bahamas '' ( 1932 ) `` Cuba ( 1932 ) '' `` Cuba -- Brownsville '' ( 1933 ) `` Tampico '' ( 1933 ) `` Labor Day '' ( 1935 ) `` New England '' ( 1938 ) 1950s Carol ( 1953 ) Janet ( 1955 ) 1960s Carla ( 1961 ) Hattie ( 1961 ) Beulah ( 1967 ) Camille ( 1969 ) 1970s Edith ( 1971 ) Anita ( 1977 ) David ( 1979 ) 1980s Allen ( 1980 ) Gilbert ( 1988 ) Hugo ( 1989 ) 1990s Andrew ( 1992 ) Mitch ( 1998 ) 2000s Isabel ( 2003 ) Ivan ( 2004 ) Emily ( 2005 ) Katrina ( 2005 ) Rita ( 2005 ) Wilma ( 2005 ) Dean ( 2007 ) Felix ( 2007 ) 2010s Matthew ( 2016 ) Irma ( 2017 ) Maria ( 2017 ) Book Category Tropical cyclones portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Category_5_Atlantic_hurricanes&oldid=815996262 '' Categories : Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes Lists of tropical cyclones Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages with broken reference names Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Português Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 15 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many years has it been since a category 4 hit puerto rico | [
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-2288622479708484355 | The Wall Street Journal | The Wall Street Journal - wikipedia The Wall Street Journal `` WSJ '' redirects here . For other uses , see WSJ ( disambiguation ) . The Wall Street Journal Cover of The Wall Street Journal ( March 23 , 2016 ) , with the headline story reporting on the 2016 Brussels bombings Type Daily newspaper Format Broadsheet Owner ( s ) News Corp ( via Dow Jones & Company ) Editor - in - chief Matt Murray Opinion editor Paul A. Gigot Founded July 8 , 1889 ; 129 years ago ( 1889 - 07 - 08 ) Language English Headquarters 1211 Avenue of the Americas , New York City , U.S. Country United States Circulation 2,277,000 Daily ( as of June 2017 ) ISSN 0099 - 9660 OCLC number 781541372 Website www.wsj.com Media of the United States List of newspapers The Wall Street Journal is a U.S. business - focused , English - language international daily newspaper based in New York City . The Journal , along with its Asian and European editions , is published six days a week by Dow Jones & Company , a division of News Corp . The newspaper is published in the broadsheet format and online . The Wall Street Journal is the largest newspaper in the United States by circulation . According to News Corp , in its June 2017 10 - K filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission , the Journal had a circulation of about 2.277 million copies ( including nearly 1,270,000 digital subscriptions ) as of June 2017 , compared with USA Today 's 1.7 million . The newspaper , which has won 40 Pulitzer Prizes through 2017 , derives its name from Wall Street in the heart of the Financial District of Lower Manhattan . The Journal has been printed continuously since its inception on July 8 , 1889 , by Charles Dow , Edward Jones , and Charles Bergstresser . The Journal also publishes the luxury news and lifestyle magazine WSJ , which was originally launched as a quarterly but expanded to 12 issues as of 2014 . The Journal launched an online version in 1996 , which has been accessible only to subscribers since it began . Contents 1 History 1.1 Beginnings 1.2 Internet expansion 1.3 Design changes 1.4 News Corporation and News Corp 2 Features 3 WSJ . 4 Operations 5 Recent milestones 6 Editorial page and political stance 6.1 Economic views 6.2 Political stance 6.3 Bias in news pages 7 Notable stories and Pulitzer Prizes 7.1 1987 : RJR Nabisco buyout 7.2 1988 : Insider trading 7.3 1997 : AIDS treatment 7.4 2000 : Enron 7.5 2001 : 9 / 11 7.6 2007 : Stock option scandal 7.7 2008 : Bear Stearns fall 7.8 2010 : McDonald 's health care 7.9 2015 : Malaysia Prime Minister Najib Razak and 1MDB 7.10 2015 -- present : Theranos investigation 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History ( edit ) Beginnings ( edit ) Front page of the first issue of The Wall Street Journal , July 8 , 1889 The first products of Dow Jones & Company , the publisher of the Journal , were brief news bulletins , nick - named `` flimsies '' , hand - delivered throughout the day to traders at the stock exchange in the early 1880s . They were later aggregated in a printed daily summary called the Customers ' Afternoon Letter . Reporters Charles Dow , Edward Jones , and Charles Bergstresser converted this into The Wall Street Journal , which was published for the first time on July 8 , 1889 , and began delivery of the Dow Jones News Service via telegraph . In 1896 , The `` Dow Jones Industrial Average '' was officially launched . It was the first of several indices of stock and bond prices on the New York Stock Exchange . In 1899 , the Journal 's Review & Outlook column , which still runs today , appeared for the first time , initially written by Charles Dow . Journalist Clarence Barron purchased control of the company for US $130,000 in 1902 ; circulation was then around 7,000 but climbed to 50,000 by the end of the 1920s . Barron and his predecessors were credited with creating an atmosphere of fearless , independent financial reporting -- a novelty in the early days of business journalism . In 1921 , Barron 's , America 's premier financial weekly , was founded . Barron died in 1928 , a year before Black Tuesday , the stock market crash that greatly affected the Great Depression in the United States . Barron 's descendants , the Bancroft family , would continue to control the company until 2007 . The Journal took its modern shape and prominence in the 1940s , a time of industrial expansion for the United States and its financial institutions in New York . Bernard Kilgore was named managing editor of the paper in 1941 , and company CEO in 1945 , eventually compiling a 25 - year career as the head of the Journal . Kilgore was the architect of the paper 's iconic front - page design , with its `` What 's News '' digest , and its national distribution strategy , which brought the paper 's circulation from 33,000 in 1941 to 1.1 million at the time of Kilgore 's death in 1967 . Under Kilgore , in 1947 , the paper won its first Pulitzer Prize for William Henry Grimes 's editorials . In 1967 , Dow Jones Newswires began a major expansion outside of the United States that ultimately put journalists in every major financial center in Europe , Asia , Latin America , Australia , and Africa . In 1970 , Dow Jones bought the Ottaway newspaper chain , which at the time comprised nine dailies and three Sunday newspapers . Later , the name was changed to `` Dow Jones Local Media Group '' . 1971 to 1997 brought about a series of launches , acquisitions , and joint ventures , including `` Factiva '' , The Wall Street Journal Asia , The Wall Street Journal Europe , the WSJ.com website , Dow Jones Indexes , MarketWatch , and `` WSJ Weekend Edition '' . In 2007 News Corp. acquired Dow Jones . WSJ. , a luxury lifestyle magazine , was launched in 2008 . Internet expansion ( edit ) Further information : OpinionJournal.com A complement to the print newspaper , The Wall Street Journal Online , was launched in 1996 and has allowed access only by subscription from the beginning . In 2003 , Dow Jones began to integrate reporting of the Journal 's print and online subscribers together in Audit Bureau of Circulations statements . In 2007 , it was commonly believed to be the largest paid - subscription news site on the Web , with 980,000 paid subscribers . Since then , online subscribership has fallen , due in part to rising subscription costs , and was reported at 400,000 in March 2010 . In May 2008 , an annual subscription to the online edition of The Wall Street Journal cost $119 for those who do not have subscriptions to the print edition . By June 2013 , the monthly cost for a subscription to the online edition was $22.99 , or $275.88 annually , excluding introductory offers . Vladimir Putin with Journal correspondent Karen Elliott House in 2002 On November 30 , 2004 , Oasys Mobile and The Wall Street Journal released an app that would allow users to access content from the Wall Street Journal Online via their mobile phones . Many of The Wall Street Journal news stories are available through free online newspapers that subscribe to the Dow Jones syndicate . Pulitzer Prize -- winning stories from 1995 are available free on the Pulitzer web site . In September 2005 , the Journal launched a weekend edition , delivered to all subscribers , which marked a return to Saturday publication after a lapse of some 50 years . The move was designed in part to attract more consumer advertising . In 2005 , the Journal reported a readership profile of about 60 percent top management , an average income of $191,000 , an average household net worth of $2.1 million , and an average age of 55 . In 2007 , the Journal launched a worldwide expansion of its website to include major foreign - language editions . The paper had also shown an interest in buying the rival Financial Times . Design changes ( edit ) The nameplate is unique in having a period at the end . On September 5 , 2006 , the Journal included advertising on its front page for the first time . This followed the introduction of front - page advertising on the European and Asian editions in late 2005 . After presenting nearly identical front - page layouts for half a century -- always six columns , with the day 's top stories in the first and sixth columns , `` What 's News '' digest in the second and third , the `` A-hed '' feature story in the fourth ( with ' hed ' being jargon for headline ) and themed weekly reports in the fifth column -- the paper in 2007 decreased its broadsheet width from 15 to 12 inches while keeping the length at 22 ⁄ inches , to save newsprint costs . News design consultant Mario Garcia collaborated on the changes . Dow Jones said it would save US $18 million a year in newsprint costs across all The Wall Street Journal papers . This move eliminated one column of print , pushing the `` A-hed '' out of its traditional location ( though the paper now usually includes a quirky feature story on the right side of the front page , sandwiched among the lead stories ) . The paper still uses ink dot drawings called hedcuts , introduced in 1979 and originally created by Kevin Sprouls , in addition to photographs , a method of illustration considered a consistent visual signature of the paper . The Journal still heavily employs the use of caricatures , notably those of Ken Fallin , such as when Peggy Noonan memorialized then - recently deceased newsman Tim Russert . The use of color photographs and graphics has become increasingly common in recent years with the addition of more `` lifestyle '' sections . The daily was awarded by the Society for News Design World 's Best Designed Newspaper award for 1994 and 1997 . News Corporation and news Corp ( edit ) On May 2 , 2007 , News Corporation made an unsolicited takeover bid for Dow Jones , offering US $60 a share for stock that had been selling for US $33 a share . The Bancroft family , which controlled more than 60 % of the voting stock , at first rejected the offer , but later reconsidered its position . Three months later , on August 1 , 2007 , News Corporation and Dow Jones entered into a definitive merger agreement . The US $5 billion sale added The Wall Street Journal to Rupert Murdoch 's news empire , which already included Fox News Channel , financial network unit and London 's The Times , and locally within New York , the New York Post , along with Fox flagship station WNYW ( Channel 5 ) and MyNetworkTV flagship WWOR ( Channel 9 ) . On December 13 , 2007 , shareholders representing more than 60 percent of Dow Jones 's voting stock approved the company 's acquisition by News Corporation . In an editorial page column , publisher L. Gordon Crovitz said the Bancrofts and News Corporation had agreed that the Journal 's news and opinion sections would preserve their editorial independence from their new corporate parent : A special committee was established to oversee the paper 's editorial integrity . When the managing editor Marcus Brauchli resigned on April 22 , 2008 , the committee said that News Corporation had violated its agreement by not notifying the committee earlier . However , Brauchli said he believed that new owners should appoint their own editor . A 2007 Journal article quoted charges that Murdoch had made and broken similar promises in the past . One large shareholder commented that Murdoch has long `` expressed his personal , political and business biases through his newspapers and television stations '' . Former Times assistant editor Fred Emery remembers an incident when `` Mr. Murdoch called him into his office in March 1982 and said he was considering firing Times editor Harold Evans . Mr. Emery says he reminded Mr. Murdoch of his promise that editors could n't be fired without the independent directors ' approval . ' God , you do n't take all that seriously , do you ? ' Mr. Murdoch answered , according to Mr. Emery . '' Murdoch eventually forced out Evans . In 2011 , The Guardian found evidence that the Journal had artificially inflated its European sales numbers , by paying Executive Learning Partnership for purchasing 16 % of European sales . These inflated sales numbers then enabled the Journal to charge similarly inflated advertising rates , as the advertisers would think that they reached more readers than they actually did . In addition , the Journal agreed to run `` articles '' featuring Executive Learning Partnership , presented as news , but effectively advertising . The case came to light after a Belgian Wall Street Journal employee , Gert Van Mol , informed Dow Jones CEO Les Hinton about the questionable practice . As a result , the then Wall Street Journal Europe CEO and Publisher Andrew Langhoff was fired after it was found out he personally pressured journalists into covering one of the newspaper 's business partners involved in the issue . Since September 2011 all the online articles that resulted from the ethical wrongdoing carry a Wall Street Journal disclaimer informing the readers about the circumstances in which they were created . The Journal , along with its parent Dow Jones & Company , was among the businesses News Corporation spun off in 2013 as the new News Corp . In November 2016 , in an effort to cut costs , the Journal 's editor - in - chief , Gerard Baker , announced that layoffs and consolidation to its sections would take place . In the memo , the new format for the newspaper will have a `` Business & Finance '' section that will combine its current `` Business & Tech '' and `` Money & Investing '' sections . It will also include a new `` Life & Arts '' section that will combine its current `` Personal Journal '' and `` Arena '' sections . In addition , the current `` Greater New York '' coverage will be reduced and will move into the main section of paper . Features ( edit ) Since 1980 , the Journal has been published in multiple sections . At one time , The Journal 's page count averaged as much as 96 pages an issue , but with the industry - wide decline in advertising , the Journal in 2009 -- 10 more typically published about 50 to 60 pages per issue . Regularly scheduled sections are : Section One -- every day ; corporate news , as well as political and economic reporting and the opinion pages Marketplace -- Monday through Friday ; coverage of health , technology , media , and marketing industries ( the second section was launched June 23 , 1980 ) Money and Investing -- every day ; covers and analyzes international financial markets ( the third section was launched October 3 , 1988 ) Personal Journal -- published Tuesday through Thursday ; covers personal investments , careers and cultural pursuits ( the section was introduced April 9 , 2002 ) Off Duty -- published Saturdays in WSJ Weekend ; focuses on fashion , food , design , travel and gear / tech . The section was launched September 25 , 2010 . Review -- published Saturdays in WSJ Weekend ; focuses on essays , commentary , reviews and ideas . The section was launched September 25 , 2010 . Mansion -- published Fridays ; focuses on high - end real estate . The section was launched October 5 , 2012 . WSJ Magazine -- Launched in 2008 as a quarterly , this luxury magazine supplement distributed within the U.S. , European and Asian editions of The Wall Street Journal grew to 12 issues per year in 2014 . In addition , several columnists contribute regular features to the Journal opinion page and OpinionJournal.com : Weekdays -- Best of the Web Today by James Freeman Monday -- Americas by Mary O'Grady Wednesday -- Business World by Holman W. Jenkins Jr Thursday -- Wonder Land by Daniel Henninger Friday -- Potomac Watch by Kimberley Strassel Weekend Edition -- Rule of Law , The Weekend Interview ( variety of authors ) , Declarations by Peggy Noonan In addition to these regular opinion pieces , on Fridays the Journal publishes a religion - themed op - ed , titled `` Houses of Worship '' , written by a different author each week . Authors range from the Dalai Lama to cardinals . WSJ ( edit ) Main article : WSJ . WSJ. is The Wall Street Journal 's luxury lifestyle magazine . Its coverage spans art , fashion , entertainment , design , food , architecture , travel and more . Kristina O'Neill is Editor in Chief and Anthony Cenname is Publisher . Launched as a quarterly in 2008 , the magazine grew to 12 issues a year for 2014 . The magazine is distributed within the U.S. Weekend Edition of The Wall Street Journal newspaper ( average paid print circulation is + 2.2 million * ) , the European and Asian editions , and is available on WSJ.com . Each issue is also available throughout the month in The Wall Street Journal 's iPad app . Penélope Cruz , Carmelo Anthony , Woody Allen , Scarlett Johansson , Emilia Clarke , Daft Punk , and Gisele Bündchen have all been featured on the cover . In 2012 , the magazine launched its signature platform , The Innovator Awards . An extension of the November Innovators issue , the awards ceremony , held in New York City at Museum of Modern Art , honors visionaries across the fields of design , fashion , architecture , humanitarianism , art and technology . The 2013 winners were : Alice Waters ( Humanitarianism ) ; Daft Punk ( Entertainment ) ; David Adjaye ( Architecture ) ; Do Ho Su ( Art ) ; Nick D'Aloisio ( Technology ) ; Pat McGrath ( Fashion ) ; Thomas Woltz ( Design ) . In 2013 , Adweek awarded WSJ . `` Hottest Lifestyle Magazine of the Year '' for its annual Hot List . U.S. Circulation : Each issue of WSJ. is inserted into the weekend edition of The Wall Street Journal , whose average paid circulation for the three months ending September 30 , 2013 was 2,261,772 as reported to the Alliance for Audited Media ( AAM ) . Operations ( edit ) As of 2012 , The Wall Street Journal had a global news staff of around 2,000 journalists in 85 news bureaus across 51 countries . As of 2012 , it had 26 printing plants . Recent milestones ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) WSJ Live became available on mobile devices in September 2011 . WSJ Weekend , the weekend newspaper , expanded September 2010 , with two new sections : `` Off Duty '' and `` Review '' . `` Greater New York '' , a stand - alone , full color section dedicated to the New York metro area , launched April 2010 . The Wall Street Journal 's San Francisco Bay Area Edition , which focuses on local news and events , launched on November 5 , 2009 , appearing locally each Thursday in the print Journal and every day on online at WSJ.com/SF . WSJ Weekend , formerly called Saturday 's Weekend Edition : September 2005 . Launch of Today 's Journal , which included both the addition of Personal Journal and color capacity to the Journal : April 2002 . Launch of The Wall Street Journal Sunday : Sept. 12 , 1999 . A four - page print supplement of original investing news , market reports and personal - finance advice that ran in the business sections of other U.S. newspaprs . WSJ Sunday circulation peaked in 2005 with 84 newspapers reaching nearly 11 million homes . The publication ceased on Feb. 7 , 2015 . Friday Journal , formerly called First Weekend Journal : March 20 , 1998 . WSJ.com launched in April 1996 . First three - section Journal : October 1988 . First two - section Journal : June 1980 . Editorial page and political stance ( edit ) Further information : The Wall Street Journal Editorial Board The Journal won its first two Pulitzer Prizes for editorial writing in 1947 and 1953 . Subsequent Pulitzer Prizes have been awarded for editorial writing to Robert L. Bartley in 1980 and Joseph Rago in 2011 ; for criticism to Manuela Hoelterhoff in 1983 and Joe Morgenstern in 2005 ; and for commentary to Vermont Royster in 1984 , Paul Gigot in 2000 , Dorothy Rabinowitz in 2001 , Bret Stephens in 2013 , and Peggy Noonan in 2017 . Two summaries published in 1995 by the progressive blog Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting , and in 1996 by the Columbia Journalism Review criticized the Journal 's editorial page for inaccuracy during the 1980s and 1990s . The Journal describes the history of its editorials : They are united by the mantra `` free markets and free people '' , the principles , if you will , marked in the watershed year of 1776 by Thomas Jefferson 's Declaration of Independence and Adam Smith 's Wealth of Nations . So over the past century and into the next , the Journal stands for free trade and sound money ; against confiscatory taxation and the ukases of kings and other collectivists ; and for individual autonomy against dictators , bullies and even the tempers of momentary majorities . If these principles sound unexceptionable in theory , applying them to current issues is often unfashionable and controversial . Its historical position was much the same . As former editor William H. Grimes wrote in 1951 : On our editorial page we make no pretense of walking down the middle of the road . Our comments and interpretations are made from a definite point of view . We believe in the individual , in his wisdom and his decency . We oppose all infringements on individual rights , whether they stem from attempts at private monopoly , labor union monopoly or from an overgrowing government . People will say we are conservative or even reactionary . We are not much interested in labels but if we were to choose one , we would say we are radical . Just as radical as the Christian doctrine . Each Thanksgiving the editorial page prints two famous articles that have appeared there since 1961 . The first is titled The Desolate Wilderness , and describes what the Pilgrims saw when they arrived at the Plymouth Colony . The second is titled And the Fair Land , and describes the bounty of America . It was written by a former editor , Vermont C. Royster , whose Christmas article In Hoc Anno Domini has appeared every December 25 since 1949 . Economic views ( edit ) During the Reagan administration , the newspaper 's editorial page was particularly influential as the leading voice for supply - side economics . Under the editorship of Robert Bartley , it expounded at length on economic concepts such as the Laffer curve , and how a decrease in certain marginal tax rates and the capital gains tax could allegedly increase overall tax revenue by generating more economic activity . In the economic argument of exchange rate regimes ( one of the most divisive issues among economists ) , the Journal has a tendency to support fixed exchange rates over floating exchange rates . For example , the Journal was a major supporter of the Chinese yuan 's peg to the dollar , and strongly disagreed with American politicians who criticized the Chinese government about the peg . It opposed China 's move to let the yuan gradually float , arguing that the fixed rate benefited both the United States and China . The Journal 's views compare with those of the British publication The Economist , with its emphasis on free markets . However , the Journal demonstrates important distinctions from European business newspapers , most particularly in regard to the relative significance of , and causes of , the American budget deficit . ( The Journal generally points to the lack of foreign growth , while business journals in Europe and Asia blame the low savings rate and concordant high borrowing rate in the United States ) . Political stance ( edit ) Mark Rutte , prime minister of the Netherlands , being interviewed by the Journal The Journal 's editorial pages and columns , run separately from the news pages , are highly influential in American conservative circles . As editors of the editorial page , Vermont C. Royster ( served 1958 -- 1971 ) and Robert L. Bartley ( served 1972 -- 2000 ) were especially influential in providing a conservative interpretation of the news on a daily basis . Some of the Journal 's former reporters claim that the paper has adopted a more conservative tone since Rupert Murdoch 's purchase . The editorial board has long argued for a pro-business immigration policy . In a July 3 , 1984 , editorial , the board wrote : `` If Washington still wants to ' do something ' about immigration , we propose a five - word constitutional amendment : There shall be open borders . '' This stand on immigration reform places the Journal in contrast to most conservative activists , politicians , and media publications for example National Review and The Washington Times , who favor heightened restrictions on immigration . The Journal 's editorial page has been seen as critical of many aspects of Barack Obama 's presidency . In particular , it has been a prominent critic of the Affordable Care Act legislation passed in 2010 , and has featured many opinion columns attacking various aspects of the bill . The Journal 's editorial page has also criticized the Obama administration 's energy policies and foreign policy . The editorial board of The Wall Street Journal tends to reject widely held views on climate change -- namely that it poses a major threat to human existence , is largely caused by fossil fuel emissions , and can be prevented through public policy . The Journal is regarded as a forum for climate change skeptics , publishing articles by scientists skeptical of the consensus position on climate change in its op - ed section , including several essays by Richard Lindzen of MIT . Similarly , the Journal has been accused of refusing to publish opinions of scientists which present the mainstream view on climate change . According to a 2016 analysis , 14 % of the guest editorials presented the results of `` mainstream climate science '' , while the majority did not . Also , none of 201 editorials published in the WSJ since 1997 concede that the burning of fossil fuels was causing climate change . A 2015 study found The Wall Street Journal was the newspaper that was least likely to present negative effects of global warming among several newspapers . It was also the most likely to present negative economic framing when discussing climate change mitigation policies , tending to taking the stance that the cost of such policies generally outweighs their benefit . On October 25 , 2017 , the editorial board called for Special Counsel Robert Mueller to resign from the investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections and accused Hillary Clinton 's 2016 presidential campaign of colluding with Russia . In December 2017 , the editorial board repeated its calls for Mueller 's resignation . The editorials by the editorial board caused fractures within the Wall Street Journal , as reporters say that the editorials undermine the paper 's credibility . Bias in news pages ( edit ) The Journal 's editors stress the independence and impartiality of their reporters . In a 2004 study , Tim Groseclose and Jeff Milyo argue the Journal 's news pages have a pro-liberal bias because they more often quote liberal think tanks . They calculated the ideological attitude of news reports in 20 media outlets by counting the frequency they cited particular think tanks and comparing that to the frequency that legislators cited the same think tanks . They found that the news reporting of The Journal was the most liberal ( more liberal than NPR or The New York Times ) . The study did not factor in editorials . Mark Liberman criticized the model used to calculate bias in the study and argued that the model unequally affected liberals and conservatives and that `` ... the model starts with a very peculiar assumption about the relationship between political opinion and the choice of authorities to cite . '' ( The authors assume that ) `` think tank ideology ( ... ) only matters to liberals . '' The company 's planned and eventual acquisition by News Corp in 2007 led to significant media criticism and discussion about whether the news pages would exhibit a rightward slant under Rupert Murdoch . An August 1 editorial responded to the questions by asserting that Murdoch intended to `` maintain the values and integrity of the Journal . '' Notable stories and Pulitzer Prizes ( edit ) The Journal has won more than 30 Pulitzer Prizes in its history . Staff journalists who led some of the newspaper 's best - known coverage teams have later published books that summarized and extended their reporting . 1987 : RJR Nabisco buyout ( edit ) In 1987 , a bidding war ensued between several financial firms for tobacco and food giant RJR Nabisco . Bryan Burrough and John Helyar documented the events in more than two dozen Journal articles . Burrough and Helyar later used these articles as the basis of a bestselling book , Barbarians at the Gate : The Fall of RJR Nabisco , which was turned into a film for HBO . 1988 : Insider trading ( edit ) In the 1980s , then Journal reporter James B. Stewart brought national attention to the illegal practice of insider trading . He was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in explanatory journalism in 1988 , which he shared with Daniel Hertzberg , who went on to serve as the paper 's senior deputy managing editor before resigning in 2009 . Stewart expanded on this theme in his book , Den of Thieves . 1997 : AIDS treatment ( edit ) David Sanford , a Page One features editor who was infected with HIV in 1982 in a bathhouse , wrote a front - page personal account of how , with the assistance of improved treatments for HIV , he went from planning his death to planning his retirement . He and six other reporters wrote about the new treatments , political and economic issues , and won the 1997 Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting about AIDS . 2000 : Enron ( edit ) Jonathan Weil , a reporter at the Dallas bureau of The Wall Street Journal , is credited with first breaking the story of financial abuses at Enron in September 2000 . Rebecca Smith and John R. Emshwiller reported on the story regularly , and wrote a book , 24 Days . 2001 : 9 / 11 ( edit ) The Journal claims to have sent the first news report , on the Dow Jones wire , of a plane crashing into the World Trade Center on September 11 , 2001 . Its headquarters , at One World Financial Center , was severely damaged by the collapse of the World Trade Center just across the street . Top editors worried that they might miss publishing the first issue for the first time in the paper 's 112 - year history . They relocated to a makeshift office at an editor 's home , while sending most of the staff to Dow Jones 's South Brunswick , N.J. , corporate campus , where the paper had established emergency editorial facilities soon after the 1993 World Trade Center bombing . The paper was on the stands the next day , albeit in scaled - down form . Perhaps the most compelling story in that day 's edition was a first - hand account of the Twin Towers ' collapse written by then - Foreign Editor ( and current Washington bureau chief ) John Bussey , who holed up in a ninth - floor Journal office , literally in the shadow of the towers , from where he phoned in live reports to CNBC as the towers burned . He narrowly escaped serious injury when the first tower collapsed , shattering all the windows in the Journal 's offices and filling them with dust and debris . The Journal won a 2002 Pulitzer Prize in Breaking News Reporting for that day 's stories . The Journal subsequently conducted a worldwide investigation of the causes and significance of 9 / 11 , using contacts it had developed while covering business in the Arab world . In Kabul , Afghanistan , a reporter from The Wall Street Journal bought a pair of looted computers that Al Qaeda leaders had used to plan assassinations , chemical and biological attacks , and mundane daily activities . The encrypted files were decrypted and translated . It was during this coverage that terrorists kidnapped and killed Journal reporter Daniel Pearl . 2007 : stock option scandal ( edit ) In 2007 , the paper won the Pulitzer Prize for Public Service , with its iconic Gold Medal , for exposing companies that illegally backdate stock options they awarded executives to increase their value . 2008 : Bear Stearns Fall ( edit ) Kate Kelly wrote a three - part series that detailed events that led to the collapse of Bear Stearns . 2010 : McDonald 's health Care ( edit ) A report published on September 30 , 2010 , detailing allegations McDonald 's had plans to drop health coverage for hourly employees drew criticism from McDonald 's as well as the Obama administration . The Wall Street Journal reported the plan to drop coverage stemmed from new health care requirements under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act . McDonald 's called the report `` speculative and misleading '' , stating they had no plans to drop coverage . The Wall Street Journal report and subsequent rebuttal received coverage from several other media outlets . 2015 : Malaysia Prime Minister Najib Razak and 1MDB ( edit ) In 2015 , a report published by the Journal alleged that up to US $700 million was wired from 1MDB , a Malaysian state investment company , to the personal accounts of Malaysia Prime Minister Najib Razak at AmBank , the fifth largest lender in Malaysia . Razak responded by threatening to sue the New York - based newspaper . The report prompted some governmental agencies in Malaysia to conduct an investigation into the allegation . 2015 -- present : Theranos investigation ( edit ) In 2015 , a report written by the Journal 's John Carreyrou alleged that blood testing company Theranos ' technology was faulty and founder Elizabeth Holmes was misleading investors . According to Vanity Fair , `` a damning report published in The Wall Street Journal had alleged that the company was , in effect , a sham -- that its vaunted core technology was actually faulty and that Theranos administered almost all of its blood tests using competitors ' equipment . '' The Journal has subsequently published several more reports questioning Theranos ' and Holmes ' credibility . See also ( edit ) New York City portal The Economic Times Far Eastern Economic Review Index of Economic Freedom -- an annual report published by the Journal together with The Heritage Foundation Journal Editorial Report , the weekly Fox News Channel series featuring WSJ editorial writers and board members Lucky duckies Media in New York City On the Money ( 2013 TV series ) -- the current title of a CNBC - produced program known as The Wall Street Journal Report from 1970 until the CNBC / Dow Jones split in January 2013 . Other Wall Street Journal editions The Wall Street Journal Asia The Wall Street Journal Europe The Wall Street Journal Special Editions Wall Street Journal Radio Network Worth Bingham Prize References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Form 10 - K June , 2017 '' . SEC . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Form 10 - K '' . www.sec.gov . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Pulitzer Prizes -- What 's New '' . pulitzer.org . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2008 . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Salwen , Michael B. ; Garrison , Bruce ; Driscoll , Paul D. ( 2004 - 12 - 13 ) . Online News and the Public . Routledge . ISBN 9781135616793 . Jump up ^ Dow Jones & Co. Inc. , `` Dow Jones History -- The Late 1800s '' Archived August 7 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine. , Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Crossen , Cynthia . `` It All Began in the Basement of a Candy Store Archived October 7 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . '' , The Wall Street Journal ( New York ) , p . B1 , August 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Dow Jones Local Media Group , Inc '' . Local Media Group . Jump up ^ Edgecliffe - Johnson , Andrew ( September 3 , 2008 ) . `` WSJ magazine targets upscale market '' . Financial Times . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stulberg , Ariel ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Testing news paywalls : Which are leaky , and which are airtight ? '' . Columbia Journalism Review . Jump up ^ `` The Wall Street Journal Announces New Integrated Print and Online Sales and Marketing Initiatives '' . Press release . November 3 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Plambeck , Joseph ( April 26 , 2010 ) . `` Newspaper Circulation Falls Nearly 9 % '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Subscribing to the Wall Street Journal '' . The Wall Street Journal . June 17 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Oasys Mobile , Inc . News Release '' . Phx. corporate . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2012 . Retrieved June 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Pulitzer Prizes -- What 's New '' . pulitzer.org . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Bill . `` The Wall Street Journal Weekend Edition : Expectations , Surprises , Disappointments Archived August 16 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . '' . Poynter Online , September 21 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Wray , Richard ( February 1 , 2007 ) . `` How the word on Wall Street will spread around the world '' . The Guardian . UK . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2007 . Retrieved February 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Punctuation Nerds Stopped by Obama Slogan , ' Forward . ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . July 31 , 2012 . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2012 . Retrieved October 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wall Street Journal Introduces New Front Page Advertising Opportunity Archived August 14 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . '' . Press release , July 18 , 2006 . Retrieved August 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ WSJ.com Guided Tour : Page One , accessed August 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Ahrens , Frank ( October 12 , 2005 ) . `` Wall Street Journal To Narrow Its Pages '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2008 . Retrieved August 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Picturing Business in America '' Archived November 5 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine. , Smithsonian National Portrait Gallery , Retrieved August 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Noonan , Peggy ( June 20 , 2008 ) . `` Tim Russert WSJ drawing '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2011 . Retrieved June 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Caricaturist Captures the Corporate Market Archived September 24 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , Biz Bash Orlando , August 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` World 's Best - Designed winners ( 2006 ) '' . Society for News Design . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ For background and sequel , see : Ellison , Sarah , War at the Wall Street Journal : Inside the Struggle To Control an American Business Empire , Houghton Mifflin Harcourt , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 547 - 15243 - 1 ( Also published as : War at The Wall Street Journal : How Rupert Murdoch Bought an American Icon `` , Sydney , Text Publishing , 2010 . ) Jump up ^ `` Murdoch wins Control of Dow Jones '' . BBC . August 1 , 2007 . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2007 . Retrieved August 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Murdoch clinches deal for publisher of Journal '' . MSNBC . August 1 , 2007 . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2007 . Retrieved August 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` News Corp Dow Jones Deal Done -- '' . Portfolio.com . September 11 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2011 . Retrieved June 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : L. Gordon Crovitz , `` A Report to Our Readers '' . The Wall Street Journal ( New York ) , page A14 , August 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Steve Stecklow ( April 30 , 2008 ) . `` WSJ Editor 's Resignation Is Criticized By Committee '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2008 . Retrieved September 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Steve Stecklow , Aaron O. Patrick , Martin Peers , and Andrew Higgins , `` Calling the shots : In Murdoch 's career , a hand in the news ; his aggressive style can blur boundaries ; ' Buck stops with me ' '' Archived December 13 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , Wall Street Journal , June 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Davies , Nick ( October 12 , 2011 ) . `` Wall Street Journal circulation scam claims senior Murdoch executive '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2013 . Retrieved October 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Staff , THR ( October 12 , 2011 ) . `` News Corp Ignored Wall Street Journal Circulation Inflation ( Report ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . US . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2012 . Retrieved October 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Meyers , Steve ( October 13 , 2011 ) . `` WSJ Europe publisher resigns after reports he ' personally pressured ' journalists into covering paper 's business partner '' . US : Poynter Institute . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2011 . Retrieved October 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sonne , Paul ( October 12 , 2011 ) . `` Publisher of WSJ Europe Resigns After Ethics Inquiry '' . The Wall Street Journal . London . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2011 . Retrieved October 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wall Street Journal Begins Layoffs , Cuts Sections '' . Forbes . New York . November 2 , 2016 . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Opinion , Editorials , Columns , Op - Ed , Letters to the Editor , Commentary '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Chukky Nze . `` WSJ . Media Kit '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Check Out All of the Winners in the Print Category From This Year 's Hot List '' . Adweek . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Wall Street Journal '' ( PDF ) . Dow Jones & Company . January 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 27 , 2013 . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Worldwide Bureaus '' . Dow Jones & Company . 2011 . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2011 . Retrieved August 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wall Street Journal Adds to Live Video Programming '' . The New York Times . September 13 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wall Street Journal Launches NY Section , Aiming To Compete With NY Times '' . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New York Main Page '' . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.wsj.com/articles/goodbye-from-the-wsj-sunday-1423359901 Jump up ^ `` WSJ.com '' . online.wsj.com . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Naureckas , Jim ; Rendall , Steve ( September -- October 1995 ) . `` 20 Reasons Not to Trust the Journal Editorial Page '' . Extra ! . Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2008 . Lieberman , Trudy ( July -- August 1996 ) . `` Bartley 's Believe It Or Not ! '' . Columbia Journalism Review . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Grimes , William H. ( January 2 , 1951 ) . `` A Newspaper 's Philosophy '' . The Wall Street Journal . New York , NY . seen in `` A Newspaper 's Philosophy '' . Dow Jones & Company . 2007 . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2007 . Retrieved August 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Richard Vetter , `` Wall Street Journal , '' in Bruce Frohnen , ed . American Conservatism ( 2006 ) pp 898 -- 99 Jump up ^ Carr , David ( December 13 , 2009 ) . `` The Media Equation : Under Murdoch , Tilting Rightward at The Journal '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rutenberg , Jim ( June 3 , 2007 ) . `` The editorial page commonly publishes pieces by U.S. and world leaders in academia , business , government and politics '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2011 . Retrieved June 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wagner , Michael W. , and Timothy P. Collins . `` Does Ownership Matter ? The case of Rupert Murdoch 's purchase of the Wall Street Journal '' . Journalism Practice ( 2014 ) 8 # 6 pp : 1 -- 14 . online Jump up ^ `` Big Solar 's Subsidy Bubble '' . The Wall Street Journal . August 30 , 2015 . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Obama 's Tide of War '' . The Wall Street Journal . October 19 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Obama 's Iran Missile War '' . The Wall Street Journal . October 13 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shaun W. Elsasser , Riley E. Dunlap : Leading Voices in the Denier Choir : Conservative Columnists ' Dismissal of Global Warming and Denigration of Climate Science . American Behavioral Scientist 57 , No. 6 , 2013 , 754 -- 776 , doi : 10.1177 / 0002764212469800 . Jump up ^ Karen Akerlof et al. : Communication of climate projections in US media amid politicization of model science . Nature Climate Change 2 , 2012 , 648 -- 654 doi : 10.1038 / nclimate1542 . Jump up ^ Cook , J. ; Nuccitelli , D. ; Green , S.A. ; Richardson , M. ; Winkler , B.R. ; Painting , R. ; Way , R. ; Jacobs , P. ; Skuce , A. ( 2013 ) . `` Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature '' . Environmental Research Letters. 8 ( 2 ) : 024024 . doi : 10.1088 / 1748 - 9326 / 8 / 2 / 024024 . Jump up ^ Lindzen , Richard S. ( November 30 , 2009 ) . `` The Climate Science Is n't Settled '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2014 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Supran , Geoffrey ; Oreskes , Naomi ( 2017 ) . `` Assessing ExxonMobil 's climate change communications ( 1977 -- 2014 ) '' . Environmental Research Letters. 12 ( 8 ) . doi : 10.1088 / 1748 - 9326 / aa815f . Jump up ^ Remarkable Editorial Bias On Climate Science At The Wall Street Journal Archived January 29 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , Peter Gleick , Forbes , January 27 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Wall Street Journal accepts environmentalist ad but charges extra '' . The Washington Post . June 14 , 2016 . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2016 . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lauren Feldman et al. : Polarizing news ? Representations of threat and efficacy in leading US newspapers ' coverage of climate change . Public Understanding of Science 2015 , doi : 10.1177 / 0963662515595348 . Jump up ^ `` '' Democrats , Russians and the FBI `` '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Wall Street Journal editorial board calls on special counsel Robert Mueller to resign again '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Frej , Willa ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) . `` Wall Street Journal Editorial Board Goes To Bat Against FBI And Robert Mueller For Trump '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Pompeo , Joe . `` '' A Different Level of Crazy `` : Inside The Wall Street Journal 's Civil War '' . The Hive . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Groseclose , T. ; Milyo , J. ( 2005 ) . `` A Measure of Media Bias '' . The Quarterly Journal of Economics . 120 ( 4 ) : 1191 . doi : 10.1162 / 003355305775097542 . Jump up ^ Liberman , Mark ( December 22 , 2005 ) . `` Linguistics , Politics , Mathematics '' . Language Log . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2006 . Retrieved November 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Shafer , Jack ( May 7 , 2007 ) . `` The Murdoch Street Journal '' . Slate . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2008 . Retrieved September 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` A New Owner '' . The Wall Street Journal . August 1 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2009 . Retrieved September 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Barbarians at the Gate on IMDb Jump up ^ `` The Pulitzer Prizes '' . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Sanford , David . `` Back to the Future : One Man 's AIDS Tale Shows How Quickly Epidemic Has Turned Archived June 30 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . '' . The Wall Street Journal ( New York ) , November 8 , 1997 . Jump up ^ Pulitzer Prize Winners : 1997 -- National Reporting , retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Archived July 11 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Gladwell , Malcolm . `` Open Secrets Archived September 29 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . '' . The New Yorker , January 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Enron CFO 's Partnership Had Millions in Profit Archived August 23 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine. , The Wall Street Journal ( New York ) , October 19 , 2001 . Retrieved August 19 , 2006 . ( PDF ) Jump up ^ `` Raymond Snoddy on Media : Logic says WSJ is safe with Murdoch '' . Mediaweek.co.uk . June 6 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2012 . Retrieved June 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bussey , John . `` The Eye of the Storm : One Journey Through Desperation and Chaos Archived May 11 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . '' . The Wall Street Journal , page A1 , September 12 , 2001 . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Pulitzer Prizes -- Works '' . pulitzer.org . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cullison , Alan , and Andrew Higgins . `` Forgotten Computer Reveals Thinking Behind Four Years of Al Qaeda Doings '' . The Wall Street Journal ( New York ) , December 31 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` The Pulitzer Prizes -- The Medal '' . The Pulitzer Prizes . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2013 . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ademy , Janet ( September 30 , 2010 ) . `` McDonald 's May Drop Health Plan '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2010 . Retrieved September 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Arnall , Daniel ( September 30 , 2010 ) . `` McDonald 's Fights Back Against Report It Will Drop Health Care Plan '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2010 . Retrieved September 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fulton , April ( September 30 , 2010 ) . `` McDonald 's threatens to cut skimpy health plans '' . National Public Radio . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2010 . Retrieved September 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pequent , Julian ( September 30 , 2010 ) . `` Health secretary says McDonald 's not dropping health plans '' . The Hill . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2010 . Retrieved September 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Weisenthal , Joe ( September 30 , 2010 ) . `` The WSJ 's Demonization Of Obamacare Hits New Low With Article On McDonald 's Dropping Coverage '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2010 . Retrieved September 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jason Ng ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` Malaysia Orders Freeze of Accounts Tied to Probe of Alleged Transfers to Prime Minister Najib '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carreyrou , John ( October 16 , 2015 ) . `` Hot Startup Theranos Has Struggled With Its Blood - Test Technology '' . The Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099 - 9660 . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2017 . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bilton , Nick . `` Exclusive : How Elizabeth Holmes 's House of Cards Came Tumbling Down '' . The Hive . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Are The Wall Street Journal 's Allegations About Theranos True '' . Fortune . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2017 . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weaver , Christopher ; Carreyrou , John ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` Second Theranos Lab Failed U.S. Inspection '' . The Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099 - 9660 . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2017 . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weaver , Christopher ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` Theranos Secretly Bought Outside Lab Gear , Ran Fake Tests : Court Filings '' . The Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099 - 9660 . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2017 . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Dealy , Francis X . The power and the money : Inside the Wall Street Journal ( Birch Lane Press , 1993 ) . Douai , Aziz , and Terry Wu . `` News as business : the global financial crisis and Occupy movement in the Wall Street Journal . '' Journal of International Communication 20.2 ( 2014 ) : 148 - 167 . Merrill , John C. and Harold A. Fisher . The world 's great dailies : profiles of fifty newspapers ( 1980 ) pp 338 -- 41 Rosenberg , Jerry M. Inside the Wall Street Journal : The History and the Power of Dow Jones & Company and America 's Most Influential Newspaper ( 1982 ) online Sakurai , Takuya . `` Framing a Trade Policy : An Analysis of The Wall Street Journal Coverage of Super 301 . '' Intercultural Communication Studies 24.3 ( 2015 ) . online Steinbock , Dan . `` Building dynamic capabilities : The Wall Street Journal interactive edition : A successful online subscription model ( 1993 -- 2000 ) . '' International Journal on Media Management 2.3 - 4 ( 2000 ) : 178 - 194 . Yarrow , Andrew L. `` The big postwar story : Abundance and the rise of economic journalism . '' Journalism History 32.2 ( 2006 ) : 58 + online External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Wall Street Journal . Official website ( Mobile ) The Wall Street Journal blogs How Dow Jones Remade Business Journalism , by Cynthia Crossen , Wall Street Journal , July 31 , 2007 Current White House James S. Brady Press Briefing Room seating chart Row Podium 5 6 7 NBC Wall Street Journal Agence France - Presse MSNBC Bloomberg BNA Washington Examiner TRNS / Univision Fox News CBS Radio AP Radio Foreign Pool Time Yahoo ! 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Enterprise products Factiva S&P Dow Jones Indices ( 2.6 % ) Pulitzer Prize for Breaking News Reporting ( 2001 -- 2025 ) Miami Herald ( 2001 ) Wall Street Journal ( 2002 ) Eagle - Tribune ( 2003 ) Los Angeles Times ( 2004 ) Star - Ledger ( 2005 ) Times - Picayune ( 2006 ) Oregonian ( 2007 ) Washington Post ( 2008 ) New York Times ( 2009 ) Seattle Times ( 2010 ) The Tuscaloosa News ( 2012 ) The Denver Post ( 2013 ) The Boston Globe ( 2014 ) The Seattle Times ( 2015 ) Los Angeles Times ( 2016 ) East Bay Times ( 2017 ) The Press Democrat ( 2018 ) Complete list ( 1985 -- 2000 ) ( 2001 -- 2025 ) Pulitzer Prize for Public Service ( 2001 -- 2025 ) Oregonian ( 2001 ) New York Times ( 2002 ) Boston Globe ( 2003 ) New York Times ( 2004 ) Los Angeles Times ( 2005 ) Biloxi Sun Herald / New Orleans Times - Picayune ( 2006 ) Wall Street Journal ( 2007 ) Washington Post ( 2008 ) Las Vegas Sun ( 2009 ) Bristol Herald Courier ( 2010 ) Los Angeles Times ( 2011 ) The Philadelphia Inquirer ( 2012 ) Sun - Sentinel ( 2013 ) The Washington Post and The Guardian ( 2014 ) The Post and Courier ( 2015 ) Associated Press ( 2016 ) New York Daily News and ProPublica ( 2017 ) Complete list ( 1918 -- 1925 ) ( 1926 -- 1950 ) ( 1951 -- 1975 ) ( 1976 -- 2000 ) ( 2001 -- 2025 ) GND : 4185032 - 4 ISNI : 0000 0001 0942 0800 LCCN : n79097650 SUDOC : 115003258 VIAF : 134856480 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Wall_Street_Journal&oldid=854079568 '' Categories : The Wall Street Journal 1889 establishments in New York ( state ) American business newspapers Conservative media in the United States Daily newspapers published in the United States Dow Jones & Company Financial data vendors National newspapers published in the United States Newspapers published in New York City Publications established in 1889 Publishing companies established in 1921 Pulitzer Prize - winning newspapers Websites utilizing paywalls Pulitzer Prize for Public Service winners Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from November 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from January 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012 Articles needing additional references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 贛 語 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 56 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 20 : 39 ( UTC ) . 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"Three months later, on August 1, 2007, News Corporation and Dow Jones entered into a definitive merger agreement.[26] The US$5 billion sale added The Wall Street Journal to Rupert Murdoch's news empire, which already included Fox News Channel, financial network unit and London's The Times, and locally within New York, the New York Post, along with Fox flagship station WNYW (Channel 5) and MyNetworkTV flagship WWOR (Channel 9).[27]\n"
] | [
"on August 1, 2007"
] |
1271164936422355029 | 2017 CFL season | 2017 CFL season - wikipedia 2017 CFL season Jump to : navigation , search 2017 CFL season Regular season Duration June 22 , 2017 -- November 4 , 2017 Playoffs Start date November 12 , 2017 East Champions Toronto Argonauts 2017 - 11 - 19 West Champions Calgary Stampeders 2017 - 11 - 19 105th Grey Cup Date November 26 , 2017 Site TD Place Stadium , Ottawa Champions Toronto Argonauts 2016 ← CFL seasons → 2018 The 2017 CFL season was the 64th season of modern Canadian professional football . Officially , it was the 60th season of the league . The regular season began on June 22 and concluded on November 4 . The playoffs commenced on November 12 and concluded on November 26 with the Toronto Argonauts defeating the Calgary Stampeders to win the 105th Grey Cup . Contents ( hide ) 1 CFL news in 2017 1.1 Salary cap 1.2 Free agency 1.3 CFL Week 1.4 Season schedule 1.5 Hall of Fame 1.6 Saskatchewan Roughriders new stadium 1.7 Broadcasting changes 1.8 Commissioner change 1.9 Front office changes 1.10 Coaching changes 1.11 NFL -- CFL Officiating Development Program 1.12 Rules changes 1.12. 1 Proposed changes 1.12. 2 Mid-season rule changes 1.13 Marketing 2 Regular season 2.1 Structure 2.2 Standings 3 CFL playoffs 3.1 Playoff bracket 4 Award winners 4.1 CFL Top Performers of the Week 4.2 CFL Top Performers of the Month 5 2017 CFL All - Stars 5.1 Offence 5.2 Defence 5.3 Special teams 6 2017 CFL Western All - Stars 6.1 Offence 6.2 Defence 6.3 Special teams 7 2017 CFL Eastern All - Stars 7.1 Offence 7.2 Defence 7.3 Special teams 8 2017 CFL Awards 9 References CFL News in 2017 ( edit ) Salary cap ( edit ) According to the new collective bargaining agreement , the 2017 salary cap was set at $ 5,150,000 . As per the agreement , the cap was fixed did not vary with league revenue performance . The minimum team salary was set at $4,550,000 with individual minimum salaries set at $53,000 . Free agency ( edit ) The 2017 free agency period began on Tuesday , February 14 , 2017 at 12pm EST . All players eligible for free agency are unrestricted free agents , as is customary in the league . CFL week ( edit ) CFL Week 2017 logo . The league announced on November 15 , 2016 that Regina , Saskatchewan would be host to the first ever CFL Week ( branded as Mark 's CFL Week ) , an event designed to engage fans and the media during the off - season . The event took place from March 20 to March 26 , 2017 at Evraz Place . The week started with the Western Regional Combine , which Edmonton had hosted the past four years . The CFL National Combine took place from March 23 to March 25 , showcasing 2017 CFL Draft - eligible prospects . The 2017 Canadian Football Hall of Fame inductees were announced during this week and the CFL and TSN photo shoot also took place here . There was also an interactive Fan Festival , a head coach and general manager media event , and the CFL Rules and Competition Committee meetings , which normally take place in February . The CFL also invited football teams from U Sports ' Canada West Universities Athletic Association in a skeleton football tournament as part of a football showcase . This was the first CFL Combine held outside of Toronto . Season schedule ( edit ) On February 7 , 2017 , the CFL released the 2017 season schedule with the Saskatchewan Roughriders visiting the Montreal Alouettes on June 22 . The Alouettes most recently hosted the season - opening game in 2015 . For the fourth consecutive season , week 1 featured a Grey Cup rematch , with the defending champion Ottawa Redblacks hosting the Calgary Stampeders . Those two teams also met in week 2 in Calgary in an extended rematch . Including that home - and - home series , there were five played in the season with Saskatchewan and Calgary playing in two each and the Hamilton Tiger - Cats having none . For the first time since Ottawa rejoined the league in 2014 , all pre-season games were played against divisional opponents . Additionally , for the first time since the league expanded to an 81 - game schedule in 2014 , a team other than Toronto played two games in one week , with the Redblacks playing two games in week 5 . There were 19 double headers , with nine on Fridays , nine on Saturdays , and one on Labour Day Monday , with the Ontario Labour Day game being played in prime time for the second consecutive year . There were four instances of overlaps for the Friday games as those nights featured games with 2.5 hours of start - time difference as opposed to the usual three hour difference . Those numbers do not include the triple header which was featured for the second consecutive year , although this time it occurred in week 12 on the Saturday before the 2017 NFL season week one Sunday games were played . For the second time in three years , there was only one game played on Thanksgiving Monday , with Montreal maintaining its customary hosting . This was the third straight season to showcase Thursday Night Football with the first 11 weeks featuring Thursday night games , although the hosting distribution was not as equal as it was in the previous year . The Montreal Alouettes hosted four Thursday night games , Winnipeg hosted three , Ottawa Redblacks hosted two , while two teams ( Toronto and Calgary ) hosted once and three teams ( Hamilton , Saskatchewan , and BC ) did not host any . Hall of Fame ( edit ) The Canadian Football Hall of Fame game took place on September 15 , 2017 , featuring the Hamilton Tiger - Cats hosting the Saskatchewan Roughriders . Kelvin Anderson , Anthony Calvillo , Mike O'Shea , and Geroy Simon were inducted as players while Stan Schwartz and Brian Towriss joined as builders . O'Shea is the currently the head coach of the Winnipeg Blue Bombers , whose team had a bye that week , and he also played four seasons with the Tiger - Cats . Calvillo is the quarterbacks coach for the Alouettes , whose team played two days after the Hall of Fame game , and he also played for three years with the Tiger - Cats . Simon spent one year with the Roughriders and won the Grey Cup with the team that one year . Saskatchewan Roughriders new stadium ( edit ) After spending 95 years at the site of their old stadium , Mosaic Stadium at Taylor Field , the Saskatchewan Roughriders moved into a brand new facility , also called Mosaic Stadium , for the 2017 season . The stadium has a fixed seating capacity of approximately 33,000 that is expandable to 40,000 for special events like the Grey Cup . The design of the stadium was unveiled on May 22 , 2014 with the official groundbreaking ceremony being held on June 16 , 2014 . Mosaic Stadium was declared `` substantially completed '' on August 31 , 2016 and a test event featuring a football game between the Regina Rams and Saskatchewan Huskies was held on October 1 , 2016 . The stadium was built for approximately $ 278 million with the city of Regina providing $73 million , the Saskatchewan provincial government providing a grant of $80 million and a loan of $100 million , and the Roughriders paying the rest . Unlike stadium delays in Winnipeg and Hamilton , Saskatchewan opened their new stadium on time , hosting the Bombers in the second week of the season . Broadcasting changes ( edit ) In mid-June 2017 the CFL announced a new international streaming service branded as CFL International . The new service will expand coverage around the world to new markets including mainland Europe , Asia and Africa , totalling over 130 new countries . TSN retains the CFL broadcast rights in Canada , BT Sports in the United Kingdom , ESPN in the United States , South America , Australia and portions of both Southeast Asia and Africa . CFL International is provided via Yare Media Group Inc and is available in three different package options : Single game pass ( $2.99 US ) , team pass ( $36.99 US ) and league pass ( $79.99 US ) . Commissioner change ( edit ) On April 12 , 2017 the Board of Governors and Jeffrey Orridge agreed to part ways , effective June 30 , 2017 . Orridge had been the commissioner of the league since April 2015 after taking over from Mark Cohon who served for eight years from 2007 though 2014 . On June 15 , 2017 the CFL announced that June 15 would be Orridge 's last day in office , two weeks earlier than agreed upon back in April . Jim Lawson , the league 's Chairman of the Board of Governors , assumed the duties of commissioner until a suitable replacement was found . On July 4 , 2017 , former CFL offensive lineman Randy Ambrosie assumed the position of commissioner . Having spent 9 seasons playing with the Calgary Stampeders , Toronto Argonauts and Edmonton Eskimos from 1985 -- 1993 , Ambrosie is the first commissioner to have played in the league since Larry Smith left the position in 1996 . Front office changes ( edit ) Team 2016 GM 2017 GM Montreal Alouettes Jim Popp Kavis Reed Toronto Argonauts Jim Barker Jim Popp Edmonton Eskimos Ed Hervey Brock Sunderland On November 7 , 2016 , the Montreal Alouettes released their 21 - year general manager and sometime Vice President and head coach Jim Popp after two disappointing seasons in a row . Popp joined the then brand - new Baltimore Stallions organization in 1994 , and contributed to the revived Montreal team 's current three Grey Cup championships and eight East Division titles over his tenure as general manager ( as well as an additional Grey Cup and one South Division title in Baltimore ) ; Popp was the last major legacy contributor from the CFL 's American expansion of the 1990s . On December 14 , 2016 , the Alouettes held a press conference to announce Patrick Boivin as President and CEO and Kavis Reed as general manager . Reed had been the special teams coordinator with the Als for the previous two seasons , and has been coaching in the CFL since 2001 . After six seasons as the general manager of the Argonauts and compiling a 49 -- 59 record in that time span , Jim Barker was fired on January 24 , 2017 . On February 28 , 2017 the Argos announced Jim Popp as their new general manager . Popp had been the GM of the Montreal Alouettes since the mid-1990s and led the team to three Grey Cup championships . On April 7 , 2017 the Eskimos held a press conference to announce the firing of general manager Ed Hervey . The decision was made in large part because of a contract dispute and philosophical differences regarding increasing the media and fan accessibility of the team . Hervey had been the GM since the 2013 CFL season , and had led the team to a record of 40 - 32 ( 3 - 2 in playoffs ) during that time , including winning the 103rd Grey Cup . On April 25 , 2017 the Eskimos named 37 - year old Brock Sunderland as their new GM . Sunderland had been the assistant GM of the Ottawa Redblacks since their inaugural season in 2013 . Coaching changes ( edit ) Team 2016 HC 2016 interim HC 2017 HC 2017 interim HC Montreal Alouettes Jim Popp Jacques Chapdelaine Kavis Reed Toronto Argonauts Scott Milanovich Marc Trestman Hamilton Tiger - Cats Kent Austin June Jones On December 14 , 2016 , the Montreal Alouettes announced that Jacques Chapdelaine would stay on as the team 's head coach . Chapdelaine had served as the interim head coach for the final six games of the previous season . However , after a 3 -- 8 start to the season the Alouettes announced that they had dismissed Chapdelaine and defensive coordinator Noel Thorpe . General Manager Kavis Reed will serve as the interim head coach until the end of the season . Reed was the head - coach of the Edmonton Eskimos for three seasons ( 2011 - 2013 ) , winning 22 games , and losing 32 ( 1 - 2 in the playoffs ) . On January 27 , 2017 Scott Milanovich resigned from his position as the head coach of the Toronto Argonauts ; and later that day became the quarterbacks coach for the Jacksonville Jaguars of the NFL . Scott Milanovich had been the head coach of the Argos for five seasons starting in 2012 , leading the club to a record of 43 -- 47 during his tenure . Milanovich guided the Argos to victory in the 100th Grey Cup , his first season as head coach . On February 28 , 2017 the Argos announced Marc Trestman as their new head coach . Trestman was the head coach of the Montreal Alouettes from 2008 through 2012 , with a record of 59 -- 31 , guiding the Als to back - to - back Grey Cup titles in 2009 and 2010 . On August 24 , 2017 , midway through the 2017 season , Kent Austin stepped down as the head coach of the Hamilton Tiger - Cats ( remaining with the team as vice president of football operations ) , and named June Jones his successor . Austin was in his fifth season as the Ti - Cats head coach , but started the season 0 -- 8 . During his tenure the Hamilton the Tiger - Cats won 36 games and lost 44 , they also lost in consecutive Grey Cups ( 2013 & 2014 ) . Jones had only been with the Ti - Cats for a little over three weeks at the time of his appointment to head coach , and his only other CFL coaching experience was with the Ottawa Rough Riders as their offensive coordinator in 1986 . Nevertheless , he has extensive experience coaching in the NFL and various American collegiate levels . NFL -- CFL Officiating Development Program ( edit ) On May 16 , 2017 the CFL announced it would be renewing and expanding the officiating partnership as it enters into its second year of existence . Six NFL officials ( two more than in 2016 ) will work as part of CFL crews during CFL preseason and regular - season games in June and July , prior to the start of the NFL season . Additionally , six CFL officials ( three more than in 2016 ) will attend the NFL 's Officiating Development Program . Rules changes ( edit ) In March the CFL 's Rules Committee submitted a variety of rule changes to the Board of Governors , to be implemented for the 2017 season . The proposed changes focus on improving game flow and increasing player safety . The proposals will be reviewed by the CFL 's Board of Governors . Proposed changes ( edit ) Coaches would no longer be allowed to challenge a play following a TV commercial timeout . The coach would have to throw his challenge flag within the first 30 seconds of the TV break . Limiting the types of actions which coaches can challenge with regards to `` roughing the passer '' penalties and hits on quarterbacks when they are running with the ball . Change all 10 - yard illegal low block penalties to 15 - yard unnecessary roughness penalties . Prevent the return team on a kicking play from putting a player on the field a split second prior to the snap and trying to hide him so he can receive a lateral pass from the kick returner . This sort of play would be subject to a 10 - yard penalty . Increasing the duties of the video official in the Command Centre so they can correct errors when : A flag has been thrown for a line of scrimmage penalty ( offside or procedure ) A flag has been thrown for an unnecessary roughness penalty following a play and the video official sees other unnecessary roughness infractions A call for illegal contact on a receiver should be changed to defensive pass interference because the ball had been thrown The replay official can only a change a call where there is clear and indisputable evidence that it is wrong , rather than attempt to officiate plays to ensure they are correct . TSN will go to commercial on every challenge it can . It is estimated that 80 % of challenges will now be done during a commercial , up from 20 % last season . Retaining the mid-season rule change from last season in which if a team makes its first coach 's challenge of the game and does not win that challenge , the team losses a timeout . Mid-season rule changes ( edit ) On August 2 , 2017 new Commissioner Randy Ambrosie announced that coaches would only be able to challenge once per game , instead of twice . This change came in response to the fans growing displeasure over the frequency and inconsistency of coaches challenges . The hope is that by only being able to challenge once per game teams will have to save their challenge for more egregious mistakes . On September 13 , 2017 the CFL and CFLPA made two major announcements to address player safety . The first being the immediate end of fully padded - practices during the season . Under the previous rules each team was allowed to have 17 padded practices over the course of the season . Secondly , it was announced that starting in 2018 , seasons would now be 21 weeks in length , one week longer than the 2017 season . This will allow more time between games for players to recover , and help alleviate scheduling issues in a nine - team league . Marketing ( edit ) On May 7 , the league launched its `` Bring It In / Tous Ensemble '' ad campaign , designed to diversify its fan base and attract more women and younger fans . On August 13 , the league launched a suite of T - shirts with the moniker `` Diversity is Strength / Diversité est synonyme de Force '' in response to the riots in Charlottesville , Virginia . The backs of the shirts had the last names of dozens of former and present CFL players from varying ethnic backgrounds . The shirts were originally planned to have been released in the fall , with the league moving the launch up to respond to the events in Charlottesville . Regular season ( edit ) Structure ( edit ) Teams played eighteen regular season games , playing two divisional opponents three times and all of the other teams twice . Teams were awarded two points for a win and one point for a tie . The top three teams in each division qualified for the playoffs , with the first place team gaining a bye to the divisional finals . A fourth place team in one division may qualify ahead of the third place team in the other division ( the `` Crossover '' ) , if they earn more points in the season . If two or more teams in the same division were equal in points , the following tiebreakers applied : If a third - place team finishes in a tie with the fourth place team in the other division , the third place team automatically gets the playoff spot and there is no crossover . Most wins in all games Head to head winning percentage ( matches won divided by all matches played ) Head to head points difference Head to head points ratio Tiebreakers 3 -- 5 applied sequentially to all divisional games Tiebreakers 4 and 5 applied sequentially to all league games Coin toss Notes : 1 . If two clubs remain tied after other club ( s ) are eliminated during any step , tie breakers reverts to step 2 . Standings ( edit ) Note : GP = Games Played , W = Wins , L = Losses , T = Ties , PF = Points For , PA = Points Against , Pts = Points Teams in bold are in playoff positions . X -- clinched playoff berth Y -- clinched first place and bye to division final West Division view talk Team GP Pts PF PA Div Stk Y -- Calgary Stampeders 18 13 27 523 349 7 -- 3 L3 Details X -- Winnipeg Blue Bombers 18 12 6 0 24 554 492 6 -- 4 W1 Details X -- Edmonton Eskimos 18 12 6 0 24 510 495 5 -- 5 W5 Details X -- Saskatchewan Roughriders 18 10 8 0 20 510 430 4 -- 6 L1 Details BC Lions 18 7 11 0 14 469 501 3 -- 7 L1 Details East Division view talk Team GP Pts PF PA Div Stk Y -- Toronto Argonauts 18 9 9 0 18 482 456 6 -- 2 W2 Details X -- Ottawa Redblacks 18 8 9 17 495 452 5 -- 3 W3 Details Hamilton Tiger - Cats 18 6 12 0 12 443 545 4 -- 4 W1 Details Montreal Alouettes 18 15 0 6 314 580 1 -- 7 L11 Details CFL playoffs ( edit ) Main article : 105th Grey Cup This is the first Grey Cup being played in Ottawa in 13 years , in celebration of the 150th anniversary of Canada . Ottawa also hosted the 55th Grey Cup in 1967 , in celebration of the centennial of Canada . Playoff bracket ( edit ) November 12 : Division Semi-Finals November 19 : Division Finals November 26 : 105th Grey Cup TD Place Stadium -- Ottawa East W4 Saskatchewan Roughriders 21 W4 Saskatchewan Roughriders 31 E1 Toronto Argonauts 25 E2 Ottawa Redblacks 20 E1 Toronto Argonauts 27 W1 Calgary Stampeders 24 West W3 Edmonton Eskimos 28 W3 Edmonton Eskimos 39 W1 Calgary Stampeders 32 W2 Winnipeg Blue Bombers 32 Award winners ( edit ) CFL Top Performers of the Week ( edit ) Week First Second Third Fans ' Choice One Ricky Ray S.J. Green Jonathon Mincy Ricky Ray Two Diontae Spencer Trevor Harris Weston Dressler Weston Dressler Three S.J. Green Solomon Elimimian Victor Butler S.J. Green Four Travis Lulay Martese Jackson Nick Moore Martese Jackson Five Jerome Messam Mike Reilly Charleston Hughes Mike Reilly Six Duron Carter Marken Michel Jackson Jeffcoat Jackson Jeffcoat Seven Justin Medlock Maurice Leggett Bryan Burnham Justin Medlock Eight Ed Gainey Mike Reilly Kevin Glenn Ed Gainey Nine Andrew Harris Matt Nichols S.J. Green S.J. Green Ten DaVaris Daniels Nik Lewis Diontae Spencer Diontae Spencer Eleven Kevin Glenn Alex Singleton Shaquille Richardson Alex Singleton Twelve Maurice Leggett Brandon Zylstra Jeremiah Masoli Maurice Leggett Thirteen James Wilder Jr . Alex Singleton Diontae Spencer Diontae Spencer Fourteen James Wilder Jr . Darvin Adams Ja'Gared Davis Darvin Adams Fifteen Terry Williams DeVier Posey Chris Randle Chris Randle Sixteen Brandon Zylstra Trevor Harris Jeremiah Masoli Jeremiah Masoli Seventeen Kevin Fogg S.J. Green Duron Carter Duron Carter Eighteen Brandon Banks James Wilder Jr . Duron Carter Duron Carter Nineteen Diontae Spencer Chris Rainey Brandon Banks Diontae Spencer Twenty James Wilder Jr . Tristan Okpalaugo Ricky Ray Source CFL Top Performers of the Month ( edit ) Month First Second Third July Mike Reilly Greg Ellingson Victor Butler August Andrew Harris Matt Nichols Maurice Leggett September Alex Singleton James Wilder Jr . Brandon Zylstra October Brandon Banks Mike Reilly Jeremiah Masoli Source 2017 CFL All - Stars ( edit ) Offence ( edit ) QB -- Mike Reilly , Edmonton Eskimos RB -- Andrew Harris , Winnipeg Blue Bombers R -- S.J. Green , Toronto Argonauts R -- Brandon Zylstra , Edmonton Eskimos R -- Greg Ellingson , Ottawa Redblacks R -- Bryan Burnham , BC Lions R -- Duron Carter , Saskatchewan Roughriders OT -- Stanley Bryant , Winnipeg Bluebombers OT -- Chris Van Zeyl , Toronto Argonauts OG -- Brendon LaBatte , Saskatchewan Roughriders OG -- Matt O'Donnell , Edmonton Eskimos C -- Sean McEwen , Toronto Argonauts Defence ( edit ) DT -- Micah Johnson , Calgary Stampeders DT -- Almondo Sewell , Edmonton Eskimos DE -- Charleston Hughes , Calgary Stampeders DE -- Willie Jefferson , Saskatchewan Roughriders LB -- Alex Singleton , Calgary Stampeders LB -- Solomon Elimimian , BC Lions CLB -- Kenny Ladler , Edmonton Eskimos CB -- Ciante Evans , Calgary Stampeders CB -- Chris Randle , Winnipeg Blue Bombers HB -- Ed Gainey , Saskatchewan Roughriders HB -- T.J. Heath , Winnipeg Blue Bombers S -- Taylor Loffler , Winnipeg Blue Bombers Special teams ( edit ) K -- Rene Paredes , Calgary Stampeders P -- Ty Long , BC Lions ST -- Roy Finch , Calgary Stampeders Source 2017 CFL Western All - Stars ( edit ) Offence ( edit ) QB -- Mike Reilly , Edmonton Eskimos RB -- Andrew Harris , Winnipeg Blue Bombers R -- Darvin Adams , Winnipeg Blue Bombers R -- Brandon Zylstra , Edmonton Eskimos R -- Bryan Burnham , BC Lions R -- Duron Carter , Saskatchewan Roughriders R -- Naaman Roosevelt , Saskatchewan Roughriders OT -- Stanley Bryant , Winnipeg Blue Bombers OT -- Jermarcus Hardrick , Winnipeg Blue Bombers OG -- Brendon LaBatte , Saskatchewan Roughriders OG -- Matt O'Donnell , Edmonton Eskimos C -- Ucambre Williams , Calgary Stampeders Defence ( edit ) DT -- Almondo Sewell , Edmonton Eskimos DT -- Micah Johnson , Calgary Stampeders DE -- Charleston Hughes , Calgary Stampeders DE -- Willie Jefferson , Saskatchewan Roughriders LB -- Solomon Elimimian , BC Lions LB -- Alex Singleton , Calgary Stampeders CLB -- Kenny Ladler , Edmonton Eskimos CB -- Chris Randle , Winnipeg Blue Bombers CB -- Ciante Evans , Calgary Stampeders HB -- Ed Gainey , Saskatchewan Roughriders HB -- T.J. Heath , Winnipeg Blue Bombers S -- Taylor Loffler , Winnipeg Blue Bombers Special teams ( edit ) K -- Rene Paredes , Calgary Stampeders P -- Ty Long , BC Lions ST -- Roy Finch , Calgary Stampeders 2017 CFL Eastern All - Stars ( edit ) Offence ( edit ) QB -- Ricky Ray , Toronto Argonauts RB -- William Powell , Ottawa Redblacks R -- S.J. Green , Toronto Argonauts R -- Brad Sinopoli , Ottawa Redblacks R -- Greg Ellingson , Ottawa Redblacks R -- Brandon Banks , Hamilton Tiger - Cats R -- Luke Tasker , Hamilton Tiger - Cats OT -- Jason Lauzon - Séguin , Ottawa Redblacks OT -- Chris Van Zeyl , Toronto Argonauts OG -- Ryan Bomben , Hamilton Tiger - Cats OG -- Alex Mateas , Ottawa Redblacks C -- Sean McEwen , Toronto Argonauts Defence ( edit ) DT -- Dylan Wynn , Toronto Argonauts DT -- Cleyon Laing , Toronto Argonauts DE -- Victor Butler , Toronto Argonauts DE -- John Bowman , Montreal Alouettes LB -- Larry Dean , Hamilton Tiger - Cats LB -- Kyries Hebert , Montreal Alouettes CLB -- Marcus Ball , Toronto Argonauts CB -- Richard Leonard , Hamilton Tiger - Cats CB -- Jonathon Mincy , Montreal Alouettes HB -- Cassius Vaughn , Toronto Argonauts HB -- Rico Murray , Toronto Argonauts S -- Antoine Pruneau , Ottawa Redblacks Special teams ( edit ) K -- Sergio Castillo , Hamilton Tiger - Cats P -- Brett Maher , Ottawa Redblacks ST -- Diontae Spencer , Ottawa Redblacks 2017 CFL Awards ( edit ) CFL 's Most Outstanding Player Award -- Mike Reilly ( QB ) , Edmonton Eskimos CFL 's Most Outstanding Canadian Award -- Andrew Harris ( RB ) , Winnipeg Blue Bombers CFL 's Most Outstanding Defensive Player Award -- Alex Singleton ( LB ) , Calgary Stampeders CFL 's Most Outstanding Offensive Lineman Award -- Stanley Bryant , ( OT ) , Winnipeg Blue Bombers CFL 's Most Outstanding Rookie Award -- James Wilder Jr . ( RB ) , Toronto Argonauts John Agro Special Teams Award -- Roy Finch ( KR ) , Calgary Stampeders Tom Pate Memorial Award -- Adarius Bowman ( WR ) , Edmonton Eskimos Jake Gaudaur Veterans ' Trophy -- Luc Brodeur - Jourdain ( C ) , Montreal Alouettes Annis Stukus Trophy -- Marc Trestman , Toronto Argonauts Commissioner 's Award -- Rick Sowieta Hugh Campbell Distinguished Leadership Award -- Paul Graham References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ New five - year CBA ratified by CFL and CFLPA Jump up ^ 2017 Free agent tracker Jump up ^ Inaugural # CFLWeek Coming to Saskatchewan in 2017 Jump up ^ Regina to host first CFL Week Jump up ^ CFL Week Jump up ^ CFL Week is coming to Saskatchewan Jump up ^ Marquee moments highlight 2017 CFL schedule in Canada 's 150th year Jump up ^ `` Call to the hall : Hall of Fame reveals class of 2017 '' . cfl.ca . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PCL CONSTRUCTION NAMED THE PREFERRED PROPONENT FOR THE REGINA REVITALIZATION INITIATIVE - STADIUM PROJECT '' . Riderville.ca . Saskatchewan Roughriders . Retrieved 14 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Let the building begin : Groundbreaking at Regina 's new stadium site '' . Global Regina News . Retrieved 16 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Mosaic Stadium ' substantially complete ' '' . CBC News . Retrieved 1 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Regina Rams beat Saskatchewan Huskies 37 - 29 at new Mosaic Stadium '' . CBC News . Retrieved 6 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Deal signed for new stadium in Regina by 2017 '' . CBC News . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nye : Loss a mere footnote on historic night at Mosaic '' . CFL.ca. 2017 - 07 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` CFL 2017 SEASON TO BE LIVESTREAMED IN MORE THAN 130 COUNTRIES '' . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Football League issues statement regarding Jeffrey L. Orridge '' . CFL.ca. 2017 - 04 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` CFL issues statement as Orridge tenure closes '' . CFL.ca. 2017 - 06 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ http://www.cbc.ca/sports/football/cfl/cfl-commissioner-randy-ambrosie-1.4190301 Jump up ^ `` End of an Era : Jim Popp out as Als GM after 21 years '' . CFL.ca . November 7 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Als hire Reed as GM ; name Boivin president '' . TSN . December 14 , 2016 . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alouettes promote assistant coach Kavis Reed to GM '' . CBC Sports . December 14 , 2016 . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Argos part ways with GM Jim Barker '' . CFL.ca. 2017 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Argos reunite GM Popp and head coach Trestman - Article - TSN '' . TSN. 2017 - 02 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Eskimos fire general manager Hervey - Article - TSN '' . TSN. 2017 - 04 - 07 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Philosophical differences lead to Hervey 's dismissal '' . CFL.ca. 2017 - 04 - 07 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Eskimos name Sunderland as new GM - Article - TSN '' . TSN. 2017 - 04 - 24 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Alouettes name new head coach , GM , and president '' . CTV Montreal News . December 14 , 2016 . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Reed dismisses Chapdelaine , Thorpe ; takes over as Als ' HC - CFL.ca '' . CFL.ca. 2017 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Milanovich resigns from Argos to join Jags '' . TSN . January 27 , 2017 . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Captains of the Ship : Popp , Trestman reunite to lead Argos '' . CFL.ca. 2017 - 02 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` AUSTIN APPOINTS JUNE JONES AS HEAD COACH OF TIGER - CATS -- Hamilton Tiger - Cats '' . ticats.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` CFL , NFL expand Officiating Development Program for second season '' . CFL.ca. 2017 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Rules Committee recommends improvements to challenge process '' . CFL.ca. 2017 - 03 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` CFL announces change to limit video review '' . CFL.ca. 2017 - 08 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` CFL immediately ends full - contact practices - Article - TSN '' . TSN. 2017 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` CFL , CFLPA work together to deliver significant advances to player safety - CFL.ca '' . CFL.ca. 2017 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Hall , Vicki ( 5 May 2017 ) . `` CFL looks to diversify fan base with ' Bring It In ' campaign '' . National Post . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Diversity is Strength : Riders , Lions send a message '' . CFL.ca. 2017 - 08 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ Dacey , Elisha ( 14 August 2017 ) . `` CFL ' Diversity is Strength ' T - shirts released after racial violence in U.S '' . CBC News . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ CFL.ca staff . `` The Crossover Explained '' . The Canadian Football League . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Game '' . CFL.ca . The Canadian Football League . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2013 . Retrieved November 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` CFL Top Performers '' . Canadian Football League . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stars Aligned : 2017 CFL ALL - STARS REVEALED '' . Canadian Football League . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 05 . 2017 CFL season by team Western BC Calgary Edmonton Saskatchewan Winnipeg Eastern Hamilton Montreal Ottawa Toronto See also 2017 CFL Draft 105th Grey Cup Canadian Football League seasons Early era 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 CFL era 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1994 1995 2001 2017 2018 2019 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_CFL_season&oldid=815587367 '' Categories : Canadian Football League seasons 2017 in Canadian football Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 19 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does the canadian football league season start | [
"\n\n2017 CFL season\n\n\nRegular season\n\n\nDuration\nJune 22, 2017 – November 4, 2017\n\n\nPlayoffs\n\n\nStart date\nNovember 12, 2017\n\n\nEast Champions\nToronto Argonauts2017-11-19\n\n\nWest Champions\nCalgary Stampeders2017-11-19\n\n\n105th Grey Cup\n\n\nDate\nNovember 26, 2017\n\n\nSite\nTD Place Stadium, Ottawa\n\n\nChampions\nToronto Argonauts\n\n\n\n\n\n2016 ←\nCFL seasons\n→ 2018\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"June 22, 2017"
] |
-6276841665973792917 | Golden State Warriors | Golden State Warriors - wikipedia Golden State Warriors Jump to : navigation , search Golden State Warriors 2017 -- 18 Golden State Warriors season Conference Western Division Pacific Founded 1946 History Philadelphia Warriors 1946 -- 1962 San Francisco Warriors 1962 -- 1971 Golden State Warriors 1971 -- present Arena Oracle Arena Location Oakland , California Team colors Royal blue , California golden yellow , slate President Rick Welts General manager Bob Myers Head coach Steve Kerr Ownership Joe Lacob ( majority ) , Peter Guber Affiliation ( s ) Santa Cruz Warriors Championships 5 ( 1947 , 1956 , 1975 , 2015 , 2017 ) Conference titles 9 Eastern : 3 ( 1947 , 1948 , 1956 ) Western : 6 ( 1964 , 1967 , 1975 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 ) Division titles 5 ( 1975 , 1976 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 ) Retired numbers 6 ( 13 , 14 , 16 , 17 , 24 , 42 ) Website www.nba.com/warriors Uniforms Home Away The Golden State Warriors are an American professional basketball team based in Oakland , California . The Warriors compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Western Conference Pacific Division . The Warriors play their home games at the Oracle Arena in Oakland . The Warriors have reached nine NBA Finals , winning five NBA championships in 1947 , 1956 , 1975 , 2015 and 2017 . Golden State 's five NBA championships are tied for fourth-most in NBA history with the San Antonio Spurs , and behind only the Boston Celtics ( 17 ) , Los Angeles Lakers ( 16 ) and Chicago Bulls ( 6 ) . As of 2017 , the Warriors are the third most valuable NBA franchise according to Forbes , with an estimated value of $2.6 billion . The team was established in 1946 as the Philadelphia Warriors based in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , a founding member of the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) . In 1962 , the franchise relocated to the San Francisco Bay Area and was renamed the San Francisco Warriors . In 1971 , the team changed its geographic moniker to Golden State , California 's state nickname . The team is nicknamed the Dubs as a shortening of `` W 's '' . Wilt Chamberlain and Stephen Curry have both been named the NBA 's Most Valuable Player while playing for the Warriors , for a total of three MVP awards . 18 Hall of Famers have played for the Warriors , while four have coached the team . Golden State holds the NBA records for best regular season with 73 -- 9 , best postseason with 16 -- 1 (. 941 winning percentage ) and most wins in a season ( regular season and postseason combined ) with 88 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 Team creation 1.2 1946 -- 1962 : Philadelphia Warriors 1.3 1962 -- 1971 : San Francisco Warriors 1.4 1971 -- 1978 1.5 1978 -- 1987 1.6 1987 -- 1997 1.7 1997 -- 2008 1.7. 1 2006 -- 07 : `` We believe '' season 1.7. 2 2007 -- 08 season 1.8 2008 -- 2011 1.9 2011 -- present : `` Splash Brothers '' era 1.9. 1 2013 -- 14 : Improvements 1.9. 2 2014 -- 15 : From turmoil to champions 1.9. 3 2015 -- 16 : Broken records 1.10 2016 -- present : The `` Fantastic Four '' era 1.11 Move from Oakland back to San Francisco 2 Rivalries 2.1 Cleveland Cavaliers 3 Media 3.1 Television 3.2 Radio 4 Season - by - season records 5 Home arenas 6 Training facilities 7 Head coaches 8 Players 8.1 Current roster 8.2 Retained draft rights 8.3 Retired numbers 8.4 Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame members 8.5 FIBA Hall of Famers 9 Statistical leaders and awards 9.1 Franchise leaders 9.2 Individual awards 9.3 NBA All - Star Weekend 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Franchise history Main article : History of the Golden State Warriors Team creation The Warriors were founded in 1946 as the Philadelphia Warriors , a charter member of the Basketball Association of America . They were owned by Peter A. Tyrrell , who also owned the Philadelphia Rockets of the American Hockey League . Tyrrell hired Eddie Gottlieb , a longtime basketball promoter in the Philadelphia area , as coach and general manager . The owners named the team after the Philadelphia Warriors , an old basketball team who played in the American Basketball League in 1925 . 1946 -- 1962 : Philadelphia Warriors Joe Fulks was the league 's first scoring champion . Led by early scoring sensation Joe Fulks , the team won the championship in the league 's inaugural 1946 -- 47 season by defeating the Chicago Stags , four games to one . The NBA , which was created by a 1949 merger , officially recognizes that as its own first championship . Gottlieb bought the team in 1951 . Wilt Chamberlain averaged 41.5 points per game and 25.1 rebounds per game during his five and a half seasons with the Warriors . The Warriors won its other championship in Philadelphia in the 1955 -- 56 season , defeating the Fort Wayne Pistons four games to one . The Warrior stars of this era were future Hall of Famers Paul Arizin , Tom Gola and Neil Johnston . In 1959 , the team signed draft pick Wilt Chamberlain . Known as `` Wilt the Stilt '' , he led the team in scoring six times , quickly began shattering NBA scoring records and changed the NBA style of play forever . On March 2 , 1962 , in a Warrior `` home '' game played on a neutral court in Hershey , Pennsylvania , Chamberlain scored 100 points against the New York Knicks , a single - game record the NBA ranks among its finest moments . 1962 -- 1971 : San Francisco Warriors In 1962 , Franklin Mieuli purchased the majority shares of the team and relocated the franchise to the San Francisco Bay Area , renaming them the San Francisco Warriors . The Warriors played most of their home games at the Cow Palace in Daly City ( the facility lies just south of the San Francisco city limits ) from 1962 to 1964 and the San Francisco Civic Auditorium from 1964 to 1966 , though occasionally playing home games in nearby cities such as Oakland and San Jose . Nate Thurmond averaged over 20 points per game during five different seasons and over 20 rebounds per game during two seasons while with the Warriors . Prior to the 1963 -- 64 NBA season , the Warriors drafted big man Nate Thurmond to go along with Chamberlain . The Warriors won the Western Division crown that season , but lost the 1964 NBA Finals to the Boston Celtics , four games to one . In the 1964 -- 65 season , the Warriors traded Chamberlain to the Philadelphia 76ers for Connie Dierking , Lee Shaffer , Paul Neumann and $150,000 and won only 17 games . In 1965 , they drafted Rick Barry in the first round who went on to become NBA Rookie of the Year that season and then led the Warriors to the NBA finals in the 1966 -- 67 season , losing ( four games to two ) to Chamberlain 's new team that had replaced the Warriors in Philadelphia , the 76ers . Angered by management 's failure to pay him certain incentive bonuses he felt were due him , Barry sat out the 1967 -- 68 season and signed with the Oakland Oaks of the rival American Basketball Association for the following year , but after four seasons in the ABA rejoined the Warriors in 1972 . During Barry 's absence , the Warriors were no longer title contenders , and the mantle of leadership fell to Thurmond , Jeff Mullins and Rudy LaRusso . They began scheduling more home games in Oakland with the opening of the Oakland Coliseum Arena in 1966 and the 1970 -- 71 season would be the team 's last as the San Francisco Warriors . 1971 -- 1978 The Warriors ' 1974 -- 75 championship banner . The franchise adopted its brand name Golden State Warriors prior to the 1971 -- 72 season , in order to suggest that the team represented the entire state of California . Almost all home games were played in Oakland that season ; six were played in San Diego , but none in San Francisco or Daly City . Oakland Arena became the team 's exclusive home court in 1971 . Rick Barry ( shown in 1976 ) was named the NBA Finals MVP in 1975 . The Warriors made the playoffs from 1971 to 1977 except in 1974 , and won their first NBA championship on the West Coast in 1974 -- 75 . In what many consider the biggest upset in NBA history , Golden State not only defeated the heavily favored Washington Bullets but humiliated them in a four - game sweep . That team was coached by former Warrior Al Attles , and led on the court by Rick Barry and Jamaal Wilkes . Barry was named MVP of the finals . At 59 - 23 , the Warriors had the league 's best record during the 1975 -- 76 season . They were upset , however , by the 42 - 40 Phoenix Suns in seven games in the Western Conference Finals . 1978 -- 1987 Because of the loss of key players such as Barry , Wilkes and Thurmond to trades and retirements , the Warriors struggled to put a competitive team on the court from 1978 to 1987 after being one of the NBA 's dominant teams in the 1960s and most of the 1970s . Through the NBA draft , however , they acquired some players such as high - scoring forward Purvis Short ( 1978 ) , former Purdue center Joe Barry Carroll ( 1980 ) and center Robert Parish ( 1976 ) , who was traded to the Boston Celtics in 1980 along with the draft pick that would become Kevin McHale for the pick used to draft Carroll . In 1983 , the Warriors matched the New York Knicks ' offer for free - agent Bernard King , but , unable to pay his high salary , quickly traded him to the Knicks for guard Micheal Ray Richardson , whom they soon shipped to New Jersey in exchange for former Georgetown Hoya point guard Eric `` Sleepy '' Floyd , and journeyman forward Mickey Johnson . ( Floyd once scored 29 points for the Warriors in the fourth quarter of a playoff game against the Lakers , though he was later traded to the Houston Rockets ) . The departure of these players for various reasons symbolized the franchise 's futility during this period , as head coach Attles moved up to the front office as general manager in 1980 and the team made several coaching changes . New owners Jim Fitzgerald and Dan Finane finally managed to return the team to respectability by hiring former Cleveland Cavaliers head coach George Karl as head coach in 1986 after selecting St. John 's small forward Chris Mullin in the 1985 NBA draft . 1987 -- 1997 A ticket for a 1988 -- 89 game between the Warriors and the Jazz . After a subpar stretch in the late 1970s and early 1980s , the team had a brief resurgence under coach Karl , culminating in a 1987 Western Conference Semifinal match against Magic Johnson and the Los Angeles Lakers which is still shown on TV in the NBA 's Greatest Games series . In the game , Warriors ' All - Star point guard Sleepy Floyd 's performance in the second half still stands as the NBA playoff record for points scored in a quarter ( 29 ) and in a half ( 39 ) . His six consecutive field goals in the fourth quarter led to a 51 - point finish for him and a victory for the Warriors . The `` Sleepy Floyd game '' was a catalyst for increased interest in the NBA in the Bay Area which was furthered by new coach Don Nelson , who engineered another successful string of wins in the late 1980s and early 1990s with the high - scoring trio of point guard Tim Hardaway , guard Mitch Richmond and forward Chris Mullin ( collectively known as `` Run TMC '' after the rap group Run - D.M.C. ) . But `` Run TMC '' stayed together for only two seasons ( winning only one playoff series ) , when coach Nelson , in a move to get a promising young front - court player to complement his run - and - gun system , sent Richmond to the Sacramento Kings for rookie power forward Billy Owens . Nelson had been brought to the Warriors from the Milwaukee Bucks by Jim Fitzgerald , who along with Dan Finnane owned the team between 1986 and 1995 . In 1993 -- 94 , with first - round draft pick and Rookie of the Year power forward Chris Webber playing alongside off - guard Latrell Sprewell , the Warriors made the playoffs . At the start of the next season , however , a rift formed between Webber and Sprewell on the one hand and Nelson on the other . All three soon left the team , and the organization went into a tailspin . 1994 -- 95 was the first season under new team owner Chris Cohan , who had bought out Fitzgerald and Finnane . The Warriors selected power forward prospect Joe Smith as their first overall draft pick in 1995 and hired Rick Adelman as the new head coach . They sent Tim Hardaway and Chris Gatling to the Miami Heat for Kevin Willis and Bimbo Coles midway through the 1995 -- 96 season , and ended up with a 36 -- 46 record , three wins short of making the playoffs . While their home court , the Oakland Coliseum Arena , was being extensively renovated , the 1996 -- 97 Warriors played their home games in the San Jose Arena and struggled to a 30 -- 52 finish . Longtime Seton Hall college coach P.J. Carlesimo , who had been recently fired by the Portland Trail Blazers , replaced Adelman as head coach for 1997 -- 98 . Sprewell was suspended for the remainder of the 1997 -- 98 season for losing his temper and choking Carlesimo during a team practice in December , generating the glaring newspaper headline `` WARRIORS HIT ROCK BOTTOM '' and the declaration by GM Garry St. Jean that Sprewell would never play for the Warriors again . He would not play in the NBA again until he was dealt in January 1999 to the New York Knicks for John Starks , Chris Mills and Terry Cummings . 1997 -- 2008 St. Jean had become the new Warriors ' GM in July 1997 ; he and his predecessor Dave Twardzik received much of the blame for the Warriors ' struggles early in Cohan 's turbulent tenure as owner in addition to Cohan himself . St. Jean brought in players such as Terry Cummings , John Starks and Mookie Blaylock who were well past their primes . Twardzik drafted several flops , such as Todd Fuller ( while Kobe Bryant was still available as well as Steve Nash and Jermaine O'Neal ) and Steve Logan ( who never played an NBA game ) . In the following draft , the team selected Adonal Foyle while Tracy McGrady was still available . St. Jean did , however , draft future two - time NBA slam dunk champion off - guard Jason Richardson ( from Michigan State ) , a Warriors ' star scorer through the 2006 -- 07 season . For a few years , with rising stars Richardson , small forward Antawn Jamison and point guard Gilbert Arenas leading the team , the Warriors seemed like a team on the rise ; but the young Warriors did not have enough in the competitive Western Conference to make the playoffs . After the 2002 -- 03 season , St. Jean 's earlier mistakes of committing money to players like Danny Fortson , Adonal Foyle and Erick Dampier were painfully felt by Warriors ' fans when the team was unable to re-sign Arenas despite his desire to stay in the Bay Area . A new rule was implemented in response to second - round draft picks who quickly become superstars . Chris Mullin succeeded St. Jean with the title of Executive Vice President of Basketball Operations in 2004 . He hoped to build a winning team around Jason Richardson , Mike Dunleavy Jr and Troy Murphy , and drafted 7 - foot center Andris Biedriņš from Latvia ( 11th overall ) . At the 2005 trading deadline , he bolstered to the team with the acquisition of point guard Baron Davis , bringing to the team its first superstar since Mullin himself . The Warriors enjoyed a great start to the 2005 -- 06 season , entering the new year with a plus . 500 winning percentage for the first time since 1994 , but managed to win only 13 more games through the end of March due to injuries . Davis often found himself at odds with new head coach Mike Montgomery ( used to dealing with college players in his long tenure at Stanford ) and failed to remain healthy , playing in just 54 games . On April 5 , 2006 , the Warriors were officially eliminated from playoff contention in a 114 -- 109 overtime loss to the Hornets , extending their playoff drought to 12 seasons . 2006 -- 07 : `` We Believe '' season Entering the 2006 -- 07 season , the Warriors held the active record ( 12 ) for the most consecutive seasons without a playoff appearance ( see Active NBA non-playoff appearance streaks ) . During the 2006 off - season , Golden State announced that it had bought out the remaining two years of coach Montgomery 's contract and hired previous Golden State and former Dallas Mavericks coach Don Nelson to take over for him . During training camp , small forward Matt Barnes established himself in the rotation . On January 17 , 2007 , the Warriors traded the disappointing Murphy and Dunleavy with promising young power forward Ike Diogu and Keith McLeod to the Indiana Pacers for forward Al Harrington , forward / guard Stephen Jackson , guard Šarūnas Jasikevičius and forward Josh Powell . This trade allowed the Warriors to `` run and gun '' their way to the playoffs with a more athletic and talented team . On March 4 , 2007 , the Warriors suffered a 106 -- 107 loss in Washington , the Wizards handing them their 6th straight loss when former Warrior Arenas hit a technical free throw with less than one second remaining after Nelson had protested a controversial call with the Warriors ahead by a slim margin . The loss dropped them to 26 -- 35 . March 4 marked the turning point for the Warriors . The Warriors closed out the regular season ( 42 -- 40 ) at 16 -- 5 in their last 21 games . `` We Believe '' became the Warriors ' slogan for the last two months of the season and the playoffs . Led by a healthy Baron Davis , an ever - improving Jason Richardson and young future star off - guard Monta Ellis as well as center Biedriņš , the Warriors immediately dashed the highly favored top - seed Dallas Mavericks ' expectations of a short and easy series win with a Game 1 victory in Dallas thanks to Davis ' frantic style of play . The Mavericks came back to win Game 2 easily to tie the series at a game apiece , but the Warriors won both Games 3 & 4 with a huge lift from the home crowd at Oracle Arena . A close Game 5 saw the Mavericks eke out a 118 -- 112 victory with a last - minute surge led by superstar forward Dirk Nowitzki to send the series back to California at 3 -- 2 . In Game 6 , the Warriors engineered a third - quarter 18 -- 0 run to eliminate the Mavericks and become the NBA 's first No. 8 seed to beat a No. 1 seed in a seven - game series ( and the first NBA No. 8 seed to beat the top seed since 1999 when the New York Knicks eliminated the Miami Heat ) . It was an upset in name only , given the fact that the Warriors had swept the Mavericks in the regular season series . The Warriors went on to play the Utah Jazz in the second round of the 2006 -- 07 playoffs , where they dropped two close games at EnergySolutions Arena to open the series . The series then shifted to the Oracle Arena , where the Warriors won Game 3 in a convincing blowout . Davis scored 32 points and electrified the crowd with a monster dunk on Jazz forward Andrei Kirilenko late in the fourth quarter , but they lost Game 4 at home , their first loss in Oakland in well over a month and the Jazz closed them out in Game 5 in Salt Lake City . 2007 -- 08 season The Warriors faced early difficulties in their attempt to return to the playoffs . Richardson was traded to the Charlotte Bobcats for rookie Brandan Wright . To make things even worse , Jackson was suspended for seven games over a firearm incident . They opened the 2007 -- 08 season with six straight losses , but Ellis ' rise , Davis ' solid injury - free season ( 21.6 points , 8 assists , 4.6 rebounds per game ) , and an overall improvement in team chemistry brought them back to playoff contention ; but in the end the Warriors failed to make the playoffs despite a 48 -- 34 season , which is the best record in NBA history for a non-playoff team since the NBA playoffs had expanded to eight teams per conference . The Western Conference was very strong that season ; every playoff team won 50 games , leaving the Warriors two games out of the last playoff spot . The Warriors sold out nearly every home game during the season averaging 19,631 per game , the highest in team history . 2008 -- 2011 In the offseason , Baron Davis opted to return to his home town and sign with the Los Angeles Clippers . With the 14th pick of the 2008 NBA draft , the Warriors selected and signed Anthony Randolph out of LSU . To compensate for the loss of Davis , the Warriors signed free agents Corey Maggette and Ronny Turiaf and re-signed Ellis and Andris Biedriņš to long - term contracts . The Warriors had a disappointing 2008 -- 2009 season , finishing 29 -- 53 . Ellis was injured in a moped accident , and suspended for 30 games for riding the vehicle against the terms of his contract , depriving the Warriors of their top player . They traded disenchanted forward Al Harrington to the New York Knicks for guard Jamal Crawford , and were undone by injuries and the minimal experience of their young players such as Anthony Morrow and Brandan Wright . Coach Nelson often had to make adjustments to the starting lineups since many of the original starters missed games due to injuries . Despite the team 's losing record , the Warriors were hard to beat when they had a healthy lineup and a strong bench . With leadership and improvement in their young players , they were sometimes able to defeat powerhouse teams such as the Boston Celtics , 99 - 89 . During the 2009 off - season , Warrior ownership declined to renew the contract of general manager Mullin . Larry Riley , Nelson 's longtime assistant coach , was promoted in his place and drafted Stephen Curry as an outstanding 7th lottery pick , but dubiously traded Jamal Crawford to the Atlanta Hawks for Acie Law and Speedy Claxton . The Warriors had another injury - prone year in 2009 -- 10 . as they were consistently unable to field their ideal starting lineup . In November , a malcontented Stephen Jackson and seldom - used Acie Law were traded to the Charlotte Bobcats for Raja Bell ( out for the season with an injury ) and Vladimir Radmanovic . Four days later , they signed center Chris Hunter . Starting in January 2010 , they issued multiple 10 - day contracts , most notably to power forward Anthony Tolliver from the Idaho Stampede . Due to their multiple injuries , they were granted an exception allowing them to sign Reggie Williams from the Sioux Falls Skyforce to a 10 - day contract on March 2 , making it their fifth D - League call - up that season , tying an NBA record . They eventually waived the injured Bell to sign Williams for the rest of the year , and finished the season 26 -- 56 , fourth in the Pacific Division . On June 24 , the Warriors selected Ekpe Udoh , a power forward from Baylor , as the 6th pick of the 2010 NBA draft . They also introduced a modernized version of their `` The City '' logo depicting the new eastern span of the San Francisco - Oakland Bay Bridge , and switched to a simplified color scheme of royal blue and gold . They also introduced new uniforms reminiscent of the 1969 -- 71 `` The City '' uniforms . The Warriors made an offseason trade that sent Turiaf , Randolph and Kelenna Azubuike to the New York Knicks in return for star high - scoring power forward David Lee via a sign - and - trade . Lee agreed to a six - year , $80 million deal , on a framework contingent on the decision of superstar forward LeBron James to leave the Cleveland Cavaliers to sign with the Miami Heat that same day . Following Morrow 's departure after he signed the New Jersey Nets ' offer sheet , the Warriors signed Dorell Wright , formerly with the Miami Heat , to a three - year , $11 million deal . On July 15 , owner Chris Cohan sold the Warriors to Peter Guber of Mandalay Entertainment and his partner Joe Lacob for a then - record $450 million . On November 15 , the Warriors announced the new 19 - person ownership group composed of Joe Lacob , Peter Guber , Vivek Ranadivé , Erika Glazer , Fred Harman , Bob Piccinini , Larry Bowman , Danny German , Marty Glick , Chad Hurley , Craig R. Johnson , Bruce Karsh , Jeffrey A. Miller , Paul Schaeffer , David Scially , Nick Swinmurn , Harry Tsao , John Walecka and Dennis Wong . The Warriors gathered together during the team 's starting lineup ceremony prior to their 2011 -- 12 exhibition opener against the Sacramento Kings . The Warriors continued their signing spree by adding Harvard guard Jeremy Lin to their roster with a one - year partially guaranteed contract containing a second - year team option , the first Taiwanese - American player in NBA history . Louis Amundson was then added for little under $5 million in mid-September . Keith Smart was hired as head coach that same month after Nelson had resigned before the start of training camp . In February 2011 , the Warriors traded Brandan Wright and Dan Gadzuric for Troy Murphy and a 2011 second - round pick . On February 27 , Murphy and the Warriors reached a buyout agreement and he was waived . During a steady season without making any real ground in the playoff race , the Warriors broke franchise records with 21 made 3 's in a win against the Orlando Magic . In April 2011 , Dorell Wright made a franchise record of 184 3 's in a season in a home win versus Los Angeles Lakers , surpassing Richardson 's 183 in 2005 -- 06 . He then broke another NBA record , as the first player to have scored more points in his seventh season than in all his first six seasons combined in a win against the Portland Trail Blazers . He ended the season with the most three - pointers made in the NBA that season with 194 , as well as the most 3s attempted with 516 , both of which set new Warrior franchise records . The Warriors failed to make the playoffs after a 36 - win season in 2010 -- 11 , and coach Smart was dismissed on April 27 due to the change in ownership . 17 - year NBA veteran and former ABC and ESPN commentator Mark Jackson replaced him as head coach on June 6 . On December 19 , they traded Amundson to the Indiana Pacers for small forward Brandon Rush . 2011 -- present : `` Splash Brothers '' era The `` Splash Brothers '' : Stephen Curry ( left ) and Klay Thompson ( right ) The Warriors did not improve in the 2011 -- 12 NBA season under coach Jackson , finishing the lockout - shorted season with a 23 -- 43 record , 13th in the conference . The team suffered several injuries to key players , and due to the lockout , Jackson could not establish his system in training camp . They then entered into another chaotic rebuilding phase . Team leader Monta Ellis was traded in mid-March 2012 , along with Kwame Brown and Ekpe Udoh , to the Milwaukee Bucks for center Andrew Bogut ( out injured for the season ) and former Warrior small forward Stephen Jackson , who without playing a game for the Warriors was quickly traded to the San Antonio Spurs for Richard Jefferson and a conditional first - round pick on March 15 . These moves saw the rise of Stephen Curry and David Lee to team co-captains , and saw off - guard Klay Thompson , the 11th overall pick of the 2011 NBA draft , move into a starting role . On July 11 , they acquired point guard Jarrett Jack from the New Orleans Hornets in a three - team trade also including the Philadelphia 76ers , who received Dorell Wright from Golden State . On August 1 , they signed forward Carl Landry on the termination of his one - year contract with the Hornets . In the 2012 NBA draft , they selected small forward Harrison Barnes with the 7th overall pick , center Festus Ezeli with the 30th pick , small forward Draymond Green 35th overall , and 7 - foot 1 - inch center Ognjen Kuzmic 52nd overall . In early November , swingman Rush was lost for the year with a torn ACL after falling awkwardly on the court early in the second game of the season , and less than a month later the team announced that Bogut was out indefinitely with a foot injury that was more serious than originally reported . Bogut did not return to regular play until late in the season . Coming out of this maelstrom of trades and injuries with a team starting two rookies ( Barnes and Ezeli ) , the Warriors had one of their best starts in decades , earning their 20th win before hitting the 30 - game mark for the first time since 1992 . The Warriors also achieved a milestone by completing their first ever 6 -- 1 road trip in franchise history , including a 97 -- 95 win over the defending champion Heat in Miami . On April 9 , 2013 , with a win over the Minnesota Timberwolves , the Warriors clinched the playoffs for the second time in 19 years and the first time since the 2006 -- 07 `` We believe '' Warriors . This time , the local battlecry was `` we belong '' . The team finished the season with a record of 47 -- 35 , earning the sixth seed in the Western Conference , and defeated the Denver Nuggets in the first round of the playoffs by winning four out of six games . They lost in the second round to the San Antonio Spurs , four games to two . This was the first playoff experience for all of the starters of this group except for Andrew Bogut . Other highlights of the season included Stephen Curry 's 272 three - point baskets to set an NBA single - season record , giving him the nickname `` baby - faced assassin '' , and the naming of forward David Lee to the 2013 NBA All - Star Game as a reserve , ending the team 's 16 - year drought without an All Star selection , dating back to Latrell Sprewell in the 1997 season . Curry and Klay Thompson , dubbed the `` Splash Brothers '' by team employee Brian Witt for their backcourt shooting prowess , combined for 483 three - pointers during the season , easily besting the prior record of 435 set by the Orlando Magic 's Nick Anderson and Dennis Scott in 1995 -- 96 . 2013 -- 14 : improvements With their lone selection in the 2013 NBA draft , the Warriors made 22 - year - old Serbian combo - guard Nemanja Nedovic the 30th and final pick of the first round . In early July 2013 , Golden State signed former Denver Nuggets swingman and free agent Andre Iguodala to a four - year , $48 million deal . To make room under their salary cap , the Warriors traded Richard Jefferson , Andris Biedrins and Brandon Rush , along with multiple draft picks , including their 2014 and 2017 first - round picks , to the Utah Jazz . The Warriors lost free - agent guard Jarrett Jack , who departed for the Cleveland Cavaliers , and free agent power forward Carl Landry , who went to the Sacramento Kings . To help fill the void left by Landry , the Warriors signed forward - center Marreese Speights to a three - year , $10 million contract . The team also signed one - year deals with veteran center Jermaine O'Neal ( $2 million ) and point guard Toney Douglas ( $1.6 million ) . On August 21 , the Warriors signed 7 ft 1 in Serbian center Ognjen Kuzmic , who had been playing in Europe since his selection in the 2012 NBA draft , to a guaranteed two - year deal . The Warriors began the 2013 -- 14 season showing flashes of brilliance and also plenty of lapses . In early December their record was 12 -- 9 , as compared to 17 -- 4 the year before . One challenging factor was a tough starting schedule that saw them play 14 of their first 22 games on the road , including 10 games against teams holding playoff spots in the standings . A stream of injuries also held the team back , including injuries to Festus Ezeli ( off - season surgery to repair the right knee , out for the season ) , Toney Douglas ( left tibia stress reaction , out nearly a month from mid-November to December ) , and Jermaine O'Neal ( right wrist injury and surgery , out from mid-November to early February ) . Stephen Curry and Harrison Barnes were also out for at least four games before the all - star break , each with minor injuries . Most prominently of all , Iguodala suffered a hamstring pull in late November that kept him out for over a month , during which time the Warriors ' performance suffered significantly on both the defensive and offensive ends of the court , and the team posted a losing 5 -- 7 record while revealing a lack of depth on their bench . With Iguodala back in the lineup , the Warriors went on a 10 - game winning streak , which included six consecutive wins on a single road trip , tying an NBA record . The winning streak was the longest for the franchise since the 1975 championship year , and just one short of the team record of 11 consecutive wins , set in the 1971 -- 72 season . To strengthen their underperforming bench , the Warriors made a three - team trade on January 15 , sending Douglas to the Miami Heat and picking up guards Jordan Crawford and MarShon Brooks from the Boston Celtics and then , a day before the trade deadline , trading Kent Bazemore and Brooks to the Los Angeles Lakers in exchange for veteran point guard Steve Blake . Thanks in part to the improved effectiveness of their backup squad , boosted by the additions of Blake and Crawford and the play of 35 - year - old Jermaine O'Neal ( who returned sooner than expected from wrist surgery ) , the Warriors were one of the winningest teams in the NBA after the all - star break . Nonetheless , and despite several victories over top contenders , the team displayed a pattern of losing games to inferior teams even at their home arena . On April 11 , in a 112 -- 95 stomping of the Los Angeles Lakers at the Staples Center , the Warriors clinched a playoff berth in consecutive seasons for the first time since 1991 and 1992 . However , just one day earlier in a loss against the Portland Trail Blazers , Andrew Bogut suffered a cracked rib that would keep him out of the post-season , a big blow to the sixth - seed Warriors ' playoff hopes . The Warriors ended the season 51 -- 31 , winning more than 50 games for only the fourth time in franchise history , finishing 20 games over . 500 for the first time in 22 years , and tying the 1991 -- 92 squad for the franchise 's all - time mark of 24 wins on the road . Even without Bogut , in the first round of the playoffs the Warriors battled the third - seed Los Angeles Clippers to a seventh and deciding game , which the Warriors lost , bringing their 2013 -- 14 season to an end . It was season of many thrilling moments in which the Warriors ' played in 17 regular - season games decided by 2 points or less , 6 games with winning shots in the final 3 seconds , and 7 comeback wins in which the Warriors had been behind by 15 points or more . In other noteworthy occurrences for the season , Curry was named to the starting lineup for the 2014 NBA All - Star Game . For Curry , the only Warrior named to the team , this was his first all - star appearance in five seasons as an NBA player . Curry hit another notable milestone in posting 4 triple - doubles for the season , tying a franchise record unequaled since Wilt Chamberlain in 1963 -- 64 . Curry also averaged career - bests in points and assists ; averaging 24.0 points and 8.5 assists in the season . Curry and Klay Thompson continued to set league records in three - point shooting . On February 7 , in a 102 -- 87 win over the Chicago Bulls , the backcourt duo became the first teammates to each make a three - pointer in 30 consecutive games . Curry , who finished the season with 261 threes , set an individual record for most three - pointers in a span of two seasons with 533 , surpassing the previous mark of 478 set by Seattle Supersonic Ray Allen in 2004 -- 05 and 2005 -- 06 . Together , Thompson and Curry combined for 484 threes on the year , besting by one the NBA record they had set the year before . 2014 -- 15 : from turmoil to champions Even as the team rolled towards the post-season , signs emerged of trouble in the Warriors ' front office . On March 25 , the team reassigned assistant coach Brian Scalabrine to the team 's NBA Development League Affiliate in Santa Cruz because of what head coach Mark Jackson called a `` difference in philosophies '' and what unnamed league sources cited by Yahoo ! Sports called `` an increasingly dysfunctional atmosphere '' on the Warriors ' coaching staff . Fewer than two weeks later , assistant coach Darren Erman was fired for secretly recording conversations between coaches , staff and players . During the post season , rumors persisted in the press that Mark Jackson 's job as head coach was in jeopardy , leading the players to make a unanimous declaration of support for Jackson 's return only minutes after the Warriors ' first - round , game seven playoff loss to the Clippers . Nonetheless , three days later , on May 6 , the team announced the firing of Mark Jackson as head coach . In his three - season tenure as head coach , Jackson compiled a 121 - 109 (. 526 ) record , overseeing a terrific turnaround . When Jackson took the helm in 2011 , the franchise had made the playoffs only one time over the prior 17 seasons , averaging 30.2 wins per season during that period . Jackson , 49 , became just the third head coach in franchise history to lead a team to at least 50 wins in a season , joining Don Nelson and Alvin Attles , who both hit the mark twice with the Warriors . With 121 wins overall , Jackson ranks fourth on the franchise 's all - time wins list , trailing Attles ( 557 ) , Nelson ( 422 ) and Eddie Gottlieb ( 263 ) . On May 14 , 2014 , the Golden State Warriors named Steve Kerr the team 's head coach in a reported $25 million deal over five years . It was a first - time head - coaching position for Kerr , 48 , a five - time NBA champion point guard who holds the all - time career record for accuracy in three - point shooting (. 454 ) . Kerr formerly served as president and general manager for the Phoenix Suns basketball team ( 2007 to 2010 ) , and had most recently been working as an NBA broadcast analyst for Turner Network Television ( TNT ) . The Warriors completed the regular season with a record of 67 - 15 , the best in the league and the most wins in franchise history . The Warriors also finished with a home record of 39 -- 2 , the second best in NBA history . They were first in defensive efficiency for the season and second in offensive efficiency , barely missing the mark that the Julius Erving led Sixers achieved by being first in both offensive and defensive efficiency . On May 4 , Stephen Curry was named the 2014 -- 15 NBA Most Valuable Player , the first Warrior to do so since Wilt Chamberlain in 1960 . In the first round of the playoffs , they swept the New Orleans Pelicans , defeated Memphis Grizzlies in the second round in six games and defeated Houston Rockets in five games of the Western Conference Finals . The Warriors advanced to their first NBA Finals since 1975 , where they defeated the Cleveland Cavaliers in six games to win their fourth NBA title , and their first in 40 years . Andre Iguodala was named Finals MVP . Other highlights of the season included Stephen Curry breaking his own record for three - pointers made in a single season with 286 . He and Klay Thompson made a combined 525 three - pointers , the most by a duo in NBA history . In the postseason , Curry shattered Reggie Miller 's record of 58 made three - pointers in a single postseason with 98 . On January 23 , 2015 , Klay Thompson broke an NBA record for points in a quarter with 37 in the third . Curry was also the leader in the voting polls for the 2015 NBA All - Star Game , won the 2014 -- 15 NBA Most Valuable Player award and the 2015 ESPYs Best Male Athlete award . 2015 -- 16 : broken records Draymond Green was an All - NBA Second Team member in 2015 -- 16 The Warriors began the season by winning their first 24 games , eclipsing the previous best start in NBA history , set by the 1993 -- 94 Houston Rockets and the 1948 -- 49 Washington Capitols at 15 -- 0 . The Warriors surpassed the 1969 -- 70 New York Knicks for the best road start in NBA history at 14 -- 0 , which is also the joint - third longest road win streak . Their record - setting start ended when they were defeated by the Milwaukee Bucks on December 12 , 2015 . The Warriors broke a 131 - year - old record of 20 -- 0 set by the 1884 St. Louis Maroons baseball team , to claim the best start to a season in all of the major professional sports in America . Golden State also won 28 consecutive regular - season games dating back to the 2014 -- 15 season , eclipsing the 2012 -- 13 Miami Heat for the second longest winning streak in NBA history . The team set an NBA record 54 - straight regular season home game winning streak , which spanned from January 31 , 2015 , to March 29 , 2016 . The previous record of 44 was held by the 1995 -- 96 Chicago Bulls team led by Michael Jordan . Stephen Curry , Draymond Green and Klay Thompson were all named to the All - Star Game , the first time the Warriors have had three All - Stars since 1976 . Green broke the Golden State franchise record of nine triple - doubles in a season . Curry broke numerous three - point records during the season , including his own NBA record for made three - pointers in a season of 286 ; he finished the season with 402 three pointers . He made a three - pointer in 151 consecutive games , which broke the NBA record of 127 set by Kyle Korver in 2014 . On February 27 , 2016 , Curry also tied the NBA record of twelve three - pointers made in a single game , jointly holding it with Donyell Marshall and Kobe Bryant . On April 13 , 2016 , Golden State set the record for most wins in a single season , beating Memphis , and finishing 73 - 9 . On May 10 , 2016 , Stephen Curry was named the NBA 's Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) for the second straight season . Curry is the 11th player to win back - to - back MVP honors and became the first player in NBA history to win the MVP award by unanimous vote , winning all 131 first - place votes . The Golden State Warriors went to their second consecutive appearance in the finals with a rematch against the Cleveland Cavaliers . The Warriors went to a 3 - 1 advantage but the Cavaliers made a comeback to tie the series at 3 wins apiece . In Game 7 the Golden State Warriors lost the championship series on their homecourt , and earned the unfortunate distinction of becoming the first team to blow a 3 - 1 lead in the NBA finals . 2016 -- present : the `` fantastic four '' era On July 4 , 2016 , Kevin Durant announced he would leave the Oklahoma City Thunder in order to sign a 2 - year contract with the Golden State Warriors . On July 7 , Durant signed his contract , which gave the Warriors a fourth All - NBA player on their team . The Durant signing made the Warriors the prohibitive favorites to win the NBA championship , according to oddsmakers . The Warriors posted many notable achievements during the 2016 -- 17 regular season . On November 7 , 2016 , Stephen Curry set the NBA record for most 3 - pointers in a game with 13 in a 116 - 106 win over the Pelicans . On December 5 , 2016 , Klay Thompson scored 60 points in 29 minutes in a 142 -- 106 victory over the Pacers . In doing so , Thompson became the first player in NBA history to score 60 or more points in fewer than 30 minutes of playing time . Stephen Curry , Kevin Durant , Draymond Green , and Klay Thompson were all named to the 2017 NBA All - Star Game , making the Warriors only the eighth team in NBA history to have four All - Stars . On February 10 , 2017 , Draymond Green recorded a triple - double with 12 rebounds , 10 assists , and 10 steals , becoming the first player in NBA history to post a triple - double with fewer than 10 points . On March 2 , 2017 , the Warriors ' streak for most games without back - to - back losses ended at 146 with a 94 -- 87 loss to the Chicago Bulls . The streak eclipsed the previous record of 95 held by the Utah Jazz . The Warriors earned home - court advantage throughout the 2017 playoffs , thanks to a 2016 -- 17 regular season record of 67 -- 15 . They were the first team in NBA playoff history to start 12 -- 0 , defeating in order the Trail Blazers , the Jazz , and the Spurs . The 2017 Finals once again pitted the Warriors against the Cavaliers , becoming the first time in NBA history that two teams met in the Finals for three consecutive years . The Warriors won the championship after going 4 -- 1 in the Finals , and their 16 -- 1 playoff record garnered the best winning percentage (. 941 ) in NBA playoffs history . Move from Oakland back to San Francisco In April 2014 , the Warriors began the purchase process for a 12 - acre site in Mission Bay , San Francisco , to hold a new 18,000 - seat arena which is expected to be ready for the 2019 - 20 NBA season , with construction to begin in early 2016 . The sale was finalized in October 2015 . The location was selected after an original proposal to construct the arena on Piers 30 and 32 , just south of the Bay Bridge , met with vocal opposition due to concerns about traffic , environmental impacts and obstruction of views . The new location , which still faces some vocal opposition in San Francisco , apparently eliminates the need for any voter approval , which would have been required with the original site . Some type of waterfront park is planned across from the projected arena , which will be located at an already - existing Muni T - Third stop . The Central Subway , planned to open in 2018 , may provide a direct connection between the new site and the downtown Powell Street Muni / BART station . The Golden State Warriors may consider a concurrent name change , possibly returning to their former name of San Francisco Warriors , although the team 's recent success has them reconsidering that decision . On January 27 , 2016 , it was announced that the Warriors ' new arena would be called Chase Center as part of an agreement with JP Morgan Chase . Rivalries Cleveland Cavaliers Main article : Cavaliers -- Warriors rivalry Media Television Bob Fitzgerald has done television play - by - play , and former Warrior guard Jim Barnett has done color commentary for the Warriors for more than 15 years , currently on Comcast SportsNet Bay Area , where they telecast more than 70 Warrior games a year . They also host Roundtable Live , a half - hour pre-game show leading up to the broadcast of select Golden State home games . Fitzgerald is in his 16th season as the Warriors ' play - by - play man , while Barnett is in his 27th season as color man . Greg Papa , Garry St. Jean , and Kelenna Azubuike are also members of the telecast team , specializing in in - game , halftime and post-game analysis , while Rosalyn Gold - Onwude serves as the sideline reporter . Radio Tim Roye has done the radio play - by - play for Warrior games since 1995 . He is joined in the booth by former Warriors forward Tom Tolbert for home games only . On August 25 , 2016 , the Warriors announced they were leaving long time station KNBR and all of their games will be broadcast on KGMZ . After each game , Roye , Fitzgerald and Barnett get together for post-game radio analysis and a next - game preview . Season - by - season records Main article : List of Golden State Warriors seasons Home arenas Philadelphia Arena ( 1946 -- 1962 ) Philadelphia Convention Hall ( 1952 -- 1962 ) Cow Palace ( 1962 -- 1964 , 1966 -- 1971 and two games in 1975 NBA Finals ) San Francisco Civic Auditorium ( 1964 -- 1966 ) USF War Memorial Gymnasium ( 1964 -- 1966 ) San Diego Sports Arena ( 1971 -- 1972 -- six games ) San Jose Arena ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Coliseum Arena / The Arena in Oakland / Oracle Arena ( 1966 -- 1967 , 1971 -- 1996 and 1997 -- present ) Chase Center ( 2019 , planned ) Training facilities The team trains at Oakland Convention Center , Oakland , California . Head coaches Main article : List of Golden State Warriors head coaches Coaching history Coach Tenure Edward Gottlieb 1946 -- 1955 George Senesky 1955 -- 1958 Al Cervi 1958 -- 1959 Neil Johnston 1959 -- 1961 Frank McGuire 1961 -- 1962 Bob Feerick 1962 -- 1963 Alex Hannum 1963 -- 1966 Bill Sharman 1966 -- 1968 George Lee 1968 -- 1970 Al Attles 1970 -- 1980 Johnny Bach 1980 Al Attles 1980 -- 1983 Johnny Bach 1983 -- 1986 George Karl 1986 -- 1988 Ed Gregory Don Nelson 1988 -- 1995 Bob Lanier 1995 Rick Adelman 1995 -- 1997 P.J. Carlesimo 1997 -- 1999 Garry St. Jean 1999 -- 2000 Dave Cowens 2000 -- 2001 Brian Winters 2001 -- 2002 Eric Musselman 2002 -- 2004 Mike Montgomery 2004 -- 2006 Don Nelson 2006 -- 2010 Keith Smart 2010 -- 2011 Mark Jackson 2011 -- 2014 Steve Kerr 2014 -- present Players Main article : Golden State Warriors all - time roster Current roster Golden State Warriors roster Players Coaches Pos . No . Name Height Weight DOB ( YYYY - MM - DD ) From 5.5 ! F / C 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Bell , Jordan 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 225 lb ( 102 kg ) 1995 - 01 - 07 Oregon 5.5 ! F / C 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Boucher , Chris ( TW ) 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 200 lb ( 91 kg ) 1993 - 01 - 11 Oregon 4.0 ! F 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 Casspi , Omri 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 225 lb ( 102 kg ) 1988 - 06 - 22 Israel 1.5 ! G 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Cleveland , Antonius 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 195 lb ( 88 kg ) 1994 - 02 - 02 Southeast Missouri State 1.5 ! G 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 Curry , Stephen ( C ) 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 190 lb ( 86 kg ) 1988 - 03 - 14 Davidson 4.0 ! F 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 Durant , Kevin 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 240 lb ( 109 kg ) 1988 - 09 - 29 Texas 1.5 ! G 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 Gbinije , Michael 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 200 lb ( 91 kg ) 1992 - 06 - 05 Syracuse 4.0 ! F 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 Green , Draymond 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 230 lb ( 104 kg ) 1990 - 03 - 04 Michigan State 1.5 ! G 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Hamilton , Alex 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 195 lb ( 88 kg ) 1993 - 10 - 05 Louisiana Tech 2.5 ! G / F 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Iguodala , Andre ( C ) 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 215 lb ( 98 kg ) 1984 - 01 - 28 Arizona 5.5 ! F / C 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Jones , Damian 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 245 lb ( 111 kg ) 1995 - 06 - 30 Vanderbilt 1.5 ! G 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 Livingston , Shaun 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 192 lb ( 87 kg ) 1985 - 09 - 11 Peoria Central HS ( IL ) 4.0 ! F 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Looney , Kevon 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 220 lb ( 100 kg ) 1996 - 02 - 06 UCLA 1.5 ! G 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 McCaw , Patrick 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 185 lb ( 84 kg ) 1995 - 10 - 25 UNLV 6.0 ! C 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 McGee , JaVale 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 270 lb ( 122 kg ) 1988 - 01 - 19 Nevada 4.0 ! F 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 Niang , Georges 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 231 lb ( 105 kg ) 1993 - 06 - 17 Iowa State 6.0 ! C 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 Pachulia , Zaza 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 275 lb ( 125 kg ) 1984 - 02 - 10 Georgia 1.5 ! G 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Thompson , Klay 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 215 lb ( 98 kg ) 1990 - 02 - 08 Washington State 4.0 ! F 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 West , David 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 250 lb ( 113 kg ) 1980 - 08 - 29 Xavier 2.5 ! G / F 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Young , Nick 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 210 lb ( 95 kg ) 1985 - 06 - 01 Southern California Head coach Steve Kerr Assistant coach ( es ) Ron Adams Jarron Collins Mike Brown ( associate HC ) Chris DeMarco ( player development ) Bruce Fraser ( player development ) Willie Green ( player development ) Legend ( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended ( GL ) On assignment to G League affiliate ( TW ) Two - way affiliate player Injured Roster Transactions Last transaction : 2017 - 07 - 05 Retained draft rights The Warriors hold the draft rights to the following unsigned draft picks who have been playing outside the NBA . A drafted player , either an international draftee or a college draftee , who is n't signed by the team that drafted him , is allowed to sign with any non-NBA teams . In this case , the team retains the player 's draft rights in the NBA until one year after the player 's contract with the non-NBA team ends . This list includes draft rights that were acquired from trades with other teams . Draft Round Pick Player Pos . Nationality Current team Note ( s ) Ref Retired numbers Golden State Warriors retired numbers No . Player Position Tenure 13 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain 1959 -- 1965 14 Meschery , Tom Tom Meschery 1961 -- 1967 16 Attles , Al Al Attles 1960 -- 1971 17 Mullin , Chris Chris Mullin G / F 1985 -- 1997 , 2000 -- 2001 24 Barry , Rick Rick Barry 1965 -- 1967 , 1972 -- 1978 42 Thurmond , Nate Nate Thurmond 1963 -- 1974 Notes : Includes Chamberlain 's tenure ( 1959 -- 62 ) in Philadelphia . Includes Meschery 's tenure ( 1961 -- 62 ) in Philadelphia . Includes Attles ' tenure ( 1960 -- 62 ) in Philadelphia . He also served as head coach from 1969 to 1983 . Also general manager from 2004 to 2009 . Meschery , Attles , Barry , Thurmond and Mullin are also members of the Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame . Naismith memorial Basketball Hall of Fame members Golden State Warriors Hall of Famers Players No . Name Position Tenure Inducted No . Name Position Tenure Inducted 17 Andy Phillip G / F 1950 -- 1953 1961 00 Robert Parish 1976 -- 1980 2003 14 Tom Gola F / G 1955 -- 1962 1976 17 Chris Mullin G / F 1985 -- 1997 2000 -- 2001 2011 10 Joe Fulks 1946 -- 1954 1978 41 Jamaal Wilkes 1974 -- 1977 2012 11 Paul Arizin F / G 1950 -- 1962 1978 50 Ralph Sampson C / F 1987 -- 1989 2012 13 Wilt Chamberlain 1959 -- 1965 1978 30 Bernard King 1980 -- 1982 2013 16 Jerry Lucas F / C 1969 -- 1971 1980 25 Guy Rodgers 1958 -- 1966 2014 42 Nate Thurmond F / C 1963 -- 1974 1985 23 Mitch Richmond 1988 -- 1991 2014 24 Rick Barry 1965 -- 1967 1972 -- 1978 13 Šarūnas Marčiulionis 1989 -- 1994 2014 6 Neil Johnston 1951 -- 1959 10 Jo Jo White 1979 -- 1980 2015 Coaches No . Name Position Tenure Inducted No . Name Position Tenure Inducted -- Frank McGuire Coach 1961 -- 1962 1977 -- Bill Sharman Coach 1966 -- 1968 -- Alex Hannum Coach 1963 -- 1966 1998 -- Don Nelson Coach 1988 -- 1995 2006 -- 2010 2012 Contributors No . Name Position Tenure Inducted No . Name Position Tenure Inducted -- Eddie Gottlieb Founder / Owner 1946 -- 1962 1972 -- Pete Newell Scout 1977 -- 1984 1979 Arizin , Fulks , Gola , Johnston and Phillip played all or most of their tenure with the Warriors in Philadelphia . Rodgers ' tenure was evenly divided between Philadelphia and San Francisco , and Chamberlain 's nearly so . King ( Knicks ) , Lucas ( Knicks ) , Parish ( Celtics ) , Richmond ( Kings ) , Sampson ( University of Virginia and Rockets ) , White ( Celtics ) , and Wilkes ( Lakers ) were elected mostly for their performances with other teams . Marčiulionis played most of his NBA career with Golden State , but his induction is also for his distinguished international career ( Statyba , USSR , and Lithuania ) . Of those elected to the hall primarily as Warriors , only Thurmond , Barry and Mullin spent significant time with the team since the 1971 move to Oakland and the name change to `` Golden State '' . FIBA Hall of Famers Golden State Warriors Hall of Famers Players No . Name Position Tenure Inducted 13 Šarūnas Marčiulionis 1989 -- 1994 2015 Statistical leaders and awards Franchise leaders Career Leaders Category Player Statistics Games Played Chris Mullin 807 Points Wilt Chamberlain 17,783 Rebounds Nate Thurmond 12,771 Assists Guy Rodgers 4,855 Steals Chris Mullin 1,360 Blocks Adonal Foyle 1,140 Field Goals Wilt Chamberlain 7,216 Field Goal Percentage Andris Biedrins . 595 3 - Point Field Goals Stephen Curry 1,917 3 - Point Field Goal Percentage Anthony Morrow . 460 Free Throws Paul Arizin 5,010 Free Throw Percentage Stephen Curry . 902 Points Per Game Wilt Chamberlain 41.5 Rebounds Per Game Wilt Chamberlain 25.1 Assists Per Game Tim Hardaway 9.3 Steals Per Game Rick Barry 2.3 Blocks Per Game Manute Bol 3.7 Individual awards Most Valuable Player Wilt Chamberlain -- 1960 Stephen Curry -- 2015 , 2016 NBA Finals MVP Rick Barry -- 1975 Andre Iguodala -- 2015 Kevin Durant -- 2017 NBA Scoring Champion Joe Fulks -- 1947 Paul Arizin -- 1952 , 1957 Neil Johnston -- 1953 -- 1955 Wilt Chamberlain -- 1960 -- 1964 Rick Barry -- 1967 Stephen Curry -- 2016 NBA Defensive Player of the Year Draymond Green -- 2017 NBA Rookie of the Year Woody Sauldsberry -- 1958 Wilt Chamberlain -- 1960 Rick Barry -- 1966 Jamaal Wilkes -- 1975 Mitch Richmond -- 1989 Chris Webber -- 1994 NBA Most Improved Player of the Year Gilbert Arenas -- 2003 Monta Ellis -- 2007 NBA Executive of the Year Dick Vertlieb -- 1975 Bob Myers - 2015 , 2017 NBA Coach of the Year Alex Hannum -- 1964 Don Nelson -- 1992 Steve Kerr -- 2016 NBA Sportsmanship Award Stephen Curry -- 2011 NBA Community Assist Award Stephen Curry -- 2014 All - NBA First Team Joe Fulks -- 1947 -- 1949 Howie Dallmar -- 1948 Paul Arizin -- 1952 , 1956 , 1957 Neil Johnston -- 1953 -- 1956 Wilt Chamberlain -- 1960 -- 1962 , 1964 Rick Barry -- 1966 , 1967 , 1974 -- 1976 Chris Mullin -- 1992 Latrell Sprewell -- 1994 Stephen Curry -- 2015 , 2016 All - NBA Second Team Joe Fulks -- 1951 Andy Phillip -- 1952 , 1953 Jack George -- 1956 Neil Johnston -- 1957 Tom Gola -- 1958 Paul Arizin -- 1959 Wilt Chamberlain -- 1963 Rick Barry -- 1973 Phil Smith -- 1976 Bernard King -- 1982 Chris Mullin -- 1989 , 1991 Tim Hardaway -- 1992 Stephen Curry -- 2014 , 2017 Draymond Green -- 2016 Kevin Durant -- 2017 All - NBA Third Team Chris Mullin -- 1990 Tim Hardaway -- 1993 David Lee -- 2013 Klay Thompson -- 2015 , 2016 Draymond Green -- 2017 NBA All - Defensive First Team Nate Thurmond -- 1969 , 1971 Andre Iguodala -- 2014 Draymond Green -- 2015 -- 2017 NBA All - Defensive Second Team Rudy LaRusso -- 1969 Nate Thurmond -- 1972 -- 1974 Phil Smith -- 1976 Jamaal Wilkes -- 1976 , 1977 E.C. Coleman -- 1978 Latrell Sprewell -- 1994 Andrew Bogut -- 2015 NBA All - Rookie First Team Nate Thurmond -- 1964 Fred Hetzel -- 1966 Rick Barry -- 1966 Jamaal Wilkes -- 1975 Gus Williams -- 1976 Joe Barry Carroll -- 1981 Larry Smith -- 1981 Mitch Richmond -- 1989 Tim Hardaway -- 1990 Billy Owens -- 1992 Chris Webber -- 1994 Joe Smith -- 1996 Marc Jackson -- 2001 Jason Richardson -- 2002 Stephen Curry -- 2010 Klay Thompson -- 2012 Harrison Barnes -- 2013 NBA All - Rookie Second Team Latrell Sprewell -- 1993 Donyell Marshall -- 1995 Antawn Jamison -- 1999 NBA All - Star Weekend NBA All - Star selections Paul Arizin -- 1951 , 1952 , 1955 -- 1962 Joe Fulks -- 1951 , 1952 Andy Phillip -- 1951 , 1952 Neil Johnston -- 1953 -- 1958 Jack George - 1956 , 1957 Woody Sauldsberry -- 1959 Tom Gola -- 1960 -- 1962 Wilt Chamberlain -- 1960 -- 1965 Tom Meschery -- 1963 Guy Rodgers -- 1963 , 1964 , 1966 Nate Thurmond -- 1965 -- 1968 , 1970 , 1973 , 1974 Rick Barry -- 1966 , 1967 , 1973 -- 1978 Jim King - 1968 Clyde Lee - 1968 Rudy LaRusso -- 1968 , 1969 Jeff Mullins -- 1969 -- 1971 Jerry Lucas -- 1971 Cazzie Russell -- 1972 Jamaal Wilkes -- 1976 Phil Smith -- 1976 , 1977 Bernard King - 1982 Sleepy Floyd -- 1987 Joe Barry Carroll -- 1987 Chris Mullin -- 1989 -- 1993 Tim Hardaway -- 1991 -- 1993 Latrell Sprewell -- 1994 , 1995 , 1997 David Lee -- 2013 Stephen Curry -- 2014 -- 2017 Klay Thompson -- 2015 -- 2017 Draymond Green -- 2016 , 2017 Kevin Durant -- 2017 NBA All - Star Game head coach Alex Hannum -- 1965 Bill Sharman -- 1968 Al Attles -- 1975 , 1976 Don Nelson -- 1992 Steve Kerr -- 2015 , 2017 NBA All - Star Game MVP Paul Arizin -- 1952 Wilt Chamberlain -- 1960 Rick Barry -- 1967 Slam Dunk Contest Jason Richardson -- 2002 , 2003 Three - Point Contest Stephen Curry -- 2015 Klay Thompson -- 2016 Notes Jump up ^ Philadelphia was 1947 league championship finalist -- and won the inaugural 1947 BAA Finals -- not as Eastern champion but as winner of the runners - up bracket . The Eastern and Western champions met in one best - of - seven semifinal series while four runners - up played best - of - three series to determine the other league finalist . The Warriors were second in the East , won the runners - up bracket , and defeated the Western champion Chicago . Next year the Baltimore Bullets won the runners - up bracket and defeated the Eastern champion Warriors in the 1948 BAA Finals . `` 1946 -- 47 BAA Season Summary '' . `` 1947 -- 48 BAA Season Summary '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : After three seasons the eastern BAA merged with the older , midwestern National Basketball League ( NBL ) to create the NBA prior to the 1949 -- 50 season . The NBA recognizes BAA history as the first stage of its own and begins its list of champions with the 1947 Warriors . `` NBA Season Recaps '' . NBA History ( nba.com/history ) . July 1 , 2014 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : California made `` The Golden State '' its official state nickname in 1968 . `` California State Symbols '' . California State Library . May 10 , 2015 . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . References Jump up ^ `` Warriors All - Time Yearly Results '' . Golden State Warriors 2016 - 17 Media Guide . Golden State Warriors . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History : Team by Team '' ( PDF ) . Official National Basketball Association Guide 2016 - 17 . National Basketball Association . September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com/Stats -- Golden State Warriors seasons '' . National Basketball Association . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors Unveil New Logo , Color Scheme And Branding Elements '' . Golden State Warriors . June 17 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . The colors of the new logos and branding elements are Warriors Royal Blue and California Golden Yellow . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors Reproduction Guideline Sheet '' . NBA Properties , Inc . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.forbes.com/pictures/mli45fhhid/3-golden-state-warriors/#2cad73613c68 ^ Jump up to : `` Behind The Name -- Warriors '' . National Basketball Association . May 10 , 2015 . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sherwood Strauss , Ethan ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` To make splash , Dubs must break up duo '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kale Williams ; Jenna Lyons ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` Warriors fans delirious after basking in historic night '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Official NBA Basketball Encyclopedia . Villard Books . 1994 . p. 29 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 43293 - 0 . Jump up ^ The Official NBA Basketball Encyclopedia , . Villard Books . 1994 . p. 33 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 43293 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Behind The Name -- Warriors '' . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chamberlain scores 100 in 1962 game versus Knicks '' . National Basketball Association . March 2 , 2013 . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rick Barry Bio '' . National Basketball Association . May 3 , 2015 . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors 2014 - 15 Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . National Basketball Association . October 10 , 2014 . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fainaru - Wada , Mark ( February 10 , 2002 ) . `` The man who owns the Warriors / Cohan 's rocky reign / An era marked by lost games , lost fans and endless litigation '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ `` Pacers make 8 - player trade with Warriors '' . Indiana Pacers . January 17 , 2007 . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Warriors @ Trail Blazers Recap On April 18 , the Warriors clinched their first playoff berth since 1994 with a resounding 120 -- 98 win in the regular season finale at Portland . Jump up ^ Thompson , Marcus , II ( April 27 , 2007 ) . `` Warriors fan is behind ' We Believe ' campaign '' . Contra Costa Times . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN Baron Davis Player Card '' . ESPN . 1979 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Larry Riley Q + A : Getting to Know GState 's GM '' . Retrieved 30 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Rusty ( April 15 , 2010 ) . `` Limp to Victory Is Fitting Finish '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ `` Lacob , Guber have deal to buy Warriors '' . Associated Press . July 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Lacob on the New Era Warriors : `` Something very special is happening already '' Talking Points `` . Blogs.mercurynews.com. 2010 - 11 - 15 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ Kawakami , Tim ( February 27 , 2011 ) . `` Breaking news : Warriors buy out Troy Murphy ( and why it 's a wise move ) '' . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved February 28 , 2011 . Murphy had to be waived before Tuesday to remain eligible for a playoff roster on a new team . CLARIFICATION : There is a later deadline for signing with a new team . Jump up ^ `` Warriors , Murphy reach buyout agreement '' . National Basketball Association . Associated Press . February 28 , 2011 . Retrieved February 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ANTONIO GONZALEZ , AP Sports Writer Apr 27 , 6 : 19 pm EDT . `` Warriors promise change , cut ties with coach Smart -- NBA -- Yahoo ! Sports '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 16 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Warriors Name Mark Jackson Head Coach '' . Golden State Warriors . June 6 , 2011 . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors head to Denver lacking playoff experience '' . NBA . Apr 18 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Splash Brothers Take On the World '' . Golden State Warriors . October 17 , 2014 . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Origin of Stephen Curry 's and Klay Thompson 's ' Splash Brothers ' nickname '' . Yahoo ! Sports . February 13 , 2015 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors get guard Nemanja Nedovic with 30th pick in draft '' . mercurynews.com . Jump up ^ Tafur , Vic ( July 5 , 2013 ) . `` Warriors Make Trade Agree to Deal with Iguodala '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Antonio ( July 8 , 2013 ) . `` AP Source : Warriors to sign Marreese Speights '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ Young , Royce ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` Report : Jermaine O'Neal , Toney Douglas to Sign with Warriors '' . CBS Sports.com . Jump up ^ `` B&H Basketball Player Ognjen Kuzmić is the New Player of the Golden State Warriors '' . Sarajevo Times . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors closing in on being a defensive power '' . mercurynews.com . Jump up ^ JayPatt . `` Bosnian center Ognjen Kuzmic signs with Warriors , according to report '' . SBNation.com . Vox Media . Jump up ^ `` Boston Celtics trade Jordan Crawford , MarShon Brooks to Golden State Warriors '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ `` Warriors acquire Steve Blake from Lakers '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . February 19 , 2014 . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 - 14 Top Games : Part 1 '' . Golden State Warriors . May 3 , 2015 . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bleacher Report Milestones . `` Stephen Curry and Klay Thompson Each Make Three - Pointer in 30 Consecutive Games '' . Bleacher Report . Jump up ^ Simmons , Rusty ( March 27 , 2014 ) . `` Assistant Scalabrine reassigned after clash with Jackson '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors coach Mark Jackson forces reassignment of assistant Brian Scalabrine '' . Yahoo ! Sports . March 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Darren Erman fired from Warriors for secret recordings '' . CBSSports.com . Jump up ^ `` Warriors ' players fully support their coach '' . SFGate . Jump up ^ `` Mark Jackson fired by Golden State Warriors '' . Golden State Warriors . Jump up ^ Zach Buckley . `` Golden State Warriors Firing Mark Jackson Would Be Massive Mistake '' . Bleacher Report . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Relieve Head Coach Mark Jackson of His Duties '' . Golden State Warriors . May 6 , 2014 . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Kerr accepts reported five - year , $25 M offer from Warriors '' . CBSSports.com . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors Franchise Index '' . Basketball Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 21 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors 105 - 97 Cleveland Cavaliers : LeBron James loses in NBA Finals for the fourth time as Warriors win first championship in 40 years '' . Daily Mail . 17 June 2015 . Retrieved 18 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Make History With 16th `` Straight Win '' `` . New York Times . November 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best NBA starts '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Longest Road Win Streaks '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Over '' . NBA.com . December 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Longest Home Win Streaks '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Individual Regular Season Records for 3 - Point Field Goals '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grizzlies vs. Warriors - Game Recap - April 13 , 2016 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com. April 14 , 2016 . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry Named 2015 - 16 Kia NBA Most Valuable Player '' . Warriors.com . May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Advance to Second Consecutive NBA Finals -- Golden State Warriors '' . Jump up ^ `` Game 6 of the NBA Finals as it happened '' . Jump up ^ Gallo , D.J. ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` Cleveland Cavaliers beat Golden State Warriors : NBA finals Game 7 -- as it happened '' . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Durant to sign with Warriors '' . ESPN . 4 July 2016 . Retrieved 8 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Sign Free Agent Forward Kevin Durant '' . Golden State Warriors. 8 July 2016 . Retrieved 9 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Durant Effect : Warriors heavy 2017 favourites '' . 5 July 2016 . Retrieved 9 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry hits NBA - record 13 3 - pointers '' . Golden State Warriors. 8 November 2016 . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Klay Thompson Pours In 60 Points , in Just 29 Minutes '' . New York Times . 6 December 2016 . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Four all - stars ? ! ? Warriors join rare NBA company '' . Mercury News . 26 January 2017 . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors ' Draymond Green records one - of - a-kind triple - double with rebounds , assists and steals '' . NBA . 10 February 2017 . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors ' historic streak snapped with loss to Bulls '' . SFGATE. 2 March 2017 . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Purdy : Put a pause on the dynasty talk -- and just enjoy this Warriors title '' . Mercury News . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors shift arena plans to Mission Bay '' . SFGate . Jump up ^ `` New San Francisco Golden State Warriors arena Chase Center '' . KRON4 . Jump up ^ Diamond Leung ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` Warriors expect to break ground on new San Francisco arena in 2016 '' . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . The Warriors are hoping to break ground on their new arena project shortly after the start of 2016 and have the venue completed in July or August 2018 , team president Rick Welts said Tuesday . Jump up ^ `` Warriors formally purchase Mission Bay site '' . SFGate. 2015 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ Knight Perrigan , Heather ( May 22 , 2012 ) . `` Golden State Warriors owners make a risky play '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Board gives Warriors ' arena initial green light '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ Feldman , Dan ( April 25 , 2014 ) . `` Golden State Warriors consider name change '' . NBC sports . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://sports.inquirer.net/234540/nba-warriors-coo-says-no-final-decision-on-san-francisco-name-change Jump up ^ `` Future Warriors arena to be named Chase Center '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Fitzgerald '' . Golden State Warriors . October 28 , 2010 . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.sfgate.com/warriors/article/Warriors-drop-KNBR-head-to-95-7-The-Game-9184253.php Jump up ^ Dineen , J.K. `` Warriors arena to be named Chase Center -- bank buys naming rights '' . SFGate.com . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Coon , Larry . `` NBA Salary Cap FAQ -- 2011 Collective Bargaining Agreement '' . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . If the player is already under contract to , or signs a contract with a non-NBA team , the team retains the player 's draft rights for one year after the player 's obligation to the non-NBA team ends . Essentially , the clock stops as long as the player plays pro ball outside the NBA . Jump up ^ `` Hanging From the Rafters '' . NBA.com . Jump up ^ `` Mullin 's No. 17 jersey retired by Warriors in halftime ceremony '' , 19 March 2012 External links National Basketball Association portal San Francisco Bay Area portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Golden State Warriors . Official website Golden State Warriors Founded in 1946 Played in Philadelphia ( 1946 -- 1962 ) and San Francisco ( 1962 -- 1971 ) Based in Oakland , California Franchise Franchise Team history All - time roster Draft history Seasons Head coaches Current season Arenas Philadelphia Arena Philadelphia Convention Hall Cow Palace San Francisco Civic Auditorium War Memorial Gymnasium ( University of San Francisco ) San Jose Arena Oracle Arena Chase Center General managers Tyrell Gottlieb Feerick Vertlieb Stirling Attles Nelson Twardzik St. Jean Mullin Riley Myers G League affiliate Santa Cruz Warriors Retired numbers 13 14 16 17 24 42 Hall of Famers Paul Arizin Rick Barry Wilt Chamberlain Joe Fulks Tom Gola Neil Johnston Jerry Lucas Šarūnas Marčiulionis Chris Mullin Mitch Richmond Don Nelson Robert Parish Andy Phillip Guy Rodgers Ralph Sampson Nate Thurmond Jamaal Wilkes NBA Championships ( 5 ) 1947 1956 2015 2017 Conference Championships ( 9 ) 1947 1948 1956 1964 1967 2015 2016 2017 Culture / lore Wilt the Stilt 100 point game Nate the Great Nellie Ball Run TMC The Sleepy Floyd game Splash Brothers Death lineup Warrior Girls 73 -- 9 The Block Rivalries Cleveland Cavaliers Media TV NBC Sports Bay Area Radio KGMZ Announcers Bob Fitzgerald Jim Barnett Tim Roye Links to related articles Philadelphia / San Francisco / Golden State Warriors seasons 1940s 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1950s 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1960s 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1970s 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1980s 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1990s 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 2000s 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2010s 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Bold indicates NBA Finals victory Relocated National Basketball Association teams Tri-Cities Blackhawks -- Milwaukee Hawks ( 1951 ) Milwaukee Hawks -- St. Louis Hawks ( 1955 ) Fort Wayne Pistons -- Detroit Pistons ( 1957 ) Rochester Royals -- Cincinnati Royals ( 1957 ) Minneapolis Lakers -- Los Angeles Lakers ( 1960 ) Philadelphia Warriors -- San Francisco Warriors ( 1962 ) Chicago Zephyrs -- Baltimore Bullets ( 1963 ) Syracuse Nationals -- Philadelphia 76ers ( 1963 ) St. Louis Hawks -- Atlanta Hawks ( 1968 ) San Diego Rockets -- Houston Rockets ( 1971 ) Cincinnati Royals -- Kansas City -- Omaha Kings ( 1972 ) Baltimore Bullets -- Capital Bullets ( 1973 ) Kansas City -- Omaha Kings -- Kansas City Kings ( 1975 ) Buffalo Braves -- San Diego Clippers ( 1978 ) New Orleans Jazz -- Utah Jazz ( 1979 ) San Diego Clippers -- Los Angeles Clippers ( 1984 ) Kansas City Kings -- Sacramento Kings ( 1985 ) Vancouver Grizzlies -- Memphis Grizzlies ( 2001 ) Charlotte Hornets -- New Orleans Hornets ( 2002 ) New Orleans Hornets -- New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets ( 2005 ) New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets -- New Orleans Hornets ( 2007 ) Seattle SuperSonics -- Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2008 ) National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Summer League Christmas Day All - 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"The Golden State Warriors are an American professional basketball team based in Oakland, California. The Warriors compete in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member of the league's Western Conference Pacific Division. The Warriors play their home games at the Oracle Arena in Oakland. The Warriors have reached nine NBA Finals, winning five NBA championships in 1947,[b] 1956, 1975, 2015 and 2017. Golden State's five NBA championships are tied for fourth-most in NBA history with the San Antonio Spurs, and behind only the Boston Celtics (17), Los Angeles Lakers (16) and Chicago Bulls (6). As of 2017, the Warriors are the third most valuable NBA franchise according to Forbes, with an estimated value of $2.6 billion.[6]"
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"Oracle Arena in Oakland"
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5733118686593369533 | Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles | Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Wikipedia Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles This article is about the franchise . For entries in the franchise , see Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( disambiguation ) . Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Art by Kevin Eastman Publication information Publisher Mirage Studios First appearance Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles # 1 ( May 1984 ) Created by Kevin Eastman Peter Laird In - story information Base ( s ) Manhattan , New York City Member ( s ) Leonardo Donatello Michelangelo Raphael The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( often shortened to TMNT or Ninja Turtles ) are four fictional teenaged anthropomorphic turtles named after Italian artists of the Renaissance . They were trained by their anthropomorphic rat sensei in the art of ninjutsu . From their home in the sewers of New York City , they battle petty criminals , evil overlords , mutated creatures , and alien invaders while attempting to remain hidden from society . They were created by Kevin Eastman and Peter Laird . The characters originated in comic books published by Mirage Studios and expanded into cartoon series , films , video games , toys , and other merchandise . During the peak of the franchise 's popularity in the late 1980s and early 1990s , it gained worldwide success and fame . Contents 1 History 2 Main characters 3 Comics 3.1 Mirage 3.2 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures 3.3 Dreamwave 3.4 IDW 3.5 Manga 3.6 Comic strip 4 Television series 4.1 First animated series ( 1987 -- 1996 ) 4.2 Original video animation 4.3 Live - action series ( 1997 -- 1998 ) 4.4 Second animated series ( 2003 -- 2009 ) 4.5 Third animated series ( 2012 -- 2017 ) 4.6 Fourth animated series ( 2018 ) 5 Feature films 6 Merchandise 6.1 Toys 7 Video games 8 In other media 8.1 Tabletop role playing game 8.2 Food tie - ins 8.3 Concert tour 8.4 At the Disney - MGM Studios theme park 8.5 Parodies 9 Controversies 9.1 Departure from origins 9.2 Teenage Mutant `` Hero '' Turtles 10 Ownership rights 10.1 Television 10.2 Films 10.3 Comic books 11 See also 12 References 13 Bibliography 14 External links History ( edit ) Cover of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles # 1 ( May 1984 ) The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles first appeared in an American comic book published by Mirage Studios in 1984 in Dover , New Hampshire . The concept arose from a humorous drawing sketched out by Eastman during a casual evening of brainstorming and bad television with Laird . Using money from a tax refund , together with a loan from Eastman 's uncle , the young artists self - published a single - issue comic intended to parody four of the most popular comics of the early 1980s : Marvel Comics ' Daredevil and New Mutants , Dave Sim 's Cerebus , and Frank Miller 's Ronin . The TMNT comic book series has been published in various incarnations by various comic book companies since 1984 . The Turtles started their rise to mainstream success when a licensing agent , Mark Freedman , sought out Eastman and Laird to propose wider merchandising opportunities for the franchise . In 1986 , Dark Horse Miniatures produced a set of 15 - mm ( approximately 0.6 inch ) lead figurines . In January 1987 , Eastman and Laird visited the offices of Playmates Toys , a small California toy company that wanted to expand into the action - figure market . Development was undertaken by a creative team of companies and individuals : Jerry Sachs , advertising agent of Sachs - Finley Agency , brought together the animators at Murakami - Wolf - Swenson headed by Fred Wolf . Wolf and his team combined concepts and ideas with the Playmates marketing crew , headed by Karl Aaronian , vice president ( VP ) of sales Richard Sallis , and VP of Playmates Bill Carlson . Aaronian brought on several designers and concepteur and writer John C. Schulte , and worked out the simple backstory that would live on toy packaging for the entire run of the product and show . Sachs called the high concept pitch `` Green Against Brick '' . The sense of humor was honed with the collaboration of the Murakami - Wolf - Swenson animation firm 's writers . Playmates and their team essentially served as associate producers and contributing writers to the miniseries that was first launched to sell - in the toy action figures . Phrases like `` Heroes in a half shell '' and many of the comical catch phrases and battle cries ( `` Turtle power ! '' ) came from the writing and conceptualization of this creative team . As the series developed , veteran writer Jack Mendelsohn came on board as both a story editor and scriptwriter . David Wise , Michael Charles Hill , and Michael Reaves wrote most of the scripts . The miniseries was repeated three times before it found an audience . Once the product started selling , the show got syndicated and picked up and backed by Group W , which funded the next round of animation . The show then went network , on CBS . Accompanied by the popular Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 1987 TV series , and the subsequent action figure line , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles became a mainstream success . At the height of the frenzy , in the late 1980s and early 1990s , the Turtles ' likenesses could be found on a wide range of children 's merchandise , from Pez dispensers to skateboards , breakfast cereal , video games , school supplies , linens , towels , cameras , and toy shaving kits . While the animated TV series , which lasted for 10 seasons until 1996 , was more light - hearted , the comic - book series continued in a much darker and grittier tone . In 1990 , a live - action feature film was released , with the Turtles and Splinter being portrayed by actors in partially animatronic suits created by Jim Henson 's Creature Shop . The film became one of the most successful independent films and spawned two sequels , as well as inspiring a three - dimensional animated film set in the same continuity , which was released in 2007 under the title TMNT . After the end of the cartoon series , a live - action series in the vein of the films was created in 1997 in conjunction with Saban Entertainment . The series was called Ninja Turtles : The Next Mutation and introduced a fifth , female turtle called Venus de Milo . However , the series was largely unsuccessful and was canceled after one season . The property lay dormant until 2003 , when a new animated TV series also entitled Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles began to air on Fox Box ( 4Kids TV ) . The series storyline stuck much closer to the original Mirage comic book series , but was still less violent . It lasted for seven seasons and 156 episodes , ending in February 2009 . On October 21 , 2009 , it was announced that cable channel Nickelodeon ( a subsidiary of Viacom ) had purchased all of Mirage 's rights to the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles property . Mirage retains the rights to publish 18 issues a year , though the future involvement of Mirage with the Turtles and the future of Mirage Studios itself is unknown . Nickelodeon has developed a new CGI - animated TMNT television series and partnered with fellow Viacom company Paramount Pictures to bring a new TMNT movie to theaters . The TV show premiered on Nickelodeon on September 29 , 2012 . The live - action film , produced by Platinum Dunes , Nickelodeon Movies , and Paramount Pictures , directed by Jonathan Liebesman , and produced by Michael Bay , was released on August 8 , 2014 . Main characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles characters Leonardo ( Leo ) -- The tactical , courageous leader and devoted student of his sensei , Leonardo wears a blue mask and wields two ninjatos , commonly confused by fans and writers as katanas . As the most conscientious of the four , he often bears the burden of responsibility for his brothers , which commonly leads to conflict with Raphael . Leonardo was named after the Italian polymath , painter , engineer , inventor , writer , anatomist , and sculptor , Leonardo da Vinci . Michelangelo ( Mikey or Mike ) -- The most stereotypical teenager of the team , Michelangelo is a free - spirited , relaxed , goofy and jokester , known for his love of pizza . Michelangelo wears an orange mask and wields a pair of nunchucks . He provides the comic relief , though he still has an adventurous side . The least mature of the four Turtles , he shows characteristics of a `` surfer '' type and is often depicted with a Southern Californian accent . He is named after the Italian Renaissance painter , sculptor , architect , poet , and engineer , Michelangelo . His name was originally misspelled `` Michaelangelo '' by Peter Laird and Kevin Eastman . Donatello ( Donnie or Don ) -- The scientist , inventor , engineer , and technological genius , Donatello wears a purple mask and wields a bo staff . Donatello is perhaps the least violent turtle , preferring to use his knowledge to solve conflicts , but never hesitates to defend his brothers . He is named after the early Renaissance Italian artist and sculptor from Florence , Donatello . Raphael ( Raph ) -- The team 's bad boy , Raphael wears a red mask and wields a pair of sai . He has an aggressive nature , and seldom hesitates to throw the first punch . He is often depicted with a very pronounced New York accent . His personality can be fierce and sarcastic , and oftentimes delivers deadpan humor . He is intensely loyal to his brothers and sensei . He is named after the Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance , Raphael . Splinter -- The Turtles ' sensei and adoptive father , Splinter is a Japanese mutant rat that learned the ways of ninjutsu from his owner and master , Hamato Yoshi . In the 1987 TV series , Archie Comics series , and the 2012 TV series , Splinter was Hamato Yoshi mutated into a humanoid rat . In the 2003 TV series , he was Hamato Yoshi 's pet rat . He was mutated from a mysterious ooze from the TCRI building . In the IDW comics , he is Hamato Yoshi reincarnated as a mutated rat . April O'Neil -- A former lab assistant to the mad scientist Baxter Stockman , April is the plucky human companion of the Turtles. April first met the Turtles when they saved her from Baxter 's Mouser robots . She embarks on many of the Turtles ' adventures and aids them by doing the work in public that the Turtles can not . In the 1987 TV series , Archie Comics series , the subsequent three films , and the 2014 film reboot , April was a television news reporter . In the 2007 CGI film ( following the continuity from the original three films ) , Casey Jones and she work for a shipping firm . In the 2012 series , April is a teenager who is rescued by the TMNTs and later given some `` crash courses '' in being a ninja by Splinter . Casey Jones -- A vigilante who wears a hockey mask to protect his identity , Casey Jones has become one of the Turtles ' closest allies , as well as a love interest to April . Casey first encountered the Turtles after having a fight with Raphael . He fights crime with an assortment of sporting goods he carries in a golf bag , such as baseball bats , golf clubs , and hockey sticks . The Shredder -- A villainous ninjutsu master called Oroku Saki , he is the leader of the Foot Clan , an evil ninja clan . In every incarnation of the TMNT franchise , he has been the archenemy of the Turtles and Splinter . The Shredder prefers to use his armor instead of weapons in some versions . Foot Soldiers / Ninjas -- The ninjas of the Foot Clan who work for the Shredder . They are probably the most common villains that the Turtles encounter . Karai -- A female high - rank member of the Foot Clan , she has appeared in several different TMNT comics , cartoons , and films , as well as in multiple video games . In some incarnations of the character , she is closely related to Shredder as his adopted daughter or biological granddaughter . In most works , she shares an ambiguous rivalry with Leonardo , which occasionally even borders on romantic interest . Comics ( edit ) Mirage ( edit ) Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( Mirage Studios ) Eastman and Laird 's Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles premiered in May 1984 , at a comic book convention held at a local Sheraton Hotel in Portsmouth , New Hampshire . It was published by Mirage Studios in an oversized magazine - style format using black and white artwork on cheap newsprint , limited to a print run of only 3,250 copies . Through a clever media kit that included a press release in The Comics Journal # 89 and a full - page ad placed in Comic Buyer 's Guide # 547 , the public 's interest was piqued and thus began the Turtle phenomenon . The small print runs made these early comics and trade magazines instant collector items , and within months , they were trading for over 50 times their cover price . The name `` Mirage Studios '' was chosen because of Eastman and Laird 's lack of a professional art studio at the start of their career , before their creation made them both multimillionaires . Mirage also published a bimonthly companion book entitled Tales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , featuring art by Ryan Brown and Jim Lawson , which was designed to fill in the gaps of continuity in the TMNT universe . This put the original series and Tales in the same mainstream continuity , and the two are thus canon to each other . The title 's first volume was from 1987 -- 1989 , released in alternating months with the regular Eastman and Laird book . All seven issues of volume one have been collected in trade paperback form twice , and 25 issues of volume two have been collected in trades of five issues each . As the TMNT phenomenon proliferated to other media , Eastman and Laird found themselves administrating an international merchandising juggernaut . However , this prevented the two creators from participating in the day - to - day work of writing and illustrating a monthly comic book . So , many guest artists were invited to showcase their unique talents in the TMNT universe . The breadth of diversity found in the various short stories gave the series a disjointed , anthology - like feel . Fans stuck with the series , and what was originally intended as a one - shot became a continuing series that lasted for 129 issues , spanning four separate volumes ( having 62 , 13 , 23 , and 32 issues in the four distinct volumes ) . In June 1996 , Image Comics took over publishing the title in what is considered `` volume 3 '' of the series . It was a slightly more action - oriented TMNT series and although notable for inflicting major physical changes on the main characters , Peter Laird , co-creator of the TMNT , has said this volume is no longer in canon as he began publishing volume 4 at Mirage Publishing . As an explanation , he offered in the pages of the volume 4 ( issue # 8 ) letter column : `` It just did n't feel right . '' After taking back the series from Image Comics , Mirage Studios resumed publication of a fourth volume in December 2001 , under the simple title TMNT . After the publication of issue number 28 , writer Peter Laird placed the series on an eight - month hiatus to devote himself to production of the 2007 TMNT movie . However , after that eight months had passed , Mirage 's official website went on to list the series as in `` indefinite hiatus '' . In January 2008 , Mirage had finally confirmed that the series would return in May 2008 . Issues 29 and 30 had a limited printing of 1,000 copies each , and were available through the official TMNT website . Although the purchase agreement with Nickelodeon allows Laird to produce up to 18 comics a year set in the original Mirage continuity , no new material was released in the next few years . The latest issue of TMNT volume 4 was issue # 32 which came out in print May 4 , 2014 , and online on May 9 , 2014 , almost 4 years after issue # 31 was last released . Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles adventures ( edit ) Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures was a comic - book series published from August 1988 to October 1995 by Archie Comics . The initial storylines were close adaptations of the 1987 TV series , but with the fifth issue , Eastman and Laird decided to hand the series over to Mirage Studios employees Ryan Brown and Stephen Murphy , who immediately abandoned the animated series adaptations and took the title in a decidedly different direction with all - new original adventures , including the uniting of several of the series ' recurring characters as a separate team , the Mighty Mutanimals . Dreamwave ( edit ) Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( Dreamwave Productions ) A monthly comic inspired by the 2003 TV series was published by Dreamwave Productions from June to December 2003 . It was written by Peter David and illustrated by LeSean Thomas . In the first four issues , which were the only ones directly adapted from the TV series , the story was told from the perspectives of April , Baxter , Casey , and a pair of New York City police officers . IDW ( edit ) Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( IDW Publishing ) In April 2011 , IDW Publishing announced that they had acquired the license to publish new collections of Mirage storylines and a new ongoing series . The first issue of the new series was released on August 24 , 2011 . Turtles co-creator Kevin Eastman and Tom Waltz write , with Eastman and Dan Duncan handling art chores . Manga ( edit ) The Turtles have appeared in several manga series . Mutant Turtles ( ミュータント ・ タートルズ , Myūtanto Tātoruzu ) is a 15 - issue series by Tsutomu Oyamada , Zuki mora , and Yoshimi Hamada that simply adapted episodes of the original American animated series . Super Turtles ( スーパー タートルズ Sūpā Tātoruzu ) is a three - issue miniseries by Hidemasa Idemitsu , Tetsurō Kawade , and Toshio Kudō that featured the `` TMNT Supermutants '' Turtle toys that were on sale at the time . The first volume of the anime miniseries followed this storyline . Mutant Turtles Gaiden ( ミュータント ・ タートルズ 外伝 , Myūtanto Tātoruzu Gaiden ) by Hiroshi Kanno is a reinterpretation of the Turtles story with no connection to the previous manga . Mutant Turtles III ( ミュータント ・ タートルズ 3 , Myūtanto Tātoruzu Tsuri ) is Yasuhiko Hachino 's adaptation of the third feature film . Mutant Turtles ' 95 ( ミュータント ・ タートルズ 95 , Myūtanto Tātoruzu Kyūjūgo ) is a 1995 series by Ogata Nobu which ran in Comic BomBom . Mutant Turtles ' 96 ( ミュータント ・ タートルズ 96 , Myūtanto Tātoruzu Kyūjūroku ) is a continuation of the 1995 series when it continued to run through 1996 . Comic strip ( edit ) Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( comic strip ) A daily comic strip written and illustrated by Dan Berger began in 1990 . It featured an adventure story Monday through Friday and activity puzzles on weekends ( with fan art appearing later ) . The comic strip was published in syndication until its cancellation in December 1996 . At its highest point in popularity , it was published in over 250 newspapers . Television series ( edit ) First animated series ( 1987 -- 1996 ) ( edit ) Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 1987 TV series ) Logo of the 1987 cartoon When little - known Playmates Toys , Inc. was approached about producing a TMNTs action figure line , they were cautious of the risk and requested that a television deal be acquired first . On December 28 , 1987 , the TMNT 's first cartoon series began , starting as a five - part miniseries and becoming a regular Saturday - morning syndicated series on October 1 , 1988 , with 13 more episodes . The series was produced by Murakami - Wolf - Swenson Film Productions , Inc. ( later Fred Wolf Films ) . Mirage Studios does not own the rights to this cartoon series . The show places a much stronger emphasis on humor than the comics do . Here , the Ninja Turtles are portrayed as four wise - cracking , pizza - obsessed superheroes that fight the forces of evil from their sewer hideout , and they make their first appearance in masks color - coded to each turtle , where previously they had all worn red . The cast included new and different characters , such as Bebop and Rocksteady and the Neutrinos . Original characters such as Splinter , Shredder , and the Foot Soldiers stayed true to the comics in appearance and alignment only . Instead of being Hamato Yoshi 's mutated pet rat , Splinter was a mutated Hamato himself . The Foot Soldiers changed from human ninjas to an endless supply of robotic grunts , allowing large numbers of them to be destroyed without anyone dying ( this was a very important decision in terms of the show 's child audience ; excessive violence would have alienated parents of children , the show 's target demographic ) . Krang , one of the series ' most memorable villains , was inspired by the design of the Utrom , a benign alien race from the Mirage comics . The animated Krang , however , was instead an evil warlord from Dimension X . Baxter Stockman , whose race was changed from black to white either due to apprehension toward depicting a villainous African American character in a children 's cartoon or that for Shredder to boss around a black Stockman would be perceived as racist . Either way , Stockman was rewritten as a shy and meek lackey to Shredder , later mutating into an anthropomorphic housefly . During the final two seasons of the show , to combat the rising popularity of Mighty Morphin Power Rangers , the lead villain switched to Lord Dregg , an evil alien overlord bent on world conquest by trying to distract the public into believing that the Turtles were the enemy instead of himself . Starting on September 25 , 1989 , the series was expanded to weekdays and it had 47 more episodes for the new season . There were 28 new syndicated episodes for season 4 and only 13 of those episodes aired in 1990 . The `` European Vacation '' episodes were not seen in the United States until USA Network started showing reruns in late 1993 and the `` Awesome Easter '' episodes were not seen until 1991 . These episodes were delayed because of animation or scheduling problems . The turtles are also well known for their use of idiomatic expressions characteristic of the surfer lingo of the time , especially by Michelangelo . Words and phrases included `` bummer '' , `` dude '' , `` bogus '' , `` radical '' , `` far - out '' , `` tubuloso '' , `` bodacious '' , and possibly the most recognized , `` cowabunga '' . On April 21 , 1990 , a drug - prevention television special was broadcast on ABC , NBC , and CBS named Cartoon All - Stars to the Rescue that featured some of the most popular cartoons at the time ; representing TMNT was Michelangelo , voiced by Townsend Coleman . Starting on September 8 , 1990 ( with a different opening sequence ) , the show began its run on CBS . The CBS weekend edition ran for a full hour until 1994 , initially airing a few Saturday - exclusive episodes back - to - back . Also , a brief `` Turtle Tips '' segment aired between the two episodes , which served as public - service announcement about the environment or other issues . After 1994 , the show was reduced to just a half - hour and only eight episodes per season were produced , grouped into a `` CBS Action Zone '' block that also featured WildC. A.T.s. and Skeleton Warriors , both of which were canceled after one season ; though TMNTs retained their `` Action Zone '' introduction . The two shows in the block were also produced by Fred Wolf Films . The series ran until November 2 , 1996 , when it aired its final episode . Its enormous popularity gave rise to its numerous imitators , including the Battletoads , Cheetahmen , Wild West C.O.W. - Boys of Moo Mesa , Road Rovers , Street Sharks , Extreme Dinosaurs , and Biker Mice from Mars . Currently , all 193 episodes are available on DVD and VHS . Original video animation ( edit ) Main article : Mutant Turtles : Choujin Densetsu - hen In addition to the American series , a Japan - exclusive two - episode anime original video animation ( OVA ) series was made in 1996 , titled Mutant Turtles : Choujin Densetsu - hen . The OVA is similar in tone to the 1987 TV series and uses the same voices from TV Tokyo 's Japanese dub of the 1987 TV series . The first episode was made to advertise the TMNT Supermutants toys . It featured the Turtles as superheroes , that gained costumes and superpowers with the use of Mutastones , while Shredder , Bebop and Rocksteady gained supervillain powers with the use of a Dark Mutastone . As with the Super Sentai and Power Rangers franchises , the four Turtles could combine to form the giant Turtle Saint . The second episode was created to advertise the Metal Mutants toys in which the characters gain Saint Seiya-esque mystical metal armor that can transform into beasts . Live - action series ( 1997 -- 1998 ) ( edit ) Logo of the live - action series Main article : Ninja Turtles : The Next Mutation In 1997 -- 1998 , the Turtles starred in a live - action television series called Ninja Turtles : The Next Mutation that directly follows the events of the first three movies . A fifth turtle was introduced , a female named Venus de Milo , who was skilled in the mystical arts of the shinobi . The series was intended as a loose continuation of the movie franchise , as Shredder had been defeated and the Ninja Turtles encountered new villains . Other connections to the feature films include the fact that Splinter 's ear was cut , the Foot Soldiers were humans , and the Turtles lived in the abandoned subway station seen in the second and third movies . The Next Mutation Turtles made a guest appearance on Power Rangers in Space . It was canceled after one season of 26 episodes . Second animated series ( 2003 -- 2009 ) ( edit ) Logo of the 2003 cartoon Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2003 TV series ) In 2003 , a new TMNT series produced by 4Kids Entertainment began airing on the `` FoxBox '' ( later renamed `` 4Kids TV '' ) programming block . It later moved to `` The CW4Kids '' block . The series was co-produced by Mirage Studios , and Mirage owned one - third of the rights to the series . Mirage 's significant stake in creative control resulted in a cartoon that hews more closely to the original comics , creating a darker and edgier feel than the 1987 cartoon , but still remains lighthearted enough to be considered appropriate for children . This series lasted until 2009 , ending with a feature - length television movie titled Turtles Forever , which was produced in conjunction with the 25th anniversary of the TMNTs franchise and featured the Turtles of the 2003 series teaming up with their counterparts from the 1987 series . 4Kidstv.com featured all the episodes of the series , until September 2010 , when Nickelodeon brought the series and air the series occasionally on Nicktoons and Nickelodeon normally during TMNTs marathons . Third animated series ( 2012 -- 2017 ) ( edit ) Logo of the 2012 cartoon Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2012 TV series ) Nickelodeon acquired the global rights to Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles from the Mirage Group and 4Kids Entertainment , Inc. and announced a new CGI - animated TMNT television series . The 2012 version is characterized by anime - like iconography and emphasis on mutagen continuing to wreak havoc on the everyday lives of the Turtles and their enemies . The series ran for five seasons . Fourth animated series ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Main article : Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Nickelodeon announced a new 2D animated series based on the franchise , which will debut in July 2018 . Feature films ( edit ) Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( film series ) The Turtles have appeared in six feature films . The first three are live - action features produced in the early 1990s : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 1990 ) , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II : The Secret of the Ooze ( 1991 ) , and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III ( 1993 ) . The Turtles were played by various actors in costumes featuring animatronic heads , initially produced by Jim Henson 's Creature Shop . The fourth film is a CGI - animated film titled simply TMNT and released in 2007 . A reboot , titled Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles produced by Platinum Dunes , Nickelodeon Movies , and Paramount Pictures , directed by Jonathan Liebesman , and produced by Michael Bay , was released on August 8 , 2014 . A sequel , Out of the Shadows was released on June 3 , 2016 . Merchandise ( edit ) Among the first licensed products to feature the TMNT was a tabletop role - playing game titled Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles & Other Strangeness , published by Palladium Books in 1985 , and featuring original comics and illustrations by Eastman and Laird . The game features a large list of animals , including elephants and sparrows , that are available as mutant player characters . Several more titles were in this genre , including Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures , Truckin ' Turtles , Turtles Go Hollywood , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Guide to the Universe , and Transdimensional Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles . In 1986 , Dark Horse Miniatures in Boise , Idaho , produced an attendant set of lead figurines ; unlike later incarnations , the bandannas on the store 's display set were painted all black before the multicolored versions were released to help younger readers distinguish between the four characters other than their weaponry . Palladium allowed the license to lapse in 2000 , in part due to declining sales stemming from the `` kiddification '' of the animated and live - action incarnations to that point . However , Palladium 's publisher , Kevin Siembieda , has indicated a potential willingness to revisit the license given the franchise 's recent moves closer to its roots . Toys ( edit ) Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles action figures During the run of the 1987 TV series , Playmates Toys produced hundreds of TMNT action figures , along with vehicles , playsets , and accessories , becoming one of the top collectibles for children . Staff artists at Northampton , Massachusetts - based Mirage Studios provided conceptual designs for many of the figures , vehicles , and playsets and creator credit can be found in the legal text printed on the back of the toy packaging . In addition , Playmates produced a series of TMNTs / Star Trek crossover figures , due to Playmates holding the Star Trek action - figure license at the time . Playmates employed many design groups to develop looks and styles for the toy line , including Bloom Design , White Design , Pangea , Robinson - Clarke , and McHale Design . The marketing vice president of Playmates , Karl Aaronian , was largely responsible for assembling the talented team of designers and writers , which in turn , helped germinate continued interest in the toy line . Never before in toy history did an action - figure line have such an impact for over two decades , generating billions of dollars in licensing revenue . The series was highly popular in the UK , where in the run - up to Christmas , the Army & Navy Store in London 's Lewisham devoted its entire basement to everything Turtle , including games , videos , costumes , and other items . Playmates continue to produce TMNT action figures based on the 2003 animated series . The 2007 film TMNT also gave Playmates a new source from which to make figures , while National Entertainment Collectibles Association produced a series of high - quality action figures based on character designs from the original Mirage comics . In 2012 , a new toy line and a new classic toy line from Playmates were announced to be released . Video games ( edit ) Main article : List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles video games The first console video game based on the franchise , titled Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , was released for the Nintendo Entertainment System ( NES ) by Konami under their `` Ultra Games '' label in 1989 and later ported to home computers and eventually for the Wii on the Virtual Console . Also released by Konami in 1989 was an arcade game , also titled simply Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , later ported to the NES as Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II : The Arcade Game , leading to an NES - only sequel , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III : The Manhattan Project , which used the look of the arcade game , as opposed to the first NES game . The next Turtles game , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Turtles in Time , was released in 1991 as an arcade game , and was later ported to the Super Nintendo Entertainment System ( Super NES ) in 1992 . Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : The Hyperstone Heist was also created for the Sega Genesis in the same year , and used many of the art assets from TMNT IV . There was also a trilogy of TMNT video games for the original Game Boy system made by Konami , consisting of : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Fall of the Foot Clan , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II : Back from the Sewers , and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III : Radical Rescue . As the video game series progressed , and the Ninja Turtles ' popularity began to decline in the mid-1990s , the video games changed direction . Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Tournament Fighters was released as a set of one - on - one fighting game similar to the Street Fighter series ; versions were released for the NES , SNES , and Genesis , each a distinct game . Konami also acquired the license to adapt the 2003 TV series into a video game franchise , resulting in a new series of games with 3D gameplay inspired by the old TMNT beat ' em up games , consisting of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2003 video game ) , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2 : Battle Nexus , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 3 : Mutant Nightmare , and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Mutant Melee . In 2006 , Ubisoft acquired the rights for TMNT games , beginning with a game based on the 2007 animated feature film , along with a distinct game for the Game Boy Advance similar in style to the Konami arcade games . A beat ' em up game Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Arcade Attack was released for the Nintendo DS in 2009 , to coincide with the series ' 25th anniversary . In 2013 , Activision released the downloadable game Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows , based on the 2012 TV series and developed by Red Fly Studio for the Xbox Live Arcade , PlayStation Network and Steam . On January 25 , 2016 , Activision and PlatinumGames announced Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Mutants in Manhattan for the PlayStation 4 , PlayStation 3 , Xbox One , Xbox 360 , and PC . The game is described as a third - person , team - based brawler . The campaign will be playable either single - player or co-op and will have an original story written by Tom Waltz , IDW comic writer and editor . The art style is based on long time TMNT comic artist Mateus Santolouco . Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Legends , a Free to play Role - playing video game has been released by Ludia in summer 2016 for iPhone , iPad , Android , and Kindle Fire . It is based on the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2012 TV series ) . The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles appear as playable characters in the DC Comics fighting game Injustice 2 as a part of the `` Fighter Pack 3 '' downloadable content . In other media ( edit ) Tabletop role playing game ( edit ) In 1985 , Palladium Books published Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles & Other Strangeness . This was a stand - alone game , as well as acting as an expansion for their game Rifts . The game used many key mechanics from the Palladium system . The game itself is limited to which martial arts are available , but a separate book , Ninjas and Superspies , increased the amount available to a choice of 41 martial arts styles . Examples of animals created are included in the appendices as potential antagonists , including the Terror Bears , Caesers Weasels , and Sparrow Eagles , as well as including stats for the Turtles and other characters . Food tie - ins ( edit ) Main article : Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles food tie - ins During the height of their popularity , the Turtles had a number of food tie - ins . Among the most notable of these products was Ninja Turtles Cereal , produced by Ralston - Purina as a kind of `` Chex with TMNT - themed marshmallows '' which also came with a small pouch of Pizza Crunchabungas , pizza - flavored corn snacks in the shape of pizzas ( the commercial starred the Ninja Turtles as Will Vinton - created claymations ) ; Hostess Ninja Turtles Pudding Pies , featuring a green sugar crust and vanilla pudding inside ; and Royal OOZE Gelatin Desserts , distributed by Nabisco under `` Royal Gelatin '' in three different flavors : orange , strawberry , and lime . Shreddies used to give out TMNT toys in their boxes when the cereal advertising was still geared toward children . One example of a TMNT prize was rings featuring a character on the cartoon ( 1992 ) . There was also green Ninja Turtle ice cream with different toppings according to which turtle flavor one ordered . Chef Boyardee also released a canned pasta with the pasta in the shapes of the four turtles . Concert tour ( edit ) To capitalize on the Turtles ' popularity , a concert tour was held in 1990 , premiering at Radio City Music Hall on August 17 . The `` Coming Out of Their Shells '' tour featured live - action turtles playing music as a band ( Donatello , keyboards ; Leonardo , bass guitar ; Raphael , drums and sax ; Michelangelo , guitar ) on stage around a familiar plotline : April O'Neil is kidnapped by the Shredder , and the Turtles have to rescue her . The story had a very Bill - n ' - Ted-esque feel , with its theme of the power of rock n ' roll literally defeating the enemy , in the form of the Shredder ( who only rapped about how he hates music ) trying to eliminate all music . A pay - per - view special highlighting the concert was shown , and a studio album was also released . The track listing is as follows : show Concert tour track list `` Coming Out of Our Shells ! '' `` Sing About It '' `` Tubin ' '' `` Skipping Stones '' `` Pizza Power '' `` Walk Straight '' `` No Treaties '' `` Cowabunga '' `` April Ballad '' `` Count on Us '' Since the tour was sponsored by Pizza Hut in real life , many references are made to their pizza . Empty Pizza Hut boxes are seen onscreen in the `` Behind the Shells '' VHS . As part of a cross-marketing strategy , Pizza Hut restaurants gave away posters , audio cassettes of `` Coming Out of Their Shells '' , and `` Official Tour Guides '' as premiums . The original show of the tour was released on video with a making of video also released . The song `` Pizza Power '' was later used by Konami for the second arcade game Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Turtles in Time . At the Disney - MGM Studios theme park ( edit ) On June 30 , 1990 , the TMNT appeared in the `` New York Street '' section of Disney - MGM Studios theme park in Orlando . Emerging from their Turtle Party Wagon , they would `` ninja dance '' across the stage while April performed the theme song to the show . After the main show was done , they posed for pictures and signed autographs . The Turtles also made appearances in Disney 's Very Merry Christmas Parade to sing their own rendition of `` Santa Claus is Coming to Town '' . They also appeared during the Easter parade dancing to their single `` Pizza Power ! '' The Turtles ' live shows and appearances ceased production in 1996 . Parodies ( edit ) Cover of Cracked # 255 , August 1990 Although the TMNT had originated as something of a parody , the comic 's explosive success led to a wave of small - press , black and white comic parodies of TMNT itself , including Adolescent Radioactive Black Belt Hamsters , Pre-Teen Dirty - Gene Kung - Fu Kangaroos , and a host of others . Dark Horse Comics ' Boris the Bear was launched in response to these TMNT clones ; its first issue was titled `` Boris the Bear Slaughters the Teenage Radioactive Black Belt Mutant Ninja Critters '' . Once the Turtles broke into the mainstream , parodies also proliferated in other media , such as in satire magazines Cracked and Mad and numerous TV series of the period . The satirical British television series Spitting Image featured a recurring sketch `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turds '' . Controversies ( edit ) Departure from origins ( edit ) The Turtles engaged in a greater amount of overt violence in the pages of the early Mirage comic book series by Eastman and Laird . As the TMNT were introduced into the mainstream , they were radically redesigned . In issue # 19 of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , the creators published an editorial addressing any possible concerns of readers as a result of this . It stated , in part : `` We 've allowed the wacky side to happen , and enjoy it very much . All the while , though , we 've kept the originals very much ours -- forty pages of what we enjoy and want to see in our books , whether it comes from our own hands or from those of the talented people we work with . '' In the film Turtles Forever , the original Mirage Turtles refer to their counterparts from the 1987 cartoon series and the 2003 cartoon series as `` sell - outs '' , in reference to their colorful accessories ( the originals are conveyed in black and white ) . Teenage Mutant `` Hero '' Turtles ( edit ) The title screen from the TMHT version , altered due to censorship . Upon TMNT 's first arrival in the United Kingdom the name was changed to `` Teenage Mutant ' Hero ' Turtles '' ( or TMHT , for short ) , since the British Broadcasting Corp deemed the word ninja to have excessively violent connotations for a children 's program . Consequently , everything related to the Turtles ( comic books , video games , toys , etc . ) was renamed before being released in the UK as well as various other European countries . The lyrics were also changed , such as changing `` Splinter taught them to be ninja teens '' to `` Splinter taught them to be fighting teens '' . The policies also had other effects , such as editing out use of Michelangelo 's nunchaku ( which were at the time banned by James Ferman , chairman of the BBFC , from appearing in films and generally toning down the usage of all the turtles ' weapons . ) To head this problem off , the showrunners elected to remove Michelangelo 's nunchaku entirely during season three , replacing them with a grappling hook called the `` Turtle Line '' that served as Mikey 's signature weapon for the rest of the show 's run . In Italy , Spain and Portugal , they kept Michelangelo 's nunchaku but the `` TMHT '' logo could be seen in the intro , as it was not edited to reflect the title in each of those translations . In Spain the cartoon was originally aired in regional TV channels and thus had different dubs in addition to Castillian : Galician and Catalan ; in the Galician version , the title As Tartarugas Mutantes ( `` The Mutant Turtles '' ) was used . The Italian and European Portuguese dubs also had few edits . However , when the live - action movie came out in 1990 , the Ninja of the title was kept even in the UK . In time , nunchaku scenes were retained in previously - censored movies such as those of Bruce Lee . The same went for the PAL releases of the early video games , which had Michelangelo 's weapon of choice fully visible and usable . By the time of the 2003 TV series , these censorship policies had been abolished , and no changes have occurred in the content of the show . The name `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles '' remained unchanged for the 2003 TV series . As a result , in the UK , the 1987 TV series is still called Teenage Mutant Hero Turtles and the 2003 TV series is called Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles . In 2009 , Lionsgate Home Entertainment released the 25th Anniversary Collectors Edition on Region 2 DVD in the UK . This 3 - Disc set contains all the episodes of Seasons 1 and 2 and 4 episodes from the final season , as well as a 1 - Disc DVD with the first few episodes of Season 1 . This release features the original , unedited episodes under the `` Ninja Turtles '' title , and also marks the first time the show has been released and left uncensored in the UK . Ownership rights ( edit ) Due to various movie and television deals , the various TMNT films and television series have split between various companies , with Mirage Studios having retained copyright and trademark until October 19 , 2009 , at which point the rights for the entire TMNT franchise were sold by co-creator Peter Laird to Nickelodeon . Television ( edit ) The original animated series ( 1987 -- 1996 ) was produced by Fred Wolf Films Dublin ( as Murakami Wolf Swenson ( MWS ) and Murakami Wolf Dublin ( MWD ) during earlier seasons ) , and syndicated by Group W . The series itself is owned by Wolf Films , with home entertainment rights residing with Lions Gate Entertainment , and until recently , syndication rights belonged to Nickelodeon 's former corporate sibling CBS Television Distribution . The initial five - part miniseries ( retroactively considered the first season ) was copyrighted by Playmates Toys , although their rights to those episodes were bought out by Fred Wolf Films . Ninja Turtles : The Next Mutation was produced by Saban Entertainment , and as of September 2011 , is owned and distributed by Saban Brands . The second animated series ( 2003 -- 2009 ) was a co-production between Mirage Studios and 4Kids Entertainment . Nickelodeon 's October 19 , 2009 buyout of the TMNT franchise included an approximate $9.75 million payment to 4Kids to terminate its right to serve as the merchandise licensing agent prior to the scheduled expiration of the representation agreement in 2012 . Due to the buyout , all future TMNT film and television series rights are owned by Nickelodeon . Nickelodeon also gained the rights to the 2003 series after terminating 4Kids ' contract . Films ( edit ) The first three TMNT live - action films were produced by Golden Harvest , with New Line Cinema ( now a sister company of Warner Bros. Entertainment ) distributing the films in the United States , with 20th Century Fox distributing the second and third films in most other territories . The first two films were copyrighted by the UK - based Northshore Investments . The third film was copyrighted by Clearwater Holdings . The fourth film was produced by Imagi Animation Studios , and released by Warner Bros. Entertainment in association with the Weinstein Company . Michael Bay produced a feature film directed by Jonathan Liebesman simply titled Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , and was released on August 8 , 2014 . A sequel , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows , was released on June 3 , 2016 , with Megan Fox and Will Arnett reprising their roles and debuting Stephen Amell as Casey Jones . Dave Green replaced Liebesman as the director . Comic Books ( edit ) Initially , Mirage allowed employees and freelancers to retain the rights to characters they created for the TMNT Universe but had never licensed for media and merchandise outside comic books . Eventually , due to the difficulty of keeping track of everyone 's rights , Mirage made TMNT character creators sign retroactive work - for - hire contracts . One creator who did not sign over the rights to his TMNT work was Swamp Thing veteran Rick Veitch . See also ( edit ) Comics portal 1980s portal Table of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles character appearances List of anthropomorphic animal superheroes Ninja in popular culture References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Heroes in a Half Shell Turn the Big 2 -- 5 '' . The New York Times . April 20 , 2009 . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Harvey R. ( April 15 , 1990 ) . `` Just How Powerful Are Those Turtles ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` TMNT : The Rennaissance ( sic& ) Reptiles Return '' . Kung Fu Magazine . Retrieved December 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` I Was a Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtle '' . January 26 , 2007 . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Wiater , Stanley ( 1991 ) . The Official Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Treasury . Villard Books . ISBN 0679734848 . Jump up ^ Laird , Peter ( October 21 , 2009 ) . `` palblog : Musings about the sale '' . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2009 . Retrieved October 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Mirage Group Sells Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles to Nickelodeon '' . Reuters . October 21 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2011 . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2014 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : TMNT Origin Story , official site . Retrieved November 16 , 2007 . Archived June 1 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ McGill , Douglas C. ( December 25 , 1988 ) . `` DYNAMIC DUO : Kevin Eastman and Peter Laird ; Turning Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Into a Monster '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Ninja Turtles '' . TeenageMutantNinjaTurtles.com . TeenageMutantNinjaTurtles.com . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ IDW Announces New Comic Series Based on the Original Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Archived April 7 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . IDW Publishing April 1 , 2011 Accessed April 7 , 2011 Jump up ^ About the Creators TMNT25.com ( January 2009 ) . Retrieved on 1 -- 31 -- 09 . Archived April 20 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Simpson , Janice C. ( April 2 , 1990 ) . `` Show Business : Lean , Green and on the Screen '' . Time . Retrieved March 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles On TV '' . IGN . Retrieved August 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles '' ( 1987 / I ) -- Trivia IMDB.com ( February 2019 ) . Retrieved on 2 -- 21 -- 09 . Jump up ^ `` The Official TMNT Web Site ! '' . Tmnt25.com . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2009 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles On TV '' . IGN . Retrieved August 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TMNT Celebrates 25 Years , III -- Peter Laird '' . Newsarama . Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cruz , Eileen ( April 4 , 2011 ) . `` WonderCon 2011 -- PR : IDW to Publish New Ninja Turtles Series Based on Original Comics '' . toonzone news . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2012 . Retrieved April 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ David McCutcheon ( March 9 , 2011 ) . `` TMNT Gets a Makeover '' . IGN TV . Retrieved April 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Eric Goldman ( October 21 , 2009 ) . `` New Ninja Turtles TV Series and Film Coming '' . IGN TV . Retrieved April 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Nickelodeon Rouses SpongeBob , Green Slime , ' Lip Sync Battle ' and Gwen Stefani to Lure Upfront Dollars '' . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon unveils 2017 upfront lineup '' . kidscreen.com . Jump up ^ Bahr , Lindsay ( August 10 , 2014 ) . `` ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' sequel set for 2016 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Meadows , Chris ( February 19 , 2007 ) . `` Kevin Siembieda Interview , Part 2 '' ( mp3 ) . Space Station Liberty . Retrieved February 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Lazzareschi , Carla ( December 23 , 1991 ) . `` Rapid - Paced Turtle Sales Starting to Slow Down : Toys : Rival manufacturers see a cooling of the ' Ninja ' fad as a chance to regain a larger share of the market '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Playmates Reveals 2012 ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' Action Figures -- ComicsAlliance Comic book culture , news , humor , commentary , and reviews '' . ComicsAlliance . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2013 . Retrieved April 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ubisoft to create video game based on 2007 TMNT movie '' . Starpulse.com . January 11 , 2006 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 4Kids Entertainment And The Mirage Group Sign Worldwide Video Game Agreement With Ubisoft '' ( PDF ) . 4kidsentertainment.com . January 11 , 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 14 , 2006 . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Arcade Attack hands - on ign.com Jump up ^ `` Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows announced -- trailer '' . Digitalspy.co.uk . March 4 , 2013 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TMNT - Mutants in Manhattan '' . www.tmntmutantsinmanhattan.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wujcik , Erick ; Laird , Peter ; Eastman , Kevin ( 1988 ) . Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles & Other Strangeness ( Revised ed . ) . Palladium Books . ISBN 0916211142 . OCLC 20101871 . Jump up ^ Wujcik , Erick ( 1990 ) . Ninjas & Superspies ( Rev ed . ) . Palladium Books . ISBN 0916211312 . OCLC 24330062 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Dennis ( April 13 , 1990 ) . `` ' Turtles ' Tapes Being Served at Burger King '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mutant Merchandise '' . Entertainment Weekly . March 30 , 1990 . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Givens , Ron ( August 17 , 1990 ) . `` Music news for August 17 , 1990 -- Prince and the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles made news this week '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pareles , Jon ( September 28 , 1990 ) . `` Review / Music ; After the Hype , an Elaborate High - Tech Show for the Ninja Turtles Set '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Granberry , Ted ; Churnin , Nancy ( November 30 , 1990 ) . `` Turtles Shell Out Ninja Concert Fun '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Shell Schlocked '' . Entertainment Weekly . October 12 , 1990 . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Spitting Image Fun . ( June 30 , 2014 ) . `` Spitting Image Series 9 Episode 3 ( full episode . ) '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles vol. 1 # 19 , March 1989 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Susan ( April 7 , 1991 ) . `` KID VIDEO GAMES '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` FAQ '' . Ninjaturtles.com . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2012 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hall , Peter . `` So Much for a Dark and Twisted ' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ' Movie '' . amazon.imdb.com . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2012 . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Programming Catalog : Ninja Turtles : The Next Mutation '' . MarVista Entertainment . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2012 . Retrieved September 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cynopsis : Kids ! 09 / 19 / 11 '' . Cynopsis . September 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2012 . Retrieved September 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pickard , Michael ( September 16 , 2011 ) . `` MarVista picks up live Turtles '' . C21Media . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2011 . Retrieved September 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Mirage Group Sells Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles to Nickelodeon - 4Kids Entertainment to End Long - Standing Relationship as Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Licensing Agent and Production Partner '' ( PDF ) . 4kidsentertainment.com . October 21 , 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 29 , 2009 . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Kevin Eastman Interview Part I The Comics Journal '' . Tcj.com . January 3 , 2012 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Bibliography ( edit ) Eastman , Kevin ( 2002 ) . Kevin Eastman 's Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Artobiography . Los Angeles : Heavy Metal . ISBN 1 - 882931 - 85 - 8 . Wiater , Stanley ( 1991 ) . The Official Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Treasury . New York : Villard . ISBN 0 - 679 - 73484 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles at Wikimedia Commons Quotations related to Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles at Wikiquote Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles at Don Markstein 's Toonopedia Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Created by Kevin Eastman Peter Laird Characters and ( appearances ) Turtles Leonardo Donatello Michelangelo Raphael Supporting Splinter Hamato Yoshi April O'Neil Casey Jones Leatherhead Metalhead Miyamoto Usagi Mighty Mutanimals Venus Antagonists Shredder Foot Clan Karai Baxter Stockman Bebop and Rocksteady Krang Purple Dragons Rat King Slash Tokka and Rahzar Comics Mirage comic series Tales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Archie comic series Mighty Mutanimals Daily comic strip Dreamwave comic series IDW comic series Television 1987 series episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 Mutant Turtles : Superman Legend Ninja Turtles : The Next Mutation episodes villains 2003 series episodes season 1 5 6 7 Turtles Forever Home video 2012 series characters episodes season 1 5 Half - Shell Heroes : Blast to the Past Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Films Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 1990 ) soundtrack II : The Secret of the Ooze ( 1991 ) soundtrack III ( 1993 ) soundtrack TMNT ( 2007 ) soundtrack Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2014 ) soundtrack Out of the Shadows ( 2016 ) Games Role - playing games Video games Other Action figures Lego Alien races Casey Jones ( fan film ) Food tie - ins Cartoon All - Stars to the Rescue `` Turtle Power ! '' `` Spin That Wheel '' Dimension X Technodrome Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Shell Shock Turtle Power : The Definitive History of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles&oldid=851524273 '' Categories : Superhero teams Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 1984 comics debuts Animal superheroes Anthropomorphic martial artists Child superheroes American comics adapted into films Comics adapted into animated films Comics adapted into television series Comics adapted into plays Comics adapted into animated series Comics adapted into video games Comics characters introduced in 1984 Corporate mascots Fictional mutants Fictional ninja Fictional turtles Fictional comedians Image Comics teams Mirage Studios titles Nickelodeon Ninja parody Teens in fiction Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use American English from February 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from May 2016 Groups pop Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2015 Articles containing Japanese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kernowek Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 49 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 July 2018 , at 22 : 15 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what was the name of the ninja turtles | [
"Leonardo (Leo) – The tactical, courageous leader and devoted student of his sensei, Leonardo wears a blue mask and wields two ninjatos, commonly confused by fans and writers as katanas. As the most conscientious of the four, he often bears the burden of responsibility for his brothers, which commonly leads to conflict with Raphael. Leonardo was named after the Italian polymath, painter, engineer, inventor, writer, anatomist, and sculptor, Leonardo da Vinci.\nMichelangelo (Mikey or Mike) – The most stereotypical teenager of the team, Michelangelo is a free-spirited, relaxed, goofy and jokester, known for his love of pizza. Michelangelo wears an orange mask and wields a pair of nunchucks. He provides the comic relief, though he still has an adventurous side. The least mature of the four Turtles, he shows characteristics of a \"surfer\" type and is often depicted with a Southern Californian accent. He is named after the Italian Renaissance painter, sculptor, architect, poet, and engineer, Michelangelo. His name was originally misspelled \"Michaelangelo\" by Peter Laird and Kevin Eastman.[9]\nDonatello (Donnie or Don) – The scientist, inventor, engineer, and technological genius, Donatello wears a purple mask and wields a bo staff. Donatello is perhaps the least violent turtle, preferring to use his knowledge to solve conflicts, but never hesitates to defend his brothers. He is named after the early Renaissance Italian artist and sculptor from Florence, Donatello.\nRaphael (Raph) – The team's bad boy, Raphael wears a red mask and wields a pair of sai. He has an aggressive nature, and seldom hesitates to throw the first punch. He is often depicted with a very pronounced New York accent. His personality can be fierce and sarcastic, and oftentimes delivers deadpan humor. He is intensely loyal to his brothers and sensei. He is named after the Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance, Raphael.[9]\nSplinter – The Turtles' sensei and adoptive father, Splinter is a Japanese mutant rat that learned the ways of ninjutsu from his owner and master, Hamato Yoshi. In the 1987 TV series, Archie Comics series, and the 2012 TV series, Splinter was Hamato Yoshi mutated into a humanoid rat. In the 2003 TV series, he was Hamato Yoshi's pet rat. He was mutated from a mysterious ooze from the TCRI building. In the IDW comics, he is Hamato Yoshi reincarnated as a mutated rat.\nApril O'Neil – A former lab assistant to the mad scientist Baxter Stockman, April is the plucky human companion of the Turtles. April first met the Turtles when they saved her from Baxter's Mouser robots. She embarks on many of the Turtles' adventures and aids them by doing the work in public that the Turtles cannot. In the 1987 TV series, Archie Comics series, the subsequent three films, and the 2014 film reboot, April was a television news reporter. In the 2007 CGI film (following the continuity from the original three films), Casey Jones and she work for a shipping firm. In the 2012 series, April is a teenager who is rescued by the TMNTs and later given some \"crash courses\" in being a ninja by Splinter.\nCasey Jones – A vigilante who wears a hockey mask to protect his identity, Casey Jones has become one of the Turtles' closest allies, as well as a love interest to April. Casey first encountered the Turtles after having a fight with Raphael. He fights crime with an assortment of sporting goods he carries in a golf bag, such as baseball bats, golf clubs, and hockey sticks.\nThe Shredder – A villainous ninjutsu master called Oroku Saki, he is the leader of the Foot Clan, an evil ninja clan. In every incarnation of the TMNT franchise, he has been the archenemy of the Turtles and Splinter. The Shredder prefers to use his armor instead of weapons in some versions.\nFoot Soldiers/Ninjas – The ninjas of the Foot Clan who work for the Shredder. They are probably the most common villains that the Turtles encounter.\nKarai – A female high-rank member of the Foot Clan, she has appeared in several different TMNT comics, cartoons, and films, as well as in multiple video games. In some incarnations of the character, she is closely related to Shredder as his adopted daughter or biological granddaughter. In most works, she shares an ambiguous rivalry with Leonardo, which occasionally even borders on romantic interest.",
"Leonardo (Leo) – The tactical, courageous leader and devoted student of his sensei, Leonardo wears a blue mask and wields two ninjatos, commonly confused by fans and writers as katanas. As the most conscientious of the four, he often bears the burden of responsibility for his brothers, which commonly leads to conflict with Raphael. Leonardo was named after the Italian polymath, painter, engineer, inventor, writer, anatomist, and sculptor, Leonardo da Vinci.\nMichelangelo (Mikey or Mike) – The most stereotypical teenager of the team, Michelangelo is a free-spirited, relaxed, goofy and jokester, known for his love of pizza. Michelangelo wears an orange mask and wields a pair of nunchucks. He provides the comic relief, though he still has an adventurous side. The least mature of the four Turtles, he shows characteristics of a \"surfer\" type and is often depicted with a Southern Californian accent. He is named after the Italian Renaissance painter, sculptor, architect, poet, and engineer, Michelangelo. His name was originally misspelled \"Michaelangelo\" by Peter Laird and Kevin Eastman.[9]\nDonatello (Donnie or Don) – The scientist, inventor, engineer, and technological genius, Donatello wears a purple mask and wields a bo staff. Donatello is perhaps the least violent turtle, preferring to use his knowledge to solve conflicts, but never hesitates to defend his brothers. He is named after the early Renaissance Italian artist and sculptor from Florence, Donatello.\nRaphael (Raph) – The team's bad boy, Raphael wears a red mask and wields a pair of sai. He has an aggressive nature, and seldom hesitates to throw the first punch. He is often depicted with a very pronounced New York accent. His personality can be fierce and sarcastic, and oftentimes delivers deadpan humor. He is intensely loyal to his brothers and sensei. He is named after the Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance, Raphael.[9]\nSplinter – The Turtles' sensei and adoptive father, Splinter is a Japanese mutant rat that learned the ways of ninjutsu from his owner and master, Hamato Yoshi. In the 1987 TV series, Archie Comics series, and the 2012 TV series, Splinter was Hamato Yoshi mutated into a humanoid rat. In the 2003 TV series, he was Hamato Yoshi's pet rat. He was mutated from a mysterious ooze from the TCRI building. In the IDW comics, he is Hamato Yoshi reincarnated as a mutated rat.\nApril O'Neil – A former lab assistant to the mad scientist Baxter Stockman, April is the plucky human companion of the Turtles. April first met the Turtles when they saved her from Baxter's Mouser robots. She embarks on many of the Turtles' adventures and aids them by doing the work in public that the Turtles cannot. In the 1987 TV series, Archie Comics series, the subsequent three films, and the 2014 film reboot, April was a television news reporter. In the 2007 CGI film (following the continuity from the original three films), Casey Jones and she work for a shipping firm. In the 2012 series, April is a teenager who is rescued by the TMNTs and later given some \"crash courses\" in being a ninja by Splinter.\nCasey Jones – A vigilante who wears a hockey mask to protect his identity, Casey Jones has become one of the Turtles' closest allies, as well as a love interest to April. Casey first encountered the Turtles after having a fight with Raphael. He fights crime with an assortment of sporting goods he carries in a golf bag, such as baseball bats, golf clubs, and hockey sticks.\nThe Shredder – A villainous ninjutsu master called Oroku Saki, he is the leader of the Foot Clan, an evil ninja clan. In every incarnation of the TMNT franchise, he has been the archenemy of the Turtles and Splinter. The Shredder prefers to use his armor instead of weapons in some versions.\nFoot Soldiers/Ninjas – The ninjas of the Foot Clan who work for the Shredder. They are probably the most common villains that the Turtles encounter.\nKarai – A female high-rank member of the Foot Clan, she has appeared in several different TMNT comics, cartoons, and films, as well as in multiple video games. In some incarnations of the character, she is closely related to Shredder as his adopted daughter or biological granddaughter. In most works, she shares an ambiguous rivalry with Leonardo, which occasionally even borders on romantic interest.",
"Leonardo (Leo) – The tactical, courageous leader and devoted student of his sensei, Leonardo wears a blue mask and wields two ninjatos, commonly confused by fans and writers as katanas. As the most conscientious of the four, he often bears the burden of responsibility for his brothers, which commonly leads to conflict with Raphael. Leonardo was named after the Italian polymath, painter, engineer, inventor, writer, anatomist, and sculptor, Leonardo da Vinci.\nMichelangelo (Mikey or Mike) – The most stereotypical teenager of the team, Michelangelo is a free-spirited, relaxed, goofy and jokester, known for his love of pizza. Michelangelo wears an orange mask and wields a pair of nunchucks. He provides the comic relief, though he still has an adventurous side. The least mature of the four Turtles, he shows characteristics of a \"surfer\" type and is often depicted with a Southern Californian accent. He is named after the Italian Renaissance painter, sculptor, architect, poet, and engineer, Michelangelo. His name was originally misspelled \"Michaelangelo\" by Peter Laird and Kevin Eastman.[9]\nDonatello (Donnie or Don) – The scientist, inventor, engineer, and technological genius, Donatello wears a purple mask and wields a bo staff. Donatello is perhaps the least violent turtle, preferring to use his knowledge to solve conflicts, but never hesitates to defend his brothers. He is named after the early Renaissance Italian artist and sculptor from Florence, Donatello.\nRaphael (Raph) – The team's bad boy, Raphael wears a red mask and wields a pair of sai. He has an aggressive nature, and seldom hesitates to throw the first punch. He is often depicted with a very pronounced New York accent. His personality can be fierce and sarcastic, and oftentimes delivers deadpan humor. He is intensely loyal to his brothers and sensei. He is named after the Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance, Raphael.[9]\nSplinter – The Turtles' sensei and adoptive father, Splinter is a Japanese mutant rat that learned the ways of ninjutsu from his owner and master, Hamato Yoshi. In the 1987 TV series, Archie Comics series, and the 2012 TV series, Splinter was Hamato Yoshi mutated into a humanoid rat. In the 2003 TV series, he was Hamato Yoshi's pet rat. He was mutated from a mysterious ooze from the TCRI building. In the IDW comics, he is Hamato Yoshi reincarnated as a mutated rat.\nApril O'Neil – A former lab assistant to the mad scientist Baxter Stockman, April is the plucky human companion of the Turtles. April first met the Turtles when they saved her from Baxter's Mouser robots. She embarks on many of the Turtles' adventures and aids them by doing the work in public that the Turtles cannot. In the 1987 TV series, Archie Comics series, the subsequent three films, and the 2014 film reboot, April was a television news reporter. In the 2007 CGI film (following the continuity from the original three films), Casey Jones and she work for a shipping firm. In the 2012 series, April is a teenager who is rescued by the TMNTs and later given some \"crash courses\" in being a ninja by Splinter.\nCasey Jones – A vigilante who wears a hockey mask to protect his identity, Casey Jones has become one of the Turtles' closest allies, as well as a love interest to April. Casey first encountered the Turtles after having a fight with Raphael. He fights crime with an assortment of sporting goods he carries in a golf bag, such as baseball bats, golf clubs, and hockey sticks.\nThe Shredder – A villainous ninjutsu master called Oroku Saki, he is the leader of the Foot Clan, an evil ninja clan. In every incarnation of the TMNT franchise, he has been the archenemy of the Turtles and Splinter. The Shredder prefers to use his armor instead of weapons in some versions.\nFoot Soldiers/Ninjas – The ninjas of the Foot Clan who work for the Shredder. They are probably the most common villains that the Turtles encounter.\nKarai – A female high-rank member of the Foot Clan, she has appeared in several different TMNT comics, cartoons, and films, as well as in multiple video games. In some incarnations of the character, she is closely related to Shredder as his adopted daughter or biological granddaughter. In most works, she shares an ambiguous rivalry with Leonardo, which occasionally even borders on romantic interest.",
"Leonardo (Leo) – The tactical, courageous leader and devoted student of his sensei, Leonardo wears a blue mask and wields two ninjatos, commonly confused by fans and writers as katanas. As the most conscientious of the four, he often bears the burden of responsibility for his brothers, which commonly leads to conflict with Raphael. Leonardo was named after the Italian polymath, painter, engineer, inventor, writer, anatomist, and sculptor, Leonardo da Vinci.\nMichelangelo (Mikey or Mike) – The most stereotypical teenager of the team, Michelangelo is a free-spirited, relaxed, goofy and jokester, known for his love of pizza. Michelangelo wears an orange mask and wields a pair of nunchucks. He provides the comic relief, though he still has an adventurous side. The least mature of the four Turtles, he shows characteristics of a \"surfer\" type and is often depicted with a Southern Californian accent. He is named after the Italian Renaissance painter, sculptor, architect, poet, and engineer, Michelangelo. His name was originally misspelled \"Michaelangelo\" by Peter Laird and Kevin Eastman.[9]\nDonatello (Donnie or Don) – The scientist, inventor, engineer, and technological genius, Donatello wears a purple mask and wields a bo staff. Donatello is perhaps the least violent turtle, preferring to use his knowledge to solve conflicts, but never hesitates to defend his brothers. He is named after the early Renaissance Italian artist and sculptor from Florence, Donatello.\nRaphael (Raph) – The team's bad boy, Raphael wears a red mask and wields a pair of sai. He has an aggressive nature, and seldom hesitates to throw the first punch. He is often depicted with a very pronounced New York accent. His personality can be fierce and sarcastic, and oftentimes delivers deadpan humor. He is intensely loyal to his brothers and sensei. He is named after the Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance, Raphael.[9]\nSplinter – The Turtles' sensei and adoptive father, Splinter is a Japanese mutant rat that learned the ways of ninjutsu from his owner and master, Hamato Yoshi. In the 1987 TV series, Archie Comics series, and the 2012 TV series, Splinter was Hamato Yoshi mutated into a humanoid rat. In the 2003 TV series, he was Hamato Yoshi's pet rat. He was mutated from a mysterious ooze from the TCRI building. In the IDW comics, he is Hamato Yoshi reincarnated as a mutated rat.\nApril O'Neil – A former lab assistant to the mad scientist Baxter Stockman, April is the plucky human companion of the Turtles. April first met the Turtles when they saved her from Baxter's Mouser robots. She embarks on many of the Turtles' adventures and aids them by doing the work in public that the Turtles cannot. In the 1987 TV series, Archie Comics series, the subsequent three films, and the 2014 film reboot, April was a television news reporter. In the 2007 CGI film (following the continuity from the original three films), Casey Jones and she work for a shipping firm. In the 2012 series, April is a teenager who is rescued by the TMNTs and later given some \"crash courses\" in being a ninja by Splinter.\nCasey Jones – A vigilante who wears a hockey mask to protect his identity, Casey Jones has become one of the Turtles' closest allies, as well as a love interest to April. Casey first encountered the Turtles after having a fight with Raphael. He fights crime with an assortment of sporting goods he carries in a golf bag, such as baseball bats, golf clubs, and hockey sticks.\nThe Shredder – A villainous ninjutsu master called Oroku Saki, he is the leader of the Foot Clan, an evil ninja clan. In every incarnation of the TMNT franchise, he has been the archenemy of the Turtles and Splinter. The Shredder prefers to use his armor instead of weapons in some versions.\nFoot Soldiers/Ninjas – The ninjas of the Foot Clan who work for the Shredder. They are probably the most common villains that the Turtles encounter.\nKarai – A female high-rank member of the Foot Clan, she has appeared in several different TMNT comics, cartoons, and films, as well as in multiple video games. In some incarnations of the character, she is closely related to Shredder as his adopted daughter or biological granddaughter. In most works, she shares an ambiguous rivalry with Leonardo, which occasionally even borders on romantic interest."
] | [
"Leonardo (Leo)",
"Michelangelo (Mikey or Mike)",
"Donatello (Donnie or Don)",
"Raphael (Raph)"
] |
-931124543303909811 | iPhone 5S | IPhone 5S - Wikipedia IPhone 5S Jump to : navigation , search iPhone 5S iPhone 5S in Gold Brand Apple Inc . Manufacturer Foxconn ( on contract ) Slogan Since April 2014 : `` You 're more powerful than you think . '' Until April 2014 : `` Forward thinking '' Generation 7th Model A1457 ( Middle East ) A1518 , A1528 ( China ) A1530 ( Asia Pacific ) A1533 ( North America , China ) A1453 ( North America , Japan ) Compatible networks GSM , CDMA , 3G , EVDO , HSPA+ , LTE First released September 20 , 2013 ; 4 years ago ( 2013 - 09 - 20 ) Availability by country September 20 , 2013 ( show ) United States United Kingdom Canada China France Germany India Australia Japan Hong Kong Singapore Pakistan October 25 , 2013 ( show ) Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland French West Indies Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macau Malta Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Reunion Island Romania Russia Slovakia Slovenia South Korea Spain Sweden Switzerland Taiwan Thailand November 1 , 2013 ( show ) Albania Armenia Bahrain Bangladesh Colombia El Salvador Guam Guatemala India Macedonia Malaysia Mexico Moldova Montenegro Saudi Arabia Turkey November 15 , 2013 ( show ) Philippines South Africa Vietnam November 22 , 2013 ( show ) Brazil Discontinued September 9 , 2014 ( 64GB ) ; March 21 , 2016 ( 16 and 32 GB ) Predecessor iPhone 5 Successor iPhone 6 ( Plus ) iPhone SE Related iPhone 5C Type Smartphone Form factor Slate 123.8 mm ( 4.87 in ) H 58.6 mm ( 2.31 in ) W 7.6 mm ( 0.30 in ) D Weight 112 g ( 3.95 oz ) Operating system Original : iOS 7.0 Current : iOS 11.2. 6 , released February 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 19 ) System on chip Apple A7 , Apple M7 motion coprocessor CPU 64 -- bit 1.3 GHz dual - core Apple Cyclone GPU PowerVR G6430 ( four cluster@450 MHz ) Memory 1 GB LPDDR3 RAM Storage 16 , 32 , 64 GB Battery 5.92 Whr ( 1560 mAh ) Lithium - ion battery Data inputs Multi-touch touchscreen display , triple microphone configuration , Apple M7 motion coprocessor , 3 - axis gyroscope , 3 - axis accelerometer , digital compass , proximity sensor , ambient light sensor , Touch ID fingerprint reader Display 4 in ( 100 mm ) diagonal ( 16 : 9 aspect ratio ) , multi-touch display , LED backlit IPS TFT LCD , 640 × 1136 pixels at 326 ppi , 800 : 1 contrast ratio ( typical ) , 500 cd / m max . brightness ( typical ) , fingerprint - resistant oleophobic coating on front Rear camera Custom Sony Exmor RS 8 MP back - side illuminated 1 / 3 `` sensor , HD video ( 1080p ) at 30 fps , Slow - motion video ( 720p ) at 120 fps , IR filter , dual warm / cool LED flashes , ƒ / 2.2 aperture , 30 mm focal length , facial recognition ( stills only ) , image stabilization , burst mode Front camera 1.2 MP , 720p HD video , Burst mode at 10 fps , f / 2.4 aperture , 1.9 μm pixels , Auto HDR for photos Sound Mono speaker , 3.5 mm stereo audio jack Connectivity All models ( show ) UMTS / HSPA+ / DC - HSDPA ( 850 , 900 , 1900 , 2100 MHz ) , GSM / EDGE ( 850 , 900 , 1800 , 1900 MHz ) , Wi - Fi ( 802.11 a / b / g / n ) ( 802.11 n : 2.4 and 5 GHz ) , Bluetooth 4.0 , GPS & GLONASS . GSM model ( A1533 ) ( show ) LTE ( Bands 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 8 , 13 , 17 , 19 , 20 , 25 : 2100 , 1900 , 1800 , AWS , 850 , 900 , 700c , 700b , 800 MHz , 800 DD ) . CDMA model ( A1533 ) ( show ) UMTS / HSPA+ / DC - HSDPA ( 1700 / 2100 MHz ) , CDMA EV - DO Rev. A and Rev. B ( 800 , 1700 / 2100 , 1900 , 2100 MHz ) , ( except China model : ) LTE ( Bands 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 8 , 13 , 17 , 19 , 20 , 25 : 2100 , 1900 , 1800 , AWS , 850 , 900 , 700c , 700b , 800 MHz , 800 DD ) . CDMA model ( A1453 ) ( show ) UMTS / HSPA+ / DC - HSDPA ( 1700 / 2100 MHz ) , CDMA EV - DO Rev. A and Rev. B ( 800 , 1700 / 2100 , 1900 , 2100 MHz ) , LTE ( Bands 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 8 , 13 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 25 , 26 : 2100 , 1900 , 1800 , AWS , 850 , 900 , 700c , 700b , 800 MHz , 800 DD ) . GSM model ( A1457 ) ( show ) LTE ( Bands 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 8 , 20 : 2100 , 1900 , 1800 , 850 , 2600 , 900 MHz , 800 DD ) . GSM model ( A1518 ) ( show ) TDD - LTE , TD - SCDMA GSM model ( A1528 ) ( show ) LTE ( unofficial ) GSM model ( A1530 ) ( show ) LTE ( Bands 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 8 , 20 , 38 , 39 , 40 : 2100 , 1900 , 1800 , 850 , 2600 , 900 MHz , 800 DD , TD 2600 , 1900 , 2300 ) , ( with software operator version China Mobile 15.6 or above :) TD - SCDMA SAR Model A1528 , A1457 , A1518 , A1530 Head : 1.18 W / kg Body : 1.12 W / kg Model A1533 , A1453 Head : 1.18 W / kg Body : 1.18 W / kg Website apple.com/iphone-5s/ This article is part of a series on the iPhone 1st 3G 3GS 4S 5 5C 5S 6 ( Plus ) 6S ( Plus ) SE 7 ( Plus ) 8 ( Plus ) X List of iPhone models The iPhone 's nano - SIM card tray is made of aluminum . The iPhone 5S is a smartphone that was designed and marketed by Apple Inc . Part of the iPhone series , the device was unveiled on September 10 , 2013 , at Apple 's Cupertino headquarters . It was released on September 20 , 2013 , along with its lower - cost counterpart , the iPhone 5c . The iPhone 5S maintains almost the same external design as its predecessor , the iPhone 5 , although the 5S received a new white / gold color scheme in addition to white / silver and space gray / black , however the 5S has vastly upgraded internal hardware . The 5S introduced the A7 64 - bit dual - core system - on - chip , the first 64 - bit processor to be used on a smartphone , accompanied by the M7 `` motion co-processor '' . A redesigned home button with Touch ID , a fingerprint recognition system which can be used to unlock the phone and authenticate App Store and iTunes Store purchases , was introduced . The camera was also updated with a larger aperture and a dual - LED flash optimized for different color temperatures . The iPhone 5S was the first Apple device to ship with iOS 7 , which introduced a revamped visual appearance and other new features . Designed by Jonathan Ive , iOS 7 departed from skeuomorphic elements used by previous versions of iOS in favor of a flat , colorful design . Among new software features introduced to the iPhone 5S were AirDrop , an ad - hoc Wi - Fi sharing platform ; Control Center , a control panel containing a number of commonly used functions ; and iTunes Radio , an internet radio service . Earphones known as EarPods were included with the 5S , and Apple released accessories including a case and a dock . The 5S is the third iPhone to support five major versions of iOS after the iPhone 4S and iPhone 5 . The 5S supports IOS 7 up to version 11 , being the oldest iPhone to support iOS 11 since it was the earliest to have incorporated a 64 - bit SoC processor . Reception towards the device was generally positive , with some outlets considering it to be the best smartphone available on the market due to its upgraded hardware , Touch ID , and other changes introduced by iOS 7 . Some criticized the iPhone 5S for keeping the design and small display of the iPhone 5 , and others expressed security concerns about the Touch ID system . Nine million units of the iPhone 5S and iPhone 5C were sold on their weekend of release , breaking Apple 's sales record for iPhones . The iPhone 5S was the best selling phone on all major U.S. carriers in September 2013 . The iPhone 5S was succeeded as Apple 's flagship smartphone by the larger iPhone 6 in September 2014 . On March 21 , 2016 , the 5S received a direct replacement with the announcement of the iPhone SE , which incorporated internal hardware similar to the iPhone 6S while retaining the smaller form factor and design of the 5S . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Specifications 2.1 Design 2.2 Hardware 2.3 Camera 2.4 Accessories 2.5 Operating system and software 3 Apple accessories 4 Reception 4.1 Critical reception 4.2 Commercial reception 4.3 Impact of Touch ID 4.4 Problems 5 Timeline of models 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) The iPhone 5S was announced during a keynote at 4 Infinite Loop on September 10 , 2013 . Before its official unveiling , media speculation primarily centered on reports that the next iPhone would include a fingerprint scanner ; including Apple 's July 2012 acquisition of AuthenTec , a developer of mobile security products , references to a fingerprint sensor on the home button in the beta release of iOS 7 and leaked packaging for an iPhone 5S showing that the traditional home button now had a metallic `` ring '' around it . Similar ring - based imagery was seen on the official invitation to Apple 's iPhone press event in September 2013 , where the new device was unveiled . Shortly before its official unveiling , The Wall Street Journal also reported the rumor . Apple announced the iPhone 5C and the iPhone 5S during a media event at its Cupertino headquarters on September 10 , 2013 . While the iPhone 5C became available for preorder on September 13 , 2013 , the iPhone 5S was not available for preorder . Both devices were released on September 20 , 2013 . While most of the promotion focused on Touch ID , the 64 - bit Apple A7 processor was also a highlight during the event . This is the first - ever 64 - bit processor in a phone of any kind . I do n't think the other guys are even talking about it yet . Why go through all this ? The benefits are huge . The A7 is up to twice as fast as the previous - generation system at CPU tasks , and up to twice as fast at graphics tasks , too . -- Phil Schiller , Apple keynote at 4 Infinite Loop on September 10 , 2013 Schiller then showed demos of Infinity Blade III to demonstrate the A7 's processing power and the device 's camera using untouched photographs . The release of iOS 7 on September 18 , 2013 was also announced during the keynote . The iPhone 5S was released on September 20 , 2013 , in the United States , United Kingdom , Canada , China , France , Germany , Australia , Japan , Hong Kong , and Singapore . It was released in 25 additional countries on October 25 , 2013 , and in 12 countries on November 1 , 2013 . Indonesia was the last country to receive the iPhone 5S , on January 26 , 2014 . On September 19 , 2014 , the iPhone 5S was succeeded as Apple 's flagship smartphone by the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus , but the older model remained available for purchase at a reduced price , while the 64GB version was discontinued . The gold edition of the iPhone 5S was discontinued on September 9 , 2015 , when Apple revealed the iPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus The iPhone 5S was discontinued on March 21 , 2016 , and succeeded by the iPhone SE , which continues the same form factor but features vastly upgraded internals similar to the flagship iPhone 6S . This was a break with Apple 's product positioning trend ( in North America and Western Europe ) , starting with iPhone 4S released in October 2011 , which gave each newly released model one year as the flagship phone , then moving it to midrange for its second year of production , with the third and final year as the entry - level offering before discontinuation . While iPhone 5S was expected to continue on sale until September 2016 , replacing it and its A7 processor early means that Apple `` just reduced its long - term chip support window by a year '' for iOS . In addition , a new iPhone launch was meant to stimulate demand , as sales of iPhone 6S and 6S Plus had not met expectations since their September 2015 release and the iPhone family may suffer its first ever negative growth quarter in 2016 . Specifications ( edit ) Design ( edit ) Design and Hardware of iPhone 5S iPhone 5S 's home button has a flat design and is made of scratch - resistant , laser - cut sapphire crystal surrounded by a stainless steel finger detection ring for using Touch ID . The camera has af / 2.2 aperture and has dual `` True Tone '' flashes . The `` iPhone '' wordmark on the back of an iPhone 5S is now set in a thinner version of the Myriad typeface . The iPhone 5S maintains a similar design to the iPhone 5 , with a 4 in ( 10 cm ) LCD multi-touch Retina display and a screen resolution of 640 × 1136 at 326 ppi . Its home button has been updated with a new flat design using a laser - cut sapphire cover surrounded by a metallic ring ; the button is no longer concave , nor does it contain the familiar squircle icon seen on previous models . The phone itself is 0.30 in ( 7.6 mm ) thick and weighs 112 grams ( 4.0 oz ) . The phone uses an aluminum composite frame . The device is available in three color finishes ; `` space - gray '' ( replacing black with slate trim on the iPhone 5 ) , white with silver trim , and white with gold trim . The iPhone 5S was the first iPhone to be available in gold color ; this decision was influenced by the fact that gold is seen as a popular sign of a luxury product among Chinese customers . Hardware ( edit ) The iPhone 5S is powered by the Apple A7 system - on - chip , the first 64 - bit processor ever used on a smartphone . The device 's operating system and pre-loaded software were optimized to run in 64 - bit mode , promising increased performance , although third - party app developers would need to optimize their apps to take advantage of these enhanced capabilities . The A7 processor is designed by Apple and manufactured by Samsung . The A7 processor is accompanied by a new M7 `` motion co-processor '' , a dedicated processor for processing motion data from the iPhone 's accelerometer and gyroscopes without requiring the attention of the main processor , which integrates with iOS 7 's new CoreMotion APIs . The same A7 SoC and M7 motion co-processor are also found in the iPad Air and iPad Mini 2 which were released in the same quarter as the iPhone 5S . The phone includes a 1560 mAh battery , which provides 10 hours of talk time and 250 hours of standby time . While the camera is still 8 megapixels in resolution with the image capture size of 3264 × 2448 ( 4 : 3 ) , the lens has a larger aperture ( f / 2.2 ) and larger sized pixels in its image sensor than previous iPhone models . The flashlight has dual `` True Tone '' flashes , consisting of an amber LED and a white LED , which are variably used based on the color temperature of the photo to improve color balancing . The camera also includes automatic image stabilization , dynamic tone mapping , 10 fps burst mode , `` best shot '' mode and slow motion video at 120 fps . The home button on the iPhone 5S incorporates a fingerprint recognition system known as Touch ID , based on technology from AuthenTec , a company which Apple had acquired in 2012 . The sensor uses a capacitive CMOS - based sensor which can detect the `` sub-epidermal layers '' of fingers at 500 pixels per inch , and uses a 360 - degree design that can read the print at any angle . The sensor itself is activated by a touch - sensitive metallic ring surrounding the button . Touch ID can be used for various authentication activities within the operating system , such as unlocking the device or authenticating App Store and iTunes purchases instead of an Apple ID password . The sensor can be trained to recognize the fingerprints of multiple fingers and multiple users . Fingerprint data is stored in an encrypted format within a `` secure enclave '' of the A7 chip itself , and is not accessible to any other apps or servers ( including iCloud ) . Camera ( edit ) You can capture photos at night as it comes with a double LED flash with rear camera . The iPhone 5S sports a new 8 megapixel iSight camera with the new camera app allowing fast continuous shooting and recording of slow - motion videos . Accessories ( edit ) Main article : iPhone accessories Earphones known as Apple EarPods are included with the iPhone 5S . According to technology commentators , the design of the earphones is aimed to improve sound quality by allowing air to travel in and out more freely . Apple states that the design of their earphones allows it to `` rival high - end headphones that cost hundreds of dollars more '' . Reviews by Gizmodo and TechRadar reported that although the earphones sounded better than its predecessor , reviewers felt that quality of sound produced is poor . TechRadar further opined that the EarPods are inferior to other earphones of a similar price . Operating system and software ( edit ) Main articles : iOS , iOS 7 , iOS 8 , iOS 9 , iOS 10 , and iOS 11 Further information : iOS version history The iPhone 5S is supplied with iOS 7 , released on September 20 , 2013 . Jonathan Ive , the designer of iOS 7 's new elements , described the update as `` bringing order to complexity '' , highlighting features such as refined typography , new icons , translucency , layering , physics , and gyroscope - driven parallaxing as some of the major changes to the design . The design of both iOS 7 and OS X Yosemite ( version 10.10 ) noticeably departs from skeuomorphic elements such as green felt in Game Center , wood in Newsstand , and leather in Calendar , in favor of flat , colorful design . iOS 7 adds AirDrop , an ad - hoc Wi - Fi sharing platform . Users can share files with the iPhone 5 onwards , the iPod Touch ( 5th generation ) , iPad ( 4th generation ) onwards , or iPad Mini ( 1st generation ) onwards . The operating system also adds Control Center , a control panel accessed by swiping up from the bottom of the screen . Control Center contains a number of commonly used functions , such as volume and brightness controls , along with toggles for enabling Wi - Fi , Bluetooth , Airplane mode , and for using the rear camera 's flash LED as a flashlight . iTunes Radio , an Internet radio service , is also included on the iPhone 5S . It is a free , ad - supported service available to all iTunes users , featuring Siri integration on iOS . Users are able to skip tracks , customise stations , and purchase the station 's songs from iTunes Store . Users can also search through their history of previous songs . Apple accessories ( edit ) During the keynote , Apple announced a case for the iPhone 5 that is made of soft microfiber on the inside and leather on the outside . This case was announced along with iPhone 5C 's case , both of which are the first cases Apple has announced since the iPhone 4 Bumpers . Docks for both the iPhone 5S and 5C were found on the Apple online store after the announcement . Because of the casing difference between the iPhone 5S and 5C , they have separate docks , each made specifically for each respective phone . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) The iPhone 5S received a mostly positive reception from reviewers and commentators . Walt Mossberg of All Things Digital gave the phone a favorable review , saying that Touch ID `` sounds like a gimmick , but it 's a real advance , the biggest step ever in biometric authentication for everyday devices , '' and labeled it `` the best smartphone on the market . '' David Pogue of The New York Times praised Touch ID , but said that the innovation of the smartphone market has been saturated , and `` maybe the age of annual mega-leaps is over . '' He focused much of his review on iOS 7 , which he believed was the biggest change of the device over previous generations , praising new Siri features , Control Center , and AirDrop . In an editorial , Pogue stated that iOS 7 was the biggest change in the iPhone series , citing utilitarian interface changes as the main contributor to this . Scott Stein of CNET criticized the lack of design change over iPhone 5 and said that although the iPhone 5S `` is not a required upgrade , but it 's easily the fastest and most advanced Apple smartphone to date . '' Although praised for its camera , 64 - bit A7 chip , M7 motion - chip , and fingerprint scanning capabilities , some investors thought that the iPhone 5S , although a notable improvement over the iPhone 5 , was still relatively unchanged from its predecessor , and worried that the iPhone line had become a stagnant , dull product . Apple 's share price fell 5.4 % after the launch to close at a month low of $467.71 on the NASDAQ . Darrell Etherington of TechCrunch who praised the iPhone 5S as the best smartphone available said `` looks may not be different from the iPhone 5 , but the internal components have a dramatic impact on day - to - day activities normal for a smartphone user , '' and went into detail explaining the impact of the improved camera and specifications on the phone . Etherington suggested that the 64 - bit A7 processor will not reach its full potential until developers create applications supporting it . Myriam Joire of Engadget found that the iPhone 5S could benefit significantly from the A7 if developers created applications optimized for the 64 - bit processor . Anand Lal Shimpi of AnandTech praised the phone 's A7 processor , describing it as `` seriously impressive '' , and stated that it was the most `` futureproof of any iPhone ever launched . As much as it pains me to use the word futureproof , if you are one of those people who likes to hold onto their device for a while - the iPhone 5S is as good a starting point as any . '' Scott Lowe of IGN also spoke highly of its 64 - bit processor , `` which has a substantial lead in processing power over the HTC One and Samsung Galaxy S4 , accounting for a graphics boost of up to 32 % and 38 % in CPU benchmarks . '' The debut of Apple 's 64 - bit A7 processor took rival Android smartphone makers by surprise , particularly Qualcomm whose own 64 - bit system - on - chip was not released until 2015 . Most reviewers recommended the iPhone 5S over the iPhone 5C which was released at the same time . The 5C retained almost the same hardware as the discontinued iPhone 5 , while the iPhone 5S featured substantially improved performance / features thanks to its new 64 - bit A7 processor , as well as extra storage space , all for a relatively small additional upfront cost over the iPhone 5C ( US $650 versus US $550 in March 2014 ) . This was especially the case when iOS 8 was released and both iPhone 5S and iPhone 5C were moved to the mid and low end of the iPhone range , respectively ; the iPhone 5S still had 16 or 32 GB storage available while the iPhone 5C had to make do with 8 GB storage with only 4.9 GB available to the user after installing iOS 8 . Furthermore , the 5C 's polycarbonate exterior received a mixed reception and was seen as a cost - cutting downgrade compared to the iPhone 5 's aluminum / glass case ; the 5S retained the latter design and looked even more premium due its additional gold finish . As of 2015 -- 16 , there were still a significant number of customers who preferred the 4 - inch screen size of iPhone 5S , which remained the second-most popular iPhone after the iPhone 6 and ahead of the iPhone 6S. Apple stated in their event that they sold 30 million 4 - inch iPhones in 2015 , even as that form factor was succeeded as the flagship iPhone by the redesigned larger display 4.7 / 5.5 - inch iPhone 6 and 6 Plus back in September 2014 . Furthermore , the 5 and 5S design was regarded as `` long been the golden child of Apple phone design and a benchmark for phones in general '' ( with the 5S 's gold finish adding a premium touch to the 5 's already well - regarded look ) , while the succeeding 6 and 6S design was less critically acclaimed as it `` felt a little bit wrong , as though you were holding a slick $650 bar of soap '' . The iPhone 5 was described as `` elegance rooted in the way the aluminum and glass work together . It felt streamlined , yet substantial , which is different from iPhone 6 , which feels substantial in size alone . Plus , unlike the ubiquitous rounded corners of the 6 , iPhone 5 did n't really look like anything else on the market at the time '' . However , the iPhone 5 / 5S design was not suited to scaling up , in contrast to the iPhone 6 / 6S which could better accommodate the growing consumer trend towards larger screen sizes and indeed spawned the 6 / 6S Plus phablet models . When Apple discontinued the iPhone 5S , it was replaced by the iPhone SE which outwardly appears almost identical to the 5S even as the SE 's internal hardware has been upgraded significantly . Commercial reception ( edit ) The iPhone 5S and 5C sold over nine million units in the first three days , setting a record for first weekend smartphone sales , with the 5S selling three times more units than the 5C . After the first day of release , 1 % of all iPhones in the US were iPhone 5Ss , while 0.3 % were iPhone 5Cs . Gene Munster of Piper Jaffray reported that the line at the Fifth Avenue Apple Store contained 1,417 people on release day , compared to 1,300 for the iPhone 4 in 2010 , and 549 for the iPhone 3G in 2008 on their respective release days . This was the first time that Apple launched two models simultaneously . The first - day release in China also contributed to the record sales result . On launch day , major in - stock shortages were reported in most stores , across all countries where the iPhone 5S initially went on sale . A great many customers in line outside Apple Stores worldwide were left disappointed due to severe shortages across all 5S models , with the gold model in particular being in highly limited supply . While this situation eased in the US in the days following the launch , other countries reported receiving few restocks . Some commentators questioned how Apple handled the initial release , as online pre-orders were not offered for the iPhone 5S , meaning large numbers of people queuing outside physical stores , with most in line not receiving a unit . In the US , Apple offered an online reservation system , so customers could keep checking for units available at their local Apple Stores , and order for pickup . Online orders were also in short supply on launch day , with the shipping date across all model sizes and colors changing from `` 7 - 10 working days '' to `` October '' in all countries , within hours of online orders being taken . The iPhone 5S was the best selling phone on AT&T , Sprint , Verizon , and T - Mobile in September 2013 in the United States , outselling the iPhone 5C and Samsung Galaxy S4 . According to Consumer Intelligence Research Partners , the iPhone 5S outsold the 5C by a two - to - one margin during its September release , confirming Apple CEO Tim Cook 's view that the high - end smartphone market was not reaching a point of market saturation . While commentators viewed the 5C as a flop because of supply chain cuts signifying a decline in demand , the 5S was viewed as a massive success . Apple admitted that it had failed to anticipate the sales ratio , leading to an overstocking of the 5C and shortages of the 5S . Six months after the release of the iPhone 5S , on March 25 , 2014 , Apple announced that sales of the iPhone brand had exceeded 500 million units . By May 2014 , despite having been on the market for eight months , the iPhone 5S reportedly outsold the newly released Samsung Galaxy S5 by 40 % , with 7 million iPhone 5S units versus 5 million Galaxy S5 units . The Galaxy S5 's failure to oust the iPhone 5S from the top selling spot was a major setback for Samsung Mobile , as the preceding Samsung Galaxy SIII and Samsung Galaxy S4 , in the first quarter of their releases , had outsold the iPhone 4S and iPhone 5 respectively . Impact of Touch ID ( edit ) See also : Touch ID § Impact A number of technology writers , including Adrian Kingsley - Hughes of ZDNet and Kevin Roose of New York believed that the fingerprint scanning functionality of the iPhone 5S could help spur the adoption of the technology as an alternative to passwords by mainstream users ( especially in `` bring your own device '' scenarios ) , as fingerprint - based authentication systems have only enjoyed wider usage in enterprise environments . However , citing research by biometrics engineer Geppy Parziale , Roose suggested that the CMOS - based sensor could become inaccurate and wear out over time unless Apple had designed the sensor to prevent this from occurring . Brent Kennedy , a researcher of the United States Computer Emergency Readiness Team , recommended that users not immediately rely on the technology , citing the uncertainty over whether the system could properly reject a spoofed fingerprint . Following the release of the iPhone 5S , the German Chaos Computer Club announced on September 21 , 2013 that they had bypassed Apple 's new Touch ID fingerprint sensor by using `` easy everyday means '' . The group explained that the security system had been defeated by photographing a fingerprint from a glass surface and using that captured image to make a latex model thumb which was then pressed against the sensor to gain access . The spokesman for the group stated , `` We hope that this finally puts to rest the illusions people have about fingerprint biometrics . It is plain stupid to use something that you ca n't change and that you leave everywhere every day as a security token . '' However , in 2013 , 39 % of American smartphone users used no security measures at all to protect their smartphone . Others have also tried Chaos Computer Club 's method , but concluded that it is not an easy process in either time or effort , given that the user has to use a high resolution photocopy of a complete fingerprint , special chemicals and expensive equipment , and because the spoofing process takes some time to achieve . Problems ( edit ) Several problems were experienced with the iPhone 5S 's hardware after its release . The most widely reported issue is that the angle reported by the phone 's level sensor had drifted by several degrees , which caused the gyroscope , compass , and accelerometer to become inaccurate . Reports suggested that this is a hardware - induced problem . Some encountered other problems such as crashing with a blue screen and then restarting , the power button making a rattling noise when the phone was shaken , overheating , the microphone not working , and Touch ID not working for iTunes purchases . Some of these issues have been fixed by software updates . Timeline of models ( edit ) Sources : Apple press release library See also ( edit ) Apple Inc. portal List of iOS devices History of iPhone Comparison of smartphones References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` iPhone 5S Models '' . EveryiPhone.com . Jump up ^ Dumlao , Doris ( October 25 , 2013 ) . `` iPhone 5s , 5c coming to PH Nov. 15 '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved October 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shimpi , Anand Lal ( March 31 , 2014 ) . `` Apple 's Cyclone Microarchitecture Detailed '' . AnandTech . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lal Shimpi , Anand ( September 17 , 2013 ) . `` The iPhone 5s Review : GPU Architecture '' . AnandTech . Retrieved September 18 , 2013 . 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Archived from the original on September 26 , 2013 . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 5S Dock '' . Apple Inc . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2013 . Retrieved September 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Franklin , Eric ( September 10 , 2013 ) . `` iPhone 5S and 5C each gets a new nearly identical dock '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved September 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pogue , David ( September 17 , 2013 ) . `` In Arrival of 2 iPhones , 3 Lessons '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved September 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pogue , David ( September 17 , 2013 ) . `` Yes , There 's a New iPhone . But That 's Not the Big News '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved September 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Vlastelica , Ryan ( September 11 , 2013 ) . `` High iPhone price spooks investors , Apple shares drop '' . Reuters . Thomson Reuters . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . 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CBS Interactive . Retrieved September 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Etherington , Darrell ( September 20 , 2013 ) . `` Apple 's iPhone 5S And 5C Launch Draws Big Crowds , Including Biggest Ever Line At NYC Flagship Store '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved September 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gupta , Poornima ; Saba , Jennifer ( September 23 , 2013 ) . `` Apple polishes forecast after selling 9 million new iPhones '' . Reuters . Thomson Reuters . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Wilson ( September 21 , 2013 ) . `` As iPhone 5S goes on sale , shortages already loom '' . NBC News . NBCUniversal . Retrieved September 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Culzac , Natasha ( September 20 , 2013 ) . `` t 's here ! iPhone 5S sold out within minutes in first day of trading '' . The Metro . Associated Newspapers . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tibken , Shara ( September 20 , 2013 ) . `` iPhone 5S , 5C hunters hit up NYC , but 64GB gold is elusive '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved September 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hutchinson , Lee ( September 20 , 2013 ) . `` '' I 'm not leaving without a gold one ! '' Tales from the iPhone 5S line `` . Ars Technica . Condé Nast Publications . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Welch , Chris ( September 28 , 2013 ) . `` Apple reportedly cutting iPhone 5S wait times with in - store pickup '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Grothaus , Michael ( September 22 , 2013 ) . `` iPhone 5S ship times get pushed back to October '' . The Unofficial Apple Weblog . AOL . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Clover , Juli ( September 21 , 2013 ) . `` iPhone 5s Shipping Estimates Slip to October '' . MacRumors . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 5s Outselling iPhone 5c Two to One '' . Dow Jones & Company . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gross , Doug ( October 18 , 2013 ) . `` Is Apple 's iPhone 5C a flop ? '' . CNN . TimeWarner . Retrieved October 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Apple iPhone crosses half billion in sales - BestMobs News '' . Bestmobs.com . March 26 , 2014 . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Zach ( July 16 , 2014 ) . `` Ouch : Eight - month - old iPhone 5s outsold the Galaxy S5 in its first full month of sales '' . Jump up ^ Kingsley - Hughes , Adrian ( September 10 , 2013 ) . `` iPhone 5S with Touch ID is a big win for BYOD security '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Will a fingerprint sensor be Apple 's next hit ? '' . invasivecode . August 10 , 2013 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Will the New iPhone 's ' Touch ID ' Feature Finally Make Fingerprint Scanning Happen ? '' . New York Magazine . September 10 , 2013 . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Andy ( September 10 , 2013 ) . `` Apple 's New iPhone ' Touch ID ' Makes Fingerprint Scans Easy , But Do n't Ditch Passcodes Yet '' . Forbes . Forbes , Inc . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | iphone 5s price when it first came out | [
"Most reviewers recommended the iPhone 5S over the iPhone 5C which was released at the same time. The 5C retained almost the same hardware as the discontinued iPhone 5, while the iPhone 5S featured substantially improved performance/features thanks to its new 64-bit A7 processor, as well as extra storage space, all for a relatively small additional upfront cost over the iPhone 5C (US$650 versus US$550 in March 2014). This was especially the case when iOS 8 was released and both iPhone 5S and iPhone 5C were moved to the mid and low end of the iPhone range, respectively; the iPhone 5S still had 16 or 32 GB storage available while the iPhone 5C had to make do with 8 GB storage with only 4.9GB available to the user after installing iOS 8. Furthermore, the 5C's polycarbonate exterior received a mixed reception and was seen as a cost-cutting downgrade compared to the iPhone 5's aluminum/glass case; the 5S retained the latter design and looked even more premium due its additional gold finish.[85][86]"
] | [
"$650"
] |
-2669136191815575344 | List of Test cricket hat-tricks | List of Test cricket hat - tricks - wikipedia List of Test cricket hat - tricks Jump to : navigation , search English cricketer Stuart Broad took hat - tricks against India at Trent Bridge in 2011 and against Sri Lanka at Headingley in 2014 . In the sport of cricket , a hat - trick is an occasion where a bowler takes three wickets in consecutive deliveries . As of 31 July 2017 , this feat has only been achieved 43 times in more than two thousand Test matches , the form of the sport in which national representative teams compete in matches of up to five days ' duration . The first Test hat - trick was recorded on 2 January 1879 , in only the third Test match to take place , by the Australian pace bowler Fred Spofforth , nicknamed `` The Demon Bowler '' , who dismissed three English batsmen with consecutive deliveries at the Melbourne Cricket Ground . The most recent bowler to achieve the feat was English spin bowler Moeen Ali against South Africa on 31 July 2017 . At least one bowler from each of the ten nations that have played Test cricket have taken a Test hat - trick . A player has taken two hat - tricks in the same Test match only once . Playing for Australia against South Africa in the first match of the 1912 Triangular Tournament at Old Trafford , Manchester , England , leg spinner Jimmy Matthews took a hat - trick in South Africa 's first and second innings , both taken on 28 May 1912 . He completed both hat - tricks by dismissing South Africa 's Tommy Ward . Only three other cricketers have taken more than one Test hat - trick : Australian off spinner Hugh Trumble ( two years apart , between the same teams at the same ground ) , Pakistani fast bowler Wasim Akram ( just over a week apart , in consecutive matches between the same teams ) and English fast bowler Stuart Broad . Three players have taken a hat - trick on their Test debut : English medium pace bowler Maurice Allom in 1930 , New Zealand off - spinner Peter Petherick in 1976 , and Australian pace bowler Damien Fleming in 1994 . Geoff Griffin took the fewest total Test wickets of any player who recorded a hat - trick , taking only eight wickets in his entire Test career . During the match in which he took his hat - trick , Griffin was repeatedly called for throwing by the umpires and never bowled again in a Test match . Australian Peter Siddle is the only bowler to take a hat - trick on his birthday , and Bangladeshi off spinner Sohag Gazi is the only player to score a century and take a hat - trick in the same Test match . Australian Merv Hughes is the only bowler to take a hat - trick where the wickets fell over three overs . He took a wicket with the final ball of an over . With the first ball of the next over he took the final wicket of the West Indies innings . He then removed the opener Gordon Greenidge with the first ball of the West Indies second innings . In the five - match series between a Rest of the World XI and England in 1970 , a hat - trick was taken by South African Eddie Barlow in the fourth match , at Headingley ( the last three of four wickets in five balls ) . These matches were considered to be Tests at the time , but that status was later removed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Test hat - tricks 2 By team 3 See also 4 References 4.1 General 4.2 Specific Test hat - tricks ( edit ) Australian bowler Fred Spofforth took the first hat - trick in Test cricket on 2 January 1879 , in only the third Test match . Billy Bates was the first player to take a hat - trick for England , four years after Spofforth achieved the feat . Hugh Trumble is one of only four players to take more than one Test hat - trick , achieving the feat in 1902 and 1904 . Courtney Walsh 's hat - trick in 1988 was spread across two innings . In Australia 's first innings he dismissed the last two batsmen with consecutive deliveries and then took a third wicket with the first ball of the second innings . Wasim Akram took two hat - tricks in the space of nine days in 1999 . When Peter Siddle took a hat - trick for Australia in 2010 , his final victim was Stuart Broad . Nine months later Broad himself would be the next man to take a Test match hat - trick . Key Symbol Meaning Bowler The name of the bowler For The team for which the bowler was playing Against The team against which the bowler was playing Inn . The innings ( first or second ) in which the hat - trick was achieved Test The number of the Test within the overall series between the two teams Dismissals The three players dismissed by the bowler Venue The venue where the hat - trick was achieved Date The date on which the hat - trick was achieved Ref . Reference List of Test cricket hat - tricks No . Bowler For Against Inn . Test Dismissals Venue Date Ref . Spofforth , Fred Fred Spofforth Australia England 1 / 1 Vernon Royle ( b ) Francis MacKinnon ( b ) Tom Emmett ( c Tom Horan ) Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne 2 January 1879 Bates , Billy Billy Bates England Australia 2 / 3 Percy McDonnell ( b ) George Giffen ( c and b ) George Bonnor ( c Walter Read ) Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne 20 January 1883 Briggs , Johnny Johnny Briggs England Australia 2 / 3 Walter Giffen ( b ) Jack Blackham ( lbw ) Sydney Callaway ( c W.G. Grace ) Sydney Cricket Ground , Sydney 2 February 1892 Lohmann , George George Lohmann England South Africa 1 / 3 Frederick Cook ( b ) Bonnor Middleton ( b ) Joseph Willoughby ( c Tom Hayward ) St. George 's Park , Port Elizabeth 14 February 1896 Hearne , Jack Jack Hearne England Australia 3 / 5 Clem Hill ( b ) Syd Gregory ( c Archie MacLaren ) Monty Noble ( c Ranjitsinhji ) Headingley , Leeds 30 June 1899 6 Trumble , Hugh Hugh Trumble Australia England 2 / 5 John Gunn ( c Sammy Jones ) Arthur Jones ( c Joe Darling ) Sydney Barnes ( c and b ) Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne 4 January 1902 7 Trumble , Hugh Hugh Trumble Australia England 5 / 5 Bernard Bosanquet ( c Algy Gehrs ) Plum Warner ( c and b ) Dick Lilley ( lbw ) Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne 8 March 1904 8 Matthews , Jimmy Jimmy Matthews Australia South Africa 1 / 3 Rolland Beaumont ( b ) Sid Pegler ( lbw ) Tommy Ward ( lbw ) Old Trafford , Manchester 28 May 1912 9 Matthews , Jimmy Jimmy Matthews Australia South Africa 1 / 3 Herbie Taylor ( b ) Reggie Schwarz ( c and b ) Tommy Ward ( c and b ) Old Trafford , Manchester 28 May 1912 10 Allom , Maurice Maurice Allom England New Zealand 1 / 4 Tom Lowry ( lbw ) Ken James ( c Tich Cornford ) Ted Badcock ( b ) Lancaster Park , Christchurch 10 January 1930 11 Goddard , Tom Tom Goddard England South Africa 1 / 5 Dudley Nourse ( c and b ) Norman Gordon ( st Leslie Ames ) Billy Wade ( b ) Old Wanderers , Johannesburg 26 December 1938 12 Loader , Peter Peter Loader England West Indies 4 / 5 John Goddard ( b ) Sonny Ramadhin ( c Fred Trueman ) Roy Gilchrist ( b ) Headingley , Leeds 25 July 1957 13 Kline , Lindsay Lindsay Kline Australia South Africa 2 / 5 Eddie Fuller ( c Richie Benaud ) Hugh Tayfield ( lbw ) Neil Adcock ( c Bob Simpson ) Newlands , Cape Town 3 January 1958 14 Hall , Wes Wes Hall West Indies Pakistan 3 / 3 Mushtaq Mohammed ( lbw ) Fazal Mahmood ( c Garfield Sobers ) Nasim - ul - Ghani ( b ) Bagh - e-Jinnah , Lahore 29 March 1959 15 Griffin , Geoff Geoff Griffin South Africa England 2 / 5 M.J.K. Smith ( c John Waite ) Peter Walker ( b ) Fred Trueman ( b ) Lord 's , London 24 June 1960 16 Gibbs , Lance Lance Gibbs West Indies Australia 4 / 5 Ken Mackay ( lbw ) Wally Grout ( c Garfield Sobers ) Frank Misson ( b ) Adelaide Oval , Adelaide 30 January 1961 17 Petherick , Peter Peter Petherick New Zealand Pakistan 1 / 3 Javed Miandad ( c Richard Hadlee ) Wasim Raja ( c and b ) Intikhab Alam ( c Geoff Howarth ) Gaddafi Stadium , Lahore 9 October 1976 18 Walsh , Courtney Courtney Walsh West Indies Australia 1 & 2 1 / 5 Tony Dodemaide ( c Viv Richards ) Mike Veletta ( c Carl Hooper ) Graeme Wood ( lbw ) Brisbane Cricket Ground , Brisbane 18 -- 20 November 1988 19 Hughes , Merv Merv Hughes Australia West Indies 1 & 2 2 / 5 Curtly Ambrose ( c Ian Healy ) Patrick Patterson ( c Tony Dodemaide ) Gordon Greenidge ( lbw ) WACA , Perth 3 -- 4 December 1988 20 Fleming , Damien Damien Fleming Australia Pakistan 2 / 3 Aamer Malik ( c Michael Bevan ) Inzamam - ul - Haq ( lbw ) Saleem Malik ( c Ian Healy ) Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium , Rawalpindi 9 October 1994 21 Warne , Shane Shane Warne Australia England 2 / 5 Phil DeFreitas ( lbw ) Darren Gough ( c Ian Healy ) Devon Malcolm ( c David Boon ) Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne 29 December 1994 22 Cork , Dominic Dominic Cork England West Indies 4 / 6 Richie Richardson ( b ) Junior Murray ( lbw ) Carl Hooper ( lbw ) Old Trafford , Manchester 30 July 1995 23 Gough , Darren Darren Gough England Australia 5 / 5 Ian Healy ( c Warren Hegg ) Stuart MacGill ( b ) Colin Miller ( b ) Sydney Cricket Ground , Sydney 2 January 1999 24 Wasim Akram Pakistan Sri Lanka 3 / 4 Romesh Kaluwitharana ( c Moin Khan ) Niroshan Bandaratilleke ( b ) Pramodya Wickramasinghe ( b ) Gaddafi Stadium , Lahore 6 March 1999 25 Wasim Akram Pakistan Sri Lanka 4 / 4 Avishka Gunawardene ( c Shahid Afridi ) Chaminda Vaas ( b ) Mahela Jayawardene ( c Wajahatullah Wasti ) Bangabandhu National Stadium , Dhaka 14 March 1999 26 Nuwan Zoysa Sri Lanka Zimbabwe 2 / 3 Trevor Gripper ( lbw ) Murray Goodwin ( c Romesh Kaluwitharana ) Neil Johnson ( lbw ) Harare Sports Club , Harare 26 November 1999 27 Abdul Razzaq Pakistan Sri Lanka 2 / 3 Romesh Kaluwitharana ( c Moin Khan ) Rangana Herath ( lbw ) Ravi Pushpakumara ( lbw ) Galle International Stadium , Galle 21 June 2000 28 McGrath , Glenn Glenn McGrath Australia West Indies 2 / 5 Sherwin Campbell ( c Ricky Ponting ) Brian Lara ( c Stuart MacGill ) Jimmy Adams ( c Justin Langer ) WACA , Perth 1 December 2000 29 Harbhajan Singh India Australia 2 / 3 Ricky Ponting ( lbw ) Adam Gilchrist ( lbw ) Shane Warne ( c Sadagoppan Ramesh ) Eden Gardens , Calcutta 11 March 2001 30 Mohammad Sami Pakistan Sri Lanka 3 / 3 Charitha Buddhika ( lbw ) Nuwan Zoysa ( lbw ) Muttiah Muralitharan ( b ) Gaddafi Stadium , Lahore 8 March 2002 31 Lawson , Jermaine Jermaine Lawson West Indies Australia 1 & 2 3 / 4 Brett Lee ( b ) Stuart MacGill ( b ) Justin Langer ( lbw ) Kensington Oval , Bridgetown 2 -- 5 May 2003 32 Alok Kapali Bangladesh Pakistan 2 / 3 Shabbir Ahmed ( c Mashrafe Mortaza ) Danish Kaneria ( lbw ) Umar Gul ( lbw ) Arbab Niaz Stadium , Peshawar 29 August 2003 33 Blignaut , Andy Andy Blignaut Zimbabwe Bangladesh 1 / 2 Hannan Sarkar ( lbw ) Mohammad Ashraful ( c sub ( Travis Friend ) ) Mushfiqur Rahman ( c Tatenda Taibu ) Harare Sports Club , Harare 22 February 2004 34 Hoggard , Matthew Matthew Hoggard England West Indies 3 / 4 Ramnaresh Sarwan ( c Ashley Giles ) Shivnarine Chanderpaul ( lbw ) Ryan Hinds ( c Andrew Flintoff ) Kensington Oval , Barbados 3 April 2004 35 Franklin , James James Franklin New Zealand Bangladesh 1 / 2 Manjural Islam Rana ( c Brendon McCullum ) Mohammad Rafique ( c Scott Styris ) Tapash Baisya ( b ) Bangabandhu National Stadium , Dhaka 20 October 2004 36 Irfan Pathan India Pakistan 3 / 3 Salman Butt ( c Rahul Dravid ) Younis Khan ( lbw ) Mohammad Yousuf ( b ) National Stadium , Karachi 29 January 2006 37 Sidebottom , Ryan Ryan Sidebottom England New Zealand 1 / 3 Stephen Fleming ( c Alastair Cook ) Mathew Sinclair ( c Alastair Cook ) Jacob Oram ( lbw ) Seddon Park , Hamilton 8 March 2008 38 Siddle , Peter Peter Siddle Australia England 1 / 5 Alastair Cook ( c Shane Watson ) Matt Prior ( b ) Stuart Broad ( lbw ) Brisbane Cricket Ground , Brisbane 25 November 2010 39 Broad , Stuart Stuart Broad England India 2 / 4 Mahendra Singh Dhoni ( c James Anderson ) Harbhajan Singh ( lbw ) Praveen Kumar ( b ) Trent Bridge , Nottinghamshire 30 July 2011 40 Gazi , Sohag Sohag Gazi Bangladesh New Zealand 1 / 2 Corey Anderson ( lbw ) BJ Watling ( c Mushfiqur Rahim ) Doug Bracewell ( c Shakib Al Hasan ) Zahur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium , Chittagong 13 October 2013 41 Broad , Stuart Stuart Broad England Sri Lanka 2 / 2 Kumar Sangakkara ( c Ian Bell ) Dinesh Chandimal ( c Alastair Cook ) Shaminda Eranga ( c Matt Prior ) Headingley , Leeds 20 June 2014 42 Herath , Rangana Rangana Herath Sri Lanka Australia 2 / 3 Adam Voges ( c Dimuth Karunaratne ) Peter Nevill ( lbw ) Mitchell Starc ( lbw ) Galle International Stadium , Galle 5 August 2016 43 Ali , Moeen Moeen Ali England South Africa 3 / 4 Dean Elgar ( c Ben Stokes ) Kagiso Rabada ( c Ben Stokes ) Morné Morkel ( lbw ) The Oval , London 31 July 2017 By team ( edit ) England and Australia combined have taken over half of all Test match hat - tricks to date , 25 of 43 ( 58.14 % ) . Test hat - tricks by team Team Hat - tricks England 14 Australia 11 Pakistan West Indies Bangladesh India Sri Lanka New Zealand South Africa Zimbabwe See also ( edit ) List of One Day International cricket hat - tricks List of Twenty20 International cricket hat - tricks References ( edit ) General ( edit ) `` Record / Test matches / Bowling record / Hat - tricks '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Specific ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` India in England -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ McGhie , Tom ( 20 July 2011 ) . `` Landmark Test matches through the years as Lord 's plays host to the 2,000 th when England take on India '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 3 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Demon strikes three times '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Record / Test matches / Bowling record / Hat - tricks '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Triangular Tournament − 1st match : Australia v South Africa Test Series -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Williamson , Martin ( 11 August 2012 ) . `` No - balled out of the game '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ McGlashan , Andrew ( 25 November 2010 ) . `` Siddle hat - trick gives Australia control '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Islam , Mohammad ( 13 October 2013 ) . `` Gazi shines as Test ends in draw '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Steven ( 13 October 2013 ) . `` Three - act plays '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 23 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` England v Rest Of The World , 1970 -- 4th match '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` July 2000 -- The best of the best ? '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of Australia , 1878 / 79 -- Only Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England ( IFW Bligh 's XI ) tour of Australia , 1882 / 83 : The Ashes -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England ( Lord Sheffield 's XI ) tour of Australia , 1891 / 92 : The Ashes -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of South Africa , 1895 / 96 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of England , 1899 : The Ashes -- 3rd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of Australia , 1901 / 02 : The Ashes -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England ( Marylebone Cricket Club ) tour of Australia , 1903 / 04 : The Ashes -- 5th Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Triangular Tournament , 1912 : Australia v South Africa Test Series − 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of New Zealand , 1929 / 30 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of South Africa , 1938 / 39 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of England , 1957 -- 4th Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of South Africa , 1957 / 58 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of Pakistan , 1958 / 59 -- 3d Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa tour of England , 1960 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of Australia , 1960 / 61 -- 4th Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand tour of Pakistan , 1976 / 77 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of Australia , 1988 / 89 : The Frank Worrell Trophy -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of Australia , 1988 / 89 : The Frank Worrell Trophy -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of Pakistan , 1994 / 95 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of Australia , 1994 / 95 : The Ashes -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of England , 1995 : The Wisden Trophy -- 4th Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of Australia , 1998 / 99 : The Ashes -- 5th Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Asian Championship Test , 1998 / 99 -- 3rd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Asian Championship Test , 1998 / 99 -- Final '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka tour of Zimbabwe , 1999 / 00 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan tour of Sri Lanka , 2000 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of Australia , 2000 / 01 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of India , 2000 / 01 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Asian Championship Test , 2001 / 02 -- Final '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of West Indies , 2003 : The Frank Worrell Trophy -- 3rd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh tour of Pakistan , 2003 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh tour of Zimbabwe , 2003 / 04 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of West Indies , 2003 / 04 : The Wisden Trophy -- 3rd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand tour of Bangladesh , 2004 / 05 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` India tour of Pakistan , 2005 / 06 -- 3rd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of New Zealand , 2007 / 08 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of Australia , 2010 / 11 : The Ashes -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` India tour of England , 2011 : Pataudi Trophy -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand tour of Bangladesh , 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 13 Oct 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka tour of England , 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 20 Jun 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of Sri Lanka , 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 5 Aug 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 3rd Test , South Africa tour of England at London , Jul 27 -- Jul 31 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Cricket records Test records By team Australia Bangladesh England India Ireland New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Most career runs Triple centuries Centuries in both innings Centuries on debut Bowling Most career wickets Five - wicket hauls on debut Double five - wicket hauls on debut Hat - tricks ODI records By team Australia Bangladesh England India New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Most career runs Highest individual scores Double centuries Centuries on debut Bowling Most career wickets Hat - tricks Five - wicket haul on debut T20I records By team Australia Bangladesh England India Nepal New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Centuries Bowling Five - wicket hauls Hat - tricks Miscellaneous records International Centuries Career Five Wicket Hauls 100 wickets in a season Wicket with first ball World Cup records First - class records Batsmen with 100 FC centuries FC quadruple centuries Ranji Trophy List - A records Centuries by ground Five - wicket hauls by ground Twenty20 records Under - 19 records Women 's cricket Test records ODI records T20I records Test centuries ODI centuries T20I centuries Hat - tricks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Test_cricket_hat-tricks&oldid=838485503 '' Categories : Cricket - related lists Test cricket hat - trick takers Test cricket records Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা मराठी Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 09 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | first bowler to take hattrick in test cricket | [
"In the sport of cricket, a hat-trick is an occasion where a bowler takes three wickets in consecutive deliveries. As of 31 July 2017, this feat has only been achieved 43 times in more than two thousand Test matches,[2] the form of the sport in which national representative teams compete in matches of up to five days' duration. The first Test hat-trick was recorded on 2 January 1879, in only the third Test match to take place, by the Australian pace bowler Fred Spofforth, nicknamed \"The Demon Bowler\",[3] who dismissed three English batsmen with consecutive deliveries at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. The most recent bowler to achieve the feat was English spin bowler Moeen Ali against South Africa on 31 July 2017. At least one bowler from each of the ten nations that have played Test cricket have taken a Test hat-trick.[4]"
] | [
"Fred Spofforth"
] |
-1074590962032473797 | 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship | 2018 College football Playoff national championship - wikipedia 2018 College football Playoff national championship Jump to : navigation , search 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship Alabama Crimson Tide Georgia Bulldogs ( 12 -- 1 ) ( 13 -- 1 ) SEC SEC 26 23 Head coach : Nick Saban Head coach : Kirby Smart AP Coaches CFP AP Coaches CFP OT Total Alabama 0 0 10 10 6 26 Georgia 0 13 7 0 23 Date January 8 , 2018 Season 2017 Stadium Mercedes - Benz Stadium Location Atlanta , Georgia MVP Offensive : # 13 QB Tua Tagovailoa , Fr . Alabama Defensive : # 94 DT Da'Ron Payne , Jr . Alabama Favorite Alabama by 3.5 National anthem Zac Brown Band Referee Dan Capron ( Big Ten ) Halftime show Georgia Redcoat Marching Band Million Dollar Band Attendance 77,430 United States TV coverage Network ESPN / ESPN Radio / ESPN Deportes Announcers Chris Fowler , Kirk Herbstreit , Maria Taylor and Tom Rinaldi ( ESPN ) Sean McDonough , Todd Blackledge , Holly Rowe and Ian Fitzsimmons ( ESPN Radio ) College Football Playoff National Championship < 2017 2019 > The 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship was a college football bowl game that determined the national champion in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision for the 2017 season . The Alabama Crimson Tide defeated the Georgia Bulldogs 26 -- 23 in overtime . Alabama overcame a 13 -- 0 deficit at halftime . Tua Tagovailoa and Da'Ron Payne were respectively named the offensive and defensive players of the game . The College Football Playoff selection committee chose the semifinalists following the conclusion of the 2017 regular season . Alabama and Georgia advanced to the national championship after winning the semifinal games hosted by the Sugar Bowl and the Rose Bowl , respectively , on January 1 , 2018 . The championship game was played at Mercedes - Benz Stadium in Atlanta , Georgia on January 8 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 2018 College Football Playoff 3 Teams 3.1 Alabama 3.2 Georgia 4 Game summary 4.1 Scoring summary 4.2 Statistics 5 Broadcasting 6 Dispute 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) The 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship took place at Mercedes - Benz Stadium The Mercedes - Benz Stadium in Atlanta , Georgia was announced as the host site for the fourth College Football National Championship on November 4 , 2015 . 2018 College football Playoff ( edit ) Semifinals Championship January 1 -- Sugar Bowl Mercedes - Benz Superdome , New Orleans 1 Clemson 6 4 Alabama 24 January 8 -- National Championship Mercedes - Benz Stadium , Atlanta 4 Alabama ( OT ) 26 January 1 -- Rose Bowl Rose Bowl , Pasadena 3 Georgia 23 2 Oklahoma 48 3 Georgia ( 2OT ) 54 This bracket : view talk edit The College Football Playoff ( CFP ) selected four teams to advance to the playoff : the Clemson Tigers , Oklahoma Sooners , Georgia Bulldogs , and Alabama Crimson Tide . Teams ( edit ) Alabama ( edit ) See also : 2017 Alabama Crimson Tide football team The Alabama Crimson Tide defeated the Clemson Tigers in the 2018 Sugar Bowl by a score of 24 -- 6 to reach the championship game . The Tide had a 12 -- 1 season , becoming the SEC West Division co-champions with the Auburn Tigers . The Crimson Tide were coached by Nick Saban . Georgia ( edit ) See also : 2017 Georgia Bulldogs football team The Georgia Bulldogs defeated the Oklahoma Sooners in the 2018 Rose Bowl by a score of 54 -- 48 in double overtime to reach the championship game . The Bulldogs had a 13 -- 1 season claiming their 13th Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) championship with a win over Auburn Tigers , 28 -- 7 . The Bulldogs were coached by Kirby Smart . Game summary ( edit ) After winning the coin toss , Alabama deferred to the second half and Georgia received the ball to begin the game . After two plays , quarterback Jake Fromm attempted a pass downfield and was intercepted by Tony Brown . Alabama began their first drive of the game , and , after eleven plays , that drive ended with kicker Andy Pappanastos missing a 40 - yard field goal . The teams each had three - and - outs for the game 's first two punts . During Georgia 's ensuing drive , the quarter ended , with no score . After a failed third down conversion , on the second play of the second quarter , Georgia kicker Rodrigo Blankenship hit a 41 - yard field goal to open the scoring and put Georgia in the lead by three . Alabama 's ensuing drive went nowhere , as they gained four yards on three plays and punted . Georgia took the ball and drove down the field , and found themselves with a first and goal at the Alabama 10 - yard - line ; the Tide defense held , however , and the Bulldogs settled for a second field goal and took a 6 -- 0 lead with just over seven and a half minutes until half . On Alabama 's next drive , the Georgia defense held yet again and Alabama 's JK Scott punted for the third time . Just prior to the punt , Georgia wide receiver Javon Wims was shown walking to the locker room , reportedly with a left shoulder injury . Both defenses then forced punts , and Georgia took back over with 1 : 19 remaining in the half on their own 31 - yard - line . Nine plays later , on Alabama 's 1 - yard - line , Mecole Hardman took a direct snap , faked a handoff , and ran into the end zone for the game 's first touchdown , putting Georgia up 13 -- 0 going into halftime . Because they deferred the coin toss , Alabama received the ball first in the second half . They started their drive on their own 22 - yard - line . Tua Tagovailoa , Alabama 's backup quarterback , started the second half for the Tide ; that drive quickly resulted in a three - and - out . The initial punt was blocked , but an offside call gave the Tide another chance to punt . Georgia started their drive on their own 36 - yard - line , but punted on 4th & 17 . Alabama took over on their own 44 - yard - line . The teams then traded touchdowns on consecutive drives ; Alabama scored their first points of the game on a 6 - yard pass from Tagovailoa to Ruggs , but Georgia immediately responded with an 80 - yard touchdown connection from Fromm to Mecole Hardman , putting Georgia up 20 -- 7 . On the second play of Alabama 's ensuing drive , Tagovailoa , while scrambling to the left , threw into traffic and was intercepted by Georgia 's Deandre Baker . Up 13 , the Bulldogs took over possession of the ball on Alabama 's 39 - yard - line . The Tide defense responded immediately , however , as Raekwon Davis intercepted a Jake Fromm pass on the first play of Georgia 's drive , returning the pick to the UGA 40 - yard - line . The Tide gained fifteen yards on six plays and kicker Andy Pappanastos avenged his earlier miss with a 43 - yard field goal that put Bama within ten . The teams then traded punts . Just prior to Alabama 's punt , it was announced that an Alabama defensive back , Kyriq McDonald , had collapsed on the sideline ; the situation was described as a `` serious medical emergency '' . He was loaded onto a medical stretcher awake and conscious . Georgia could not muster anything on offense that drive , and punted . The fourth quarter saw Tagovailoa lead the Tide to come back and tie the game at 20 with 3 : 49 . With three seconds remaining in the game , Andy Pappanastos missed a potential game - winning 36 - yard field goal to the left , sending the game to overtime . In overtime , Georgia scored on a 51 - yard field goal . On Alabama 's first offensive play in overtime , Tagovailoa was sacked for a 16 - yard loss , but immediately followed that with a game - winning 41 - yard touchdown pass to DeVonta Smith . Tagovailoa was named the offensive player of the game , and Da'Ron Payne was named the defensive player of the game . Scoring summary ( edit ) ( hide ) Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP Alabama Georgia 14 : 14 14 55 7 : 40 Georgia 41 - yard field goal by Rodrigo Blankenship 0 7 : 33 13 70 5 : 19 Georgia 27 - yard field goal by Rodrigo Blankenship 0 6 0 : 07 9 69 1 : 12 Georgia Mecole Hardman 1 - yard touchdown run , Rodrigo Blankenship kick good 0 13 8 : 52 7 56 1 : 59 Alabama Henry Ruggs III 6 - yard touchdown reception from Tua Tagovailoa , Andy Pappanastos kick good 7 13 6 : 52 93 1 : 55 Georgia Mecole Hardman 80 - yard touchdown reception from Jake Fromm , Rodrigo Blankenship kick good 7 20 5 : 20 6 15 1 : 06 Alabama 43 - yard field goal by Andy Pappanastos 10 20 9 : 24 8 71 2 : 15 Alabama 30 - yard field goal by Andy Pappanastos 13 20 3 : 49 8 66 3 : 21 Alabama Calvin Ridley 7 - yard touchdown reception from Tua Tagovailoa , Andy Pappanastos kick good 20 20 OT - 9 Georgia 51 - yard field goal by Rodrigo Blankenship 20 23 OT 25 Alabama DeVonta Smith 41 - yard touchdown reception from Tua Tagovailoa 26 23 `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football . 26 23 Statistics ( edit ) OT Total No. 4 Crimson Tide 0 0 10 10 6 26 No. 3 Bulldogs 0 13 7 0 23 Statistics Alabama Georgia First downs 20 22 Plays -- yards 71 -- 371 77 -- 365 Rushes -- yards 39 -- 184 45 -- 133 Passing yards 187 232 Passing : Comp -- Att -- Int 17 -- 32 -- 1 16 -- 32 -- 2 Time of possession 26 : 17 33 : 43 Sources : ESPN , StatBroadcast Team Player Statistics Alabama Passing Tua Tagovailoa 14 / 24 , 166 yds , 3 TD , 1 INT Rushing Najee Harris 6 car , 64 yds Receiving Calvin Ridley 4 rec , 32 yds , 1 TD Georgia Passing Jake Fromm 16 / 32 , 232 yds , 1 TD , 2 INT Rushing Sony Michel 14 car , 98 yds Receiving Riley Ridley 6 rec , 82 yds Sources : ESPN , StatBroadcast Broadcasting ( edit ) The game was televised nationally by ESPN . On January 8 , 2018 , the network announced that its broadcast would feature a live performance by Kendrick Lamar during halftime . This performance was separate from the event proper at Mercedes - Benz Stadium ( which featured a traditional halftime show with the marching bands of the participating teams ) , and originated from Centennial Olympic Park . Dispute ( edit ) Following an undefeated season in the American Athletic Conference and their victory over the Auburn Tigers in the 2018 Peach Bowl , the UCF Knights claimed the national championship by virtue of being the only undefeated team in the FBS level of college football . UCF held a victory parade at Disney World and hung a national championship banner at their stadium to celebrate this achievement . The school also paid national championship bonuses to all of its assistant coaches , many of whom left UCF after the Peach Bowl to follow head coach Scott Frost to his new head coaching job at Nebraska ; Frost himself ( who coached UCF in the game ) did not receive such a bonus because he had already been paid all of the bonuses allowed by his UCF contract . The selection committee controversially ranked undefeated UCF 12th at the end of the regular season , below a number of two - loss teams from the Power Five conferences , which left them out of the CFP . The AP Poll ranked Alabama No. 1 in its final poll , receiving 57 first - place votes , while UCF was ranked No. 6 and received four first - place votes -- the first time in the CFP era that the AP poll did not have a unanimous No. 1 team . Additionally , the Knights finished the 2017 football season as the No. 1 team in the Colley Bias Free Matrix Rankings . The Colley Matrix is recognized by the NCAA in its list of `` national champion major selections . '' See also ( edit ) College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kirshner , Alex ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` A Big Ten officiating crew is working the all - SEC National Championship '' . sbnation.com . SB Nation . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alex Scarbrough ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Atlanta , Santa Clara and New Orleans land CFP title games for 2018 -- 20 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Selection Committee Rankings : Final Top 25 Rankings '' ( PDF ) . College Football Playoff . December 3 , 2017 . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama 's Sugar Bowl win against Clemson sets up all - SEC final : Final score , stats , analysis '' . nola.com . January 1 , 2018 . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Emerson , Seth ( January 1 , 2018 ) . `` Georgia to play for national championship after Rose Bowl win in 2 OT '' . ajc.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Benjamin ; Drape , Joe ; Tracy , Marc ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` National Championship Game : Georgia vs. Alabama Live Score '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Perez , A.J. ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` CFP players of the game : Alabama 's Tua Tagovailoa and Da'Ron Payne '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kendrick Lamar to Perform at College Football Playoff Title Game '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baker , Matt ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` UCF is really claiming a national championship '' . tampabay.com . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rollins , Khadrice ( January 2 , 2018 ) . `` UCF Is Having a Parade at Disney World for National Championship Caliber Season '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gartland , Dan ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` UCF Is Hanging a National Championship Banner at Its Stadium '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chavez , Chris ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` UCF AD Says Coaches Will Be Paid National Championship Bonuses '' . SI.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ September 1 , 2018 ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Alabama is No. 1 in final AP poll for 11th time ; UCF 6th '' . Msn.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roger Simmons ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` National champions : UCF Knights finish season ranked No. 1 in Colley Matrix '' . orlandosentinel.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Media related to 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship at Wikimedia Commons College Football Playoff Championships Overview College Football Playoff National Championship Games 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 2019 -- 20 2020 -- 21 Semifinal Bowls Rose 2014 ( Jan 2015 ) 2017 ( Jan 2018 ) 2020 ( Jan 2021 ) Sugar 2014 ( Jan 2015 ) 2017 ( Jan 2018 ) 2020 ( Jan 2021 ) Orange 2015 ( Dec 2015 ) 2018 ( Dec 2018 ) Cotton 2015 ( Dec 2015 ) 2018 ( Dec 2018 ) Peach 2016 ( Dec 2016 ) 2019 ( Dec 2019 ) Fiesta 2016 ( Dec 2016 ) 2019 ( Dec 2019 ) Other List of College Football Playoff games New Year 's Six College Football Playoff National Championship Trophy NCAA Division I FBS champions Mythical national championship Plus - One system Power Five conferences Championship games for each season are played in January , while semifinal games are identified by season year , alternating between December and January Links to related articles 2017 -- 18 NCAA football bowl game season New Mexico ( Dec. 16 ) Las Vegas ( Dec. 16 ) Camellia ( Dec. 16 ) Cure ( Dec. 16 ) New Orleans ( Dec. 16 ) Boca Raton ( Dec. 19 ) Frisco ( Dec. 20 ) Gasparilla ( Dec. 21 ) Famous Idaho Potato ( Dec. 22 ) Bahamas ( Dec. 22 ) Armed Forces ( Dec. 23 ) Birmingham ( Dec. 23 ) Dollar General ( Dec. 23 ) Hawaii ( Dec. 24 ) Quick Lane ( Dec. 26 ) Heart of Dallas ( Dec. 26 ) Cactus ( Dec. 26 ) Independence ( Dec. 27 ) Pinstripe ( Dec. 27 ) Texas ( Dec. 27 ) Foster Farms ( Dec. 27 ) Military ( Dec. 28 ) Camping World ( Dec. 28 ) Alamo ( Dec. 28 ) Holiday ( Dec. 28 ) Belk ( Dec. 29 ) Cotton ( Dec. 29 ) Sun ( Dec. 29 ) Music City ( Dec. 29 ) Arizona ( Dec. 29 ) Fiesta ( Dec. 30 ) Liberty ( Dec. 30 ) Orange ( Dec. 30 ) TaxSlayer ( Dec. 30 ) Citrus ( Jan. 1 ) Outback ( Jan. 1 ) Peach ( Jan. 1 ) College Football Playoff games : Rose ( semifinal ) ( Jan. 1 ) Sugar ( semifinal ) ( Jan. 1 ) National Championship Game ( Jan. 8 ) All - Star Games East -- West Shrine Game ( Jan. 20 ) NFLPA Collegiate Bowl ( Jan. 20 ) Senior Bowl ( Jan. 27 ) NCAA Football Championship Games Division I FBS 2007 * 2008 * 2009 * 2010 * 2011 * 2012 * 2013 * 2014 * 2015 * 2016 * 2017 * 2018 * 2019 * I-A 1993 * 1994 * 1995 * 1996 * 1997 * 1998 * 1999 * 2000 * 2001 * 2002 * 2003 * 2004 * 2005 * 2006 * FCS 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 * 2012 * 2013 * 2014 * 2015 * 2016 * 2017 * 2018 * 2019 * I - AA 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 Division II 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Division III 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Games played in January are denoted by an asterisk Alabama Crimson Tide bowl games 1926 Rose Bowl 1927 Rose Bowl 1931 Rose Bowl 1935 Rose Bowl 1938 Rose Bowl 1942 Cotton Bowl Classic 1943 Orange Bowl 1945 Sugar Bowl 1946 Rose Bowl 1948 Sugar Bowl 1953 Orange Bowl 1954 Cotton Bowl Classic 1959 Liberty Bowl 1960 Bluebonnet Bowl 1962 Sugar Bowl 1963 Orange Bowl 1964 Sugar Bowl 1965 Orange Bowl 1966 Orange Bowl 1967 Sugar Bowl 1968 Cotton Bowl Classic 1968 Gator Bowl 1969 Liberty Bowl 1970 Astro - Bluebonnet Bowl 1972 Orange Bowl 1973 Cotton Bowl Classic 1973 Sugar Bowl 1975 Orange Bowl 1975 Sugar Bowl 1976 Liberty Bowl 1978 Sugar Bowl 1979 Sugar Bowl 1980 Sugar Bowl 1981 Cotton Bowl Classic 1982 Cotton Bowl Classic 1982 Liberty Bowl 1983 Sun Bowl 1985 Aloha Bowl 1986 Sun Bowl 1988 Hall of Fame Bowl 1988 Sun Bowl 1990 Sugar Bowl 1991 Fiesta Bowl 1991 Blockbuster Bowl 1993 Sugar Bowl # 1993 Gator Bowl 1995 Florida Citrus Bowl 1997 Outback Bowl 1998 Music City Bowl 2000 Orange Bowl 2001 Independence Bowl 2004 Music City Bowl 2006 Cotton Bowl Classic 2006 Independence Bowl 2007 Independence Bowl 2009 Sugar Bowl 2010 BCS National Championship Game # 2011 Capital One Bowl 2012 BCS National Championship Game # 2013 BCS National Championship Game # 2014 Sugar Bowl 2015 Sugar Bowl / 2015 Cotton Bowl Classic ( Dec ) / 2016 College Football Playoff National Championship # 2016 Peach Bowl / 2017 College Football Playoff National Championship # 2018 Sugar Bowl / 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship # # denotes national championship game / denotes College Football Playoff semifinal game Georgia Bulldogs bowl games 1942 Orange Bowl 1943 Rose Bowl 1946 Oil Bowl 1947 Sugar Bowl 1948 Gator Bowl 1949 Orange Bowl 1950 Presidential Cup 1960 Orange Bowl 1964 Sun Bowl 1966 Cotton Bowl Classic 1967 Liberty Bowl 1969 Sugar Bowl 1969 Sun Bowl 1971 Gator Bowl 1973 Peach Bowl 1974 Tangerine Bowl 1976 Cotton Bowl Classic 1977 Sugar Bowl 1978 Astro - Bluebonnet Bowl 1981 Sugar Bowl 1982 Sugar Bowl 1983 Sugar Bowl 1984 Cotton Bowl Classic 1984 Florida Citrus Bowl 1985 Sun Bowl 1986 Hall of Fame Bowl 1987 Liberty Bowl 1989 Gator Bowl 1989 Peach Bowl 1991 Independence Bowl 1993 Florida Citrus Bowl 1995 Peach Bowl 1998 Outback Bowl 1998 Peach Bowl 2000 Outback Bowl 2000 Oahu Bowl 2001 Music City Bowl 2003 Sugar Bowl 2004 Capital One Bowl 2005 Outback Bowl 2006 Sugar Bowl 2006 Chick - fil - A Bowl 2008 Sugar Bowl 2009 Capital One Bowl 2009 Independence Bowl 2010 Liberty Bowl 2012 Outback Bowl 2013 Capital One Bowl 2014 Gator Bowl 2014 Belk Bowl 2016 TaxSlayer Bowl 2016 Liberty Bowl 2018 Rose Bowl / 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship # # denotes national championship game / denotes College Football Playoff semifinal game 2017 -- 18 NCAA Division I championships Baseball Men 's basketball Women 's basketball Beach volleyball Bowling Cross country Fencing Field hockey Football ( FBS ) † Football ( FCS ) Men 's golf Women 's golf Men 's gymnastics Women 's gymnastics Men 's ice hockey Women 's ice hockey Indoor track and field Men 's lacrosse Women 's lacrosse Outdoor track and field Rifle Rowing Skiing Men 's soccer Women 's soccer Softball Men 's swimming and diving Women 's swimming and diving Tennis Men 's volleyball Women 's volleyball Men 's water polo Women 's water polo Wrestling † Not an officially sanctioned NCAA championship Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_College_Football_Playoff_National_Championship&oldid=835914368 '' Categories : 2017 -- 18 NCAA football bowl games 2017 -- 18 College Football Playoff 2018 in sports in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Sports competitions in Atlanta American football in Georgia ( U.S. state ) 2010s in Atlanta Alabama Crimson Tide football bowl games Georgia Bulldogs football bowl games January 2018 sports events in the United States Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 15 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won the college football national championship tonight | [
"The 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship was a college football bowl game that determined the national champion in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision for the 2017 season. The Alabama Crimson Tide defeated the Georgia Bulldogs 26–23 in overtime. Alabama overcame a 13–0 deficit at halftime. Tua Tagovailoa and Da'Ron Payne were respectively named the offensive and defensive players of the game."
] | [
"The Alabama Crimson Tide"
] |
-1831228090352901038 | The Mother (How I Met Your Mother) | The Mother ( How I Met Your Mother ) - wikipedia The Mother ( How I Met Your Mother ) Jump to : navigation , search Tracy McConnell How I Met Your Mother character The Mother appearing in `` The Locket '' First appearance `` Lucky Penny ( unseen ) '' `` Something New '' ( seen ) Last appearance `` Last Forever '' Created by Carter Bays Craig Thomas Portrayed by Cristin Milioti Information Aliases The Mother Gender Female Spouse ( s ) Ted Mosby Significant other ( s ) Max ( deceased former boyfriend ) Louis ( ex-boyfriend ) Children Penny Mosby ( daughter , born in 2015 , played by Lyndsy Fonseca ) Luke Mosby ( son , born in 2017 , played by David Henrie ) Nationality American Tracy McConnell ( colloquial : `` The Mother '' ) is the title character from the CBS television sitcom How I Met Your Mother . The show , narrated by Future Ted , tells the story of how Ted Mosby met The Mother . Tracy McConnell appears in 8 episodes from `` Lucky Penny '' to `` The Time Travelers '' as an unseen character ; she was first seen fully in `` Something New '' and was promoted to a main character in season 9 . The Mother is played by Cristin Milioti . The story of how Ted met The Mother is the framing device behind the series ; many facts about her are revealed throughout the series , including the fact that Ted once unwittingly owned her umbrella before accidentally leaving it behind in her apartment . Ted and The Mother meet at the Farhampton train station following Barney Stinson and Robin Scherbatsky 's wedding ; this scene is shown in `` Last Forever '' , the series finale . The Mother 's death from an unspecified terminal illness in 2024 , also revealed in the series finale , received a mixed reaction from fans . An alternate ending was released in the ninth season DVD . In the alternate ending , Tracy Mosby is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030 . In the video , future Ted is heard saying , `` ... When I think how lucky I am to wake up next to your mom every morning , I ca n't help but be amazed how easy it all really was ... '' , indirectly stating that The Mother is alive . The video ends right after the train passes at Farhampton station and credits start rolling , implying that Ted never went back to Robin as he lived a successful married life with Tracy Mosby . Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting 2 Character history 2.1 Name 3 Death 4 Notes 5 References Casting ( edit ) During its first eight seasons , the successful sitcom How I Met Your Mother often hinted at the unseen character of The Mother . Well - known actresses often made guest appearances on the show . Many fans expected that another would play one of the most - wanted roles in Hollywood , but creators Carter Bays and Craig Thomas wanted an unknown . Using Anne Hathaway and Amy Adams as examples , Thomas said that `` We did n't want it to be a big famous star because we did n't want the wider audience to have associations with whatever actress this would be ... The whole idea is that Ted 's never seen this woman before , so it better feel that way to the audience '' , similar to how Cobie Smulders being cast as Robin Scherbatsky had `` kept the show alive '' when it began . Bays and Thomas also did not want a large casting call . They chose Cristin Milioti after seeing her on 30 Rock and Once ; her musical ability was also helpful , as The Mother had been described as a band member . After competing for the role against at least two others , Milioti filmed her first scene -- for the last episode of season 8 -- having never watched How I Met Your Mother ; she recalled , `` I had ignorance on my side . So I did n't know what it meant . '' Milioti learned of the character 's importance only after binge watching the show during the summer . Character history ( edit ) The Mother was born on September 19 , 1984 . The Mother , joined by her roommate Kelly awaits the arrival of her boyfriend Max only to receive a call informing her of his death . After the funeral service , she returns to the apartment to open Max 's last gift to her -- a ukulele . The Mother spends the next few years grieving the passing of the man she believes was her one true love . In `` Wait for It '' , it is revealed that the short story of how they met involved her yellow umbrella . In `` No Tomorrow '' , Ted finds the umbrella at a club and takes it home after attending a St. Patrick 's Day party which she also attended , as it had been two and a half years since the death of Max , her late boyfriend . She is still grieving , but her roommate Kelly encourages her to go out and date again , bringing her to the same bar where Ted and Barney are celebrating . The two women run into Mitch , her old orchestra instructor ; The Mother offers to give Mitch her cello for his work at a school and they head to her apartment . After they start talking , Mitch encourages her to pursue her dreams . The Mother expresses her desire to end poverty by taking up economics in college . On his first day of teaching as Professor Mosby , as seen in the season 4 finale `` The Leap '' , he is seen in front of the classroom of students , one of which Future Ted says is the titular mother . But in the first episode of season 5 , `` Definitions '' , it is revealed that he was actually in the wrong classroom -- Economics instead of Architecture . At the same time in `` How Your Mother Met Me '' , the Mother sits her first session in Economics 305 and meets another graduate student named Cindy ( Rachel Bilson ) , whom she offers to move in with her as her roommate . They see Ted enter the room , but when he announces the subject , The Mother thinks she is in the wrong room and runs off . She heads back to the room after seeing Ted scramble to his actual classroom . Later , in `` Girls Versus Suits '' , Ted dates Cindy , not knowing that her roommate is his future wife . Throughout the episode , Ted notes that Cindy had spent most of their first date talking jealously about her roommate . When in Cindy and the mother 's apartment he picks up many of The Mother 's belongings , attempting to show how compatible he and Cindy are ( thinking the items are Cindy 's ) and glimpses the mother 's foot as she disappears into her room after taking a shower . Ted finds out at this time that she plays bass guitar in a band . Ted forgets to take the yellow umbrella with him when he goes out and Future Ted mentions , `` this is how your mother got her yellow umbrella back . '' In `` How Your Mother Met Me '' , it is revealed that , after Ted left the apartment , the Mother had discovered the umbrella and , upon going to question Cindy , finds her in a state . As she tried to console her , Cindy said that she was a much better match for Ted , and began to lovingly list all of the reasons that Ted would find the mother attractive , before spontaneously kissing her , revealing that her jealousy towards her roommate was actually a crush . While this incident made Cindy realise that she is a lesbian , it also made the Mother decide to go back into dating , as the kiss was her first in a long time . Some time after this , a man named Darren approaches The Mother and is welcomed into her band named Superfreakonomics . Darren gradually takes over the band . In the season 6 opener `` Big Days '' it is revealed Ted meets his future wife `` the day of '' the wedding at which he is the best man . In the episode `` False Positive '' Robin asks Ted to be her future best man , should she ever get married . In the episode `` Challenge Accepted '' , it is revealed that Ted meets the mother of his children the day of Barney 's wedding . In the last episode of season 7 , `` The Magician 's Code '' it is shown that Barney will marry Robin , and Ted will meet the mother `` the day of '' their wedding . On the premiere of season 8 , Ted 's wife appears after Barney and Robin 's wedding , outside at the `` Farhampton '' station while holding a yellow umbrella and her bass guitar . In the season 8 episode `` Band or DJ ? , '' Ted runs into Cindy on the subway and tells her that the band Barney and Robin hired to play at their wedding cancelled at the last minute . The end result of the encounter is that Cindy 's ( now ex - ) roommate 's band plays at Barney and Robin 's wedding . The Mother is first shown meeting Louis in `` How Your Mother Met Me '' as she is left to carry the band equipment while the now - lead band member Darren talks to his fans . Later at MacLaren 's Pub , she tells him she 's not yet ready to date . Louis asks her to give him a call if she changes her mind and they begin dating not long after . The Mother meets all of Ted 's best friends ( Barney , Lily , Marshall and Robin ) before she meets him . The Mother is responsible for convincing Barney to pursue Robin , as revealed through a flashback in `` Platonish '' . In `` The Locket '' , Tracy meets Lily on a train journey . In `` Bass Player Wanted '' , the Mother picks up a hitchhiking Marshall , carrying his son Marvin , on her way to Farhampton Inn . On their way , it is revealed that the Mother is a bass player in the band , that is scheduled to play at the wedding reception . But the band 's leader , Darren , forced her to quit . The Mother ultimately decides to confront Darren and retake the band . She ends up alone at the bar , and while practicing a speech to give Darren , Darren walks up to her furious the groom 's best man punched him for `` no reason . '' Amused by this , the Mother laughs , and Darren quits the band in anger . In `` How Your Mother Met Me '' , it is shown that after this incident , the Mother returns to Louis ' summer cottage not far from the Farhampton Inn where she has been staying for the duration of the wedding weekend . As she walks in the door , Louis proposes to her , but she goes outside to think about it for a few minutes . She declines Louis ' proposal and leaves his cottage , going to check in at Farhampton Inn . On her room 's balcony , she plays the ukulele and sings `` La Vie en Rose '' . Ted hears her singing from his room next door . In `` Gary Blauman '' , Ted and the Mother are on their first date . Ted picks her up at her New York City apartment and they proceed to walk to a Scottish - Mexican fusion restaurant for dinner . On the way there , Ted is telling her a story when they nearly have a run - in with Louis . She says that she is in the `` weirdest place on earth '' right now and that it is too soon for her to be dating . Ted walks her back to her apartment . They say goodnight and Ted begins to walk away . The Mother then stops him and asks him to finish the story he was telling her . When the story is over , they say goodnight again . The Mother takes a step towards Ted and they kiss for the first time , before deciding to carry on their date . In a flashforward in `` The Lighthouse '' , Ted proposes to the Mother at the top of the lighthouse near Farhampton Inn . She immediately accepts . In another flashfoward in `` Unpause '' , the Mother is revealed to be pregnant with their second child , Luke , in the year 2017 . She goes into labor while she and Ted are staying at Farhampton . Name ( edit ) The Mother 's real name is not revealed until the series finale , `` Last Forever '' . When Ted meets her at the Farhampton train station , she reveals that her name is Tracy McConnell . In the season 1 episode `` Belly Full of Turkey '' , Ted meets a stripper named Tracy and says `` ... that , kids , is the true story of how I met your mother '' . The children react in surprise and appear to believe Ted before he admits he is joking , which led some fans to correctly guess that The Mother 's name is Tracy . Death ( edit ) See also : Last Forever In the series finale , it is revealed that six years prior to Ted telling the story to his children , Tracy died in 2024 from an undisclosed illness . In the finale the characters do not directly state that the mother is dead . Ted says that she `` became sick '' and his children saying that she has been `` gone '' for six years . Many fans expressed considerable disappointment to The Mother 's death . Milioti cried when she learned her character was supposed to die , but came to accept the ending was what the writers had planned from the beginning . Bill Kuchman from Popculturology said that The Mother was `` an amazing character '' and that `` over the course of this final season HIMYM made us care about Tracy . Kuchman said that `` asking fans to drop all of that with a simple line about The Mother getting sick and passing away was a very difficult request '' , that the finale `` advanced too quickly '' and that `` HIMYM was a victim of its own success on this issue '' . A petition was started , aiming to rewrite and reshoot the finale . The petition has over 20,000 signatures and considerable online news coverage . On April 5 , 2014 , Carter Bays announced on Twitter that an alternate ending would be included on the Season 9 DVD . No new material was shot for this scene . In the alternate ending , the mother is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Mother celebrates her 21st birthday on the day that `` Pilot '' is set . The pilot is set on September 19 , 2005 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Debnath , Neela ( 7 September 2014 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother alternative finale leaks online ahead of DVD release '' . The Independent . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( September 6 , 2014 ) . `` Watch the Happier ' How I Met Your Mother ' Alternate Ending '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ MacGregor , Rachel ( September 23 , 2014 ) . `` 8 reasons why How I Met Your Mother should 've used its alternative ending '' . Metro UK . Jump up ^ Stransky , Tanner ( 2013 - 05 - 13 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' : Burning questions about the mother '' . Entertainment Weekly . ^ Jump up to : Fallon , Kevin ( 2013 - 05 - 14 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Mother Revealed : Meet Cristin Milioti '' . The Daily Beast . Jump up ^ Fallon , Kevin ( 2015 - 11 - 03 ) . `` How Cristin Milioti Met ' Fargo ' -- And Left ' How I Met Your Mother ' Behind '' . The Daily Beast . ^ Jump up to : `` How Your Mother Met Me '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 9 . Episode 16 . January 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pilot '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 1 . Episode 1 . September 19 , 2005 . CBS . ^ Jump up to : Kuchman , Bill ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' ' Last Forever ' Recap : A Divisive Finale and What It Means for ' HIMYM ' '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rullo , Samantha ( 10 March 2014 ) . `` What is The Mother 's Name on ' How I Met Your Mother ' ? Episode Title Might Hold the Secret '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` HIMYM Tomatometer Watch : Series Finale Currently Rotten - Majority of critics disappointed by ' Last Forever ' '' . Rotten Tomatoes. April 2 , 2014 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/cristin-milioti-sobbed-found-characters-fate-met-mother/story?id=25947923 Jump up ^ Kuchman , Bill ( March 31 , 2014 ) . `` ' HIMYM ' Finale Instant Reaction '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Guerrero , Danger ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` Now There 's A Petition To ' Rewrite And Reshoot ' The ' How I Met Your Mother ' Ending '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Maresca , Rachel ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' series finale sparks online petition from fans who want ending changed '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Update for those who 've been asking : Alt # himym ending will be on s9 DVD and also in the series box set . https://twitter.com/CarterBays/status/452299544995184640 Jump up ^ James , Lauren ( April 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' May Get Alternate Ending After Petition , Says Carter Bays '' . Contact Music . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( September 6 , 2014 ) . `` Watch the Happier ' How I Met Your Mother ' Alternate Ending '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . ( hide ) How I Met Your Mother Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Characters Ted Mosby Marshall Eriksen Lily Aldrin Barney Stinson Robin Scherbatsky Tracy McConnell Soundtracks How I Met Your Music Related articles Awards and nominations The Bro Code Cheerleader effect `` Nothing Suits Me Like a Suit '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Mother_(How_I_Met_Your_Mother)&oldid=815747465 '' Categories : How I Met Your Mother characters Fictional characters introduced in 2013 Fictional female musicians Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Magyar Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 21 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the mother in the show how i met your mother | [
"Tracy McConnell (colloquial: \"The Mother\") is the title character from the CBS television sitcom How I Met Your Mother. The show, narrated by Future Ted, tells the story of how Ted Mosby met The Mother. Tracy McConnell appears in 8 episodes from \"Lucky Penny\" to \"The Time Travelers\" as an unseen character; she was first seen fully in \"Something New\" and was promoted to a main character in season 9. The Mother is played by Cristin Milioti."
] | [
"Tracy McConnell"
] |
-1190563146963034963 | Robbie Coltrane | Robbie Coltrane - wikipedia Robbie Coltrane Robbie Coltrane OBE Coltrane in April 2007 Anthony Robert McMillan ( 1950 - 03 - 30 ) 30 March 1950 ( age 68 ) Rutherglen , South Lanarkshire , Scotland Nationality British Alma mater University of Edinburgh Occupation Actor , Author Years active 1979 -- present Height 6 ft 1 in ( 185 cm ) Spouse ( s ) Rhona Gemmell ( m . 1999 -- 2003 ) Children Robbie Coltrane , OBE ( born Anthony Robert McMillan ; 30 March 1950 ) is a Scottish actor and author . He is known for his roles as Rubeus Hagrid in the Harry Potter films , as Valentin Dmitrovich Zukovsky in the James Bond films GoldenEye and The World Is Not Enough , and as Dr. Eddie `` Fitz '' Fitzgerald in the British TV series Cracker during the 1990s . Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography and awards 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Other awards 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External links Early life and Education ( edit ) Coltrane was born Anthony Robert McMillan in Rutherglen , South Lanarkshire , Scotland , the son of Jean Ross ( née Howie ) , a teacher and pianist , and Ian Baxter McMillan , a general practitioner who also served as a forensic police surgeon . He has an older sister , Annie , and a younger sister , Jane . Coltrane is the great - grandson of Scottish businessman Thomas W. Howie and the nephew of businessman Forbes Howie . He was educated at Glenalmond College , an independent school in Perthshire . Though he later described his experiences there as deeply unhappy , he played for the rugby First XV , was head of the school 's debating society and won prizes for his art . From Glenalmond , Coltrane went on to Glasgow School of Art , where he was ridiculed for `` having an accent like Prince Charles '' ( of which he quickly disposed , though not before gaining the nickname `` Lord Fauntleroy '' ) , and thereafter the Moray House College of Education ( part of the University of Edinburgh ) in Edinburgh , Scotland . Coltrane later called for private schools to be banned and used to be known as `` Red Robbie '' , rebelling against his conservative upbringing through involvement with Amnesty International , Greenpeace , the Labour Party and the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament . Career ( edit ) Coltrane in costume in the 1980s Coltrane moved into acting in his early twenties , taking the stage name Coltrane ( in tribute to jazz saxophonist John Coltrane ) and working in theatre and comedy . Appearing in the 1981 BBC television comedy series A Kick Up the Eighties , his comic skills also brought him roles in The Comic Strip Presents ( 1982 ) series and the comedy sketch shows Alfresco ( 1983 -- 1984 ) and Laugh ? ? ? I Nearly Paid My Licence Fee ( 1984 ) . Coltrane moved into roles in films such as Flash Gordon ( 1980 ) , Death Watch ( 1980 ) , Balham , Gateway to the South ( 1981 ) , Scrubbers ( 1983 ) , Krull ( 1983 ) , The Supergrass ( 1985 ) , Defence of the Realm ( 1985 ) , Absolute Beginners ( 1986 ) , Mona Lisa ( 1986 ) and appeared as `` Annabelle '' in The Fruit Machine ( 1988 ) . On television , he appeared in The Young Ones , Tutti Frutti ( 1987 ) , as Samuel Johnson in Blackadder ( 1987 ) ( a role he later reprised in the more serious Boswell and Johnson 's Tour of the Western Islands ( 1993 ) ) , and in a number of stand - up and sketch comedy shows . He played the part of Falstaff in Kenneth Branagh 's Henry V ( 1989 ) He co-starred with Eric Idle in Nuns on the Run ( 1990 ) , and played the Pope in The Pope Must Die ( 1991 ) . He also played a would - be private detective obsessed with Humphrey Bogart in the TV play The Bogie Man . His roles continued in the 1990s with the TV series Cracker ( 1993 -- 1996 , returning in 2006 for a one - off special ) , in which he starred as forensic psychologist Dr. Edward `` Fitz '' Fitzgerald . The role won him three BAFTA awards . Roles in bigger films followed ; the James Bond films GoldenEye ( 1995 ) and The World Is Not Enough ( 1999 ) , a supporting role in From Hell ( 2001 ) , as well as half - giant Rubeus Hagrid in the Harry Potter films ( 2001 -- 2011 ) . J.K. Rowling , author of the Harry Potter series , had Coltrane at the top of her list to play Hagrid and , when asked whom she would like to see in the role , responded `` Robbie Coltrane for Hagrid '' in one quick breath . There is also an unnamed 8ft actor who stands in for the 6ft 1in Coltrane in some scenes . Coltrane has also presented a number of documentary programmes for the British ITV network based around his twin passions for travel and transportation . Coltrane in a Cadillac ( 1993 ) saw him cross North America from Los Angeles to New York behind the wheel of a 1951 Cadillac Series 62 coupe convertible , a journey of 3,765 miles ( 6,059 km ) which he completed in 32 days . In 1997 , Coltrane appeared in a series of six programmes under the title Coltrane 's Planes and Automobiles , in which he extolled the virtues of the steam engine , the diesel engine , the supercharger , the V8 engine , the two - stroke engine , and the jet engine . In these programmes he dismantled and rebuilt several engines . He also single - handedly removed the engine from a Trabant car in 23 minutes . In August 2007 , Coltrane presented a series for ITV called B - Road Britain , in which he travelled from London to Glasgow , stopping in towns and villages along the way . Coltrane was voted No. 11 in ITV 's TV 's 50 Greatest Stars and sixth in a poll of 2000 adults across the UK to find the ' most famous Scot ' , behind the Loch Ness Monster , Robert Burns , Sean Connery , Robert the Bruce and William Wallace . Robbie has hosted a true crime series called Critical Evidence since 2016 . Personal life ( edit ) Coltrane married Rhona Gemmell on 11 December 1999 . The couple have two children : son Spencer ( b . 1992 ) , and daughter Alice ( b . 1998 ) . Coltrane and Gemmell separated in 2003 and later divorced . Filmography and Awards ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1980 Flash Gordon Man at air field 1980 Death Watch Limousine Driver 1981 Subway Riders Crime Detective 1982 Britannia Hospital Striking worker on picket line Non-speaking role Ghost Dance George Krull Rhun 1984 Chinese Boxes Harwood 1985 National Lampoon 's European Vacation Man in bathroom 1985 The Supergrass Det . Sgt . Troy 1985 Defence of the Realm Leo McAskey 1986 Caravaggio Scipione 1986 Mona Lisa Thomas Eat the Rich Jeremy 1988 The Fruit Machine Annabelle 1989 Henry V Falstaff 1989 Bert Rigby , You 're a Fool Sid Trample 1989 Let It Ride Ticket Seller 1989 Danny , the Champion of the World Victor Hazell 1989 Slipstream Montclaire 1990 Midnight Breaks Fat 1990 Nuns on the Run Charlie McManus / Sister Inviolata 1990 Perfectly Normal Alonzo Turner 1991 The Pope Must Die The Pope 1991 Triple Bogey on a Par Five Hole Steffano Baccardi Oh , What a Night Todd Nominated -- Genie Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role 1993 Boswell & Johnson 's Tour of the Western Isles Dr. Samuel Johnson 1993 The Adventures of Huck Finn Duke 1995 GoldenEye Valentin Dmitrovich Zukovsky 1997 Buddy Dr. Bill Lintz 1998 Frogs for Snakes Al 1998 Montana The Boss 1999 The World Is Not Enough Valentin Dmitrovich Zukovsky 1999 Message in a Bottle Charlie Toschi 2001 Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Rubeus Hagrid Nominated -- BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role Nominated -- Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor 2001 On the Nose Delaney 2001 From Hell Sergeant Peter Godley 2002 Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Rubeus Hagrid Nominated -- Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Ensemble Acting Ocean 's Twelve Matsui Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Rubeus Hagrid Van Helsing : The London Assignment Mr. Hyde voice Van Helsing Mr. Hyde voice 2005 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Rubeus Hagrid 2006 Stormbreaker The Prime Minister of Europe 2006 Provoked Lord Edward Foster 2007 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix Rubeus Hagrid 2008 The Tale of Despereaux Gregory voice 2008 The Brothers Bloom The Curator 2009 Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Rubeus Hagrid 2009 Gooby Gooby voice Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 Rubeus Hagrid 2011 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Rubeus Hagrid 2012 Brave Lord Dingwall voice Great Expectations Mr. Jaggers 2014 Effie Doctor Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1979 Play for Today Jimmie `` Waterloo Sunset '' 1980 The Lost Tribe Border Post Guard `` Keep Us Alive '' 1981 Metal Mickey Jason `` Mickey the Demon Barber '' 1981 -- 1984 A Kick Up the Eighties All ten episodes 1981 Keep It in the Family Mr. Conway `` A Matter of Principle '' 1982 Sin on Saturday 1982 Five Go Mad in Dorset Female shopkeeper / Male gypsy Season 1 , Episode 1 of The Comic Strip Presents Are You Being Served Dynamite - truck driver on CB Radio `` Calling All Customers '' Alfresco various 1984 The Young Ones Doctor in Episode `` Bambi '' , Bouncer in Episode `` Oil '' , Captain Blood in `` Time '' Blackadder the Third Samuel Johnson `` Ink and Incapability '' Tutti Frutti Danny McGlone Nominated -- British Academy Television Award for Best Actor 1988 Blackadder 's Christmas Carol The Spirit of Christmas 1989 The Robbie Coltrane Special LWT comedy Special 1990 Danny Champion of the World Victor Hazell 1991 Screen One Psychiatrist Liam Kane `` Alive And Kicking '' 1993 The Legend of Lochnagar The old man TV film , voice 1993 -- 1995 2006 Cracker Dr. Eddie ' Fitz ' Fitzgerald Three British Academy Television Awards for Best Actor ( 1994 , 1995 and 1996 ) Broadcasting Press Guild Award for Best Actor Royal Television Society Award for Best Actor -- Male Nominated -- CableACE Award for Best Actor in a Movie or Miniseries For episode `` Brotherly Love '' ( parts I , II and III ) . 1997 Coltrane 's Planes and Automobiles 6 - part Documentary 1998 The Ebb - Tide Capt . Chisholm 1999 Alice in Wonderland Ned Tweedledum 2003 Comic Relief : The Big Hair Do Hagrid 2003 The Planman Jack Lennox QC Pride James Frasier Michael Moon `` Goodnight , Seattle '' 2005 Still Game Davie Season 4 Episode 3 : `` Dial - A-Bus '' 2006 Cracker : Nine Eleven Dr. Eddie ' Fitz ' Fitzgerald 2007 Robbie Coltrane -- B Road Britain TV Documentary 2009 Murderland D.I. Douglas Hain 2009 The Gruffalo The Gruffalo TV film ( children 's ) , voice 2011 Lead Balloon Donald Series 4 Episode 4 : `` Off '' Series 4 Episode 5 : `` Blade '' Series 4 Episode 6 : `` End '' 50 Greatest Harry Potter Moments Himself Narrator The Gruffalo 's Child The Gruffalo TV film ( children 's ) , voice 2016 National Treasure Paul Finchley TV film Nominated -- British Academy Television Award for Best Actor 2016 - Present Robbie Coltrane Critical Evidence Host true crime , non fiction , host Other Awards ( edit ) Won Evening Standard British Film Award -- Peter Sellers Award for Comedy 1990 . He was awarded the OBE ( Officer of the Order of the British Empire ) in the 2006 New Year Honours for his services to drama . In 2011 was honoured for his `` outstanding contribution '' to film as the British Academy Scotland Awards ( `` BAFTA Scotland Awards '' ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Robbie Coltrane Biography ( 1950 -- ) '' . Filmreference.com . Retrieved 15 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Robbie Coltrane 's magical career '' . BBC News . 31 December 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Robbie Coltrane biography '' . Tiscali.co.uk . Archived from the original on 8 April 2009 . Retrieved 15 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Paton , Maureen ( 20 March 2003 ) . `` ' Hagrid ? I 'm just Dad ' '' . Telegraph.co.uk . London . Jump up ^ `` Scotland on Sunday '' . Scotlandonsunday.scotsman.com . Retrieved 15 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dr Edward `` Fitz '' Fitzgerald `` . Crackertv.co.uk . Retrieved 15 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` j.k. rowling '' . Neatorama.com . Retrieved 15 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Alderson , Andrew ( 11 November 2001 ) . `` ' They really do look as I 'd imagined they would inside my head ' '' . The Sunday Telegraph . Retrieved 15 August 2011 . ( Accio Quote ! , the Largest Archive of J.K. Rowling quotes on the web ) Jump up ^ Ezard , John ( 5 June 2002 ) . `` Size means everything as Harry 's big secret slips out '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 1 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Femia , Will ( 13 November 2001 ) . `` Chat Flashback : The cinematic debut of Rubeus Hagrid '' . MSNBC . NBC News . Retrieved 1 October 2016 . In real life , I 'm 6'1 '' -- each way pretty well , north and south and east and west , unfortunately Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Woodward , Clair ( 23 October 2016 ) . `` Critical Evidence 's Robbie Coltrane : At one time I wanted to be a detective '' . Express.co.uk . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Robbie Coltrane Special '' . Uk.imdb.com . Retrieved 7 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Gruffalo 's Child '' . BBC One . Retrieved 10 December 2011 . Bibliography ( edit ) Dunn , Josephine M ( 28 March 2018 ) . Jimmy McGovern 's Cracker . Amazon : KDP . pp. 1 -- 159 . ISBN 9 - 7819 - 8062 - 5452 . Retrieved 30 March 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Robbie Coltrane . Robbie Coltrane on IMDb Robbie Coltrane at the BFI 's Screenonline The Comic Strip Ade Edmondson Rik Mayall Nigel Planer Peter Richardson Dawn French Jennifer Saunders Alexei Sayle Keith Allen Robbie Coltrane Pete Richens Select episodes and films Five Go Mad in Dorset The Bullshitters : Roll Out The Gunbarrel The Supergrass Eat the Rich The Strike Mr. Jolly Lives Next Door The Yob Did n't You Kill My Brother ? South Atlantic Raiders GLC : The Carnage Continues ... The Pope Must Die Detectives on the Edge of a Nervous Breakdown Churchill : The Hollywood Years The Hunt for Tony Blair Related articles Bad News Bad News ( album ) Bootleg 20th Century Coyote French and Saunders BAFTA TV Award for Best Actor Paul Rogers ( 1955 ) Peter Cushing ( 1956 ) Michael Gough ( 1957 ) Michael Hordern ( 1958 ) Donald Pleasence ( 1959 ) Patrick McGoohan ( 1960 ) Lee Montague ( 1961 ) Rupert Davies ( 1962 ) Harry H. Corbett ( 1963 ) Alan Badel ( 1964 ) Patrick Wymark ( 1965 ) Alan Badel ( 1966 ) Warren Mitchell ( 1967 ) Eric Porter ( 1968 ) Roy Dotrice ( 1969 ) Edward Woodward ( 1970 ) Keith Michell ( 1971 ) John Le Mesurier ( 1972 ) Anthony Hopkins ( 1973 ) Frank Finlay ( 1974 ) Peter Barkworth ( 1975 ) John Hurt ( 1976 ) Derek Jacobi ( 1977 ) Peter Barkworth ( 1978 ) Edward Fox ( 1979 ) Alec Guinness ( 1980 ) Denholm Elliott ( 1981 ) Anthony Andrews ( 1982 ) Alec Guinness ( 1983 ) Alan Bates ( 1984 ) Tim Pigott - Smith ( 1985 ) Bob Peck ( 1986 ) Michael Gambon ( 1987 ) David Jason ( 1988 ) Ray McAnally ( 1989 ) John Thaw ( 1990 ) Ian Richardson ( 1991 ) Robert Lindsay ( 1992 ) John Thaw ( 1993 ) Robbie Coltrane ( 1994 ) Robbie Coltrane ( 1995 ) Robbie Coltrane ( 1996 ) Nigel Hawthorne ( 1997 ) Simon Russell Beale ( 1998 ) Tom Courtenay ( 1999 ) Michael Gambon ( 2000 ) Michael Gambon ( 2001 ) Michael Gambon ( 2002 ) Albert Finney ( 2003 ) Bill Nighy ( 2004 ) Rhys Ifans ( 2005 ) Mark Rylance ( 2006 ) Jim Broadbent ( 2007 ) Andrew Garfield ( 2008 ) Stephen Dillane ( 2009 ) Kenneth Branagh ( 2010 ) Daniel Rigby ( 2011 ) Dominic West ( 2012 ) Ben Whishaw ( 2013 ) Sean Harris ( 2014 ) Jason Watkins ( 2015 ) Mark Rylance ( 2016 ) Adeel Akhtar ( 2017 ) Sean Bean ( 2018 ) BNE : XX1416517 BNF : cb14031105k ( data ) GND : 140684794 ISNI : 0000 0001 1002 5330 LCCN : no95038681 SNAC : w6320rb1 SUDOC : 110194942 VIAF : 107686124 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robbie_Coltrane&oldid=856860265 '' Categories : 21st - century Scottish male actors 1950 births Living people Alumni of the University of Edinburgh BAFTA winners ( people ) Alumni of the Glasgow School of Art The Comic Strip Officers of the Order of the British Empire People educated at Glenalmond College People from Rutherglen Scottish male film actors Scottish male television actors Scottish male voice actors Scottish male comedians 20th - century Scottish male actors Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2018 Use dmy dates from August 2014 Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Infobox person using alma mater Articles with hCards EngvarB from August 2014 Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latina Latviešu Magyar მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 00 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played the role of hagrid in harry potter | [
"Robbie Coltrane, OBE (born Anthony Robert McMillan; 30 March 1950) is a Scottish actor and author. He is known for his roles as Rubeus Hagrid in the Harry Potter films, as Valentin Dmitrovich Zukovsky in the James Bond films GoldenEye and The World Is Not Enough, and as Dr. Eddie \"Fitz\" Fitzgerald in the British TV series Cracker during the 1990s.\n"
] | [
"Robbie Coltrane, OBE"
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7176882734388757906 | Patriot Act | PATRIOT Act - wikipedia PATRIOT Act For the Netflix show , see Patriot Act with Hasan Minhaj . It has been suggested that USA Act and the Financial Anti-Terrorism Act be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since May 2018 . Patriot Act Other short titles Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001 Long title An Act to deter and punish terrorist acts in the United States and around the world , to enhance law enforcement investigatory tools , and for other purposes . Acronyms ( colloquial ) USA PATRIOT Act Nicknames Patriot Act Enacted by the 107th United States Congress Effective October 26 , 2001 Citations Public law 107 - 56 Statutes at Large 115 Stat. 272 ( 2001 ) Codification Acts amended Electronic Communications Privacy Act Computer Fraud and Abuse Act Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act Money Laundering Control Act Bank Secrecy Act Right to Financial Privacy Act Fair Credit Reporting Act Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 Victims of Crime Act of 1984 Telemarketing and Consumer Fraud and Abuse Prevention Act Titles amended 8 , 12 , 15 , 18 , 20 , 31 , 42 , 47 , 49 , 50 U.S.C. sections created 18 USC § 2712 , 31 USC § 5318A , 15 USC § 1681v , 8 USC § 1226A , 18 USC § 1993 , 18 USC § 2339 , 18 USC § 175b , 50 USC § 403 - 5b , 51 USC § 5103a U.S.C. sections amended 8 USC § 1105 , 8 USC § 1182g , 8 USC § 1189 , 8 USC § 1202 , 12 USC § 1828 , 12 USC § 3414 , 15 USC § 1681a , 15 USC § 6102 , 15 USC § 6106 , 18 USC § 7 , 18 USC § 81 , 18 USC § 175 , 18 USC § 470 , 18 USC § 471 , 18 USC § 472 , 18 USC § 473 , 18 USC § 474 , 18 USC § 476 , 18 USC § 477 , 18 USC § 478 , 18 USC § 479 , 18 USC § 480 , 18 USC § 481 , 18 USC § 484 , 18 USC § 493 , 18 USC § 917 , 18 USC § 930 , 18 USC § 981 , 18 USC § 1029 , 18 USC § 1030 , 18 USC § 1362 , 18 USC § 1363 , 18 USC § 1366 , 18 USC § 1956 , 18 USC § 1960 , 18 USC § 1961 , 18 USC § 1992 , 18 USC § 2155 , 18 USC § 2325 , 18 USC § 2331 , 18 USC § 2332e , 18 USC § 2339A , 18 USC § 2339B , 18 USC § 2340A , 18 USC § 2510 , 18 USC § 2511 , 18 USC § 2516 , 18 USC § 2517 , 18 USC § 2520 , 18 USC § 2702 , 18 USC § 2703 , 18 USC § 2707 , 18 USC § 2709 , 18 USC § 2711 , 18 USC § 3056 , 18 USC § 3077 , 18 USC § 3103 , 18 USC § 3121 , 18 USC § 3123 , 18 USC § 3124 , 18 USC § 3127 , 18 USC § 3286 , 18 USC § 3583 , 20 USC § 1232g , 20 USC § 9007 , 31 USC § 310 ( redesignated ) , 31 USC § 5311 , 31 USC § 5312 , 31 USC § 5317 , 31 USC § 5318 , 31 USC § 5319 , 31 USC § 5321 , 31 USC § 5322 , 31 USC § 5324 , 31 USC § 5330 , 31 USC § 5331 , 31 USC § 5332 , 31 USC § 5341 , 42 USC § 2284 , 42 USC § 2284 , 42 USC § 3796 , 42 USC § 3796h , 42 USC § 10601 , 42 USC § 10602 , 42 USC § 10603 , 42 USC § 10603b , 42 USC § 14601 , 42 USC § 14135A , 47 USC § 551 , 49 USC § 31305 , 49 USC § 46504 , 49 USC § 46505 , 49 USC § 60123 , 50 USC § 403 - 3c , 50 USC § 401a , 50 USC § 1702 , 50 USC § 1801 , 50 USC § 1803 , 50 USC § 1804 , 50 USC § 1805 , 50 USC § 1806 , 50 USC § 1823 , 50 USC § 1824 , 50 USC § 1842 , 50 USC § 1861 , 50 USC § 1862 , 50 USC § 1863 Legislative history Introduced in the House of Representatives as H.R. 3162 by Jim Sensenbrenner ( R -- WI ) on October 23 , 2001 Committee consideration by United States House Committee on the Judiciary ; Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence ; Committee on Financial Services ; Committee on International Relations ; Committee on Energy and Commerce ( Subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet ) ; Committee on Education and the Workforce ; Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure ; Committee on Armed Services Passed the House on October 24 , 2001 ( Yeas : 357 ; Nays : 66 ) Passed the Senate on October 25 , 2001 ( Yeas : 98 ; Nays : 1 ) Signed into law by President George W. Bush on October 26 , 2001 Major amendments USA Freedom Act The USA PATRIOT Act is an Act of Congress signed into law by US President George W. Bush on October 26 , 2001 . With its ten - letter abbreviation ( USA PATRIOT ) expanded , the Act 's full title is `` Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001 '' . The abbreviation , as well as the full title , have been attributed to Chris Cylke , a former staffer on the House Judiciary Committee . In response to the September 11 attacks and the 2001 anthrax attacks , Congress swiftly passed legislation to strengthen national security . On October 23 , 2001 , Republican Rep. Jim Sensenbrenner introduced H.R. 3162 incorporating provisions from a previously - sponsored House bill and a Senate bill also introduced earlier in the month . The next day , the Act passed the House by a vote of 357 -- 66 , with Democrats comprising the overwhelming portion of dissent . The three Republicans voting `` no '' were Robert Ney of Ohio , Butch Otter of Idaho , and Ron Paul of Texas . On October 25 , the Act passed the Senate by a 98 -- 1 vote , the only dissident being Russ Feingold of Wisconsin . Those opposing the law have criticized its authorization of indefinite detentions of immigrants ; the permission given law enforcement officers to search a home or business without the owner 's or the occupant 's consent or knowledge ; the expanded use of National Security Letters , which allows the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) to search telephone , e-mail , and financial records without a court order ; and the expanded access of law enforcement agencies to business records , including library and financial records . Since its passage , several legal challenges have been brought against the act , and federal courts have ruled that a number of provisions are unconstitutional . Many of the act 's provisions were to sunset beginning December 31 , 2005 , approximately four years after its passage . In the months preceding the sunset date , anybody supporting the act pushed to make its sun - setting provisions permanent , while critics sought to revise various sections to enhance civil liberty protections . In July 2005 , the U.S. Senate passed a reauthorization bill with substantial changes to several of the act 's sections , while the House reauthorization bill kept most of the act 's original language . The two bills were then reconciled in a conference committee criticized by Senators from both the Republican and Democratic parties for ignoring civil liberty concerns . The bill , which removed most of the changes from the Senate version , passed Congress on March 2 , 2006 , and was signed by President Bush on March 9 and 10 of that year . On May 26 , 2011 , President Barack Obama signed the PATRIOT Sunsets Extension Act of 2011 , a four - year extension of three key provisions in the Act : roving wiretaps , searches of business records , and conducting surveillance of `` lone wolves '' -- individuals suspected of terrorist - related activities not linked to terrorist groups . Following a lack of Congressional approval , parts of the Patriot Act expired on June 1 , 2015 . With passing the USA Freedom Act on June 2 , 2015 , the expired parts were restored and renewed through 2019 . However , Section 215 of the law was amended to stop the National Security Agency ( NSA ) from continuing its mass phone data collection program . Instead , phone companies will retain the data and the NSA can obtain information about targeted individuals with permission from a federal court . Contents 1 Titles 1.1 Title I : Enhancing domestic security against terrorism 1.2 Title II : Surveillance procedures 1.3 Title III : Anti-money - laundering to prevent terrorism 1.4 Title IV : Border security 1.5 Title V : Removing obstacles to investigating terrorism 1.6 Title VI : Victims and families of victims of terrorism 1.7 Title VII : Increased information sharing for critical infrastructure protection 1.8 Title VIII : Terrorism criminal law 1.9 Title IX : Improved intelligence 1.10 Title X : Miscellaneous 2 Section expirations 3 Controversy 4 Reauthorizations 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 7.1 Law review articles 7.2 Books 8 External links 8.1 Supportive views 8.2 Critical views 8.3 Other Titles ( edit ) Play media President George W. Bush in October 2001 , elucidating on the government 's rationale behind the USA PATRIOT Act before signing into law . Title I : enhancing domestic Security against terrorism ( edit ) Main article : Patriot Act , Title I Title I authorizes measures to enhance the ability of domestic security services to prevent terrorism . The title established a fund for counter-terrorist activities and increased funding for the Terrorist Screening Center which is administered by the FBI . The military was authorized to provide assistance in some situations that involve weapons of mass destruction when so requested by the Attorney General . The National Electronic Crime Task Force was expanded , along with the President 's authority and abilities in cases of terrorism . The title also condemned the discrimination against Arab and Muslim Americans that happened soon after the September 11 terrorist attacks . The impetus for many of the provisions came from earlier bills , for instance the condemnation of discrimination was originally proposed by Senator Tom Harkin ( D - IA ) in an amendment to the Combatting Terrorism Act of 2001 , though in a different form . It originally included `` the prayer of Cardinal Theodore McCarrick , the Archbishop of Washington in a Mass on September 12 , 2001 for our Nation and the victims in the immediate aftermath of the terrorist hijackings and attacks in New York City , Washington , D.C. , and Pennsylvania reminds all Americans that ' We must seek the guilty and not strike out against the innocent or we become like them who are without moral guidance or proper direction . ' '' Further condemnation of racial vilification and violence is also spelled out in Title X , where there was condemnation of such activities against Sikh Americans , who were mistaken for Muslims after the September 11th terrorist attack . Title II : surveillance procedures ( edit ) Main article : Patriot Act , Title II Title II is titled `` Enhanced Surveillance Procedures '' , and covers all aspects of the surveillance of suspected terrorists , those suspected of engaging in computer fraud or abuse , and agents of a foreign power who are engaged in clandestine activities . It primarily made amendments to FISA , and the ECPA , and many of the most controversial aspects of the USA PATRIOT Act reside in this title . In particular , the title allows government agencies to gather `` foreign intelligence information '' from both U.S. and non-U.S. citizens , and changed FISA to make gaining foreign intelligence information the significant purpose of FISA - based surveillance , where previously it had been the primary purpose . The change in definition was meant to remove a legal `` wall '' between criminal investigations and surveillance for the purposes of gathering foreign intelligence , which hampered investigations when criminal and foreign surveillance overlapped . However , that this wall even existed was found by the Federal Surveillance Court of Review to have actually been a long - held misinterpretation by government agencies . Also removed was the statutory requirement that the government prove a surveillance target under FISA is a non-U.S. citizen and agent of a foreign power , though it did require that any investigations must not be undertaken on citizens who are carrying out activities protected by the First Amendment . The title also expanded the duration of FISA physical search and surveillance orders , and gave authorities the ability to share information gathered before a federal grand jury with other agencies . The scope and availability of wiretapping and surveillance orders were expanded under Title II . Wiretaps were expanded to include addressing and routing information to allow surveillance of packet switched networks -- the Electronic Privacy Information Center ( EPIC ) objected to this , arguing that it does not take into account email or web addresses , which often contain content in the address information . The Act allowed any district court judge in the United States to issue such surveillance orders and search warrants for terrorism investigations . Search warrants were also expanded , with the Act amending Title III of the Stored Communications Access Act to allow the FBI to gain access to stored voicemail through a search warrant , rather than through the more stringent wiretap laws . Various provisions allowed for the disclosure of electronic communications to law enforcement agencies . Those who operate or own a `` protected computer '' can give permission for authorities to intercept communications carried out on the machine , thus bypassing the requirements of the Wiretap statute . The definition of a `` protected computer '' is defined in 18 U.S.C. § 1030 ( e ) ( 2 ) and broadly encompasses those computers used in interstate or foreign commerce or communication , including ones located outside the United States . The law governing obligatory and voluntary disclosure of customer communications by cable companies was altered to allow agencies to demand such communications under U.S.C. Title 18 provisions relating to the disclosure of electronic communications ( chapter 119 ) , pen registers and trap and trace devices ( chapter 206 ) and stored communications ( 121 ) , though it excluded the disclosure of cable subscriber viewing habits . Subpoenas issued to Internet Service Providers were expanded to include not only `` the name , address , local and long distance telephone toll billing records , telephone number or other subscriber number or identity , and length of service of a subscriber '' but also session times and durations , types of services used , communication device address information ( e.g. IP addresses ) , payment method and bank account and credit card numbers . Communication providers are also allowed to disclose customer records or communications if they suspect there is a danger to `` life and limb '' . Title II established three very controversial provisions : `` sneak and peek '' warrants , roving wiretaps and the ability of the FBI to gain access to documents that reveal the patterns of U.S. citizens . The so - called `` sneak and peek '' law allowed for delayed notification of the execution of search warrants . The period before which the FBI must notify the recipients of the order was unspecified in the Act -- the FBI field manual says that it is a `` flexible standard '' -- and it may be extended at the court 's discretion . These sneak and peek provisions were struck down by judge Ann Aiken on September 26 , 2007 , after a Portland attorney , Brandon Mayfield , was wrongly jailed because of the searches . The court found the searches to violate the provision that prohibits unreasonable searches in the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution . Roving wiretaps are wiretap orders that do not need to specify all common carriers and third parties in a surveillance court order . These are seen as important by the Department of Justice because they believe that terrorists can exploit wiretap orders by rapidly changing locations and communication devices such as cell phones , while opponents see it as violating the particularity clause of the Fourth Amendment . Another highly controversial provision is one that allows the FBI to make an order `` requiring the production of any tangible things ( including books , records , papers , documents , and other items ) for an investigation to protect against international terrorism or clandestine intelligence activities , provided that such investigation of a United States person is not conducted solely upon the basis of activities protected by the first amendment to the Constitution . '' Though it was not targeted directly at libraries , the American Library Association ( ALA ) , in particular , opposed this provision . In a resolution passed on June 29 , 2005 , they stated that `` Section 215 of the USA PATRIOT Act allows the government to secretly request and obtain library records for large numbers of individuals without any reason to believe they are involved in illegal activity . '' However , the ALA 's stance did not go without criticism . One prominent critic of the ALA 's stance was the Manhattan Institute 's Heather Mac Donald , who argued in an article for the New York City Journal that `` ( t ) he furor over section 215 is a case study in Patriot Act fear - mongering . '' The title also covers a number of other miscellaneous provisions , including the expansion of the number of FISC judges from seven to eleven ( three of which must reside within 20 miles ( 32 km ) of the District of Columbia ) , trade Sanctions against North Korea and Taliban - controlled Afghanistan and the employment of translators by the FBI . At the insistence of Republican Representative Richard Armey , the Act had a number of sunset provisions built in , which were originally set to expire on December 31 , 2005 . The sunset provision of the Act also took into account any ongoing foreign intelligence investigations and allowed them to continue once the sections had expired . The provisions that were to expire are below . Title III : anti-money - laundering to prevent terrorism ( edit ) Main article : Patriot Act , Title III Title III of the Act , titled `` International Money Laundering Abatement and Financial Anti-Terrorism Act of 2001 , '' is intended to facilitate the prevention , detection and prosecution of international money laundering and the financing of terrorism . It primarily amends portions of the Money Laundering Control Act of 1986 ( MLCA ) and the Bank Secrecy Act of 1970 ( BSA ) . It was divided into three subtitles , with the first dealing primarily with strengthening banking rules against money laundering , especially on the international stage . The second attempts to improve communication between law enforcement agencies and financial institutions , as well as expanding recordkeeping and reporting requirements . The third subtitle deals with currency smuggling and counterfeiting , including quadrupling the maximum penalty for counterfeiting foreign currency . The first subtitle tightened the recordkeeping requirements for financial institutions , making them record the aggregate amounts of transactions processed from areas of the world where money laundering is a concern to the U.S. government . It also made institutions put into place reasonable steps to identify beneficial owners of bank accounts and those who are authorized to use or route funds through payable - through accounts . The U.S. Treasury was charged with formulating regulations intended to foster information sharing between financial institutions to prevent money - laundering . Along with expanding record keeping requirements , it put new regulations into place to make it easier for authorities to identify money laundering activities and to make it harder for money launderers to mask their identities . If money laundering was uncovered , the subtitle legislated for the forfeiture of assets of those suspected of doing the money laundering . In an effort to encourage institutions to take steps that would reduce money laundering , the Treasury was given authority to block mergers of bank holding companies and banks with other banks and bank holding companies that had a bad history of preventing money laundering . Similarly , mergers between insured depository institutions and non-insured depository institutions that have a bad track record in combating money - laundering could be blocked . Restrictions were placed on accounts and foreign banks . It prohibited shell banks that are not an affiliate of a bank that has a physical presence in the U.S. or that are not subject to supervision by a banking authority in a non-U.S. country . It also prohibits or restricts the use of certain accounts held at financial institutions . Financial institutions must now undertake steps to identify the owners of any privately owned bank outside the U.S. who have a correspondent account with them , along with the interests of each of the owners in the bank . It is expected that additional scrutiny will be applied by the U.S. institution to such banks to make sure they are not engaging in money laundering . Banks must identify all the nominal and beneficial owners of any private bank account opened and maintained in the U.S. by non-U.S. citizens . There is also an expectation that they must undertake enhanced scrutiny of the account if it is owned by , or is being maintained on behalf of , any senior political figure where there is reasonable suspicion of corruption . Any deposits made from within the U.S. into foreign banks are now deemed to have been deposited into any interbank account the foreign bank may have in the U.S. Thus any restraining order , seizure warrant or arrest warrant may be made against the funds in the interbank account held at a U.S. financial institution , up to the amount deposited in the account at the foreign bank . Restrictions were placed on the use of internal bank concentration accounts because such accounts do not provide an effective audit trail for transactions , and this may be used to facilitate money laundering . Financial institutions are prohibited from allowing clients to specifically direct them to move funds into , out of , or through a concentration account , and they are also prohibited from informing their clients about the existence of such accounts . Financial institutions are not allowed to provide any information to clients that may identify such internal accounts . Financial institutions are required to document and follow methods of identifying where the funds are for each customer in a concentration account that co-mingles funds belonging to one or more customers . The definition of money laundering was expanded to include making a financial transaction in the U.S. in order to commit a violent crime ; the bribery of public officials and fraudulent dealing with public funds ; the smuggling or illegal export of controlled munition and the importation or bringing in of any firearm or ammunition not authorized by the U.S. Attorney General and the smuggling of any item controlled under the Export Administration Regulations . It also includes any offense where the U.S. would be obligated under a mutual treaty with a foreign nation to extradite a person , or where the U.S. would need to submit a case against a person for prosecution because of the treaty ; the import of falsely classified goods ; computer crime ; and any felony violation of the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938 . It also allows the forfeiture of any property within the jurisdiction of the United States that was gained as the result of an offense against a foreign nation that involves the manufacture , importation , sale , or distribution of a controlled substance . Foreign nations may now seek to have a forfeiture or judgment notification enforced by a district court of the United States . This is done through new legislation that specifies how the U.S. government may apply for a restraining order to preserve the availability of property which is subject to a foreign forfeiture or confiscation judgement . In taking into consideration such an application , emphasis is placed on the ability of a foreign court to follow due process . The Act also requires the Secretary of Treasury to take all reasonable steps to encourage foreign governments make it a requirement to include the name of the originator in wire transfer instructions sent to the United States and other countries , with the information to remain with the transfer from its origination until the point of disbursement . The Secretary was also ordered to encourage international cooperation in investigations of money laundering , financial crimes , and the finances of terrorist groups . The Act also introduced criminal penalties for corrupt officialdom . An official or employee of the government who acts corruptly -- as well as the person who induces the corrupt act -- in the carrying out of their official duties will be fined by an amount that is not more than three times the monetary equivalent of the bribe in question . Alternatively they may be imprisoned for not more than 15 years , or they may be fined and imprisoned . Penalties apply to financial institutions who do not comply with an order to terminate any corresponding accounts within 10 days of being so ordered by the Attorney General or the Secretary of Treasury . The financial institution can be fined $ US 10,000 for each day the account remains open after the 10 - day limit has expired . The second annotation made a number of modifications to the BSA in an attempt to make it harder for money launderers to operate and easier for law enforcement and regulatory agencies to police money laundering operations . One amendment made to the BSA was to allow the designated officer or agency who receives suspicious activity reports to notify U.S. intelligence agencies . A number of amendments were made to address issues related to record keeping and financial reporting . One measure was a new requirement that anyone who does business file a report for any coin and foreign currency receipts that are over US $10,000 and made it illegal to structure transactions in a manner that evades the BSA 's reporting requirements . To make it easier for authorities to regulate and investigate anti-money laundering operations Money Services Businesses ( MSBs ) -- those who operate informal value transfer systems outside of the mainstream financial system -- were included in the definition of a financial institution . The BSA was amended to make it mandatory to report suspicious transactions and an attempt was made to make such reporting easier for financial institutions . FinCEN was made a bureau of the United States Department of Treasury and the creation of a secure network to be used by financial institutions to report suspicious transactions and to provide alerts of relevant suspicious activities was ordered . Along with these reporting requirements , a considerable number of provisions relate to the prevention and prosecution of money - laundering . Financial institutions were ordered to establish anti-money laundering programs and the BSA was amended to better define anti-money laundering strategy . Also increased were civil and criminal penalties for money laundering and the introduction of penalties for violations of geographic targeting orders and certain record - keeping requirements . A number of other amendments to the BSA were made through subtitle B , including granting the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System power to authorize personnel to act as law enforcement officers to protect the premises , grounds , property and personnel of any U.S. National reserve bank and allowing the Board to delegate this authority to U.S. Federal reserve bank . Another measure instructed United States Executive Directors of international financial institutions to use their voice and vote to support any country that has taken action to support the U.S. 's War on Terrorism . Executive Directors are now required to provide ongoing auditing of disbursements made from their institutions to ensure that no funds are paid to persons who commit , threaten to commit , or support terrorism . The third subtitle deals with currency crimes . Largely because of the effectiveness of the BSA , money launders had been avoiding traditional financial institutions to launder money and were using cash - based businesses to avoid them . A new effort was made to stop the laundering of money through bulk currency movements , mainly focusing on the confiscation of criminal proceeds and the increase in penalties for money laundering . Congress found that a criminal offense of merely evading the reporting of money transfers was insufficient and decided that it would be better if the smuggling of the bulk currency itself was the offense . Therefore , the BSA was amended to make it a criminal offense to evade currency reporting by concealing more than US $10,000 on any person or through any luggage , merchandise or other container that moves into or out of the U.S. The penalty for such an offense is up to 5 years imprisonment and the forfeiture of any property up to the amount that was being smuggled . It also made the civil and criminal penalty violations of currency reporting cases be the forfeiture of all a defendant 's property that was involved in the offense , and any property traceable to the defendant . The Act prohibits and penalizes those who run unlicensed money transmitting businesses . In 2005 , this provision of the USA PATRIOT Act was used to prosecute Yehuda Abraham for helping to arrange money transfers for British arms dealer Hermant Lakhani , who was arrested in August 2003 after being caught in a government sting . Lakhani had tried to sell a missile to an FBI agent posing as a Somali militant . The definition of counterfeiting was expanded to encompass analog , digital or electronic image reproductions , and it was made an offense to own such a reproduction device . Penalties were increased to 20 years imprisonment . Money laundering `` unlawful activities '' was expanded to include the provision of material support or resources to designated foreign terrorist organizations . The Act specifies that anyone who commits or conspires to undertake a fraudulent activity outside the jurisdiction of the United States , and which would be an offense in the U.S. , will be prosecuted under 18 U.S.C. § 1029 , which deals with fraud and related activity in connection with access devices . Title IV : border Security ( edit ) Main article : Patriot Act , Title IV Title IV amends the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 to give more law enforcement and investigative power to the United States Attorney General and to the Immigration and Naturalization Service ( INS ) . The Attorney General was authorized to waive any cap on the number of full - time employees ( FTEs ) assigned to the INS on the Northern border of the United States . Enough funds were set aside to triple the maximum number of Border Patrol personnel , Customs Service personnel and INS inspectors along with an additional US $50,000,000 funding for the INS and the U.S. Customs Service to improve technology for monitoring the Northern Border and acquiring additional equipment at the Canadian northern border . The INS was also given the authority to authorize overtime payments of up to an extra US $30,000 a year to INS employees . Access was given to the Department of State and the INS to criminal background information contained in the National Crime Information Center 's Interstate Identification Index ( NCIC - III ) , Wanted Persons File and any other files maintained by the National Crime Information Center to determine whether visa applicants and applicants could be admitted to the U.S. The Department of State was required to form final regulations governing the procedures for taking fingerprints and the conditions with which the department was allowed to use this information . Additionally , the National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST ) was ordered to develop a technology standard to verify the identity of persons applying for a United States visa . The reason was to make the standard the technology basis for a cross-agency , the cross-platform electronic system used for conducting background checks , confirming identities and ensuring that people have not received visas under different names . This report was released on November 13 , 2002 , however , according to NIST , this was later `` determined that the fingerprint system used was not as accurate as current state - of - the - art fingerprint systems and is approximately equivalent to commercial fingerprint systems available in 1998 . '' This report was later superseded by section 303 ( a ) of the Enhanced Border Security and Visa Entry Reform Act of 2002 . Under Subtitle C , various definitions relating to terrorism were altered and expanded . The INA was retroactively amended to disallow aliens who are part of or representatives of a foreign organization or any group who endorses acts of terrorism from entering the U.S. This restriction also included the family of such aliens . The definition of `` terrorist activity '' was strengthened to include actions involving the use of any dangerous device ( and not just explosives and firearms ) . To `` engage in terrorist activity '' is defined as committing , inciting to commit or planning and preparing to undertake an act of terrorism . Included in this definition is the gathering of intelligence information on potential terrorist targets , the solicitation of funds for a terrorist organization or the solicitation of others to undertake acts of terrorism . Those who provide knowing assistance to a person who is planning to perform such activities are defined as undertaking terrorist activities . Such assistance includes affording material support , including a safe house , transportation , communications , funds , transfer of funds or other material financial benefit , false documentation or identification , weapons ( including chemical , biological , or radiological weapons ) , explosives , or training to perform the terrorist act . The INA criteria for making a decision to designate an organization as a terrorist organization was amended to include the definition of a terrorist act . Though the amendments to these definitions are retroactive , it does not mean that it can be applied to members who joined an organization , but since left , before it was designated to be a terrorist organization under 8 U.S.C. § 1189 by the Secretary of State . The Act amended the INA to add new provisions enforcing mandatory detention laws . These apply to any alien who is engaged in terrorism , or who is engaged in an activity that endangers U.S. national security . It also applies to those who are inadmissible or who must be deported because it is certified they are attempting to enter to undertake illegal espionage ; are exporting goods , technology , or sensitive information illegally ; or are attempting to control or overthrow the government ; or have , or will have , engaged in terrorist activities . The Attorney General or the Attorney General 's deputy may maintain custody of such aliens until they are removed from the U.S. unless it is no longer deemed they should be removed , in which case they are released . The alien can be detained for up to 90 days but can be held up to six months after it is deemed that they are a national security threat . However , the alien must be charged with a crime or removal proceedings start no longer than seven days after the alien 's detention , otherwise the alien will be released . However , such detentions must be reviewed every six months by the Attorney General , who can then decide to revoke it , unless prevented from doing so by law . Every six months the alien may apply , in writing , for the certification to be reconsidered . Judicial review of any action or decision relating to this section , including judicial review of the merits of a certification , can be held under habeas corpus proceedings . Such proceedings can be initiated by an application filed with the United States Supreme Court , by any justice of the Supreme Court , by any circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit , or by any district court otherwise having jurisdiction to entertain the application . The final order is subject to appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit . Provisions were also made for a report to be required every six months of such decisions from the U.S. Attorney General to the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives and the Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate . A sense of Congress was given that the U.S. Secretary of State should expedite the full implementation of the integrated entry and exit data system for airports , seaports , and land border ports of entry specified in the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 ( IIRIRA ) . They also found that the U.S. Attorney General should immediately start the Integrated Entry and Exit Data System Task Force specified in section 3 of the Immigration and Naturalization Service Data Management Improvement Act of 2000 . Congress wanted the primary focus of development of the entry - exit data system was to be on the utilization of biometric technology and the development of tamper - resistant documents readable at ports of entry . They also wanted the system to be able to interface with existing law enforcement databases . The Attorney General was ordered to implement and expand the foreign student monitoring program that was established under section 641 ( a ) of the IIRIRA. which records the date and port of entry of each foreign student . The program was expanded to include other approved educational institutions , including air flight schools , language training schools or vocational schools that are approved by the Attorney General , in consultation with the Secretary of Education and the Secretary of State . US $36,800,000 was appropriated for the Department of Justice to spend on implementing the program . The Secretary of State was ordered to audit and report back to Congress on the Visa waiver program specified under 8 U.S.C. § 1187 for each fiscal year until September 30 , 2007 . The Secretary was also ordered to check for the implementation of precautionary measures to prevent the counterfeiting and theft of passports as well as ascertain that countries designated under the visa waiver program have established a program to develop tamper - resistant passports . The Secretary was also ordered to report back to Congress on whether consulate shopping was a problem . The last subtitle , which was introduced by Senators John Conyers and Patrick Leahy , allows for the preservation of immigration benefits for victims of terrorism , and the families of victims of terrorism . They recognized that some families , through no fault of their own , would either be ineligible for permanent residence in the United States because of being unable to make important deadlines because of the September 11 terrorist attacks , or had become ineligible to apply for special immigration status because their loved one died in the attacks . Title V : removing obstacles to investigating terrorism ( edit ) Main article : Patriot Act , Title V It allows the U.S. Attorney General to pay rewards pursuant of advertisements for assistance to the Department of Justice to combat terrorism and prevent terrorist acts , though amounts over $ US250 , 000 may not be made or offered without the personal approval of the Attorney General or President , and once the award is approved the Attorney General must give written notice to the Chairman and ranking minority members of the Committee on Appropriations and the Judiciary of the Senate and of the House of Representatives . The State Department Basic Authorities Act of 1956 was amended to allow the Department of State to offer rewards , in consultation with the Attorney General , for the full or significant dismantling of any terrorist organization and to identify any key leaders of terrorist organizations . The Secretary of State was given authority to pay greater than $ US5 million if he so determines it would prevent terrorist actions against the United States and Canada . The DNA Analysis Backlog Elimination Act was amended to include terrorism or crimes of violence in the list of qualifying Federal offenses . Another perceived obstacle was to allow federal agencies to share information with federal law enforcement agencies . Thus , the act now allows federal officers who acquire information through electronic surveillance or physical searches to consult with federal law enforcement officers to coordinate efforts to investigate or protect against potential or actual attacks , sabotage or international terrorism or clandestine intelligence activities by an intelligence service or network of a foreign power . Secret Service jurisdiction was extended to investigate computer fraud , access device frauds , false identification documents or devices , or any fraudulent activities against U.S. financial institutions . The General Education Provisions Act was amended to allow the U.S. Attorney General or Assistant Attorney General to collect and retain educational records relevant to an authorized investigation or prosecution of an offense that is defined as a Federal crime of terrorism and which an educational agency or institution possesses . The Attorney General or Assistant Attorney General must `` certify that there are specific and articulable facts giving reason to believe that the education records are likely to contain information ( that a Federal crime of terrorism may be being committed ) . '' An education institution that produces education records in response to such a request is given legal immunity from any liability that rises from such a production of records . One of the most controversial aspects of the USA PATRIOT Act is in title V , and relates to National Security Letters ( NSLs ) . An NSL is a form of administrative subpoena used by the FBI , and reportedly by other U.S. government agencies including the CIA and the Department of Defense ( DoD ) . It is a demand letter issued to a particular entity or organization to turn over various records and data pertaining to individuals . They require no probable cause or judicial oversight and also contain a gag order , preventing the recipient of the letter from disclosing that the letter was ever issued . Title V allowed the use of NSLs to be made by a Special Agent in charge of a Bureau field office , where previously only the Director or the Deputy Assistant Director of the FBI were able to certify such requests . This provision of the Act was challenged by the ACLU on behalf of an unknown party against the U.S. government on the grounds that NSLs violate the First and Fourth Amendments of the U.S. Constitution because there is no way to legally oppose an NSL subpoena in court , and that it was unconstitutional not to allow a client to inform their Attorney as to the order because of the gag provision of the letters . The court 's judgement found in favour of the ACLU 's case , and they declared the law unconstitutional . Later , the USA PATRIOT Act was reauthorized and amendments were made to specify a process of judicial review of NSLs and to allow the recipient of an NSL to disclose receipt of the letter to an attorney or others necessary to comply with or challenge the order . However , in 2007 the U.S. District Court struck down even the reauthorized NSLs because the gag power was unconstitutional as courts could still not engage in a meaningful judicial review of these gags . On August 28 , 2015 , Judge Victor Marrero of the federal district court in Manhattan ruled the gag order of Nicholas Merrill was unjustified . In his decision , Judge Marrero described the FBI 's position as , `` extreme and overly broad , '' affirming that `` courts can not , consistent with the First Amendment , simply accept the Government 's assertions that disclosure would implicate and create a risk . '' He also found that the FBI 's gag order on Mr. Merrill `` implicates serious issues , both with respect to the First Amendment and accountability of the government to the people . '' Initially , the ruling was released in redaction by Judge Marrero . The FBI was given 90 days to pursue any other alternative course of action but elected not to do so . Upon release of the unredacted ruling on November 30 , 2015 , it was revealed for the first time the extent to which the FBI 's NSL accompanied by a gag order sought to collect information . Through the court documents , it was revealed for the first time that through an NSL , the FBI believes it can legally obtain information including an individual 's complete web browsing history , the IP addresses of everyone a person has corresponded with , and all the records of all online purchases within the last 180 days . The FBI also claims via the extension of an NSL , it can obtain cell site location information . In the landmark case of Nicholas Merrill the FBI in specific sought to seek the following information on an account : DSL account information , radius log , subscriber name and related subscriber information , account number , date the account opened or closed , addresses associated with the account , subscriber day / evening telephone numbers , screen names or other on - line names associated with the account , order forms , records relating to merchandise orders / shipping information for the last 180 days , all billing related to the account , internet service provider ( ISP ) , all email addresses associated with the account , internet protocol address assigned to the account , all website information registered to the account , uniform resource locator address assigned to the account , any other information which you consider to be an electronic communication transactional record . This was the first time it was revealed the extent to which an NSL under the Patriot Act could request communication information . Title VI : victims and families of victims of terrorism ( edit ) Main article : Patriot Act , Title VI Title VI amended the Victims of Crime Act of 1984 ( VOCA ) to change how the U.S. Victims of Crime Fund was managed and funded , improving the speedy provision of aid to families of public safety officers by expedited payments to officers or the families of officers injured or killed in the line of duty . Payments must be made no later than 30 days later . The Assistant Attorney General was given expanded authority under Section 614 of the USA PATRIOT Act to make grants to any organization that administers any Office of Justice Programs , which includes the Public Safety Officers Benefits Program . Further changes to the Victims of Crime Fund increased the amount of money in the Fund and changed the way that funds were distributed . The amount available for grants made through the Crime Victim Fund to eligible crime victim compensation programs were increased from 40 percent to 60 percent of the total in the Fund . A program can provide compensation to U.S. citizens who were adversely affected overseas . Means testing was also waived for those who apply for compensation . Under VOCA , the Director may make an annual grant from the Crime Victims Fund to support crime victim assistance programs . An amendment was made to VOCA to include offers of assistance to crime victims in the District of Columbia , the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico , the United States Virgin Islands , and any other U.S. territory . VOCA also provides for compensation and assistance to victims of terrorism or mass violence . This was amended to allow the Director to make supplemental grants to States for eligible crime victim compensation and assistance programs , and to victim service organizations , public agencies ( including Federal , State , or local governments ) and non-governmental organizations that provide assistance to victims of crime . The funds could be used to provide emergency relief , including crisis response efforts , assistance , compensation , training and technical assistance for investigations and prosecutions of terrorism . Title VII : increased information sharing for critical infrastructure Protection ( edit ) Main article : Patriot Act , Title VII Title VII has one section . The purpose of this title is to increase the ability of U.S. law enforcement to counter terrorist activity that crosses jurisdictional boundaries . It does this by amending the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 to include terrorism as a criminal activity . Title VIII : terrorism criminal Law ( edit ) Main article : Patriot Act , Title VIII Title VIII alters the definitions of terrorism and establishes or re-defines rules with which to deal with it . It redefined the term `` domestic terrorism '' to broadly include mass destruction as well as assassination or kidnapping as a terrorist activity . The definition also encompasses activities that are `` dangerous to human life that are a violation of the criminal laws of the United States or of any State '' and are intended to `` intimidate or coerce a civilian population , '' `` influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion , '' or are undertaken `` to affect the conduct of a government by mass destruction , assassination , or kidnapping '' while in the jurisdiction of the United States . Terrorism is also included in the definition of racketeering . Terms relating to cyber-terrorism are also redefined , including the term `` protected computer , '' `` damage , '' `` conviction , '' `` person , '' and `` loss . '' New penalties were created to convict those who attack mass transportation systems . If the offender committed such an attack while no passenger was on board , they are fined and imprisoned for a maximum of 20 years . However , if the activity was undertaken while the mass transportation vehicle or ferry was carrying a passenger at the time of the offense , or the offense resulted in the death of any person , then the punishment is a fine and life imprisonment . The title amends the biological weapons statute to define the use of a biological agent , toxin , or delivery system as a weapon , other than when it is used for `` prophylactic , protective , bona fide research , or other peaceful purposes . '' Penalties for anyone who can not prove reasonably that they are using a biological agent , toxin or delivery system for these purposes are 10 years imprisonment , a fine or both . A number of measures were introduced in an attempt to prevent and penalize activities that are deemed to support terrorism . It was made a crime to harbor or conceal terrorists , and those who do are subject to a fine or imprisonment of up to 10 years , or both . U.S. forfeiture law was also amended to allow authorities to seize all foreign and domestic assets from any group or individual that is caught planning to commit acts of terrorism against the U.S. or U.S. citizens . Assets may also be seized if they have been acquired or maintained by an individual or organization for the purposes of further terrorist activities . One section of the Act ( section 805 ) prohibited `` material support '' for terrorists , and in particular included `` expert advice or assistance . '' In 2004 , after the Humanitarian Law Project filed a civil action against the U.S. government , a Federal District Court struck this down as unconstitutionally vague ; but in 2010 the Supreme Court upheld it . Congress later improved the law by defining the definitions of the `` material support or resources , '' `` training , '' and `` expert advise or resources . '' Cyberterrorism was dealt with in various ways . Penalties apply to those who either damage or gain unauthorized access to a protected computer and then commit a number of offenses . These offenses include causing a person to lose an aggregate amount greater than US $5,000 , as well as adversely affecting someone 's medical examination , diagnosis or treatment . It also encompasses actions that cause a person to be injured , a threat to public health or safety , or damage to a governmental computer that is used as a tool to administer justice , national defense or national security . Also prohibited was extortion undertaken via a protected computer . The penalty for attempting to damage protected computers through the use of viruses or other software mechanism was set to imprisonment for up to 10 years , while the penalty for unauthorized access and subsequent damage to a protected computer was increased to more than five years imprisonment . However , should the offense occur a second time , the penalty increases up to 20 years imprisonment . The act also specified the development and support of cybersecurity forensic capabilities . It directs the Attorney General to establish regional computer forensic laboratories that have the capability of performing forensic examinations of intercepted computer evidence relating to criminal activity and cyberterrorism , and that have the capability of training and educating Federal , State , and local law enforcement personnel and prosecutors in computer crime , and to `` facilitate and promote the sharing of Federal law enforcement expertise and information about the investigation , analysis , and prosecution of computer - related crime with State and local law enforcement personnel and prosecutors , including the use of multijurisdictional task forces . '' The sum of $50,000,000 was authorized for establishing such labs . Title IX : improved intelligence ( edit ) Main article : Patriot Act , Title IX Title IX amends the National Security Act of 1947 to require the Director of Central Intelligence ( DCI ) to establish requirements and priorities for foreign intelligence collected under FISA and to provide assistance to the United States Attorney General to ensure that information derived from electronic surveillance or physical searches is disseminated for efficient and effective foreign intelligence purposes . With the exception of information that might jeopardize an ongoing law enforcement investigation , it was made a requirement that the Attorney General , or the head of any other department or agency of the Federal Government with law enforcement responsibilities , disclose to the Director any foreign intelligence acquired by the U.S. Department of Justice . The Attorney General and Director of Central Intelligence were directed to develop procedures for the Attorney General to follow in order to inform the Director , in a timely manner , of any intention of investigating criminal activity of a foreign intelligence source or potential foreign intelligence source based on the intelligence tip - off of a member of the intelligence community . The Attorney General was also directed to develop procedures on how to best administer these matters . International terrorist activities were made to fall within the scope of foreign intelligence under the National Security Act . A number of reports were commissioned relating to various intelligence - related government centers . One was commissioned into the best way of setting up the National Virtual Translation Center , with the goal of developing automated translation facilities to assist with the timely and accurate translation of foreign intelligence information for elements of the U.S. intelligence community . The USA PATRIOT Act required this to be provided on February 1 , 2002 , however the report , entitled `` Director of Central Intelligence Report on the National Virtual Translation Center : A Concept Plan to Enhance the Intelligence Community 's Foreign Language Capabilities , April 29 , 2002 '' was received more than two months late , which the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence reported was `` a delay which , in addition to contravening the explicit words of the statute , deprived the Committee of timely and valuable input into its efforts to craft this legislation . '' Another report was commissioned on the feasibility and desirability of reconfiguring the Foreign Terrorist Asset Tracking Center and the Office of Foreign Assets Control of the Department of the Treasury . It was due by February 1 , 2002 however , it was never written . The Senate Select Committee on Intelligence later complained that `` ( t ) he Director of Central Intelligence and the Secretary of the Treasury failed to provide a report , this time in direct contravention of a section of the USA PATRIOT Act '' and they further directed `` that the statutorily - directed report be completed immediately , and that it should include a section describing the circumstances which led to the Director 's failure to comply with lawful reporting requirements . '' Other measures allowed certain reports on intelligence and intelligence - related matters to be deferred until either February 1 , 2002 or a date after February 1 , 2002 if the official involved certified that preparation and submission on February 1 , 2002 , would impede the work of officers or employees engaged in counterterrorism activities . Any such deferral required congressional notification before it was authorized . The Attorney General was charged with training officials in identifying and utilizing foreign intelligence information properly in the course of their duties . The government officials include those in the Federal Government who do not normally encounter or disseminate foreign intelligence in the performance of their duties , and State and local government officials who encounter , or potentially may encounter in the course of a terrorist event , foreign intelligence in the performance of their duties . A sense of Congress was expressed that officers and employees of the intelligence community should be encouraged to make every effort to establish and maintain intelligence relationships with any person , entity , or group while they conduct lawful intelligence activities . Title X : miscellaneous ( edit ) Main article : Patriot Act , Title X Title X created or altered a number of miscellaneous laws that did not really fit into any other section of the USA PATRIOT Act . Hazmat licenses were limited to drivers who pass background checks and who can demonstrate they can handle the materials . The Inspector General of the Department of Justice was directed to appoint an official to monitor , review and report back to Congress all allegations of civil rights abuses against the DoJ . It amended the definition of `` electronic surveillance '' to exclude the interception of communications done through or from a protected computer where the owner allows the interception , or is lawfully involved in an investigation . Money laundering cases may now be brought in the district the money laundering was committed or where a money laundering transfer started from . Aliens who committed money laundering were also prohibited from entering the U.S. Grants were provided to first responders to assist them in responding to and preventing terrorism . US $5,000,000 was authorized to be provided to the Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ) to train police in South and East Asia . The Attorney General was directed to commission a study on the feasibility of using biometric identifiers to identify people as they attempt to enter the United States , and which would be connected to the FBI 's database to flag suspected criminals . Another study was also commissioned to determine the feasibility of providing airlines names of suspected terrorists before they boarded flights . The Department of Defense was given temporary authority to use their funding for private contracts for security purposes . The last title also created a new Act called the Crimes Against Charitable Americans Act which amended the Telemarketing and Consumer Fraud and Abuse Prevention Act to require telemarketers who call on behalf of charities to disclose the purpose and other information , including the name and mailing address of the charity the telemarketer is representing . It also increased the penalties from one - year imprisonment to five years imprisonment for those committing fraud by impersonating a Red Cross member . Section expirations ( edit ) Status Section Title Expiration date ✓ PA 201 Authority to intercept wire , oral , and electronic communications relating to terrorism and others 2006 - 03 - 10 ✓ PA 202 Authority to intercept wire , oral , and electronic communications relating to computer fraud and abuse offenses 2006 - 03 - 10 ✓ PA 203 ( b ) Authority to share electronic , wire and oral interception information 2006 - 03 - 10 ✓ PA 204 Clarification of intelligence exceptions from limitations on interception and disclosure of wire , oral , and electronic communications 2006 - 03 - 10 ✓ PA 206 50 USC 1805 ( c ) ( 2 ) ( B ) Roving surveillance authority under the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 . 2019 - 12 - 15 ✓ PA 207 Duration of FISA surveillance of non-United States persons who are agents of a foreign power 2006 - 03 - 10 ✓ PA 209 Seizure of voice - mail messages pursuant to warrants 2006 - 03 - 10 ✓ PA 212 Emergency disclosure of electronic communications to protect life and limb 2006 - 03 - 10 ✓ PA 214 Pen register and trap and trace authority under FISA 2006 - 03 - 10 ✖ PA 215 50 USC 1861 Access to records and other items under the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act . 2015 - 06 - 01 ✓ PA 217 Interception of computer trespasser communications 2006 - 03 - 10 ✓ PA 218 Foreign intelligence information 2006 - 03 - 10 ✓ PA 220 Nationwide service of search warrants for electronic evidence 2006 - 03 - 10 ✓ PA 223 Civil liability for certain unauthorized disclosures 2006 - 03 - 10 ✓ PA 225 Immunity for compliance with FISA wiretap 2006 - 03 - 10 ✓ IRTPA 6001 50 USC 1801 ( b ) ( 1 ) ( C ) `` Lone wolf '' provision 2019 - 12 - 15 Controversy ( edit ) See also : Controversial invocations of the Patriot Act The USA PATRIOT Act has generated a great deal of controversy since its enactment . Opponents of the Act have been quite vocal in asserting that it was passed opportunistically after the September 11 attacks , believing that there would have been little debate . They view the Act as one that was hurried through the Senate with little change before it was passed . ( Senators Patrick Leahy and Russ Feingold proposed amendments to modify the final revision . ) The sheer magnitude of the Act itself was noted by Michael Moore in his controversial film Fahrenheit 9 / 11 . In one of the scenes of the movie , he records Congressman Jim McDermott alleging that no Senator had read the bill and John Conyers , Jr. as saying , `` We do n't read most of the bills . Do you really know what that would entail if we read every bill that we passed ? '' Congressman Conyers then answers his own rhetorical question , asserting that if they did it would `` slow down the legislative process '' . As a dramatic device , Moore then hired an ice - cream van and drove around Washington , D.C. with a loud speaker , reading out the Act to puzzled passers - by , which included a few Senators . However , Moore was not the only commentator to notice that not many people had read the Act . When Dahlia Lithwick and Julia Turne for Slate asked , `` How bad is PATRIOT , anyway ? '' , they decided that it was `` hard to tell '' and stated : The ACLU , in a new fact sheet challenging the DOJ Web site , wants you to believe that the act threatens our most basic civil liberties . Ashcroft and his roadies call the changes in law `` modest and incremental . '' Since almost nobody has read the legislation , much of what we think we know about it comes third - hand and spun . Both advocates and opponents are guilty of fear - mongering and distortion in some instances . One prime example of a controversy of the Patriot Act is shown in the case of Susan Lindauer . Another is the recent court case United States v. Antoine Jones . A nightclub owner was linked to a drug trafficking stash house via a law enforcement GPS tracking device attached to his car . It was placed there without a warrant , which caused a serious conviction obstacle for federal prosecutors in court . Through the years the case rose all the way to the United States Supreme Court where the conviction was overturned in favor of the defendant . The court found that increased monitoring of suspects caused by such legislation like the Patriot Act directly put the suspects ' Constitutional rights in jeopardy . The Electronic Privacy Information Center ( EPIC ) has criticized the law as unconstitutional , especially when `` the private communications of law - abiding American citizens might be intercepted incidentally '' , while the Electronic Frontier Foundation held that the lower standard applied to wiretaps `` gives the FBI a ' blank check ' to violate the communications privacy of countless innocent Americans '' . Others do not find the roving wiretap legislation to be as concerning . Professor David D. Cole of the Georgetown University Law Center , a critic of many of the provisions of the Act , found that though they come at a cost to privacy are a sensible measure while Paul Rosenzweig , a Senior Legal Research Fellow in the Center for Legal and Judicial Studies at The Heritage Foundation , argues that roving wiretaps are just a response to rapidly changing communication technology that is not necessarily fixed to a specific location or device . The Act also allows access to voicemail through a search warrant rather than through a title III wiretap order . James Dempsey , of the CDT , believes that it unnecessarily overlooks the importance of notice under the Fourth Amendment and under a Title III wiretap , and the EFF criticizes the provision 's lack of notice . However , the EFF 's criticism is more extensive -- they believe that the amendment `` is in possible violation of the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution '' because previously if the FBI listened to voicemail illegally , it could not use the messages in evidence against the defendant . Others disagree with these assessments . Professor Orin Kerr , of the George Washington University school of law , believes that the ECPA `` adopted a rather strange rule to regulate voicemail stored with service providers '' because `` under ECPA , if the government knew that there was one copy of an unopened private message in a person 's bedroom and another copy on their remotely stored voicemail , it was illegal for the FBI to simply obtain the voicemail ; the law actually compelled the police to invade the home and rifle through peoples ' bedrooms so as not to disturb the more private voicemail . '' In Professor Kerr 's opinion , this made little sense and the amendment that was made by the USA PATRIOT Act was reasonable and sensible . The USA PATRIOT Act 's expansion of court jurisdiction to allow the nationwide service of search warrants proved controversial for the EFF . They believe that agencies will be able to `` ' shop ' for judges that have demonstrated a strong bias toward law enforcement with regard to search warrants , using only those judges least likely to say no -- even if the warrant does n't satisfy the strict requirements of the Fourth Amendment to the Constitution '' , and that it reduces the likelihood that smaller ISPs or phone companies will try to protect the privacy of their clients by challenging the warrant in court -- their reasoning is that `` a small San Francisco ISP served with such a warrant is unlikely to have the resources to appear before the New York court that issued it . '' They believe that this is bad because only the communications provider will be able to challenge the warrant as only they will know about it -- many warrants are issued ex parte , which means that the target of the order is not present when the order is issued . For a time , the USA PATRIOT Act allowed for agents to undertake `` sneak and peek '' searches . Critics such as EPIC and the ACLU strongly criticized the law for violating the Fourth Amendment , with the ACLU going so far as to release an advertisement condemning it and calling for it to be repealed . However supporters of the amendment , such as Heather Mac Donald , a fellow at the Manhattan Institute and contributing editor to the New York City Journal , expressed the belief that it was necessary because the temporary delay in notification of a search order stops terrorists from tipping off counterparts who are being investigated . In 2004 , FBI agents used this provision to search and secretly examine the home of Brandon Mayfield , who was wrongfully jailed for two weeks on suspicion of involvement in the Madrid train bombings . While the U.S. Government did publicly apologize to Mayfield and his family , Mayfield took it further through the courts . On September 26 , 2007 , Judge Ann Aiken found the law was , in fact , unconstitutional as the search was an unreasonable imposition on Mayfield and thus violated the Fourth Amendment . Laws governing the material support of terrorism proved contentious . It was criticized by the EFF for infringement of freedom of association . The EFF argues that had this law been enacted during Apartheid , U.S. citizens would not have been able to support the African National Congress ( ANC ) as the EFF believes the ANC would have been classed as a terrorist organization . They also used the example of a humanitarian social worker being unable to train Hamas members how to care for civilian children orphaned in the conflict between Israelis and Palestinians , a lawyer being unable to teach IRA members about international law , and peace workers being unable to offer training in effective peace negotiations or how to petition the United Nations regarding human rights abuses . Another group , the Humanitarian Law Project , also objected to the provision prohibiting `` expert advise and assistance '' to terrorists and filed a suit against the U.S. government to have it declared unconstitutional . In 2004 a Federal District Court struck the provision down as unconstitutionally vague , but in 2010 the Supreme Court reversed that decision . Perhaps one of the biggest controversies involved the use of National Security Letters ( NSLs ) by the FBI . Because they allow the FBI to search telephone , email , and financial records without a court order , they were criticized by many parties , including the American Civil Liberties Union . Although FBI officials have a series of internal `` checks and balances '' that must be met before the issue of an NSL , Federal Judge Victor Marrero ruled the NSL provisions unconstitutional . In November 2005 , BusinessWeek reported that the FBI had issued tens of thousands of NSLs and had obtained one million financial , credit , employment , and in some cases , health records from the customers of targeted Las Vegas businesses . Selected businesses included casinos , storage warehouses and car rental agencies . An anonymous Justice official claimed that such requests were permitted under section 505 of the USA PATRIOT Act and despite the volume of requests insisted `` We are not inclined to ask courts to endorse fishing expeditions '' . Before this was revealed , however , the ACLU challenged the constitutionality of NSLs in court . In April 2004 , they filed suit against the government on behalf of an unknown Internet Service Provider who had been issued an NSL , for reasons unknown . In ACLU v. DoJ , the ACLU argued that the NSL violated the First and Fourth Amendments of the U.S. Constitution because the USA PATRIOT Act failed to spell out any legal process whereby a telephone or Internet company could try to oppose an NSL subpoena in court . The court agreed , and found that because the recipient of the subpoena could not challenge it in court it was unconstitutional . Congress later tried to remedy this in a reauthorization Act , but because they did not remove the non-disclosure provision a Federal court again found NSLs to be unconstitutional because they prevented courts from engaging in meaningful judicial review . Another provision of the USA PATRIOT Act has caused a great deal of consternation among librarians . Section 215 allows the FBI to apply for an order to produce materials that assist in an investigation undertaken to protect against international terrorism or clandestine intelligence activities . Among the `` tangible things '' that could be targeted , it includes `` books , records , papers , documents , and other items '' . Supporters of the provision point out that these records are held by third parties , and therefore are exempt from a citizen 's reasonable expectations of privacy and also maintain that the FBI has not abused the provision . As proof , then Attorney General John Ashcroft released information in 2003 that showed that section 215 orders had never been used . However , the American Library Association strongly objected to the provision , believing that library records are fundamentally different from ordinary business records , and that the provision would have a chilling effect on free speech . The association became so concerned that they formed a resolution condemning the USA PATRIOT Act , and which urged members to defend free speech and protect patrons ' privacy . They urged librarians to seek legal advice before complying with a search order and advised their members to only keeping records for as long as was legally needed . Consequently , reports started filtering in that librarians were shredding records to avoid having to comply with such orders . In 2005 , Library Connection , a nonprofit consortium of 27 libraries in Connecticut , known as the Connecticut Four worked with the ACLU to lift a gag order for library records , challenging the government 's power under Section 505 to silence four citizens who wished to contribute to public debate on the PATRIOT Act . This case became known as Doe v. Gonzales . In May 2006 , the government finally gave up its legal battle to maintain the gag order . In a summary of the actions of the Connecticut Four and their challenge to the USA PATRIOT Act , Jones ( 2009 : 223 ) notes : `` Librarians need to understand their country 's legal balance between the protection of freedom of expression and the protection of national security . Many librarians believe that the interests of national security , important as they are , have become an excuse for chilling the freedom to read . '' Another controversial aspect of the USA PATRIOT Act is the immigration provisions that allow for the indefinite detention of any alien who the Attorney General believes may cause a terrorist act . Before the USA PATRIOT Act was passed , Anita Ramasastry , an associate professor of law and a director of the Shidler Center for Law , Commerce , & Technology at the University of Washington School of Law in Seattle , Washington , accused the Act of depriving basic rights for immigrants to America , including legal permanent residents . She warned that `` Indefinite detention upon secret evidence -- which the USA PATRIOT Act allows -- sounds more like Taliban justice than ours . Our claim that we are attempting to build an international coalition against terrorism will be severely undermined if we pass legislation allowing even citizens of our allies to be incarcerated without basic U.S. guarantees of fairness and justice . '' Many other parties have also been strongly critical of the provision . Russell Feingold , in a Senate floor statement , claimed that the provision `` falls short of meeting even basic constitutional standards of due process and fairness ( as it ) continues to allow the Attorney General to detain persons based on mere suspicion '' . The University of California passed a resolution condemning ( among other things ) the indefinite detention provisions of the Act , while the ACLU has accused the Act of giving the Attorney General `` unprecedented new power to determine the fate of immigrants ... Worse , if the foreigner does not have a country that will accept them , they can be detained indefinitely without trial . '' Another controversial aspect of the USA PATRIOT Act is its effect on the privacy of Canadians living in the province of British Columbia ( B.C. ) . British Columbia 's privacy commissioner raises concerns that the USA PATRIOT Act will allow the United States government to access Canadians ' private information , such as personal medical records , that are outsourced to American companies . Although the government of B.C. has taken measures to prevent United States authorities from obtaining information , the widespread powers of the USA PATRIOT Act could overcome legislation that is passed in Canada . B.C. Privacy Commissioner David Loukidelis stated in a report on the consequences of the USA PATRIOT Act , `` once information is sent across borders , it 's difficult , if not impossible , to control '' . In an effort to maintain their privacy , British Columbia placed amendments on the Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act ( FOIPPA ) , which was enacted as law on October 21 , 2004 . These amendments aim to place more firm limitations on `` storing , accessing , and disclosing of B.C. public sector data by service providers . '' These laws only pertain to public sector data and do not cover trans - border or private sector data in Canada . The public sector establishments include an estimated 2,000 `` government ministries , hospitals , boards of health , universities and colleges , school boards , municipal governments and certain Crown corporations and agencies . '' In response to these laws , many companies are now specifically opting to host their sensitive data outside the United States . Legal action has been taken in Nova Scotia to protect the province from the USA PATRIOT Act 's data collecting methods . On November 15 , 2007 the government of Nova Scotia passed a legislation aimed to protect Nova Scotians ' personal information from being brought forward by the USA PATRIOT Act . The act was entitled `` The new Personal Information International Disclosure Protection Act '' . The goal of the act is to establish requirements to protect personal information from being revealed , as well as punishments for failing to do so . Justice Minister Murray Scott stated , `` This legislation will help ensure that Nova Scotians ' personal information will be protected . The act outlines the responsibilities of public bodies , municipalities and service providers and the consequences if these responsibilities are not fulfilled . '' In the 1980s , the Bank of Nova Scotia was the center of an early , pre-Internet data - access case that led to the disclosure of banking records . After suspected abuses of the USA PATRIOT Act were brought to light in June 2013 with articles about collection of American call records by the NSA and the PRISM program ( see 2013 mass surveillance disclosures ) , Representative Jim Sensenbrenner , Republican of Wisconsin , who introduced the Patriot Act in 2001 , said that the National Security Agency overstepped its bounds . He released a statement saying `` While I believe the Patriot Act appropriately balanced national security concerns and civil rights , I have always worried about potential abuses . '' He added : `` Seizing phone records of millions of innocent people is excessive and un-American . '' Reauthorizations ( edit ) The USA PATRIOT Act was reauthorized by three bills . The first , the USA PATRIOT and Terrorism Prevention Reauthorization Act of 2005 , was passed by both houses of Congress in July 2005 . This bill reauthorized provisions of the USA PATRIOT Act and the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 . It created new provisions relating to the death penalty for terrorists , enhancing security at seaports , new measures to combat the financing of terrorism , new powers for the Secret Service , anti-methamphetamine initiatives and a number of other miscellaneous provisions . The second reauthorization act , the USA PATRIOT Act Additional Reauthorizing Amendments Act of 2006 , amended the first and was passed in February 2006 . The first act reauthorized all but two of the provisions of Title II that would have expired . Two sections were changed to sunset on December 31 , 2009 : section 206 -- the roving wiretap provision -- and section 215 , which allowed access to business records under FISA . Section 215 was amended further regardless so as to give greater judicial oversight and review . Such orders were also restricted to be authorized by only the FBI Director , the FBI Deputy Director , or the Executive Assistant Director for National Security , and minimization procedures were specified to limit the dissemination and collection of such information . Section 215 also had a `` gag '' provision , which was changed to allow the defendant to contact their Attorney . However , the change also meant that the defendant was also made to tell the FBI who he ( or she ) was disclosing the order to -- this requirement was removed by the USA PATRIOT Act Additional Reauthorizing Amendments Act . On Saturday , February 27 , 2010 , President Barack Obama signed into law legislation that would temporarily extend , for one year , three controversial provisions of the Patriot Act that had been set to expire : Authorize court - approved roving wiretaps that permit surveillance on multiple phones . Allow court - approved seizure of records and property in anti-terrorism operations . Permit surveillance against a so - called lone wolf , a non-U.S. citizen engaged in terrorism who may not be part of a recognized terrorist group . In a vote on February 8 , 2011 , the House of Representatives considered a further extension of the Act through the end of 2011 . House leadership moved the extension bill under suspension of the rules , which is intended for noncontroversial legislation and requires two - thirds majority to pass . After the vote , the extension bill did not pass ; 277 members voted in favor , which was less than the 290 votes needed to pass the bill under suspension of the rules . Without an extension , the Act was set to expire on February 28 , 2011 . However , it eventually passed , 275 - 144 . The FISA Sunsets Extension Act of 2011 was signed into law February 25 , 2011 . On May 26 , 2011 , President Barack Obama used an Autopen to sign the PATRIOT Sunsets Extension Act of 2011 , a four - year extension of three key provisions in the USA PATRIOT Act while he was in France : roving wiretaps , searches of business records ( the `` library records provision '' ) , and conducting surveillance of `` lone wolves '' -- individuals suspected of terrorist - related activities not linked to terrorist groups . Republican leaders questioned if the use of the Autopen met the constitutional requirements for signing a bill into law . As NSL provisions of the USA PATRIOT Act had been struck by the courts the reauthorization Act amended the law in an attempt to make them lawful . It provided for judicial review and the legal right of a recipient to challenge the validity of the letter . The reauthorization act still allowed NSLs to be closed and all evidence to be presented in camera and ex parte . Gag provisions were maintained , but were not automatic . They only occurred when the Deputy Assistant Director of the FBI or a Special Agent in Charge in a Bureau field office certified that disclosure would result in `` a danger to the national security of the United States , interference with a criminal , counterterrorism , or counterintelligence investigation , interference with diplomatic relations , or danger to the life or physical safety of any person '' . However , should there be no non-disclosure order , the defendant can disclose the fact of the NSL to anyone who can render them assistance in carrying out the letter , or to an attorney for legal advice . Again , however , the recipient was ordered to inform the FBI of such a disclosure . Because of the concern over the chilling effects of such a requirement , the Additional Reauthorization Amendments Act removed the requirement to inform the FBI that the recipient spoke about the NSL to their Attorney . Later , the Additional Reauthorization Amendments Act excluded libraries from receiving NSLs , except where they provide electronic communications services . The reauthorization Act also ordered the Attorney General submit a report semi-annually to the House and Senate Judiciary Committees , the House and Senate Intelligence Committees and the House Committee on Financial Services and the Senate Committee on Banking , Housing , and Urban Affairs on all NSL request made under the Fair Credit Reporting Act . Changes were made to the roving wiretap provisions of the USA PATRIOT Act . Applications and orders for such wiretaps must describe the specific target of the electronic surveillance if the identity of the target is not known . If the nature and location of each of the facilities or places targeted for surveillance is not known , then after 10 days the agency must provide notice to the court . The notice must include the nature and location of each new facility or place at which the electronic surveillance was directed . It must also describe the facts and circumstances relied upon by the applicant to justify the applicant 's belief that each new surveillance place or facility under surveillance is or was being used by the target of the surveillance . The applicant must also provide a statement detailing any proposed minimization procedures that differ from those contained in the original application or order , that may be necessitated by a change in the facility or place at which the electronic surveillance is directed . Applicants must detail the total number of electronic surveillances that have been or are being conducted under the authority of the order . Section 213 of the USA PATRIOT Act was modified . Previously it stated that delayed notifications would be made to recipients of `` sneak and peek '' searches in a `` reasonable period '' . This was seen as unreasonable , as it was undefined and could potentially be used indefinitely . Thus , the reauthorization act changed this to a period not exceeding 30 days after the date of the execution of the search warrant . Courts were given the opportunity to extend this period if they were provided good cause to do so . Section 213 states that delayed notifications could be issued if there is `` reasonable cause to believe that providing immediate notification of the execution of the warrant may have an adverse result '' . This was criticized , particularly by the ACLU , for allowing potential abuse by law enforcement agencies and was later amended to prevent a delayed notification `` if the adverse results consist only of unduly delaying a trial . '' . In September 2007 an Oregon US District Court struck down the Sneak and Peak provisions of the USA PATRIOT ACT , but in December 2009 the Ninth Circuit overturned this decision . The reauthorization act also legislates increased congressional oversight for emergency disclosures by communication providers undertaken under section 212 of the USA PATRIOT Act . The duration of FISA surveillance and physical search orders were increased . Surveillance performed against `` lone wolf terrorists '' under section 207 of the USA PATRIOT Act were increased to 120 days for an initial order , while pen registers and trap and trace device extensions under FISA were increased from 90 days to a year . The reauthorization act also increased congressional oversight , requiring a semi-annual report into physical searches and the use of pen registers and trap and trace devices under FISA . The `` lone wolf terrorist '' provision ( Section 207 ) was a sunset provision that also was to have expired , however this was enhanced by the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 . The reauthorization act extended the expiration date to December 31 , 2009 . The amendment to material support law done in the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act was also made permanent . The definition of terrorism was further expanded to include receiving military - type training from a foreign terrorist organization and narcoterrorism . Other provisions of the reauthorization act was to merge the law outlawing train wrecking ( 18 U.S.C. § 992 ) and the law outlawing attacks on mass transportation systems ( 18 U.S.C. § 1993 ) into a new section of Title 18 of the U.S. Code ( 18 U.S.C. § 1992 ) and also to criminalize the act of planning a terrorist attack against a mass transport system . Forfeiture law was further changed and now assets within U.S. jurisdiction will be seized for illegally trafficking in nuclear , chemical , biological or radiological weapons technology or material , if such offense is punishable under foreign law by death or imprisonment for a term exceeding one year . Alternatively , this applies if similar punishment would be so punishable if committed within the U.S. A sense of Congress was further expressed that victims of terrorism should be entitled to the forfeited assets of terrorists . See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Central Intelligence Agency Civil Contingencies Act 2004 Combat Zones That See Data mining Domestic Security Enhancement Act of 2003 Federal Bureau of Investigation Foreign Terrorist Organizations Guardian ( database ) Information Awareness Office Ohio Patriot Act Patriot Act II Reichstag Fire Decree USA Freedom Act Investigatory Powers Act 2016 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The White House : President George W. Bush '' . The White House . October 26 , 2001 . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Public Law Pub. L. 107 -- 56 Jump up ^ `` ` USA Patriot Act ' seen as both eye - catching , tough to criticize '' . mcclatchydc . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Safire , William ( 2002 - 02 - 24 ) . `` THE WAY WE LIVE NOW : 2 - 24 - 02 : ON LANGUAGE ; Acronymania '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Summary & Status 107th Congress ( 2001 -- 2002 ) H.R. 3162 Major Congressional Actions '' , thomas.loc.gov Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` FINAL VOTE RESULTS FOR ROLL CALL 398 '' , clerk.house.gov. Oct 24 , 2001 . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 107th Congress -- 1st Session '' , www.senate.gov. Oct 25 , 2001 . Retrieved August 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Safe Act Co-Sponsors say PATRIOT Act Conference Report Unacceptable '' , Washington Times , November 5 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : `` Obama Signs Last - Minute Patriot Act Extension '' . Fox News . May 27 , 2011 . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Mascaro , Lisa ( May 27 , 2011 ) . `` Congress votes in time to extend key Patriot Act provisions '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Parts Of Patriot Act Expire , Even As Senate Moves On Bill Limiting Surveillance '' . ^ Jump up to : Erin Kelly ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` Senate approves USA Freedom Act '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 2001 Congressional Record , Vol. 147 , Page S9368 ( September 11 , 2001 ) Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title X , Sec. 1002 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title II , Sec. 218 . Jump up ^ Andrew C. McCarthy , `` Why Section 218 Should be Retained '' . Retrieved January 23 , 2006 . The Patriot Debates . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title II , Sec. 214 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title II , Sec. 207 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title II , Sec. 203 . ^ Jump up to : USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title II , Sec. 216 . Jump up ^ Analysis of Specific USA PATRIOT Act Provisions : Pen Registers , the Internet and Carnivore , Electronic Privacy Information Center . Accessed December 4 , 2005 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title II , Sec. 219 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title II , Sec. 204 & 209 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title II , Sec. 217 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title II , Sec. 211 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title II , Sec. 210 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title II , Sec. 212 . Jump up ^ Field Guidance on New Authorities ( Redacted ) , Federal Bureau of Investigation ( hosted by the Electronic Privacy Information Center ) . Retrieved September 24 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title II , Sec. 213 . ^ Jump up to : Singel , Ryan ( September 26 , 2007 ) . `` Court Strikes Down 2 Key Patriot Act Provisions '' . Wired . ^ Jump up to : Keller , Susan Jo ( September 27 , 2007 ) . `` Judge Rules Provisions in Patriot Act to Be Illegal '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ United States Department of Justice , The USA PATRIOT Act : Preserving Life and Liberty , pg. 2 . Retrieved September 24 , 2007 . Archived March 9 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ James Dempsey , `` Why Section 206 Should be Modified '' Archived 2007 - 01 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . ( undated ) , accessed January 7 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Let the Sun Set on PATRIOT -- Section 206 '' . Electronic Frontier Foundation . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2006 . Retrieved December 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title II , Sec. 215 . Jump up ^ `` Phillips , Heather A. , `` Libraries and National Security Law : An Examination of the USA Patriot Act '' . Progressive Librarian , Vol. 25 , Summer 2005 `` . Papers.ssrn.com . SSRN 901266 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ American Library Association , Resolution on the USA PATRIOT Act and Libraries , enacted June 29 , 2005 Jump up ^ Mac Donald , Heather ( Summer 2003 ) . `` Straight Talk on Homeland Security '' . City Journal . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title II , Sec. 208 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title II , Sec. 221 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title II , Sec. 205 . Jump up ^ O'Harrow , Jr. , Robert ( October 27 , 2002 ) . `` Six Weeks in Autumn '' . The Washington Post . p . W06 . Retrieved July 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title II , Sec. 224 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title III , Subtitle A , Sec. 311 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title III , Subtitle A , Sec. 314 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title III , Subtitle A , Sec. 317 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title III , Subtitle A , Sec. 312 , 313 , 319 & 325 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title III , Subtitle A , Sec. 327 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title III , Subtitle A , Sec. 313 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title III , Subtitle A , Sec. 312 . ^ Jump up to : USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title III , Subtitle A , Sec. 319 . Amended 31 U.S.C. § 5318 ( k ) ( 3 ) ( C ) ( iii ) Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title III , Subtitle A , Sec. 325 . Jump up ^ Amendment made to 18 U.S.C. § 1956 ( c ) ( 7 ) ( B ) ( ii ) -- for some reason an extra parenthesis was inserted into 18 U.S.C. § 1956 ( c ) ( 7 ) ( B ) ( iii ) , according to Cornell University , this was probably mistakenly added by law makers Jump up ^ Illegal export of controlled munitions is defined in the United States Munitions List , which is part of the Arms Export Control Act ( 22 U.S.C. § 2778 ) Jump up ^ See 18 U.S.C. § 922 ( l ) and 18 U.S.C. § 925 ( d ) Jump up ^ Defined in 15 CFR 730 -- 774 ^ Jump up to : USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title III , Subtitle A , Sec. 315 . Jump up ^ Defined in 18 U.S.C. § 541 Jump up ^ Defined in 18 U.S.C. § 1030 Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title III , Subtitle A , Sec. 320 . Amended 18 U.S.C. § 981 ( A ) ( 1 ) ( B ) ^ Jump up to : USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title III , Subtitle A , Sec. 323 . Amended 28 U.S.C. § 2467 Jump up ^ Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 983 ( j ) Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 2467 ( d ) ( 3 ) ( A ) Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title III , Subtitle A , Sec. 328 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title III , Subtitle A , Sec. 330 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title III , Subtitle B , Sec. 356 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title III , Subtitle B , Sec. 365 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title III , Subtitle B , Sec. 359 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title III , Subtitle B , Sec. 352 , 354 & 365 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title III , Subtitle B , Sec. 361 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title III , Subtitle B , Sec. 362 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title III , Subtitle B , Sec. 352 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title III , Subtitle B , Sec. 354 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title III , Subtitle B , Sec. 353 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title III , Subtitle B , Sec. 364 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title III , Subtitle B , Sec. 360 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title III , Subtitle C , Sec. 371 . Jump up ^ So defined in 31 U.S.C. § 5313 , 31 U.S.C. § 5316 and 31 U.S.C. § 5324 Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title III , Subtitle C , Sec. 372 . Amended 31 U.S.C. § 5317 ( c ) Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title III , Subtitle C , Sec. 371 . Amended 18 U.S.C. § 1960 Jump up ^ `` The Patriot Act : Justice Department Claims Success '' . National Public Radio . July 20 , 2005 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title III , Subtitle C , Sec. 374 . Amended 18 U.S.C. § 1960 Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title III , Subtitle C , Sec. 376 . Amended 18 U.S.C. § 1956 ( c ) ( 7 ) ( D ) Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title III , Subtitle C , Sec. 377 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title IV , Subtitle A , Sec. 401 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title IV , Subtitle A , Sec. 402 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title IV , Subtitle A , Sec. 404 . Amended the Department of Justice Appropriations Act , 2001 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title IV , Subtitle A , Sec. 403 . Amends 8 U.S.C. § 1105 ^ Jump up to : USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title IV , Sec. 403 . Final regulations are specified in 22 C.F.R. 40.5 Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title IV , Subtitle A , Sec. 405 . Jump up ^ National Institute of Standards and Technology , November 14 , 2002 . `` Use of Technology Standards and Interoperable Databases With Machine - Readable , Tamper - Resistant Travel Documents '' ( Appendix A ) Jump up ^ NIST Image Group 's Fingerprint Research Archived 2007 - 12 - 26 at the Wayback Machine. , see the section `` NIST Patriot Act Work '' ( accessed June 28 , 2006 ) ^ Jump up to : USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title IV , Subtitle B , Sec. 411 . Jump up ^ As specified in section 140 ( d ) ( 2 ) of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act , Fiscal Years 1988 and 1989 ; see 22 U.S.C. § 2656f ( d ) ( 2 ) ^ Jump up to : USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title IV , Subtitle B , Sec. 412 . A new section was created by the Act -- 8 U.S.C. § 1226a Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title IV , Subtitle B , Sec. 414 . Jump up ^ 8 U.S.C. § 1372 ( a ) Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title IV , Subtitle B , Sec. 416 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title IV , Subtitle B , Sec. 417 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title IV , Subtitle B , Sec. 418 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title IV , Subtitle C . Jump up ^ Office of Patrick Leahy , USA PATRIOT Act Section - by - section analysis Archived February 13 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title V , Sec 501 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title V , Sec 502 . Amended 22 U.S.C. § 2708 ( b ) ( 5 ) Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title V , Sec 502 . Amended 22 U.S.C. § 2708 ( b ) ( 6 ) Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title V , Sec 502 . Amended 22 U.S.C. § 2708 ( e ) ( 1 ) Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title V , Sec 503 . Amended 42 U.S.C. § 14135a ( d ) ( 2 ) Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title V , Sec 504 . Amended 50 U.S.C. § 1825 Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title V , Sec 506 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title V , Sec 507 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title V , Sec 505 . Amended 18 U.S.C. § 2709 ( b ) ; Section 1114 ( a ) ( 5 ) ( A ) of the Right to Financial Privacy Act of 1978 ( 12 U.S.C. § 3414 ( a ) ( 5 ) ( A ) ) and Section 624 of the Fair Credit Reporting Act ( 15 U.S.C. § 1681u ) . ^ Jump up to : Doe v. Ashcroft , 334 F. Supp. 2d 471 ( S.D.N.Y. 2004 ) source Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT and Terrorism Prevention Reauthorization Act of 2005 ( U.S. H.R. 3199 , Public Law 109 - 177 ) Title I , Sec. 115 & 116 Jump up ^ `` Gag Order '' ( PDF ) . Isp.yale.edu . p. 32 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Nicholas Merrill v. Loretta E. Lynch '' ( PDF ) . Isp.yale.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Mr. Nicholas Merrill : Attachment '' ( PDF ) . Isp.yale.edu . p. 3 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title VI , Subtitle A , Sec. 611 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title VI , Subtitle A , Sec. 614 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title VI , Subtitle B , Sec. 621 Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title VI , Subtitle B , Sec. 622 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title VI , Subtitle B , Sec. 623 . Amended 42 U.S.C. § 10603 ( b ) ( 1 ) Jump up ^ 42 U.S.C. § 10603b Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title VI , Subtitle B , Sec. 624 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title VIII , Sec. 802 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title VIII , Sec. 813 . Amended 18 U.S.C. § 1961 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title VIII , Sec. 814 . Amended 18 U.S.C. § 1030 ( e ) Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title VIII , Sec. 801 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title VIII , Sec. 817 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title VIII , Sec. 803 . Created 18 U.S.C. § 2339 Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title VIII , Sec. 806 . Amends 18 U.S.C. § 981 Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title VIII , Section 805 ( a ) ( 2 ) ( B ) . ^ Jump up to : Humanitarian Law Project et al. v. John Ashcroft , Findlaw ^ Jump up to : Adam Liptak , Court Affirms Ban on Aiding Groups Tied to Terror , The New York Times , June 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act ( U.S. S. 2845 , Public Law 108 - 458 ) , Title VI , Subtitle F , Sec. 6603 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title VIII , Sec. 814 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title VIII , Sec. 816 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title IX , Sec. 901 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title IX , Sec. 905 . ^ Jump up to : USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title IX , Sec. 903 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title IX , Sec. 906 . Jump up ^ Senate Report 107 - 149 -- `` To authorize appropriations for Fiscal Year 2003 for Intelligence and Intelligence - related activities of the United States Government , the Community Management Account , and the Central Intelligence Agency Retirement Disability System , and for other purposes . '' , see the section `` National Virtual Translation Center '' Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title IX , Sec. 907 . Jump up ^ Senate Report 107 - 149 -- `` To authorize appropriations for Fiscal Year 2003 for Intelligence and Intelligence - related activities of the United States Government , the Community Management Account , and the Central Intelligence Agency Retirement Disability System , and for other purposes . '' , see the section `` Foreign Terrorist Asset Tracking Center '' Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title IX , Sec. 904 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title IX , Sec. 908 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title X , Sec. 1012 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title X , Sec. 1001 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title X , Sec. 1003 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title X , Sec. 1004 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title X , Sec. 1006 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title X , Sec. 1005 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title X , Sec. 1007 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title X , Sec. 1008 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title X , Sec. 1009 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title X , Sec. 1010 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title X , Sec. 1011 ( a ) . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title X , Sec. 1011 ( b ) . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title X , Sec. 1011 ( c ) . Jump up ^ 2001 Congressional Record , Vol. 147 , Page S10991 ( October 25 , 2001 ) Jump up ^ `` History of the Patriot Act '' . Electronic Privacy Information Center . Retrieved July 11 , 2008 . Though the Act made significant amendments to over 15 important statutes , it was introduced with great haste and passed with little debate , and without a House , Senate , or conference report . As a result , it lacks background legislative history that often retrospectively provides necessary statutory interpretation . Jump up ^ `` EFF Analysis Of The Provisions Of The USA PATRIOT Act That Relate To Online Activities '' . Electronic Frontiers Foundation . October 31 , 2001 . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved October 12 , 2007 ... it seems clear that the vast majority of the sections included were not carefully studied by Congress , nor was sufficient time taken to debate it or to hear testimony from experts outside of law enforcement in the fields where it makes major changes . Jump up ^ Michael Moore , Fahrenheit 9 / 11 ( documentary ) . Timestamp : 01 : 01 : 39 -- 01 : 01 : 47 . Jump up ^ Michael Moore , Fahrenheit 9 / 11 ( documentary ) . Timestamp : 01 : 02 : 02 -- 01 : 02 : 15 . Jump up ^ Michael Moore , Fahrenheit 9 / 11 ( documentary ) . Timestamp : 01 : 02 : 35 -- 01 : 02 : 43 . Jump up ^ Lithwick , Dahlia ; Turner , Julia ( September 8 , 2003 ) . `` A Guide to the Patriot Act , Part 1 '' . Jurisprudence . Slate . Jump up ^ `` Analysis of Specific USA PATRIOT Act Provisions : Expanded Dissemination of Information Obtained in Criminal Investigations '' . Analysis . Electronic Privacy Information Center . Retrieved July 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Cole , David . `` The Patriot Act Violates Our Civil Liberties '' . Is the Patriot Act Unconstitutional ? . Microsoft Encarta . Archived from the original on 2006 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ Rosenzweig , Paul . `` Terrorism is not just a crime '' . Patriot Debates . American Bar Association . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title II , Sec. 209 . Jump up ^ James X . Dempsey , `` Why Sections 209 , 212 , and 220 Should be Modified '' ( undated ) . Retrieved October 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ EFF , `` Let the Sun Set on PATRIOT -- Section 209 : ' Seizure of VoiceMail Messages Pursuant to Warrants ' '' Archived 2007 - 09 - 29 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved December 29 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Orin Kerr , `` Why Sections 209 , 212 , and 220 Should be Modified '' ( undated ) . Retrieved October 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : One prime example of a controversy of the Patriot Act is shown in the recent court case United States v. Antoine Jones . A nightclub owner was linked to a drug trafficking stash house via a law enforcement GPS tracking device attached to his car . It was placed there without a warrant , which caused a serious conviction obstacle for federal prosecutors in court . Through the years the case has risen to the United States Supreme Court where the conviction was overturned in favor of the defendant . The court found that increased monitoring of suspects caused by such legislation like the Patriot Act directly put the suspects ' Constitutional rights in jeopardy . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT Act ( U.S. H.R. 3162 , Public Law 107 - 56 ) , Title II , Sec. 220 . ^ Jump up to : EFF , `` Let the Sun Set on PATRIOT -- Section 220 : ' Nationwide Service of Search Warrants for Electronic Evidence ' '' Archived 2006 - 12 - 11 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved October 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Analysis of Specific USA PATRIOT Act Provisions : Authority to Conduct Secret Searches ( `` Sneak and Peek '' ) , Electronic Privacy Information Center . Accessed December 5 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Uncle Sam Asks : `` What the hell is going on here ? '' in New ACLU Print and Radio Advertisements '' ( Press release ) . American Civil Liberties Union . September 10 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` ACLU Ad On `` Sneak - and - Peek '' Searches : Overblown `` . FactCheck.org . September 21 , 2004 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Heather Mac Donald ( undated ) , `` Sneak - and - Peek in the Full Light of Day '' . American Bar Association . Retrieved October 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Apology Note from the United States Government '' . Washington Post . November 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ EFF , `` Let the Sun Set on PATRIOT -- Section 201 : ' Authority to Intercept Wire , Oral , and Electronic Communications Relating to Terrorism , ' and Section 805 , ' Material Support for Terrorism ' '' Archived 2007 - 10 - 09 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved October 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` National Security Letters '' . American Civil Liberties Union . September 2007 . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2007 . Retrieved October 13 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Federal Court Strikes Down National Security Letter Provision of Patriot Act '' ( Press release ) . American Civil Liberties Union . September 6 , 2007 . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2007 . NEW YORK -- A federal court today struck down the amended Patriot Act 's National Security Letter ( NSL ) provision . The law has permitted the FBI to issue NSLs demanding private information about people within the United States without court approval , and to gag those who receive NSLs from discussing them . The court found that the gag power was unconstitutional and that because the statute prevented courts from engaging in meaningful judicial review of gags , it violated the First Amendment and the principle of separation of powers . Jump up ^ `` Let the Sun Set on PATRIOT Section 505 -- National Security Letters ( NSLs ) '' . Electronic Frontiers Foundation . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved October 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` EPIC : National Security Letters ( NSLs ) '' . Electronic Privacy Information Center . Retrieved July 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` FBI Unbound : How National Security Letters Violate Our Privacy '' . Bill of Rights Defense Committee . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2013 . Retrieved July 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dunham , Richard S. ( November 10 , 2005 ) . `` The Patriot Act : Business Balks '' . BusinessWeek . Retrieved July 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Eggen , Dan ( September 7 , 2007 ) . `` Judge Invalidates Patriot Act Provisions '' . Washington Post . p . A01 . Jump up ^ Neumeister , Larry ( September 7 , 2007 ) . `` Judge Strikes Down Part of Patriot Act '' . London : Guardian . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ C. McCarthy , Andrew . `` Why Sections 214 and 215 Should be Retained '' . American Bar Association . Retrieved July 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` No Patriot Check Out At Libraries '' . CBS News . September 18 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Resolution on the USA Patriot Act and Related Measures That Infringe on the Rights of Library Users '' . American Library Association . January 29 , 2003 . Retrieved July 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kasindorf , Martin ( December 16 , 2003 ) . `` FBI 's reading list worries librarians '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Dean E. ( 7 April 2003 ) . `` Some Librarians Use Shredder to Show Opposition to New F.B.I. Powers '' . New York Times . Retrieved July 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Libraries Rally Against USA Patriot Act '' . Politics . Fox News Channel . May 7 , 2003 . Retrieved July 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Graham , Judith ( April 3 , 2003 ) . `` Libraries warning patrons : Federal government may be spying on you '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ Jones , Barbara M. 2009 . `` Librarians Shushed No More : The USA Patriot Act , the ' Connecticut Four , ' and Professional Ethics . '' Newsletter on Intellectual Freedom 58 , no . 6 : 195 , 221 -- 223 . Jump up ^ Ramasastry , Anita ( October 5 , 2001 ) . `` Indefinite detention based on suspicion : How The Patriot Act Will Disrupt Many Lawful Immigrants ' Lives '' . FindLaw . Retrieved July 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Feingold , Russell ( October 25 , 2001 ) . `` Statement Of U.S. Senator Russ Feingold On The Anti-Terrorism Bill From The Senate Floor '' . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2008 . Retrieved July 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Resolution Passed at the May 6 , 2004 Special Meeting of the Berkeley Division of the Academic Senate '' ( PDF ) . University of California . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 25 , 2008 . Retrieved July 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Surveillance Under the USA PATRIOT Act > Non surveillance provisions '' . American Civil Liberties Union . April 3 , 2003 . Retrieved July 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Patriot Act will prevail over B.C. privacy legislation '' . October 29 , 2004 . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2006 . Retrieved March 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` USA Patriot Act comes under fire in B.C. report '' . CBC News . October 30 , 2004 . Retrieved March 6 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` British Columbia Responds to USA Patriot Act with Tough New Rules on How Service Providers Manage Public Sector Data '' . November 11 , 2004 . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2006 . Retrieved March 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hosting Sensitive Data ? Canada Maybe the Answer '' . Internet Industry Watch . November 25 , 2010 . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2011 . Retrieved December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Protection of Privacy Legislation Proclaimed '' . November 15 , 2006 . Retrieved March 6 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` President Obama 's Dragnet '' . 6 June 2013 . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Author of Patriot Act : FBI 's FISA Order is Abuse of Patriot Act '' . 6 June 2013 . Archived from the original on 10 June 2013 . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT and Terrorism Prevention Reauthorization Act of 2005 ( U.S. H.R. 3199 , Public Law 109 - 177 ) , Title II ( `` Terrorist Death Penalty Enhancement '' ) Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT and Terrorism Prevention Reauthorization Act of 2005 ( U.S. H.R. 3199 , Public Law 109 - 177 ) , Title III ( `` Reducing Crime and Terrorism at America 's Seaports '' ) Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT and Terrorism Prevention Reauthorization Act of 2005 ( U.S. H.R. 3199 , Public Law 109 - 177 ) , Title IV ( `` Combating Terrorism Financing '' ) Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT and Terrorism Prevention Reauthorization Act of 2005 ( U.S. H.R. 3199 , Public Law 109 - 177 ) Title VI ( `` Secret Service '' ) Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT and Terrorism Prevention Reauthorization Act of 2005 ( U.S. H.R. 3199 , Public Law 109 - 177 ) , Title VII ( `` Combating Methamphetamine Epidemic Act of 2005 '' ) Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT and Terrorism Prevention Reauthorization Act of 2005 ( U.S. H.R. 3199 , Public Law 109 - 177 ) , Title I , Sec. 106 Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT and Terrorism Prevention Reauthorization Act of 2005 ( U.S. S. 2271 , Public Law 109 - 178 ) , Sec. 3 . Jump up ^ The reauthorization of the Patriot Act Feb 2010 http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2010/0301/Obama-signs-Patriot-Act-extension-without-reforms/ Jump up ^ Obama signs one year extension of Patriot Act `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 23 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ Democratic Underground -- Obama signs Patriot Act http://www.democraticunderground.com/discuss/duboard.php?az=view_all&address=102x4287047 Jump up ^ Sections of the Patriot act that will remain as of Feb 2010 http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/02/27/obama-signs-year-extension-patriot-act/ ^ Jump up to : Breshahan , Jake ; Cogan , Marin ( February 8 , 2011 ) . `` Rank - and - file take down Patriot Act in House '' . Politico . Jump up ^ `` actions '' . Thomas.loc.gov . Retrieved May 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Letter to Obama '' ( PDF ) . CBS News . June 17 , 2011 . Retrieved November 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Republicans protest Obama signing bill with autopen '' . USA Today . 2011 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT and Terrorism Prevention Reauthorization Act of 2005 ( U.S. H.R. 3199 , Public Law 109 - 177 ) , Title I , Sec. 115 ^ Jump up to : USA PATRIOT and Terrorism Prevention Reauthorization Act of 2005 ( U.S. H.R. 3199 , Public Law 109 - 177 ) , Title I , Sec. 116 Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT and Terrorism Prevention Reauthorization Act of 2005 ( U.S. S. 2271 , Public Law 109 - 178 ) , Sec. 4 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT and Terrorism Prevention Reauthorization Act of 2005 ( U.S. S. 2271 , Public Law 109 - 178 ) , Sec. 5 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT and Terrorism Prevention Reauthorization Act of 2005 ( U.S. H.R. 3199 , Public Law 109 - 177 ) , Title I , Sec. 118 Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT and Terrorism Prevention Reauthorization Act of 2005 ( U.S. H.R. 3199 , Public Law 109 - 177 ) , Title I , Sec. 108 Jump up ^ American Civil Liberties Union , ACLU Letter to Congress Urging A `` No '' Vote On the USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act Conference Report ( December 12 , 2005 ) , accessed on October 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT and Terrorism Prevention Reauthorization Act of 2005 ( U.S. H.R. 3199 , Public Law 109 - 177 ) , Title I , Sec. 114 Jump up ^ Singel , Ryan ( September 26 , 2007 ) . `` Court Strikes Down 2 Key Patriot Act Provisions Threat Level '' . Wired.com . Retrieved May 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Full text of the Ninth Circuit 's decision @ uscourts.gov '' ( PDF ) . uscourts.gov . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT and Terrorism Prevention Reauthorization Act of 2005 ( U.S. H.R. 3199 , Public Law 109 - 177 ) , Title I , Sec. 107 Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT and Terrorism Prevention Reauthorization Act of 2005 ( U.S. H.R. 3199 , Public Law 109 - 177 ) , Title I , Sec. 109 Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT and Terrorism Prevention Reauthorization Act of 2005 ( U.S. H.R. 3199 , Public Law 109 - 177 ) , Title I , Sec. 105 Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT and Terrorism Prevention Reauthorization Act of 2005 ( U.S. H.R. 3199 , Public Law 109 - 177 ) , Title I , Sec. 104 Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT and Terrorism Prevention Reauthorization Act of 2005 ( U.S. H.R. 3199 , Public Law 109 - 177 ) , Title I , Sec. 112 Jump up ^ Yeah , Brian T. ; Doyle , Charles ( December 21 , 2006 ) . `` USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act of 2005 : A Legal Analysis '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service : 24 . Retrieved July 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT and Terrorism Prevention Reauthorization Act of 2005 ( U.S. H.R. 3199 , Public Law 109 - 177 ) , Title I , Sec. 110 Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT and Terrorism Prevention Reauthorization Act of 2005 ( U.S. H.R. 3199 , Public Law 109 - 177 ) , Title I , Sec. 111 . Jump up ^ USA PATRIOT and Terrorism Prevention Reauthorization Act of 2005 ( U.S. H.R. 3199 , Public Law 109 - 177 ) , Title I , Sec. 127 . `` Warrentless GPS Tracking '' . Supreme Court Databases 15.1 ( 2012 ) : n. pag . Galileo . Web . 2 May 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) Law review articles ( edit ) Chesney , Robert M. `` The Sleeper Scenario : Terrorism Support Laws and the Demands of Prevention '' . Harvard Journal on Legislation ( 2005 ) . Gouvin , Eric J. ( 2003 ) . `` Bringing Out the Big Guns : The USA PATRIOT Act , Money Laundering and the War on Terrorism '' . Baylor Law Review . 55 : 955 . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2004 . Kerr , Orin . `` Digital Evidence and the New Criminal Procedure '' . Columbia Law Review ( 2005 ) . Lecours , Alain P. USA Patriot Act , Extraterritorial Effects of the USA Patriot Act -- Privacy Rights of Non-American Citizens Mojuyé , Benjamin , `` What Banks Need to Know About the PATRIOT Act '' , 124 Banking L.J. 258 , 258 ( 2007 ) . Slovove , Daniel J. `` Fourth Amendment Codification and Professor Kerr 's Misguided Call for Judicial Deference '' . Fordham Law Review 74 ( 2005 ) . Van Bergen , Jennifer . `` In the Absence of Democracy : The Designation and Material Support Provisions of the Anti-Terrorism Laws '' . Cardozo Pub . ( ? ) Law Policy & Ethics Journal 2 ( 2003 ) : 107 . Wong , Kam C. `` Implementing the USA PATRIOT Act : A Case Study of the Student and Exchange Visitor Information System ( SEVIS ) '' . Brigham Young University Education and Law Journal 2 ( 2006 ) . Wong , Kam C. `` The making of the USA PATRIOT Act I : Legislative Process and Dynamics '' . International Journal of the Sociology of Law 34.3 ( 2006 ) : 179 -- 219 . Wong , Kam C. `` The making of the USA PATRIOT ACT II : Public Sentiments , Legislative Climate , Political Gamesmanship , Media Patriotism '' . International Journal of the Sociology of Law 34.2 ( 2006 ) : 105 -- 140 . Wong , Kam C. `` USA PATRIOT Act and a Policy of Alienation '' . Michigan Journal of Minority Rights 1 ( 2006 ) : 1 -- 44 . Wong , Kam C. `` USA PATRIOT Act : Some Unanswered Questions '' . International Journal of the Sociology of Law 43.1 ( 2006 ) : 1 -- 41 . Books ( edit ) Brasch , Walter . America 's Unpatriotic Acts : The Federal Government 's Violation of Constitutional and Civil Rights . Peter Lang Publishing , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 8204 - 7608 - 0 ( A long list of civil rights abuse claims by the Bush Administration inside the United States and other countries . ) Cole , Dave , and James X . Dempsey . Terrorism and the Constitution : Sacrificing Civil Liberties in the Name of National Security . 2nd ed . New York : W.W. Norton & Co. , 2002 . ISBN 1 - 56584 - 782 - 2 . ( Full discussion of prior legislative history of the Act , going back more than ten years . ) Etzioni , Amitai . How Patriotic is the Patriot Act ? : Freedom Versus Security in the Age of Terrorism . New York , NY : Routledge , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 95047 - 3 Harvey , Robert and Hélène Volat . De l'exception à la règle . USA PATRIOT Act `` DE L'EXCEPTION À LA RÈGLE : USA PATRIOT ACT '' : Robert Harvey et Hélène Volat . Paris : Lignes , 2006 . 215 p . Herman , Susan N ... Taking Liberties : The War on Terror and the Erosion of American Democracy . Oxford University Press , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 978254 - 3 . Mailman , Stanley , Jeralyn Merritt , Theresa M.B. Van Vliet , and Stephen Yale - Loehr . Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism ( USA Patriot Act ) Act of 2001 : An Analysis . Newark , NJ and San Francisco , CA : Matthew Bender & Co. , Inc. ( a member of the LexisNexis Group ) , 2002 . ( Rel. 1 - 3 / 02 Pub. 1271 ) ( `` An expert analysis of the significant changes in the new USA Patriot Act of 2001 ( which ) ... track ( s ) the legislation by section , explaining both the changes and their potential impact with respect to : enhanced surveillance procedures ; money laundering and financial crimes ; protecting the border ; investigation of terrorism ; information sharing among federal and state authorities ; enhanced criminal laws and penalties for terrorism offenses , and more . '' ) Michaels , C. William . No Greater Threat : America Since September 11 and the Rise of the National Security State . Algora Publishing , Completely Updated for 2005 . ISBN 0 - 87586 - 155 - 5 . ( Covers all ten titles of the USA PATRIOT Act ; Includes review and analysis of : Homeland Security Act , `` PATRIOT Act II , '' Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act , Supreme Court decisions , `` National Strategy '' documents , 9 - 11 Commission recommendations , and various ongoing developments nationally and internationally in the `` war on terrorism . '' ) Phelan , James Clancy ; PATRIOT ACT , Hachette , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7336 - 2283 - 0 ; 2007 . Van Bergen , Jennifer . The Twilight of Democracy : The Bush Plan for America . Common Courage Press , 2004 . ISBN 1 - 56751 - 292 - 5 . ( A constitutional analysis for the general public of the USA PATRIOT Act and other administrative measures , with the first half of the book spent on principles of democracy and constitutional law . ) Wong , Kam C. The Impact of USA Patriot Act on American Society : An Evidence Based Assessment ( N.Y. : Nova Press , 2007 ) ( In print ) Wong , Kam C. The Making of USA Patriot Act : Legislation , Implementation , Impact ( Beijing : China Law Press , 2007 ) ( In print ) External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : USA PATRIOT Act `` The USA PATRIOT Act '' , the full text H.R. 3199 , Bill Summary and Status Supportive views ( edit ) `` The USA PATRIOT Act : Preserving Life and Liberty '' by the Department of Justice The Patriot Act and Related Provisions : The Heritage Foundation 's Research Lowry , Rich ( August 28 , 2003 ) . `` Patriot Hysteria : The Zacarias Moussaoui Protection Act '' . National Review . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2003 . The Patriot Act , Reauthorized , JURIST Critical views ( edit ) PATRIOT Games : Terrorism Law and Executive Power , JURIST American Library Association 's resolution on the PATRIOT Act Sneak and Peek Search Warrants `` Analysis of the USA PATRIOT Act '' . PEN American Center . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2005 . League of Women Voters ' Resources on the USA PATRIOT Act and Individual Liberties Other ( edit ) National Security and Freedom A series of short readings exploring historical and current issues of national security from Constitutional Rights Foundation . Patriot Act news and resources , JURIST Phillips , Heather A. , `` Libraries and National Security Law : An Examination of the USA Patriot Act '' . Progressive Librarian , Vol. 25 , Summer 2005 More on Wikipedia and its PATRIOT Act overview ; Volokh Conspiracy , Orin Kerr Patriot Act Titles I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X ( History ) Acts modified Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 Electronic Communications Privacy Act Computer Fraud and Abuse Act Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act Money Laundering Control Act Bank Secrecy Act Right to Financial Privacy Act Fair Credit Reporting Act Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 Victims of Crime Act of 1984 Telemarketing and Consumer Fraud and Abuse Prevention Act People George W. Bush John Ashcroft Alberto Gonzales Patrick Leahy Orrin Hatch Jon Kyl Dianne Feinstein Viet D. Dinh Joe Biden Michael Chertoff Barack Obama Eric Holder Chuck Schumer Lamar Smith Bob Graham Jay Rockefeller Arlen Specter Mike Oxley Dick Armey Paul Sarbanes Trent Lott Tom Daschle Russ Feingold Ellen Huvelle Ron Paul Lisa Murkowski Ron Wyden Dennis Kucinich Larry Craig John E. Sununu Richard Durbin Bernie Sanders Jerrold Nadler John Conyers , Jr . Butch Otter Government organizations Federal Bureau of Investigation Department of Justice Select Committee on Intelligence Department of the Treasury FinCEN Department of State National Institute of Standards and Technology Customs Service U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Non-government organizations American Civil Liberties Union American Library Association Center for Democracy and Technology Center for Public Integrity Electronic Frontier Foundation Electronic Privacy Information Center Humanitarian Law Project Major U.S. Intelligence Reforms U.S. Legislation National Security Act of 1947 ( 1947 ) Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act ( 1978 ) National Intelligence Reorganization and Reform Act ( 1978 ) Patriot Act ( 2001 ) Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act ( 2004 ) Protect America Act of 2007 U.S. Commissions The First Hoover Commission The Second Hoover Commission ( 1953 ) The Rockefeller Commission ( 1975 ) Aspen - Brown Commission ( 1995 ) U.S. Commission on National Security / 21st Century ( 2001 ) Weapons of Mass Destruction Commission ( 2005 ) U.S. Committees The Church Committee ( 1976 ) The Pike Committee ( 1976 ) U.S. Executive Orders EO 11905 ( Ford , 1976 ) EO 12036 ( Carter , 1978 ) EO 12333 ( Reagan , 1981 ) EO 13355 ( G.W. Bush , 2004 ) EO 13470 ( G.W. Bush , 2008 ) U.S. Investigations The Murphy Investigation ( 1974 ) Iran - Contra Investigation ( 1987 ) U.S. Reports Eberstadt Report ( 1947 ) The Dulles -- Jackson -- Correa Report ( 1949 ) The Doolittle Report ( 1954 ) The Bruce - Lovett Report ( 1956 ) The Taylor Report ( 1961 ) The Kirkpatrick Report ( 1961 ) The Schlesinger Report ( 1971 ) Clifford / Cline Proposals ( 1976 ) Boren -- McCurdy proposals ( 1992 ) IC21 ( 1996 ) 9 / 11 Commission Report ( 2004 ) War on Terror War in Afghanistan ( 2001 - 2016 ) Iraq War ( 2003 - 2011 ) Symbolism of terrorism Participants Operational ISAF Operation Enduring Freedom participants Afghanistan Northern Alliance Iraq ( Iraqi Armed Forces ) NATO Pakistan United Kingdom United States European Union Philippines Ethiopia Targets al - Qaeda Osama bin Laden al - Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula Abu Sayyaf Anwar al - Awlaki Al - Shabaab Boko Haram Harkat - ul - Jihad al - Islami Hizbul Mujahideen Islamic Courts Union Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Jaish - e-Mohammed Jemaah Islamiyah Lashkar - e-Taiba Taliban Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan Conflicts Operation Enduring Freedom War in Afghanistan OEF -- Philippines Georgia Train and Equip Program Georgia Sustainment and Stability OEF -- Horn of Africa OEF -- Trans Sahara Drone strikes in Pakistan Other Operation Active Endeavour Insurgency in the Maghreb ( 2002 -- present ) Insurgency in the North Caucasus Moro conflict in the Philippines Iraq War Iraqi insurgency Operation Linda Nchi Terrorism in Saudi Arabia War in North - West Pakistan War in Somalia ( 2006 -- 09 ) 2007 Lebanon conflict al - Qaeda insurgency in Yemen See also Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse Axis of evil Black sites Bush Doctrine Clash of Civilizations Cold War Combatant Status Review Tribunal Criticism of the War on Terror Death of Osama bin Laden Enhanced interrogation techniques Torture Memos Extrajudicial prisoners Extraordinary rendition Guantanamo Bay detention camp Iranian Revolution Islamic terrorism Islamism Military Commissions Act of 2006 North Korea and weapons of mass destruction Terrorist Surveillance Program Operation Noble Eagle Operation Eagle Assist Pakistan 's role Patriot Act President 's Surveillance Program Protect America Act of 2007 September 11 attacks State Sponsors of Terrorism Targeted killing Targeted Killing in International Law Targeted Killings : Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World Unitary executive theory Unlawful combatant Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq CAGE Portals : Terrorism War WorldCat Identities BNF : cb14637868w ( data ) GND : 4759646 - 6 LCCN : no2002012008 SUDOC : 098746421 VIAF : 180875257 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patriot_Act&oldid=866299906 '' Categories : Patriot Act 107th United States Congress 2001 in American politics 2001 in American law Emergency laws George W. 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"The USA PATRIOT Act is an Act of Congress signed into law by US President George W. Bush on October 26, 2001.[1] With its ten-letter abbreviation (USA PATRIOT) expanded, the Act's full title is \"Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001\".[2] The abbreviation, as well as the full title, have been attributed to Chris Cylke, a former staffer on the House Judiciary Committee.[3][4]\n"
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-6157688923268731932 | Dylan and Cole Sprouse | Dylan and Cole Sprouse - wikipedia Dylan and Cole Sprouse Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the shared career and activities of two American actors . For the individuals , see Cole Sprouse and Dylan Sprouse . Dylan and Cole Sprouse Cole ( left ) and Dylan ( right ) Sprouse , with Piper Reese at the 2009 Power of Youth event Cole Mitchell Sprouse Dylan Thomas Sprouse ( 1992 - 08 - 04 ) August 4 , 1992 ( age 25 ) Arezzo , Tuscany , Italy Nationality American Alma mater New York University Occupation Actors Years active 1993 -- 2012 ; 2015 -- present Dylan Thomas Sprouse and Cole Mitchell Sprouse ( born August 4 , 1992 ) are American actors . They are twins and are referred to as the Sprouse brothers or Sprouse Bros. Their first major theatrical film role was in the 1999 comedy , Big Daddy , in which they co-starred with Adam Sandler . They later appeared in several television sitcoms and starred in the straight - to - DVD films I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus and Just for Kicks . From 2005 until 2008 , they starred in the Disney Channel sitcom The Suite Life of Zack & Cody . As a result of the series ' success , the media has termed them `` heartthrobs '' and `` overwhelming draws '' among preteen and teen audiences . The following year , the brothers launched a franchise known as the Sprouse Bros brand , which included a clothing line , book series and magazine . The majority of the Sprouses ' franchise ended in 2008 , except for their clothing line . The Suite Life of Zack & Cody was retooled in 2008 as The Suite Life on Deck , in which the brothers reprised their roles as Zack and Cody . The Suite Life on Deck went on to become the most - watched tween / children 's television show in 2008 and 2009 . The show ended in May 2011 . They also starred in The Suite Life Movie , which aired in March of the same year . They began cultivating an adult image by starring in the independent theatrical suspense film The Kings of Appletown in 2009 . Dylan and Cole were two of the wealthiest children alive in 2007 , and in 2010 , the Sprouse brothers were the highest - paid teenage Disney television actors , earning $40,000 per episode combined . MSN reported by the end of the 2000s that the twin brothers became the richest teenage twins in the world . In 2010 , the brothers were accepted to New York University . They deferred admission for one year , and attended the university from 2011 to 2015 . Both Cole and Dylan have confirmed they wish to pursue acting post-university . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early lives 2 Acting 3 Sprouse Bros brand 4 Personal lives 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 6 Awards and nominations 7 Discography 8 References 9 External links Early lives The Sprouses were born at a small hospital called Clinica Tanganelli in Arezzo , Italy , to American parents Matthew Sprouse and Melanie Wright , while they were teaching at an English language school in Tuscany . Dylan was named after Welsh poet Dylan Thomas , and Cole is named after jazz singer and pianist Nat King Cole . Dylan is 15 minutes older than Cole . They have German ancestry . The boys moved back to the United States four months after their birth to their parents ' native Long Beach , California . Some of the money Dylan and Cole earned by acting was used to buy a house in Calabasas , California , where their family still lived as of summer 2012 . Acting Dylan ( left ) and Cole ( right ) , with their acting coach , Gary Spatz c. 2007 The Sprouses began acting at the age of eight months following a suggestion from their grandmother , Jonine Booth Wright , who was a drama teacher and actress . The twins first appeared in a commercial for diapers , switching on - screen time every few seconds . As with many twins , the two have often played the same role , due to child labor laws in California restricting the amount of time children can be filmed in a day . Casting twins in a single role thus allows more time for the character to be filmed . Beginning at eight months old , the two played a single character , Patrick Kelly , on the ABC series Grace Under Fire . In 1999 , the boys appeared in their first major feature film , Big Daddy , in which they shared the role of a five - year - old boy named Julian who is adopted by Adam Sandler 's character , Sonny Koufax . Though the film received mixed reviews , the two were nominated for multiple awards for their role in the film . However , they did not win any . The same year , the boys also had a minor role in the thriller The Astronaut 's Wife . The Sprouses have noted that after Big Daddy 's release , they entered a slow period in their careers and were not cast in any major roles for a time . During the early 2000s , the twins appeared in episodes of The Nightmare Room and That ' 70s Show , as well as in Mad TV and portrayed roles in the feature films The Master of Disguise and Adam Sandler 's Eight Crazy Nights . Cole began appearing in episodes of the television show Friends , as Ross Geller 's son Ben in 2001 ; this role was not shared with Dylan . They both appeared in I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus and Just for Kicks , both of which were family films that received a direct - to - video release . David Nusair of Reel Film Reviews said of their acting in Just for Kicks that the brothers `` are n't the worst child actors I 've ever seen , ... but they certainly leave a lot to be desired . '' Dylan and Cole were later cast in the Disney Channel original series The Suite Life of Zack & Cody , where they portrayed identical twins Zack and Cody Martin , respectively . The series , which debuted in March 2005 , became a ratings success . As part of their involvement with Disney , the brothers also became part of the 11 - member group , the Disney Channel Circle of Stars , and sang the song `` A Dream is a Wish Your Heart Makes '' along with the members of the circle , for a video that was released as bonus material in the special edition version of the Disney film Cinderella . They also participated in the Disney Channel Games . Cole Sprouse at the 2010 White House Easter Egg roll The Sprouses played one character , Jeremiah , in the independent film The Heart Is Deceitful Above All Things . The film was produced in 2004 but not given a theatrical release until March 2006 , when it played at three theatres in the United States , ultimately grossing $29,000 domestically . Harvey Karten praised their acting , stating that `` acting is superlative all around '' , and Tamara Straus of the San Francisco Chronicle called them `` the movie 's only saving grace '' . In 2007 , the two filmed A Modern Twain Story : The Prince and the Pauper . Carrie R. Wheadon of Common Sense Media said the film was a `` slow story for Zack and Cody fans only '' . The Sprouse brothers both had voice roles in the animated film Holidaze : The Christmas That Almost Did n't Happen alongside Brenda Song and Emily Osment . Dylan played the voice of Shasta in Disney 's `` Snow Buddies '' . The brothers both starred in the theatrical film The Kings of Appletown , which is based on the book The Adventures of Tom Sawyer . The film was directed by Bobby Moresco and written by Amanda Moresco . Shot in New Braunfels , Texas , the film was originally estimated to be released in the winter of 2008 . Kings of Appletown had a limited theatrical release on December 12 , 2009 and was officially released at the Newport Beach Film Festival in April 2010 . They appeared on the cover of the May 2009 issue People Magazine , in an eighty - page special edition issue devoted to The Suite Life on Deck . The twin brothers began filming another Modern Twain Story film in the summer of 2009 . The film was tentatively titled `` Sivilized '' and was a modern version of Huckleberry Finn . However , in mid-2010 , Dylan stated that they would not be doing the film , in part because they `` outgrew '' the film . They became the new face of the children 's yogurt , Dannon Danimals , in 2009 ; their endorsement deal was renewed in 2010 . The twin brothers signed an endorsement deal with Nintendo DS in August 2010 . As of early to mid-2011 , Dylan and Cole were not in any acting projects and were focusing instead on college as well as art and photography , respectively . However , Dylan has stated that they would both like to continue acting while in college . Dylan and Cole are represented by William Morris Endeavor as of 2011 . In January 2016 , Cole was cast as Jughead Jones in The CW 's teen drama series Riverdale , based on Archie . Sprouse Bros brand In 2005 , the Sprouse brothers signed a licensing agreement with Dualstar Entertainment to produce Sprouse Bros branded merchandise for the preteen and teenage market , the Sprouse Bros brand included a clothing line , comics series and a magazine , as well as personal hygiene line and a line of sportswear . Dylan said of the brand that they wanted to `` reach out to the nerd group and the cool group '' and `` appeal to everybody '' . A magazine targeting boys was launched by Dualstar and Leisure Publishing LLC in 2006 called Sprouse Bros. Code . Simon & Schuster Inc. published two volumes of a book series titled Sprouse Bros. 47 R.O.N.I.N. , which was described as featuring the Sprouse twins as `` young James Bonds or undercover agents '' ; the book series continued . In 2008 , the brothers ended their association with the Olsens ' Dualstar , but they continued to sell their clothing line . The items in their clothing lines were sold exclusively online until mid-March 2012 , when the online store could no longer be accessed . Dylan Sprouse at the 2010 White House Easter Egg roll Personal lives Dylan Sprouse has stated that the experience of coming to fame after the success of The Suite Life of Zack & Cody is `` kind of scary , how fast everything is moving '' and that a year prior `` none of this was happening , it was just doing Suite Life '' , and that he was excited for the future . While filming The Suite Life of Zack & Cody , the both of them received on - set tutoring for three hours each day for school , and said they were getting `` straight A 's and honors '' . In their last year of high school , the brothers both took Advanced Placement classes . Dylan took AP Psychology and AP Spanish , and Cole took AP Psychology and AP Government . The twins ' family has three dogs : Bubba , which belongs to Dylan and Cole ; Pinky , who is their father 's ; and Curry , their stepmother 's . Their favorite actor and co-star is Adam Sandler . Dylan has said that Adam is `` a role model in acting '' and that they learned a lot about comedy from him . In mid-2010 , Dylan launched a site for his art called Sprouse Arts , and in mid-2011 , Cole launched a site for his photography called Cole Sprouse Photography . In 2010 , the brothers were both accepted to New York University . They had initial plans to attend the university in the fall of 2010 ; however , they deferred for one year . Dylan initially planned on majoring in fine / studio arts and minoring in economics while Cole planned on majoring in film and television production and minoring in drama . Instead , they both enrolled in the Gallatin School of Individualized Study , which allows students to plan their own curriculum . Cole focused his curriculum on the humanities and archaeology while Dylan focused on video game design . In 2011 , Dylan was elected president of the Third Avenue North residence hall at New York University . Both brothers graduated in May 2015 ; they told Entertainment magazine that they had walked away with each other 's diplomas at the graduation ceremony . In 2012 , Dylan and Cole were officially appointed as the International Ambassadors of the Koyamada Foundation . They traveled to Japan with Shin Koyamada to empower the youth of Japan to better themselves and rebuild Japan as a society as well as to deepen the friendly relations and brotherhood between the youth of Japan and America in August 2013 . As of 2013 , Dylan was working as a host at a New York City restaurant , which he explained was a result of his desire to try a new experience , as he said , `` working somewhat below the means I 'm used to , as well as a way to socialize and get out of the house . '' Since 2014 , Dylan has commentated a few Super Smash Bros. tournaments . In early 2017 , Dylan announced that with two partners he was preparing to open All-Wise Meadery in the Williamsburg section of Brooklyn , New York ; he is the brewmaster . He disclosed that he has been a Heathen since he was 15 . Filmography Film Year Title Dylan 's role Cole 's role Notes 1999 Big Daddy Julian McGrath 1999 Astronaut 's Wife , The The Astronaut 's Wife Twin Twin 2001 Diary of a Sex Addict Sammy Jr . Direct - to - video film 2001 I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus Justin Carver 2002 Master of Disguise , The The Master of Disguise Young Pistachio Disguisey 2002 Eight Crazy Nights KB Toys soldier Voice 2003 Apple Jack Jack Pyne Short film 2003 Just for Kicks Dylan Martin Cole Martin Direct - to - video film Heart Is Deceitful Above All Things , The The Heart Is Deceitful Above All Things Older Jeremiah 2005 Piggy Banks Young John N / A Alternate title : Born Killers 2006 Holidaze : The Christmas That Almost Did n't Happen Kid Voice ; direct - to - video film 2007 Modern Twain Story : The Prince and the Pauper , AA Modern Twain Story : The Prince and the Pauper Tom Canty Eddie Tudor 2008 Snow Buddies Shasta N / A Voice ; direct - to - video film 2009 Kings of Appletown , The The Kings of Appletown Will Clayton Kung Fu Magoo Justin Magoo Brad Landry Direct - to - video film 2017 Dismissed TBA N / A In post-production Television Year Title Dylan 's role Cole 's role Notes 1993 -- 98 Grace Under Fire Patrick Kelly Main role ; 72 episodes 1998 Mad TV Kid Kid 2 episodes 2000 -- 02 Friends N / A Ben Geller 7 episodes 2001 Nightmare Room , The The Nightmare Room Buddy Episode : `` Scareful What You Wish For '' 2001 That ' 70s Show Bobby Billy Episode : `` Eric 's Depression '' 2005 -- 08 Suite Life of Zack & Cody , The The Suite Life of Zack & Cody Zack Martin Cody Martin Lead role ; all 87 episodes 2006 Emperor 's New School , The The Emperor 's New School Zam Zim Voice ; episode : `` Oops , All Doodles / Chipmunky Business '' 2006 That 's So Raven Zack Martin Cody Martin Episode : `` Checkin ' Out '' 2008 According to Jim Himself Himself Episode : `` I Drink Your Milkshake '' 2008 -- 11 Suite Life on Deck , The The Suite Life on Deck Zack Martin Cody Martin Lead role ; all 71 episodes 2009 Wizards of Waverly Place Episode : `` Cast - Away ( To Another Show ) '' 2009 Hannah Montana Episode : `` Super ( stitious ) Girl '' I 'm in the Band Episode : `` Weasels on Deck '' 2011 Suite Life Movie , The The Suite Life Movie Television film 2012 So Random ! Himself Himself Episode : `` Cole and Dylan Sprouse '' 2017 -- present Riverdale N / A Jughead Jones Main role Awards and nominations Year Award Work Cole Dylan 1999 YoungStar Awards Big Daddy `` Best Performance by a Young Actor in a Comedy Film '' Nominated Nominated 2000 MTV Movie Awards `` Best On - Screen Duo '' Nominated Nominated Blockbuster Entertainment Awards `` Favorite Supporting Actor - Comedy '' Nominated Nominated Young Artist Awards `` Best Performance in a Feature Film - Young Actor Age Ten or Under '' Nominated Nominated 2006 The Suite Life of Zack & Cody `` Best Performance in a TV Series ( Comedy or Drama ) - Leading Young Actor '' Nominated Nominated 2007 Kids ' Choice Awards `` Favorite Television Actor '' Nominated N / A Young Artist Awards `` Best Performance in a TV Series ( Comedy or Drama ) - Leading Young Actor '' Nominated Nominated Popstar Magazine 's Poptastic Awards `` Favorite Television Actor '' Nominated Nominated 2008 Kids ' Choice Awards Nominated Nominated Popstar Magazine 's Poptastic Awards Nominated Nominated 2009 Kids ' Choice Awards Nominated Won Popstar Magazine 's Poptastic Awards The Suite Life on Deck Nominated Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Nominated Won 2011 Nominated Won 2017 Shorty Awards Social media Best Actor Nominated N / A Teen Choice Awards Riverdale Choice TV Actor : Drama Won N / A Discography 2005 -- `` A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes '' in Disneymania 4 2008 -- `` A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes '' in Princess Disneymania References ^ Jump up to : `` Recent Grads Dylan And Cole Sprouse Have A ' Suite ' Future Ahead '' . MTV News . Retrieved 4 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dylan Sprouse : Biography '' . TV Guide . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : James M. Klatell ( July 6 , 2006 ) . `` The ' Suite Life ' Of The Sprouse Twins '' . The Early Show . Retrieved 2006 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ Diane Werts ( March 19 , 2006 ) . `` Cashing in on tween viewers '' . Newsday.com . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2006 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Richest children '' . People . July 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` TV 's Highest - Paid Kid Actors ( Surprise ! Miley Cyrus Is n't No. 1 ) '' . Popeater.com . July 2006 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Sprouse Twins , 17 - Young and minted : teens who struck it big '' . MSN Money . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Official Sprouse Bros Website About Page '' . Official Sprouse Bros Website . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : James Brady ( August 19 , 2007 ) . `` In Step with Dylan & Cole Sprouse '' . Parade Magazine : 22 . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ Popstar ( June 2006 ) . `` Dylan & Cole take over the world ! : House of Sprouse ! '' . Popstar Special ! : 90 . ^ Jump up to : Mad Kids ( May 2006 ) . `` The Mad Kids Chatroom : This Month : Dylan & Cole Sprouse '' . Mad Kids . 1 ( # 3 ) : 26 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Sprouse , Dylan ( December 16 , 2013 ) . `` In regards to my pictures ... '' . bausprouse . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 16 . I 'm German by blood , so I feel you on that . Jump up ^ `` Little Sprouses '' . People ( Special Collector 's Edition : Dylan and Cole : Zack & Cody ) : 14 . May 2009 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Sprouse , Dylan ( June 19 , 2012 ) . `` The Mutant Season # 34 : Dylan Sprouse '' . The Mutant Season ( Interview ) . Interview with Gil Dominguez - Letelier. 7 : 22 minutes in . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 08 . Our family used a lot of our money to buy ... a house in Calabasas ... and we actually still are around that area , which is good Jump up ^ Sprouse , Cole ( November 6 , 2012 ) . Let 's see if this audio file works . ( Audio file ) . Coleture Concept . Event occurs at 02 : 16 . Archived from the original ( Audio file requires Flash ) on 2012 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 06 . And I think the final thing that really contributed to my change -- the biggest -- was that ... my brother and I were put into acting when we were eight months old by our mother because we needed money . Jump up ^ Sprouse , Dylan ; Sprouse , Cole ( January 29 , 2011 ) . `` Dylan & Cole Sprouse Interview for CTA in London on January 29 , 2011 in aid of Starlight Children 's Foundation '' ( Interview ) . London . Approx. 40 seconds in . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 05 . Our first job in the acting business was a diaper commercial , so we do n't remember much , but we remember that it was very physically demanding . Jump up ^ `` CL Pamphlet '' . California Department of Industrial Relations . State of California . May 2000 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` TV Flashback '' . Life Story : Dylan and Cole Scrapbook : 20 -- 23 . 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Before They Were Zack & Cody '' . People : 46 -- 47 . May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Big Daddy '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixter . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` YoungStar Awards ( 1999 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2000 MTV Movie Awards - Past Movie Awards - Awards Show Highlights and Winners '' . MTV.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Blockbuster Entertainment Awards ( 2000 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` 21st Annual Award '' . Young Artist Awards . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Suite Life Movie - Dylan Sprouse Bio '' . Disney Channel Medianet . Disney - ABC Television Group . 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Astronaut 's Wife '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixter . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guest starring : Dylan and Cole Sprouse as Buddy '' ( August 1 , 2001 ) . `` Scareful What You Wish For '' . The Nightmare Room . Season 1 . Episode 2 . 19 : 46 minutes in . Jump up ^ `` The Master of Disguise '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixter . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Episode 322 '' . MADtv . Season 3 . Episode 22 . April 25 , 1998 . Event occurs at 01 : 29 minutes into the `` Kids Say the Stupidest Things '' sketch . Fox . Jump up ^ Nusair , David ( September 28 , 2003 ) . `` Just for Kicks ( 2003 ) - A Review by David Nusair '' . Reel Film Reviews . David Nusair . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Sprouse , Cole ; Sprouse , Dylan . `` Behind the Scenes : `` A Dream is a Wish Your Heart Makes '' `` . Mike 's Super Short Show ( Interview ) . Interview with Johnson , Mike ; Stoner , Alyson ( credited as Sally ) . Disney Channel . 02 : 09 minutes in . Jump up ^ `` Event 1 : Opening Ceremony / Obstacle Course '' . Disney Channel Games . Season 1 . Episode 1 . June 10 , 2006 . Event occurs at 1 : 45 ( Dylan ) and 2 : 43 ( Cole ) . Disney Channel . He puts the ' suite ' in The Suite Life of Zack & Cody ; it 's Dylan Sprouse ! `` ; `` Next up , from The Suite Life of Zack & Cody , it 's Cole Sprouse ! Jump up ^ `` Disney Channel 's Most Popular Stars Take to the Field in Fun Summer Sports Challenges , Competing for Charity in `` Disney Channel Games 2007 '' Beginning Friday , June 15 '' ( Press release ) . Disney Channel . May 10 , 2007 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Channel Stars From Around the World Team Up for Fun Sports Challenges in `` Disney Channel Games , '' Five Half - hour Special Telecasts Presented This Summer , Beginning Sunday , July 27 on Disney Channel '' ( Press release ) . Disney Channel . June 16 , 2008 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Heart is Deceitful Above All Things '' . Box Office Mojo.com . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ Karten , Harvey . `` The Heart is Deceitful Above All Things '' . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Straus , Tamara ( March 24 , 2006 ) . `` This boy 's life is so full of pain , you 'd think it was all made up '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Wheadon , Carrie R . `` The Prince and the Pauper - Movie Review '' . Common Sense Media . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Dylan Sprouse and Cole Sprouse `` Holidaze '' Trailer `` . Dylan-Sprouse.org . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 31 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Sprouse Twins ' Movies '' . Dylan and Coles Movie Site . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Jeff Walker ( November 8 , 2007 ) . `` Hollywood Crew filming in New Braunfels '' . San Marcos Daily Record . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Newport Beach Film Festival 2010 : The Kings of Appletown '' . Newport Beach Film Festival . 2010 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 30 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Dylan & Cole : Zack & Cody '' . People ( Special Collector 's Edition ) . May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Sprouse Bros Website Message Center - Posting by Dylan Sprouse June 3 , 2010 - 6 : 31 pm PDT '' . Official Sprouse Bros Website . June 3 , 2010 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` From Disney to Danimals to Nintendo DS '' . IGN . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` About '' . Sprouse Arts - Dylan Sprouse. 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` First day of the rest of my life . '' . Cole Sprouse Photography . September 5 , 2011 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Official Sprouse Bros Website Message Center - Posting by Dylan Sprouse June 6 , 2010 - 4 : 23 pm PDT '' . Official Sprouse Bros Website . June 6 , 2010 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Representation '' . Official Sprouse Bros Website . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Archie Comics CW Pilot Casts Its Betty Cooper & Jughead Jones '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anna Bahney ( April 30 , 2006 ) . `` Boys Just Want to Be ... Olsens '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Get Ready for the Sprouse Twins '' . TeenPeople . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` 14 - Year - Old Celebrity Twin Actors Looking Forward to Providing Interesting Book Content '' . The Book Standard . Jump up ^ `` 47 R.O.N.I.N. '' . Official Sprouse Bros Website . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Posting by Dylan Sprouse on the Official Sprouse Bros. Message Board on April 22 , 2009 - 11 : 21 am PDT '' . Official Sprouse Bros Website. April 22 , 2009 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 6 Degrees of Sprouse '' . People Magazine . 2009 - 12 - 18 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Category : Sprouse Brothers '' . Missinginkshop.com. 2009 - 12 - 18 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Official Sprouse Bros Website Message Center - Posting by Dylan Sprouse September 19 , 2009 - 9 : 15 pm PDT '' . Official Sprouse Bros Website . September 19 , 2009 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Posting by Dylan Sprouse on the Official Sprouse Bros. Message Board on May 6 , 2009 - 10 : 50 am PDT '' . Official Sprouse Bros Website . May 6 , 2009 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Official Sprouse Bros Website Message Center - Posting by Dylan Sprouse May 24 , 2009 - 11 : 14 am PDT '' . Official Sprouse Bros Website . May 24 , 2009 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Site Launched '' . Cole Sprouse Photography . August 26 , 2011 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Shen , Maxine ( 2010 - 10 - 20 ) . `` Teen stars must choose college vs. careers - NYPOST.com '' . New York Post . Jump up ^ Sprouse , Dylan ; Sprouse , Cole ( August 24 , 2010 ) . `` The Sprouse Brothers Unveil Their Milk Mustache Ad '' ( Interview ) . Interview with MomGenerations . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 22 . Next fall ; we deferred one year . Jump up ^ `` Postings by Dylan Sprouse on the Official Sprouse Bros. Message Board on June 3 , 2010 - 05 : 37 pm PDT '' . Official Sprouse Bros Website . June 3 , 2010 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Sprouse , Cole ( October 17 , 2011 ) . `` New Digs '' . Cole Sprouse Photography . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Maguire , Elizabeth ; Benson , Eric ( September 25 , 2011 ) . `` New residence hall presidents reflect on wins '' . Washington Square News . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Sprouse , Cole ( November 9 , 2011 ) . `` Big Guns '' . Cole Sprouse Photography . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Sprouse , Dylan ( February 22 , 2012 ) . `` @ notch Dear Markus , I am taking Video game design as a major and would love to shadow you this summer for EXP , sincerely , Dylan Sprouse . '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Bell , Crystal ( May 20 , 2015 ) . `` Dylan And Cole Sprouse Just Graduated From NYU And Our Childhood Is Over '' . MTV News . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Ambassadors '' . Koyamada Foundation . Jump up ^ `` US - Japan Discovery Tour by the SKF 's International Ambassadors Dylan and Cole Sprouse '' . Jump up ^ `` SHIN KOYAMADA / SPROUSE TWINS : Ground Breaking US - Japan Tour of Goodwill '' . Jump up ^ Sprouse , Dylan ( August 12 , 2013 ) . `` Just lookin ' like traditional gents in Japan with @ shinkoyamada and @ colesprouse # japantour # skf Okayama tomorrow ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Dylan Sprouse Working as Restaurant Host , Financially Secure - Us Weekly '' . usmagazine.com. 26 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dylan Sprouse -- Working In a Restaurant But Far From Broke '' . TMZ . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Dylan Sprouse Defends Working At A Restaurant '' . The Huffington Post . 2013 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Prog and Dylan Sprouse Join the Stream ! '' . YouTube . 2014 - 08 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Hi I 'm Dylan Sprouse , interested in commentating . AMA : smashbros '' . Reddit. 2014 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Disser , Nicole ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Prepare to Get Buzzed With a Former Child Star at All-Wise Meadery '' . Bedford & Bowery . ^ Jump up to : `` The Suite Life Movie - Cole Sprouse Bio '' . Disney Channel Medianet . Disney - ABC Television Group . 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Diary of a Sex Addict - Cast , Crew , Director and Awards - NYTimes.com '' . New York Times . 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Cole Sprouse , Dylan Sprouse ( actors ) ( October 23 , 2001 ) . I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus ( Motion picture ) . Regent Entertainment . Event occurs at 00 : 41 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Suite Life on Deck - Cole Sprouse Bio '' . Disney Channel Medianet . Disney - ABC Television Group . 2011 . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Cole Sprouse , Dylan Sprouse ( actors ) ( 2003 ) . Apple Jack ( Motion picture ) . Tranquility Pictures . Event occurs at 14 : 22 . Jump up ^ `` Just 4 Kicks - Cast , Crew , Director and Awards - NYTimes.com '' . New York Times . 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Dylan Sprouse , Cole Sprouse ( actors ) ( May 15 , 2004 ) . The Heart Is Deceitful Above All Things ( Motion picture ) . Palm Pictures . Event occurs at 01 : 29 : 40 . Jump up ^ `` Born Killers ( 2005 ) '' . Netflix. 2011 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 09 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Holidaze : The Christmas That Almost Did n't Happen - Cast , Crew , Director and Awards - NYTimes.com '' . New York Times . 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The Prince and the Pauper '' . Official Sprouse Bros Website. 2011 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 18 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Kung Fu Magoo '' . Classic Media . 2009 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Lincoln , Ross A. ( 2015 - 09 - 17 ) . `` Kent Osborne And Dylan Sprouse Will Be ' Dismissed ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Eric 's Depression '' . That ' 70s Show . Season 4 . Episode 2 . September 26 , 2001 . Fox . Jump up ^ `` Dylan Sprouse , Cole Sprouse '' ( June 24 , 2010 ) . `` Chipmunky Business '' . The Emperor 's New School . Season 1 . Episode 13 . 21 : 06 minutes in . Disney Channel . Jump up ^ Cole Sprouse , Dylan Sprouse ( actors ) ( 2007 ) . That 's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana ( DVD ) . Buena Vista Home Entertainment . Event occurs at 02 : 34 ( in the That 's So Raven episode ) . ISBN 0 - 7888 - 7608 - 2 . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Guest Starring : Cole Sprouse as Himself , Dylan Sprouse as Himself '' ( April 22 , 2008 ) . `` I Drink Your Milkshake '' . According to Jim . Season 7 . Episode 13 . 20 : 16 minutes in . ABC . Jump up ^ `` Suite Life on Deck '' . Official Sprouse Bros Website . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Wizards on Deck with Hannah Montana , '' the Triple Crossover Event of Summer , Premieres Friday , July 17 on Disney Channel '' ( Press release ) . Disney - ABC Television Group . June 9 , 2009 . Archived from the original ( DOC ) on September 19 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Special Guest Stars : Cole Sprouse , Dylan Sprouse '' ( October 11 , 2010 ) . `` Weasels on Deck '' . I 'm in the Band . Season 1 . Episode 17 . 04 : 06 minutes in . Disney XD . Jump up ^ `` Special Guests : Cole Sprouse & Dylan Sprouse '' ( January 16 , 2012 ) . `` Cole & Dylan Sprouse '' . So Random ! . Season 1 . Episode 21 . 03 : 04 minutes in . Disney Channel . Jump up ^ Harp , Justin ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) . `` Hey Jughead , the Archie Comics series Riverdale is definitely coming to The CW this fall '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` 27th Annual Young Artist Awards - Nominations '' . Young Artist Awards . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 04 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Host / Nominees Release - Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards 2007 Press Kit '' . 2007 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` 28th Annual Young Artist Awards - Nominations '' . Young Artist Awards . Archived from the original on 2014 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Popstar ! Magazine . May 2007 . Print . ^ Jump up to : `` Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards 2008 Press Kit - Host and Nominees '' . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Popstar ! Magazine . May 2008 . Print . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards 2009 Press Kit - Nominees '' . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards 2009 Press Kit - Winners Release '' . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Popstar ! ( 2009 - 03 - 26 ) . Popstar ! Awards Nominees : TV ! ( Video ) . YouTube . Event occurs at 0 : 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 15 . Poptastic TV Actor ... Cole Sprouse , Dylan Sprouse Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards 2010 Press Kit - Host and Nominees '' . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards 2010 Press Kit - Winners '' . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Nickelodeon 's Kids Choice Awards Press Kit - Host and Nominees '' . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Nickelodeon 's Kids Choice Awards Press Kit - Winners '' . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( 2017 - 03 - 02 ) . `` Shorty Awards 2017 Social - Media Finalists Announced '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 2017 - 03 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Ceron , Ella ( 2017 - 06 - 19 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : See the First Wave of Nominations '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ; Knapp , JD ( 2017 - 08 - 13 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : ' Riverdale , ' Fifth Harmony Shut Out Competition '' . Variety . Choice drama TV actor : ... Cole Sprouse -- `` Riverdale '' Jump up ^ Cole Sprouse , Dylan Sprouse ( singers in the Disney Channel Circle of Stars ) ( 2006 ) . `` A Dream is a Wish Your Heart Makes '' . Disneymania 4 ( CD ) . Walt Disney Records . Event occurs at Track 1 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 29 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Cole Sprouse , Dylan Sprouse ( singers in the Disney Channel Circle of Stars ) ( 2008 ) . `` A Dream is a Wish Your Heart Makes '' . Princess Disneymania ( CD ) . Walt Disney Records . Event occurs at Track 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 27 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dylan Sprouse . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cole Sprouse . Cole Sprouse on IMDb Dylan Sprouse on IMDb Dylan Sprouse on Twitter Cole Sprouse on Twitter Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dylan_and_Cole_Sprouse&oldid=801399825 '' Categories : 1992 births 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors American male child actors American male film actors American male television actors American people of German descent Identical twin male actors Living people Sibling duos People from Arezzo Male actors from Long Beach , California Twin people from the United States People from Calabasas , California New York University alumni Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Good articles Articles with hCards Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2012 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2011 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2012 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Twitter username same as Wikidata Twitter username different from Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 12 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played the little boy on big daddy | [
"Dylan Thomas Sprouse and Cole Mitchell Sprouse (born August 4, 1992)[2] are American actors. They are twins and are referred to as the Sprouse brothers or Sprouse Bros. Their first major theatrical film role was in the 1999 comedy, Big Daddy, in which they co-starred with Adam Sandler. They later appeared in several television sitcoms and starred in the straight-to-DVD films I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus and Just for Kicks."
] | [
"Dylan Thomas Sprouse and Cole Mitchell Sprouse"
] |
-1328715162851962545 | The Watsons Go to Birmingham – 1963 | The Watsons go to Birmingham -- 1963 - wikipedia The Watsons go to Birmingham -- 1963 Jump to : navigation , search The Watsons Go to Birmingham -- 1963 Author Christopher Paul Curtis Country United States Genre Realistic fiction , Juvenile fiction , Historical fiction Publication date 1995 / 1997 / 2000 OCLC 32133739 LC Class PZ7. C94137 Wat 1995 The Watsons Go to Birmingham -- 1963 ( 1995 ) is a historical - fiction novel by Christopher Paul Curtis . First published in 1995 , it was reprinted in 1997 . It tells the story of a loving African - American family living in the town of Flint , Michigan , in 1963 . When the oldest son ( Byron ) begins to get into a bit of trouble , the parents decide he should spend the summer and possibly the next school year with Grandma Sands in Birmingham , Alabama . The entire family travels there together by car , and during their visit , tragic events take place . The book was adapted for a TV movie of the same name , produced in 2013 and aired on the Hallmark Channel . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and setting 2 Plot 3 Characters 4 Author information 5 Adaptations 6 References 7 External links Background and setting ( edit ) The book takes place from approximately January to October 1963 , a turbulent time during the Civil Rights Movement . The Watson family is fictional , but the characters are based on members of the author 's family , including himself , and many of the events in the first half of the book are based on events from the author 's childhood . Events later in the story center on the historic 1963 16th Street Baptist Church bombing in Birmingham , soon after the civil rights protests had gained negotiation with white city leaders for integration . KKK members bombed the church on September 15 , 1963 , killing four girls and injuring many more . In the novel , the incident is depicted as occurring a bit earlier than the historical date , allowing the Watson family to still be on summer vacation in Birmingham when it took place . The bombing was a catalyst for increased activity in the Civil Rights Movement and work on voter registration in Mississippi , during Freedom Summer of 1964 . Plot ( edit ) The novel is a first - person account narrarated by Kenny Watson , who lives in Flint , Michigan with his parents , Daniel and Wilona Watson , his older brother Byron , and younger sister Joetta . The opening chapters establish Kenny as a very bright and shy 4th grader who has difficulty making true friends until Rufus Fry arrives in town from Arkansas . Rufus is also bullied by the students at Clark Elementary for his `` country '' clothes and accent , making Kenny reluctant to befriend him at first , but they are soon inseparable . Kenny is alternatively bullied and protected by his 13 year old brother Byron , whom he calls `` an official teenage juvenile delinquent '' . Byron has been retained twice because he often skips school and is still in 6th grade . He invents a series of `` fantastic adventures '' which constantly get him into trouble and include playing with matches in the house , abusing his parent 's credit at the corner grocery store to buy himself treats , and getting a `` conk '' hairstyle against his parents ' orders . Daniel and Wilona eventually become so frustrated with their inability to `` straighten out '' Byron that they decide to send him to Birmingham , Alabama to live with Grandma Sands ( WIlona 's mother ) for at least the summer and possibly an entire year . As soon as the school year concludes , the Watsons ready their car ( `` the Brown Bomber '' ) and embark on a roadtrip from Flint to Birmingham to deliver Byron . Kenny had been looking forward to the `` battle royal '' between his grandma and Byron , but is disappointed when just a few sharp words from the `` old , old '' lady have Byron speaking respectfully and generally behaving himself , causing Kenny to seek out his own `` adventures '' . Grandma Sands had warned the children to avoid a particular local swimming hole because of a dangerous `` whirlpool '' , which Kenny misheard as `` Wool Pooh '' due to her thick Alabama accent . Kenny wants to swim there anyway , and is frustrated when Byron and Joetta refuse to go along . Ignoring the warnings of both Grandma Sands and Byron , Kenny jumps into the seemingly tranquil pool and edges deeper and deeper water until he loses his footing and almost drowns . Remembering his grandmother 's words , he imagines that a strange monster he thinks is the mysterious `` Wool Pooh '' swam up from below to grab his ankle and pull him under . Byron returns and jumps in to save Kenny just in time . He later insists that there was nothing else in the water , but Kenny is convinced that the Wool Pooh actually exists . Shortly afterwards , a bomb goes off at a nearby church where Joetta is attending Sunday school . ( This was the 16th Street Baptist Church bombing , a real historical event . ) Kenny wanders into the still - smoking church in the immediate aftermath looking for his sister , but instead sees the Wool Pooh in the smoke clinging to a torn girl 's shoe that looks like Joetta 's . In shock , he walks back to Grandma Sands ' house without anyone noticing that he had been at the church , and he 's again shocked and confused to find Joetta already there . She claims that it was Kenny who had called her away from the church and led her home , and she does not even know that a bombing had taken place right after she 'd left Sunday school . As soon as they realize that Joetta is safe , the Watsons decide to immediately return home to Flint , trying to avoid explaining the full implications of what has happened to the children . Kenny is unable to process the events in Birmingham and avoids his family and friends over the ensuing weeks , instead spending many hours hiding behind the sofa . Byron eventually coaxes him out and gets Kenny to talk about what happened , which finally brings a flood of tears from Kenny . Encouraging his little brother to `` keep on stepping '' , Byron explains that although the world is not perfect , he has to keep moving on . Characters ( edit ) Kenneth Bernard `` Kenny '' Watson - The main character and narrator of the story , the younger of the two sons of the Watsons . Kenny is ten years old . He is an excellent student , which makes him the target of bullying at Clark Elementary School . Wilona Sands Watson - Usually called `` Momma '' . She 's the wife of Daniel and the mother of the three children . A native of Birmingham , she slips into a thick Southern accent when mad or excited , and she complains about Flint 's harsh winters . She is strict and overprotective but loves her kids . Daniel Watson - The husband of Wilona and father of the three children . He 's known for having a good sense of humor and is referred to as `` Dad '' . Byron `` Daddy Cool '' Watson - Older brother of Kenny and Joey . He is considered the `` God '' of Clark Elementary School . He bullies smaller kids along with his best friend Buphead . He is known for being a terrible student and is also known for breaking the rules and being a rebel . Byron is thirteen . Joetta `` Joey '' Watson - Younger sister of Byron and Kenny . She follows the rules and is very religious . Joey has a special relationship with Byron . She is five . Buphead - Byron 's best friend , who is also an `` official delinquent , '' helps Byron bully many kids , including Kenny , although Byron and Buphead stand up for Kenny and Rufus when they 're being bullied by Larry . Grandma Sands - Grandmother of Kenny , Byron , and Joey , mother of Wilona , and mother - in - law of Daniel . She is supposed to be very strict . Seen by Wilona , Kenny , Byron , Joey , and Daniel when they arrived in Birmingham . Laughs like an evil witch . Grandma Sands walks with a cane due to having a stroke . Her husband died before the book began . Rufus Fry - Kenny 's new best friend and Cody 's big brother . His family moves to Flint from the South . He and his little brother Cody befriend Kenny . Cody Fry - Rufus 's little brother . Rufus and Cody come from a poor Southern African - American family . Lawrence `` Larry '' Dunn - the school bully in Kenny and Rufus 's class , until Byron teaches him a lesson for stealing Kenny 's gloves . Mr. Robert - a dear friend of Grandma Sands . Mr. Robert started helping Grandma Sands out around the house after her husband died . It 's hinted that Grandma Sands has a crush on Mr. Robert . Mrs. Davidson - is the religious next - door neighbor of the Watsons . Joey goes to church with Mrs. Davidson three times a week . Sometimes Wilona makes Kenny go to Sunday School with Joey . LJ Jones - a former playmate of Kenny who stole lots of Kenny 's toy dinosaurs . Author information ( edit ) The Watsons Go to Birmingham -- 1963 was Christopher Paul Curtis ' first novel , earning him a Newbery Honor , a Coretta Scott King ( wife of Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr . ) Honor , and the Golden Kite Award . Curtis also wrote the Newbery Award - winning novel Bud , Not Buddy ; Elijah of Buxton , and The Mighty Miss Malone . Adaptations ( edit ) In 2013 , a television film based on the book premiered on the Hallmark Channel , starring Anika Noni Rose , Wood Harris , Latanya Richardson , Skai Jackson and David Alan Grier . The movie adapted the story by condensing and trimming events and characters from Flint in the first half of the novel and adding new scenes showing Kenny and Byron helping local youths organize Civil Rights events in Birmingham . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Newbery Medal and Honor Books , 1922 -- Present , American Library Association , retrieved 2009 - 01 - 17 Jump up ^ Coretta Scott King Book Award Complete List of Recipients -- by Year , American Library Association , retrieved 2009 - 01 - 17 External links ( edit ) Random House 's page on the book Alabama church marks bombing anniversary The Watsons Go to Birmingham at Hallmark Channel The Watsons Go to Birmingham on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Watsons_Go_to_Birmingham_ -- _1963&oldid = 814291803 '' Categories : 1995 American novels American children 's novels Newbery Honor - winning works Golden Kite Award - winning works Novels by Christopher Paul Curtis Novels set in Alabama 1963 in fiction Novels set in Michigan Culture of Birmingham , Alabama Flint , Michigan Books about African - American history 1995 children 's books Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 December 2017 , at 22 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who dies in the watsons go to birmingham | [
"Events later in the story center on the historic 1963 16th Street Baptist Church bombing in Birmingham, soon after the civil rights protests had gained negotiation with white city leaders for integration. KKK members bombed the church on September 15, 1963, killing four girls and injuring many more. In the novel, the incident is depicted as occurring a bit earlier than the historical date, allowing the Watson family to still be on summer vacation in Birmingham when it took place."
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"four girls"
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8424941145866129963 | Names of the days of the week | Names of the days of the week - wikipedia Names of the days of the week Jump to : navigation , search `` Days of the Week '' redirects here . For the song by Stone Temple Pilots , see Days of the Week ( song ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Italian cameo bracelet representing the days of the week , corresponding to the planets as Roman gods : Diana as the Moon for Monday , Mars for Tuesday , Mercury for Wednesday , Jupiter for Thursday , Venus for Friday , Saturn for Saturday , and Apollo as the Sun for Sunday . Middle 19th century , Walters Art Museum The names of the days of the week in many languages are derived from the names of the classical planets in Hellenistic astrology , which were in turn named after contemporary deities , a system introduced in by the Roman Empire during Late Antiquity . In some other languages , the days are named after corresponding deities of the regional culture , either beginning with Sunday or with Monday . In the international standard ISO 8601 , Monday is treated as the first day of the week . Contents ( hide ) 1 Days named after planets 1.1 Greco - Roman tradition 1.1. 1 Romance languages 1.1. 2 Celtic languages 1.1. 3 Adoptions from Romance 1.2 Germanic tradition 1.2. 1 Adoptions from Germanic 1.3 Indian tradition 1.3. 1 South Asian languages 1.4 Southeast Asian languages 1.5 East Asian languages 1.6 East Asian tradition 2 Numbered days of the week 2.1 Days numbered from Sunday 2.2 Days numbered from Monday 2.3 Days numbered from Saturday 3 Mixing of numbering and astronomy 4 See also 5 Notes 5.1 Sunday 5.2 Monday 5.3 Tuesday 5.4 Wednesday 5.5 Thursday 5.6 Friday 5.7 Saturday 6 References 7 Further reading Days named after planets ( edit ) Greco - Roman tradition ( edit ) Further information : Week and Planetary hours Between the 1st and 3rd centuries , the Roman Empire gradually replaced the eight - day Roman nundinal cycle with the seven - day week . Our earliest evidence for this new system is a Pompeiian graffito referring to the 6th February ( viii idus Februarius ) of the year AD 60 as dies solis ( `` Sunday '' ) . Another early witness is a reference to a lost treatise by Plutarch , written in about AD 100 , which addressed the question of Why are the days named after the planets reckoned in a different order from the actual order ? . The days were named after the planets of Hellenistic astrology , in the order Sun , Moon , Mars ( Ares ) , Mercury ( Hermes ) , Jupiter ( Zeus ) , Venus ( Aphrodite ) and Saturn ( Cronos ) . The seven - day week spread throughout the Roman Empire in Late Antiquity . By the 4th century , it was in wide use throughout the Empire , and it had also reached India and China . The Greek and Latin names are as follows : Day : ( see Irregularities ) Sunday Sōl or Helios ( Sun ) Monday Luna or Selene ( Moon ) Tuesday Mars or Ares ( Mars ) Wednesday Mercurius or Hermes ( Mercury ) Thursday Iuppiter or Zeus ( Jupiter ) Friday Venus or Aphrodite ( Venus ) Saturday Saturnus or Kronos ( Saturn ) Greek ἡμέρᾱ Ἡλίου hēmérā Hēlíou ἡμέρᾱ Σελήνης hēmérā Selḗnēs ἡμέρᾱ Ἄρεως hēmérā Áreōs ἡμέρᾱ Ἑρμοῦ hēmérā Hermoû ἡμέρᾱ Διός hēmérā Diós ἡμέρᾱ Ἀφροδῑ́της hēmérā Aphrodī́tēs ἡμέρᾱ Κρόνου hēmérā Krónou Latin diēs Sōlis diēs Lūnae diēs Martis diēs Mercuriī diēs Iōvis diēs Veneris diēs Saturnī Romance languages ( edit ) Except for modern Portuguese , the Romance languages preserved the Latin names , except for the names of Sunday , which was replaced by ( dies ) Dominicus ( Dominica ) , i.e. `` Day of the Lord '' and of Saturday , which was named for the Sabbath . In Corsican , the Saturday is known either by Sabatu or De Sadorn . Day : ( see Irregularities ) Sunday Sōl ( Sun ) Monday Luna ( Moon ) Tuesday Mars ( Mars ) Wednesday Mercurius ( Mercury ) Thursday Iuppiter ( Jupiter ) Friday Venus ( Venus ) Saturday Saturnus ( Saturn ) Italian domenica lunedì martedì mercoledì giovedì venerdì sabato Lombard Milanese domenega lunedì martedì mercoldì giovedì venerdì sabet Old Portuguese domingo lues martes mércores joves vernes sábado Galician domingo luns martes mércores xoves venres sábado Spanish domingo lunes martes miércoles jueves viernes sábado Romanian duminică luni marți miercuri joi vineri sâmbătă French dimanche lundi mardi mercredi jeudi vendredi samedi Occitan dimenge diluns dimarts dimècres dijòus divendres dissabte Catalan diumenge dilluns dimarts dimecres dijous divendres dissabte Asturian domingu llunes martes miércoles xueves vienres sábadu Venetian domenega luni marti mèrcore zioba vénare sabo Friulian domenie lunis martars miercus joibe vinars sabide Neapolitan dummeneca lunnerì marterì miercurì gioverì viernarì sàbbatu Sardinian language dominiga lunis martis mercuris iobia chenabura Sappadu Sicilian dumínica luni marti mércuri juvi vénniri sábbatu Corsican dumenica luni marti màrcuri ghjovi vènnari sàbatu or sadorn Celtic languages ( edit ) Early Old Irish adopted the names from Latin , but introduced separate terms of Norse origin for Wednesday , Thursday and Friday , then later supplanted these with terms relating to church fasting practices . Day : ( see Irregularities ) Sunday Sōl ( Sun ) Monday Luna ( Moon ) Tuesday Mars ( Mars ) Wednesday Mercurius ( Mercury ) Thursday Iuppiter ( Jupiter ) Friday Venus ( Venus ) Saturday Saturnus ( Saturn ) Old Irish Diu srol Dies scrol Diu luna Diu mart Diu iath Diu eathamon Diu triach Diu saturn Old Irish ( later ) Diu domnica Diu luna Diu mart Diu cétaín Diu eter dib aínib Diu aíne Diu saturn Irish An Domhnach Dé Domhnaigh An Luan Dé Luain An Mháirt Dé Máirt An Chéadaoin Dé Céadaoin An Déardaoin Déardaoin An Aoine Dé hAoine An Satharn Dé Sathairn Scottish Gaelic Di - Dòmhnaich / Didòmhnaich Di - Luain / Diluain Di - Màirt / Dimàirt Di - Ciadain / Diciadain Di - Ardaoin / Diardaoin Di - Haoine / Dihaoine Di - Sàthairne / Disathairne Welsh dydd Sul dydd Llun dydd Mawrth dydd Mercher dydd Iau dydd Gwener dydd Sadwrn Cornish Dy ' Sul Dy ' Lun Dy ' Meurth Dy ' Mergher Dy ' Yow Dy ' Gwener Dy ' Sadorn Breton Disul Dilun Dimeurzh Dimerc'her Diriaou Digwener Disadorn Manx Jedoonee Jelune Jemayrt Jecrean Jerdein Jeheiney Jesarn Adoptions from Romance ( edit ) Albanian adopted the Latin terms . Other languages adopted the week together with the Latin ( Romance ) names for the days of the week in the colonial period . Some constructed languages also adopted the Latin terminology . Day : ( see Irregularities ) Sunday Sōl ( Sun ) Monday Luna ( Moon ) Tuesday Mars ( Mars ) Wednesday Mercurius ( Mercury ) Thursday Iuppiter ( Jupiter ) Friday Venus ( Venus ) Saturday Saturnus ( Saturn ) Albanian E diel E hënë E martë E mërkurë E enjte E premte E shtunë Filipino Linggò Dominggo in most other Philippine languages Lunes Martes Miyerkules Huwebes Biyernes Sábado Chamorro Damenggo Lunes Mattes Metkoles Huebes Betnes Sabalu Māori ( Rā Tapu ) ( not celestially named ) ( rā + tapu = `` holy day '' ) Rāhina ( rā + Māhina = day + Moon ) Rātū ( rā + Tūmatauenga = day + Mars ) Rāapa ( rā + Apārangi = day + Mercury ) Rāpare ( rā + Pareārau = day + Jupiter ) Rāmere ( rā + Mere = day + Venus ) ( Rā Horoi ) ( not celestially named ) ( rā + horoi = `` washing day '' ) Tetum Dumingu Segunda Tersa Kuarta Kinta Sesta Sabadu Interlingua Dominica Lunedi Martedi Mercuridi Jovedi Venerdi Sabbato Ido Sundio Lundio Mardio Merkurdio Jovdio Venerdio Saturdio Esperanto dimanĉo lundo mardo merkredo ĵaŭdo vendredo sabato Germanic tradition ( edit ) Further information : Germanic calendar The Germanic peoples adapted the system introduced by the Romans by substituting the Germanic deities for the Roman ones ( with the exception of Saturday ) in a process known as interpretatio germanica . The date of the introduction of this system is not known exactly , but it must have happened later than AD 200 but before the introduction of Christianity during the 6th to 7th centuries , i.e. , during the final phase or soon after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire . This period is later than the Common Germanic stage , but still during the phase of undifferentiated West Germanic . The names of the days of the week in North Germanic languages were not calqued from Latin directly , but taken from the West Germanic names . Sunday : Old English Sunnandæg ( pronounced ( ˈsunnɑndæj ) ) , meaning `` sun 's day '' . This is a translation of the Latin phrase dies Solis . English , like most of the Germanic languages , preserves the original pagan / sun associations of the day . Many other European languages , including all of the Romance languages , have changed its name to the equivalent of `` the Lord 's day '' ( based on Ecclesiastical Latin dies Dominica ) . In both West Germanic and North Germanic mythology the Sun is personified as Sunna / Sól . Monday : Old English Mōnandæg ( pronounced ( ˈmoːnɑndæj ) ) , meaning `` Moon 's day '' . This is equivalent to the Latin name dies lunae . In North Germanic mythology , the Moon is personified as Máni . Tuesday : Old English Tīwesdæg ( pronounced ( ˈtiːwezdæj ) ) , meaning `` Tiw 's day '' . Tiw ( Norse Týr ) was a one - handed god associated with single combat and pledges in Norse mythology and also attested prominently in wider Germanic paganism . The name of the day is also related to the Latin name dies Martis , `` Day of Mars '' . Wednesday : Old English Wōdnesdæg ( pronounced ( ˈwoːdnezdæj ) ) meaning the day of the Germanic god Woden ( known as Óðinn among the North Germanic peoples ) , and a prominent god of the Anglo - Saxons ( and other Germanic peoples ) in England until about the seventh century . It is also vaguely related to the Latin counterpart dies Mercurii , `` Day of Mercury '' . The connection between Mercury and Odin is more strained than the other syncretic connections . The usual explanation is that both Wodan and Mercury were considered psychopomps , or guides of souls after death , in their respective mythologies ; both are also associated with poetic and musical inspiration . The Icelandic Miðviku , German Mittwoch , Low German Middeweek and Finnish keskiviikko all mean mid-week . Thursday : Old English Þūnresdæg ( pronounced ( ˈθuːnrezdæj ) ) , meaning ' Þunor 's day ' . Þunor means thunder or its personification , the Norse god known in Modern English as Thor . Similarly Dutch donderdag , German Donnerstag ( ' thunder 's day ' ) , Finnish torstai , and Scandinavian Torsdag ( ' Thor 's day ' ) . Thor 's day corresponds to Latin dies Iovis , `` day of Jupiter '' . Friday : Old English Frīgedæg ( pronounced ( ˈfriːjedæj ) ) , meaning the day of the Anglo - Saxon goddess Fríge . The Norse name for the planet Venus was Friggjarstjarna , ' Frigg 's star ' . It is based on the Latin dies Veneris , `` Day of Venus '' . Saturday : the only day of the week to retain its Roman origin in English , named after the Roman god Saturn associated with the Titan Cronus , father of Zeus and many Olympians . Its original Anglo - Saxon rendering was Sæturnesdæg ( pronounced ( ˈsæturnezdæj ) ) . In Latin , it was dies Saturni , `` Day of Saturn '' . The Scandinavian Lørdag / Lördag deviates significantly as it has no reference to either the Norse or the Roman pantheon ; it derives from old Norse laugardagr , literally `` washing - day '' . The German Sonnabend ( mainly used in northern and eastern Germany ) and the Low German words Sünnavend mean `` Sunday Eve '' , the German word Samstag ( mainly used in southern and western Germany ) derives from the name for Shabbat . Day : ( see Irregularities ) Sunday Sunna / Sól Monday Mona / Máni Tuesday Tiw / Tyr Wednesday Woden / Odin Thursday Thunor / Thor Friday Frige or Freya Saturday Saturn Proto - Germanic * Sunnōniz dagaz * Mēniniz dagaz * Tīwas dagaz , * Þingsas dagaz * Wōdanas dagaz * Þunras dagaz * Frijjōz dagaz * Saturnas dagaz , * Laugōz dagaz Old English Sunnandæg Mōnandæg Tīwesdæg Wōdnesdæg Þunresdæg Frīgedæg Sæternesdæg Old Saxon Sunnundag * Mānundag * Tiuwesdag , * Thingesdag Wōdanesdag * Thunaresdag Frīadag * Sunnunāƀand , * Satarnesdag Old High German Sunnûntag Mânetag Zîestag Wuotanestag Donarestag Frîjatag Sunnûnâband , Sambaztag Middle Low German Sunnedag Manedag Dingesdag Wodenesdag Donersdag Vrīdag Sunnenavend , Satersdag German Sonntag Montag Dienstag , Ziestag ( Alemannic German ) Mittwoch ( older Wutenstag ) Donnerstag Freitag Sonnabend , Samstag Yiddish Zuntik -- זונטיק Montik -- מאנטיק Dinstik -- דינסטיק Mitvokh -- מיטוואך Donershtik -- דאנערשטיק Fraytik -- פרײַטיק Shabbes -- שבת Scots Saubath , Sunday Monanday Tysday Wadensday Fuirsday Friday Seturday Dutch zondag maandag dinsdag woensdag donderdag vrijdag zaterdag Afrikaans Sondag Maandag Dinsdag Woensdag Donderdag Vrydag Saterdag Luxembourgish Sonndeg Méindeg Dënschdeg Mëttwoch Donneschdeg Freideg Samschdeg West Frisian Snein Moandei Tiisdei Woansdei Tongersdei Freed Sneon , Saterdei Low Saxon Sünndag Maandag Dingsdag Middeweek , Goonsdag ( rarely Woonsdag ) Dünnerdag Freedag Sünnavend , Saterdag Old Norse sunnudagr mánadagr tysdagr óðinsdagr þórsdagr frjádagr laugardagr , sunnunótt Faroese sunnudagur mánadagur týsdagur mikudagur , ónsdagur ( Suðuroy ) hósdagur / tórsdagur ( Suðuroy ) fríggjadagur leygardagur Icelandic sunnudagur mánudagur þriðjudagur miðvikudagur fimmtudagur föstudagur laugardagur Norwegian Bokmål søndag mandag tirsdag onsdag torsdag fredag lørdag Norwegian Nynorsk sundag / søndag måndag tysdag onsdag torsdag fredag laurdag Danish søndag mandag tirsdag onsdag torsdag fredag lørdag Swedish söndag måndag tisdag onsdag torsdag fredag lördag Elfdalian sunndag mondag tisdag ųosdag tųosdag frjådag lovdag Adoptions from Germanic ( edit ) Day : ( see Irregularities ) Sunday Sunna / Sól Monday Mona / Máni Tuesday Tiw / Tyr Wednesday Woden / Odin Thursday Thunor / Thor Friday Frige or Freya Saturday Saturn Finnish sunnuntai maanantai tiistai keskiviikko torstai perjantai lauantai Estonian pühapäev esmaspäev teisipäev kolmapäev neljapäev reede laupäev Maori ( transliteration ; translation ) Wiki ; Rātapu Mane ; Rāhina Tūrei ; Rātū Wenerei ; Rāapa Tāite ; Rāpare Paraire ; Rāmere Hāterei ; Rāhoroi Indian tradition ( edit ) Further information : Navagraha Hindu astrology adopted the concept of days under the regency of a planet under the term vāra , the days of the week being called āditya - , soma - , maṅgala - , budha - , guru - , śukra - , and śani - vāra . śukrá is a name of Venus ( regarded as a son of Bhṛgu ) ; guru is here a title of Bṛhaspati , and hence of Jupiter ; budha `` Mercury '' is regarded as a son of Soma , i.e. the Moon . Knowledge of Greek astrology existed since about the 2nd century BC , but references to the vāra occur somewhat later , during the Gupta period ( Yājñavalkya Smṛti , c. 3rd to 5th century ) , i.e. at roughly the same period the system was introduced in the Roman Empire . South Asian languages ( edit ) Sunday the Sun ( Aditya , Ravi ) Monday the Moon ( Soma , Chandra , Indu ) Tuesday Mars ( Mangala ) Wednesday Mercury ( Budha ) Thursday Jupiter ( Bṛhaspati , Guru ) Friday Venus ( Shukra ) Saturday Saturn ( Shani ) Balti Adeed عدید Chamdral چامدرال Angaru انگارا Boru بورو Brespod بریس پود Shugoru شوگ ورو Shingsher شنگ شےر Bengali রবিবার Robibar সোমবার Shombar মঙ্গলবার Monggolbar বুধবার Budhbar বৃহস্পতিবার Brihôshpotibar শুক্রবার Shukrobar শনিবার Shonibar Bhojpuri एतवार Aitwār सोमार Somār मंगर Mangar बुध Budh बियफे Bi'phey सुक्क Sukk सनिच्चर Sanichchar Burushaski Adit ادیت Chandoro چندورؤ Angaro نگارو Bodo بوڈو Berayspat بیرے سپاٹ Shukuro شوک ورؤ Shemshayr شیم شےر Chitrali ( Khowar ) Yakshambey یک شمبے Doshambey دو شمبے Seshambey سہ شمبے Charshambey چار شمبے Pachambey پچھمبے Adina آدینہ Shambey شمبے Gujarati રવિવાર Ravivār સોમવાર Somvār મંગળવાર Mangaḷvār બુધવાર Budhvār ગુરૂવાર Guruvār શુક્રવાર Shukravār શનિવાર Shanivār Hindi रविवार Ravivār सोमवार Somavār मंगलवार Mangalavār बुधवार Budhavār गुरूवार Guruvār शुक्रवार Shukravār शनिवार Shanivār Hindko Atwaar اتوار Suwar سؤ وار Mungal منگل Bud بدھ Jumiraat جمعرات Jummah جمعہ Khali خالي Konkani आयतार Āytār सोमार Somaar मंगळार Mangaḷār बुधवार Budhavār भीरेस्तार Bhirestār शुक्रार Shukrār शेनवार Shenvār Maldivian އާދީއްތަ Aadheettha ހޯމަ Homa އަންގާރަ Angaara ބުދަ Budha ބުރާސްފަތި Buraasfathi ހުކުރު Hukuru ހޮނިހިރު Honihiru Marathi रविवार Ravivār सोमवार Somavār मंगळवार Mangaḷavār बुधवार Budhavār गुरूवार Guruvār शुक्रवार Shukravār Kashmiri Āthvār आथु'वार اَتھ وار Çāņdėrvār च़'न्दु'रवार ژندر وار Bomvār बोमवार پم وار Bödvār बॅदवार برھ وار Brêsvār ब्रसवार برس وار Shokụrvār / Jumāh शो'कु'रवार شۆکٕروار जुमाह جُمھ Baţėvār बटु'वार بٹ وار Kannada ಭಾನುವಾರ Bhanu Vaara ಸೋಮವಾರ Soma Vaara ಮಂಗಳವಾರ Mangala Vaara ಬುಧವಾರ Budha Vaara ಗುರುವಾರ Guru Vaara ಶುಕ್ರವಾರ Shukra Vaara ಶನಿವಾರ Shani Vaara Malayalam ഞായര് Nhāyar തിങ്കള് Tingal ചൊവ്വ Chovva ബുധന് Budhan വ്യാഴം Vyāzham വെള്ളി Velli ശനി Shani Nepali आइतवार Aaitabar सोमवार Sombar मंगलवार Mangalbar बुधवार Budhabar बिहिवार Bihibar शुक्रवार Sukrabar शनिवार Sanibar Pashto Etwar اتوار Gul ګل Nehi نهه Shoro شورو Ziarat زيارت Jumma جمعه Khali خالي Punjabi ( Gurmukhi ) ਐਤਵਾਰ etvār ਸੋਮਵਾਰ sōmvār ਮੰਗਲਵਾਰ mangalvār ਬੁੱਧਵਾਰ búdvār ਵੀਰਵਾਰ vīrvār ਸ਼ੁੱਕਰਵਾਰ shukkarvār ਸ਼ਨਿੱਚਰਵਾਰ shaniccharvār Odia ରବିବାର Rabibār ସୋମବାର Sombār ମଙ୍ଗଳବାର Mangalbār ବୁଧବାର Buddhbār ଗୁରୁବାର Gurubār ଶୁକ୍ରବାର Shukrabār ଶନିବାର Shanibār Sinhala ඉරිදා Irida සඳුදා Sanduda අඟහරුවාදා Angaharuwada බදාදා Badada බ්රහස්පතින්දා Brahaspathinda සිකුරාදා Sikurada සෙනසුරාදා Senasurada Sylheti রবিবার Robibar সোমবার Shombar মঙ্গলবার Mongolbar বুধবার Budhbar বিষুধবার Bishudhbar সুক্ষুরবার / জুম'আবার Shukkurbar / Jum'abar শনিবার Shonibar Telugu ఆదివారం Aadi Vāram సోమవారం Soma Vāram మంగళవారం Mangala Vāram బుధవారం Budha Vāram గురువారం Bestha / Guru / Lakshmi Vāram శుక్రవారం Shukra Vāram శనివారం Shani Vāram Tamil ஞாயிறு Gnyāyiru திங்கள் Thingal செவ்வாய் Chevvāi புதன் Budhan வியாழன் Viyāzhan வெள்ளி Velli சனி Sani Sanskrit भानुवासरम् Bhānuvāsaram इन्दुवासरम् Induvāsaram भौमवासरम् Bhaumavāsaram सौम्यवासरम् Saumyavāsaram गुरुवासरम् Guruvāsaram भृगुवासरम् Bhṛguvāsaram स्थिरवासरम् Sthiravāsaram Shina Adit ادیت Tsunduro تساند ورؤ Ungaro نگارو Budo بوڈو Brespat بیرے سپاٹ Shukur شوکر Shimsher شیم شےر Sindhi Aacheru آچر Soomaru سومر Angaro انڱارو Arbau اربع Kameesa خميس Jum'o جمعو Chancher ڇنڇر Sylheti রবিবার Robibar সোমবার Shombar মঙ্গলবার Mongolbar বুধবার Budhbar বিশুদ্ধবার Bishudbar শুক্ষুরবার / জুমাবার Shukkurbar / Jummabar শনিবার Shonibar Urdu Itwār اتوار Pīr پیر Mangal منگل Bodh بدھ Jumārāt جمعرات Jummah جمعہ Heftah ہفتہ Western Punjabi ( Shahmukhi ) Aitwār اتوار Pīr پیر Mangal منگل Budh بدھ Jumāy - rāt جمعرات Jummah جمعہ Hafta ہفتہ Southeast Asian languages ( edit ) The Southeast Asian tradition also uses the Hindu names of the days of the week . Hindu astrology adopted the concept of days under the regency of a planet under the term vāra , the days of the week being called āditya - , soma - , maṅgala - , budha - , guru - , śukra - , and śani - vāra . śukrá is a name of Venus ( regarded as a son of Bhṛgu ) ; guru is here a title of Bṛhaspati , and hence of Jupiter ; budha `` Mercury '' is regarded as a son of Soma , i.e. the Moon . Sunday the Sun ( Aditya , Ravi ) Monday the Moon ( Soma , Chandra , Indu ) Tuesday Mars ( Mangala ) Wednesday Mercury ( Budha ) Thursday Jupiter ( Bṛhaspati , Guru ) Friday Venus ( Shukra ) Saturday Saturn ( Shani ) Burmese တနင်္ဂနွေ IPA : ( tənɪ́ɴ ɡənwè ) ( ta. nangga. nwe ) တနင်္လာ IPA : ( tənɪ́ɴ là ) ( ta. nangla ) အင်္ဂါ IPA : ( ɪ̀ɴ ɡà ) ( Angga ) ဗုဒ္ဓဟူး IPA : ( boʊʔ dəhú ) ( Buddhahu ) ( afternoon = new day ) ရာဟု Rahu ကြာသာပတေး IPA : ( tɕà ðà bədé ) ( Krasapate ) သောကြာ IPA : ( θaʊʔ tɕà ) ( Saukra ) စနေ IPA : ( sənè ) ( Cane ) Mon တ္ၚဲ အဒိုတ် ( ŋoa ətɜ̀t ) from Sans . āditya တ္ၚဲ စန် ( ŋoa cɔn ) from Sans . candra တ္ၚဲ အၚါ ( ŋoa əŋɛ̀a ) from Sans . aṅgāra တ္ၚဲ ဗုဒ္ဓဝါ ( ŋoa pùt - həwɛ̀a ) from Sans . budhavāra တ္ၚဲ ဗြဴဗ္တိ ( ŋoa pɹɛ̀apətɔeʔ ) from Sans . bṛhaspati တ္ၚဲ သိုက် . ( ŋoa sak ) from Sans . śukra တ္ၚဲ သ္ၚိ သဝ် ( ŋoa hɔeʔ sɔ ) from Sans . śani Khmer ថ្ងៃ អាទិត្យ ( tŋaj ʔaːtɨt ) ថ្ងៃ ចន្ទ ( tŋaj can ) ថ្ងៃ អង្គារ ( tŋaj ʔɑŋkiə ) ថ្ងៃ ពុធ ( tŋaj put ) ថ្ងៃ ព្រហស្បត្ណិ ( tŋaj prɔhoə̯h ) ថ្ងៃ សុក្រ ( tŋaj sok ) ថ្ងៃ សៅរ៍ ( tŋaj saʋ ) Lao ວັນອາທິດ ( wán ʔàːthīt ) ວັນຈັນ ( wán càn ) ວັນອັງຄານ ( wán ʔàŋkháːn ) ວັນພຸດ ( wán phūt ) ວັນພະຫັດ ( wán phāhát ) ວັນສຸກ ( wán súk ) ວັນເສົາ ( wán sǎu ) Cham Adit Thôm Angar But jip Suk Thanưchăn Shan ဝၼ်းဢႃတိတ်ႉ IPA : ( wan ˦ ʔaː ˩ tit ˥ ) ဝၼ်းၸၼ် IPA : ( wan ˦ tsan ˩ ) ဝၼ်းဢင်းၵၼ်း IPA : ( wan ˦ ʔaŋ ˦ kan ˦ ) ဝၼ်းၽုတ်ႉ IPA : ( wan ˦ phut ˥ ) ဝၼ်းၽတ်း IPA : ( wan ˦ phat ˦ ) ဝၼ်းသုၵ်း IPA : ( wan ˦ shuk ˦ ) ဝၼ်းသဝ် IPA : ( wan ˦ shaw ˩ ) Thai วัน อาทิตย์ Wan Āthit วัน จันทร์ Wan Chan วัน อังคาร Wan Angkhān วัน พุธ Wan Phut วัน พฤหัสบดี Wan Phruehatsabodi วัน ศุกร์ Wan Suk วัน เสาร์ Wan Sao Javanese Raditya Soma Anggara Buda Respati Sukra Tumpek Balinese Redite Soma Anggara Buda Wrespati Sukra Saniscara East Asian languages ( edit ) Sunday the Sun ( Aditya , Ravi ) Monday the Moon ( Soma , Chandra , Indu ) Tuesday Mars ( Mangala ) Wednesday Mercury ( Budha ) Thursday Jupiter ( Bṛhaspati , Guru ) Friday Venus ( Shukra ) Saturday Saturn ( Shani ) Mongolian адъяа ad'yaa сумъяа sum'yaa ангараг angarag буд bud бархабадь barhabad ' сугар sugar санчир sanchir East Asian tradition ( edit ) The East Asian naming system for the days of the week closely parallels that of the Latin system and is ordered after the `` Seven Luminaries '' ( 七曜 qī yào ) , which consists of the Sun , Moon and the five planets visible to the naked eye . The Chinese seem to have adopted the seven - day week from the Hellenistic system by the 4th century , although by which route is not entirely clear . It was again transmitted to China in the 8th century by Manichaeans , via the country of Kang ( a Central Asian polity near Samarkand ) . The 4th - century date , according to the Cihai encyclopedia , is due to a reference to Fan Ning ( 範 寧 / 范 宁 ) , an astrologer of the Jin Dynasty . The renewed adoption from Manichaeans in the 8th century ( Tang Dynasty ) is documented with the writings of the Chinese Buddhist monk Yi Jing and the Ceylonese Buddhist monk Bu Kong . The Chinese transliteration of the planetary system was soon brought to Japan by the Japanese monk Kobo Daishi ; surviving diaries of the Japanese statesman Fujiwara Michinaga show the seven day system in use in Heian Period Japan as early as 1007 . In Japan , the seven day system was kept in use ( for astrological purposes ) until its promotion to a full - fledged ( Western - style ) calendrical basis during the Meiji era . In China , with the founding of the Republic of China in 1911 , Monday through Saturday in China are now named after the luminaries implicitly with the numbers . For more information on the Chinese ten - day week , see Chinese_calendar § Day. 2C_hour. 2C_and_week . For more information on the five elements and their relation to the planets , see Chinese astrology § Wu Xing , and Wu Xing . Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Celestial Object Sun ( 日 ) First Star Moon ( 月 ) Second Star Mars ( 火 ) Third Star Mercury ( 水 ) Fourth Star Jupiter ( 木 ) Fifth Star Venus ( 金 ) Sixth Star Saturn ( 土 ) Seventh Star Classical Chinese 日曜日 Rìyàorì 月曜日 Yuèyàorì 火曜日 Huǒyàorì 水曜日 Shuǐyàorì 木曜日 Mùyàorì 金曜日 Jīnyàorì 土曜日 Tǔyàorì Japanese 日曜日 Nichiyōbi 月曜日 Getsuyōbi 火曜日 Kayōbi 水曜日 Suiyōbi 木曜日 Mokuyōbi 金曜日 Kin'yōbi 土曜日 Doyōbi Korean 일요일 日曜日 Ilyoil 월요일 月曜日 Wolyoil 화요일 火曜日 Hwayoil 수요일 水曜日 Suyoil 목요일 木曜日 Mogyoil 금요일 金曜日 Geumyoil 토요일 土曜日 Toyoil Mongolian наран өдөр naraŋ ödör саран өдөр saraŋ ödör гал өдөр gal ödör усан өдөр usaŋ ödör модон өдөр modoŋ ödör төмөр өдөр , алтан өдөр tömör ödör , altaŋ ödör шороон өдөр shorooŋ ödör Tibetan གཟའ ་ ཉི ་ མ ། ( gza ' nyi ma ) Nyima གཟའ ་ ཟླ ་ བ ། ( gza ' zla wa ) Dawa གཟའ ་ མིག ་ དམར ། ( gza ' mig dmar ) Mikmar གཟའ ་ ལྷག ་ པ ། ( gza ' lhak pa ) Lhakpa གཟའ ་ ཕུར ་ བུ ། ( gza ' phur bu ) Purbu གཟའ ་ པ ་ སངས ། ( gza ' pa sangs ) Pasang གཟའ ་ སྤེན ་ པ ། ( gza ' spen ba ) Penba Pronunciations for Classical Chinese names are given in Standard Chinese . For Standard Chinese nomenclature of the days of the week , see Names of the days of the week § Mixing of numbering and astronomy . Numbered days of the week ( edit ) Days numbered from Sunday ( edit ) See also : Feria Sunday comes first in order in calendars shown in the table below . In the Judeo - Christian or Abrahamic tradition , the first day of the week is Sunday . Biblical Sabbath ( corresponding to Saturday ) , when God rested from six - day Creation , made the day following Sabbath the first day of the week ( corresponding to Sunday ) . Seventh - day Sabbaths were sanctified for celebration and rest . After the week was adopted in early Christianity , Sunday remained the first day of the week , but also gradually displaced Saturday as the day of celebration and rest , being considered the Lord 's Day . Saint Martin of Dumio ( c. 520 -- 580 ) , archbishop of Braga , decided not to call days by pagan gods and to use ecclesiastic terminology to designate them . While the custom of numbering the days of the week was mostly prevalent in the Eastern Church , Portuguese and Galician , due to Martin 's influence , are the only Romance languages in which the names of the days come from numbers rather than planetary names . Icelandic is a special case within the Germanic languages , maintaining only the Sun and Moon ( sunnudagur and mánudagur respectively ) , while dispensing with the names of the explicitly heathen gods in favour of a combination of numbered days and days whose names are linked to pious or domestic routine ( föstudagur , `` Fasting Day '' and laugardagur , `` Washing Day '' ) . The `` washing day '' is also used in other North Germanic languages , but otherwise the names correspond to those of English . Day Number From One Sunday Day One Monday Day Two Tuesday Day Three Wednesday Day Four Thursday Day Five Friday Day Six Saturday Day Seven Icelandic sunnudagur ( Sun ) mánudagur ( Moon ) þriðjudagur miðvikudagur fimmtudagur föstudagur laugardagur Faroese sunnudagur mánadagur týsdagur mikudagur hósdagur fríggjadagur leygardagur Hebrew ראשון rishon שני sheyni שלישי shlishi רביעי revi'i חמישי khamishi שישי shishi שבת Shabbat Ecclesiastical Latin Dominica feria secunda feria tertia feria quarta feria quinta feria sexta sabbatum Portuguese domingo segunda - feira terça - feira quarta - feira quinta - feira sexta - feira sábado Galician domingo segunda feira terza feira terceira feira corta feira quarta feira quinta feira sexta feira sábado Tetum loron - domingu loron - segunda loron - tersa loron - kuarta loron - kinta loron - sesta loron - sábadu Greek Κυριακή Kyriakí Δευτέρα Deftéra Τρίτη Tríti Τετάρτη Tetárti Πέμπτη Pémpti Παρασκευή Paraskeví Σάββατο Sávato Georgian კვირა k'vira ორშაბათი oršabati სამშაბათი samšabati ოთხშაბათი otxšabati ხუთშაბათი xutšabati პარასკევი p'arask'evi შაბათი šabati Armenian Կիրակի Kiraki Երկուշաբթի Yerkushabti Երեքշաբթի Yerekshabti Չորեքշաբթի Chorekshabti Հինգշաբթի Hingshabti Ուրբաթ Urbat Շաբաթ Shabat Vietnamese chủ nhật ( chúa nhật ) ( ngày ) thứ hai ( ngày ) thứ ba ( ngày ) thứ tư ( ngày ) thứ năm ( ngày ) thứ sáu ( ngày ) thứ bảy Somali Axad Isniin Talaado Arbaco Khamiis Jimco Sabti Amharic እሑድ əhud ሰኞ säñño ( Next ) ማክሰኞ maksäñño ረቡዕ , ሮብ räbu , rob ሐሙስ hamus ዓርብ arb ( Sunset ) ቅዳሜ ḳədame ( First ) Arabic يوم ) الأحد ) ( yawm ) al - aḥad يوم ) الإثنين ) ( yawm ) al - ithnayn يوم ) الثُّلَاثاء ) ( yawm ) ath - thulāthā ' يوم ) الأَرْبعاء ) ( yawm ) al - ' arbi'ā ' يوم ) الخَمِيس ) ( yawm ) al - khamīs يوم ) الجُمْعَة ) ( yawm ) al - jum'ah يوم ) السَّبْت ) ( yawm ) as - sabt Maltese il - Ħadd it - Tnejn it - Tlieta l - Erbgħa il - Ħamis il - Ġimgħa is - Sibt Malay Ahad Isnin Selasa Rabu Khamis Jumaat Sabtu Indonesian Minggu ( Portuguese ) Ahad Senin Selasa Rabu Kamis Jumat Sabtu Javanese Ngahad , Ngakad , Minggu ( Portuguese ) Senèn Selasa Rebo Kemis Jemuwah Setu Sundanese Minggu / Minggon ( Portuguese ) Senén Salasa Rebo Kemis Jumaah Saptu Persian یکشنبه yekšanbe Mehr ruz مهرروز دوشنبه došanbe Māh ruz ماه روز سه شنبه sešanbe Bahrām ruz بهرام روز چهارشنبه čāhāršanbe Tir ruz تیر روز پنجشنبه panjšanbe Hormazd ruz هرمزد روز آدینه or جمعه ādine or djome Nāhid ruz ناهید روز شنبه šanbe Keyvān ruz کیوان روز Khowar یک شمبے yak shambey دو شمبے du shambey سہ شمبے sey shambey چار شمبے char shambey پچھمبے pachhambey آدینہ adina شمبے shambey Kurdish Yekşem Duşem Sêşem Çarşem Pêncşem În Şemî Old Turkic birinç kün ikinç kün üçünç kün törtinç kün beşinç kün altınç kün yetinç kün Turkish Pazar Pazartesi Salı Çarşamba Perşembe Cuma Cumartesi Uzbek Yakshanba Dushanba Seshanba Chorshanba Payshanba Juma Shanba Navajo Damóo / Damíigo ( Spanish ) Damóo Biiskání Sunday has ended Damóo dóó Naakiską́o Sunday + 2 × sunrise Damóo dóó Tááʼ Yiką́o Sunday + 3 × sunrise Damóo dóó Dį́į́ʼ Yiką́o Sunday + 4 × sunrise Ndaʼiiníísh It ends / done for the week Yiką́o Damóo ( upon ) sunrise ( it is ) Sunday Days numbered from Monday ( edit ) The ISO prescribes Monday as the first day of the week with ISO - 8601 for software date formats . The Slavic , Baltic and Uralic languages ( except Finnish and partially Estonian ) adopted numbering but took Monday rather than Sunday as the `` first day '' . This convention is also found in some Austronesian languages whose speakers were converted to Christianity by European missionaries . In Slavic languages , some of the names correspond to numerals after Sunday : compare Russian vtornik `` Tuesday '' and vtoroj `` the following '' , chetverg `` Thursday '' and chetvertyj `` the fourth '' , pyatnitsa `` Friday '' and pyatyj `` the fifth '' ; see also the Notes . Day Number From One Monday Day One Tuesday Day Two Wednesday Day Three Thursday Day Four Friday Day Five Saturday Day Six Sunday Day Seven ISO 8601 # 5 6 7 Russian понедельник ponedel'nik вторник vtornik среда sreda четверг chetverg пятница pyatnitsa суббота subbota воскресенье voskresen'ye Belarusian панядзелак panyadzelak аўторак awtorak серада serada чацвер chats'ver пятніца pyatnitsa субота subota нядзеля nyadzelya Ukrainian понедiлок ponedilok вiвторок vivtorok середа sereda четвер chetver п'ятниця p'yatnitsya субота subota недiля nedilya Bulgarian понеделник ponedelnik вторник vtornik сряда sryada четвъртък chetvărtăk петък petăk събота săbota неделя nedelya Polish poniedziałek wtorek środa czwartek piątek sobota niedziela Kashubian pòniedzôłk wtórk strzoda czwiôrtk piątk sobòta niedzela Slovak pondelok utorok streda štvrtok piatok sobota nedeľa Czech pondělí or pondělek úterý or úterek středa čtvrtek pátek sobota neděle Slovene ponedeljek torek sreda četrtek petek sobota nedelja Bosnian ponedjeljak utorak srijeda četvrtak petak subota nedjelja Croatian ponedjeljak utorak srijeda četvrtak petak subota nedjelja Serbian понедељак ponedeljak уторак utorak среда sreda четвртак četvrtak петак petak субота subota недеља nedelja Macedonian понеделник ponedelnik вторник vtornik среда sreda четврток chetvrtok петок petok сабота sabota недела nedela Lithuanian pirmadienis antradienis trečiadienis ketvirtadienis penktadienis šeštadienis sekmadienis Latvian pirmdiena otrdiena trešdiena ceturtdiena piektdiena sestdiena svētdiena Hungarian hétfő kedd szerda Slavic csütörtök Slavic péntek Slavic szombat Slavic vasárnap Estonian esmaspäev teisipäev kolmapäev neljapäev reede laupäev pühapäev Mongolian ( numerical ) нэг дэх өдөр neg dekh ödör хоёр дахь өдөр hoyor dahi ödör гурав дахь өдөр gurav dahi ödör дөрөв дэх өдөр döröv dekh ödör тав дахь өдөр tav dahi ödör хагас сайн өдөр hagas sayn ödör бүтэн сайн өдөр büten sayn ödör Mongolian ( Tibetan ) даваа davaa мягмар myagmar лхагва lhagva пүрэв pürev баасан baasan бямба byamba ням nyam Luo Wuok tich Tich ariyo Tich adek Tich ang'uen Tich abich Chieng ' ngeso Juma pil Tok Pisin ( Melanesian Pidgin ) mande tunde trinde fonde fraide sarere sande Apma ( Vanuatu ) ren bwaleh / mande ren karu ren katsil ren kavet ren kalim lesaare sande In Standard Chinese , the week is referred to as the cycle of the stars ( Chinese : 星期 ; pinyin : Xīngqī ) . The modern Chinese names for the days of the week are based on a simple numerical sequence . The word for ' week ' ( which is literally translated to ' star day ' ) is followed by a number indicating the day : ' Monday ' is literally ' star day one ' , ' Tuesday ' is ' star day two ' , etc . The exception is Sunday , where rì ( 日 ) , meaning ' sun ' or ' day ' , is used instead of a number . Day Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday Standard Chinese 星期 一 Xīngqīyī 星期二 Xīngqí'èr 星期三 Xīngqīsān 星期四 Xīngqīsì 星期五 Xīngqīwǔ 星期六 Xīngqīliù 星期日 Xīngqīrì Days numbered from Saturday ( edit ) In Swahili , the day begins at sunrise rather than sunset , and so are offset by twelve hours from the Arabic and Hebrew calendar . Saturday is therefore the first day of the week , as it is the day that includes the first night of the week in Arabic . Etymologically speaking , Swahili has two `` fifth '' days . The words for Saturday through Wednesday contain the Bantu - derived Swahili words for `` one '' through `` five '' . The word for Thursday , Alhamisi , is of Arabic origin and means `` the fifth '' ( day ) . The word for Friday , Ijumaa , is also Arabic and means ( day of ) `` gathering '' for the Friday noon prayers in Islam . Day Number from One Saturday Day One Sunday Day Two Monday Day Three Tuesday Day Four Wednesday Day Five Thursday Day Six Friday Day Seven Swahili jumamosi jumapili jumatatu jumanne jumatano alhamisi ijumaa Mixing of numbering and Astronomy ( edit ) In the Žejane dialect of Istro - Romanian , lur ( Monday ) and virer ( Friday ) follow the Latin convention , while utorek ( Tuesday ) , sredu ( Wednesday ) , and četrtok ( Thursday ) follow the Slavic convention . Day Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday Istro - Romanian , Žejane dialect lur utorek sredu četrtok virer simbota dumireca There are several systems in the different Basque dialects . Day : Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday Standard Basque , Guipuscoan Basque astelehena ( `` week - first '' ) asteartea ( `` week - between '' ) asteazkena ( `` week - last '' ) osteguna ( `` Ortzi / Sky day '' ) ostirala ( see Ortzi ) larunbata ( `` fourth '' , `` meeting of friends '' ) , neskenegun ( `` girls ' day '' ) igandea Biscayne Basque astelena ( `` week - first '' ) , ilen ( `` Moon day '' ) martitzena ( `` Mars day '' ) eguaztena ( `` day last '' ) eguena ( `` day of days '' , `` day of light '' ) barikua ( `` day without supper '' ) , egubakotx zapatua ( compare with Spanish sábado from Sabbath ) domeka ( from Latin Dominica ( dies ) ) In Judaeo - Spanish ( Ladino ) , which is mainly based on a medieval version of Spanish , the five days of Monday -- Friday closely follow the Spanish names . Sunday uses the Arabic name , which is based on numbering , because a Jewish language was not likely to adapt a name based on `` Lord 's Day '' for Sunday . As in Spanish , the Ladino name for Saturday is based on Sabbath . However , as a Jewish language -- and with Saturday being the actual day of rest in the Jewish community -- Ladino directly adapted the Hebrew name , Shabbat . Day Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Judaeo - Spanish ( Ladino ) Alhadh Lunes Martes Miércoles Juğeves Viernes Shabat See also ( edit ) Akan names of the seven - day week , known as Nawotwe Bahá'í calendar ( section Weekdays ) Calculating the day of the week Week Work Week Notes ( edit ) Sunday ( edit ) From Latin Dominicus ( Dominica ) or Greek Κυριακή ( Christian Sabbath ) Holy Day and First - Day of the Week ( Day of the Sun - > Light - > Resurrection - > Born again ) ( Christianity ) Resurrection ( Christianity ) Bazaar Day Market Day No Work Full good day Borrowed from English week From an Old Burmese word , not of Indic origin . Monday ( edit ) After No Work . In Russian also `` Day After Week ( end ) '' - see понедельник After Bazaar Head of Week Master ( as in Pir , because Muhammad was born on a Monday ) From an Old Burmese word , not of Indic origin . Tuesday ( edit ) Thing ( Assembly ) , of which god Tyr / Ziu was the patron . Second day of the week ( cf . Hungarian kettő `` two '' ) Third day of the week . From Arabic `` ath - Thalaathaaʼ '' ( third day ) Wednesday ( edit ) Mid-week or Middle The First Fast ( Christianity ) Thursday ( edit ) The day between two fasts ( An Dé idir dhá aoin , contracted to An Déardaoin ) ( Christianity ) Five ( Arabic ) Fifth day of the week . Friday ( edit ) The Fast ( Celtic ) or Fasting Day ( Icelandic ) ( Christianity ) Good Friday or Preparation ( Christianity ) Jumu'ah ( Muslim Sabbath ) Gathering / Assembly / Meeting ( Islam ) -- in Malta with no Islamic connotations Saturday ( edit ) Shabbat ( Jewish Sabbath ) Wash or Bath day Sun - eve ( Eve of Sunday ) After the Gathering ( Islam ) End of the Week ( Arabic Sabt = Rest ) Week Half good day References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nerone Caesare Augusto Cosso Lentuol Cossil fil . Cos. VIII idus Febr ( u ) arius dies solis , luna XIIIIX nun ( dinae ) Cumis , V ( idus Februarias ) nun ( dinae ) Pompeis . Robert Hannah , `` Time in Written Spaces '' , in : Peter Keegan , Gareth Sears , Ray Laurence ( eds . ) , Written Space in the Latin West , 200 BC to AD 300 , A&C Black , 2013 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ E.G. Richards , Mapping Time , the Calendar and History , Oxford 1999 . p. 269 ( The treatise is lost , but the answer to the question is known , see planetary hours ) . Jump up ^ `` Days of the Week Meaning and Origin '' . Astrologyclub.org . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ replacing a system of n `` one - , three - , five - , ten - , or fifteen - day periods '' ( > Dáibhí Ó Cróinín , 2003 , p. 7 ) . MS . 17 ( now held at St. John 's College , Oxford ) , dating at least from 1043 , records five week - day lists , which it names as follows : secundum Hebreos ( according to the Hebrews ) ; secundum antiquos gentiles ( according to the ancient gentiles , i.e. , Romans ) ; secundum Siluestrum papam ( according to Pope Sylvester I , i.e. , a list derived from the apocryphal Acta Syluestri ) ; secundum Anglos ( according to the English ) ; secundum Scottos ( according to the Irish ) . Jump up ^ `` we have a clear reflex of the Indo - European nominative singular , with a lengthened grade , giving archaic Old Irish diu ; it is suggested that what we have in the Oxford list and in Cormac 's Glossary is the oldest form of Old Irish dia , representing the old nominative case of the noun in adverbial usage . '' Dáibhí Ó Cróinín , 2003 , p. 12 Jump up ^ The word scrol is glossed in Sanas Cormaic as Scroll . i . soillsi , unde est aput Scottos diu srol. i . dies solis `` Srcoll , that is brightness , whence ' diu srol ' among the Irish , that is Sunday '' . Jump up ^ Ó Cróinín has Diu luna as `` represent ( ing ) the transitional form between Latin dies lunae and the later , Classical Old Irish dia luain ... a translation of , not a calque on , the Latin ... ( It ) would seem to reflect a pre-assimilation state in respect of both words , '' Dáibhí Ó Cróinín , 2003 , p. 13 Jump up ^ `` The Irish word perhaps derives from Latin forms where cases other than the genitive were used , e.g. , Marte . '' Dáibhí Ó Cróinín , 2003 , p. 15 Jump up ^ A form unique to Irish , meaning uncertain . A `` very old '' word for Wednesday , Mercúir ( borrowed from the Latin ( dies ) Mercurii ) , does occur in early Leinster poems but Ó Cróinín is of the belief that Diu eathamon `` reflects a still older Irish word for ' Wednesday . ' '' Jump up ^ A form unique to Irish . Ó Cróinín writes , `` I suggest that it means simply ' on Thursday ' ... it is temporal dat. of an n - stem ( nom . sg . etham , gen . sg . ethamon -- as in our Oxford list -- and acc. / dat . sg . ethamain ) . '' ( 2003 , p. 17 ) He furthermore suggests that etham ( ' arable land ' ) `` may be a noun of agency from ith ( gen . sg . etho ) , with a meaning like corn - maker or some such thing ; Diu eathamon might then be a day for sowing seed in a weekly regimen of activities such as we find in Críth Gablach . '' Dáibhí Ó Cróinín , 2003 , p. 17 . The form Ethomuin is found in Rawlinson B 502 . Jump up ^ A form unique to Irish , its meaning unclear . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) `` Māori Language Commission names for the days of the week '' on Te Kete Ipurangi website , viewed 2017 - 12 - 07 Jump up ^ `` Official Web Gateway to the Government of Timor - Leste - Tetum Phrases '' . gov.east-timor.org . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ see J. Grimm , Teutonic Mythology , p. 122 - 123 Jump up ^ Monier - Williams , Sanskrit - English Dictionary ( 1899 ) , s.v. vāra . Jump up ^ Monier - Williams , Sanskrit - English Dictionary ( 1899 ) , s.v. vāra . Jump up ^ The Chinese encyclopaedia Cihai ( 辞海 ) under the entry for `` seven luminaries calendar '' ( 七曜 历 / 七曜 曆 , qī yào lì ) has : `` method of recording days according to the seven luminaries ( 七曜 qī yào ) . China normally observes the following order : Sun , Mon , Mars , Mercury , Jupiter , Venus , and Saturn . Seven days make one week , which is repeated in a cycle . Originated in ancient Babylon ( or ancient Egypt according to one theory ) . Used by the Romans at the time of the 1st century AD , later transmitted to other countries . This method existed in China in the 4th century . It was also transmitted to China by Manichaeans in the 8th century from the country of Kang ( 康 ) in Central Asia '' ( translation after Bathrobe 's Days of the Week in Chinese , Japanese & Vietnamese , plus Mongolian and Buryat ( cjvlang.com ) Jump up ^ Richard A. Fletcher ( 1999 ) . The Barbarian Conversion : From Paganism to Christianity . University of California Press . p. 257 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 21859 - 8 . McKenna , Stephen ( 1938 ) . `` Pagan Survivals in Galicia in the Sixth Century '' . Paganism and Pagan Survivals in Spain Up to the Fall of the Visigothic Kingdom . Catholic University of America . pp. 93 -- 94 . Retrieved 20 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Falk , Michael ( 19 March 1999 ) . `` Astronomical names for the days of the week '' . Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada . 93 ( 1999 -- 06 ) : 122 -- 133 . Bibcode : 1999JRASC ... 93 ... 122F . doi : 10.1016 / j. newast. 2003.07. 002 . Jump up ^ Gray , 2012 . The Languages of Pentecost Island . Jump up ^ Ren is `` day '' . Numbered weekdays are used for Tuesday - Friday and sometimes Monday ; the names for Saturday and Sunday come from English . Jump up ^ `` Days of the Week in Chinese : Three Different Words for ' Week ' '' . Cjvlang . Retrieved 27 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swahili days , months , dates '' . online.fr . Archived from the original on 9 August 2007 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived 20 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Astronomy and Basque Language , Henrike Knörr , Oxford VI and SEAC 99 `` Astronomy and Cultural Diversity '' , La Laguna , June 1999 . It references Alessandro Bausani , 1982 , The prehistoric Basque week of three days : archaeoastronomical notes , The Bulletin of the Center for Archaeoastronomy ( Maryland ) , v. 2 , 16 - 22 . Jump up ^ See the image in Anthony , Charlotte . `` Rushing to preserve Ladino legacies '' . Crescent City Jewish News . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . The Ladino names are in the right - hand column , written in Hebrew characters . Further reading ( edit ) Brown , Cecil H. ( 1989 ) . `` Naming the days of the week : A cross-language study of lexical acculturation '' . Current Anthropology. 30 ( 4 ) : 536 -- 550 . doi : 10.1086 / 203782 . JSTOR 2743391 . Falk , Michael ( 1999 ) . `` Astronomical Names for the Days of the Week '' . Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada . 93 : 122 -- 133 . Bibcode : 1999JRASC ... 93 ... 122F . doi : 10.1016 / j. newast. 2003.07. 002 . Neugebauer , Otto ( 1979 ) . Ethiopic astronomy and computus , Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften , philosophisch - historische klasse , sitzungsberichte , 347 ( Vienna ) Days of the week Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday Time measurement and standards Chronometry Orders of magnitude Metrology International standards Coordinated Universal Time offset UT ΔT DUT1 International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service ISO 31 - 1 ISO 8601 International Atomic Time 6 - hour clock 12 - hour clock 24 - hour clock Barycentric Coordinate Time Barycentric Dynamical Time Civil time Daylight saving time Geocentric Coordinate Time International Date Line Leap second Solar time Terrestrial Time Time zone 180th meridian Obsolete standards Ephemeris time Greenwich Mean Time Prime meridian Time in physics Absolute time and space Spacetime Chronon Continuous signal Coordinate time Cosmological decade Discrete time and continuous time Planck time Proper time Theory of relativity Time dilation Gravitational time dilation Time domain Time translation symmetry T - symmetry Horology Clock Astrarium Atomic clock Complication History of timekeeping devices Hourglass Marine chronometer Marine sandglass Radio clock Watch Water clock Sundial Dialing scales Equation of time History of sundials Sundial markup schema Calendar Astronomical Dominical letter Epact Equinox Gregorian Hebrew Hindu Intercalation Islamic Julian Leap year Lunar Lunisolar Solar Solstice Tropical year Weekday determination Weekday names Archaeology and geology Chronological dating Geologic time scale International Commission on Stratigraphy Astronomical chronology Galactic year Nuclear timescale Precession Sidereal time Other units of time Shake Jiffy Second Minute Moment Hour Day Week Fortnight Month Year Olympiad Lustrum Decade Century Saeculum Millennium Related topics Chronology Duration music Mental chronometry Metric time System time Time value of money Timekeeper Time in religion and mythology Time and fate deities Eternity Eschatology Golden Age Divination Prophecy Calendar Fate Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Names_of_the_days_of_the_week&oldid=821596728 '' Categories : Units of time Days of the week History of astrology Names Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from December 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from May 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Articles containing Pashto - language text Articles containing Sinhalese - language text Articles containing Sindhi - language text Articles containing Burmese - language text Articles needing the year an event occurred from April 2015 Articles containing Korean - language text Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing Navajo - language text Articles containing Chinese - language text Articles with unsourced statements from February 2009 Use dmy dates from December 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Polski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 21 January 2018 , at 13 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did the names of the week come from | [
"The names of the days of the week in many languages are derived from the names of the classical planets in Hellenistic astrology, which were in turn named after contemporary deities, a system introduced in by the Roman Empire during Late Antiquity. In some other languages, the days are named after corresponding deities of the regional culture, either beginning with Sunday or with Monday. In the international standard ISO 8601, Monday is treated as the first day of the week."
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"names of the classical planets in Hellenistic astrology, which were in turn named after contemporary deities, a system introduced in by the Roman Empire during Late Antiquity"
] |
-4508333366238327478 | Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party | Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party - wikipedia Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party Jump to : navigation , search Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party Chairperson Lawrence Guyot Vice Chairperson Fannie Lou Hamer Founded 1964 ( 1964 ) Dissolved 1968 ( 1968 ) Headquarters Jackson , Mississippi Ideology Progressivism Desegregation Political position Center - left National affiliation Democratic Party Colors Blue Politics of Mississippi Elections The Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party ( MFDP ) was an American political party created in 1964 as a branch of the populist Freedom Democratic organization in the state of Mississippi during the Civil Rights Movement . It was organized by African Americans and whites from Mississippi to challenge the legitimacy of the regular Mississippi Democratic Party , which allowed participation only by whites , when African Americans made up 40 % of the state population . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Building the party 3 State Convention in Jackson , Mississippi 4 1964 Democratic National Convention 5 Aftermath 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Origins ( edit ) For generations , African Americans had endured widespread denial of their voting rights in Mississippi , which used poll taxes , literacy tests and comprehension tests administered by white agents , and other means to prevent blacks from registering and voting . They had been nearly excluded from the political system since 1890 by passage that year by white Democrats of a new state constitution incorporating these devices and by the practices of the ruling white Democrats in the decades since . Participation in the state Democratic Party was limited to whites only . Starting in 1961 , SNCC and COFO had waged campaigns to register black voters ; they often encountered violent opposition , with activists being beaten , and were not able to register many African Americans . The founding Party members were : Fannie Lou Hamer , Ella Baker , and Robert Parris Moses , residents of Mississippi . In June 1963 , African Americans attempted to cast votes in the Mississippi primary election but were prevented from doing so . This contest to elect Democratic candidates was essentially the only competitive race , as the state was a one - party jurisdiction . Unable to vote in the official election , they organized an alternative `` Freedom Ballot '' for an election to take place at the same time as the scheduled November voting . With this election seen as a protest action to dramatize the denial of their constitutional voting rights , close to 80,000 people cast freedom ballots for an integrated slate of candidates . Building the Party ( edit ) With participation in the regular Mississippi Democratic Party blocked by segregationists , COFO built on the success of the Freedom Ballot by formally establishing the MFDP in April 1964 as a non-discriminatory , non-exclusionary rival to the regular party organization . The MFDP hoped to replace the regulars as the officially - recognized Democratic Party organization in Mississippi by winning the Mississippi seats at the 1964 Democratic National Convention for a slate of delegates elected by disenfranchised black and white Mississippians and white sympathizers . Building the MFDP was a major thrust of the Freedom Summer project . After it proved to be impossible to register black voters against the opposition of state officials , Freedom Summer volunteers switched to building the MFDP using a simple , alternate process of signing up party supporters that did not require blacks to openly defy the power structure by trying to register at the courthouse or for blacks and poor whites to take a complex and unfair literacy test . By the end of August 1964 the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party had gained so much attention nationally that its delegates had 80,000 members belonging to their racially integrated party . In time some activists from the Northeast , including some of the Freedom Riders , would come to dominate the administration of the new party . State convention in jackson , Mississippi ( edit ) On August 4 , before the state convention , the bodies of James Earl Chaney , Michael Schwerner and Andrew Goodman were discovered buried in an earthen dam . They had been workers with CORE , registering people to vote for the MFDP , and had been murdered for their activism . Missing for weeks since disappearing after investigating a church burning in June 1964 , they were subjects of a massive manhunt that involved the FBI and United States sailors from a nearby base . The murders of Chaney , Goodman , and Schwerner drew national attention and generated outrage , emboldening the MFDP to be the party to represent the state of Mississippi . August 6 , 1964 , the MFDP held a statewide convention before attending the DNC ; 2,500 people showed up at the Masonic Temple . They decided to take the party to the national credentials committee and attempt to be seated as the delegation from Mississippi . Joseph Rauh , the MFDP legal council and a foremost civil liberties attorney , spoke at the convention . He said that the MFDP was the only party in the state loyal to the national Democratic Party and `` The chances of success were excellent '' . Ella Baker was the keynote speaker at the state convention . She did not deliver the kind of address that the people were expecting on voting and rights but made a statement about society : `` I 'm not trying to make you feel good . We have to know what we are dealing with and we ca n't deal with things just because we feel we ought to have our rights . We have to deal with them on the basis of knowledge that we gain ... through sending our children through certain kinds of courses , through sitting down and reading at night instead of spending our time at the television and radio just listening to what 's on . But we must spend our time reading some of things that help us to understand this South we live in . '' The state convention gave the MFDP confidence in their ability to effect change on the national level . They elected Fannie Lou Hamer , E.W. Steptoe , Winson Hudson , Hazel Palmer , Victoria Gray , Rev. Ed King , Aaron Henry and Annie Devine as electors from the state to the national convention . The day after the state convention , James Chaney was buried in his hometown of Meridian , Mississippi . Dave Dennis gave an impassioned speech about the loss of this young man . `` Those are the people who do n't care ... That includes the President on down to the governor of the state of Mississippi ... I blame the people in Washington D.C. , and on down in the state of Mississippi for what happened just as much as I blame those who pulled the trigger ... He 's got his freedom , and we 're still fighting for ours . '' In the face of unrelenting violence and economic retaliation by the White Citizens Council , the Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission , and other opponents , the MFDP held local caucuses , county assemblies , and a statewide convention ( as prescribed by Democratic Party rules ) to elect 68 delegates ( including four whites ) to the 1964 Democratic National Convention scheduled for Atlantic City , New Jersey in August . 1964 Democratic national convention ( edit ) Aaron Henry reading from a document while seated before the Credentials Committee The MFDP sent its elected delegates by bus to the convention . They challenged the right of the Mississippi Democratic Party 's delegation to participate in the convention , claiming that the regulars had been illegally elected in a completely segregated process that violated both party regulations and federal law , and that the regulars had no intention of supporting Lyndon B. Johnson , the party 's presidential candidate , in the November election . They asked that the MFDP delegates be seated rather than the segregationist regulars . Some of the original members of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party delegation in 1964 were : Lawrence Guyot , Peggy J. Conner , Victoria Gray , Edwin King , Aaron Henry , Fannie Lou Hamer , Annie Devine , and Robert Parris Moses . Dr. Martin Luther King told President Johnson that he would `` Do everything in my power to urge ( The MFDP ) being seated as the only democratically constituted delegation from Mississippi . '' King also voiced his support to Congress , `` I pledge myself and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference to the fullest support of the challenges of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic party and call upon all Americans to join with me in this commitment . '' The Democratic Party referred the challenge to the Convention Credentials Committee . The MFDP delegates lobbied and argued their case , and large groups of supporters and volunteers established an around - the - clock picket line on the boardwalk just outside the convention . Their actions attracted considerable publicity . The Credentials Committee televised its proceedings , which allowed the nation to see and hear the testimony of the MFDP delegates , particularly the testimony of Fannie Lou Hamer . She gave a moving and evocative portrayal of her hard brutalized life as a sharecropper on a cotton plantation in the Mississippi Delta and the retaliation inflicted on her for trying to register to vote . After that , most knowledgeable observers thought the majority of the delegates were ready to unseat the regulars and seat the MFDP delegates in their place . But some of the all - white delegations from other southern states threatened to leave the convention and bolt the party ( as they had done in previous years ) if the regular Mississippi delegation was unseated . President Johnson had wanted a convention stressing unity and feared losing Southern support in the coming campaign against Republican Party candidate Barry Goldwater . To ensure his victory in November , Johnson maneuvered to prevent the MFDP from replacing the regulars . After a frantic scramble , he ordered the chairman of the Credentials Committee to avoid deciding the matter or sending the issue to the convention . With the help of Senator Hubert Humphrey ( a potential candidate for vice president ) and Party leader Walter Mondale , Johnson engineered a `` compromise '' in which the national Democratic Party offered the MFDP two at - large seats , rather than replacing the regular Democratic delegates from their state . This allowed them to watch the floor proceedings but not take part . The MFDP refused this `` compromise , '' which permitted the white - only regulars , who had not been democratically elected , to keep their seats and denied votes to the MFDP . MFDP leader and Mississippi NAACP President Aaron Henry stated : `` Now , Lyndon made the typical white man 's mistake : Not only did he say , ' You 've got two votes , ' which was too little , but he told us to whom the two votes would go . He 'd give me one and Ed King one ; that would satisfy . But , you see , he did n't realize that sixty - four of us came up from Mississippi on a Greyhound bus , eating cheese and crackers and bologna all the way there ; we did n't have no money . Suffering the same way . We got to Atlantic City ; we put up in a little hotel , three or four of us in a bed , four or five of us on the floor . You know , we suffered a common kind of experience , the whole thing . But now , what kind of fool am I , or what kind of fool would Ed have been , to accept gratuities for ourselves ? You say , Ed and Aaron can get in but the other sixty - two ca n't . This is typical white man picking black folks ' leaders , and that day is just gone . '' The MFDP left the Convention rather than be compromised by accepting the two seats . President Johnson had tried to prevent Fannie Lou Hamer from making her speech . After the United States heard her speech , different parts of the population were outraged and began calling into the White House seeking justice for African Americans in the South . The next year President Johnson persuaded Congress to pass the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , which authorized the federal government to oversee elections at the state and local level , and enforce practices that would support legitimate voter registration and voting in areas with an historic under - representation of certain parts of the population . Fannie Lou Hamer said , `` We did n't come all this way for no two seats , ' cause all of us is tired . '' Although denied official recognition , the MFDP kept up their agitation within the Convention . When all but three of the regular Mississippi delegates left because they refused to support Johnson against Goldwater , the Republican Party candidate , the MFDP delegates borrowed passes from sympathetic northern delegates and took the vacated seats . The national Party would not allow them to stay . The next day the MFDP delegates returned to discover that convention organizers had removed the empty seats ; they stayed to sing freedom songs . Johnson lost Mississippi in the 1964 presidential election , as whites had still suppressed the black vote . White Democratics were becoming more conservative and voted for Goldwater . With the exception of the 1976 presidential election , when favorite son Jimmy Carter of Georgia was the Democratic candidate , Mississippi has never voted for the Democratic presidential candidate since . Aftermath ( edit ) The 1964 Democratic Party convention disillusioned many within the MFDP . For a while , it became more radical after Atlantic City . It invited Malcolm X to speak and opposed the war in Vietnam . For the better part of a year after hosting the statewide mock election in November 1964 , most of the organization 's efforts went into challenging the seating of the elected congresspersons of Mississippi to the U.S. House of Representatives . They argued to Congress that , because of the state 's disfranchisement , half of the electorate was prevented from participating in the election of those representatives . The FDP had 149 votes in Congress supporting its position ; however , the House leadership ( dominated by senior Southern Democrats ) and Johnson 's White House were appalled at this idea and rejected overturning the Democratic representatives from Mississippi . Many Civil Rights Movement activists felt betrayed by Johnson , Humphrey , and the liberal establishment . The movement had been promised that if it concentrated on voter registration rather than protests , it would be supported by the Federal government and the liberal wing of the Democratic Party . Instead , at the decisive moment , they believed that black civil rights and justice had been sacrificed for the political interests of white politicians . As SNCC Chairman John Lewis later wrote : As far as I 'm concerned , this was the turning point of the civil rights movement . I 'm absolutely convinced of that . Until then , despite every setback and disappointment and obstacle we had faced over the years , the belief still prevailed that the system would work , the system would listen , the system would respond . Now , for the first time , we had made our way to the very center of the system . We had played by the rules , done everything we were supposed to do , had played the game exactly as required , had arrived at the doorstep and found the door slammed in our face . Though the MFDP failed to unseat the regulars at the convention , they did succeed in publicizing the violence and injustice by which the white power structure governed Mississippi and disenfranchised black citizens . The dramatic elements of the MFDP and its convention challenge eventually helped gain Congressional passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 . The MFDP actions resulted in the national party adopting new policy . Its Credentials Committee banned seating delegations that had been chosen through racial discrimination . The MFDP continued as an alternate for several years as African Americans began to register and vote in the regular political system . Many of the people associated with it continued to press to implement civil rights in Mississippi . After passage of the Voting Rights Act , the number of registered black voters in Mississippi grew dramatically . The regular party stopped discriminating against blacks and agreed to conform to the Democratic Party rules guaranteeing fair participation . Eventually , the MFDP merged into the regular party and many MFDP activists became party leaders . The FDP has only one active chapter , in Holmes County . After the MFDP was disbanded , many formed a new party , the Loyal Democrats of Mississippi . In 1968 , they were successful at the DNC in being seated as the only delegation from Mississippi . Several of these delegates were members of the MFDP . See also ( edit ) Muhammad Kenyatta References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.crmvet.org/info/mfdp_atlantic.pdf Jump up ^ Freedom Ballot in MS ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Williams , Juan ( 1987 ) . Eyes on the Prize : America 's Civil Rights Years , 1954 - 1965 . Viking . Jump up ^ Dittmer , John ( 1994 ) . Local People : The struggle for Civil Rights in Mississippi . University of Illinois . Jump up ^ Dittmer , John ( 1994 ) . Local People : The Struggle for Civil Rights in Mississippi . University of Illinois . Jump up ^ The Mississippi Movement & the MFDP ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Dittmer , John ( 1994 ) . Local People : The Struggle for Civil Rights in Mississippi . University of Illinois . Jump up ^ Mississippi Democratic Freedom Party , The Martin Luther King , Jr. , Research and Education institute Jump up ^ Branch , Taylor ( 1998 ) . Pillar of Fire . Simon & Schuster . Jump up ^ Williams , Junius ( Aug 11 , 2004 ) . `` Fannie Lou Hamer and the Democratic Convention '' . The New York Amsterdam News . New York , NY . Jump up ^ Mills , Kay , This Little Light of Mine : The Life of Fannie Lou Hamer , ( New York : Plume , 1994 ) , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Payne , Charles ( 2007 ) . I 've Got the Light of Freedom : The Organizing Tradition and the Mississippi Freedom Struggle . University of California . Jump up ^ Lewis , John ( 1998 ) . Walking With the Wind . Simon & Schuster . Jump up ^ Payne , Charles ( 2007 ) . I 've Got the Light of Freedom : The organizing Tradition and the Mississippi Freedom Struggle . University of California . Jump up ^ Mississippi Democratic Freedom Party ~ The Martin Luther King , Jr. , Research and Education institute Further reading ( edit ) Hamer , Fannie Lou , The Speeches of Fannie Lou Hamer : To Tell it Like it is ' , Univ . Press of Mississippi , 2011 . ISBN 9781604738230 . External links ( edit ) Civil Rights Movement Veterans `` Democratic Debacle '' - American Heritage article `` Civil Rights Betrayed '' - International Socialist Review article on the 40th anniversary of the MFDP MFDP / COFO Documents Online collection of original MFDP / COFO documents ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans . African - American Civil Rights Movement ( 1954 -- 1968 ) Notable events ( timeline ) 1954 -- 1959 Brown v. Board of Education Bolling v. Sharpe Briggs v. Elliott Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County Gebhart v. Belton Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company Emmett Till Montgomery bus boycott Browder v. Gayle Tallahassee bus boycott Mansfield school desegregation 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom `` Give Us the Ballot '' Royal Ice Cream Sit - in Little Rock Nine National Guard blockade Civil Rights Act of 1957 Kissing Case Biloxi Wade - Ins 1960 -- 1963 Greensboro sit - ins Nashville sit - ins Sit - in movement Civil Rights Act of 1960 Gomillion v. Lightfoot Boynton v. Virginia Rock Hill sit - ins Robert F. Kennedy 's Law Day Address Freedom Rides attacks Garner v. Louisiana Albany Movement University of Chicago sit - ins `` Second Emancipation Proclamation '' Meredith enrollment , Ole Miss riot `` Segregation now , segregation forever '' Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 1963 Birmingham campaign Letter from Birmingham Jail Children 's Crusade Birmingham riot 16th Street Baptist Church bombing John F. Kennedy 's Report to the American People on Civil Rights March on Washington `` I Have a Dream '' St. Augustine movement 1964 -- 1968 Twenty - fourth Amendment Bloody Tuesday Freedom Summer workers ' murders Civil Rights Act of 1964 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches `` How Long , Not Long '' Voting Rights Act of 1965 Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections March Against Fear White House Conference on Civil Rights Chicago Freedom Movement / Chicago open housing movement Memphis Sanitation Strike King assassination funeral riots Poor People 's Campaign Civil Rights Act of 1968 Green v. County School Board of New Kent County Activist groups Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights Atlanta Student Movement Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Committee on Appeal for Human Rights Council for United Civil Rights Leadership Dallas County Voters League Deacons for Defense and Justice Georgia Council on Human Relations Highlander Folk School Leadership Conference on Civil Rights Montgomery Improvement Association Nashville Student Movement NAACP Youth Council Northern Student Movement National Council of Negro Women National Urban League Operation Breadbasket Regional Council of Negro Leadership Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Southern Regional Council Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) The Freedom Singers Wednesdays in Mississippi Women 's Political Council Activists Ralph Abernathy Victoria Gray Adams Zev Aelony Mathew Ahmann William G. Anderson Gwendolyn Armstrong Arnold Aronson Ella Baker Marion Barry Daisy Bates Harry Belafonte James Bevel Claude Black Gloria Blackwell Randolph Blackwell Unita Blackwell Ezell Blair Jr . Joanne Bland Julian Bond Joseph E. Boone William Holmes Borders Amelia Boynton Raylawni Branch Ruby Bridges Aurelia Browder H. Rap Brown Guy Carawan Stokely Carmichael Johnnie Carr James Chaney J.L. Chestnut Colia Lafayette Clark Ramsey Clark Septima Clark Xernona Clayton Eldridge Cleaver Kathleen Neal Cleaver Charles E. Cobb Jr . Annie Lee Cooper Dorothy Cotton Claudette Colvin Vernon Dahmer Jonathan Daniels Joseph DeLaine Dave Dennis Annie Devine Patricia Stephens Due Charles Evers Medgar Evers Myrlie Evers - Williams Chuck Fager James Farmer Walter E. Fauntroy James Forman Marie Foster Golden Frinks Andrew Goodman Fred Gray Jack Greenberg Dick Gregory Lawrence Guyot Prathia Hall Fannie Lou Hamer William E. Harbour Vincent Harding Dorothy Height Lola Hendricks Aaron Henry Oliver Hill Donald L. Hollowell James Hood Myles Horton Zilphia Horton T.R.M. Howard Ruby Hurley Jesse Jackson Jimmie Lee Jackson Richie Jean Jackson T.J. Jemison Esau Jenkins Barbara Rose Johns Vernon Johns Frank Minis Johnson Clarence Jones Matthew Jones Vernon Jordan Tom Kahn Clyde Kennard A.D. King C.B. King Coretta Scott King Martin Luther King Jr . Martin Luther King Sr . Bernard Lafayette James Lawson Bernard Lee Sanford R. Leigh Jim Letherer Stanley Levison John Lewis Viola Liuzzo Z. Alexander Looby Joseph Lowery Clara Luper Malcolm X Mae Mallory Vivian Malone Thurgood Marshall Benjamin Mays Franklin McCain Charles McDew Ralph McGill Floyd McKissick Joseph McNeil James Meredith William Ming Jack Minnis Amzie Moore Douglas E. Moore William Lewis Moore Irene Morgan Bob Moses William Moyer Elijah Muhammad Diane Nash Charles Neblett Edgar Nixon Jack O'Dell James Orange Rosa Parks James Peck Charles Person Homer Plessy Adam Clayton Powell Jr . Fay Bellamy Powell Al Raby Lincoln Ragsdale A. Philip Randolph George Raymond Jr . Bernice Johnson Reagon Cordell Reagon James Reeb Frederick D. Reese Gloria Richardson David Richmond Bernice Robinson Jo Ann Robinson Bayard Rustin Bernie Sanders Michael Schwerner Cleveland Sellers Charles Sherrod Alexander D. Shimkin Fred Shuttlesworth Modjeska Monteith Simkins Glenn E. Smiley A. Maceo Smith Kelly Miller Smith Mary Louise Smith Maxine Smith Ruby Doris Smith - Robinson Charles Kenzie Steele Hank Thomas Dorothy Tillman A.P. Tureaud Hartman Turnbow Albert Turner C.T. Vivian Wyatt Tee Walker Hollis Watkins Walter Francis White Roy Wilkins Hosea Williams Kale Williams Robert F. Williams Andrew Young Whitney Young Sammy Younge Jr . James Zwerg Influences Nonviolence Padayatra Sermon on the Mount Mohandas K. Gandhi Ahimsa Satyagraha The Kingdom of God is Within You Frederick Douglass W.E.B. Du Bois Related Jim Crow laws Plessy v. Ferguson Separate but equal Buchanan v. Warley Hocutt v. Wilson Sweatt v. Painter Heart of Atlanta Motel , Inc. v. United States Katzenbach v. McClung Loving v. Virginia Fifth Circuit Four Brown Chapel Holt Street Baptist Church Edmund Pettus Bridge March on Washington Movement African - American churches attacked Journey of Reconciliation Freedom Songs `` Kumbaya '' `` Keep Your Eyes on the Prize '' `` Oh , Freedom '' `` This Little Light of Mine '' `` We Shall Not Be Moved '' `` We Shall Overcome '' Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam `` Beyond Vietnam : A Time to Break Silence '' Watts riots Voter Education Project 1960s counterculture In popular culture King Memorial Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument Freedom Riders National Monument Civil Rights Memorial Noted historians Taylor Branch Clayborne Carson John Dittmer Michael Eric Dyson Chuck Fager Adam Fairclough David Garrow David Halberstam Vincent Harding Steven F. Lawson Doug McAdam Diane McWhorter Charles M. Payne Timothy Tyson Akinyele Umoja Movement photographers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mississippi_Freedom_Democratic_Party&oldid=787292399 '' Categories : Political parties established in 1964 Defunct political parties in the United States Defunct progressive parties in the United States History of voting rights in the United States History of African - American civil rights African - American history of Mississippi Defunct democratic socialist parties in the United States Defunct social democratic parties in the United States Factions of the Democratic Party ( United States ) African - American Civil Rights Movement ( 1954 -- 68 ) Political parties in Mississippi Black political parties in the United States Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2015 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from September 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from September 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 June 2017 , at 15 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | why did the mississippi freedom democratic party emerge at the democratic party convention in 1964 | [
"The Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) was an American political party created in 1964 as a branch of the populist Freedom Democratic organization in the state of Mississippi during the Civil Rights Movement. It was organized by African Americans and whites from Mississippi to challenge the legitimacy of the regular Mississippi Democratic Party, which allowed participation only by whites, when African Americans made up 40% of the state population."
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"to challenge the legitimacy of the regular Mississippi Democratic Party, which allowed participation only by whites, when African Americans made up 40% of the state population"
] |
-4677176174425700648 | Fool (If You Think It's Over) | Fool ( If You Think It 's Over ) - wikipedia Fool ( If You Think It 's Over ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Fool ( If You Think It 's Over ) '' Single by Chris Rea from the album Whatever Happened to Benny Santini ? B - side `` Midnight Love '' Released July 1978 Format 7 '' vinyl Recorded 1977 at The Mill Genre Soft rock Length 3 : 39 ( single version ) 4 : 47 ( album version ) Label Magnet ( UK ) United Artists ( US ) Songwriter ( s ) Chris Rea Producer ( s ) Gus Dudgeon Chris Rea singles chronology `` String Module Error : Match not found '' ( 1974 ) `` Fool ( If You Think It 's Over ) '' ( 1978 ) `` Whatever Happened to Benny Santini ? '' ( 1978 ) `` So Much Love ( 1974 ) '' `` Fool ( If You Think It 's Over ) '' ( 1978 ) `` Whatever Happened to Benny Santini ? '' ( 1978 ) Music video `` Fool ( TopPop 1978 ) '' on YouTube `` Fool ( If You Think It 's Over ) '' Single by Chris Rea from the album New Light Through Old Windows B - side `` Loving You Again ( live ) '' Released October 1988 Format 7 '' vinyl Genre Pop rock , soft rock Length 4 : 03 Label Magnet Songwriter ( s ) Chris Rea Producer ( s ) Chris Rea , Jon Kelly Chris Rea Dutch singles chronology `` On The Beach ( Summer ' 88 ) '' ( 1988 ) `` Fool ( If You Think It 's Over ) '' ( 1988 ) `` Driving Home for Christmas - The Christmas EP '' ( 1988 ) `` On The Beach ( Summer ' 88 ) '' ( 1988 ) `` Fool ( If You Think It 's Over ) '' ( 1988 ) `` Driving Home for Christmas - The Christmas EP '' ( 1988 ) `` Fool If You Think It 's Over '' Single by Elkie Brooks from the album Pearls B - side `` Givin ' It Up For Your Love '' Released December 1981 Format 7 '' vinyl Recorded 1980 at The Mill Genre Pop rock , soft rock Length 3 : 55 ( single version ) 4 : 58 ( album version ) Label A&M Songwriter ( s ) Chris Rea Producer ( s ) Gus Dudgeon Elkie Brooks singles chronology `` Warm & Tender Lover '' ( 1981 ) `` Fool If You Think It 's Over '' ( 1981 ) `` Our Love '' ( 1982 ) `` Warm & Tender Lover '' ( 1981 ) `` Fool If You Think It 's Over '' ( 1981 ) `` Our Love '' ( 1982 ) `` Fool ( If You Think It 's Over ) '' is the title of a popular song originally publicly released in 1978 by the British singer - songwriter Chris Rea . Rea also wrote the words and composed the music of the song , which appears on his 1978 debut album , Whatever Happened to Benny Santini ? . The single 's charting success in the USA earned him a Grammy nomination as Best New Artist in 1979 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Chart performance ( Chris Rea ) 3 Covers 3.1 Elkie Brooks version 3.2 Other versions 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Background ( edit ) `` Fool ( If You Think It 's Over ) '' was the lead single from Rea 's debut album Whatever Happened to Benny Santini ? which was recorded at producer Gus Dudgeon 's Thames Valley recording studio The Mill . The song 's inspiration was the experience Rea 's younger sister Paula had had some years previously of being devastated at losing her first boyfriend , `` Fool ... '' 's lyrics being the advice ( real or imagined ) with which Rea had responded to his sister 's experience . Rea would recall that he had written `` Fool ... '' as a song which Al Green might record : ( quote :) `` I 'd always seen it as a Memphis ( soul ) song ( but ) I never had the chance to voice my opinion about what I thought about the production '' of his own recording of the song of which Rea has elsewhere stated : `` ( It was in the ) wrong key . It ended up being this huge California thing ( see California Sound ) . It 's the only track I never played guitar on which tells you something about the spirit of it . On top of that , it was just a huge hit . So there was nothing I could do . It was like : ' This is not me ! ' '' Rea did play keyboards on `` Fool ... '' with the track 's background vocals provided by Read and the Mill 's assistant engineer Stuart Epps . Unsuccessful in its initial UK single release in March 1978 , `` Fool ... '' was afforded a June 1978 release in the US where it entered the Top 40 of the Hot 100 singles chart in Billboard magazine in July 1978 to reach a # 12 peak on the Hot 100 dated 16 September 1978 , then being in the second week of a three - week tenure at # 1 on the Billboard Easy Listening chart . On the strength its US success Rea was invited to perform `` Fool ... '' on the 28 September 1978 TOTP broadcast which evidently facilitated a belated UK chart run for the single with a 28 October 1978 peak of # 30 . The considerable success of `` Fool ... '' particularly in the US was evidently lost on Rea who recalls being dejected during the 1978 Yuletide overnight drive home from London which inspired `` Driving Home for Christmas '' , at the time considering abandoning what he saw as his failing singing career to fall back on his family 's established business of running a restaurant . However , when Rea and his wife Joan reached their Middlesbrough home in the early morning `` we opened the door of the house we were just about to lose the mortgage on , and the snow fell into the hall and it did n't melt - it was that cold - and there was one letter on the floor '' - the letter in fact accompanied by a substantial royalty cheque generated by `` Fool ... '' . Rea would remake `` Fool ( If You Think It 's Over ) '' for his 1988 self - produced album New Light Through Old Windows , and this version of `` Fool ... '' would have a Dutch single release charting at # 90 . In 2007 Rea would again remake `` Fool ... '' in a session at The Mill - now known as Sol Studios - where the original had been recorded : Rea produced and played all instruments on the track which was included on his 2008 European CD release Fool If You Think It 's Over ( The Definitive Greatest Hits ) . The music journalist Wayne Jacik mentioned the single in his work Billboard Book of One - Hit Wonders . Chart performance ( Chris Rea ) ( edit ) Weekly singles charts ( 1978 if not otherwise indicated ) Year - end charts ( 1978 ) Regional chart Peak # Regional chart Peak # Regional chart Yr. - end # Australia 39 New Zealand 31 Australia 133 Canada RPM Top Singles 15 UK 30 Canada 101 RPM Adult OrientedPlaylist U.S. Billboard Hot 100 12 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 84 France 52 Nether - lands Dutch Top 40 25 Cash Box Top 100 10 Cash Box Top 100 86 Single Top 100 ( ' 88 remake ) 1988 90 Billboard Easy Listening Billboard Easy Listening 7 Covers ( edit ) Elkie Brooks version ( edit ) In 1982 Elkie Brooks had a Top 20 UK hit with her remake of `` Fool If You Think It 's Over '' - so titled - which like the Chris Rea original was produced by Gus Dudgeon and recorded at the Mill . Brooks ' version was one of eight tracks recorded with Dudgeon in 1980 for her 1981 twelve - track album release Pearls which also included four of Brooks ' previous hit singles : Brooks ( quote ) - `` Most of ( Pearl 's new ) material had been chosen by ( A&M exec ) Derek Green or Gus Dudgeon . I had insisted that we did ( sic ) ' Fool ... ' . Chris Rea has always been one of my favourite musicians and writers and I thought the song was pure class . '' Brooks ' version of `` Fool ... '' was issued as a single in December 1981 when Pearls issued the previous month was in the Top Ten of the UK album chart - three advance singles had been issued off the album since July 1980 without charting - with `` Fool ... '' rising to a # 17 peak on the UK chart dated 27 February 1982 assisted by two TOTP performances by Brooks one of which was re-run . ( After taping her 11 February 1982 TOTP performance of `` Fool ... '' , Brooks was approached backstage by a fan asking for her autograph who Brooks soon intuited was in fact Chris Rea incognito . ) In Ireland `` Fool ... '' became Brooks ' highest - charting single with a # 6 chart peak . In a 2014 pre-concert interview Brooks , when asked what `` big numbers '' she looked forward to singing , replied : `` I still really like ' Do n't Cry Out Loud ' , ' Sunshine After the Rain ' and of course ' Fool If You Think It 's Over ' : that is a terrific song . '' `` Fool If You Think It 's Over '' by Elkie Brooks was the first track played on Radio Caroline when the station resumed broadcasting at 10 am 20 August 1983 after a down period of 41 months . Other versions ( edit ) Thomas Anders remade `` Fool ( If You Think It 's Over ) '' for his 1989 album release Different , said version being the third produced by Gus Dudgeon . The song has also been recorded by Dave ( as `` Le palmier du pauvre '' , 1978 ) , Kirka ( as `` Luulitko kaiken menneen '' , 1979 ) , Greger ( fi ) ( as `` Luulitko kaiken menneen '' - album Greger , 1980 ) and Paul Nicholas ( album Just Good Friends , 1986 ) . The song served as the theme to the 1990s British sitcom Joking Apart . Kenny Craddock arranged and performed this version . See also ( edit ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1978 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fletcher , Rebecca ( 28 September 2002 ) . `` Interview : Chris Rea - MY ROAD FROM HELL ; How a near - death experience made singer Chris Rea realise what he really wanted out of life '' . Daily Mirror . TheFreeLibrary.com . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bee Gees Head Lists For 6 Grammy Awards '' . Daytona Beach Morning Journal . The News - Journal Corporation . 9 January 1979 . Retrieved 23 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fool If you Think It 's Over ( Chris Rea ) '' . JonKutner.com . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.guitar-bass.net/features/chris-rea/ Jump up ^ `` How I got started ... Chris Rea '' . The Guitar Magazine . 18 March 2016 . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ http://teamrock.com/feature/2015-12-01/chris-rea-straight-shooter Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1996 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits ( 6th ed . ) . Billboard Publications . ^ Jump up to : `` Chris Rea > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 17 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Hyatt , Wesley ( 1999 ) . The Billboard Book of # 1 Adult Contemporary Hits . Billboard Publications . ^ Jump up to : `` Chart Stats - Chris Rea - Fool ( If You Think It 's Over ) '' . Retrieved 17 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Henry Stancu ( 2015 - 12 - 22 ) . `` Christmas Drive : Festive tune for the road home Toronto Star '' . Thestar.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Wayne Jancik ( 1998 ) . The Billboard Book of One - hit Wonders . Billboard Books . p. 380 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8230 - 7622 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Steffen Hung . `` Forum - 1970 ( ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Rea - Fool ( If You Think It 's Over ) '' . Charts.org.nz . Retrieved 17 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` RPM Volume 29 No. 26 , September 23 , 1978 - RPM '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 17 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` RPM Volume 29 No. 25 , September 16 , 1978 - RPM '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 17 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1978 / Top 100 Songs of 1978 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 - Week 40 , 1978 '' . Top40.nl ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved 17 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 9 / 16 / 78 '' . 50.6. 195.142. 1978 - 09 - 16 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 18 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1978 '' . 50.6. 195.142. 1978 - 12 - 30 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Billboard volume 90 # 51 ( 23 December 1978 ) p. 110 ^ Jump up to : Brooks , Elkie ( 2012 ) . Finding My Voice : my autobiography . London : Robson Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 8495 - 4299 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Stats - Elkie Brooks - Fool If You Think It 's Over '' . Retrieved 17 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Jo ( 2014 - 12 - 17 ) . `` ' British Queen of Blues ' Elkie Brooks is coming to the Britannia Theatre , Chatham '' . Kentonline.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Joking Apart : The Composers '' . Retrieved 17 December 2009 . External links ( edit ) Song review by Mike DeGagne at Allmusic List of cover versions of `` Fool ( If You Think It 's Over ) '' ( hide ) Chris Rea Studio releases Whatever Happened to Benny Santini ? Deltics Tennis Chris Rea Water Sign Wired to the Moon Shamrock Diaries On the Beach Dancing with Strangers The Road to Hell Auberge God 's Great Banana Skin Espresso Logic The Blue Cafe The Road to Hell : Part 2 King of the Beach Dancing Down the Stony Road / Stony Road Hofner Blue Notes The Blue Jukebox Blue Guitars The Return of the Fabulous Hofner Bluenotes Santo Spirito Blues Road Songs for Lovers Compilation releases New Light Through Old Windows The Best of Chris Rea The Very Best of Chris Rea Heartbeats The Ultimate Collection Still So Far to Go : The Best of Chris Rea The Journey 1978 - 2009 Singles `` Fool ( If You Think It 's Over ) '' `` Josephine '' `` Let 's Dance '' `` Driving Home for Christmas '' `` The Road to Hell '' `` ' Disco ' La Passione '' Related articles Discography La Passione Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fool_(If_You_Think_It%27s_Over)&oldid=815696023 '' Categories : 1978 songs 1978 singles 1981 singles 1988 singles A&M Records singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Chris Rea songs Debut singles Magnet Records singles Song recordings produced by Gus Dudgeon Songs written by Chris Rea United Artists Records singles Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Music infoboxes with Module : String errors Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Norsk nynorsk Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2017 , at 13 : 52 . About Wikipedia | who sang fool if you think it over | [
"\"Fool (If You Think It's Over)\" is the title of a popular song originally publicly released in 1978 by the British singer-songwriter Chris Rea. Rea also wrote the words and composed the music of the song, which appears on his 1978 debut album, Whatever Happened to Benny Santini?. The single's charting success in the USA earned him a Grammy nomination as Best New Artist in 1979.[2]"
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"Chris Rea"
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8867515826673224304 | The One with Monica and Chandler's Wedding | The one with Monica and Chandler 's wedding - wikipedia The one with Monica and Chandler 's wedding Jump to : navigation , search `` The One with Monica and Chandler 's Wedding '' Friends episode Joey marries Monica and Chandler in Part Two Episode no . Season 7 Episode 23 / 24 Directed by Kevin S. Bright Written by Gregory S. Malins ( part 1 ) Marta Kauffman & David Crane ( part 2 ) Featured music Violin Renditions of : `` My Love '' by Paul McCartney and Wings '' `` A Groovy Kind of Love '' by Phil Collins Production code 226422 ( part 1 ) 226423 ( part 2 ) Original air date May 17 , 2001 Guest appearance ( s ) Gary Oldman as Richard Crosby Kathleen Turner as Helena / Charles Bing Elliott Gould as Jack Geller Morgan Fairchild as Nora Tyler Bing James Michael Tyler as Gunther Mark Roberts as the director Christina Pickles as Judy Geller Episode chronology ← Previous `` The One with Chandler 's Dad '' Next → `` The One After `` I Do '' '' Friends ( season 7 ) List of Friends episodes `` The One with Monica and Chandler 's Wedding '' is a double length episode of the television sitcom Friends . It first aired on May 17 , 2001 as the finale of season seven . It is usually broadcast in a one - hour slot and presented on DVD as one complete episode , but when the episodes are split the two parts are differentiated by the suffixes Part 1 and Part 2 . For his guest appearance , Gary Oldman was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 Part One 1.2 Part Two 2 Production 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) Part one ( edit ) Monica is making a list of things which are most likely to go wrong which seems to be all Rachel 's chores when suddenly Joey appears telling them that he got a part in the movie which he wanted , which is related to World War I . At the studios , Joey has started shooting with Richard Crosby ( Gary Oldman ) who keeps spitting while saying his lines which annoys Joey . When he ca n't stand it anymore , he talks to Richard about it , when Richard tells him that all good actors spit while saying their lines . Therefore , when they shoot the next scene , Joey and Richard both constantly spit at each other while saying their lines . When their scenes are over for the day , Joey is given lines for scenes for the next day . However , Joey ca n't come the next day since he is performing Monica and Chandler 's wedding . Because he 's still in the mood of saying the lines , he accidentally spits on the man who gave him the lines , while telling him that he has important plans due to which he ca n't come . Back at Monica 's apartment , Chandler and Monica are going to their wedding rehearsal . Chandler listens to the answering machine after Monica leaves , when he realizes they 're becoming `` The Bings '' . At the rehearsal things are going smoothly until Chandler 's parents come and things go crazy . When Chandler 's mom , Nora Tyler - Bing ( played by Morgan Fairchild ) , is introduced to Monica 's parents Jack and Judy Geller , Jack embarrasses himself by asking her `` so ... are you Chandler 's mom or dad ? '' Chandler 's mom and Chandler 's dad , Charles Bing ( played by Kathleen Turner ) , keep having arguments . As a consequence , Rachel is told by Monica to keep them away from each other . Since Rachel does n't know what Chandler 's dad looks like , Monica describes him , saying `` a man in the black dress '' . When Rachel looks around , she spots a woman in a black dress having a drink nearby , and assumes that she is Chandler 's dad . When both of them introduce themselves , the woman says her name is Amanda and Rachel replies `` Oh , I get it - a-man - duh ! '' , embarrassing herself . When they return to their apartments , Rachel , Phoebe and Monica are sitting down at the table in Monica 's apartment . Monica gets up , walks to her wedding dress and asks Rachel and Phoebe if anyone wanted to be in charge of looking after the dress . Rachel volunteers , but Monica ignores her since she obviously thinks Rachel is irresponsible from results in the past . Rachel is hurt when she volunteers twice and Monica does n't give her the responsibility . She states that she can be responsible , leading Monica to feel as if she 's misjudging her . She apologizes to Rachel and hands over the responsibility to her . Ross continues with his search for Chandler and goes to Rachel 's room . As he is n't there , Ross heads towards the door . However , a yellow piece of paper next to the phone catches his eye . When he unfolds it , he finds a note from Chandler saying `` tell Monica I 'm sorry '' . Ross immediately goes across the hall to Monica 's apartment - Rachel opens the door when Monica is in her bedroom , and Ross explains the situation to her . A little while later , Phoebe arrives at the door to find out what 's going on and when Rachel just hands over the note without explaining the situation , Phoebe assumes Ross wrote it and tells him to tell Monica himself that he 's sorry . Ross goes out to search for Chandler but unfortunately fails . The next morning , Ross arrives at Monica 's apartment and informs Rachel and Phoebe that he still has n't found Chandler . When he leaves , Monica comes out of her room in excitement and starts getting ready . Seeing that Chandler still is n't found and Monica 's so excited and thrilled about her wedding day , Rachel starts to panic and eventually cries . Therefore , Phoebe takes her to the bathroom because Monica ca n't see her in this state or she will know something 's wrong . When they 're in there , Phoebe finds a positive pregnancy test in the garbage and deduces that Monica is pregnant . Part two ( edit ) Ross tells Rachel to stall Monica so he can have more time to search for Chandler and Phoebe helps him search . When Monica comes back out of her room to begin getting ready for the wedding , Rachel distracts her by saying `` I 'm never gon na get married '' and started to cry . Meanwhile , Ross and Phoebe find a confused Chandler in his office . Ross convinces Chandler to go back to the apartment and begin getting ready , doing one thing at a time , not thinking about the goal . In Monica 's apartment , Rachel tries other less believable tactics to distract Monica and she realizes that something is going on . Rachel decides to tell Monica , and starts saying `` We ca n't find Chandler ... '' . At this point , Phoebe opens the door and gives a thumbs - up sign to Rachel , who suddenly changes the subject `` Chandler ... 's vest '' , controlling the situation . At the studios , Joey is stuck shooting an easy scene over and over since Richard is drunk and can barely stay focused . The director made it very clear to Joey that he ca n't leave until the scenes are finished or as long as Richard is on set and conscious , so Joey convinces a confused Richard that they 've completed all of their scenes and sends him home . At the hotel , everything is ready for the wedding when Joey calls Rachel to warn her that he 'll be late . Meanwhile , Ross is keeping an eye on Chandler since he still has cold feet . Chandler steps out to sneak a cigarette when he suddenly hears Phoebe and Rachel coming , so he ducks into a storeroom to hide . He overhears that Monica 's pregnant and takes off again . Rachel finds another wedding finishing up in the same hotel and convinces the minister to officiate the wedding in case Joey does n't arrive in time . Meanwhile , Ross and Phoebe find Chandler again , who admits that he was indeed running away until he found a small baby outfit in the hotel 's gift store and realized that someone that small ca n't be scary . He then goes with Phoebe and Ross to the wedding . As the ceremony begins , Joey finally arrives and takes his place between Monica and Chandler , accidentally letting slip that Chandler had second thoughts about the wedding . Monica delivers her self - written vow , while Chandler delivers one from the heart - both speeches are very moving . When the ceremony is over Chandler tells Monica that he knows about her being pregnant and how Phoebe told him she found a pregnancy test in the trash , but she reveals she did n't take a pregnancy test . Phoebe then turns to Rachel and says `` And they 're going to have a baby ! '' Rachel replies in tears , `` Uh huh ... '' The camera then zooms in on Rachel showing her looking worried and very emotional , leaving the audience with the knowledge that it is in fact she who 's pregnant . Production ( edit ) The show was filmed over two weeks , with all of the scenes featuring Gary Oldman being filmed in the first week . The wedding was filmed in the second week , with the final shot of Rachel filmed after the studio audience had left . Reception ( edit ) The first part has a 9.1 rating at TV.com with the second having a slightly higher 9.3 . Gary Oldman received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series for his portrayal of Richard Crosby. ( 1 ) References ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The One With Chandler and Rachel 's Wedding Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eKuFyHwG188 Jump up ^ DVD audio commentary Jump up ^ `` Friends : The One with Chandler and Monica 's Wedding ( 1 ) '' . TV.com . Jump up ^ `` Friends : The One with Chandler and Monica 's Wedding ( 2 ) '' . TV.com . External links ( edit ) `` The One with Monica and Chandler 's Wedding : Part 1 '' on IMDb `` The One with Monica and Chandler 's Wedding : Part 1 '' at TV.com `` The One with Monica and Chandler 's Wedding : Part 2 '' on IMDb `` The One with Monica and Chandler 's Wedding : Part 2 '' at TV.com ( hide ) Friends Characters Chandler Bing Phoebe Buffay Monica Geller Ross Geller Rachel Green Joey Tribbiani Episodes Season 1 `` The Pilot '' ( 1.01 ) `` The One with the Sonogram at the End '' ( 1.02 ) `` The One with George Stephanopoulos '' ( 1.04 ) Season 2 `` The One with the Lesbian Wedding '' ( 2.11 ) `` The One After the Superbowl '' ( 2.12 -- 2.13 ) `` The One with the Prom Video '' ( 2.14 ) `` The One Where Dr. Ramoray Dies '' ( 2.18 ) Season 3 `` The One Where No One 's Ready '' ( 3.02 ) Season 4 `` The One with the Embryos '' ( 4.12 ) `` The One with Ross 's Wedding '' ( 4.23 -- 4.24 ) Season 5 `` The One After Ross Says Rachel '' ( 5.01 ) `` The One Hundredth '' ( 5.03 ) `` The One with All the Thanksgivings '' ( 5.08 ) `` The One with the Girl Who Hits Joey '' ( 5.15 ) `` The One Where Rachel Smokes '' ( 5.18 ) `` The One Where Ross Ca n't Flirt '' ( 5.19 ) `` The One with the Ride - Along '' ( 5.20 ) Season 6 `` The One After Vegas '' ( 6.01 ) `` The One with the Apothecary Table '' ( 6.11 ) `` The One with the Proposal '' ( 6.24 -- 6.25 ) Season 7 `` The One with Monica and Chandler 's Wedding '' ( 7.23 -- 7.24 ) Season 8 `` The One with Rachel 's Date '' ( 8.05 ) `` The One with the Rumor '' ( 8.09 ) Season 9 -- Season 10 `` The Last One '' ( 10.17 -- 10.18 ) Related articles Music `` I 'll Be There for You '' Joey Mad About You Awards and nominations Friends ... ' Til the End Hello Friends Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_One_with_Monica_and_Chandler%27s_Wedding&oldid=804202552 '' Categories : 2001 American television episodes Friends ( season 7 ) episodes Television episodes in multiple parts Television episodes about weddings Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Tv.com template using numeric id Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 13 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what season of friends do chandler and monica get married | [
"\"The One with Monica and Chandler's Wedding\" is a double length episode of the television sitcom Friends. It first aired on May 17, 2001 as the finale of season seven. It is usually broadcast in a one-hour slot and presented on DVD as one complete episode, but when the episodes are split the two parts are differentiated by the suffixes Part 1 and Part 2. For his guest appearance, Gary Oldman was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series."
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"seven"
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-4760903295101584473 | Aruba Natural Bridge | Aruba natural bridge - Wikipedia Aruba natural bridge Jump to : navigation , search Aruba Natural Bridge in 1973 Aruba Natural Bridge ruins in 2013 The Aruba Natural Bridge was a tourist attraction in Aruba that was formed naturally out of coral limestone . It collapsed on September 2 , 2005 . The natural arch , measuring approximately 25 feet ( 7.6 m ) high and 100 feet ( 30 m ) long , was the remnant of an ancient cave . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Associated Press ( September 2 , 2005 ) . `` Coral bridge , natural Aruba tourist spot , collapses '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Lynne M. ( 2006 ) . `` Adventure Guide to Aruba , Bonaire & Curaçao '' . Hunter Publishing , Inc. p. 80 . Retrieved 15 December 2013 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Aruba Natural Bridge at Wikimedia Commons Coordinates : 12 ° 32 ′ 28 '' N 69 ° 57 ′ 30 '' W / 12.54111 ° N 69.95833 ° W / 12.54111 ; - 69.95833 This Aruba location article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aruba_Natural_Bridge&oldid=797005909 '' Categories : Natural arches Tourist attractions in Aruba Landforms of Aruba Aruba geography stubs Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Esperanto Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2017 , at 11 : 25 . About Wikipedia | when did the natural bridge in aruba collapse | [
"The Aruba Natural Bridge was a tourist attraction in Aruba that was formed naturally out of coral limestone. It collapsed on September 2, 2005.[1]"
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"September 2, 2005"
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4643428153363644155 | European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts | European Centre for medium - range weather forecasts - wikipedia European Centre for medium - range weather forecasts Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Coordinates : 51 ° 25 ′ 10 '' N 0 ° 57 ′ 03 '' W / 51.41956 ° N 0.95077 ° W / 51.41956 ; - 0.95077 European Centre for Medium - Range Weather Forecasts Formation Headquarters Reading , United Kingdom Website http://www.ecmwf.int/ The European Centre for Medium - Range Weather Forecasts , ECMWF , is an independent intergovernmental organisation supported by most of the nations of Europe and is based at Shinfield Park , Reading , United Kingdom . It operates one of the largest supercomputer complexes in Europe and the world 's largest archive of numerical weather prediction data . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Member and Co-operating States 3 Objectives 4 Work and projects 4.1 Forecasting 4.2 Monthly and seasonal forecasts 4.3 Early warning of severe weather events 4.4 Satellite data 4.5 Reanalysis 4.6 Operational forecast model 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Background ( edit ) ECMWF was established in 1975 , in recognition of the need to pool the scientific and technical resources of Europe 's meteorological services and institutions for the production of weather forecasts for medium - range timescales ( up to approximately two weeks ) and of the economic and social benefits expected from it . members as of 2015 co-operation agreement It comprises 22 European countries : the eighteen founding states of 1975 : Austria , Belgium , Croatia , Denmark , Finland , France , Germany , Greece , Republic of Ireland , Italy , Luxembourg , Netherlands , Norway , Portugal , Spain , Sweden , Switzerland , Turkey , United Kingdom . four states that joined since 2010 : Iceland ( April 2011 ) , Slovenia ( December 2012 ) , Serbia ( January 2015 ) and Croatia ( January 2016 ) . It also has co-operation agreements with other states : Bulgaria , Czech Republic , Estonia , Hungary , Israel , Latvia , Lithuania , Macedonia , Montenegro , Morocco , Romania and Slovakia . The Centre employs about 280 staff , mostly appointed from across the member states and co-operating states . The Centre is considering an offer from the Italian Government to move ECMWF 's data centre to Bologna , Italy . The new site , a former tobacco factory , would be redesigned by the architecture firm gmp . Member and Co-operating States ( edit ) Member state Year of joining Austria Belgium Croatia 2011 Denmark Finland France Germany Greece 1976 Iceland 2011 Ireland Italy 1977 Luxembourg 2002 Netherlands Norway Portugal 1976 Serbia 2014 Slovenia 2011 Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey 1976 United Kingdom Co-operating State Year of joining Bulgaria 12 July 2010 Czech Republic 1 August 2001 Estonia 7 November 2005 Republic of Macedonia 9 February 2011 Hungary 1 July 1994 Israel 28 October 2010 Latvia 30 April 2008 Lithuania 20 November 2006 Montenegro 5 November 2007 Morocco 1 December 2006 Romania 22 December 2003 Slovakia 1 January 2008 Co-operating agreements Year of joining WMO 1 November 1975 EUMETSAT 18 May 1988 ACMAD 11 May 1995 ALADIN / HILRLAM - Use of IFS / Arpege 19 February 1999 JRC 6 May 2003 CTBTO 24 June 2003 CLRTAP 26 January 2005 ESA 31 May 2005 Memorandum of Understanding for Joint Liaison Office with European institutions in Brussels 23 April 2010 RIMES 8 February 2012 Objectives ( edit ) ECMWF aims to provide accurate medium - range global weather forecasts out to 15 days and seasonal forecasts out to 12 months . Its products are provided to the national weather services of its member states and co-operating states as a complement to their national short - range and climatological activities , and those national states use ECMWF 's products for their own national duties , in particular to give early warning of potentially damaging severe weather . ECMWF 's core mission is to : Produce numerical weather forecasts and monitor planetary systems that influence weather Carry out scientific and technical research to improve forecast skill Maintain an archive of meteorological data To deliver this core mission , the Centre provides : Twice - daily global numerical weather forecasts Air quality analysis Atmospheric composition monitoring Climate monitoring Ocean circulation analysis Hydrological prediction The Centre develops and operates global atmospheric models and data assimilation systems for the dynamics , thermodynamics and composition of the Earth 's atmosphere and for interacting parts of the Earth - system . It uses numerical weather prediction methods to prepare forecasts and their initial conditions , and it contributes to monitoring the relevant parts of the Earth system . Work and projects ( edit ) Forecasting ( edit ) Numerical weather prediction ( NWP ) requires input of meteorological data , collected by satellites and earth observation systems such as automatic and manned stations , aircraft , ships and weather balloons . Assimilation of this data is used to produce an initial state of a computer model of the atmosphere , from which an atmospheric model is used to forecast the weather . These forecasts are typically : medium - range forecasts , predicting the weather up to 15 days ahead monthly forecasts , predicting the weather on a weekly basis 30 days ahead seasonal forecasts up to 12 months ahead . Over the past three decades ECMWF 's wide - ranging programme of research has played a major role in developing such assimilation and modelling systems . This improves the accuracy and reliability of weather forecasting by about a day per decade , so that a seven - day forecast now ( 2015 ) is as accurate as a three - day forecast was four decades ago ( 1975 ) . Monthly and seasonal forecasts ( edit ) ECMWF 's monthly and seasonal forecasts provide early predictions of events such as heat waves , cold spells and droughts , as well as their impacts on sectors such as agriculture , energy and health . Since ECMWF runs a wave model , there are also predictions of coastal waves and storm surges in European waters which can be used to provide warnings . Early warning of severe weather events ( edit ) Forecasts of severe weather events allow appropriate mitigating action to be taken and contingency plans to be put into place by the authorities and the public . The increased time gained by issuing accurate warnings can save lives , for instance by evacuating people from a storm surge area . Authorities and businesses can plan to maintain services around threats such as high winds , floods or snow . In October 2012 the ECMWF model suggested seven days in advance that Hurricane Sandy was likely to make landfall on the East Coast of the United States . It also predicted the intensity and track of the November 2012 nor'easter , which impacted the east coast a week after Sandy . ECMWF 's Extreme Forecast Index ( EFI ) was developed as a tool to identify where the EPS forecast distribution differs substantially from that of the model climate . It contains information regarding variability of weather parameters , in location and time and can highlight an abnormality of a weather situation without having to define specific space - and time - dependent thresholds . Satellite data ( edit ) This section contains wording that promotes the subject in a subjective manner without imparting real information . Please remove or replace such wording and instead of making proclamations about a subject 's importance , use facts and attribution to demonstrate that importance . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ECMWF , through its partnerships with EUMETSAT , ESA , the EU and the European Science community has established a leading position for Europe in the exploitation of satellite data for operational numerical weather prediction , and for operational seasonal forecasting with coupled atmosphere - ocean - land models . The increasing amount of satellite data and the development of more sophisticated ways of extraction information from that data have made a major contribution to improving the accuracy and utility of NWP forecasts . ECMWF continuously endeavours to improve the use of satellite observations for NWP . Reanalysis ( edit ) This section contains wording that promotes the subject in a subjective manner without imparting real information . Please remove or replace such wording and instead of making proclamations about a subject 's importance , use facts and attribution to demonstrate that importance . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ECMWF makes significant contributions to support research on climate variability , pioneering an approach known as reanalysis . This involves feeding weather observations collected over decades into a NWP system to recreate past atmospheric , sea - and land - surface conditions over specific time periods to obtain a clearer picture of how the climate has changed . Reanalysis provides a four - dimensional picture of the atmosphere and effectively allows monitoring of the variability and change of global climate , thereby contributing also to the understanding and attribution of climate change . To date , and with support from Europe 's National Meteorological Services and the European Commission , ECMWF has conducted two major reanalyses of the global atmosphere : the first ECMWF re-analysis ( ERA - 15 ) project generated reanalyses from December 1978 to February 1994 ; the ERA - 40 project generated reanalyses from September 1957 to August 2002 . Operational forecast model ( edit ) Main article : Integrated Forecast System ECMWF 's operational forecasts are produced from its `` Integrated Forecast System '' ( sometimes informally known in the United States as the `` European model '' ) which is run every twelve hours and forecasts out to ten days . It includes both in a `` deterministic forecast '' mode and as an ensemble . The deterministic forecast is a single model run that is relatively high in both resolution but also in computational expense . The ensemble is relatively low ( about half that of the deterministic ) in resolution and so in computational expense , so less accurate . But it is run 51 times in parallel , from slightly different initial conditions to give a spread of likelihood over the range of the forecast . See also ( edit ) EUMETNET EUMETSAT References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Who we are '' . ECMWF . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Iceland is the first new Member State under the amended Convention . The original Convention restricted membership to the founding Member States , but was amended in June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Slovenia becomes ECMWF 's 20th Member State '' . ecmwf.int . ECMWF . Archived from the original on 3 September 2013 . Retrieved 8 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Serbia becomes ECMWF 's 21st Member State '' . Jump up ^ http://www.ecmwf.int/en/about/media-centre/news/2016/croatian-flag-raised-ecmwf Jump up ^ `` Weather supercomputing ' heads to Italy ' '' . Jump up ^ `` ECMWF Member States '' . ECMWF. 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ECMWF Co-operating States '' . ECMWF. 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ECMWF Co-operating Agreements '' . ECMWF. 2017 . Jump up ^ Deutscher Wetterdienst . `` ECMWF - European Centre for Medium - Range Weather Forecasts '' . Berlin , Germany : Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrasctructure . Retrieved 29 April 2014 . Established in 1975 , ECMWF is renowned worldwide for providing the most accurate medium - range global weather forecasts up to 10 days ahead , monthly forecasts and seasonal outlooks to six months ahead . Jump up ^ `` The Forecast For Weather Technology '' . Sky News . 2015 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Roulstone , Ian ; Norbury , John ( 25 July 2013 ) . `` How Math helped forecast Hurricane Sandy '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 9 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Moderate - strength Nor'easter may hit Sandy - devastated areas Wednesday Category 6 TM '' . www.wunderground.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Modelling and Prediction '' . ECMWF . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 02 . Further Reading ( edit ) Woods , Austin ( 2006 ) . Medium - Range Weather Prediction -- the European Approach . Springer . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 26928 - 3 . 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X CGCM CCSM CESM CFSv2 ECHAM MPAS Global weather IFS ( ECMWF ) FIM GEM / GDPS GFS NAEFS NAVGEM UM JMA - GSM GME / ICON ARPEGE Regional and mesoscale atmospheric NAM RR / RAP RAMS WRF RAQMS HIRLAM LAPS RPM Regional and mesoscale oceanographic HyCOM ROMS POM MOM FVCOM MITgcm FESOM Atmospheric dispersion ADMS AERMOD ATSTEP AUSTAL2000 CALPUFF DISPERSION21 ISC3 MEMO MERCURE NAME OSPM PUFF - PLUME RIMPUFF SAFE AIR Chemical transport CLaMS MOZART GEOS - Chem Land surface parametrization JULES CLASS ISBA Discontinued AVN / MRF / GSM Eta LFM MM5 NGM NOGAPS RUC Mathematical model Statistical model Scientific modelling Computer simulation Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Centre_for_Medium-Range_Weather_Forecasts&oldid=802441858 '' Categories : 1975 establishments in the United Kingdom Climate of Europe Climate of the United Kingdom European research networks Government agencies established in 1975 Governmental meteorological agencies in Europe Meteorological institutions and stations Organisations based in Reading , Berkshire Research institutes established in 1975 Research institutes in Berkshire Wokingham Borough Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Articles needing additional references from August 2010 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2016 Articles with peacock terms from February 2015 All articles with peacock terms All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 05 : 02 . 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"ECMWF's operational forecasts are produced from its \"Integrated Forecast System\" (sometimes informally known in the United States as the \"European model\") which is run every twelve hours and forecasts out to ten days.",
"ECMWF's operational forecasts are produced from its \"Integrated Forecast System\" (sometimes informally known in the United States as the \"European model\") which is run every twelve hours and forecasts out to ten days."
] | [
"Integrated Forecast System",
"known in the United States as the \"European model\""
] |
-549249215146678351 | New York City | New York City - wikipedia New York City Jump to : navigation , search `` NYC '' and `` New York , New York '' redirect here . For other uses , see New York City ( disambiguation ) ; NYC ( disambiguation ) ; and New York , New York ( disambiguation ) . New York City City City of New York Clockwise , from top : Midtown Manhattan , Times Square , the Unisphere in Queens , the Brooklyn Bridge , Lower Manhattan with One World Trade Center , Central Park , the headquarters of the United Nations , and the Statue of Liberty Flag Seal Nickname ( s ) : See Nicknames of New York City Location within the U.S. state of New York New York City New York City Show map of the US Show map of New York Show all Location in the contiguous United States and New York Coordinates : 40 ° 42 ′ 46 '' N 74 ° 00 ′ 21 '' W / 40.7127 ° N 74.0059 ° W / 40.7127 ; - 74.0059 Coordinates : 40 ° 42 ′ 46 '' N 74 ° 00 ′ 21 '' W / 40.7127 ° N 74.0059 ° W / 40.7127 ; - 74.0059 Country United States State New York Counties / ( Boroughs ) Bronx , Kings ( Brooklyn ) , New York ( Manhattan ) , Queens , Richmond ( Staten Island ) Historic colonies New Netherland Province of New York Settled 1624 Consolidated 1898 Named for James , Duke of York Government Type Mayor -- Council Body New York City Council Mayor Bill de Blasio ( D ) Area Total 468.484 sq mi ( 1,213.37 km ) Land 302.643 sq mi ( 783.84 km ) Water 165.841 sq mi ( 429.53 km ) Metro 13,318 sq mi ( 34,490 km ) Elevation 33 ft ( 10 m ) Population ( 2010 ) Total 8,175,133 Estimate ( 2016 ) 8,537,673 Rank 1st , U.S. Density 28,210 / sq mi ( 10,890 / km ) MSA ( 2016 ) 20,153,634 ( 1st ) CSA ( 2016 ) 23,689,255 ( 1st ) Demonym ( s ) New Yorker Time zone Eastern ( EST ) ( UTC - 5 ) Summer ( DST ) EDT ( UTC - 4 ) ZIP code ( s ) 100xx -- 104xx , 11004 -- 05 , 111xx -- 114xx , 116xx Area code ( s ) 212 / 646 / 332 , 718 / 347 / 929 , 917 FIPS code 36 - 51000 GNIS feature ID 975772 Largest borough by area Queens -- 109 square miles ( 280 km ) Largest borough by population Brooklyn ( 2,636,735 -- 2015 est ) Website NYC.gov Part of a series on Regions of New York Downstate New York ( hide ) New York City Long Island Hudson Valley ( Lower ) Upstate New York ( hide ) Hudson Valley ( Middle and Upper ) Capital District North Country Southern Tier Mohawk Valley Central New York Finger Lakes Western New York Administrative divisions ( show ) Counties Cities Towns Indian reservations Villages Census - designated places Places ( including hamlets ) Timelines of town creation ( show ) Downstate New York Hudson Valley Capital District North Country Central New York Southern Tier Western New York The City of New York , often called New York City or simply New York , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2016 population of 8,537,673 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km ) , New York City is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world . A global power city , New York City exerts a significant impact upon commerce , finance , media , art , fashion , research , technology , education , and entertainment , its fast pace defining the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of New York State . The five boroughs -- Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island -- were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States , and as many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to more than 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the world 's largest foreign - born population of any city . By 2016 estimates , the New York City metropolitan region remains by a significant margin the most populous in the United States , as defined by both the Metropolitan Statistical Area ( MSA ) , 20.2 million residents , and the Combined Statistical Area ( CSA ) , 23.7 million residents . In 2013 , the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of nearly US $1.39 trillion . In 2012 , the CSA generated a GMP of over US $1.55 trillion . NYC 's MSA and CSA GDP are higher than the GDPs of all but 11 and 12 countries , respectively . New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626 . The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother , the Duke of York . New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790 . It has been the country 's largest city since 1790 . The Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy . In the 21st century , New York has emerged as a global node of creativity and entrepreneurship , social tolerance , and environmental sustainability , and as a world symbol of freedom and cultural diversity . Many districts and landmarks in New York City have become well known , and the city received a record 61 million tourists in 2016 , hosting three of the world 's ten most visited tourist attractions in 2013 . Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world . Times Square , iconic as the world 's `` heart '' and its `` Crossroads '' , is the brightly illuminated hub of the Broadway Theater District , one of the world 's busiest pedestrian intersections , and a major center of the world 's entertainment industry . The names of many of the city 's bridges , tapered skyscrapers , and parks are known around the world . Anchored by Wall Street in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan , New York City has been called both the most economically powerful city and the leading financial center of the world , and the city is home to the world 's two largest stock exchanges by total market capitalization , the New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ . Manhattan 's real estate market is among the most expensive in the world . Manhattan 's Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere , with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city . Providing continuous 24 / 7 service , the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide , with 472 stations in operation . Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City , including Columbia University , New York University , and Rockefeller University , which have been ranked among the top 35 in the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Etymology 1.2 Early history 1.3 Dutch rule 1.4 English rule 1.5 American Revolution 1.6 Nineteenth century 1.7 Modern history 2 Geography 2.1 Cityscape 2.2 Architecture 2.3 Boroughs 2.4 Climate 2.5 Parks 2.5. 1 National parks 2.5. 2 State parks 2.5. 3 City parks 2.6 Military installations 3 Demographics 3.1 Population density 3.2 Race and ethnicity 3.3 Sexual orientation and gender identity 3.3. 1 Transgender contribution 3.4 Religion 3.5 Income 4 Economy 4.1 City economic overview 4.2 Wall Street 4.3 Silicon Alley 4.4 Tourism 4.5 Media and entertainment 5 Human resources 5.1 Education and scholarly activity 5.1. 1 Primary and secondary education 5.1. 2 Higher education and research 5.1. 3 Public library system 5.2 Public health 5.3 Public safety 5.3. 1 Police and law enforcement 5.3. 2 Firefighting 6 Culture and contemporary life 6.1 Arts 6.1. 1 Performing arts 6.1. 2 Visual arts 6.2 Cuisine 6.3 Parades 6.4 Accent and dialect 6.5 Sports 7 Transportation 7.1 Rapid transit 7.1. 1 Rail 7.1. 2 Buses 7.2 Air 7.3 Ferries 7.4 Taxis , transport startups , and trams 7.5 Streets and highways 7.5. 1 River crossings 8 Environment 8.1 Environmental impact reduction 8.2 Water purity and availability 8.3 Environmental revitalization 9 Government and politics 9.1 Government 9.2 Politics 10 Notable people 11 Global outreach 12 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links History Main article : History of New York City See also : Timeline of New York City Etymology In 1664 , the city was named after then Duke of York , and future King of England James II . James had been named by his older brother Charles II as proprietor of the former territory of New Netherlands and its main city of New Amsterdam , which had recently been seized from the Dutch . Early History During the Wisconsinan glaciation , the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth . The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil , leaving the bedrock that serves as the geologic foundation for much of New York City today . Later on , movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island . In the precolonial era , the area of present - day New York City was inhabited by various bands of Algonquian tribes of Native Americans , including the Lenape , whose homeland , known as Lenapehoking , included Staten Island ; the western portion of Long Island , including the area that would become Brooklyn and Queens ; Manhattan ; the Bronx ; and the Lower Hudson Valley . The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano , a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown , who sailed his ship La Dauphine into New York Harbor . He claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême ( New Angoulême ) . Peter Minuit is credited with the purchase of the island of Manhattan in 1626 . A Spanish expedition led by captain Estêvão Gomes , a Portuguese sailing for Emperor Charles V , arrived in New York Harbor in January 1525 aboard the purpose - built caravel La Anunciada and charted the mouth of the Hudson River , which he named Río de San Antonio ( Saint Anthony 's River ) . Heavy ice kept him from further exploration , and he returned to Spain in August . The Padrón Real of 1527 , the first scientific map to show North America 's east coast continuously , was informed by Gomes ' expedition and labeled the Northeastern U.S. as Tierra de Esteban Gómez in his honor . In 1609 , the English explorer Henry Hudson rediscovered the region when he sailed his ship the Halve Maen ( `` Half Moon '' in Dutch ) into New York Harbor while searching for the Northwest Passage to the Orient for the Dutch East India Company . He proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River ( now the Hudson River ) , named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice , Prince of Orange . Hudson 's first mate described the harbor as `` a very good Harbour for all windes '' and the river as `` a mile broad '' and `` full of fish . '' Hudson sailed roughly 150 miles north , past the site of the present - day Albany , in the belief that it might be an oceanic tributary before the river became too shallow to continue . He made a ten - day exploration of the area and claimed the region for the Dutch East India Company . In 1614 , the area between Cape Cod and Delaware Bay would be claimed by the Netherlands and called Nieuw - Nederland ( New Netherland ) . The first non-Native American inhabitant of what would eventually become New York City was Juan Rodriguez ( transliterated to Dutch as Jan Rodrigues ) , a merchant from Santo Domingo . Born in Santo Domingo of Portuguese and African descent , he arrived in Manhattan during the winter of 1613 -- 1614 , trapping for pelts and trading with the local population as a representative of the Dutch . Broadway , from 159th Street to 218th Street in Upper Manhattan , is named Juan Rodriguez Way in his honor . New Amsterdam , centered in the eventual Lower Manhattan , in 1664 , the year England took control and renamed it `` New York '' . Dutch rule A permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 -- making New York the 12th oldest continuously occupied European - established settlement in the continental United States -- with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island . In 1625 , construction was started on a citadel and Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island , later called Nieuw Amsterdam ( New Amsterdam ) . The colony of New Amsterdam was centered at the site which would eventually become Lower Manhattan . In 1626 , the Dutch colonial Director - General Peter Minuit , acting as charged by the Dutch West India Company , purchased the island of Manhattan from the Canarsie , a small Lenape band , for 60 guilders ( about $1,000 in 2006 ) . A disproved legend claims that Manhattan was purchased for $24 worth of glass beads . Following the purchase , New Amsterdam grew slowly . To attract settlers , the Dutch instituted the patroon system in 1628 , whereby wealthy Dutchmen ( `` patroons '' , or patrons ) who brought 50 colonists to New Netherland would be awarded swathes of land , along with local political autonomy and rights to participate in the lucrative fur trade . This program had little success . Since 1621 , the Dutch West India Company had operated as a monopoly in New Netherland , on authority granted by the Dutch States General . In 1639 -- 1640 , in an effort to bolster economy growth , the Dutch West India Company relinquished its monopoly over the fur trade , leading to growth in the production and trade of food , timber , tobacco , and slaves ( particularly with the Dutch West Indies ) . In 1647 , Peter Stuyvesant began his tenure as the last Director - General of New Netherland . During his tenure , the population of New Amsterdam grew from 2,000 to 8,000 . Stuyvesant has been credited with improving law and order in the colony ; however , he also earned a reputation as a despotic leader . He instituted regulations on liquor sales , attempted to assert control over the Dutch Reformed Church , and blocked other religious groups ( including Quakers , Jews , and Lutherans ) from establishing houses of worship . The Dutch West India Company would eventually attempt to ease tensions between Stuyvesant and residents of New Amsterdam . English rule In 1664 , unable to summon any significant resistance , Stuyvesant surrendered New Amsterdam to English troops led by Colonel Richard Nicolls without bloodshed . The terms of the surrender permitted Dutch residents to remain in the colony and allowed for religious freedom . The English promptly renamed the fledgling city `` New York '' after the Duke of York ( the future King James II of England ) . The transfer was confirmed in 1667 by the Treaty of Breda , which concluded the Second Anglo - Dutch War . On August 24 , 1673 , during the Third Anglo - Dutch War , Dutch captain Anthony Colve seized the colony of New York from England at the behest of Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest and rechristened it `` New Orange '' after William III , the Prince of Orange . The Dutch would soon return the island to England under the Treaty of Westminster of November 1674 . Several intertribal wars among the Native Americans and some epidemics brought on by contact with the Europeans caused sizable population losses for the Lenape between the years 1660 and 1670 . By 1700 , the Lenape population had diminished to 200 . New York experienced several yellow fever epidemics in the 18th century , losing ten percent of its population to the disease in 1702 alone . New York grew in importance as a trading port while under British rule in the early 1700s . It also became a center of slavery , with 42 % of households holding slaves by 1730 , more than any other city other than Charleston , South Carolina . Most slaveholders held a few or several domestic slaves , but others hired them out to work at labor . Slavery became integrally tied to New York 's economy through the labor of slaves throughout the port , and the banks and shipping tied to the American South . Discovery of the African Burying Ground in the 1990s , during construction of a new federal courthouse near Foley Square , revealed that tens of thousands of Africans had been buried in the area in the colonial years . The 1735 trial and acquittal in Manhattan of John Peter Zenger , who had been accused of seditious libel after criticizing colonial governor William Cosby , helped to establish the freedom of the press in North America . In 1754 , Columbia University was founded under charter by King George II as King 's College in Lower Manhattan . American Revolution The Battle of Long Island , the largest battle of the American Revolution , took place in Brooklyn in 1776 . The Stamp Act Congress met in New York in October 1765 as the Sons of Liberty organized in the city , skirmishing over the next ten years with British troops stationed there . The Battle of Long Island , the largest battle of the American Revolutionary War , was fought in August 1776 entirely within the modern - day borough of Brooklyn . After the battle , in which the Americans were defeated , the British made the city their military and political base of operations in North America . The city was a haven for Loyalist refugees and escaped slaves who joined the British lines for freedom newly promised by the Crown for all fighters . As many as 10,000 escaped slaves crowded into the city during the British occupation . When the British forces evacuated at the close of the war in 1783 , they transported 3,000 freedmen for resettlement in Nova Scotia . They resettled other freedmen in England and the Caribbean . The only attempt at a peaceful solution to the war took place at the Conference House on Staten Island between American delegates , including Benjamin Franklin , and British general Lord Howe on September 11 , 1776 . Shortly after the British occupation began , the Great Fire of New York occurred , a large conflagration on the West Side of Lower Manhattan , which destroyed about a quarter of the buildings in the city , including Trinity Church . In 1785 , the assembly of the Congress of the Confederation made New York the national capital shortly after the war . New York was the last capital of the U.S. under the Articles of Confederation and the first capital under the Constitution of the United States . In 1789 , the first President of the United States , George Washington , was inaugurated ; the first United States Congress and the Supreme Court of the United States each assembled for the first time , and the United States Bill of Rights was drafted , all at Federal Hall on Wall Street . By 1790 , New York had surpassed Philadelphia as the largest city in the United States . Nineteenth century Broadway follows the Native American Wickquasgeck Trail through Manhattan . Under New York State 's gradual abolition act of 1799 , children of slave mothers were to be eventually liberated but to be held in indentured servitude until their mid-to - late twenties . Together with slaves freed by their masters after the Revolutionary War and escaped slaves , a significant free - black population gradually developed in Manhattan . Under such influential United States founders as Alexander Hamilton and John Jay , the New York Manumission Society worked for abolition and established the African Free School to educate black children . It was not until 1827 that slavery was completely abolished in the state , and free blacks struggled afterward with discrimination . New York interracial abolitionist activism continued ; among its leaders were graduates of the African Free School . The city 's black population reached more than 16,000 in 1840 . In the 19th century , the city was transformed by development relating to its status as a trading center , as well as by European immigration . The city adopted the Commissioners ' Plan of 1811 , which expanded the city street grid to encompass all of Manhattan . The 1825 completion of the Erie Canal through central New York connected the Atlantic port to the agricultural markets and commodities of the North American interior via the Hudson River and the Great Lakes . Local politics became dominated by Tammany Hall , a political machine supported by Irish and German immigrants . Several prominent American literary figures lived in New York during the 1830s and 1840s , including William Cullen Bryant , Washington Irving , Herman Melville , Rufus Wilmot Griswold , John Keese , Nathaniel Parker Willis , and Edgar Allan Poe . Public - minded members of the contemporaneous business elite lobbied for the establishment of Central Park , which in 1857 became the first landscaped park in an American city . Manhattan 's Little Italy , Lower East Side , circa 1900 . The Great Irish Famine brought a large influx of Irish immigrants . Over 200,000 were living in New York by 1860 , upwards of a quarter of the city 's population . There was also extensive immigration from the German provinces , where revolutions had disrupted societies , and Germans comprised another 25 % of New York 's population by 1860 . Democratic Party candidates were consistently elected to local office , increasing the city 's ties to the South and its dominant party . In 1861 , Mayor Fernando Wood called upon the aldermen to declare independence from Albany and the United States after the South seceded , but his proposal was not acted on . Anger at new military conscription laws during the American Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) , which spared wealthier men who could afford to pay a $300 ( equivalent to $5,835 in 2016 ) commutation fee to hire a substitute , led to the Draft Riots of 1863 , whose most visible participants were ethnic Irish working class . The situation deteriorated into attacks on New York 's elite , followed by attacks on black New Yorkers and their property after fierce competition for a decade between Irish immigrants and black people for work . Rioters burned the Colored Orphan Asylum to the ground , with more than 200 children escaping harm due to efforts of the New York City Police Department , which was mainly made up of Irish immigrants . According to historian James M. McPherson ( 2001 ) , at least 120 people were killed . In all , eleven black men were lynched over five days , and the riots forced hundreds of blacks to flee the city for Williamsburg , Brooklyn , and New Jersey ; the black population in Manhattan fell below 10,000 by 1865 , which it had last been in 1820 . The white working class had established dominance . Violence by longshoremen against black men was especially fierce in the docks area . It was one of the worst incidents of civil unrest in American history . Modern History A construction worker on top of the Empire State Building as it was being built in 1930 . The Chrysler Building is below and behind him . In 1898 , the modern City of New York was formed with the consolidation of Brooklyn ( until then a separate city ) , the County of New York ( which then included parts of the Bronx ) , the County of Richmond , and the western portion of the County of Queens . The opening of the subway in 1904 , first built as separate private systems , helped bind the new city together . Throughout the first half of the 20th century , the city became a world center for industry , commerce , and communication . In 1904 , the steamship General Slocum caught fire in the East River , killing 1,021 people on board . In 1911 , the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire , the city 's worst industrial disaster , took the lives of 146 garment workers and spurred the growth of the International Ladies ' Garment Workers ' Union and major improvements in factory safety standards . UN Secretary General Dag Hammarskjöld in front of the United Nations Headquarters building , completed in 1952 New York 's non-white population was 36,620 in 1890 . New York City was a prime destination in the early twentieth century for African Americans during the Great Migration from the American South , and by 1916 , New York City had become home to the largest urban African diaspora in North America . The Harlem Renaissance of literary and cultural life flourished during the era of Prohibition . The larger economic boom generated construction of skyscrapers competing in height and creating an identifiable skyline . New York became the most populous urbanized area in the world in the early 1920s , overtaking London . The metropolitan area surpassed the 10 million mark in the early 1930s , becoming the first megacity in human history . The difficult years of the Great Depression saw the election of reformer Fiorello La Guardia as mayor and the fall of Tammany Hall after eighty years of political dominance . Returning World War II veterans created a post-war economic boom and the development of large housing tracts in eastern Queens . New York emerged from the war unscathed as the leading city of the world , with Wall Street leading America 's place as the world 's dominant economic power . The United Nations Headquarters was completed in 1952 , solidifying New York 's global geopolitical influence , and the rise of abstract expressionism in the city precipitated New York 's displacement of Paris as the center of the art world . The Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village , a designated U.S. National Historic Landmark and National Monument , as the site of the 1969 Stonewall riots . The Stonewall riots were a series of spontaneous , violent demonstrations by members of the gay community against a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of June 28 , 1969 , at the Stonewall Inn in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan . They are widely considered to constitute the single most important event leading to the gay liberation movement and the modern fight for LGBT rights in the United States . In the 1970s , job losses due to industrial restructuring caused New York City to suffer from economic problems and rising crime rates . While a resurgence in the financial industry greatly improved the city 's economic health in the 1980s , New York 's crime rate continued to increase through that decade and into the beginning of the 1990s . By the mid 1990s , crime rates started to drop dramatically due to revised police strategies , improving economic opportunities , gentrification , and new residents , both American transplants and new immigrants from Asia and Latin America . Important new sectors , such as Silicon Alley , emerged in the city 's economy . New York 's population reached all - time highs in the 2000 Census and then again in the 2010 Census . United Airlines Flight 175 hits the South Tower of the original World Trade Center on September 11 , 2001 . The city and surrounding area suffered the bulk of the economic damage and largest loss of human life in the aftermath of the September 11 , 2001 attacks when 10 of the 19 terrorists associated with Al - Qaeda piloted American Airlines Flight 11 into the North Tower of the World Trade Center and United Airlines Flight 175 into the South Tower of the World Trade Center , and later destroyed them , killing 2,192 civilians , 343 firefighters , and 71 law enforcement officers who were in the towers and in the surrounding area . The North Tower was subsequently the tallest building ever to be destroyed and still is . The rebuilding of the area , has created a new One World Trade Center , and a 9 / 11 memorial and museum along with other new buildings and infrastructure . The World Trade Center PATH station , which opened on July 19 , 1909 as the Hudson Terminal , was also destroyed in the attack . A temporary station was built and opened on November 23 , 2003 . An 800,000 - square - foot ( 74,000 m ) permanent station designed by Santiago Calatrava , the World Trade Center Transportation Hub , the city 's third - largest hub , was completed in 2016 . The new One World Trade Center is the tallest skyscraper in the Western Hemisphere and the fourth - tallest building in the world by pinnacle height , with its spire reaching a symbolic 1,776 feet ( 541.3 m ) in reference to the year of American independence . The Occupy Wall Street protests in Zuccotti Park in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan began on September 17 , 2011 , receiving global attention and popularizing the Occupy movement against social and economic inequality worldwide . Geography Main articles : Geography of New York City and Geography of New York Harbor Satellite imagery illustrating the core of the New York City Metropolitan Area , with Manhattan Island at its center New York City is situated in the Northeastern United States , in southeastern New York State , approximately halfway between Washington , D.C. and Boston . The location at the mouth of the Hudson River , which feeds into a naturally sheltered harbor and then into the Atlantic Ocean , has helped the city grow in significance as a trading port . Most of New York City is built on the three islands of Long Island , Manhattan , and Staten Island . The Hudson River flows through the Hudson Valley into New York Bay . Between New York City and Troy , New York , the river is an estuary . The Hudson River separates the city from the U.S. state of New Jersey . The East River -- a tidal strait -- flows from Long Island Sound and separates the Bronx and Manhattan from Long Island . The Harlem River , another tidal strait between the East and Hudson Rivers , separates most of Manhattan from the Bronx . The Bronx River , which flows through the Bronx and Westchester County , is the only entirely fresh water river in the city . The city 's land has been altered substantially by human intervention , with considerable land reclamation along the waterfronts since Dutch colonial times ; reclamation is most prominent in Lower Manhattan , with developments such as Battery Park City in the 1970s and 1980s . Some of the natural relief in topography has been evened out , especially in Manhattan . The city 's total area is 468.484 square miles ( 1,213.37 km ) , including 302.643 sq mi ( 783.84 km ) of land and 165.841 sq mi ( 429.53 km ) of this is water . The highest point in the city is Todt Hill on Staten Island , which , at 409.8 feet ( 124.9 m ) above sea level , is the highest point on the Eastern Seaboard south of Maine . The summit of the ridge is mostly covered in woodlands as part of the Staten Island Greenbelt . Places adjacent to New York City Bergen County , NJ North Westchester County , NY Long Island Sound Hudson County , NJ New York City Nassau County , NY Middlesex County , NJ Monmouth County , NJ South Atlantic Ocean Cityscape Ten - mile Manhattan panorama from 120th Street to the Battery , taken June 2017 from Weehawken , New Jersey . Riverside Church Time Warner Center 220 Central Park South One57 432 Park Avenue Chrysler Building Bank of America Tower Conde Nast Building The New York Times Building Empire State Building Met Life Tower 30 Hudson Yards 10 Hudson Yards 15 Hudson Yards 56 Leonard Street 8 Spruce Street Woolworth Building 70 Pine Street 30 Park Place 40 Wall Street Three World Trade Center Four World Trade Center One World Trade Center View of Midtown Manhattan at night , from across the Hudson River in Weehawken , New Jersey . View of Lower Manhattan at sunset , from Jersey City , New Jersey . One World Trade Center is the tallest skyscraper in the Western Hemisphere . Architecture Further information : Architecture of New York City and List of tallest buildings in New York City Modernist architecture juxtaposed with classical architecture is seen often in New York City . The Chrysler Building , above , built in 1930 , is an example of the Art Deco style , with ornamental hub caps and a spire . The Empire State Building is a solitary icon of New York . It was the world 's tallest building 1931 -- 70 and is defined by its setbacks , Art Deco details and the spire . Landmark 19th - century rowhouses , including brownstones , on tree - lined Kent Street in the Greenpoint Historic District , Brooklyn . New York has architecturally noteworthy buildings in a wide range of styles and from distinct time periods , from the saltbox style Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House in Brooklyn , the oldest section of which dates to 1656 , to the modern One World Trade Center , the skyscraper at Ground Zero in Lower Manhattan and the most expensive office tower in the world by construction cost . Manhattan 's skyline , with its many skyscrapers , is universally recognized , and the city has been home to several of the tallest buildings in the world . As of 2011 , New York City had 5,937 high - rise buildings , of which 550 completed structures were at least 330 feet ( 100 m ) high , both second in the world after Hong Kong , with over 50 completed skyscrapers taller than 656 feet ( 200 m ) . These include the Woolworth Building , an early example of Gothic Revival architecture in skyscraper design , built with massively scaled Gothic detailing ; completed in 1913 , for 17 years it was the world 's tallest building . The 1916 Zoning Resolution required setbacks in new buildings and restricted towers to a percentage of the lot size , to allow sunlight to reach the streets below . The Art Deco style of the Chrysler Building ( 1930 ) and Empire State Building ( 1931 ) , with their tapered tops and steel spires , reflected the zoning requirements . The buildings have distinctive ornamentation , such as the eagles at the corners of the 61st floor on the Chrysler Building , and are considered some of the finest examples of the Art Deco style . A highly influential example of the international style in the United States is the Seagram Building ( 1957 ) , distinctive for its façade using visible bronze - toned I - beams to evoke the building 's structure . The Condé Nast Building ( 2000 ) is a prominent example of green design in American skyscrapers and has received an award from the American Institute of Architects and AIA New York State for its design . The character of New York 's large residential districts is often defined by the elegant brownstone rowhouses and townhouses and shabby tenements that were built during a period of rapid expansion from 1870 to 1930 . In contrast , New York City also has neighborhoods that are less densely populated and feature free - standing dwellings . In neighborhoods such as Riverdale ( in the Bronx ) , Ditmas Park ( in Brooklyn ) , and Douglaston ( in Queens ) , large single - family homes are common in various architectural styles such as Tudor Revival and Victorian . Stone and brick became the city 's building materials of choice after the construction of wood - frame houses was limited in the aftermath of the Great Fire of 1835 . A distinctive feature of many of the city 's buildings is the wooden roof - mounted water towers . In the 1800s , the city required their installation on buildings higher than six stories to prevent the need for excessively high water pressures at lower elevations , which could break municipal water pipes . Garden apartments became popular during the 1920s in outlying areas , such as Jackson Heights . According to the United States Geological Survey , an updated analysis of seismic hazard in July 2014 revealed a `` slightly lower hazard for tall buildings '' in New York City than previously assessed . Scientists estimated this lessened risk based upon a lower likelihood than previously thought of slow shaking near the city , which would be more likely to cause damage to taller structures from an earthquake in the vicinity of the city . Boroughs Main articles : Borough ( New York City ) and Neighborhoods in New York City The five boroughs of New York City : 1 . Manhattan 2 . Brooklyn 3 . Queens 4 . Bronx 5 . Staten Island New York City 's five boroughs Jurisdiction Population Land area Density Borough County Estimate ( 2016 ) square miles square km persons / sq. mi persons / sq. km Manhattan New York 1,643,734 22.83 59.1 72,033 27,826 The Bronx Bronx 1,455,720 42 110 34,653 13,231 Brooklyn Kings 2,629,150 71 180 37,137 14,649 Queens Queens 2,333,054 109 280 21,460 8,354 Staten Island Richmond 476,015 58.5 152 8,112 3,132 City of New York 8,537,673 303.33 781.1 28,188 10,947 State of New York 19,745,289 47,214 122,284 416.4 159 Sources : see individual borough articles New York City is often referred to collectively as the five boroughs , and in turn , there are hundreds of distinct neighborhoods throughout the boroughs , many with a definable history and character to call their own . If the boroughs were each independent cities , four of the boroughs ( Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , and the Bronx ) would be among the ten most populous cities in the United States ( Staten island would be ranked 37th ) ; these same boroughs are coterminous with the four most densely populated counties in the United States ( New York ( Manhattan ) , Kings ( Brooklyn ) , Bronx , and Queens ) . Manhattan ( New York County ) is the geographically smallest and most densely populated borough , is home to Central Park and most of the city 's skyscrapers , and may be locally known simply as The City . Manhattan 's ( New York County 's ) population density of 72,033 people per square mile ( 27,812 / km2 ) in 2015 makes it the highest of any county in the United States and higher than the density of any individual American city . Manhattan is the cultural , administrative , and financial center of New York City and contains the headquarters of many major multinational corporations , the United Nations Headquarters , Wall Street , and a number of important universities . Manhattan is often described as the financial and cultural center of the world . Most of the borough is situated on Manhattan Island , at the mouth of the Hudson River . Several small islands are also part of the borough of Manhattan , including Randall 's Island , Wards Island , and Roosevelt Island in the East River , and Governors Island and Liberty Island to the south in New York Harbor . Manhattan Island is loosely divided into Lower , Midtown , and Uptown regions . Uptown Manhattan is divided by Central Park into the Upper East Side and the Upper West Side , and above the park is Harlem . The borough also includes a small neighborhood on the United States mainland , called Marble Hill , which is contiguous with The Bronx . New York City 's remaining four boroughs are collectively referred to as the outer boroughs . Brooklyn ( Kings County ) , on the western tip of Long Island , is the city 's most populous borough . Brooklyn is known for its cultural , social , and ethnic diversity , an independent art scene , distinct neighborhoods , and a distinctive architectural heritage . Downtown Brooklyn is the largest central core neighborhood in the outer boroughs . The borough has a long beachfront shoreline including Coney Island , established in the 1870s as one of the earliest amusement grounds in the country . Marine Park and Prospect Park are the two largest parks in Brooklyn . Since 2010 , Brooklyn has evolved into a thriving hub of entrepreneurship and high technology startup firms , and of postmodern art and design . Queens ( Queens County ) , on Long Island north and east of Brooklyn , is geographically the largest borough , the most ethnically diverse county in the United States , and the most ethnically diverse urban area in the world . Historically a collection of small towns and villages founded by the Dutch , the borough has since developed both commercial and residential prominence . Downtown Flushing has become one of the busiest central core neighborhoods in the outer boroughs . Queens is the site of Citi Field , the baseball stadium of the New York Mets , and hosts the annual U.S. Open tennis tournament at Flushing Meadows - Corona Park . Additionally , two of the three busiest airports serving the New York metropolitan area , John F. Kennedy International Airport and LaGuardia Airport , are located in Queens . ( The third is Newark Liberty International Airport in Newark , New Jersey . ) Staten Island ( Richmond County ) is the most suburban in character of the five boroughs . Staten Island is connected to Brooklyn by the Verrazano - Narrows Bridge and to Manhattan by way of the free Staten Island Ferry , a daily commuter ferry which provides unobstructed views of the Statue of Liberty , Ellis Island , and Lower Manhattan . In central Staten Island , the Staten Island Greenbelt spans approximately 2,500 acres ( 10 km ) , including 28 miles ( 45 km ) of walking trails and one of the last undisturbed forests in the city . Designated in 1984 to protect the island 's natural lands , the Greenbelt comprises seven city parks . The Bronx ( Bronx County ) is New York City 's northernmost borough and the only New York City borough with a majority of it a part of the mainland United States . It is the location of Yankee Stadium , the baseball park of the New York Yankees , and home to the largest cooperatively owned housing complex in the United States , Co-op City . It is also home to the Bronx Zoo , the world 's largest metropolitan zoo , which spans 265 acres ( 1.07 km ) and houses over 6,000 animals . The Bronx is also the birthplace of rap and hip hop culture . Pelham Bay Park is the largest park in New York City , at 2,765 acres ( 1,119 ha ) . Climate Avenue C in Manhattan after flooding caused by Hurricane Sandy on October 29 , 2012 . Under the Köppen climate classification , using the 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) isotherm , New York City features a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ) , and is thus the northernmost major city on the North American continent with this categorization . The suburbs to the immediate north and west lie in the transitional zone between humid subtropical and humid continental climates ( Dfa ) . The city averages 234 days with at least some sunshine annually , and averages 57 % of possible sunshine annually , accumulating 2,535 hours of sunshine per annum . The city lies in the USDA 7b plant hardiness zone . Winters are cold and damp , and prevailing wind patterns that blow offshore temper the moderating effects of the Atlantic Ocean ; yet the Atlantic and the partial shielding from colder air by the Appalachians keep the city warmer in the winter than inland North American cities at similar or lesser latitudes such as Pittsburgh , Cincinnati , and Indianapolis . The daily mean temperature in January , the area 's coldest month , is 32.6 ° F ( 0.3 ° C ) ; temperatures usually drop to 10 ° F ( − 12 ° C ) several times per winter , and reach 60 ° F ( 16 ° C ) several days in the coldest winter month . Spring and autumn are unpredictable and can range from chilly to warm , although they are usually mild with low humidity . Summers are typically warm to hot and humid , with a daily mean temperature of 76.5 ° F ( 24.7 ° C ) in July . Nighttime conditions are often exacerbated by the urban heat island phenomenon , while daytime temperatures exceed 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) on average of 17 days each summer and in some years exceed 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) . Extreme temperatures have ranged from − 15 ° F ( − 26 ° C ) , recorded on February 9 , 1934 , up to 106 ° F ( 41 ° C ) on July 9 , 1936 . The average water temperature of the nearby Atlantic Ocean ranges from 39.7 ° F ( 4.3 ° C ) in February to 74.1 ° F ( 23.4 ° C ) in August . The city receives 49.9 inches ( 1,270 mm ) of precipitation annually , which is relatively evenly spread throughout the year . Average winter snowfall between 1981 and 2010 has been 25.8 inches ( 66 cm ) ; this varies considerably from year to year . Hurricanes and tropical storms are rare in the New York area , but they are not unheard of and always have the potential to strike the area . Hurricane Sandy brought a destructive storm surge to New York City on the evening of October 29 , 2012 , flooding numerous streets , tunnels , and subway lines in Lower Manhattan and other areas of the city and cutting off electricity in many parts of the city and its suburbs . The storm and its profound impacts have prompted the discussion of constructing seawalls and other coastal barriers around the shorelines of the city and the metropolitan area to minimize the risk of destructive consequences from another such event in the future . ( hide ) Climate data for New York ( Belvedere Castle , Central Park ) , 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1869 -- present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 72 ( 22 ) 75 ( 24 ) 86 ( 30 ) 96 ( 36 ) 99 ( 37 ) 101 ( 38 ) 106 ( 41 ) 104 ( 40 ) 102 ( 39 ) 94 ( 34 ) 84 ( 29 ) 75 ( 24 ) 106 ( 41 ) Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) 59.6 ( 15.3 ) 60.7 ( 15.9 ) 71.5 ( 21.9 ) 83.0 ( 28.3 ) 88.0 ( 31.1 ) 92.3 ( 33.5 ) 95.4 ( 35.2 ) 93.7 ( 34.3 ) 88.5 ( 31.4 ) 78.8 ( 26 ) 71.3 ( 21.8 ) 62.2 ( 16.8 ) 97.0 ( 36.1 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 38.3 ( 3.5 ) 41.6 ( 5.3 ) 49.7 ( 9.8 ) 61.2 ( 16.2 ) 70.8 ( 21.6 ) 79.3 ( 26.3 ) 84.1 ( 28.9 ) 82.6 ( 28.1 ) 75.2 ( 24 ) 63.8 ( 17.7 ) 53.8 ( 12.1 ) 43.0 ( 6.1 ) 62.0 ( 16.7 ) Daily mean ° F ( ° C ) 32.6 ( 0.3 ) 35.3 ( 1.8 ) 42.5 ( 5.8 ) 53.0 ( 11.7 ) 62.4 ( 16.9 ) 71.4 ( 21.9 ) 76.5 ( 24.7 ) 75.2 ( 24 ) 68.0 ( 20 ) 56.9 ( 13.8 ) 47.7 ( 8.7 ) 37.5 ( 3.1 ) 55.0 ( 12.8 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 26.9 ( − 2.8 ) 28.9 ( − 1.7 ) 35.2 ( 1.8 ) 44.8 ( 7.1 ) 54.0 ( 12.2 ) 63.6 ( 17.6 ) 68.8 ( 20.4 ) 67.8 ( 19.9 ) 60.8 ( 16 ) 50.0 ( 10 ) 41.6 ( 5.3 ) 32.0 ( 0 ) 47.9 ( 8.8 ) Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) 9.2 ( − 12.7 ) 12.8 ( − 10.7 ) 18.5 ( − 7.5 ) 32.3 ( 0.2 ) 43.5 ( 6.4 ) 52.9 ( 11.6 ) 60.3 ( 15.7 ) 58.8 ( 14.9 ) 48.6 ( 9.2 ) 38.0 ( 3.3 ) 27.7 ( − 2.4 ) 15.6 ( − 9.1 ) 7.0 ( − 13.9 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 6 ( − 21 ) − 15 ( − 26 ) ( − 16 ) 12 ( − 11 ) 32 ( 0 ) 44 ( 7 ) 52 ( 11 ) 50 ( 10 ) 39 ( 4 ) 28 ( − 2 ) 7 ( − 14 ) − 13 ( − 25 ) − 15 ( − 26 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 3.65 ( 92.7 ) 3.09 ( 78.5 ) 4.36 ( 110.7 ) 4.50 ( 114.3 ) 4.19 ( 106.4 ) 4.41 ( 112 ) 4.60 ( 116.8 ) 4.44 ( 112.8 ) 4.28 ( 108.7 ) 4.40 ( 111.8 ) 4.02 ( 102.1 ) 4.00 ( 101.6 ) 49.94 ( 1,268.5 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 7.0 ( 17.8 ) 9.2 ( 23.4 ) 3.9 ( 9.9 ) 0.6 ( 1.5 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.3 ( 0.8 ) 4.8 ( 12.2 ) 25.8 ( 65.5 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 10.4 9.2 10.9 11.5 11.1 11.2 10.4 9.5 8.7 8.9 9.6 10.6 122.0 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 4.0 2.8 1.8 0.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 2.3 11.4 Average relative humidity ( % ) 61.5 60.2 58.5 55.3 62.7 65.2 64.2 66.0 67.8 65.6 64.6 64.1 63.0 Mean monthly sunshine hours 162.7 163.1 212.5 225.6 256.6 257.3 268.2 268.2 219.3 211.2 151.0 139.0 2,534.7 Percent possible sunshine 54 55 57 57 57 57 59 63 59 61 51 48 57 Source : NOAA ( relative humidity and sun 1961 -- 1990 ) See Geography of New York City for additional climate information from the outer boroughs . See or edit raw graph data . Parks Flushing Meadows -- Corona Park was used in the 1964 New York World 's Fair , with the Unisphere as its centerpiece . The City of New York has a complex park system , with various lands operated by the National Park Service , the New York State Office of Parks , Recreation and Historic Preservation , and the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation . In its 2013 ParkScore ranking , the Trust for Public Land reported that the park system in New York City was the second best park system among the 50 most populous US cities , behind the park system of Minneapolis . ParkScore ranks urban park systems by a formula that analyzes median park size , park acres as percent of city area , the percent of city residents within a half - mile of a park , spending of park services per resident , and the number of playgrounds per 10,000 residents . National Parks Main article : National Park Service The Statue of Liberty on Liberty Island in New York Harbor is a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom , democracy , and opportunity . Gateway National Recreation Area contains over 26,000 acres ( 10,521.83 ha ) in total , most of it surrounded by New York City , including the Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge . In Brooklyn and Queens , the park contains over 9,000 acres ( 36 km ) of salt marsh , wetlands , islands , and water , including most of Jamaica Bay . Also in Queens , the park includes a significant portion of the western Rockaway Peninsula , most notably Jacob Riis Park and Fort Tilden . In Staten Island , Gateway National Recreation Area includes Fort Wadsworth , with historic pre-Civil War era Battery Weed and Fort Tompkins , and Great Kills Park , with beaches , trails , and a marina . The Statue of Liberty National Monument and Ellis Island Immigration Museum are managed by the National Park Service and are in both the states of New York and New Jersey . They are joined in the harbor by Governors Island National Monument , in New York . Historic sites under federal management on Manhattan Island include Castle Clinton National Monument ; Federal Hall National Memorial ; Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site ; General Grant National Memorial ( `` Grant 's Tomb '' ) ; African Burial Ground National Monument ; and Hamilton Grange National Memorial . Hundreds of private properties are listed on the National Register of Historic Places or as a National Historic Landmark such as , for example , the Stonewall Inn , part of the Stonewall National Monument in Greenwich Village , as the catalyst of the modern gay rights movement . State Parks Main article : New York State Parks There are seven state parks within the confines of New York City , including Clay Pit Ponds State Park Preserve , a natural area that includes extensive riding trails , and Riverbank State Park , a 28 - acre ( 110,000 m ) facility that rises 69 feet ( 21 m ) over the Hudson River . City Parks Reindeer at the Bronx Zoo , the world 's largest metropolitan zoo . See also : Parks and recreation in New York City New York City has over 28,000 acres ( 110 km ) of municipal parkland and 14 miles ( 23 km ) of public beaches . The largest municipal park in the city is Pelham Bay Park in the Bronx , with 2,765 acres ( 1,119 ha ) . Central Park , an 883 - acre ( 3.57 km ) park in middle - upper Manhattan , is the most visited urban park in the United States and one of the most filmed locations in the world , with 40 million visitors in 2013 . The park contains a myriad of attractions ; there are several lakes and ponds , two ice - skating rinks , the Central Park Zoo , the Central Park Conservatory Garden , and the 106 - acre ( 0.43 km ) Jackie Onassis Reservoir . Indoor attractions include Belvedere Castle with its nature center , the Swedish Cottage Marionette Theater , and the historic Carousel . On October 23 , 2012 , hedge fund manager John A. Paulson announced a $100 million gift to the Central Park Conservancy , the largest ever monetary donation to New York City 's park system . Washington Square Park is a prominent landmark in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan . The Washington Square Arch at the northern gateway to the park is an iconic symbol of both New York University and Greenwich Village . Prospect Park in Brooklyn has a 90 - acre ( 360,000 m ) meadow , a lake , and extensive woodlands . Within the park is the historic Battle Pass , prominent in the Battle of Long Island . Flushing Meadows -- Corona Park in Queens , with its 897 acres ( 363 ha ) making it the city 's fourth largest park , was the setting for the 1939 World 's Fair and the 1964 World 's Fair and is host to the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center and the annual United States Open Tennis Championships tournament . Over a fifth of the Bronx 's area , 7,000 acres ( 28 km ) , is given over to open space and parks , including Pelham Bay Park , Van Cortlandt Park , the Bronx Zoo , and the New York Botanical Gardens . In Staten Island , the Conference House Park contains the historic Conference House , site of the only attempt of a peaceful resolution to the American Revolution which was conducted in September 1775 , attended by Benjamin Franklin representing the Americans and Lord Howe representing the British Crown . The historic Burial Ridge , the largest Native American burial ground within New York City , is within the park . Central Park , as seen from Rockefeller Center , is the most visited city park in the United States . Military Installations New York City is home to Fort Hamilton , the U.S. military 's only active duty installation within the city . Established in 1825 in Brooklyn on the site of a small battery utilized during the American Revolution , it is one of America 's longest serving military forts . Today Fort Hamilton serves as the headquarters of the North Atlantic Division of the United States Army Corps of Engineers and for the New York City Recruiting Battalion . It also houses the 1179th Transportation Brigade , the 722nd Aeromedical Staging Squadron , and a military entrance processing station . Other formerly active military reservations still utilized for National Guard and military training or reserve operations in the city include Fort Wadsworth in Staten Island and Fort Totten in Queens . Demographics Main articles : Demographics of New York City , New York City ethnic enclaves , and Demographic profile of New York City ( show ) City compared to State & U.S. 2010 Census NY City NY State U.S. Total population 8,175,133 19,378,102 308,745,538 Population change , 2000 to 2010 + 2.1 % + 2.1 % + 9.7 % Population density ( people / sqmi ) 27,012.5 411.2 87.4 Median household income ( 2015 ) $53,373 $59,269 $53,889 Bachelor 's degree or higher 35.7 % 34.2 % 29.8 % Foreign born 37.2 % 22.5 % 13.2 % White ( non-Hispanic ) 44.0 % 65.7 % 72.4 % Black 25.5 % 15.9 % 12.6 % Hispanic ( any race ) 28.6 % 17.6 % 16.3 % Asian 12.7 % 7.3 % 4.8 % ( hide ) Racial composition 1990 1970 1940 White 44.0 % 52.3 % 76.6 % 93.6 % -- Non-Hispanic 33.3 % 43.2 % 62.9 % 92.0 % Black or African American 25.5 % 28.7 % 21.1 % 6.1 % Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) 28.6 % 24.4 % 16.2 % 1.6 % Asian 12.7 % 7.0 % 1.2 % − New York City had an estimated population density of 28,201 people per square mile ( 10,890 / km2 ) in 2016 , with Manhattan alone at 71,999 / sq mi ( 27,799 / km2 ) . Historical population Year Pop . ± % 1698 4,937 -- 1712 5,840 + 18.3 % 1723 7,248 + 24.1 % 1737 10,664 + 47.1 % 1746 11,717 + 9.9 % 1756 13,046 + 11.3 % 1771 21,863 + 67.6 % 1790 49,401 + 126.0 % 1800 79,216 + 60.4 % 1810 119,734 + 51.1 % 1820 152,056 + 27.0 % 1830 242,278 + 59.3 % 1840 391,114 + 61.4 % 1850 696,115 + 78.0 % 1860 1,174,779 + 68.8 % 1870 1,478,103 + 25.8 % 1880 1,911,698 + 29.3 % 1890 2,507,414 + 31.2 % 1900 3,437,202 + 37.1 % 1910 4,766,883 + 38.7 % 1920 5,620,048 + 17.9 % 1930 6,930,446 + 23.3 % 1940 7,454,995 + 7.6 % 1950 7,891,957 + 5.9 % 1960 7,781,984 − 1.4 % 1970 7,894,862 + 1.5 % 1980 7,071,639 − 10.4 % 1990 7,322,564 + 3.5 % 2000 8,008,278 + 9.4 % 8,175,133 + 2.1 % 2016 8,537,673 + 4.4 % Note : Census figures ( 1790 -- 2010 ) cover the present area of all five boroughs , before and after the 1898 consolidation . For New York City itself before annexing part of the Bronx in 1874 , see Manhattan # Demographics . Sources : 1698 -- 1771 , 1790 -- 1890 , 1900 -- 1990 , 2000 and 2010 , 2016 Census estimate . Source : U.S. Decennial Census New York City is the most populous city in the United States , with an estimated record high of 8,537,673 residents as of 2016 , incorporating more immigration into the city than outmigration since the 2010 United States Census . More than twice as many people live in New York City as in the second-most populous U.S. city ( Los Angeles ) , and within a smaller area . New York City gained more residents between April 2010 and July 2014 ( 316,000 ) than any other U.S. city . New York City 's population is about 43 % of New York State 's population and about 36 % of the population of the New York metropolitan area . Population density In 2015 , the city had an estimated population density of 28,053 people per square mile ( 10,756 / km2 ) , rendering it the most densely populated of all municipalities housing over 100,000 residents in the United States , with several small cities ( of fewer than 100,000 ) in adjacent Hudson County , New Jersey having greater density , as per the 2010 Census . Geographically co-extensive with New York County , the borough of Manhattan 's 2015 population density of 69,468 inhabitants per square mile ( 26,822 / km ) makes it the highest of any county in the United States and higher than the density of any individual American city . Race and ethnicity Further information : Chinese in New York City , Fuzhounese in New York City , Indians in New York City , Koreans in New York City , Filipinos in New York City , Bangladeshis in New York City , Japanese in New York City , Russians in New York City , Ukrainians in New York City , Irish in New York City , Italians in New York City , Caribbeans in New York City , and Puerto Ricans in New York City The city 's population in 2010 was 44 % white ( 33.3 % non-Hispanic white ) , 25.5 % black ( 23 % non-Hispanic black ) , 0.7 % Native American , and 12.7 % Asian . Hispanics of any race represented 28.6 % of the population , while Asians constituted the fastest - growing segment of the city 's population between 2000 and 2010 ; the non-Hispanic white population declined 3 percent , the smallest recorded decline in decades ; and for the first time since the Civil War , the number of blacks declined over a decade . Clockwise , from upper left : the Manhattan Chinatown ; Manhattan 's Little Italy ; Spanish Harlem ; and Manhattan 's Koreatown Throughout its history , the city has been a major port of entry for immigrants into the United States ; more than 12 million European immigrants were received at Ellis Island between 1892 and 1924 . The term `` melting pot '' was first coined to describe densely populated immigrant neighborhoods on the Lower East Side . By 1900 , Germans constituted the largest immigrant group , followed by the Irish , Jews , and Italians . In 1940 , whites represented 92 % of the city 's population . Approximately 37 % of the city 's population is foreign born and more than half of all children are born to mothers who are immigrants . In New York , no single country or region of origin dominates . The ten largest sources of foreign - born individuals in the city as of 2011 were the Dominican Republic , China , Mexico , Guyana , Jamaica , Ecuador , Haiti , India , Russia , and Trinidad and Tobago , while the Bangladeshi - born immigrant population has become one of the fastest growing in the city , counting over 74,000 by 2011 . Asian Americans in New York City , according to the 2010 Census , number more than one million , greater than the combined totals of San Francisco and Los Angeles . New York contains the highest total Asian population of any U.S. city proper . The New York City borough of Queens is home to the state 's largest Asian American population and the largest Andean ( Colombian , Ecuadorian , Peruvian , and Bolivian ) populations in the United States , and is also the most ethnically diverse urban area in the world . The Chinese population constitutes the fastest - growing nationality in New York State ; multiple satellites of the original Manhattan Chinatown , in Brooklyn , and around Flushing , Queens , are thriving as traditionally urban enclaves -- while also expanding rapidly eastward into suburban Nassau County on Long Island , as the New York metropolitan region and New York State have become the top destinations for new Chinese immigrants , respectively , and large - scale Chinese immigration continues into New York City and surrounding areas , with the largest metropolitan Chinese diaspora outside Asia , including an estimated 812,410 individuals in 2015 . In 2012 , 6.3 % of New York City was of Chinese ethnicity , with nearly three - fourths living in either Queens or Brooklyn , geographically on Long Island . A community numbering 20,000 Korean - Chinese ( Chaoxianzu or Joseonjok ) is centered in Flushing , Queens , while New York City is also home to the largest Tibetan population outside China , India , and Nepal , also centered in Queens . Koreans made up 1.2 % of the city 's population , and Japanese 0.3 % . Filipinos were the largest Southeast Asian ethnic group at 0.8 % , followed by Vietnamese , who made up 0.2 % of New York City 's population in 2010 . Indians are the largest South Asian group , comprising 2.4 % of the city 's population , with Bangladeshis and Pakistanis at 0.7 % and 0.5 % , respectively . Queens is the preferred borough of settlement for Asian Indians , Koreans , Filipinos , and Malaysians and other Southeast Asians ; while Brooklyn is receiving large numbers of both West Indian and Asian Indian immigrants . Map of racial distribution in New York , 2010 U.S. Census . Each dot is 25 people : White , Black , Asian , Hispanic or Other ( yellow ) New York City has the largest European and non-Hispanic white population of any American city . At 2.7 million in 2012 , New York 's non-Hispanic white population is larger than the non-Hispanic white populations of Los Angeles ( 1.1 million ) , Chicago ( 865,000 ) , and Houston ( 550,000 ) combined . The non-Hispanic white population was 6.6 million in 1940 . The non-Hispanic white population has begun to increase since 2010 . The European diaspora residing in the city is very diverse . According to 2012 Census estimates , there were roughly 560,000 Italian Americans , 385,000 Irish Americans , 253,000 German Americans , 223,000 Russian Americans , 201,000 Polish Americans , and 137,000 English Americans . Additionally , Greek and French Americans numbered 65,000 each , with those of Hungarian descent estimated at 60,000 people . Ukrainian and Scottish Americans numbered 55,000 and 35,000 , respectively . People identifying ancestry from Spain numbered 30,838 total in 2010 . People of Norwegian and Swedish descent both stood at about 20,000 each , while people of Czech , Lithuanian , Portuguese , Scotch - Irish , and Welsh descent all numbered between 12,000 -- 14,000 people . Arab Americans number over 160,000 in New York City , with the highest concentration in Brooklyn . Central Asians , primarily Uzbek Americans , are a rapidly growing segment of the city 's non-Hispanic white population , enumerating over 30,000 , and including over half of all Central Asian immigrants to the United States , most settling in Queens or Brooklyn . Albanian Americans are most highly concentrated in the Bronx . The wider New York City metropolitan statistical area , with over 20 million people , about 50 % greater than the second - place Los Angeles metropolitan area in the United States , is also ethnically diverse , with the largest foreign - born population of any metropolitan region in the world . The New York region continues to be by far the leading metropolitan gateway for legal immigrants admitted into the United States , substantially exceeding the combined totals of Los Angeles and Miami . It is home to the largest Jewish and Israeli communities outside Israel , with the Jewish population in the region numbering over 1.5 million in 2012 and including many diverse Jewish sects from around the Middle East and Eastern Europe . The metropolitan area is also home to 20 % of the nation 's Indian Americans and at least 20 Little India enclaves , and 15 % of all Korean Americans and four Koreatowns ; the largest Asian Indian population in the Western Hemisphere ; the largest Russian American , Italian American , and African American populations ; the largest Dominican American , Puerto Rican American , and South American and second - largest overall Hispanic population in the United States , numbering 4.8 million ; and includes multiple established Chinatowns within New York City alone . Ecuador , Colombia , Guyana , Peru , and Brazil were the top source countries from South America for legal immigrants to the New York City region in 2013 ; the Dominican Republic , Jamaica , Haiti , and Trinidad and Tobago in the Caribbean ; Egypt , Ghana , and Nigeria from Africa ; and El Salvador , Honduras , and Guatemala in Central America . Amidst a resurgence of Puerto Rican migration to New York City , this population had increased to approximately 1.3 million in the metropolitan area as of 2013 . Sexual Orientation and gender identity Main article : LGBT culture in New York City The scene at the 2011 LGBT Pride March . New York City is home to the largest LGBTQ community in the United States and one of the world 's largest . The New York metropolitan area is home to a self - identifying gay and bisexual community estimated at nearly 570,000 individuals , the largest in the United States and one of the world 's largest . Same - sex marriages in New York were legalized on June 24 , 2011 and were authorized to take place beginning 30 days thereafter . Charles Kaiser , author of The Gay Metropolis : The Landmark History of Gay Life in America , wrote that in the era after World War II , `` New York City became the literal gay metropolis for hundreds of thousands of immigrants from within and without the United States : the place they chose to learn how to live openly , honestly and without shame . '' The annual New York City Pride March ( or gay pride parade ) traverses southward down Fifth Avenue and ends at Greenwich Village in Lower Manhattan ; the parade rivals the Sao Paulo Gay Pride Parade as the largest pride parade in the world , attracting tens of thousands of participants and millions of sidewalk spectators each June . Transgender contribution Wayne R. Dynes , author of the Encyclopedia of Homosexuality , wrote that drag queens were the only `` transgender folks around '' during the June 1969 Stonewall riots . `` None of them in fact made a major contribution to the movement . '' Others say the transgender community in New York City played a significant role in fighting for LGBT equality during the period of the Stonewall riots and thereafter . New York City is home to the largest transgender population in the United States , estimated at 25,000 in 2016 . However , until the Stonewall riots , this community had felt marginalized and neglected by the gay community . Religion Christianity ( 59 % ) , made up of Roman Catholicism ( 33 % ) , Protestantism ( 23 % ) , and other Christians ( 3 % ) , was the most prevalently practiced religion in New York as of 2014 , followed by Judaism , with approximately 1.1 million Jews in New York City . over half living in Brooklyn ; The Jewish population makes up 18.4 % of the city . Islam ranks third in New York City , with official estimates ranging between 600,000 and 1,000,000 observers and including 10 % of the city 's public schoolchildren , followed by Hinduism , Buddhism , and a variety of other religions , as well as atheism . In 2014 , 24 % self - identified with no organized religious affiliation . Religious affiliations in New York City The landmark Neo-Gothic Roman Catholic St. Patrick 's Cathedral , Midtown Manhattan Ultra-Orthodox Jewish residents in Brooklyn . Brooklyn has the largest Jewish community in the United States , with approximately 600,000 individuals . The Islamic Cultural Center of New York in Upper Manhattan , the first mosque built in New York City . Ganesh Temple in Flushing , Queens , the oldest Hindu temple in the U.S. Mahayana Buddhist Temple in Chinatown , Manhattan Atheism , promoted on an electronic billboard in Times Square , is observed by a significant proportion of New Yorkers . Income New York City has a high degree of income disparity as indicated by its Gini Coefficient of 0.5 for the city overall and 0.6 for Manhattan . In the first quarter of 2014 , the average weekly wage in New York County ( Manhattan ) was $2,749 , representing the highest total among large counties in the United States . As of 2017 , New York City had the highest number of billionaires of any city in the world at 82 , with a combined net worth of US $398 billion , including former Mayor Michael Bloomberg . New York also had the highest density of millionaires per capita among major U.S. cities in 2014 , at 4.6 % of residents . Lower Manhattan has been experiencing a baby boom , with the area south of Canal Street witnessing 1,086 births in 2010 , 12 % greater than 2009 and over twice the number born in 2001 . Economy Main article : Economy of New York City City economic Overview Top publicly traded companies in New York City ( ranked by 2015 revenues ) with City and U.S. ranks NYC corporation US Verizon Communications 13 JPMorgan Chase 23 Citigroup 29 MetLife 40 5 American International Group 49 6 Pfizer ( pharmaceuticals ) 55 7 New York Life 61 8 Goldman Sachs 74 9 Morgan Stanley 78 10 TIAA ( Teachers Ins . & Annuity ) 82 11 INTL FCStone 83 12 American Express 85 Every firm 's revenue exceeded $30 billion Financial services firms in green Full table at Economy of New York City Source : Fortune 500 New York is a global hub of international business and commerce . In 2012 , New York City topped the first Global Economic Power Index , published by The Atlantic ( to be differentiated from a namesake list published by the Martin Prosperity Institute ) , with cities ranked according to criteria reflecting their presence on similar lists as published by other entities . The city is a major center for banking and finance , retailing , world trade , transportation , tourism , real estate , new media , traditional media , advertising , legal services , accountancy , insurance , theater , fashion , and the arts in the United States ; while Silicon Alley , metonymous for New York 's broad - spectrum high technology sphere , continues to expand . The Port of New York and New Jersey is also a major economic engine , handling record cargo volume in the first half of 2014 . In February 2017 , New York City 's unemployment rate fell to 4.3 % , the lowest in the city 's recorded history , with the city achieving the status of what many economists refer to as full employment . Many Fortune 500 corporations are headquartered in New York City , as are a large number of multinational corporations . One out of ten private sector jobs in the city is with a foreign company . New York City has been ranked first among cities across the globe in attracting capital , business , and tourists . This ability to attract foreign investment helped New York City top the FDi Magazine American Cities of the Future ranking for 2013 . Real estate is a major force in the city 's economy , as the total value of all New York City property was assessed at US $1.072 trillion for the 2017 fiscal year , an increase of 10.6 % from the previous year with 89 % of the increase coming from market effects . The Time Warner Center is the property with the highest - listed market value in the city , at US $1.1 billion in 2006 . New York City is home to some of the nation 's -- and the world 's -- most valuable real estate . 450 Park Avenue was sold on July 2 , 2007 for US $510 million , about $1,589 per square foot ( $17,104 / m2 ) , breaking the barely month - old record for an American office building of $1,476 per square foot ( $15,887 / m2 ) set in the June 2007 sale of 660 Madison Avenue . According to Forbes , in 2014 , Manhattan was home to six of the top ten zip codes in the United States by median housing price . Fifth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan commands the highest retail rents in the world , at US $3,000 per square foot ( $32,000 / m ) in 2017 . As of 2013 , the global advertising agencies of Omnicom Group and Interpublic Group , both based in Manhattan , had combined annual revenues of approximately US $21 billion , reflecting New York City 's role as the top global center for the advertising industry , which is metonymously referred to as `` Madison Avenue '' . The city 's fashion industry provides approximately 180,000 employees with $11 billion in annual wages . Other important sectors include medical research and technology , non-profit institutions , and universities . Manufacturing accounts for a significant but declining share of employment , although the city 's garment industry is showing a resurgence in Brooklyn . Food processing is a US $5 billion industry that employs more than 19,000 residents . Chocolate is New York City 's leading specialty - food export , with up to US $234 million worth of exports each year . Entrepreneurs were forming a `` Chocolate District '' in Brooklyn as of 2014 , while Godiva , one of the world 's largest chocolatiers , continues to be headquartered in Manhattan . Wall Street Main article : Wall Street The New York Stock Exchange on Wall Street , the world 's largest stock exchange per total market capitalization of its listed companies . New York City 's most important economic sector lies in its role as the headquarters for the U.S. financial industry , metonymously known as Wall Street . The city 's securities industry , enumerating 163,400 jobs in August 2013 , continues to form the largest segment of the city 's financial sector and an important economic engine , accounting in 2012 for 5 percent of the city 's private sector jobs , 8.5 percent ( US $3.8 billion ) of its tax revenue , and 22 percent of the city 's total wages , including an average salary of US $360,700 . Many large financial companies are headquartered in New York City , and the city is also home to a burgeoning number of financial startup companies . Lower Manhattan is the third - largest central business district in the United States and is home to the New York Stock Exchange , on Wall Street , and the NASDAQ , at 165 Broadway , representing the world 's largest and second largest stock exchanges , respectively , when measured both by overall average daily trading volume and by total market capitalization of their listed companies in 2013 . Investment banking fees on Wall Street totaled approximately $40 billion in 2012 , while in 2013 , senior New York City bank officers who manage risk and compliance functions earned as much as $324,000 annually . In fiscal year 2013 -- 14 , Wall Street 's securities industry generated 19 % of New York State 's tax revenue . New York City remains the largest global center for trading in public equity and debt capital markets , driven in part by the size and financial development of the U.S. economy . In July 2013 , NYSE Euronext , the operator of the New York Stock Exchange , took over the administration of the London interbank offered rate from the British Bankers Association . New York also leads in hedge fund management ; private equity ; and the monetary volume of mergers and acquisitions . Several investment banks and investment managers headquartered in Manhattan are important participants in other global financial centers . New York is also the principal commercial banking center of the United States . Many of the world 's largest media conglomerates are also based in the city . Manhattan contained over 500 million square feet ( 46.5 million m ) of office space in 2015 , making it the largest office market in the United States , while Midtown Manhattan , with nearly 400 million square feet ( 37.2 million m ) in 2015 , is the largest central business district in the world . Silicon Alley Main article : Silicon Alley Further information : Tech companies in New York City and Biotech companies in New York City Silicon Alley , once centered around the Flatiron District , is now metonymous for New York 's high tech sector , which has since expanded beyond the area . Silicon Alley , centered in Manhattan , has evolved into a metonym for the sphere encompassing the New York City metropolitan region 's high technology industries involving the Internet , new media , telecommunications , digital media , software development , biotechnology , game design , financial technology ( `` FinTech '' ) , and other fields within information technology that are supported by its entrepreneurship ecosystem and venture capital investments . In 2015 , Silicon Alley generated over US $7.3 billion in venture capital investment across a broad spectrum of high technology enterprises , most based in Manhattan , with others in Brooklyn , Queens , and elsewhere in the region . High technology startup companies and employment are growing in New York City and the region , bolstered by the city 's position in North America as the leading Internet hub and telecommunications center , including its vicinity to several transatlantic fiber optic trunk lines , New York 's intellectual capital , and its extensive outdoor wireless connectivity . Verizon Communications , headquartered at 140 West Street in Lower Manhattan , was at the final stages in 2014 of completing a US $3 billion fiberoptic telecommunications upgrade throughout New York City . As of 2014 , New York City hosted 300,000 employees in the tech sector . The biotechnology sector is also growing in New York City , based upon the city 's strength in academic scientific research and public and commercial financial support . On December 19 , 2011 , then Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg announced his choice of Cornell University and Technion - Israel Institute of Technology to build a US $2 billion graduate school of applied sciences called Cornell Tech on Roosevelt Island with the goal of transforming New York City into the world 's premier technology capital . By mid-2014 , Accelerator , a biotech investment firm , had raised more than US $30 million from investors , including Eli Lilly and Company , Pfizer , and Johnson & Johnson , for initial funding to create biotechnology startups at the Alexandria Center for Life Science , which encompasses more than 700,000 square feet ( 65,000 m ) on East 29th Street and promotes collaboration among scientists and entrepreneurs at the center and with nearby academic , medical , and research institutions . The New York City Economic Development Corporation 's Early Stage Life Sciences Funding Initiative and venture capital partners , including Celgene , General Electric Ventures , and Eli Lilly , committed a minimum of US $100 million to help launch 15 to 20 ventures in life sciences and biotechnology . Tourism Main article : Tourism in New York City Times Square is the hub of the Broadway theater district and a media center . It also has one of the highest annual attendance rates of any tourist attraction in the world , estimated at 50 million . The I Love New York logo , designed by Milton Glaser in 1977 Tourism is a vital industry for New York City , which has witnessed a growing combined volume of international and domestic tourists , receiving a seventh consecutive annual record of approximately 61 million visitors in 2016 . Tourism had generated an all - time high US $61.3 billion in overall economic impact for New York City in 2014 , pending 2015 statistics . Approximately 12 million visitors to New York City were from outside the United States , with the highest numbers from the United Kingdom , Canada , Brazil , and China . According to the website reuters.com , `` New York City tourism climb ( ed ) record high in 2015 for ( the ) sixth year . '' . I Love New York ( stylized I ❤ NY ) is both a logo and a song that are the basis of an advertising campaign and have been used since 1977 to promote tourism in New York City , and later to promote New York State as well . The trademarked logo , owned by New York State Empire State Development , appears in souvenir shops and brochures throughout the city and state , some licensed , many not . The song is the state song of New York . Major tourist destinations include Times Square ; Broadway theater productions ; the Empire State Building ; the Statue of Liberty ; Ellis Island ; the United Nations Headquarters ; museums such as the Metropolitan Museum of Art ; greenspaces such as Central Park and Washington Square Park ; Rockefeller Center ; the Manhattan Chinatown ; luxury shopping along Fifth and Madison Avenues ; and events such as the Halloween Parade in Greenwich Village ; the Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade ; the lighting of the Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree ; the St. Patrick 's Day parade ; seasonal activities such as ice skating in Central Park in the wintertime ; the Tribeca Film Festival ; and free performances in Central Park at Summerstage . Major attractions in the boroughs outside Manhattan include Flushing Meadows - Corona Park and the Unisphere in Queens ; the Bronx Zoo ; Coney Island , Brooklyn ; and the New York Botanical Garden in the Bronx . The New York Wheel , a 630 - foot ferris wheel , was under construction at the northern shore of Staten Island in 2015 , overlooking the Statue of Liberty , New York Harbor , and the Lower Manhattan skyline . Manhattan was on track to have an estimated 90,000 hotel rooms at the end of 2014 , a 10 % increase from 2013 . In October 2014 , the Anbang Insurance Group , based in China , purchased the Waldorf Astoria New York for US $1.95 billion , making it the world 's most expensive hotel ever sold . Media and entertainment Main article : Media in New York City Rockefeller Center is home to NBC Studios . New York is a prominent location for the American entertainment industry , with many films , television series , books , and other media being set there . As of 2012 , New York City was the second largest center for filmmaking and television production in the United States , producing about 200 feature films annually , employing 130,000 individuals ; the filmed entertainment industry has been growing in New York , contributing nearly US $9 billion to the New York City economy alone as of 2015 , and by volume , New York is the world leader in independent film production -- one - third of all American independent films are produced in New York City . The Association of Independent Commercial Producers is also based in New York . In the first five months of 2014 alone , location filming for television pilots in New York City exceeded the record production levels for all of 2013 , with New York surpassing Los Angeles as the top North American city for the same distinction during the 2013 / 2014 cycle . New York City is additionally a center for the advertising , music , newspaper , digital media , and publishing industries and is also the largest media market in North America . Some of the city 's media conglomerates and institutions include Time Warner , the Thomson Reuters Corporation , the Associated Press , Bloomberg L.P. , the News Corporation , The New York Times Company , NBCUniversal , the Hearst Corporation , AOL , and Viacom . Seven of the world 's top eight global advertising agency networks have their headquarters in New York . Two of the top three record labels ' headquarters are in New York : Sony Music Entertainment and Warner Music Group . Universal Music Group also has offices in New York . New media enterprises are contributing an increasingly important component to the city 's central role in the media sphere . More than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer magazines have an office in the city , and the publishing industry employs about 25,000 people . Two of the three national daily newspapers in the United States are New York papers : The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times , which has won the most Pulitzer Prizes for journalism . Major tabloid newspapers in the city include : The New York Daily News , which was founded in 1919 by Joseph Medill Patterson and The New York Post , founded in 1801 by Alexander Hamilton . The city also has a comprehensive ethnic press , with 270 newspapers and magazines published in more than 40 languages . El Diario La Prensa is New York 's largest Spanish - language daily and the oldest in the nation . The New York Amsterdam News , published in Harlem , is a prominent African American newspaper . The Village Voice , historically the largest alternative newspaper in the United States , announced in 2017 that it would cease publication of its print edition and convert to a fully digital venture . The television and radio industry developed in New York and is a significant employer in the city 's economy . The three major American broadcast networks are all headquartered in New York : ABC , CBS , and NBC . Many cable networks are based in the city as well , including MTV , Fox News , HBO , Showtime , Bravo , Food Network , AMC , and Comedy Central . The City of New York operates a public broadcast service , NYCTV , that has produced several original Emmy Award - winning shows covering music and culture in city neighborhoods and city government . WBAI , with news and information programming , is one of the few socialist radio stations operating in the United States . New York is also a major center for non-commercial educational media . The oldest public - access television channel in the United States is the Manhattan Neighborhood Network , founded in 1971 . WNET is the city 's major public television station and a primary source of national Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) television programming . WNYC , a public radio station owned by the city until 1997 , has the largest public radio audience in the United States . Human Resources Education and scholarly activity Main article : Education in New York City Primary and secondary Education The New York City Public Schools system , managed by the New York City Department of Education , is the largest public school system in the United States , serving about 1.1 million students in more than 1,700 separate primary and secondary schools . The city 's public school system includes nine specialized high schools to serve academically and artistically gifted students . The city government pays the Pelham Public Schools to educate a very small , detached section of the Bronx . Butler Library at Columbia University , described as one of the most beautiful college libraries in the United States . The Washington Square Arch , an unofficial icon of both New York University ( NYU ) and its Greenwich Village neighborhood . The New York City Charter School Center assists the setup of new charter schools . There are approximately 900 additional privately run secular and religious schools in the city . Higher Education and research Over 600,000 students are enrolled in New York City 's over 120 higher education institutions , the highest number of any city in the United States , including over half million in the City University of New York ( CUNY ) system alone in 2014 . In 2005 , three out of five Manhattan residents were college graduates , and one out of four had a postgraduate degree , forming one of the highest concentrations of highly educated people in any American city . New York City is home to such notable private universities as Barnard College , Columbia University , Cooper Union , Fordham University , Mercy College , New York University , New York Institute of Technology , Pace University , and Yeshiva University . The public CUNY system is one of the largest universities in the nation , comprising 24 institutions across all five boroughs : senior colleges , community colleges , and other graduate / professional schools . The public State University of New York ( SUNY ) system serves New York City , as well as the rest of the state . The city also has other smaller private colleges and universities , including many religious and special - purpose institutions , such as St. John 's University , The Juilliard School , Manhattan College , The College of Mount Saint Vincent , Fashion Institute of Technology , Parsons School of Design , The New School , Pratt Institute , The School of Visual Arts , The King 's College , and Wagner College . Much of the scientific research in the city is done in medicine and the life sciences . New York City has the most post-graduate life sciences degrees awarded annually in the United States , with 127 Nobel laureates having roots in local institutions as of 2005 ; while in 2012 , 43,523 licensed physicians were practicing in New York City . Major biomedical research institutions include Memorial Sloan -- Kettering Cancer Center , Rockefeller University , SUNY Downstate Medical Center , Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Mount Sinai School of Medicine , and Weill Cornell Medical College , being joined by the Cornell University / Technion - Israel Institute of Technology venture on Roosevelt Island . The graduates of SUNY Maritime College in the Bronx earned the highest average annual salary of any university graduates in the United States , US $144,000 as of 2017 . Public Library system The Stephen A. Schwarzman Headquarters Building of the New York Public Library , at 5th Avenue and 42nd Street . The New York Public Library , which has the largest collection of any public library system in the United States , serves Manhattan , the Bronx , and Staten Island . Queens is served by the Queens Borough Public Library , the nation 's second largest public library system , while the Brooklyn Public Library serves Brooklyn . Public Health Main article : New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation New York - Presbyterian Hospital , white complex at center , the largest hospital and largest private employer in New York City and one of the world 's busiest . The New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation ( HHC ) operates the public hospitals and clinics in New York City . A public benefit corporation with $6.7 billion in annual revenues , HHC is the largest municipal healthcare system in the United States serving 1.4 million patients , including more than 475,000 uninsured city residents . HHC was created in 1969 by the New York State Legislature as a public benefit corporation ( Chapter 1016 of the Laws 1969 ) . HHC operates 11 acute care hospitals , five nursing homes , six diagnostic and treatment centers , and more than 70 community - based primary care sites , serving primarily the poor and working class . HHC 's MetroPlus Health Plan is one of the New York area 's largest providers of government - sponsored health insurance and is the plan of choice for nearly half million New Yorkers . HHC 's facilities annually provide millions of New Yorkers services interpreted in more than 190 languages . The most well - known hospital in the HHC system is Bellevue Hospital , the oldest public hospital in the United States . Bellevue is the designated hospital for treatment of the President of the United States and other world leaders if they become sick or injured while in New York City . The president of HHC is Ramanathan Raju , MD , a surgeon and former CEO of the Cook County health system in Illinois . In August 2017 , Mayor Bill de Blasio signed legislation outlawing pharmacies from selling cigarettes once their existing licenses to do so expired , beginning in 2018 . Public safety Police and law enforcement Main articles : New York Police Department and Law enforcement in New York City Further information : Crime in New York City The New York City Police Department ( NYPD ) represents the largest police force in the United States . The New York City Police Department ( NYPD ) has been the largest police force in the United States by a significant margin , with over 35,000 sworn officers . Members of the NYPD are frequently referred to by politicians , the media , and their own police cars by the nickname , New York 's Finest . Crime has continued an overall downward trend in New York City since the 1990s . In 2012 , the NYPD came under scrutiny for its use of a stop - and - frisk program , which has undergone several policy revisions since then . In 2014 , New York City had the third lowest murder rate among the largest U.S. cities , having become significantly safer after a spike in crime in the 1970s through 1990s . Violent crime in New York City decreased more than 75 % from 1993 to 2005 , and continued decreasing during periods when the nation as a whole saw increases . By 2002 , New York City 's crime rate was similar to that of Provo , Utah , and was ranked 197th in crime among the 216 U.S. cities with populations greater than 100,000 . In 2005 , the homicide rate was at its lowest level since 1966 , and in 2007 , the city recorded fewer than 500 homicides for the first time ever since crime statistics were first published in 1963 . In 2015 , 50.5 % of New York City misdemeanor assault suspects were black , 33.3 % Hispanic , 11.1 % white , 4.8 % Asian / Pacific Islander and 0.3 % Native American . New York City experienced 352 homicides in 2015 , its second lowest number on record . Sociologists and criminologists have not reached consensus on the explanation for the dramatic decrease in the city 's crime rate . Some attribute the phenomenon to new tactics used by the NYPD , including its use of CompStat and the broken windows theory . Others cite the end of the crack epidemic and demographic changes , including from immigration . Another theory is that widespread exposure to lead pollution from automobile exhaust , which can lower intelligence and increase aggression levels , incited the initial crime wave in the mid-20th century , most acutely affecting heavily trafficked cities like New York . A strong correlation was found demonstrating that violent crime rates in New York and other big cities began to fall after lead was removed from American gasoline in the 1970s . Another theory cited to explain New York City 's falling homicide rate is the inverse correlation between the number of murders and the increasingly wetter climate in the city . Organized crime has long been associated with New York City , beginning with the Forty Thieves and the Roach Guards in the Five Points in the 1820s . The 20th century saw a rise in the Mafia , dominated by the Five Families , as well as in gangs , including the Black Spades . The Mafia and gang presence has declined in the city in the 21st century . Firefighting Main article : New York City Fire Department The New York City Fire Department ( FDNY ) is the largest municipal fire department in the United States . The New York City Fire Department ( FDNY ) , provides fire protection , technical rescue , primary response to biological , chemical , and radioactive hazards , and emergency medical services for the five boroughs of New York City . The New York City Fire Department is the largest municipal fire department in the United States and the second largest in the world after the Tokyo Fire Department . The FDNY employs approximately 11,080 uniformed firefighters and over 3,300 uniformed EMTs and paramedics . The FDNY 's motto is New York 's Bravest . The New York City Fire Department faces highly multifaceted firefighting challenges in many ways unique to New York . In addition to responding to building types that range from wood - frame single family homes to high - rise structures , there are many secluded bridges and tunnels , as well as large parks and wooded areas that can give rise to brush fires . New York is also home to one of the largest subway systems in the world , consisting of hundreds of miles of tunnel with electrified track . The FDNY headquarters is located at 9 MetroTech Center in Downtown Brooklyn , and the FDNY Fire Academy is located on Randalls Island . There are three Bureau of Fire Communications alarm offices which receive and dispatch alarms to appropriate units . One office , at 11 Metrotech Center in Brooklyn , houses Manhattan / Citywide , Brooklyn , and Staten Island Fire Communications . The Bronx and Queens offices are in separate buildings . Culture and contemporary Life Further information : Culture of New York City and List of people from New York City New York City has been described as the cultural capital of the world by the diplomatic consulates of Iceland and Latvia and by New York 's Baruch College . A book containing a series of essays titled New York , Culture Capital of the World , 1940 -- 1965 has also been published as showcased by the National Library of Australia . In describing New York , author Tom Wolfe said , `` Culture just seems to be in the air , like part of the weather . '' Numerous major American cultural movements began in the city , such as the Harlem Renaissance , which established the African - American literary canon in the United States . The city was a center of jazz in the 1940s , abstract expressionism in the 1950s , and the birthplace of hip hop in the 1970s . The city 's punk and hardcore scenes were influential in the 1970s and 1980s . New York has long had a flourishing scene for Jewish American literature . The city is the birthplace of many cultural movements , including the Harlem Renaissance in literature and visual art ; abstract expressionism ( also known as the New York School ) in painting ; and hip hop , punk , salsa , disco , freestyle , Tin Pan Alley , and jazz in music . New York City has been considered the dance capital of the world . The city is also frequently the setting for novels , movies ( see List of films set in New York City ) , and television programs . New York Fashion Week is one of the world 's preeminent fashion events and is afforded extensive coverage by the media . New York has also frequently been ranked the top fashion capital of the world on the annual list compiled by the Global Language Monitor . Arts New York City has more than 2,000 arts and cultural organizations and more than 500 art galleries of all sizes . The city government funds the arts with a larger annual budget than the National Endowment for the Arts . Wealthy business magnates in the 19th century built a network of major cultural institutions , such as the famed Carnegie Hall and the Metropolitan Museum of Art , that would become internationally established . The advent of electric lighting led to elaborate theater productions , and in the 1880s , New York City theaters on Broadway and along 42nd Street began featuring a new stage form that became known as the Broadway musical . Strongly influenced by the city 's immigrants , productions such as those of Harrigan and Hart , George M. Cohan , and others used song in narratives that often reflected themes of hope and ambition . Performing Arts Main articles : Broadway theatre and Music of New York City Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts Broadway theatre is one of the premier forms of English - language theatre in the world , named after Broadway , the major thoroughfare that crosses Times Square , also sometimes referred to as `` The Great White Way '' . Forty - one venues in Midtown Manhattan 's Theatre District , each with at least 500 seats , are classified as Broadway theatres . According to The Broadway League , Broadway shows sold approximately US $1.27 billion worth of tickets in the 2013 -- 2014 season , an 11.4 % increase from US $1.139 billion in the 2012 -- 2013 season . Attendance in 2013 -- 2014 stood at 12.21 million , representing a 5.5 % increase from the 2012 -- 2013 season 's 11.57 million . Performance artists displaying diverse skills are ubiquitous on the streets of Manhattan . Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts , anchoring Lincoln Square on the Upper West Side of Manhattan , is home to numerous influential arts organizations , including the Metropolitan Opera , New York City Opera , New York Philharmonic , and New York City Ballet , as well as the Vivian Beaumont Theater , the Juilliard School , Jazz at Lincoln Center , and Alice Tully Hall . The Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute is in Union Square , and Tisch School of the Arts is based at New York University , while Central Park SummerStage presents free music concerts in Central Park . The Metropolitan Museum of Art , part of Museum Mile , is one of the largest museums in the world . Visual Arts Main article : List of museums and cultural institutions in New York City New York City is home to hundreds of cultural institutions and historic sites , many of which are internationally known . Museum Mile is the name for a section of Fifth Avenue running from 82nd to 105th streets on the Upper East Side of Manhattan , in an area sometimes called Upper Carnegie Hill . The Mile , which contains one of the densest displays of culture in the world , is actually three blocks longer than one mile ( 1.6 km ) . Ten museums occupy the length of this section of Fifth Avenue . The tenth museum , the Museum for African Art , joined the ensemble in 2009 , although its museum at 110th Street , the first new museum constructed on the Mile since the Guggenheim in 1959 , opened in late 2012 . In addition to other programming , the museums collaborate for the annual Museum Mile Festival , held each year in June , to promote the museums and increase visitation . Many of the world 's most lucrative art auctions are held in New York City . Cuisine Main article : Cuisine of New York City Smorgasburg opened in 2011 as an open - air food market and is part of the Brooklyn Flea . New York City 's food culture includes an array of international cuisines influenced by the city 's immigrant history . Central European and Italian immigrants brought bagels , cheesecake , and New York - style pizza into the city , while Chinese and other Asian restaurants , sandwich joints , trattorias , diners , and coffeehouses have become ubiquitous . Some 4,000 mobile food vendors licensed by the city , many immigrant - owned , have made Middle Eastern foods such as falafel and kebabs examples of modern New York street food . The city is home to `` nearly one thousand of the finest and most diverse haute cuisine restaurants in the world '' , according to Michelin . The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene assigns letter grades to the city 's 24,000 restaurants based upon their inspection results . Clockwise , from upper left : the annual Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade , the world 's largest parade ; the annual Halloween Parade in Greenwich Village ; the annual Philippine Independence Day Parade ; and the ticker - tape parade for the Apollo 11 astronauts Parades New York City is well known for its street parades , which celebrate a broad array of themes , including holidays , nationalities , human rights , and major league sports team championship victories . The majority of parades are held in Manhattan . The primary orientation of the annual street parades is typically from north to south , marching along major avenues . The annual Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade is the world 's largest parade , beginning alongside Central Park and processing southward to the flagship Macy 's Herald Square store ; the parade is viewed on telecasts worldwide and draws millions of spectators in person . Other notable parades including the annual St. Patrick 's Day Parade in March , the LGBT Pride March in June , the Greenwich Village Halloween Parade in October , and numerous parades commemorating the independence days of many nations . Ticker - tape parades celebrating championships won by sports teams as well as other heroic accomplishments march northward along the Canyon of Heroes on Broadway from Bowling Green to City Hall Park in Lower Manhattan . Accent and dialect Main article : New York City English The New York area has historically been home to a distinctive regional speech pattern called the New York dialect , alternatively known as Brooklynese or New Yorkese . It has generally been considered one of the most recognizable accents within American English . The classic version of this dialect is centered on middle and working - class people of European descent . The influx of non-European immigrants in recent decades has led to changes in this distinctive dialect , and the traditional form of this speech pattern is no longer as prevalent among general New Yorkers as in the past . The traditional New York area accent is characterized as non-rhotic , so that the sound ( ɹ ) does not appear at the end of a syllable or immediately before a consonant ; hence the pronunciation of the city name as `` New Yawk . '' There is no ( ɹ ) in words like park ( pɑək ) or ( pɒək ) ( with vowel backed and diphthongized due to the low - back chain shift ) , butter ( bʌɾə ) , or here ( hiə ) . In another feature called the low back chain shift , the ( ɔ ) vowel sound of words like talk , law , cross , chocolate , and coffee and the often homophonous ( ɔr ) in core and more are tensed and usually raised more than in General American . In the most old - fashioned and extreme versions of the New York dialect , the vowel sounds of words like `` girl '' and of words like `` oil '' became a diphthong ( ɜɪ ) . This would often be misperceived by speakers of other accents as a reversal of the er and oy sounds , so that girl is pronounced `` goil '' and oil is pronounced `` erl '' ; this leads to the caricature of New Yorkers saying things like `` Joizey '' ( Jersey ) , `` Toidy - Toid Street '' ( 33rd St . ) and `` terlet '' ( toilet ) . The character Archie Bunker from the 1970s sitcom All in the Family ( played by Carroll O'Connor ) was an example of having used this pattern of speech , which continues to fade in its overall presence . Sports The New York Marathon is the largest marathon in the world . The US Open Tennis Championships are held every August and September in Flushing Meadows - Corona Park , Queens . Citi Field , also in Flushing Meadows - Corona Park , has been home to the New York Mets since 2009 . Main article : Sports in New York City New York City is home to the headquarters of the National Football League , Major League Baseball , the National Basketball Association , the National Hockey League , and Major League Soccer . The New York metropolitan area hosts the most sports teams in these five professional leagues . Participation in professional sports in the city predates all professional leagues , and the city has been continuously hosting professional sports since the birth of the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1882 . The city has played host to over forty major professional teams in the five sports and their respective competing leagues , both current and historic . Four of the ten most expensive stadiums ever built worldwide ( MetLife Stadium , the new Yankee Stadium , Madison Square Garden , and Citi Field ) are located in the New York metropolitan area . Madison Square Garden , its predecessor , the original Yankee Stadium and Ebbets Field , are sporting venues located in New York City , the latter two having been commemorated on U.S. postage stamps . New York has been described as the `` Capital of Baseball '' . There have been 35 Major League Baseball World Series and 73 pennants won by New York teams . It is one of only five metro areas ( Los Angeles , Chicago , Baltimore -- Washington , and the San Francisco Bay Area being the others ) to have two baseball teams . Additionally , there have been 14 World Series in which two New York City teams played each other , known as a Subway Series and occurring most recently in 2000 . No other metropolitan area has had this happen more than once ( Chicago in 1906 , St. Louis in 1944 , and the San Francisco Bay Area in 1989 ) . The city 's two current Major League Baseball teams are the New York Mets , who play at Citi Field in Queens , and the New York Yankees , who play at Yankee Stadium in the Bronx . who compete in six games of interleague play every regular season that has also come to be called the Subway Series . The Yankees have won a record 27 championships , while the Mets have won the World Series twice . The city also was once home to the Brooklyn Dodgers ( now the Los Angeles Dodgers ) , who won the World Series once , and the New York Giants ( now the San Francisco Giants ) , who won the World Series five times . Both teams moved to California in 1958 . There are also two Minor League Baseball teams in the city , the Brooklyn Cyclones and Staten Island Yankees . The city is represented in the National Football League by the New York Giants and the New York Jets , although both teams play their home games at MetLife Stadium in nearby East Rutherford , New Jersey , which hosted Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014 . The New York Islanders and the New York Rangers represent the city in the National Hockey League . Also within the metropolitan area are the New Jersey Devils , who play in nearby Newark , New Jersey . The city 's National Basketball Association teams are the Brooklyn Nets and the New York Knicks , while the New York Liberty is the city 's Women 's National Basketball Association . The first national college - level basketball championship , the National Invitation Tournament , was held in New York in 1938 and remains in the city . The city is well known for its links to basketball , which is played in nearly every park in the city by local youth , many of whom have gone on to play for major college programs and in the NBA . In soccer , New York City is represented by New York City FC of Major League Soccer , who play their home games at Yankee Stadium . The New York Red Bulls play their home games at Red Bull Arena in nearby Harrison , New Jersey . Historically , the city is known for the New York Cosmos , the highly successful former professional soccer team which was the American home of Pelé . A new version of the New York Cosmos was formed in 2010 , and began play in the second division North American Soccer League in 2013 . The Cosmos play their home games at James M. Shuart Stadium on the campus of Hofstra University , just outside the New York City limits in Hempstead , New York . The annual United States Open Tennis Championships is one of the world 's four Grand Slam tennis tournaments and is held at the National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows - Corona Park , Queens . The New York City Marathon , which courses through all five boroughs , is the world 's largest running marathon , with 51,394 finishers in 2016 and 98,247 applicants for the 2017 race . The Millrose Games is an annual track and field meet whose featured event is the Wanamaker Mile . Boxing is also a prominent part of the city 's sporting scene , with events like the Amateur Boxing Golden Gloves being held at Madison Square Garden each year . The city is also considered the host of the Belmont Stakes , the last , longest and oldest of horse racing 's Triple Crown races , held just over the city 's border at Belmont Park on the first or second Sunday of June . The city also hosted the 1932 U.S. Open golf tournament and the 1930 and 1939 PGA Championships , and has been host city for both events several times , most notably for nearby Winged Foot Golf Club . The Gaelic games are played in Riverdale , Bronx at Gaelic Park , home to the New York GAA , the only North American team to compete at the senior inter-county level . Transportation New York City is home to the two busiest rail stations in the US , including Grand Central Terminal . Main article : Transportation in New York City New York City 's comprehensive transportation system is both complex and extensive . Rapid transit Main article : Mass transit in New York City Mass transit in New York City , most of which runs 24 hours a day , accounts for one in every three users of mass transit in the United States , and two - thirds of the nation 's rail riders live in the New York City Metropolitan Area . Rail The New York City Subway is the world 's largest rapid transit system by length of routes and by number of stations . The iconic New York City Subway system is the largest rapid transit system in the world when measured by stations in operation , with 472 , and by length of routes . Nearly all of New York 's subway system is open 24 hours a day , in contrast to the overnight shutdown common to systems in most cities , including Hong Kong , London , Paris , Seoul , and Tokyo . The New York City Subway is also the busiest metropolitan rail transit system in the Western Hemisphere , with 1.76 billion passenger rides in 2015 , while Grand Central Terminal , also referred to as `` Grand Central Station '' , is the world 's largest railway station by number of train platforms . Public transport is essential in New York City. 54.6 % of New Yorkers commuted to work in 2005 using mass transit . This is in contrast to the rest of the United States , where about 90 % of commuters drive automobiles to their workplace . According to the New York City Comptroller , workers in the New York City area spend an average of 6 hours and 18 minutes getting to work each week , the longest commute time in the nation among large cities . New York is the only US city in which a majority ( 52 % ) of households do not have a car ; only 22 % of Manhattanites own a car . Due to their high usage of mass transit , New Yorkers spend less of their household income on transportation than the national average , saving $19 billion annually on transportation compared to other urban Americans . New York City 's commuter rail network is the largest in North America . The rail network , connecting New York City to its suburbs , consists of the Long Island Rail Road , Metro - North Railroad , and New Jersey Transit . The combined systems converge at Grand Central Terminal and Pennsylvania Station and contain more than 250 stations and 20 rail lines . In Queens , the elevated AirTrain people mover system connects JFK International Airport to the New York City Subway and the Long Island Rail Road ; a separate AirTrain system is planned alongside the Grand Central Parkway to connect LaGuardia Airport to these transit systems . For intercity rail , New York City is served by Amtrak , whose busiest station by a significant margin is Pennsylvania Station on the West Side of Manhattan , from which Amtrak provides connections to Boston , Philadelphia , and Washington , D.C. along the Northeast Corridor , and long - distance train service to other North American cities . The Staten Island Railway rapid transit system solely serves Staten Island , operating 24 hours a day . The Port Authority Trans - Hudson ( PATH train ) links Midtown and Lower Manhattan to northeastern New Jersey , primarily Hoboken , Jersey City , and Newark . Like the New York City Subway , the PATH operates 24 hours a day ; meaning three of the six rapid transit systems in the world which operate on 24 - hour schedules are wholly or partly in New York ( the others are a portion of the Chicago ' L ' , the PATCO Speedline serving Philadelphia , and the Copenhagen Metro ) . Multibillion - dollar heavy rail transit projects under construction in New York City include the Second Avenue Subway , the East Side Access project , and the 7 Subway Extension . Buses The Port Authority Bus Terminal , the world 's busiest bus station , at 8th Avenue and 42nd Street . New York City 's public bus fleet is the largest in North America , and the Port Authority Bus Terminal , the main intercity bus terminal of the city , serves 7,000 buses and 200,000 commuters daily , making it the busiest bus station in the world . Air John F. Kennedy Airport in Queens , the busiest international air passenger gateway to the United States . New York 's airspace is the busiest in the United States and one of the world 's busiest air transportation corridors . The three busiest airports in the New York metropolitan area include John F. Kennedy International Airport , Newark Liberty International Airport , and LaGuardia Airport ; 130.5 million travelers used these three airports in 2016 , and the city 's airspace is the busiest in the nation . JFK and Newark Liberty were the busiest and fourth busiest U.S. gateways for international air passengers , respectively , in 2012 ; as of 2011 , JFK was the busiest airport for international passengers in North America . Plans have advanced to expand passenger volume at a fourth airport , Stewart International Airport near Newburgh , New York , by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey . Plans were announced in July 2015 to entirely rebuild LaGuardia Airport in a multibillion - dollar project to replace its aging facilities . Other commercial airports in or serving the New York metropolitan area include Long Island MacArthur Airport , Trenton -- Mercer Airport and Westchester County Airport . The primary general aviation airport serving the area is Teterboro Airport . Ferries The Staten Island Ferry shuttles commuters between Manhattan and Staten Island . The Staten Island Ferry is the world 's busiest ferry route , carrying over 23 million passengers from July 2015 through June 2016 on the 5.2 - mile ( 8.4 km ) route between Staten Island and Lower Manhattan and running 24 hours a day . Other ferry systems shuttle commuters between Manhattan and other locales within the city and the metropolitan area . NYC Ferry , a NYCEDC initiative with routes planned to travel to all five boroughs , was launched in 2017 , with second graders choosing the names of the ferries . Meanwhile , Seastreak ferry announced construction of a 600 - passenger high - speed luxury ferry in September 2016 , to shuttle riders between the Jersey Shore and Manhattan , anticipated to start service in 2017 ; this would be the largest vessel in its class . Taxis , transport startups , and trams Other features of the city 's transportation infrastructure encompass more than 12,000 yellow taxicabs ; various competing startup transportation network companies ; and an aerial tramway that transports commuters between Roosevelt Island and Manhattan Island . Ride - sharing services have become significant competition for cab drivers in New York . Streets and highways 8th Avenue , looking northward ( `` uptown '' ) . Most streets and avenues in Manhattan 's grid plan incorporate a one - way traffic configuration . Despite New York 's heavy reliance on its vast public transit system , streets are a defining feature of the city . Manhattan 's street grid plan greatly influenced the city 's physical development . Several of the city 's streets and avenues , like Broadway , Wall Street , Madison Avenue , and Seventh Avenue are also used as metonyms for national industries there : the theater , finance , advertising , and fashion organizations , respectively . New York City also has an extensive web of expressways and parkways , which link the city 's boroughs to each other and to northern New Jersey , Westchester County , Long Island , and southwestern Connecticut through various bridges and tunnels . Because these highways serve millions of outer borough and suburban residents who commute into Manhattan , it is quite common for motorists to be stranded for hours in traffic jams that are a daily occurrence , particularly during rush hour . River crossings The Verrazano - Narrows Bridge , one of the world 's longest suspension bridges , connects Brooklyn and Staten Island across The Narrows . The George Washington Bridge , connecting Upper Manhattan ( background ) from Fort Lee , New Jersey across the Hudson River , is the world 's busiest motor vehicle bridge . New York City is located on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , and the boroughs of Manhattan and Staten Island are ( primarily ) coterminous with islands of the same names , while Queens and Brooklyn are located at the west end of the larger Long Island , and The Bronx is located at the southern tip of New York State 's mainland . This situation of boroughs separated by water led to the development of an extensive infrastructure of well - known bridges and tunnels . The George Washington Bridge is the world 's busiest motor vehicle bridge , connecting Manhattan to Bergen County , New Jersey . The Verrazano - Narrows Bridge is the longest suspension bridge in the Americas and one of the world 's longest . The Brooklyn Bridge is an icon of the city itself . The towers of the Brooklyn Bridge are built of limestone , granite , and Rosendale cement , and their architectural style is neo-Gothic , with characteristic pointed arches above the passageways through the stone towers . This bridge was also the longest suspension bridge in the world from its opening until 1903 , and is the first steel - wire suspension bridge . The Queensboro Bridge is an important piece of cantilever architecture . The Manhattan Bridge , opened in 1909 , is considered to be the forerunner of modern suspension bridges , and its design served as the model for many of the long - span suspension bridges around the world ; the Manhattan Bridge , Throgs Neck Bridge , Triborough Bridge , and Verrazano - Narrows Bridge are all examples of Structural Expressionism . Manhattan Island is linked to New York City 's outer boroughs and New Jersey by several tunnels as well . The Lincoln Tunnel , which carries 120,000 vehicles a day under the Hudson River between New Jersey and Midtown Manhattan , is the busiest vehicular tunnel in the world . The tunnel was built instead of a bridge to allow unfettered passage of large passenger and cargo ships that sailed through New York Harbor and up the Hudson River to Manhattan 's piers . The Holland Tunnel , connecting Lower Manhattan to Jersey City , New Jersey , was the world 's first mechanically ventilated vehicular tunnel when it opened in 1927 . The Queens - Midtown Tunnel , built to relieve congestion on the bridges connecting Manhattan with Queens and Brooklyn , was the largest non-federal project in its time when it was completed in 1940 . President Franklin D. Roosevelt was the first person to drive through it . The Hugh L. Carey Tunnel runs underneath Battery Park and connects the Financial District at the southern tip of Manhattan to Red Hook in Brooklyn . Environment Main article : Environmental issues in New York City As of July 2010 , the city had 3,715 hybrid taxis in service , the largest number of any city in North America . Environmental impact reduction New York City has focused on reducing its environmental impact and carbon footprint . Mass transit use in New York City is the highest in the United States . Also , by 2010 , the city had 3,715 hybrid taxis and other clean diesel vehicles , representing around 28 % of New York 's taxi fleet in service , the most of any city in North America . New York 's high rate of public transit use , over 200,000 daily cyclists as of 2014 , and many pedestrian commuters make it the most energy - efficient major city in the United States . Walk and bicycle modes of travel account for 21 % of all modes for trips in the city ; nationally the rate for metro regions is about 8 % . In both its 2011 and 2015 rankings , Walk Score named New York City the most walkable large city in the United States . Citibank sponsored the introduction of 10,000 public bicycles for the city 's bike - share project in the summer of 2013 . Research conducted by Quinnipiac University showed that a majority of New Yorkers support the initiative . New York City 's numerical `` in - season cycling indicator '' of bicycling in the city hit an all - time high in 2013 . The city government was a petitioner in the landmark Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency Supreme Court case forcing the EPA to regulate greenhouse gases as pollutants . The city is also a leader in the construction of energy - efficient green office buildings , including the Hearst Tower among others . Mayor Bill de Blasio has committed to an 80 % reduction in greenhouse gas emissions between 2014 and 2050 to reduce the city 's contributions to climate change , beginning with a comprehensive `` Green Buildings '' plan . Water purity and availability Main articles : Food and water in New York City and New York City water supply system New York City is supplied with drinking water by the protected Catskill Mountains watershed . As a result of the watershed 's integrity and undisturbed natural water filtration system , New York is one of only four major cities in the United States the majority of whose drinking water is pure enough not to require purification by water treatment plants . The Croton Watershed north of the city is undergoing construction of a US $3.2 billion water purification plant to augment New York City 's water supply by an estimated 290 million gallons daily , representing a greater than 20 % addition to the city 's current availability of water . The ongoing expansion of New York City Water Tunnel No. 3 , an integral part of the New York City water supply system , is the largest capital construction project in the city 's history , with segments serving Manhattan and The Bronx completed , and with segments serving Brooklyn and Queens planned for construction in 2020 . Environmental revitalization Newtown Creek , a 3.5 - mile ( 6 - kilometer ) a long estuary that forms part of the border between the boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens , has been designated a Superfund site for environmental clean - up and remediation of the waterway 's recreational and economic resources for many communities . One of the most heavily used bodies of water in the Port of New York and New Jersey , it had been one of the most contaminated industrial sites in the country , containing years of discarded toxins , an estimated 30 million US gallons ( 110,000 m ) of spilled oil , including the Greenpoint oil spill , raw sewage from New York City 's sewer system , and other accumulation . Government and politics Main articles : Government of New York City and Politics of New York City Government New York City Hall is the oldest City Hall in the United States that still houses its original governmental functions . New York City has been a metropolitan municipality with a mayor -- council form of government since its consolidation in 1898 . In New York City , the city government is responsible for public education , correctional institutions , public safety , recreational facilities , sanitation , water supply , and welfare services . The Mayor and council members are elected to four - year terms . The City Council is a unicameral body consisting of 51 council members whose districts are defined by geographic population boundaries . Each term for the mayor and council members lasts four years and has a three consecutive - term limit , which is reset after a four - year break . The New York City Administrative Code , the New York City Rules , and the City Record are the code of local laws , compilation of regulations , and official journal , respectively . The New York County Courthouse houses the New York Supreme Court and other offices . Each borough is coextensive with a judicial district of the state Unified Court System , of which the Criminal Court and the Civil Court are the local courts , while the New York Supreme Court conducts major trials and appeals . Manhattan hosts the First Department of the Supreme Court , Appellate Division while Brooklyn hosts the Second Department . There are also several extrajudicial administrative courts , which are executive agencies and not part of the state Unified Court System . Uniquely among major American cities , New York is divided between , and is host to the main branches of , two different US district courts : the District Court for the Southern District of New York , whose main courthouse is on Foley Square near City Hall in Manhattan and whose jurisdiction includes Manhattan and the Bronx ; and the District Court for the Eastern District of New York , whose main courthouse is in Brooklyn and whose jurisdiction includes Brooklyn , Queens , and Staten Island . The US Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and US Court of International Trade are also based in New York , also on Foley Square in Manhattan . Politics Bill de Blasio , the current and 109th Mayor of New York City The present mayor is Bill de Blasio , the first Democrat since 1993 . He was elected in 2013 with over 73 % of the vote , and assumed office on January 1 , 2014 . The Democratic Party holds the majority of public offices . As of April 2016 , 69 % of registered voters in the city are Democrats and 10 % are Republicans . New York City has not been carried by a Republican in a statewide or presidential election since President Calvin Coolidge won the five boroughs in 1924 . In 2012 , Democrat Barack Obama became the first presidential candidate of any party to receive more than 80 % of the overall vote in New York City , sweeping all five boroughs . Party platforms center on affordable housing , education , and economic development , and labor politics are of importance in the city . New York is the most important source of political fundraising in the United States , as four of the top five ZIP codes in the nation for political contributions are in Manhattan . The top ZIP code , 10021 on the Upper East Side , generated the most money for the 2004 presidential campaigns of George W. Bush and John Kerry . The city has a strong imbalance of payments with the national and state governments . It receives 83 cents in services for every $1 it sends to the federal government in taxes ( or annually sends $11.4 billion more than it receives back ) . City residents and businesses also spent an additional $4.1 billion in the 2009 -- 2010 fiscal year to the state of New York than the city received in return . Notable people Main article : List of people from New York City Global outreach In 2006 , the Sister City Program of the City of New York , Inc. was restructured and renamed New York City Global Partners . New York City has expanded its international outreach via this program to a network of cities worldwide , promoting the exchange of ideas and innovation between their citizenry and policymakers , according to the city 's website . New York 's historic sister cities are denoted below by the year they joined New York City 's partnership network . ( show ) New York City Global Partners network Africa Accra , Ghana Addis Ababa , Ethiopia Cairo , Egypt ( 1982 ) Cape Town , South Africa Lagos , Nigeria Libreville , Gabon Johannesburg , South Africa ( 2003 ) Nairobi , Kenya Asia ( East ) Bangkok , Thailand Beijing , People 's Republic of China ( 1980 ) Biên Hòa , Vietnam Changwon , South Korea Chongqing , People 's Republic of China Guangzhou , People 's Republic of China Ho Chi Minh City , Vietnam Hong Kong , People 's Republic of China Jakarta , Indonesia Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia Manila , Philippines Seoul , South Korea Shanghai , People 's Republic of China Shenyang , People 's Republic of China Singapore , Singapore Taipei , Taiwan Tokyo , Japan ( 1960 ) ( South ) Bangalore , India Delhi , India Dhaka , Bangladesh Karachi , Pakistan Mumbai , India ( West ) Dubai , United Arab Emirates Istanbul , Turkey ( transcontinental ) Jerusalem , Israel ( 1993 ) Tel Aviv , Israel Australia Melbourne , Australia Sydney , Australia Europe ( East ) Bucharest , Romania Budapest , Hungary ( 1992 ) Istanbul , Turkey ( transcontinental ) Kiev , Ukraine Moscow , Russia Prague , Czech Republic St. Petersburg , Russia Vienna , Austria Warsaw , Poland ( Scandinavia ) Copenhagen , Denmark Helsinki , Finland Oslo , Norway Stockholm , Sweden ( South ) Barcelona , Spain Lisbon , Portugal Madrid , Spain ( 1982 ) Milan , Italy Pristina , Kosovo Rome , Italy ( 1992 ) ( West ) Amsterdam , Netherlands Antwerp , Belgium Belfast , United Kingdom Berlin , Germany Brussels , Belgium Dublin , Ireland Düsseldorf , Germany Edinburgh , United Kingdom Geneva , Switzerland Glasgow , United Kingdom Hamburg , Germany Heidelberg , Germany London , United Kingdom ( 2001 ) Luxembourg City , Luxembourg Lyon , France Munich , Germany Paris , France Rotterdam , Netherlands The Hague , Netherlands North America ( Canada ) Calgary , Alberta , Canada Edmonton , Alberta , Canada Montreal , Quebec , Canada Ottawa , Ontario , Canada Quebec City , Quebec , Canada Toronto , Ontario , Canada Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada Victoria , British Columbia , Canada Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada ( Mexico , Central America , and Caribbean ) Cuernavaca , Morales , Mexico Mexico City , Distrito Federal , Mexico Monterrey , Nuevo León , Mexico Panama City , Panama Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic ( 1983 ) ( United States ) Baltimore , Maryland , United States Boston , Massachusetts , United States Chicago , Illinois , United States Los Angeles , California , United States Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , United States South America Bogotá , Colombia Brasilia , Brazil ( 2004 ) Buenos Aires , Argentina Caracas , Venezuela Córdoba , Argentina Curitiba , Brazil Lima , Peru Medellín , Colombia Rio de Janeiro , Brazil Santiago , Chile São Paulo , Brazil Notes Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima ( i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month ) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010 . Jump up ^ Official weather observations for Central Park were conducted at the Arsenal at Fifth Avenue and 64th Street from 1869 to 1919 , and at Belvedere Castle since 1919 . References ^ Jump up to : `` US Gazetteer files : 2010 , 2000 , and 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . February 12 , 2011 . Retrieved April 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ the Mayor , New York City Office of ( January 8 , 2010 ) . `` Biography '' . New York , City of . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2010 . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . October 25 , 2007 . Retrieved January 31 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2016 -- Metropolitan Statistical Area ; and for Puerto Rico -- 2016 Population Estimates '' . U.S. Census Bureau . 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Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Quick Facts for New York city , New York , United States Census Bureau . Accessed February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stormwater Archived January 25 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine. , New York City Department of Environmental Protection . Accessed February 9 , 2017 . `` These impervious surfaces cover approximately 72 % of New York City 's 305 square miles in land area and generate a significant amount of stormwater . '' Jump up ^ Mike Maciag ( October 2 , 2013 ) . `` Mapping the Nation 's Most Densely Populated Cities '' . Governing -- The States and Localities . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2016 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World 's Largest Urban Areas ( Ranked by Urban Area Population ) '' . Rhett Butler . 2003 -- 2006 . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2009 . Retrieved April 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Largest Cities of the World -- ( by metro population ) '' . Woolwine - Moen Group d / b / a Graphic Maps . 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When you pass through the gates of the United Nations visitors ' entrance , you enter an international territory . This 18 - acre site does not belong to just one country , but to all countries that have joined the Organization ; currently , the United Nations has 193 Member States . '' Jump up ^ `` NYC Mayor 's Office for International Affairs '' . The City of New York . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2015 . Retrieved June 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Felix Richter ( March 11 , 2015 ) . `` New York Is The World 's Media Capital '' . Statista . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dawn Ennis ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ABC will broadcast New York 's pride parade live for the first time '' . LGBTQ Nation . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Consulate General of Iceland New York Culture '' . Consulate General of Iceland New York . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2013 . Retrieved February 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Consulate of Latvia in New York '' . Consulate of Latvia . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2013 . Retrieved February 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Introduction to Chapter 14 : New York City ( NYC ) Culture '' . The Weissman Center for International Business Baruch College / CUNY 2011 . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2013 . Retrieved February 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` New York , Culture Capital of the World , 1940 -- 1965 / edited by Leonard Wallock ; essays by Dore Ashton ... ( et al . ) '' . NATIONAL LIBRARY OF AUSTRALIA . Retrieved February 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 8 Cities by GDP : China vs. The U.S. '' . Business Insider , Inc . July 31 , 2011 . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . For instance , Shanghai , the largest Chinese city with the highest economic production , and a fast - growing global financial hub , is far from matching or surpassing New York , the largest city in the U.S. and the economic and financial super center of the world . `` PAL sets introductory fares to New York '' . Philippine Airlines . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New York City '' . A&E Television Networks , LLC . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Port in a Storm : The Port of New York in World War II '' . New York State Museum . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2014 . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Boroughs of New York City '' . Ben Cahoon. 2002 . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2012 . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A 5 - Borough Centennial Preface for Katharine Bement Davis Mini-History '' . The New York City Department of Correction. 1997 . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2011 . Retrieved October 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Supplemental Table 2 . Persons Obtaining Lawful Permanent Resident Status by Leading Core Based Statistical Areas ( CBSAs ) of Residence and Region and Country of Birth : Fiscal Year 2014 '' . U.S. Department of Homeland Security . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ Turin , Mark ( August 9 , 2013 ) . `` The World 's Most Linguistically Diverse Location ? New York City '' . PopAnth . Retrieved May 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Place of Birth by Year of Entry by Citizenship Status for the Foreign - Born Population -- Universe : Foreign - born population 2015 American Community Survey 1 - Year Estimates New York City '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` More Foreign - Born Immigrants Live In NYC Than There Are People In Chicago '' . The Huffington Post . December 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gross Metropolitan Product ( GMP ) of the United States in 2013 , by metropolitan area ( in billion current U.S. dollars ) '' . Statista . Retrieved September 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Revised Delineations of Metropolitan Statistical Areas , Micropolitan Statistical Areas , and Combined Statistical Areas , and Guidance on Uses of the Delineations of These Areas Archived February 7 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine. , p. 106 . Office of Management and Budget , February 28 , 2013 . Accessed February 9 , 2017 / Jump up ^ `` U.S. Metro Economies ( note CSA 2012 GMP total includes sum of New York , Bridgeport , New Haven , Allentown , Trenton , Poughkeepsie , and Kingston MSA 2012 GMP values cited ) '' ( PDF ) . IHS Global Insight , The United States Conference of Mayors , and The Council on Metro Economies and the New American City . November 2013 . pp. 9 through 18 in Appendix Tables . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 5 , 2015 . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` United States History -- History of New York City , New York '' . Retrieved September 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` KINGSTON Discover 300 Years of New York History DUTCH COLONIES '' . National Park Service , U.S. Department of the Interior . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Nine Capitals of the United States '' . United States Senate . Retrieved September 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rank by Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places , Listed Alphabetically by State : 1790 -- 1990 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . June 15 , 1998 . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty '' . A&E Television Networks , LLC . Retrieved May 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty '' . World Heritage . UNESCO World Heritage Centre 1992 -- 2011 . Retrieved October 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Venture Investment -- Regional Aggregate Data '' . National Venture Capital Association and PricewaterhouseCoopers . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Matt Flegenheimer ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz Deplores ' Liberal , Left - Wing Values ' While Lobbying for New York Votes '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Latest : China Hopes US Joins Climate Deal Quickly '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . April 22 , 2016 . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lisa Foderaro ( September 21 , 2014 ) . `` Taking a Call for Climate Change to the Streets '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kristine Phillips ( July 8 , 2017 ) . `` New York mayor on Germany trip : The world should know that Americans do n't align with Trump '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ginia Bellafante ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` How Much Tourism Is Too Much ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Shields , Ann ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` The World 's 50 Most Visited Tourist Attractions -- No. 3 : Times Square , New York City -- Annual Visitors : 50,000,000 '' . Travel + Leisure . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . No. 3 Times Square , ... No. 4 ( tie ) Central Park , ... No. 10 Grand Central Terminal , New York City Jump up ^ `` The 10 Most Photographed Cities In The World '' . The Crazy Tourist . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Neill , Sean ( June 12 , 2011 ) . `` The 25 most photographed places on Earth '' . NBCNews.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Remnick , Noah ; Schlossberg , Tatiana ( August 24 , 2015 ) . `` New York Today : Transforming Times Square '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Times Square -- The Official Site of Times Square '' . Times Square District Management Association , Inc . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Times Square '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pramis , Joshua ( October 2011 ) . `` World 's Most - Visited Tourist Attractions No. 1 : Times Square , New York City '' . American Express Publishing Corporation . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2015 . Retrieved March 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Most Jivin ' Streetscapes in the World '' . Luigi Di Serio. 2010 . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2014 . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Architecture Images - Midtown Times Square '' . 2011 nyc - architecture . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Buildings in New York City Archived February 17 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine. , Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat . Accessed February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Meaney , Thomas ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` Michael Bloomberg 's One Percent Foreign - Policy Doctrine '' . FP . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Florida , Richard ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` Sorry , London : New York Is the World 's Most Economically Powerful City '' . The Atlantic Monthly Group . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Our new ranking puts the Big Apple firmly on top . Jump up ^ `` The Global Financial Centres Index 17 '' ( PDF ) . Long Finance . March 23 , 2015 . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` NYSE Listings Directory '' . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2013 . Retrieved June 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2013 WFE Market Highlights '' ( PDF ) . World Federation of Exchanges . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 27 , 2014 . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Manhattan , New York -- Some of the Most Expensive Real Estate in the World Overlooks Central Park '' . The Pinnacle List . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Morgan ( March 22 , 2013 ) . `` The World 's Most Expensive Billionaire Cities '' . Forbes . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Waxman , Sarah . `` The History of New York 's Chinatown '' . Mediabridge Infosystems , Inc . Retrieved March 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chinatown New York City Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . explorechinatown.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hesser , Amanda ( May 2 , 2001 ) . `` A Hungry Explorer in New York 's 3 Chinatowns '' . New York Times . New York . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kadet , Anne ( April 18 , 2014 ) . `` Metro Money : Comparing Three of New York City 's Chinatowns '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Baker , Al ; Pérez - Peña , Richard ( December 20 , 2005 ) . `` With Terrorism Concerns in Mind , Police Prepare to Guard a Shuttered System '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` How to Ride the Subway '' . mta.info . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 25 Most Extensive Metro Systems in the World '' . list25.com . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2013 . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NYC Subway 101 '' . Walks of New York . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2014 . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Academic Ranking of World Universities 2015 '' . ShanghaiRanking Consultancy . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CWUR 2015 -- World University Rankings '' . Center for World University Rankings . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Remnants of an Ice Age , The Wisconsin Ice Sheet Continues Its Journey '' . The City of New York . Retrieved August 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Evan T. Pritchard : Native New Yorkers : the legacy of the Algonquin people of New York , p. 27 ( 2002 ) ; ISBN 1 - 57178 - 107 - 2 Jump up ^ Rankin , Rebecca B. ; Rodgers , Cleveland ( 1948 ) . New York : The World 's Capital City , Its Development and Contributions to Progress . Harper . Jump up ^ Wpa Writer 's Project : A Maritime History of New York , p. 246 ; Going Coastal Productions ( 2004 ) ISBN 0 - 9729803 - 1 - 8 ^ Jump up to : `` The Hudson River '' . New Netherland Institute . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Henry Hudson '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Sam ( October 2 , 2012 ) . `` Honoring a Very Early New Yorker '' . 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They have purchased the Island Manhattes from the Indians for the value of 60 guilders . It is 11,000 morgens in size ... ) Jump up ^ `` Value of the Guilder / Euro '' . International Institute of Social History . Retrieved August 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Letter describing purchase by Pieter Schaghen from Dutch National Archive , The Hague , with transcription '' . Nnp.org . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2010 . Retrieved October 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Miller , Christopher L ; Hamell , George R ( September 1986 ) . `` A New Perspective on Indian - White Contact : Cultural Symbols and Colonial Trade '' . The Journal of American History . Organization of American Historians. 73 ( 2 ) : 311 -- 328 . JSTOR 1908224 . doi : 10.2307 / 1908224 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dutch Colonies '' . National Park Service . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Patroon System '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Story of New Amsterdam '' . 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Penn Treaty Museum . Jump up ^ `` Gotham Center for New York City History '' Timeline 1700 -- 1800 Jump up ^ `` The Early History of Yellow Fever '' ( PDF ) . Pedro Nogueira , Thomas Jefferson University . 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline of Yellow Fever in America '' . Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) . Jump up ^ Oltman , Adele ( October 24 , 2005 ) . `` The Hidden History of Slavery in New York '' . The Nation . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Linder , Doug ( 2001 ) . `` The Trial of John Peter Zenger : An Account '' . Jump up ^ Moore , Nathaniel Fish ( 1876 ) . An Historical Sketch of Columbia College , in the City of New York , 1754 -- 1876 . Columbia College . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Trinity Church bicentennial celebration , May 5 , 1897 By Trinity Church ( New York , N.Y. ) p. 37 Jump up ^ `` The People 's Vote : President George Washington 's First Inaugural Speech ( 1789 ) '' . U.S. News and World Report . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2008 . 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Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved October 28 , 2010 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , New York City . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 Jump up ^ Cornell University Library : Triangle Factory Fire , Cornell University . Accessed February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ira Rosenwaike ( 1972 ). Population History of New York City , p. 78 . Jump up ^ `` New York Urbanized Area : Population & Density from 1800 ( Provisional ) '' . Demographia.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Allen , Oliver E. ( 1993 ) . `` Chapter 9 : The Decline '' . The Tiger -- The Rise and Fall of Tammany Hall . Addison - Wesley Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 201 - 62463 - X . Jump up ^ Burns , Ric ( August 22 , 2003 ) . `` The Center of the World -- New York : A Documentary Film ( Transcript ) '' . PBS . Retrieved September 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Workforce Diversity The Stonewall Inn , National Historic Landmark National Register Number : 99000562 '' . 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At approximately 800,000 square feet , the Hub , designed by internationally acclaimed architect Santiago Calatrava , is the third largest transportation center in New York City . '' Jump up ^ Hetter , Katia ( November 12 , 2013 ) . `` It 's official : One World Trade Center to be tallest U.S. skyscraper '' . CNN . Retrieved March 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New York City Skyscraper Diagram '' . Skyscraper Source Media . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ One World Trade Center Archived June 5 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , SkyscraperPage.com . Accessed February 9 , 2017 . `` The roof height is the same as original One World Trade Center . The building is topped out by a 124 - meter ( 408 - foot ) spire . So the tower rises 1,776 feet ( 541 - meter ) which marks the year of the American declaration of Independence . '' Jump up ^ Matthews , Laura ( April 30 , 2012 ) . `` One World Trade Center On Top As Tallest Building In New York City '' . The International Business Times . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lesser , Benjamin ( April 30 , 2012 ) . `` It 's official : 1 World Trade Center is now New York 's tallest skyscraper '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nocera , Joe . `` Two Days in September '' , The New York Times , September 14 , 2012 . Accessed May 6 , 2017 . `` On the left , that anger led , a year ago , to the rise of the Occupy Wall Street movement . Thus , Anniversary No. 2 : Sept. 17 , 2011 , was the date Occupy Wall Street took over Zuccotti Park in Lower Manhattan , which soon led to similar actions in cities across the country . The movement 's primary issue was income inequality -- ' We are the 99 percent , ' they used to chant . '' Jump up ^ Washington , D.C. is 228 miles ( 367 km ) driving distance from New York , and Boston is 217 miles ( 349 km ) driving distance from New York . -- Google Maps Jump up ^ `` Information About the Hudson River Estuary '' . Life.bio.sunysb.edu . Retrieved August 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Berger , Joseph ( July 19 , 2010 ) . `` Reclaimed Jewel Whose Attraction Can Be Perilous '' . New York Times . Retrieved July 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gillespie , Angus K. ( 1999 ) . Twin Towers : The Life of New York City 's World Trade Center . Rutgers University Press . p. 71 . ISBN 0 - 7838 - 9785 - 5 . Jump up ^ Lopate , Phillip ( 2004 ) . Waterfront : A Walk Around Manhattan . Anchor Press . ISBN 0 - 385 - 49714 - 8 . Jump up ^ New York State Gazetteer from 2010 United States Census , United States Census Bureau . Accessed February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Sam ( May 22 , 2008 ) . `` It 's Still a Big City , Just Not Quite So Big '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lundrigan , Margaret ( 2004 ) . Staten Island : Isle of the Bay , NY . Arcadia Publishing . p. 10 . ISBN 0 - 7385 - 2443 - 3 . Jump up ^ Howard , David ( 2002 ) . Outside Magazine 's Urban Adventure New York City . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 35 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 32212 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` As One World Trade Center soars , so do its costs '' . msnbc.com . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2012 . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Emporis Skyline Ranking '' . Emporis Corporation . Retrieved October 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Skyline Ranking , Emporis . Accessed February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff . `` Alchemy borrows $220 M for Woolworth conversion '' Archived February 11 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine. , Real Estate Weekly , June 15 , 2016 . Accessed February 9 , 2017 . `` The neo-gothic Woolworth Building was commissioned by Frank W. Woolworth in 1910 as his eponymous company 's new headquarters and designed by renowned architect Cass Gilbert . The building was completed in 1913 and was for 17 years the tallest building in the world . '' Jump up ^ Fischler , Raphael ( 1998 ) . `` The Metropolitan Dimension of Early Zoning : Revisiting the 1916 New York City Ordinance '' . Journal of the American Planning Association . 64 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ `` Favorites ! 100 Experts Pick Their top 10 New York Towers '' . The Skyscraper Museum . January 22 , 2006 . Retrieved September 1 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Pogrebin , Robin ( April 16 , 2006 ) . `` 7 World Trade Center and Hearst Building : New York 's Test Cases for Environmentally Aware Office Towers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Plunz , Richard A. ( 1990 ) . `` Chapters 3 ( Rich and Poor ) & 4 ( Beyond the Tenement ) '' . History of Housing in New York City : Dwelling Type and Change in the American Metropolis . Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 06297 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` If You 're Thinking of Living In / Riverdale , the Bronx ; A Community Jealous of Its Open Space '' . The New York Times . March 1 , 1998 . Retrieved February 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New York Metro : 6 Affordable Neighborhoods '' . Nymag.com . September 17 , 2001 . Retrieved February 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` If You 're Thinking of Living In / Douglaston , Queens ; Timeless City Area , With a Country Feel '' . The New York Times . February 8 , 2004 . Retrieved February 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lankevich ( 1998 ) , pp. 82 -- 83 ; Wilson , Rufus Rockwell ( 1902 ) . New York : Old & New : Its Story , Streets , and Landmarks . J.B. Lippincott . p. 354 . Jump up ^ Elliot , Debbie ( December 2 , 2006 ) . `` Wondering About Water Towers '' . National Public Radio . Retrieved September 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hood , Clifton ( 2004 ) . 722 Miles : The Building of the Subways and How They Transformed New York . Johns Hopkins University Press . pp. 175 -- 177 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 5244 - 7 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Jessica ; Petersen , Mark ( July 17 , 2014 ) . `` New Insight on the Nation 's Earthquake Hazards '' . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Current Population Estimates : NYC '' . NYC.gov . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jen Carlson ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` Do You Refer To Manhattan As `` The City '' ? `` . Gothamist . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mann , Camille ; Valera , Stephanie . `` World 's Most Crowded Islands '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barry , Dan ( October 11 , 2001 ) . `` A Nation challenged : in New York ; New York Carries On , but Test of Its Grit Has Just Begun '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . A roaring void has been created in the financial center of the world . Jump up ^ Sorrentino , Christopher ( September 16 , 2007 ) . `` When He Was Seventeen '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . In 1980 there were still the remains of the various downtown revolutions that had reinvigorated New York 's music and art scenes and kept Manhattan in the position it had occupied since the 1940s as the cultural center of the world . Jump up ^ Immerso , Michael ( 2002 ) . Coney Island : The People 's Playground . Rutgers University Press . p. 3 . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 3138 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Joe Dorish. `` 10 Largest Parks in New York City '' . ZipfWorks , Inc . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 19 Reasons Why Brooklyn Is New York 's New Startup Hotspot '' . CB Insights . October 19 , 2015 . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Vanessa Friedman ( April 30 , 2016 ) . `` Brooklyn 's Wearable Revolution '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexandria Symonds ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` One Celebrated Brooklyn Artist 's Futuristic New Practice '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Donnell , Michelle ( July 4 , 2006 ) . `` In Queens , It 's the Glorious 4th , and 6th , and 16th , and 25th ... '' . New York Times . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Christine Kim ; Demand Media . `` Queens , New York , Sightseeing '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andrew Weber ( April 30 , 2013 ) . `` Queens '' . NewYork.com . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2015 . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Staten Island Greenbelt New York - New Jersey Trail Conference '' . Nynjtc.org . Retrieved October 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Frazier , Ian ( June 26 , 2006 ) . `` Utopia , the Bronx '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved September 1 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bronx Zoo Animals & Exhibits '' . Wildlife Conservation Society . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2015 . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ward , Candace ( 2000 ) . New York City Museum Guide . Dover Publications . p. 72 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 41000 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Toop , David ( 1992 ) . Rap Attack 2 : African Rap to Global Hip Hop . Serpents Tail . ISBN 1 - 85242 - 243 - 2 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Mary ( October 29 , 2012 ) . `` VIDEO : Dramatic Explosion at East Village Con Ed Plant '' . DNAinfo.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Peel , M.C. ; Finlayson , B.L. ; McMahon , T.A. `` World Map of Köppen - Geiger climate classification '' . The University of Melbourne . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` New York Polonia Polish Portal in New York '' . NewYorkPolonia.com . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` New York Central Park , NY Climate Normals 1961 − 1990 '' . NOAA . Jump up ^ `` USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map '' . Agricultural Research Center , PRISM Climate Group Oregon State University . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2014 . Retrieved February 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Station Name : NY NEW YORK CNTRL PK TWR '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Climate of New York '' . New York State Climate Office . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2008 . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ https://www.seatemperature.org/north-america/united-states/new-york-city.htm Jump up ^ Dolnick , Sam ( August 28 , 2011 ) . `` Damage From Irene Largely Spares New York -- Recovery Is Slower in New York Suburbs '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Superstorm Sandy blamed for at least 11 U.S. deaths as it slams East Coast '' . CNN . October 29 , 2012 . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stone , Jeff ; Gallucci , Maria ( October 29 , 2014 ) . `` Hurricane Sandy Anniversary 2014 : Fortifying New York -- How Well Armored Are We For The Next Superstorm ? '' . International Business Times . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Eshelman , Robert S. ( November 15 , 2012 ) . `` ADAPTATION : Political support for a sea wall in New York Harbor begins to form '' . E&E Publishing , LLC . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Belvedere Castle at NYC Parks Jump up ^ Foderado , Lisa W. ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` New York Parks Rank No. 2 in a Survey of 50 U.S. cities '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty '' . World Heritage . UNESCO . Retrieved July 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Discover the truly wild side of New York 's metropolitan area '' . nps.gov . Retrieved June 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New York State Office of Parks , Recreation and Historic Preservation , New York City Region '' . Nysparks.state.ny.us . Retrieved October 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mayor Giuliani Announces Amount of Parkland in New York City has Passed 28,000 - acre ( 110 km ) Mark '' . New York City Mayor 's Office . February 3 , 1999 . Retrieved September 1 , 2008 . ; `` Beaches '' . New York City Department of Parks & Recreation . Retrieved September 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pelham Bay Park '' . City of New York . Retrieved June 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ann Shields ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` The World 's 50 Most Visited Tourist Attractions -- No. 4 ( tie ) Central Park , New York City -- Annual Visitors : 40,000,000 '' . Travel + Lesiure . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Foderaro , Lisa W. ( October 23 , 2012 ) . `` A $100 Million Thank - You for a Lifetime 's Central Park Memories '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Park History , Prospect Park Alliance . Accessed February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foderaro , Lisa W . `` How Big Is That Park ? City Now Has the Answer '' , New York Times , May 31 , 2013 . Accessed February 9 , 2017 . `` But the biggest loser was clearly Flushing Meadows . Previously the third - largest park in the city , it dropped to fourth place after the new analysis put its actual acreage at 897 ( 897.62 to be precise ) , down from 1,255 acres . '' Jump up ^ ( Flushing Meadows Corona Park World 's Fair Legacy ; Celebrating the 50th & 75th Anniversaries of the 1939 & 1964 Fairs ) , New York City Department of Parks and Recreation . Accessed February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ National Tennis Center Strategic Vision Project , New York City Department of Parks and Recreation . Accessed February 9 , 2017 . `` The 42 - acre NTC is located within Flushing Meadows Corona Park on parkland leased by NYC Parks to USTA and is one of the world 's largest public recreational tennis facilities . For 11 months of the year , NTC facilities are open to the public for indoor and outdoor tennis . The NTC is also host to the US Open , one of the sport 's four Grand Slam championship tennis tournaments . '' Jump up ^ via Associated Press . `` Ladies and gentlemen , the Bronx is blooming ! '' , NBC News , July 2 , 2008 . Accessed February 9 , 2017 . `` Despite its urban image , the Bronx has 7,000 acres of park land , about 25 percent of its total area . In addition to Yankee Stadium and the Bronx Zoo , the borough 's green spaces include the New York Botanical Garden ; a 19th century garden overlooking the Hudson River called Wave Hill ; and Van Cortlandt and Pelham Bay parks , where you can bird - watch , play golf and ride horses . '' Jump up ^ Conference House Park , New York City Department of Parks and Recreation . Accessed February 9 , 2017 . `` On September 11 , 1776 , this house was the site of a conference between British Lord Admiral Richard Howe and Founding Fathers Benjamin Franklin , John Adams , and Edward Rutledge . The talks occurred just two months after the Declaration of Independence had been signed . With the British controlling New York City , Long Island , and Staten Island , the Americans seemed headed for defeat . Lord Howe offered to end the conflict peacefully if the American colonies would return to British control , but the Americans refused to give up their struggle for independence . '' Jump up ^ Jerome Jacobson , Mary Harris , James V. Taylor , Albert J. Anderson , William A. Ritchie , Robert E. Funk . Burial Ridge , Tottenville , Staten Island , N. Y , Staten Island Institute of Arts & Sciences , 1980 , at The Digital Archaeological Record . Accessed February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Map of Military Installations in the Contiguous US '' ( PDF ) . NPS.gov . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Kenneth T. , ed. ( 2010 ) . The History of New York City , 2nd Edition . New Haven : Yale University Press . p. 30 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 11465 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : QuickFacts for New Yory City / New York State / United States , United States Census Bureau . Accessed February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ New York City Population Projections by Age / Sex & Borough , 2010 -- 2040 , New York City Department of City Planning , December 2013 . Accessed February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places : Earliest Census to 1990 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : From 15 % sample ^ Jump up to : The Encyclopedia of New York City , ed . Kenneth T. Jackson ( Yale 1995 , ISBN 0 - 300 - 05536 - 6 ) , page 923 , citing `` U.S. Department of Commerce , Bureau of the Census , Census of Population 1960 ( vol. 1 , part A , table 28 ) , 1970 , 1980 , 1990 '' . After annexing part of the Bronx in 1874 , the population of the then - New York City was 1,206,299 in 1880 and 1,515,301 in 1890 . Jump up ^ Harrington , Greene and ( 1932 ) . American Population Before the Federal Census of 1790 . New York . Jump up ^ Rosenwaike , Ira ( 1972 ) . Population History of New York City . Syracuse , N.Y. : Syracuse University Press . p. 8 . ISBN 0 - 8156 - 2155 - 8 . Jump up ^ U.S. Census , from The World Almanac and Book of Facts , 1929 ( reprinted in 1971 by American Heritage Press and Workman Publishing , ISBN 0 - 07 - 071881 - 4 ) , page 503 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Campbell . Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States : 1790 to 1990 , United States Census Bureau , June 1998 . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ DP - 1 : Profile of General Demographic Characteristics : 2000 from the Census 2000 Summary File 1 ( SF 1 ) 100 - Percent Data for New York city , New York , United States Census Bureau . Accessed February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ DP - 1 : Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics : 2010 from the 2010 Demographic Profile Data for New York city , New York , United States Census Bureau . Accessed February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Sam ( March 24 , 2011 ) . `` City Population Barely Grew in the ' 00s , Census Finds '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Census.gov . Retrieved June 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sherry , Virginia N. ( March 27 , 2014 ) . `` Staten Island population at all - time high of 473,000 ; NYC 's soars to record 8.4 million '' . Staten Island Advance . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Sam ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` Fewer People Are Abandoning the Bronx , Census Data Show '' . New York Times . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Accessed June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Accessed June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ GCT - PH1 : Population , Housing Units , Area , and Density : 2010 -- State -- County Subdivision from the 2010 Census Summary File 1 for New Jersey , United States Census Bureau . Accessed February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ GCT - PH1 : Population , Housing Units , Area , and Density : 2010 -- County -- County Subdivision and Place from the 2010 Census Summary File 1 for New York County , New York , United States Census Bureau . Accessed February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Guide to State and Local Census Geography , United States Census Bureau . Accessed February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Highest Density , United States Census Bureau . Accessed February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mann , Camille ; Valera , Stephanie . `` World 's Most Crowded Islands '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Saul , Michael Howard ( March 27 , 2014 ) . `` New York City Population Hits Record High '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Sam ( March 24 , 2011 ) . `` New York City 's Population Barely Rose in the Last Decade , the Census Finds '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jones , Charisse ( September 24 , 2008 ) . `` Ellis Island strives to tell more complete immigration story '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` New York City # Population '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 19 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 617 . ^ Jump up to : Semple , Kirk ( June 8 , 2013 ) . `` City 's Newest Immigrant Enclaves , From Little Guyana to Meokjagolmok '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Newest New Yorkers : 2013 , New York City Department of City Planning , December 2013 . Accessed February 9 , 2017 . `` The immigrant share of the population has also doubled since 1965 , to 37 percent . With foreign - born mothers accounting for 51 percent of all births , approximately 6 - in - 10 New Yorkers are either immigrants or the children of immigrants . '' Jump up ^ Semple , Kirk ( December 18 , 2013 ) . `` Immigration Remakes and Sustains City , a Report Concludes '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Joseph ( November 28 , 2013 ) . `` Bangladeshis Build Careers in New York Traffic '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Semple , Kirk ( June 23 , 2011 ) . `` Asian New Yorkers Seek Power to Match Numbers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 5 , 2011 . Asians , a group more commonly associated with the West Coast , are surging in New York , where they have long been eclipsed in the city 's kaleidoscopic racial and ethnic mix . For the first time , according to census figures released in the spring , their numbers have topped one million -- nearly 1 in 8 New Yorkers -- which is more than the Asian population in the cities of San Francisco and Los Angeles combined . Jump up ^ `` Asian American Statistics '' . Améredia Incorporated . Retrieved July 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` State & County QuickFacts Nassau County , New York QuickLinks '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2014 . Retrieved July 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shao , Heng ( April 10 , 2014 ) . `` Join The Great Gatsby : Chinese Real Estate Buyers Fan Out To Long Island 's North Shore '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yearbook of Immigration Statistics : 2011 Supplemental Table 2 '' . U.S. Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved July 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Yearbook of Immigration Statistics : 2013 Lawful Permanent Residents Supplemental Table 2 '' . U.S. Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved July 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Yearbook of Immigration Statistics : 2013 Lawful Permanent Residents Supplemental Table 1 '' . U.S. Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved July 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Yearbook of Immigration Statistics : 2010 Supplemental Table 2 '' . U.S. Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Marzulli , John ( May 9 , 2011 ) . `` Malaysian man smuggled illegal Chinese immigrants into Brooklyn using Queen Mary 2 : authorities '' . New York : The New York Daily News . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese New Year 2012 in Flushing '' . QueensBuzz.com . January 25 , 2012 . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SELECTED POPULATION PROFILE IN THE UNITED STATES 2015 American Community Survey 1 - Year Estimates New York - Newark , NY - NJ - CT - PA CSA Chinese alone '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Fact Finder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Most Significant Unreached People Group Communities in Metro NY '' . GLOBAL GATES . July 17 , 2012 . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Table SF1 - P9 NYC : Total Asian Population by Selected Subgroups , New York City Department of City Planning . Accessed February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Queens County , New York QuickFacts '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2014 . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Roleke , John . `` A Growing Chinatown in Elmhurst '' . About.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder -- Results '' . U.S. Department of Commerce . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Census Statistics On Population Totals By Race , 1790 to 1990 , and By Hispanic Origin , 1970 to 1990 '' . Population Division Working Paper . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Census Estimates Show Another Increase in New York City 's Non-Hispanic White Population '' . The New York Times . July 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hispanic or Latino by Type : 2010 '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder -- Results '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Community of Many Worlds : Arab Americans in New York City '' . Allied Media Corp . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2014 . Retrieved October 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Yearbook of Immigration Statistics : 2013 Lawful Permanent Residents Supplemental Table 2 '' . U.S. Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ragaru , Nadège ; Dymi , Amilda . `` The Albanian - American Community in the United States : A Diaspora Coming to Visibility '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Ian ; Travers , Tony ; Whitehead , Christine ; London School of Economics and Political Science ( July 2007 ) . `` The Impact of Recent Immigration on the London Economy '' ( PDF ) . The City of London Corporation . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics : 2010 Demographic Profile Data Geography : New York - Newark - Bridgeport , NY - NJ - CT - PA CSA '' . Retrieved September 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics : 2010 Demographic Profile Data Geography : United States '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved September 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Semple , Kirk ( June 23 , 2011 ) . `` Asian New Yorkers Seek Power to Match Numbers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Persons Obtaining Lawful Permanent Resident Status by Leading Core Based Statistical Areas ( CBSAs ) of Residence and Region and Country of Birth : Fiscal Year 2013 '' . United States Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott M. Stringer , New York City Comptroller ( June 2015 ) . `` LGBTQ Lesbian , Gay , Bisexual , Transgender & Queer Guide of Services and Resources '' ( PDF ) . City of New York . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gates , Gary J. `` Same - sex Couples and the Gay , Lesbian , Bisexual Population : New Estimates from the American Community Survey '' ( PDF ) . The Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Silverman , Brian ; Chauvin , Kelsy ( 2013 ) . `` Frommer 's New York City 2013 '' . Frommer -- Google Books . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gates , Gary J. `` Same - sex Couples and the Gay , Lesbian , Bisexual Population : New Estimates from the American Community Survey '' ( PDF ) . The Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 ... Jump up ^ Silverman , Brian ; Chauvin , Kelsy ( 2013 ) . `` Frommer 's New York City 2013 '' . Frommer -- Google Books . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 ... Jump up ^ Confessore , Nicholas ; Barbaro , Michael ( June 24 , 2011 ) . `` New York Allows Same - Sex Marriage , Becoming Largest State to Pass Law '' . The New York Times Company . Retrieved September 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kaiser , p. xiv Accessed March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Revelers Take To The Streets For 48th Annual NYC Pride March '' . CBS New York . June 25 , 2017 . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . A sea of rainbows took over the Big Apple for the biggest pride parade in the world Sunday . ^ Jump up to : Cristan Williams . `` '' So , what was Stonewall ? `` '' . The TransAdvocate . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Fermino ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` De Blasio : NYC toilets wo n't discriminate by gender identity '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Major U.S. metropolitan areas differ in their religious profiles , Pew Research Center , Accessed July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World Jewish Population '' . SimpleToRemember.com -- Judaism Online . Retrieved September 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jewish Community Study of New York : 2011 Comprehensive Report '' ( PDF ) . UJA - Federation of New York . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Weichselbaum , Simone ( June 26 , 2012 ) . `` Nearly one in four Brooklyn residents are Jews , new study finds '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved May 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Josh Nathan - Kazis ( 12 June 2012 ) . `` N.Y. Jewish Population Grows to 1.5 M : Study '' . Jump up ^ Santora , Marc ; Otterman , Sharon ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` New York City Adds 2 Muslim Holy Days to Public School Calendar '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Weichselbaum , Simone ( June 26 , 2012 ) . `` Nearly one in four Brooklyn residents are Jews , new study finds '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved May 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Inequality '' ( PDF ) . harvard.edu. page 2 , introduction . Retrieved March 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` County Employment and Wages Summary '' . Bureau of Labor Statistics , U.S. Department of Labor . September 18 , 2014 . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ryan Salchert ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Where The Wealthiest Live : Cities With The Most Billionaires '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Bloomberg '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Gregory ( August 4 , 2014 ) . `` Want to meet a millionaire ? Here 's where to go '' . CNN . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shapiro , Julie ( January 11 , 2012 ) . `` Downtown Baby Boom Sees 12 Percent Increase in Births '' . DNAinfo New York . Retrieved August 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fortune , Volume 173 , Number 8 ( June 15 , 2016 ) , page F - 40 Jump up ^ Florida , Richard ( May 8 , 2012 ) . `` What Is the World 's Most Economically Powerful City ? '' . The Atlantic Monthly Group . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Strunsky , Steve ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` Port reports record container volume for first half of 2014 '' . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Greg David ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` New York City reaches the Holy Grail of ' full employment ' -- The jobless rate is now down to 4.3 % , the lowest ever '' . Crain 's New York Business . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fortune 500 web site ( cities ) , retrieved July 21 , 2011 ; Fortune , Vol. 163 , no . 7 ( May 23 , 2011 ) , page F - 45 Jump up ^ Wylde , Kathryn ( January 23 , 2006 ) . `` Keeping the Economy Growing '' . Gotham Gazette . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2008 . Retrieved September 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Simon ( April 13 , 2014 ) . `` Beijing Breaks Into Top Ten in Rankings by A.T. Kearney '' . Bloomberg L.P . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kaske , Michelle . `` New York City Tops Global Competitiveness Rankings , Economist Report Says '' , Bloomberg.com , March 12 , 2012 , backed up by the Internet Archive as of March 12 , 2012 . Accessed February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walls , Jacqueline ( April 8 , 2013 ) . `` American Cities of the Future 2013 -- 14 '' . fDiIntelligence.com . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Department of Finance Publishes Fiscal Year 2017 Tentative Assessment Roll , New York City Department of Finance , January 15 , 2016 . `` Today , Jacques Jiha , Commissioner for the Department of Finance , announced the publication of the Tentative Property Assessment Roll for fiscal year 2017 , which shows the total Market Value for the upcoming year at about $1.072 trillion , an increase of $102.5 billion , or 10.6 percent from the 2016 Fiscal Year . '' Jump up ^ Quirk , James . `` Bergen offices have plenty of space '' . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2007 . , The Record ( Bergen County ) , July 5 , 2007 . Accessed July 5 , 2007 . `` On Monday , a 26 - year - old , 33 - story office building at 450 Park Ave . sold for a stunning $1,589 per square foot , or about , 10 million . The price is believed to be the most ever paid for a U.S. office building on a per - square - foot basis . That broke the previous record -- set four weeks earlier -- when 660 Madison Ave . sold for $1,476 a square foot . '' Jump up ^ Carlyle , Erin ( October 8 , 2014 ) . `` New York Dominates 2014 List of America 's Most Expensive ZIP Codes '' . Forbes . Retrieved October 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Janette Sadik - Khan ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` A plea for Fifth Avenue '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Definition of Metonymy '' . Chegg , Inc . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2016 . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fermino , Jennifer ( February 7 , 2014 ) . `` Mayor de Blasio announces $3 M in grants for New York City 's fashion industry '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yang , Catherine ( July 19 , 2014 ) . `` The Garment District , Brooklyn Style '' . Epoch Times . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2014 . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` More Than a Link in the Food Chain '' ( PDF ) . The Mayor 's Office for Industrial and Manufacturing Business . February 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 31 , 2008 . Retrieved September 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Potkewitz , Hilary ( November 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Chocolate district ' in the making in Brooklyn '' . Crain Communications Inc . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Godiva Chocolatier INC . Company Information '' . Hoover 's Inc . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ DiNapoli , Thomas P. ( New York State Comptroller ) ; Bleiwas , Kenneth B. ( New York State Deputy Comptroller ) ( October 2013 ) . `` The Securities Industry in New York City '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Choudhury , Ambereen ; Martinuzzi , Elisa ; Moshinsky , Ben ( November 26 , 2012 ) . `` London Bankers Bracing for Leaner Bonuses Than New York '' . Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on August 4 , 2014 . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Vallikappen , Sanat ( November 10 , 2013 ) . `` Pay Raises for Bank Risk Officers in Asia Trump New York '' . Bloomberg L.P . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` DiNapoli : Wall Street Bonuses Edge Up in 2014 '' . Office of the New York State Comptroller . March 11 , 2015 . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McKinsey & Company ; New York City Economic Development Corporation . `` Sustaining New York 's and the US ' Global Financial Services Leadership '' ( PDF ) . City of New York . Retrieved July 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Total debt securities '' ( PDF ) . Bank for International Settlements . June 2013 . Retrieved July 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Enrich , David ; Bunge , Jacob ; Bryan - Low , Cassell ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` NYSE Euronext to Take Over Libor '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved July 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chaudhuri , Saabira ( September 15 , 2014 ) . `` Ranking the Biggest U.S. Banks : A New Entrant in Top 5 '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved July 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nelson , Andrew . `` Top CBDs See Solid Growth in 2nd Quarter , US -- Canada Performance Diverges '' ( PDF ) . Colliers International . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Understanding The Manhattan Office Space Market '' . Officespaceseeker.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Marketbeat United States CBD Office Report 2Q11 '' ( PDF ) . Cushman & Wakefield , Inc . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 8 , 2013 . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lahlou , Karim . `` Startups move to co-shared offices amid high real estate prices '' . The Midtown Gazette . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2014 . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dickey , Megan Rose ; D'Onfro , Jillian ( October 24 , 2013 ) . `` SA 100 2013 : The Coolest People In New York Tech '' . Business Insider . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Telecommunications and Economic Development in New York City : A Plan for Action '' ( PDF ) . New York City Economic Development Corporation . March 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Ivan ( December 10 , 2013 ) . `` City opens nation 's largest continuous Wi - Fi zone in Harlem '' . amNewYork / Newsday . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brodkin , Jon ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` Verizon will miss deadline to wire all of New York City with FiOS '' . Condé Nast . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ S3 Partners ( January 8 , 2015 ) . `` 5 signs NYC 's tech scene is growing up -- NYC tech sector hits 300,000 '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Eugenios , Jillian ; Hargreaves , Steve ; Rawlins , Aimee ( October 7 , 2014 ) . `` The most innovative cities in America '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . 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Jump up ^ Hargreaves , Steve ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` Visa - seeking Chinese fund giant NY Ferris wheel '' . CNN . Retrieved July 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Peltz , Jennifer ; Associated Press ( September 28 , 2012 ) . `` NYC to get ' world 's largest ' Ferris wheel '' . NBC News . Associated Press . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2012 . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dailey , Jessica ( October 9 , 2013 ) . `` Number Of Manhattan Hotel Rooms To Increase 10 % In 2014 '' . Vox Media . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Frank , Robert ( October 6 , 2014 ) . `` Waldorf becomes most expensive hotel ever sold : $1.95 billion '' . CNBC . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Santora , Marc ( February 26 , 2014 ) . `` Four Marvel TV Shows to Film in New York '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mayor De Blasio Announces Increased Growth of New York City 's Entertainment Industry Brings $8.7 billion into the Local Economy '' . City of New York Mayor 's Office of Media and Entertainment . October 15 , 2015 . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New York Film Academy , New York City '' . New York Film Academy . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2012 . Retrieved February 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Request for Expressions of Interest '' ( PDF ) . The Governors Island Preservation & Education Corporation . 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 2 , 2008 . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AICP Staff & National Offices '' . Association of Independent Commercial Producers . Retrieved February 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goundry , Nick ( June 6 , 2014 ) . `` New York half - year location filming surpasses record for whole of 2013 '' . Location Guide . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goundry , Nick ( June 25 , 2014 ) . `` New York surpasses Los Angeles for TV drama pilot filming '' . Location Guide . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tampa Bay 12th Largest Media Market Now '' ( Press release ) . Tampa Bay Partnership . August 26 , 2006 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2008 . Retrieved September 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Top 10 Consolidated Agency Networks : Ranked by 2006 Worldwide Network Revenue , Advertising Age Agency Report 2007 Index ( April 25 , 2007 ) . Retrieved June 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Media and Entertainment '' . New York City Economic Development Corporation . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2008 . Retrieved September 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` New York Daily News ( American newspaper ) '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Allan Nevins , The Evening Post : Century of Journalism , Boni and Liveright , 1922 , page 17 . Jump up ^ `` Ethnic Press Booms In New York City '' . Editor & Publisher . July 10 , 2002 . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2008 . Retrieved September 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` el Diario / La Prensa : The Nation 's Oldest Spanish - Language Daily '' . New America Media . July 27 , 2005 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2008 . Retrieved September 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ John LeLand and Sarah Maslin Nir ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` After 62 Years and Many Battles , Village Voice Will End Print Publication '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NYC Media '' . Nyc.gov . Retrieved May 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Community Celebrates Public Access TV 's 35th Anniversary '' . Mnn.org . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2010 . Retrieved October 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top 30 Public Radio Subscribers : Spring 2006 Arbitron '' ( PDF ) . Radio Research Consortium . August 28 , 2006 . Retrieved September 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` New York City Department of Education -- About Us '' . The New York City Department of Education . 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gross , Jane ( May 6 , 1997 ) . `` A Tiny Strip of New York That Feels Like the Suburbs '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ( ) Jump up ^ Wienerbronner , Danielle ( November 9 , 2010 ) . `` Most Beautiful College Libraries '' . TheHuffingtonPost.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The New York City Charter School Center '' . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Private School Universe Survey '' . National Center for Education Statistics . Retrieved September 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The City University of New York '' . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McGeehan , Patrick ( August 16 , 2006 ) . `` New York Area Is a Magnet For Graduates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg and Economic Development Corporation President Andrew M. Alper Unveil Plans to Develop Commercial Bioscience Center in Manhattan '' ( Press release ) . New York City Economic Development Corporation . November 18 , 2004 . Retrieved September 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Horner , Blair ; Levin , Arthur ; Mattei , Suzanne ; Casey , Ciceron ( contributor ) ( August 2014 ) . `` The Doctor Is In : New York 's Increasing Number of Doctors -- p. 13 , Appendix 1 : Comparison Of The Numbers Of New York Doctors By County , As Of 12 / 31 / 2004 And 12 / 31 / 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gary M. Stern ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` The Young Mariners of Throgs Neck '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nation 's Largest Libraries '' . LibrarySpot . Retrieved September 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NewYork -- Presbyterian '' . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` HHC Website '' . Jump up ^ `` The History of New York City 's Municipal Hospitals , '' . HHC Foundation . 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Jump up ^ New York City Police Department Jump up ^ `` Table 8 -- New York '' . Jump up ^ `` NYC Murder Rate Drops To New Historic Low In 2014 '' . Jump up ^ `` Livingstone to follow methods of the NYPD '' . Telegraph . January 17 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Staying a beat ahead of crime '' . Theage.com.au . November 5 , 2002 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Bruce D. ; Golub , Andrew ; Dunlap , Eloise ( 2006 ) . `` The Rise and Decline of Hard Drugs , Drug Markets , and Violence in Inner - City New York '' . In Blumstein , Alfred ; Joel Wallman . The Crime Drop in America . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 86279 - 5 . ; Karmen , Andrew ( 2000 ) . New York Murder Mystery : The True Story Behind the Crime Crash of the 1990s . NYU Press . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 4717 - 5 . Jump up ^ Shurkin , Joel N. ( February 13 , 2013 ) . `` Mystery Of New York 's Falling Crime Rate Remains Unsolved '' . American Institute of Physics . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . 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'' Jump up ^ `` Broadway Calendar - Year Statistics '' . The Broadway League . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About Summer Stage '' . City Parks Foundation . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2012 . Retrieved June 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Metropolitan Museum of Art General Information '' . The Metropolitan Museum of Art . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Museum Mile Festival '' . Official site . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kusisto , Laura ( October 21 , 2011 ) . `` Reaching High on Upper 5th Avenue '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2011 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Museums on the Mile '' . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2012 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chan , Sewell ( February 9 , 2007 ) . `` Museum for African Art Finds its Place '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Drive Promoting 5th Ave. 's ' Museum Mile ' '' . 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Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Major League Soccer , L.L.C. Company Information '' . Hoovers , Inc . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Esteban ( October 27 , 2011 ) . `` 11 Most Expensive Stadiums In The World '' . Total Pro Sports . Retrieved September 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Baseball : A Film by Ken Burns ; Inning 7 : The Capital of Baseball ( Television Documentary ) . PBS . Jump up ^ `` New York Mets -- TeamReport '' . Chicago Tribune . May 30 , 2012 . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2000S '' . Newyork Yankees . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankees : Facts , History , Stats , and Resources '' . The free sources . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` How Mets , Colt . 45s Grew Up To Beat The Bullies '' . Chicago Tribune . October 8 , 1986 . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dodgers Timeline '' . Los Angeles Dodgers . Retrieved September 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Moments '' . Dodgers Giants . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Major League Baseball , Police Athletic League and the Brooklyn Cyclones to host free MLB Umpire Camp '' . MLB Press Release . May 30 , 2012 . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New ownership group for Staten Island Yankees talks about future plans '' . Silive . May 31 , 2012 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Preparations Different for a Home - and - Home Contest '' . New York Times . December 22 , 2011 . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Owners warm up to New York / New Jersey as Super Bowl XLVIII host '' . NFL.com . Associated Press . May 26 , 2010 . Retrieved May 27 , 2010 . It 's the first time the league has gone to a cold - weather site that does n't have a dome ... the NFL will wait and see how this foray into the great outdoors in winter goes . Then the league might OK another bid Jump up ^ `` Islanders Moving to Brooklyn '' . October 24 , 2012 . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Dave ( May 14 , 1995 ) . `` Sports of The Times ; At Boston Garden , There 's Much More Gold Than Green '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Devils ' dance with Kings in Stanley Cup Finals gives Newark a spotlight '' . Nj.com . May 31 , 2012 . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Postseason Overview '' . National Invitation Tournament . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2008 . Retrieved September 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Accessed May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Picture - perfect opening for $200 M Red Bull Arena in Harrison '' . Associated Press . March 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` US Open 2015 '' . United States Tennis Association . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TCS New York City Marathon '' . New York Road Runners . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxer Johnny Tapia 's ' crazy life ' ends '' . CNN . May 31 , 2012 . Retrieved May 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The MTA Network : Public Transportation for the New York Region '' . Metropolitan Transportation Authority . Retrieved August 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pisarski , Alan ( October 16 , 2006 ) . `` Commuting in America III : Commuting Facts '' ( PDF ) . Transportation Research Board . Retrieved August 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Service Hours '' . MTR . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tsuen Wan Line '' . TravelChinaGuide.com . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Train Time Table -- Search station '' . Seoul Metropolitan Rapid Transit Corporation . Retrieved August 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Subway map '' . Seoul Metropolitan Rapid Transit Corporation . Retrieved August 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Subway Ridership '' . Metropolitan Transit Authority . Retrieved May 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Christie , Les ( June 29 , 2007 ) . `` New Yorkers are Top Transit Users '' . CNNMoney.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NHTS 2001 Highlights Report , BTS03 - 05 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of Transportation , Bureau of Transportation Statistics . 2001 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 14 , 2005 . Retrieved September 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ The Hardest Working Cities ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Office of the New York City Comptroller . March 2015 . Jump up ^ Weinberger , Rachel ; Kaehny , John ; Rufo , Matthew ( 2010 ) . `` U.S. Parking Policies : An Overview of Management Strategies '' ( PDF ) . Institute for Transportation and Development Policy . p. 62 . Retrieved June 11 , 2011 . New York City is the largest , densest and most transit - and pedestrian - oriented city in the United States . It is the only U.S. city in which a majority of households do not have a car . Despite this , New York City is very much an American city in the way it under prices and under uses curbside parking meters . Meter rates are far lower than in other leading world cities , and New York suffers from high levels of cruising and double parking ( p 62 ) ... Nationally 90 % of households own automobiles . New Yorkers own fewer at 48 % with only 22 % of Manhattan residents owning automobiles ( page 78 ) Jump up ^ `` New York City 's Green Dividend '' . CEOs for Cities . Retrieved January 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Durkin , Erin ( January 20 , 2015 ) . `` Andrew Cuomo announces $450 M plan to build AirTrain connecting LaGuardia Airport to the subway '' . NYDailyNews.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Honan , Katie . `` Cuomo Announces AirTrain to LaGuardia Airport from Subway , LIRR '' . DNAinfo . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` National Fact Sheet Fiscal Year 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Amtrak . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dobnik , Verena ( February 7 , 2013 ) . `` NYC Transit Projects : East Side Access , Second Avenue Subway , And 7 Train Extension ( PHOTOS ) '' . Huffington Post . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2013 . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Architect Chosen for Planned Office Tower Above Port Authority Bus Terminal 's North Wing '' ( Press release ) . Port Authority of New York and New Jersey . November 17 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2009 . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Transit Bus Fleets , page 4 '' ( PDF ) . Metro Magazine . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Port Authority of NY and NJ 2016 Air Traffic Report '' ( PDF ) . The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey . April 14 , 2017 . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Year - to - date International Passenger Traffic ( as of December 2011 ) '' . Airports Council International . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2010 . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Strunsky , Steve ( May 31 , 2012 ) . `` Stewart International Airport upgrade approved as Port Authority aims to increase passenger traffic '' . New Jersey On - Line LLC . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McGeehan , Patrick ( July 27 , 2015 ) . `` La Guardia Airport to Be Overhauled by 2021 , Cuomo and Biden Say '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anna Sanders ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Staten Island Ferry ridership breaks record '' . SILive.com . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Zoe Rosenberg ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` First of New York 's citywide ferries arrives in Brooklyn Bridge Park '' . Curbed New York , Vox Media . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Larry Higgs ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` This is the new high - speed ferry coming to New Jersey in 2017 '' . NJ Advance Media for NJ.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The State of the NYC Taxi '' ( PDF ) . New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission . March 9 , 2006 . Retrieved September 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Winnie Hu ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` The Downside of Ride - Hailing : More New York City Gridlock '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Karen DeWitt ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Cuomo pushes for ride - sharing services outside NYC '' . North Country Public Radio . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Myths and Metaphors of Music and Dance Singin ' in the Rain '' . Hofstra University . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2006 . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nordquist , Richard . `` Grammar & Composition metonymy '' . About.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Metonymy vs Synecdoche '' . 2012 Buzzle.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ George Washington Bridge turns 75 years old : Huge flag , cake part of celebration , Times Herald - Record , October 24 , 2006 . `` The party , however , will be small in comparison to the one that the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey organized for 5,000 people to open the bridge to traffic in 1931 . And it wo n't even be on what is now the world 's busiest bridge for fear of snarling traffic . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Longest Suspension Bridges in the World '' . Pearson Education . Retrieved September 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Verrazano - Narrows Bridge '' . Eastern Roads . Retrieved September 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Port Authority of New York and New Jersey -- George Washington Bridge '' . The Port Authority of New York & New Jersey . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bod Woodruff ; Lana Zak & Stephanie Wash ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` GW Bridge Painters : Dangerous Job on Top of the World 's Busiest Bridge '' . ABC News . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . 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Archived from the original on June 29 , 2014 . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Queens - Midtown Tunnel Historic Overview '' . Eastern Roads . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` President the ' First ' to Use Midtown Tube ; Precedence at Opening Denied Hundreds of Motorists '' , The New York Times , November 9 , 1940 . p. 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mayor de Blasio Commits to 80 Percent Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions by 2050 , Starting with Sweeping Green Buildings Plan '' . City of New York . Retrieved October 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Newman , Andy ( July 27 , 2010 ) . `` Appeals Court Rejects Effort to Create Hybrid Taxi Fleet '' . New York Times . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bicycling in New York City : Know the Facts '' . Transportation Alternatives . Retrieved October 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jervey , Ben ( 2006 ) . The Big Green Apple : Your Guide to Eco-Friendly Living in New York City . Globe Pequot Press . ISBN 0 - 7627 - 3835 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 National Household Travel Survey : Summary of Travel Trends '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of Transportation . December 2004 . Retrieved September 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Florida , Richard ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` 2015 's Most Walkable U.S. Cities '' . The Atlantic . MSN . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NYC tops list of most walkable cities in America -- video narrative by Mara Montalbano '' . Buzz60 , on MSN . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 Most Walkable U.S. Cities '' . MarketWatch. 2011 . Retrieved July 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hamblin , James ( June 28 , 2013 ) . `` The Summer Bicycles Took Control '' . The Atlantic Monthly . The Atlantic Monthly Group . Retrieved June 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith , Pat ; Maurice Carroll ( June 27 , 2013 ) . `` New York City Voters Back Mayor 's Storm Plan 4 -- 1 , Quinnipiac University Poll Finds ; Slim Majority Backs Food Recycling , Bike Rentals '' ( PDF ) . Quinnipiac University Poll . Quinnipiac University . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 3 , 2013 . Retrieved June 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NYC In - Season Cycling Indicator , page 3 '' ( PDF ) . City of New York . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 1 , 2014 . Retrieved October 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Current Reservoir Levels '' . New York City Department of Environmental Protection . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lustgarten , Abrahm ( August 6 , 2008 ) . `` City 's Drinking Water Feared Endangered ; $10 B Cost Seen '' . The New York Sun . Retrieved August 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dunlap , David W. ( July 23 , 2014 ) . `` Quiet Milestone in Project to Bring Croton Water Back to New York City '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Flegenheimer , Matt ( October 16 , 2013 ) . `` After Decades , a Water Tunnel Can Now Serve All of Manhattan '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jim Dwyer ( April 6 , 2016 ) . `` De Blasio Adding Money for Water Tunnel in Brooklyn and Queens '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Navarro , Mireya ( September 27 , 2010 ) . `` Newtown Creek Is Declared a Superfund Site '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Newtown Creek Clean - Up Efforts '' . The City Concealed . Thirteen ( WNET.org ) . December 12 , 2008 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2009 . Retrieved June 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Forms of Municipal Government '' . National League of Cities . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2012 . Retrieved February 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About the Council '' . New York City Council . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2007 . Retrieved June 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Chan , Sewell ; Hicks , Jonathan P. ( October 23 , 2008 ) . `` Council Votes , 29 to 22 , to Extend Term Limits '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Ellen M. ; Manz , William H. ( 2004 ) . Gibson 's New York Legal Research Guide ( PDF ) ( 3rd ed . ) . Wm . S. Hein Publishing . pp. 450 , 458 , 473 . ISBN 1 - 57588 - 728 - 2 . LCCN 2004042477 . OCLC 54455036 . Jump up ^ Durkin , Erin ( May 26 , 2014 ) . `` Councilman Ben Kallos wants city to publish government notices on its website '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ Barbaro , Michael ; Chen , David W. ( November 5 , 2013 ) . `` De Blasio Is Elected New York City Mayor '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NYSVoter Enrollment by County , Party Affiliation and Status '' ( PDF ) . New York State Board of Elections. April 2016 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 30 , 2016 . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Election Overview : Top Zip Codes '' . Opensecrets.org . Retrieved September 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Downstate Pays More , Upstate Gets More : Does It Matter ? '' . The Nelson A. Rockefeller Institute of Government -- The Public Policy Research Arm of the State University of New York . December 2011 . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NYC 's Partner Cities '' . The City of New York . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2013 . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` K1084 - 2011 : Recognizing Yunnan Province and Chongqing Municipality of the People 's Republic of China as a `` Sister City '' with New York City `` . New York State Senate . Retrieved December 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` KL 's Sister Cities '' . poskod.my . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ( Israel ) Sister Cities '' . Tel Aviv . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2013 . Retrieved May 4 , 2013 . Further reading Belden , E. Porter ( 1849 ) . New York , Past , Present , and Future : Comprising a History of the City of New York , a Description of its Present Condition , and an Estimate of its Future Increase . New York : G.P. Putnam . From Google Books . Burgess , Anthony ( 1976 ) . New York . New York : Little , Brown & Co . ISBN 90 - 6182 - 266 - 1 . Burrows , Edwin G. & Wallace , Mike ( 1999 ) , Gotham : A History of New York City to 1898 , New York : Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 195 - 11634 - 8 Federal Writers ' Project ( 1939 ) . The WPA Guide to New York City ( 1995 reissue ed . ) . New York : The New Press . ISBN 1 - 56584 - 321 - 5 . Jackson , Kenneth T. , ed. ( 1995 ) , The Encyclopedia of New York City , New Haven : Yale University Press , ISBN 0300055366 Jackson , Kenneth T. ; Dunbar , David S. , eds. ( 2005 ) . Empire City : New York Through the Centuries . Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 10909 - 1 . Lankevich , George L. ( 1998 ) . American Metropolis : A History of New York City . NYU Press . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 5186 - 5 . White , E.B. ( 1949 ) . Here is New York ( 2000 reissue ed . ) . Little Bookroom . White , Norval & Willensky , Elliot ( 2000 ) , AIA Guide to New York City ( 4th ed . ) , New York : Three Rivers Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8129 - 3107 - 5 Whitehead , Colson ( 2003 ) . The Colossus of New York : A City in 13 Parts . New York : Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 50794 - 1 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to New York City . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for New York City . Official website NYC Go , official tourism website of New York City New York City at DMOZ Geographic data related to New York City at OpenStreetMap . Collections , 145,000 NYC photographs at Museum of the City of New York `` The New New York Skyline '' . Interactive . National Geographic . Nov 2015 . 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976705891655345851 | Belting (music) | Belting ( music ) - wikipedia Belting ( music ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Belting ( or vocal belting ) is a specific technique of singing by which a singer mixes in the proper proportions , their lower and upper resonances ; resulting a sound that resembles yelling but is actually a controlled , sustained phonation . ' Belting ' is sometimes described as ' high chest voice ' but this is technically incorrect and potentially damaging for the voice . It is often described as a vocal register , although this is also technically incorrect ; it is rather a descriptive for the use of a register . Singers can use belting to convey heightened emotional states . Contents ( hide ) 1 Technique 2 Physiology 3 Possible dangers of belting 4 References Technique ( edit ) `` Chest register '' is the lowest register of the singing voice , produced by dominant use of the thyroarytenoid muscle . The term `` belt '' is sometimes mistakenly described as the use of chest voice in the higher part of the voice . The chest voice is a general term for the sound and muscular functions of the speaking voice , singing in the lower range , and the voice used to shout . Each of those functions requires a thicker closure of the vocal folds and the support of the muscles surrounding them . The term `` chest voice '' is therefore a misunderstanding when it describes muscular work in the chest - area of the body , or a resonance therein . Proper production of the belt voice , according to some vocal methods , involves minimizing tension in the throat and a change of typical placement of the voice sound in the mouth , bringing it forward into the hard palate , although techniques vary by pedagogical style . It is possible to learn classical vocal methods like bel canto and also to be able to belt ; in fact , many roles now require it . Vocalists trained in a wide berth of styles describe vastly varying experiences in learning belt technique . Some claim that it comes naturally , while others struggle to access chest register other than while speaking . Style of music does not seem to be a related factor , other than in a singer 's exposure to material . Belt technique requires muscle coordination not readily used in classically trained singers as the thyroarytenoid muscle is dominant ( as opposed to head register singing where the cricothyroid muscle is dominant ) , which may be why some opera singers find learning to belt challenging . In order to increase range and stamina , one must practice , however physiology and physical limitations should always be taken into consideration in a realistic approach . Since belting can be harsh on the vocal mechanism if care is not taken , supervision by a teacher experienced in working with belters is recommended in order to avoid developing lifelong pathologies that could be otherwise avoided . Others recommend repeatedly attempting to hit a note in a melody line , or by using vocalise . Many commercial learn - to - sing packages have a set of scales to sing along to as their main offering , with which the purchaser must practice often to see improvement . However , these packages do not offer a user feedback in terms of posture , breath support , muscular constriction , or any assistance with difficulties that a singer may encounter . Since this is not a separate instrument but a part of the human body , care must be taken not to damage it in a way that may later require surgery , so learning to belt without proper supervision is not advised . ' Belters ' , as well as other singers , should balance their registers and develop a strong head voice , in order to facilitate muscular coordination and avoid constriction . Some singers , particularly if their chest registers are underdeveloped , find that after a period of time focusing on the belt , the head voice will have improved . Likewise , for a singer with an underdeveloped head register , after a period of time focusing on the head voice , the belt may be found to have improved . Physiology ( edit ) There are many explanations as to how the belting voice quality is produced . Under a scope , the vocal folds visibly shorten and thicken , and they undulate along more of their vertical surface area than in head register when a smaller segment of their edge must undulate to produce sound . One researcher , Jo Estill , has conducted research on the belting voice , and describes the belting voice as an extremely muscular and physical way of singing . When observing the vocal tract and torso of singers , while belting , Estill observed : Minimal airflow ( longer closed phase ( 70 % or greater ) than in any other type of phonation ) Maximum muscular engagement of the torso ( in Estill Voice Training terminology this is known as Torso Control or Anchoring ) Engagement of muscles in the head and neck in order to stabilize the larynx ) ( in Estill Voice Training terminology this is known as Head and Neck Control or Anchoring ) A downwards tilt of the cricoid cartilage ( an alternative option would be the thyroid tilting backwards . Observations show a larger CT space ) High positioning of the larynx Maximum muscular effort of the extrinsic laryngeal muscles , minimum effort at the level of the true vocal folds . Narrowing of the aryepiglottic sphincter ( the `` twanger '' ) Possible dangers of belting ( edit ) Belting without proper coordination can lead to constriction of the muscles surrounding the vocal mechanism . Constriction can consequently lead to vocal deterioration . Correct use of the technique and , most importantly , retraction of the ventricular folds while singing is vital to safe belting . Without proper training in retraction , belting can indeed cause trauma to the vocal folds that requires the immediate attention of a doctor . Some proponents of belting say that it is a `` soft yell , '' and if produced properly it can be healthy . It does not require straining and they say it is not damaging to the voice . On the other hand , it is thought by some that belting will produce nodules . This may be true if belting is done incorrectly . Many in the musical theater industry like to quip , `` belting is not bad ; bad belting is bad . '' As for the physiological and acoustical features of the metallic voices , a master 's thesis has drawn the following conclusions : No significant changes in frequency and amplitude of F1 were observed Significant increases in amplitudes of F2 , F3 and F4 were found In frequencies for F2 , metallic voice perceived as louder was correlated to increase in amplitude of F3 and F4 Vocal tract adjustments like velar lowering , pharyngeal wall narrowing , laryngeal raising , aryepiglottic and lateral laryngeal constriction were frequently found . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Henrich , D.N. ( 2006 ) , `` Mirroring the voice from Garcia to the present day : Some insights into singing voice registers '' , Logopedics Phonatrics Vocology , 31 ( 1 ) , pp. 3 -- 14 , doi : 10.1080 / 14015430500344844 Jump up ^ Singers such as Christina Aguilera are known for their signature styles of belting Soto - Morettini , D. ( 2006 ) , Popular Singing : A Practical Guide To : Pop , Jazz , Blues , Rock , Country and Gospel , A & C Black , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7136 - 7266 - 4 Jump up ^ Estill J ( 1988 ) . Belting and Classic Voice Quality : Some Physiological Differences . Medical Problems of Performing Artists , 3 : 37 - 43 . Jump up ^ Yanagisawa E and Estill J ( 1989 ) . The Contribution of Aryepiglottic Constriction to `` Ringing Voice Quality . Journal of Voice , 3 : 342 - 350 Jump up ^ The Oxford Dictionary of Opera by John Warrack and Ewan West ( 1992 ) , ISBN 0 - 19 - 869164 - 5 Jump up ^ Metallic voice : physiological and acoustic features Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belting_(music)&oldid=798468276 '' Categories : Singing techniques Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2008 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010 All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from August 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch 日本 語 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 2 September 2017 , at 04 : 36 . About Wikipedia | what does it mean to belt a song | [
"Belting (or vocal belting) is a specific technique of singing by which a singer mixes in the proper proportions, their lower and upper resonances; resulting a sound that resembles yelling but is actually a controlled, sustained phonation. 'Belting' is sometimes described as 'high chest voice' but this is technically incorrect and potentially damaging for the voice. It is often described as a vocal register, although this is also technically incorrect; it is rather a descriptive for the use of a register.[1] Singers can use belting to convey heightened emotional states.[2]"
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"a singer mixes in the proper proportions, their lower and upper resonances; resulting a sound that resembles yelling but is actually a controlled, sustained phonation"
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-1422353979281378828 | Monterey Pop Festival | Monterey Pop festival - wikipedia Monterey Pop festival Jump to : navigation , search Monterey International Pop Music Festival Genre Rock , pop and folk , including blues rock , folk rock , hard rock and psychedelic rock styles . Dates June 16 -- 18 , 1967 Location ( s ) Monterey County Fairgrounds , Monterey , California Years active 1967 Founded by Lou Adler , John Phillips , Alan Pariser The Monterey International Pop Music Festival was a three - day concert event held June 16 to June 18 , 1967 at the Monterey County Fairgrounds in Monterey , California . Crowd estimates for the festival have ranged from 25,000 to 90,000 people , who congregated in and around the festival grounds . The fairgrounds ' enclosed performance arena , where the music took place , had an approved festival capacity of 7,000 , but it was estimated that 8,500 jammed into it for Saturday night 's show , with many extra attendees standing around the sides of the arena . Festival - goers who wanted to see the musical performances were required to have either an ' all - festival ' ticket or a separate ticket for each of the five scheduled concert events they wanted to attend in the arena : Friday night , Saturday afternoon and night , and Sunday afternoon and night . Ticket prices varied by seating area , and ranged from $3 to $6.50 ( $22 -- 48 in 2018 , adjusted for inflation ) . The festival is remembered for the first major American appearances by the Jimi Hendrix Experience , the Who and Ravi Shankar , the first large - scale public performance of Janis Joplin and the introduction of Otis Redding . The Monterey Pop Festival embodied the theme of California as a focal point for the counterculture and is generally regarded as one of the beginnings of the `` Summer of Love '' in 1967 ; the first rock festival had been held just one week earlier at Mount Tamalpais in Marin County , the KFRC Fantasy Fair and Magic Mountain Music Festival . Because Monterey was widely promoted and heavily attended , featured historic performances , and was the subject of a popular theatrical documentary film , it became an inspiration and a template for future music festivals , including the Woodstock Festival two years later . Contents ( hide ) 1 The festival 2 Performances 2.1 Jefferson Airplane 2.2 The Who 2.3 Grateful Dead 2.4 The Jimi Hendrix Experience 2.5 Big Brother and the Holding Company ( Janis Joplin ) 2.6 Eric Burdon and the Animals 2.7 Otis Redding 2.8 Ravi Shankar 2.9 The Mamas & the Papas 2.10 Cancellations and no - shows 3 Influence 3.1 Anniversary festival 4 Recording and filming the festival 5 Performers 5.1 Friday , June 16 5.2 Saturday , June 17 5.3 Sunday , June 18 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links 9.1 Links to audio from the Monterey Pop Festival The festival ( edit ) The festival was planned in seven weeks by John Phillips of the Mamas & the Papas , record producer Lou Adler , Alan Pariser and publicist Derek Taylor . Monterey and Big Sur had been known as the site for the long - running Monterey Jazz Festival and Big Sur Folk Festival ; the promoters saw the Monterey Pop festival as a way to validate rock music as an art form in the way in which jazz and folk were regarded . The organizers succeeded beyond all expectations . The artists performed for free with all revenue donated to charity , except for Ravi Shankar , who was paid $3,000 for his afternoon - long performance on the sitar . Country Joe and the Fish were paid $5,000 not by the festival itself , but from revenue generated from the D.A. Pennebaker documentary . The artists did however have their flights and accommodation paid for . Apart from Shankar , each act was given up to 40 minutes for their performance . Several ended their sets earlier , including the Who , who played for only 25 minutes . Lou Adler later reflected : ( O ) ur idea for Monterey was to provide the best of everything -- sound equipment , sleeping and eating accommodations , transportation -- services that had never been provided for the artist before Monterey ... We set up an on - site first aid clinic , because we knew there would be a need for medical supervision and that we would encounter drug - related problems . We did n't want people who got themselves into trouble and needed medical attention to go untreated . Nor did we want their problems to ruin or in any way disturb other people or disrupt the music ... Our security worked with the Monterey police . The local law enforcement authorities never expected to like the people they came in contact with as much as they did . They never expected the spirit of ' Music , Love and Flowers ' to take over to the point where they 'd allow themselves to be festooned with flowers . Monterey 's bill boasted a lineup that put established stars like the Mamas and the Papas , Simon & Garfunkel and the Byrds alongside groundbreaking new acts from the UK and the US . The song `` San Francisco ( Be Sure to Wear Flowers in Your Hair ) '' was written by Phillips and sung by McKenzie , released in May 1967 , to promote the event . Performances ( edit ) Jefferson Airplane ( edit ) With two huge singles behind them , Jefferson Airplane was one of the major attractions of the festival , having built up a large following on the West Coast . The who ( edit ) Although already a big act in the UK , and now gaining some attention in the US after playing some New York dates two months earlier , the Who were propelled into the American mainstream at Monterey . The band used rented Vox amps for their set , which were not as powerful as their regular Sound City amps which they had left in England to save shipping costs . At the end of their frenetic performance of `` My Generation '' , the audience was stunned as guitarist Pete Townshend smashed his guitar , smoke bombs exploded behind the amps and frightened concert staff rushed onstage to retrieve expensive microphones . At the end of the mayhem , drummer Keith Moon kicked over his drum kit as the band exited the stage . During Jimi Hendrix ' stay in England he and the Who had seen each other perform , they were both impressed with and intimidated by each other , so neither wanted to be upstaged by the other . They decided to toss a coin , with the Who ending up performing just before Hendrix . Grateful Dead ( edit ) Michael Lydon , author of Flashbacks ( 2003 ) commented : `` The Grateful Dead were beautiful . They did at top volume what Shankar had done softly . They played pure music , some of the best music of the concert . I have never heard anything in music that could be said to be qualitatively better than the performance of the Dead , Sunday night . Jerry Garcia noted : `` ( The Who ) smashing all their equipment . I mean , they did it so well . It looked so great . It was like , ' Wow , that is beautiful . ' We went on . We played our little music . And it seemed so lame to me , at the time . And ( Jimi Hendrix ) was also beautiful and incredible and sounded great and looked great . I loved both acts . I sat there gape - jawed . They were wonderful . '' The Jimi Hendrix Experience ( edit ) Hendrix ' use of extremely high volumes , the feedback this produced , and the combination of the two along with his dive - bombing use of the vibrato bar on his guitar , produced sounds that , with the exception of the British in attendance , none of the audience had ever heard before . This , along with his look , his clothing , and his erotic antics onstage , had an enormous impact on the audience . To take things further , aware of The Who 's planned explosive finale , he asked around for a can of lighter fluid , which he placed behind one of his amplifier stacks before beginning his set . He ended his Monterey performance with an unpredictable version of `` Wild Thing '' , which he capped by kneeling over his guitar , pouring lighter fluid over it , setting it on fire , and then smashing it onto the stage seven times before throwing its remains into the audience . This performance put Hendrix on the map and generated an enormous amount of attention in the music press and newspapers alike . Robert Christgau later wrote in The Village Voice of Hendrix 's performance : Music was a given for a Hendrix stuck with topping the Who 's guitar - smashing tour de force . It 's great sport to watch this outrageous scene - stealer wiggle his tongue , pick with his teeth , and set his axe on fire , but the showboating does distract from the history made that night -- the dawning of an instrumental technique so effortlessly fecund and febrile that rock has yet to equal it , though hundreds of metal bands have gotten rich trying . Admittedly , nowhere else will you witness a Hendrix still uncertain of his divinity . Big Brother and the Holding Company ( Janis Joplin ) ( edit ) Monterey Pop was also one of the earliest major public performances for Janis Joplin , who appeared as a member of Big Brother and the Holding Company . Joplin gave a provocative rendition of the song `` Ball and Chain '' . Columbia Records signed Big Brother and the Holding Company on the basis of their performance at Monterey . Eric Burdon and the Animals ( edit ) Eric Burdon changed gears with his performance at Monterey . After six years of playing with the original Animals as part of the British Invasion , and the breakup of that band , Eric assembled a new band , a `` New Animals '' and at the festival , they performed the seminal work `` Paint It Black '' which showcased Burdon 's new style : anti-war , hard rock . Monterey affected his career intensely , as later captured in the song he wrote about it . Otis Redding ( edit ) Redding , backed by Booker T. & the MG 's , was included on the bill through the efforts of promoter Jerry Wexler , who saw the festival as an opportunity to advance Redding 's career . Until that point , Redding had performed mainly for black audiences , besides a few successful shows at the Whisky a Go Go . Redding 's show , received well by the audience ( `` there is certainly more audible crowd participation in Redding 's set than in any of the others filmed by Pennebaker that weekend '' ) included `` Respect '' and a version of `` Satisfaction '' . The festival would be one of his last major performances . He died six months later in a plane crash at the age of 26 . Ravi Shankar ( edit ) Ravi Shankar was another artist who was introduced to America at the Monterey festival . The Raga Dhun ( Dadra and Fast Teental ) ( which was later miscredited as `` Raga Bhimpalasi '' ) , an excerpt from Shankar 's four - hour performance at the 1967 Monterey Pop Festival , concluded the Monterey Pop film , introducing the artist to a new generation of music fans . The Mamas & the Papas ( edit ) The Mamas & the Papas closed the festival . They also brought on Scott McKenzie to play his John Phillips - written single `` San Francisco , ( Be Sure To Wear Flowers In Your Hair ) '' . Their set included their biggest hits , `` Monday , Monday '' and `` California Dreamin ' '' . The song `` Dancing in the Street '' , was the final song performed at the festival , with Mama Cass telling the audience `` You 're on your own '' . Cancellations and no - shows ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Several acts were also notable for their non-appearance . The Beach Boys , who had been involved in the conception of the event and were at one point scheduled to headline and close the show , failed to perform . This resulted from a number of issues plaguing the group . Carl Wilson was in a dispute with officials over his refusal to be drafted into military service during the Vietnam War . The group 's new , radical album Smile had recently been aborted and remained unreleased , leaving band leader Brian Wilson in a state and unwilling or incapable of performing ( he had n't performed live with the group since late 1964 , although he would do so in Honolulu , Hawaii in August 1967 ) . Since Smile had not been released , the group felt their older material would not go over well with the audience . The cancellation permanently lowered their reputation and popularity in the US , which would contribute to their replacement album Smiley Smile charting lower than any other of their previous album releases . The Beatles were rumored to appear because of the involvement of their press officer Derek Taylor , but they declined , since their music had become too complex to be performed live . Instead , at the instigation of Paul McCartney , the festival booked The Who and the Jimi Hendrix Experience . Over the weekend of the festival , the Beatles were in London , preparing for the ' Our World ' television broadcast . The Kinks were invited but could not get a work visa to enter the US because of a dispute with the American Federation of Musicians . Donovan was refused a visa to enter the United States because of a 1966 drug bust . Captain Beefheart and the Magic Band was also invited to appear but , according to the liner notes for the CD reissue of their album Safe as Milk , the band turned the offer down at the insistence of guitarist Ry Cooder , who felt the group was not ready . However , Cooder has also claimed that at a warm - up show several days before , Beefheart refused to sing and jumped off the stage , leaving the band to play a mostly instrumental set . The guitarist said this was the reason he refused to play . Dionne Warwick and the Impressions were advertised on some of the early posters for the event , but Warwick dropped out because of a conflict in booking that weekend . She was booked at the Fairmont Hotel ; the hotel was reluctant to release her and it was thought that cancelling that appearance would negatively affect her career . Bob Dylan did receive an invitation , but he declined due to the fact that he was still recovering from his motorcycle accident the previous year . Hendrix paid tribute to him by covering `` Like a Rolling Stone '' . The Mothers of Invention were invited to perform , but their leader Frank Zappa declined because of his refusal to share the stage with any of the San Francisco bands who he felt were inferior . Even though the logo for the band Kaleidoscope is seen in the film as a pink sign just below the stage , the band did not perform at the Monterey Festival . Although the Rolling Stones did not play , guitarist and founder Brian Jones attended and appeared on stage to introduce Hendrix . The group was on the short list of invitees , but was unable to get work visas because of the drug arrests of Mick Jagger and Keith Richards . It was long rumored that Love had declined an invitation to Woodstock , but Mojo Magazine later confirmed that it was the Monterey Festival they had rejected . The promoters also invited several Motown artists to perform and even were going to give the label 's artists their own slot . However , Berry Gordy refused to let any of his acts appear , even though Smokey Robinson was on the board of directors . The Monkees were the biggest - selling musical act in the United States in 1967 and were seriously considered to play , but after weeks of deliberation , John Phillips and Lou Adler decided not to invite them . However , group members Micky Dolenz ( in full American Indian buckskins and headdress ) and Peter Tork attended the festival and mingled with musicians backstage . Tork was asked to introduce Buffalo Springfield , his favorite group , for their set . Tork also introduced Lou Rawls and was involved in a bizarre incident where he walked out onstage in the middle of the Grateful Dead 's set to try to stop fans from climbing on stage and dancing . Tork also informed the crowd that the Beatles were not at the festival in disguise . According to Eric Clapton , Cream did not perform because the band 's manager wanted to make a bigger splash for their American debut later that year . However , it has since been revealed that the band were not considered by the festival organizers . The Doors also were not invited , even though they were a successful group by this time . Keyboardist Ray Manzarek later said `` We were quite angry wondering why the Association was at the Monterey Pop Festival , and The Doors were not '' . The Rascals were also invited , but according to Gene Cornish the band had already been booked to play another gig that same weekend . Influence ( edit ) Music writer Rusty DeSoto argues that pop music history tends to downplay the importance of Monterey in favor of the `` bigger , higher - profile , more decadent '' Woodstock Festival , held two years later . But , as he notes : Monterey Pop was a seminal event ... featuring debut performances of bands that would shape the history of rock and affect popular culture from that day forward . The County Fairgrounds in Monterey , California ... had been home to folk , jazz and blues festivals for many years . But the weekend of June 16 -- 18 , 1967 was the first time it was used to showcase rock music . The festival launched the careers of many who played there , making some of them into stars virtually overnight , including Janis Joplin , Laura Nyro , Canned Heat , Otis Redding , Steve Miller , and Indian sitar maestro Ravi Shankar . Monterey was also the first high - profile event to mix acts from major regional music centers in the U.S. -- San Francisco , Los Angeles , Chicago , Memphis , Tennessee , and New York City -- and it was the first time many of these bands had met each other in person . It was a particularly important meeting place for bands from the Bay Area and L.A. , who had tended to regard each other with a degree of suspicion -- Frank Zappa for one made no secret of his low regard for some of the San Francisco bands -- and until that point the two scenes had been developing separately along fairly distinct lines . Paul Kantner of Jefferson Airplane said `` The idea that San Francisco was heralding was a bit of freedom from oppression . '' Monterey also marked a significant changing of the guard in British music . The Who and Eric Burdon and the Animals represented the UK , with the Beatles and the Rolling Stones conspicuously absent . The Stones ' Brian Jones wafted through the crowd , resplendent in full psychedelic regalia , and appeared on stage briefly to introduce Jimi Hendrix . It would be two more years before the Stones hit the road , by which time Jones was dead , and the Beatles never toured again . Meanwhile , the Who leapt into the breach and became the top British touring act of the period . Also notable was the festival 's innovative sound system , designed and built by audio engineer Abe Jacob , who started his career doing live sound for San Francisco bands and went on to become a leading sound designer for the American theater . Jacob 's groundbreaking Monterey sound system was the progenitor of all the large - scale PAs that followed . It was a key factor in the festival 's success and it was greatly appreciated by the artists -- in the Monterey film , David Crosby can clearly be seen saying `` Great sound system ! '' to bandmate Chris Hillman at the start of the Byrds ' soundcheck . Lighting by Chip Monck attracted the attention of the Woodstock Festival promoters . Electronic music pioneers Paul Beaver and Bernie Krause set up a booth at Monterey to demonstrate the new electronic music synthesizer developed by Robert Moog . Beaver and Krause had bought one of Moog 's first synthesizers in 1966 and had spent a fruitless year trying to get someone in Hollywood interested in using it . Through their demonstration booth at Monterey , they gained the interest of acts including the Doors , the Byrds , the Rolling Stones , Simon & Garfunkel , and others . This quickly built into a steady stream of business , and the eccentric Beaver was soon one of the busiest session men in L.A. He and Krause earned a contract with Warner Brothers . Eric Burdon and the Animals later that same year , in their hit `` Monterey '' , quoted a line from the Byrds ' song `` Renaissance Fair '' ( `` I think that maybe I 'm dreamin ' '' ) and mentioned performers the Byrds , Jefferson Airplane , Ravi Shankar , Jimi Hendrix , the Who , Hugh Masekela , Grateful Dead , and the Rolling Stones ' Brian Jones ( `` His Majesty Prince Jones smiled as he moved among the crowd '' ) . The instruments used in the song imitate the styles of these performers . Anniversary festival ( edit ) The festival did not become an annual event . However , in 2017 on the fiftieth anniversary of the festival , the `` Monterey International Pop Festival -- Celebrates 50 Years '' was held at the same venue on the same weekend , with the participation of Lou Adler . Nora Jones , daughter of Ravi Shankar , was one of the headliners . Recording and filming the festival ( edit ) Main article : Monterey Pop The festival was the subject of a documentary movie entitled Monterey Pop , by noted documentary filmmaker D.A. Pennebaker . Pennebaker 's team used recently developed portable 16mm crystal - sync motion picture cameras that stayed synchronized with double - system sound - recording systems . The film stock was Eastman Kodak 's recently released `` high - speed '' 16mm Ektachrome 100 ASA color reversal motion picture stock , without which the nighttime shows would have been virtually impossible to shoot in color . Sound was captured by Wally Heider 's mobile studio on a then state - of - the art eight - channel recorder , with one track used for the crystal - sync tone , to synchronize it with the film cameras . The Grateful Dead believed that the film was too commercial and refused permission to be shown . The screening of the film in theaters nationwide helped raise the festival to mythic status , rapidly swelled the ranks of would - be festival - goers looking for the next festival , and inspired new entrepreneurs to stage more such festivals around the country . Adler said the cameramen were instructed to capture at least 2 complete songs for most of the acts , but for certain others , particularly The Who and Hendrix , to film as much of the sets as possible . As a result , only one song was not captured in part at least from both act 's performances . Big Brother 's scheduled set was not filmed due to a disagreement . However , due to the huge reaction the band got , they were asked to return to play two songs on Sunday , to be filmed specifically for the movie . An expanded version of the documentary has been released on DVD and Blu - ray by the Criterion Collection . The audio recordings of the festival eventually became the basis for many albums , most notably the 1970 release Historic Performances Recorded at the Monterey International Pop Festival featuring partial sets by Otis Redding and Jimi Hendrix . Other releases recorded at the festival included dedicated live albums by the Grateful Dead , Jefferson Airplane and Shankar . In 1992 , a four - CD box set was released featuring performances by most of the artists ; various other compilations have been released over the years . According to a radio promotional feature that accompanied the box set release , on modified stages , including flatbed Kaleidscope ( LA ) trucks , set up in the surrounding environs , there had been several spontaneous jam sessions for the overflow crowds and campers . Among them was one at the Monterey Peninsula Community College sports stadium ( right across the Hwy. 1 interchange ) , where Jimi Hendrix , flanked by Jorma Kaukonen and John Cipollina , played for an enthusiastic audience . It was also reported locally that Eric Burdon had checked out the provisions and healthcare facilities . Moby Grape 's Monterey recordings and film footage remain unreleased , allegedly because manager Matthew Katz demanded $1 million for the rights . Performers ( edit ) Further information : Monterey Pop Festival ( Set List ) Friday , June 16 ( edit ) The Association The Paupers Lou Rawls Beverley Johnny Rivers Eric Burdon and The Animals Simon & Garfunkel Saturday , June 17 ( edit ) Canned Heat Big Brother and the Holding Company Country Joe and the Fish Al Kooper The Butterfield Blues Band The Electric Flag Quicksilver Messenger Service Steve Miller Band Moby Grape Hugh Masekela The Byrds Laura Nyro Jefferson Airplane Booker T. & the M.G. 's The Mar - Keys Otis Redding Sunday , June 18 ( edit ) Ravi Shankar The Blues Project Big Brother and the Holding Company The Group With No Name Buffalo Springfield ( played w / David Crosby ) The Who Grateful Dead The Jimi Hendrix Experience Scott McKenzie The Mamas & the Papas See also ( edit ) California portal List of historic rock festivals Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Monterey International Pop Festival '' . www.montereyinternationalpopfestival.com . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2013 . Retrieved September 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Grunenberg , Christoph ; Jonathan Harris ( 2005 ) . Summer of Love : Psychedelic Art , Social Crisis and Counterculture in the 1960s . Liverpool University Press . p. 347 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85323 - 929 - 1 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Santelli , Robert . Aquarius Rising -- The Rock Festival Years . 1980 . Dell Publishing Co. , Inc . Pg. 264 . Jump up ^ Lang , Michael ( 2009 - 06 - 30 ) . The Road to Woodstock ( p. 53 ) . HarperCollins . Kindle Edition . Jump up ^ Santelli . Aquarius Rising -- The Rock Festival Years . Pp. 22 , 44 . Jump up ^ Santelli . Aquarius Rising -- The Rock Festival Years . Pp. 25 -- 26 , 32 , 41 . Jump up ^ Walser , Robert . L. Macy , ed . `` Pop III , North America . 3 . 1960s '' . Grove Music Online . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Lomas , Mark . `` Fantasy Fair & Magic Mountain Music Festival '' . Marin History . Marin Independent Journal . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2009 . Retrieved 7 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Hopkins , Jerry ( 1970 ) . Festival ! The Book of American Music Celebrations . New York : Macmillan Company . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 061950 - 5 . OCLC 84588 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , John ( May 2009 ) . `` A History of Rock Festivals '' . Rock Solid Music Magazine . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2010 . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Mankin , Bill . We Can All Join In : How Rock Festivals Helped Change America . Like the Dew. 2012 . Jump up ^ Santelli . Aquarius Rising -- The Rock Festival Years . Pg. 16 . Jump up ^ Lang , Michael ( 2009 - 06 - 30 ) . The Road to Woodstock ( p. 58 ) . HarperCollins . Kindle Edition . Jump up ^ Browne , David . ( 2014 - 06 - 05 ) . `` The Birth of the Rock Fest '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ Kubernik , Harvey and Kubernik , Kenneth . A Perfect Haze : The Illustrated History of the Monterey International Pop Festival . 2011 . Santa Monica Press LLC . Pg. 54 . Jump up ^ `` Lou Adler interview '' . The Tavis Smiley Show . PBS . 2007 - 06 - 04 . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Sander , Ellen ( 1973 ) . Trips : Rock Life in the Sixties , p. 93 . Charles Scribner 's Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 12752 - 1 . Jump up ^ Davis , Clive ( February 19 , 2013 ) . `` 8 : Monterey Pop '' . The Soundtrack of My Life . Simon & Schuster . pp. 62 -- 64 . ISBN 9781476714790 . Jump up ^ `` Pete Townshend Recalls Negotiating with Jimi Hendrix at the Monterey Pop Festival '' . Ultimate Classic Rock . ^ Jump up to : Miller , James ( 1999 ) . Flowers in the Dustbin : The Rise of Rock and Roll , 1947 -- 1977 . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 80873 - 4 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Lochhead , Judith ( Summer 2001 ) . `` Hearing Chaos '' . American Music . 19 ( 2 ) : 237 . doi : 10.2307 / 3052614 . JSTOR 3052614 . Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert ( July 18 , 1989 ) . `` Reluctant Rockumentarist '' . The Village Voice . New York . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Echols , Alice ( 2000 ) . Scars of sweet paradise : the life and times of Janis Joplin . Macmillan . p. 164 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 5394 - 4 . Jump up ^ Inglis , Ian ( 2006 ) . Performance and popular music : history , place and time . Ashgate . pp. 34 -- 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 4057 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` Show 47 -- Sergeant Pepper at the Summit : The very best of a very good year . ( Part 3 ) : UNT Digital Library '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . Digital.library.unt.edu . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 07 . With the exception of the music of Ravi Shankar ... songs were recreated . Jump up ^ Rodnitzky , Jerry ( 2002 ) . `` Janis Joplin : The Hippie Blues Singer as Feminist Heroine '' . Journal of Texas Music History . 2 ( 1 ) : 10 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Craig ( Autumn 2001 ) . `` Folk Revival Roots Still Evident in 1990s Recordings of San Francisco '' . The Journal of American Folklore. 114 ( 454 ) : 480 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Kevin . `` Chip Monck : Grandfather of Rock and Roll Productions '' . Retrieved 13 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Brend , Mark ( 2005 ) . Strange Sounds : Offbeat Instruments and Sonic Experiments in Pop . Hal Leonard Corporation . p. 88 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87930 - 855 - 1 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Monterey International Pop Festival -- Celebrates 50 Years , URL accessed February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Monterey Pop '' . The Criterion Collection . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ Greg Volpert , commenting on In search of Moby Grape . The New Hampshire , January 26 , 2007 ; comment posted January 28 , 2007 . References ( edit ) Harrington , Richard . `` Recapturing The Magic of Monterey . '' The Washington Post June 16 , 2006 Final Edition ed. : T35 . `` Monterey -- they rocked till they dropped . '' Sunday Age ( Melbourne , Australia ) June 12 , 1994 Late Edition ed. : Agenda1 . Carpenter , Julie . `` The Summer of Love ; It was a time of peace , love and flowers in your hair . But , 40 years on , the hippie ideals of 1967 have had a longer lasting impact than the most far - out dreamer could have predicted . '' The Express May 25 , 2007 U.K. 1st Edition ed. : News30 . Morse , Steve . `` Hendrix 's guitar was on fire . '' The Boston Globe Nov. 18 , 2007 Third Edition ed. : LivingartsN16 . Perusse , Bernard . `` Ravi Shankar 's music intoxicating on its own : Contrary to his music 's association with drug culture , the sitar master plays with a focus that would be impossible under the influence . '' The Gazette Oct. 2 , 2003 Thursday Final Edition ed. : Arts&LifeD1 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Monterey Pop Festival . Monterey Pop Festival Art Director Tom Wilkes An English girl 's summer of love -- Monterey International Pop Festival , Glenys Roberts , Daily Mail , 11 May 2007 DVD review -- The Complete Monterey Pop Festival ( The Criterion Collection ) Grace Slick of Jefferson Airplane 's painting of Monterey Pop https://archive.is/20150423205444/http://www.bcxnews.org/photos/events/concerts/montereypop/ MUSIC FESTIVALS : III . Monterey : Peace , Love and Flowers California Dreaming becomes reality Pop Perfect : Monterey Pop Revisited Liner Notes Booklet by Stephen K. Peeples from Grammy - Nominated 1992 Monterey International Pop Festival boxed set Links to audio from the Monterey Pop festival ( edit ) audio stream of the Grateful Dead 's performance on June 18 ▶ Monterey at 45 : performances and voices from that weekend Ravi Shankar interviewed on the Pop Chronicles ( 1969 ) Historic rock and pop festivals italics = festival ongoing List of festivals 1950s -- 1960s 1950 -- 66 Sanremo Music Festival Festival di Napoli Newport Jazz Festival Beaulieu Jazz Festival Nationaal Songfestival Eurovision Song Contest Melodifestivalen Benidorm International Song Festival Thessaloniki Song Festival Viña del Mar International Song Festival Melodi Grand Prix Sopot International Song Festival Reading and Leeds Festivals National Jazz and Blues Festival Festival Omladina National Festival of Polish Song in Opole Festivali i Këngës Festival da Canção Un disco per l'estate Parada ritma / Vatromet ritma Jazz Bilzen Gitarijada ( Belgrade ) Golden Orpheus Gitarijada ( Zaječar ) 1967 -- 68 Mantra - Rock Dance Fantasy Fair and Magic Mountain Music Festival Barbeque 67 Monterey Pop Festival Schaefer Music Festival Miami Pop Festival I Northern California Folk Rock Festival I Summerfest Quebec City Summer Festival Newport Pop Festival Festival de Ancón ( Perú ) Isle of Wight Festival Sky River Rock Festival Internationale Essener Songtage San Francisco Pop Festival Los Angeles Pop Festival Miami Pop Festival II 1969 Big Rock Pow - Wow Northern California Folk - Rock Festival II Newport 69 Pop Festival Denver Pop Festival Bath Festival of Blues Mississippi River Festival Atlanta International Pop Festival I The Stones in the Park Harlem Cultural Festival Laurel Pop Festival Midwest Rock Festival Seattle Pop Festival Atlantic City Pop Festival Woodstock Vancouver Pop Festival Texas International Pop Festival New Orleans Pop Festival Toronto Rock and Roll Revival Altamont Free Concert 1970s 1970 Festival of Political Songs Hollywood Music Festival The Kickapoo Creek Rock Festival World Popular Song Festival Atlanta International Pop Festival II Super Concert ' 70 Aachen Open Air Pop Festival Piedra Roja Bath Festival of Blues and Progressive Music Phun City Kralingen Music Festival Strawberry Fields Ruisrock Pinkpop Festival Powder Ridge Rock Festival Goose Lake International Music Festival Man - Pop Festival Glastonbury Festival Vortex I 1971 -- 73 Festival de Ancon Roskilde Festival Pesnya goda Vilar de Mouros Festival Myponga Pop Festival Bumbershoot Ilosaarirock Tokyo Music Festival Weeley Festival Northern Lights Festival Boréal Festival Rock y Ruedas de Avándaro Sunbury Pop Festival Erie Canal Soda Pop Festival Bickershaw Festival Concert 10 Mar y Sol Pop Festival Windsor Free Festival BOOM Festival The Great Ngaruawahia Music Festival Aquarius Festival Day on the Green Summer Jam at Watkins Glen Hurricane Festival 1974 -- 79 Stonehenge Free Festival Volunteer Jam Ashton Court Festival Knebworth Festival Village Fair Zaire 74 August Jam Ozark Music Festival Rock Werchter California Jam Hollywood Rock Watchfield Free Festival Michigan Womyn 's Music Festival Midtfyns Festival Stemweder Open Air Cropredy Convention 100 Club Punk Special Paléo Festival Nambassa Deeply Vale Festivals Texxas Jam Havana Jam Gurtenfestival Waikino Music Festival California Jam II Canada Jam Bele Chere Key people Chet Helms Tom Rounds Mel Lawrence Lou Adler John Phillips Hilly Kristal Michael Lang Bill Graham Wally Hope Ubi Dwyer Sid Rawle Bill Hanley Wavy Gravy Freddy Bannister Barry Fey Merry Pranksters Alex Cooley Graeme Dunstan Mick Farren Russ Gibb Shelly Finkel Jim Koplik Stewart Levine Hugh Masekela Leonard Stogel Robert Raymond Bruce Lundvall Jerry Masucci Related Counterculture of the 1960s Summer of Love UK underground hippies la Onda deadheads rock concert crowd surfing audience wave music festival folk festival pop festival rock festival free festival Rock festivals Subtypes List of heavy metal festivals List of jam band music festivals List of punk rock festivals List of gothic festivals List of industrial music festivals Traveling ( italics = ongoing ) Anger Management Tour Area Festival Big Day Out Coachella Crüe Fest Curiosa Deconstruction Tour Doomination Family Values Tour Festival Express Fuji Rock Festival G3 Gigantour Hard Electric Tour H.O.R.D.E. Knotfest Lilith Fair Lollapalooza Mayhem Festival Magic Circle Festival Monsters of Rock Persistence Tour Rock am Ring and Rock im Park Rock in Rio Rock in Roma Rock Boat Ruido Fest Ozzfest Projekt Revolution Rock Never Stops Tour Sonisphere Festival Nintendo Fusion Tour Sounds of the Underground Soundwave Summer Sanitarium Tour Taste of Chaos The Unholy Alliance Tour Uproar Festival Vive Latino Warped Tour Culture Deadheads Hippies La Onda Moshpit Pogo ( dance ) Headbanging Stage diving Crowd surfing Sign of the horns Summer of Love Rivethead Related events Music festival Rock concert Concert tour Pop festival Folk festival Hip hop music festival EDM festival Trance festival Reggae festival Hippies History of the hippie movement Etymology of ' hippie ' Beat Generation / Beatniks Central Park be-in Counterculture of the 1960s Red Dog Experience San Francisco Sound Drop City Sunset Strip curfew riots Love Pageant Rally Haight - Ashbury Human Be-In Mantra - Rock Dance Summer of Love Fantasy Fair Monterey Pop Festival Newport Pop Festival Sky River Rock Festival People 's Park Woodstock Glastonbury Festival The Farm Piedra Roja Festival Rock y Ruedas de Avándaro Nambassa People and groups Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters Further bus Diggers San Francisco Oracle Haight Ashbury Free Clinics Haight - Ashbury Switchboard Yippies Wavy Gravy and the Hog Farm Collective Brotherhood of Eternal Love Rainbow Family Deadhead New Age travellers Radical Faeries Politics and ethics Free love Anti-authoritarianism Simple living Environmentalism Pacifism Communalism Counterculture Bohemianism Make love , not war Turn on , tune in , drop out Vegetarianism Veganism Culture and fashion Psychedelia Flower power Hippie trail Hippie exploitation films Happening Peace symbols Bell - bottoms Love beads Long hair Tie - dye Intentional community communal living Free festival Music festival Flower child Music Folk music Folk rock Protest music Psychedelic music Psychedelic folk Psychedelic rock Psychedelic soul Psychedelic pop Psychedelic trance Acid rock Space rock Progressive rock Raga rock World music New - age music Jam bands List of jam band music festivals List of historic rock festivals Psychedelics and other drugs Cannabis LSD Magic mushrooms Mescaline Peyote Related List of films List of books and other publications Subculture Cannabis culture Cyberdelic Head shop Underground press press syndicate list New Age movement Legend of the Rainbow Warriors Freak scene Free Speech Movement Anti-war movement Civil rights movement Protests of 1968 Chicago Seven New Left UK underground La Onda New social movements Mánička Post-materialism Neotribalism Hungry generation Sexual revolution Second Summer of Love Neo-psychedelia Coordinates : 36 ° 35 ′ 40 '' N 121 ° 51 ′ 46 '' W / 36.59444 ° N 121.86278 ° W / 36.59444 ; - 121.86278 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monterey_Pop_Festival&oldid=831347102 '' Categories : Music festivals in California 1967 in California California culture Concerts in the United States Rock festivals in the United States Pop music festivals in the United States Hippie movement Counterculture festivals Counterculture of the 1960s Monterey , California History of Monterey County , California Jam band festivals Music festivals established in 1967 1967 music festivals Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2012 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Articles needing additional references from June 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2008 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Boarisch Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 March 2018 , at 03 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which group gained their first recording contract after appearing at monterey | [
"Electronic music pioneers Paul Beaver and Bernie Krause set up a booth at Monterey to demonstrate the new electronic music synthesizer developed by Robert Moog.[29] Beaver and Krause had bought one of Moog's first synthesizers in 1966 and had spent a fruitless year trying to get someone in Hollywood interested in using it. Through their demonstration booth at Monterey, they gained the interest of acts including the Doors, the Byrds, the Rolling Stones, Simon & Garfunkel, and others. This quickly built into a steady stream of business, and the eccentric Beaver was soon one of the busiest session men in L.A. He and Krause earned a contract with Warner Brothers."
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"Electronic music pioneers Paul Beaver and Bernie Krause"
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-8750106995007844170 | 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship | 2018 College football Playoff national championship - Wikipedia 2018 College football Playoff national championship Jump to : navigation , search 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship Alabama Crimson Tide Georgia Bulldogs ( 12 -- 1 ) ( 13 -- 1 ) SEC SEC Head coach : Nick Saban Head coach : Kirby Smart AP Coaches CFP AP Coaches CFP Date January 8 , 2018 Season 2017 Stadium Mercedes - Benz Stadium Location Atlanta , Georgia Favorite Alabama by 4 National anthem Zac Brown Band Referee Dan Capron ( Big Ten ) United States TV coverage Network ESPN / ESPN Radio / ESPN Deportes Announcers Chris Fowler , Kirk Herbstreit , Maria Taylor and Tom Rinaldi ( ESPN ) Sean McDonough , Todd Blackledge , Holly Rowe and Ian Fitzsimmons ( ESPN Radio ) College Football Playoff National Championship < 2017 2019 > The 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship is a college football bowl game that will determine the national champion in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision for the 2017 season . It will be played at Mercedes - Benz Stadium in Atlanta , Georgia , on January 8 , 2018 . The game will be played between the Georgia Bulldogs and the Alabama Crimson Tide , which advanced to the national championship after winning the semi-final games hosted by the Rose Bowl Game and the Sugar Bowl on January 1 , 2018 . The participants in these two games were determined following the conclusion of the 2017 regular season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 2018 College Football Playoff 3 Teams 3.1 Georgia 3.2 Alabama 4 Game summary 4.1 Scoring summary 4.2 Statistics 5 Broadcasting 6 See also 7 References Background ( edit ) Mercedes - Benz Stadium was announced as the host site for the fourth College Football National Championship on November 4 , 2015 . 2018 College Football Playoff ( edit ) Semifinals 2018 Championship Game January 1 -- Sugar Bowl 1 Clemson 6 Alabama 24 January 8 -- National Championship 4 Alabama 3 Georgia January 1 -- Rose Bowl 2 Oklahoma 48 Georgia ( 2OT ) 54 Teams ( edit ) Georgia ( edit ) See also : 2017 Georgia Bulldogs football team The Georgia Bulldogs defeated the Oklahoma Sooners in the 2018 Rose Bowl by a score of 54 -- 48 in double overtime to reach the championship game . The Bulldogs had a 13 -- 1 season claiming their 13th Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) championship with a win over Auburn Tigers , 28 -- 7 . The Bulldogs are coached by Kirby Smart . Alabama ( edit ) See also : 2017 Alabama Crimson Tide football team The Alabama Crimson Tide defeated the Clemson Tigers in the 2018 Sugar Bowl by a score of 24 -- 6 to reach the championship game . The Tide had a 12 -- 1 season becoming the SEC West Division co-champions with the Auburn Tigers . The Crimson Tide are coached by Nick Saban . Game summary ( edit ) Scoring summary ( edit ) ( hide ) Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP Alabama Georgia `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football . -- -- Statistics ( edit ) Total # 4 Crimson Tide 0 # 3 Bulldogs 0 Statistics Alabama Georgia First downs Plays -- yards Rushes -- yards Passing yards Passing : Comp -- Att -- Int Time of possession Team Player Statistics Alabama Passing Rushing Receiving Georgia Passing Rushing Receiving Broadcasting ( edit ) The game will be televised nationally by ESPN . On January 8 , 2018 , the network announced that its broadcast would feature a live performance by Kendrick Lamar during halftime . This performance is separate from the event proper at Mercedes - Benz Stadium ( which will feature a traditional halftime show with the marching bands of the participating teams ) , and will originate from Centennial Olympic Park . See also ( edit ) College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Alex Scarbrough ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Atlanta , Santa Clara and New Orleans land CFP title games for 2018 -- 20 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Emerson , Seth ( January 1 , 2018 ) . `` Georgia to play for national championship after Rose Bowl win in 2 OT '' . ajc.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama 's Sugar Bowl win against Clemson sets up all - SEC final : Final score , stats , analysis '' . nola.com . January 1 , 2018 . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kendrick Lamar to Perform at College Football Playoff Title Game '' . Billboard . 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Forward slash ( / ) denotes College Football Playoff semifinal game Georgia Bulldogs bowl games 1942 Orange Bowl 1943 Rose Bowl 1946 Oil Bowl 1947 Sugar Bowl 1948 Gator Bowl 1949 Orange Bowl 1950 Presidential Cup 1960 Orange Bowl 1964 Sun Bowl 1966 Cotton Bowl Classic 1967 Liberty Bowl 1969 Sugar Bowl 1969 Sun Bowl 1971 Gator Bowl 1973 Peach Bowl 1974 Tangerine Bowl 1976 Cotton Bowl Classic 1977 Sugar Bowl 1978 Astro - Bluebonnet Bowl 1981 Sugar Bowl 1982 Sugar Bowl 1983 Sugar Bowl 1984 Cotton Bowl Classic 1984 Florida Citrus Bowl 1985 Sun Bowl 1986 Hall of Fame Bowl 1987 Liberty Bowl 1989 Gator Bowl 1989 Peach Bowl 1991 Independence Bowl 1993 Florida Citrus Bowl 1995 Peach Bowl 1998 Outback Bowl 1998 Peach Bowl 2000 Outback Bowl 2000 Oahu Bowl 2001 Music City Bowl 2003 Sugar Bowl 2004 Capital One Bowl 2005 Outback Bowl 2006 Sugar Bowl 2006 Chick - fil - A Bowl 2008 Sugar Bowl 2009 Capital One Bowl 2009 Independence Bowl 2010 Liberty Bowl 2012 Outback Bowl 2013 Capital One Bowl 2014 Gator Bowl 2014 Belk Bowl 2016 TaxSlayer Bowl 2016 Liberty Bowl 2018 Rose Bowl / 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship # Pound sign ( # ) denotes national championship game . Forward slash ( / ) denotes College Football Playoff semifinal game 2017 -- 18 NCAA Division I championships Baseball Men 's basketball Women 's basketball Beach volleyball Bowling Cross country Fencing Field hockey Football ( FBS ) † Football ( FCS ) Men 's golf Women 's golf Men 's gymnastics Women 's gymnastics Men 's ice hockey Women 's ice hockey Indoor track and field Men 's lacrosse Women 's lacrosse Outdoor track and field Rifle Rowing Skiing Men 's soccer Women 's soccer Softball Men 's swimming and diving Women 's swimming and diving Tennis Men 's volleyball Women 's volleyball Men 's water polo Women 's water polo Wrestling † Not an officially sanctioned NCAA championship This American football -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This article related to sports in the US state of Georgia is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_College_Football_Playoff_National_Championship&oldid=818219144 '' Categories : American college football templates 2017 -- 18 College Football Playoff 2017 -- 18 NCAA football bowl games 2018 in sports in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Sports competitions in Atlanta American football in Georgia ( U.S. state ) 2010s in Atlanta Alabama Crimson Tide football bowl games Georgia Bulldogs football bowl games American football stubs Georgia ( U.S. state ) sport stubs Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 08 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where will the 2017 national championship game be played | [
"The 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship is a college football bowl game that will determine the national champion in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision for the 2017 season. It will be played at Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia, on January 8, 2018. The game will be played between the Georgia Bulldogs and the Alabama Crimson Tide, which advanced to the national championship after winning the semi-final games hosted by the Rose Bowl Game and the Sugar Bowl on January 1, 2018. The participants in these two games were determined following the conclusion of the 2017 regular season."
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"Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia"
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-7250786642816068186 | Cheshire Cat | Cheshire Cat - wikipedia Cheshire Cat Jump to : navigation , search This article is about a character mainly associated with Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland . For other uses , see Cheshire Cat ( disambiguation ) . Cheshire Cat Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland character The Cheshire cat as illustrator John Tenniel envisioned it in the 1865 publication Created by Lewis Carroll Information Species Tabby British Shorthair Cat Gender Male ( the Queen of Hearts cries `` off with his head '' when the cat upsets the king ) Quote `` Most everyone 's mad here '' `` You may have noticed that I 'm not all there myself '' The Cheshire Cat ( / ˈtʃɛʃər / or / ˈtʃɛʃɪər / ) is a fictional cat popularised by Lewis Carroll in Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland and known for its distinctive mischievous grin . While most often celebrated in Alice - related contexts , the Cheshire Cat predates the 1865 novel and has transcended the context of literature and become enmeshed in popular culture , appearing in various forms of media , from political cartoons to television , as well as cross-disciplinary studies , from business to science . One of its distinguishing features is that from time to time its body disappears , the last thing visible being its iconic grin . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Lewis Carroll 's character 2.1 Source of imagery 3 Adaptions 3.1 Cross-film comparison 4 In science 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Origins ( edit ) There are numerous theories about the origins of the phrase `` grinning like a Cheshire Cat '' in English history . A possible origin of the phrase is one favoured by the people of Cheshire , a county in England which boasts numerous dairy farms ; hence the cats grin because of the abundance of milk and cream . According to Brewer 's Dictionary , `` The phrase has never been satisfactorily accounted for , but it has been said that cheese was formerly sold in Cheshire moulded like a cat that looked as though it was grinning '' . The cheese was cut from the tail end , so that the last part eaten was the head of the smiling cat . In 1853 , Samuel Maunder explained : This phrase owes its origin to the unhappy attempts of a sign painter of that country to represent a lion rampant , which was the crest of an influential family , on the sign - boards of many of the inns . The resemblance of these lions to cats caused them to be generally called by the more ignoble name . A similar case is to be found in the village of Charlton , between Pewsey and Devizes , Wiltshire . A public - house by the roadside is commonly known by the name of The Cat at Charlton . The sign of the house was originally a lion or tiger , or some such animal , the crest of the family of Sir Edward Poore . Its first appearance in literature was in the 18th century . A classical dictionary of the vulgar tongue ( 1788 ) by Francis Grose ( The Second Edition , Corrected and Enlarged , London ) contains the following entry : `` CHESHIRE CAT . He grins like a Cheshire cat ; said of any one who shows his teeth and gums in laughing . '' The phrase appears again in print in John Wolcot 's pseudonymous Peter Pindar 's Pair of Lyric Epistles ( 1792 ) : `` Lo , like a Cheshire cat our court will grin . '' The phrase also appears in print in William Makepeace Thackeray 's The Newcomes ( 1855 ) ( `` That woman grins like a Cheshire cat . '' ) . A survey published in 2015 showed how highly fanciful were so many purported explanations seen on the internet . The expression was finally explained as an amalgam of the widely - used phrase ' grinning like a cat that got the ( spilt ) cream ' which could apply to any part of the country ( although Cheshire was the pre-eminent milk , cheese and cream producing county for several centuries ) with Cheshire 's unique political situation . On their own , either of these would have been something to grin about . Importantly , the county was described as a ' palatinate ' from the 1290s and was promoted to be Principality in 1397 following the support its men gave King Richard II . No other English county has been honoured in this way or was accorded such unusually wide privileges , including its own ' borderland ' laws and taxes , and a considerable measure of independence from national government into the sixteenth century . These privileges attracted many who ( in the recent words of an eminent professor of medieval history ) ' arrived as fugitives from justice and this seems to have become the principle motivation ( for escaping to Cheshire from the Kings laws ) as the Middle Ages wore on . ' Once safely across the border into the palatine 's jurisdiction , these transgressors could grin cheekily at any pursuing King 's Sheriffs - and ' disappear ' into the countryside . Certainly , dictionaries show the word ' caitiff ' derived from Old French or Anglo - Norman in terms such as ' cowardly or base villain ' or ' mean despicable fellow ' , and with its diminutive ' cat ' meaning ' a ' sharp ' fellow ' - as utilize in today 's jazz idioms . Lewis Carroll 's character ( edit ) The Cheshire Cat is now largely identified with the character of the same name in Lewis Carroll 's novel Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland . Alice first encounters the Cheshire Cat at the Duchess 's house in her kitchen , and later on the branches of a tree , where it appears and disappears at will , and engages Alice in amusing but sometimes perplexing conversation . The cat sometimes raises philosophical points that annoy or baffle Alice ; but appears to cheer her when it appears suddenly at the Queen of Hearts ' croquet field ; and when sentenced to death , baffles everyone by having made its head appear without its body , sparking a debate between the executioner and the King and Queen of Hearts about whether a disembodied head can indeed be beheaded . At one point , the cat disappears gradually until nothing is left but its grin , prompting Alice to remark that `` she has often seen a cat without a grin but never a grin without a cat '' . According to recent analysis by scholar David Day , Lewis Carroll 's cat was Edward Bouverie Pusey , Oxford professor of Hebrew , and Carroll 's mentor . A hanging chain forms a catenary . The name Pusey was suggested by Alice 's deferential address of the cat as `` Cheshire Puss '' . Pusey was an authority on the fathers of the Christian Church , and in Carroll 's time Pusey was known as the Patristic Catenary ( or chain ) , after the chain of authority of Church patriarchs . As a mathematician , Carroll would have been well familiar with the other meaning of catenary : the curve of a horizontally - suspended chain , which suggests the shape of the cat 's grin . RIDDLE : What kind of a cat can grin ? ANSWER : A Catenary . -- David Day , Queen 's Quarterly ( 2010 ) Source of imagery ( edit ) Grinning Cheshire Cat , St Wilfrid 's Church . Grappenhall , Cheshire The cat carving in St Nicolas Church , Cranleigh There are many other suggestions that Carroll found inspiration for the name and expression of the Cheshire Cat in the 16th century sandstone carving of a grinning cat , on the west face of St Wilfrid 's Church tower in Grappenhall , a village adjacent to his birthplace in Daresbury , Cheshire . Lewis Carroll 's father , Reverend Charles Dodgson , was Rector of Croft and Archdeacon of Richmond in North Yorkshire , England , from 1843 to 1868 ; Carroll lived here from 1843 to 1850 . Historians believe Lewis Carroll 's Cheshire Cat in the book Alice in Wonderland was inspired by a carving in Croft church . A fully mature British Shorthair Another possible inspiration was the British Shorthair : Carroll saw a representative British Shorthair illustrated on a label of Cheshire cheese . The Cat Fanciers ' Association profile reads : `` When gracelessness is observed , the British Shorthair is duly embarrassed , quickly recovering with a ' Cheshire cat smile ' '' . In 1992 , members of the Lewis Carroll Society attributed it to a gargoyle found on a pillar in St Nicolas Church , Cranleigh , where Carroll used to travel frequently when he lived in Guildford ( though this is doubtful as he moved to Guildford some three years after Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland had been published ) and a carving in a church in the village of Croft - on - Tees , in the north east of England , where his father had been rector . Carroll is believed to have visited St. Christopher 's church in Pott Shrigley , Cheshire , which has a stone sculpture most closely resembling the pictorial cat in the book . `` St. Christopher 's Church , Pott Schrigley History '' . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . Adaptions ( edit ) The Cheshire Cat character has been re-depicted by other creators and used as the inspiration for new characters , primarily in screen media ( film , television , video games ) and print media ( literature , comics , art ) . Other non-media contexts that embrace the Cheshire Cat include music , business , and science . A Cheshire cat stuffed toy from The Children 's Museum of Indianapolis Prior to 1951 when Walt Disney released an animated adaptation of the story ( see below ) , there were few post-Alice allusions to the character . Martin Gardner , author of The Annotated Alice , wondered if T.S. Eliot had the Cheshire Cat in mind when writing Morning at the Window , but notes no other significant allusions in the pre-war period . Images of and references to the Cheshire Cat cropped up with increasing frequency in the 1960s and 1970s , along with more frequent references to Carroll 's works in general . ( See generally the lyrics to White Rabbit by the rock group Jefferson Airplane ) . The Cheshire Cat appeared on LSD blotters , as well as in song lyrics and popular fiction . In the 1951 Disney animated film , Alice in Wonderland , the Cheshire Cat is depicted as an intelligent and mischievous character that sometimes helps Alice and sometimes gets her into trouble . He frequently sings the first verse of the Jabberwocky poem . The animated character was voiced by Sterling Holloway ( Alice in Wonderland ) and Jim Cummings ( 2004 -- present ) . In the 1985 television adaptation of Carroll 's books , the Cheshire Cat is voiced by Telly Savalas . He sings a morose song called `` There 's No Way Home , '' which simply drives Alice to try and find a way home even more . In the 1999 television adaptation of Carroll 's books , the Cheshire Cat is voiced by Whoopi Goldberg . She acts as an ally and friend to Alice . The Cheshire Cat appears in Walt Disney 's 2010 Alice in Wonderland , directed by Tim Burton . British actor Stephen Fry voices the character . In the movie , Cheshire ( as he is often called ; or sometimes `` Chess '' ) binds the wound Alice suffered earlier by the Bandersnatch and guides her to Tarrant Hightopp , the Mad Hatter and Thackery Earwicket , the March Hare . He is blamed by the Hatter for desertion when the White Queen is deposed by the Red ; but later impersonates the Hatter when the latter is sentenced to decapitation . Throughout his appearances , `` Chess '' is able to make himself intangible or weightless , as well as invisible ( and thus to survive decapitation ) , and is usually shown in mid-air , at shoulder - height to human - sized characters . In the video game adaptation of the movie , Chess is a playable character who can not only turn himself invisible , but other objects around him as well . Cross-film comparison ( edit ) Each major film adaptation of Lewis Carroll 's tale represents the Cheshire Cat character and his traits uniquely . Screen Media Adaptation Distribution Medium Cheshire Cat 's Appearance Cheshire Cat 's Behavior Image Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 film ) Film ( Alice in Wonderland , traditional animation by Walt Disney Studios ) Thick build and a primarily pink coat with purple stripes . Wide smile and close - set , piercing yellow eyes . Character always depicted in good lighting with strong visibility , unlike other adaptations which obscure or shadow him Mischievous , and takes pleasure in misdirecting Alice . He is able to dislocate his head from his body ( does so in jest ) , but is also capable of invisibility , and frequently enters and exits the scene with all parts faded away except for his grin or eyes . Adventures in Wonderland ( 1991 TV show ) Televised broadcast ( Adventures in Wonderland , TV series through 1995 ) Closer resemblance to a tiger or lioness than a house cat . Coat has a white base with stripes painted in a violet accent color . Form possesses human - like mouth and facial structure A sarcastic and playful rendition of the character . In this adaptation , the Cheshire Cat has the ability to appear and disappear in any location . He is quick to play practical jokes on other the characters in the show . Alice in Wonderland ( 1999 made - for - TV movie ) Television Film A fluffy grey cat with a human face and feline features . A grinning cat who teaches Alice `` the rules '' of Wonderland . Her favorite pastime is appearing and disappearing . Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 film ) Film ( Alice in Wonderland , live - action directed by Tim Burton ) More slender build , with a round head and grey / green coat with several blue / black stripes . Bright aqua eyes ( with slit - shaped pupils ) and prominent teeth . Often more backlit than other adaptations , with only a faint , luminescent glow ( self - generated ) bringing his features into view . Disappearing and reappearing at will , and able even to change his size , levitate himself , assume the appearances of other characters , and become intangible at will . The cat plays a few jokes and toys with the other characters , but is helpful on a few occasions . He speaks in a slow and fluid manner . The Cheshire Cat as depicted in American McGee 's Alice In addition to the Cheshire Cat 's appearances in films central to its Lewis Carroll origins , the Cheshire Cat has been featured in other cinematic works . The late filmmaker Chris Marker gave his monumental documentary on the New Left movement of 1967 -- 1977 , Le fond de l'air est rouge ( 1977 ) , the English title Grin Without a Cat . Like the original , it signifies that revolution was in the air , but failed to take root . In the film , it is also stated : a spearhead without a spear , a grin without a catThe Cheshire Cat has been seen by television audiences in a broadcast spin - off . The Cheshire Cat appears in Once Upon a Time in Wonderland ( a spin - off of Once Upon a Time ) voiced by Keith David . While looking for the Mad Hatter 's house from the trees , Alice encounters the Cheshire Cat in giant form where the Red Queen had promised him that Alice would be good food for him . Both of them ended up engaging each other in combat until the Knave of Hearts arrived and threw a piece of one mushroom side into his mouth , which shrank him back to normal size as the Cheshire Cat leaves . The Cheshire Cat appears as an avatar character in several the video games American McGee 's Alice ( 2000 ) ; and the sequel Alice : Madness Returns ( 2011 ) , the Cheshire Cat is portrayed as an enigmatic , yet wise guide for Alice in the corrupted Wonderland . In keeping with the twisted tone of the game , the Cheshire Cat is mangy and emaciated in appearance . His voice was provided by Roger L. Jackson , who also voiced the Mad Hatter and The Jabberwock in the game . In science ( edit ) Cheshire Cat is used as a metaphor to explain several scientific phenomena : The Cheshire Cat effect , as described by Sally Duensing and Bob Miller , is a binocular rivalry which causes stationary objects seen in one eye to disappear from view when an object in motion crosses in front of the other eye . Each eye sees two different views of the world , sends those images to the visual cortex where they are combined , and creates a three - dimensional image . The Cheshire Cat effect occurs when one eye is fixated on a stationary object , while the other notices something moving . Since one eye is seeing a moving object , the brain will focus on it , causing parts of the stationary object to fade away from vision entirely . In another scientific context , catalytic RNAs have been deemed Cheshire cats . This metaphor is used to describe the fading of the ribonucleotide construct , which leaves behind a smile of only the mineral components of the RNA catalyst . Similarly , the Cheshire Cat has been used out of its traditional context to help define another scientific phenomenon , the `` Cheshire Cat '' escape strategy . When Coccolithophore -- a species of successful ocean algae -- is able to resist the haploid phase of its life cycle it escapes meiosis and its dominant diploid genes are passed on in a virus - free environment , freeing the host from the danger of infection during reproduction . The algae escape death ( beheading ) by means of disappearance ( vanishing his head ) : ... ( T ) aken from Lewis Carroll , we liken this theory to the strategy used by the Cheshire Cat in Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland of making its body invisible to make the sentence `` off with his head '' pronounced by the Queen of Hearts impossible to execute ... CC dynamics , which rely to some extent on separation of the sexual processes of meiosis and fusion in time and / or space , release the host from short - term pathogen pressure , thus widening the scope for the host to evolve in other directions . Other gestures to the Cheshire Cat 's tropes of disappearance and mystique have been seen in scientific literature coming from the field of Physics . `` The Cheshire Cat '' is a phenomenon in quantum mechanics in which a particle and its property behave as if they are separated , or when a particle separates from one of its physical properties . To test this idea , researchers used an interferometer where neutron beams passed through silicon crystal . The crystal physically separated the neutrons and allowed them to go to two paths . Researchers reported `` the system behaves as if the neutrons go through one beam path , while their magnetic moment travels along the other . '' The Cheshire cat 's grin has inspired scientists in their naming of visual phenomena . A merger of galaxy groups in the constellation Ursa Major is nicknamed `` Cheshire Cat galaxy group '' by Astronomers due to its suggestive appearance . In linguistics , cheshirization , when a sound disappears but leaves a trace , just like the cat disappears but leaves his grin . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Cheshire cat -- Definition and More from the Free Merriam - Webster Dictionary '' . merriam-webster.com. 2011 . Retrieved 8 August 2011 . Jump up ^ As stated in Martin Gardner 's Annotated Alice Jump up ^ Gardner , Martin ( 1999 ) . The Annotated Alice : Alice 's adventures in Wonderland & Through the looking glass . W.W. Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 04847 - 0 . Jump up ^ Samuel Maunder , The Treasury of Knowledge and Library Reference , Edition 12 Publisher : Longman , Orme , Brown , Green , & Longmans , 1853 , page 396 Jump up ^ Young , Peter . `` Origins of the Cheshire Cat '' . Cheshire History . 55 ( 2015 - 6 ) : pp. 184 - 193 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ White , Graeme J ( 2015 ) . The Magna Carta of Cheshire . London . p. 39 . Jump up ^ Chambers ( 1972 ) . Twentieth Century Dictionary . London . Jump up ^ Collins ( 2003 ) . English Dictionary . London . Jump up ^ Annotated Alice ; the statement `` a grin without a cat '' is a reference to mathematics dissociating itself completely from the natural world . Jump up ^ Day , David ( 2010 ) . `` Oxford in Wonderland '' . Queen 's Quarterly . 117 ( 3 ) : 402 -- 423 . Jump up ^ Day , David ( 24 August 2015 ) . `` The Cheshire Cat 's Grin : Solving the greatest mystery of Wonderland , 150 years later '' . The Walrus . Jump up ^ Clark , Ann ( 1979 ) . Lewis Carroll : A Biography . London : J.M. Dent & Sons . ISBN 0 - 460 - 04302 - 1 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Martin ( 2000 ) . The Annotated Alice : The Definitive Edition . New York / London : W.W. Norton and Company . p. 62 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 04847 - 0 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Ian ( 2010 ) . Professor Stewart 's Hoard of Mathematical Treasures . Profile Books . p. 67 . Jump up ^ Geyer , Georgie Anne . When Cats Reigned Like Kings : On the Trail of the Sacred Cats . Transaction Publishers . p. 219 . Jump up ^ `` Cheshire Cat found by fans of Lewis Carroll '' . The Toronto Star . Toronto ON . Reuters. 8 July 1992 . p . C24 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Martin ( 1999 ) . The Annotated Alice : Alice 's adventures in Wonderland & Through the looking glass . W.W. Norton . p. 62 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 04847 - 0 . Jump up ^ Brooker , Will ( 2004 ) . Alice 's Adventures : Lewis Carroll and Alice in Popular Culture . London : Continuum . p. 81 . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 1433 - 8 . Retrieved 7 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Roos , Michael ( 1984 ) . `` The Walrus and the Deacon : John Lennon 's Debt to Lewis Carroll '' . Journal of Popular Culture . 18 ( 1 ) : 19 -- 29 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 0022 - 3840.1984. 1801_19. x . Jump up ^ St Clair , Vanessa ( 5 June 2001 ) . `` A girl like Alice '' . The Guardian . UK . Jump up ^ Real , Willi ( 2003 ) . `` The Use of Literary Quotations and Allusions in : Ray Bradbury , Fahrenheit 451 '' . Retrieved 7 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Boshoff , Alison ( 20 February 2010 ) . `` Alice 's very weird wonderland : Why a behind - the - scenes row might see Tim Burton 's most fantastical film yet disappear from cinemas as fast as the Cheshire Cat '' . Daily Mail . London : Associated Newspapers . Archived from the original on 15 November 2010 . Retrieved 21 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Alice in Wonderland -- Glossary of Terms / Script ( early draft ) '' ( PDF ) . Walt Disney Pictures . JoBlo.com . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 15 November 2010 . Retrieved 30 March 2010 . ( early draft of the film script , first started February 2007 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 film ) '' . IMBD . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adventures in Wonderland ( 1991 TV show ) '' . IMDB . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alice in Wonderland ( TV Movie 1999 ) '' . Retrieved 5 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 film ) '' . IMBD . Retrieved 2 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( 5 September 2013 ) . `` Once Upon a Time in Wonderland Exclusive : Keith David to Voice Cheshire Cat '' . Jump up ^ Duensing , Sally ; Miller , Bob ( 1979 ) . `` The Cheshire Cat effect '' . Perception. 8 ( 3 ) : 269 -- 273 . doi : 10.1068 / p080269 . Jump up ^ `` Cheshire Cat : Perception Science Project '' . Exploratorium Science Snacks . Retrieved 18 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Yarus , Michael ( 1993 ) . `` How many catalytic RNAs ? Ions and the Cheshire cat conjecture '' . The FASEB Journal . 7 ( 1 ) : 31 -- 39 . PMID 8422972 . Retrieved 24 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Frada , Miguel ; et al. ( 2008 ) . `` The ' Cheshire Cat ' escape strategy of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi in response to viral infection '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 105 ( 41 ) : 15944 -- 15949 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0807707105 . PMC 2572935 . PMID 18824682 . Jump up ^ Denkmayr , T ; Geppert , H ; Sponar , S ; Lemmel , H ; Matzkin , A ; Tollaksen , J ; Hasegawa , Y ( 29 July 2014 ) . `` Observation of a quantum Cheshire Cat in a matter - wave interferometer experiment '' . Nature Communications . 5 : 4492 . doi : 10.1038 / ncomms5492 . PMC 4124860 . PMID 25072171 . Retrieved 18 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Morgan , James . `` ' Quantum Cheshire Cat ' becomes reality '' . BBC News . BBC . Retrieved 24 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Astronomy Picture of the Day '' . 27 November 2015 . References ( edit ) Brooker , Will ( 2004 ) . Alice ' s Adventures : Lewis Carroll and Alice in Popular Culture . London : Continuum . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 1433 - 8 . Gardner , Martin ( 1999 ) . The Annotated Alice : Alice 's adventures in Wonderland & Through the looking glass . W.W. Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 04847 - 0 . Silvey , Anita ( 2002 ) . The essential guide to children 's books and their creators . Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 618 - 19082 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Cheshire Cat Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cheshire Cat . Cheshire portal Cheshire Cat character description An article on the Grappenhall carving BBC article about the Croft carving Lewis Carroll 's Alice Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland Through the Looking - Glass `` The Hunting of the Snark '' Characters Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland Alice The White Rabbit The Mouse The Dodo The Duck The Lory Eaglet Pat Bill the Lizard Puppy The Caterpillar The Duchess The Cheshire Cat The March Hare The Hatter Tarrant Hightopp The Dormouse The Queen of Hearts The King of Hearts The Knave of Hearts The Gryphon The Mock Turtle Through the Looking - Glass The Red Queen The White Queen The Red King The White King The White Knight Tweedledum and Tweedledee The Sheep Humpty Dumpty The Lion and the Unicorn Bandersnatch Jubjub Bird Locations Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland Wonderland Through the Looking - Glass Looking - Glass Land The Old Sheep Shop Related topics Alice Liddell Alice 's Shop John Tenniel Theophilus Carter The Annotated Alice Mischmasch Works based on Alice in Wonderland Films and television Disney franchise Translations of Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland Translations of Through the Looking - Glass Adaptations Poems `` All in the golden afternoon ... '' `` How Doth the Little Crocodile '' `` The Mouse 's Tale '' `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Bat '' `` You Are Old , Father William '' `` ' Tis the Voice of the Lobster '' `` Jabberwocky '' `` The Walrus and the Carpenter '' `` Haddocks ' Eyes '' `` They told me you had been to her ... '' `` The Mock Turtle 's Song '' `` The Hunting of the Snark '' Sequels A New Alice in the Old Wonderland ( 1895 ) New Adventures of Alice ( 1917 ) Alice of Wonderland in Paris ( 1966 ) Alice Through the Needle 's Eye ( 1984 ) Automated Alice ( 1996 ) Wonderland Revisited and the Games Alice Played There ( 2009 ) Retellings The Nursery `` Alice '' ( 1890 ) Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland retold in words of one syllable ( 1905 ) Alice in Verse : The Lost Rhymes of Wonderland ( 2010 ) Parodies The Westminster Alice ( 1902 ) Clara in Blunderland ( 1902 ) Lost in Blunderland ( 1903 ) John Bull 's Adventures in the Fiscal Wonderland ( 1904 ) Alice in Blunderland : An Iridescent Dream ( 1904 ) Imitations Mopsa the Fairy ( 1869 ) Davy and the Goblin ( 1884 ) The Admiral 's Caravan ( 1891 ) Gladys in Grammarland ( 1896 ) A New Wonderland ( 1898 ) Rollo in Emblemland ( 1902 ) Justnowland ( 1912 ) Alice in Orchestralia ( 1925 ) Reimagining Alice in Wonderland or What 's a Nice Kid Like You Doing in a Place Like This ? ( 1966 ) Alice or the Last Escapade ( 1977 ) Adventures in Wonderland ( 1991 ) The Looking Glass Wars ( 2006 ) Alice ( 2009 ) Malice in Wonderland ( 2009 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) Alice Through the Looking Glass ( 2016 ) Film 1903 1910 1915 1931 1933 1949 1951 1966 1972 1976 1982 1985 1988 ( Czechoslovak ) 1988 ( Australian ) 1995 1999 Stage Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland ( ballet ) Alice in Wonderland ( musical ) Alice in Wonderland ( opera ) Wonderland ( Wildhorn musical ) Peter and Alice ( 2013 play ) Wonder. land ( Albarn musical ) Television Fushigi no Kuni no Alice Once Upon a Time Once Upon a Time in Wonderland Literary Alice in Murderland Alice in the Country of Hearts Miyuki - chan in Wonderland Video games Alice no Paint Adventure ( 1995 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2000 ) American McGee 's Alice ( 2000 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) Alice : Madness Returns ( 2011 ) Kingdom Hearts Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cheshire_Cat&oldid=843595821 '' Categories : Lewis Carroll characters Fictional cats Fictional characters who can turn invisible Fictional tricksters Cheshire Kingdom Hearts characters Fictional characters who can teleport Fictional characters introduced in 1865 Male characters in film Male characters in literature Fantasy creatures Cats in literature Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text Use British English from August 2011 Use dmy dates from March 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Català Deutsch Español Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Українська 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 05 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does the cheshire cat appear in alice in wonderland | [
"The Cheshire Cat is now largely identified with the character of the same name in Lewis Carroll's novel Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. Alice first encounters the Cheshire Cat at the Duchess's house in her kitchen, and later on the branches of a tree, where it appears and disappears at will, and engages Alice in amusing but sometimes perplexing conversation. The cat sometimes raises philosophical points that annoy or baffle Alice; but appears to cheer her when it appears suddenly at the Queen of Hearts' croquet field; and when sentenced to death, baffles everyone by having made its head appear without its body, sparking a debate between the executioner and the King and Queen of Hearts about whether a disembodied head can indeed be beheaded. At one point, the cat disappears gradually until nothing is left but its grin, prompting Alice to remark that \"she has often seen a cat without a grin but never a grin without a cat\".[9]"
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"Alice first encounters the Cheshire Cat at the Duchess's house in her kitchen"
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-2966909258564254953 | Standin' on the Corner Park | Standin ' on the Corner park - wikipedia Standin ' on the Corner park Standin ' on the Corner Park Standin ' on the Corner Park , a tribute to the Jackson Browne / Glenn Frey song `` Take It Easy '' Type Municipal Location Winslow , Arizona Coordinates 35 ° 1 ′ 24.54 '' N 110 ° 41 ′ 53.03 '' W / 35.0234833 ° N 110.6980639 ° W / 35.0234833 ; - 110.6980639 Created 1999 Operated by Standin ' on the Corner in Winslow , Arizona Park Committee Status Open all year Standin ' on the Corner Park ( opened in 1999 in Winslow , Arizona ) . It is a public park , commemorating the song `` Take It Easy '' which was written by Jackson Browne and Glenn Frey and most famously recorded by the Eagles . The song includes the verse `` Well , I 'm a standing on a corner in Winslow , Arizona and such a fine sight to see . It 's a girl , my Lord , in a flatbed Ford slowin ' down to take a look at me . '' The park contains a two - story trompe - l'œil mural by John Pugh , and a bronze statue by Ron Adamson of a life - sized man who is standing on a corner with a guitar by his side . The park is surrounded by a wall of bricks , with windows to peer into ; each brick has a donor 's name on it , and a story by each of the donors describing their fondness for Winslow , Arizona . History ( edit ) Until the 1960s , Winslow was a thriving town in northern Arizona just off Route 66 . Construction of the $7.7 million bypass around Winslow began soon after 1977 . When I - 40 bypassed the community many local businesses disappeared , the tourism sector being among the hardest hit . While some local jobs remained ( as Winslow is the base of operation for one thousand railroad workers ) , the local downtown was badly hurt by the influx of national chains ( such as Walmart and McDonald 's ) along the new interstate highway to the north of the town . Twenty years passed and Winslow was stuck in a commercial rut . Winslow was the next to last town to be bypassed ... We would watch hundreds of trucks roll by day and night . Then one morning , they opened ( I - 40 ) and everything stopped . For about 20 years , nobody knew what to do . -- Diane Patterson , Winslow - born owner of Roadworks Gifts and Souvenirs In 1997 , the La Posada Hotel ( a former Harvey House on the Santa Fe Railroad , long at risk for demolition ) was restored and reopened . Listing of La Posada Historic District on the National Register of Historic Places served as a first step toward re-awakening the town . The Standin ' on the Corner Foundation was formed to create a renaissance of Winslow . Determined to build on tourism , the foundation took advantage of the town being mentioned in the song `` Take It Easy '' made famous by the Eagles . From 1997 until 1999 , the foundation was busy finding donors and planning design concepts . On September 10 and 11 , 1999 the park was opened to the public . The 2006 release of animated film Cars brought renewed attention to the efforts to save local U.S. Route 66 main street businesses in towns long bypassed . While Winslow itself is not depicted on - screen , the movie 's credits list both La Posada Hotel and Diane Patterson 's souvenir shop at Standin ' on the Corner Park among the many Mother Road locations at which Pixar studio personnel conducted exhaustive interviews as part of extensive research for the film . On October 18 , 2004 , there was a fire at the Standin ' on the Corner Park . While the face of the building and the actual corner survived , the rest of the building was burned down . In September 2016 , a statue was unveiled at the park in the likeness of Glenn Frey , who died earlier that year . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ron Adamson Studio and Artworks -- Original Western Art '' . www.ronadamson.com . ^ Jump up to : `` History of the Park '' . Standin ' On The Corner Foundation . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sundt Gets Contract For Winslow Bypass '' . December 4 , 1977 . p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Bell , L. ( July 2007 ) . `` In Winslow Arizona '' . Inside Outside Southwest . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bruner , Betsey ( October 13 , 2007 ) . `` Not just Standin ' still '' . Arizona Daily Sun . Retrieved August 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Winslow gets life - sized statue of the Eagles ' Glenn Frey '' . 12 News . 2016 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Standin ' on the Corner Park . Official site Coordinates : 35 ° 01 ′ 25 '' N 110 ° 41 ′ 53 '' W / 35.0235 ° N 110.6981 ° W / 35.0235 ; - 110.6981 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standin%27_on_the_Corner_Park&oldid=855098183 '' Categories : Parks in Arizona Parks in Navajo County , Arizona Tourist attractions along U.S. Route 66 U.S. Route 66 in Arizona Winslow , Arizona 1999 establishments in Arizona Hidden categories : Articles needing more detailed references Use mdy dates from March 2015 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 August 2018 , at 22 : 50 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | song standing on the corner in winslow arizona | [
"Standin' on the Corner Park (opened in 1999 in Winslow, Arizona). It is a public park, commemorating the song \"Take It Easy\" which was written by Jackson Browne and Glenn Frey and most famously recorded by the Eagles. The song includes the verse \"Well, I'm a standing on a corner in Winslow, Arizona and such a fine sight to see. It's a girl, my Lord, in a flatbed Ford slowin' down to take a look at me.\" The park contains a two-story trompe-l'œil mural by John Pugh, and a bronze statue by Ron Adamson[1] of a life-sized man who is standing on a corner with a guitar by his side. The park is surrounded by a wall of bricks, with windows to peer into; each brick has a donor's name on it, and a story by each of the donors describing their fondness for Winslow, Arizona.[2]\n"
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"\"Take It Easy\" which was written by Jackson Browne and Glenn Frey and most famously recorded by the Eagles"
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1596397252801396132 | Pirates of the Caribbean | Pirates of the Caribbean - wikipedia Pirates of the Caribbean Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the franchise . For real pirates , see piracy in the Caribbean . For the boat , see 2005 -- 06 Volvo Ocean Race . Pirates of the Caribbean Created by Walt Disney Original work Disneyland attraction ( 1967 ) Owner The Walt Disney Company Print publications Novel ( s ) Jack Sparrow ( 2006 -- 2009 ) Legends of the Brethren Court ( 2008 -- present ) The Price of Freedom ( 2011 ) The Brightest Star in the North ( 2017 ) Films and television Film ( s ) Film series ( 2003 -- present ) Games Video game ( s ) Lego Pirates of the Caribbean : The Video Game ( 2011 ) Disney Universe ( 2011 ) Disney Infinity ( 2013 ) Pirates of the Caribbean video games Miscellaneous Theme park attractions Pirates of the Caribbean ( 1967 -- present ) The Legend of Captain Jack Sparrow ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Pirates of the Caribbean -- Battle for the Sunken Treasure ( 2016 -- present ) Crossover work where characters and settings from this franchise appear . Pirates of the Caribbean is a Disney media franchise encompassing numerous theme park attractions , a series of films , and spin - off novels , as well as a number of related video games and other media publications . The franchise originated with the Pirates of the Caribbean theme ride attraction , which opened at Disneyland in 1967 and was one of the last Disney theme park attractions overseen by Walt Disney . Disney based the ride on pirate legends and folklore . As of October 2016 , Pirates of the Caribbean attractions can be found at five Disney theme parks . Their related films have grossed over US $ 3.7 billion worldwide as of January 2015 , putting the film franchise 11th in the list of all - time highest grossing franchises and film series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Attractions 2 Films 3 Video games 4 Books 5 Adaptations 6 Characters 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Attractions ( edit ) Pirates of the Caribbean ( attraction ) Pirates of the Caribbean -- Battle for the Sunken Treasure Pirate 's Lair on Tom Sawyer Island The Legend of Captain Jack Sparrow ( attraction ) Films ( edit ) Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean ( film series ) Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) Video games ( edit ) Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean video games Adventures in the Magic Kingdom by Capcom featured a stage in which the player had to rescue six civilians from pirates in an island resembling the attraction . Walt Disney World Quest : Magical Racing Tour by Eidos Interactive included a level in which players can race water boats at the Pirates of the Caribbean attraction in Walt Disney World . Pirates of the Caribbean ( Originally entitled Sea Dogs II ) was released in 2003 by Bethesda Softworks to coincide with the release of Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl . Although it had no relation to the characters , it features the movie 's storyline about cursed Aztec gold and undead pirates , and it was the first of several games to be inspired by the attraction , prior to this exploring the stories that made Captain Jack Sparrow a legend . Pirates of the Caribbean Multiplayer Mobile for mobile phones Pirates of the Caribbean Online a massively multiplayer online role playing game which was released in Autumn 2007 . Kingdom Hearts II features a world based on Pirates of the Caribbean , `` Port Royal '' , taking place during the events of the first film , with movie characters such as Jack Sparrow , Elizabeth Swann , Will Turner , and Captain Barbossa making appearances . In the first visit , the story is directly copied from the film , but partially modified to fit the Kingdom Hearts II storyline , shown with the inclusions of Sora , Donald Duck , Goofy and Pete . The second visit focuses more on Organization XIII 's activities in Port Royal , as well as Sora , Jack , Donald and Goofy 's first encounter with Luxord . Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl for Game Boy Advance ( Nintendo ) and a few others . This game is based on Captain Jack Sparrow 's misadventures in the pursuit of saving Ria Anasagasti with his shipmate Will Turner . Pirates of the Caribbean : The Legend of Jack Sparrow was released for the PlayStation 2 console and for PC . Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest , was released for the Nintendo DS , PlayStation Portable , Game Boy Advance and others . Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End was released on May 22 , 2007 and was based on the film of the same name which was released on May 25 , 2007 . It was the first game in the series to be released for a seventh generation console . Pirates of the Caribbean : Armada of the Damned , an action and role playing video game , was being developed by Propaganda Games but was cancelled in October 2010 . Lego Pirates of the Caribbean : The Video Game , released in May 2011 , is the most recent Pirates game . It features all four films as well as over 70 characters and over 21 levels . Pirates of the Caribbean : Master of the Seas , a gaming app available on Android and iOS . Jack Sparrow , Hector Barbossa , and Davy Jones are playable characters in Disney Infinity and other entries in its series . A playset themed after the franchise was included with the starter pack . Books ( edit ) Two series of young reader books have been made as prequels to the first film : Pirates of the Caribbean : Jack Sparrow ( 12 books ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Legends of the Brethren Court ( 5 books ) In addition there is a novel written for adults : Pirates of the Caribbean : The Price of Freedom by Ann C. Crispin One young reader book was made as a prequel to the fifth film : The Brightest Star in the North : The Adventures of Carina Smyth by Meredith Rusu Adaptations ( edit ) Several additional works have been derived from the franchise : In 2000 , Pirates of the Caribbean : Battle for Buccaneer Gold , opened at DisneyQuest at Florida 's Walt Disney World Resort . The attraction allows up to five players to board a virtual pirate ship and attempt to sink other ships with water cannons . Ron Gilbert often has said that the Monkey Island computer game series was the inspiration for Pirates of the Caribbean ( especially upon seeing the second movie ) , although he has said that he mainly got his inspiration from Tim Powers ' book On Stranger Tides ( which later inspired the fourth film in the franchise ) . Within both the film and the Monkey Island 2 : LeChuck 's Revenge adventure game is a key - carrying dog named Walt , whose name is a nod to Walt Disney and whose appearance is based on the jail scene from the rides . A Pirates of the Caribbean board game Monopoly is manufactured by USAopoly . A Pirates of the Caribbean version of the board game The Game of Life was developed . A Pirates of the Caribbean version of the board game Battleship is produced by Hasbro under the title of Battleship Command . Pirates of the Caribbean was the name of a team participating in the 2005 -- 2006 Volvo Ocean Race . Their boat was named the `` Black Pearl . '' A Pirates of the Caribbean multiplayer online game was released by Disney on October 31 , 2007 . The British Melodic Hard Rock band Ten have released an album entitled Isla De Muerta , the title of which is about the legendary island of the series . Characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters Captain Jack Sparrow Hector Barbossa Will Turner Joshamee Gibbs Elizabeth Swann Henry Turner Davy Jones James Norrington Lord Cutler Beckett Weatherby Swann Pintel and Ragetti Blackbeard Angelica Philip Swift Syrena Kraken Captain Salazar Tia Dalma See also ( edit ) List of locations in Pirates of the Caribbean References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Johnny Depp Movies List by Box Office Sales '' . JohnnyDeppMoviesList.org . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lego Pirates Of The Caribbean slips anchor . Metro.co.uk ( November 19 , 2010 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean : Master of the Seas Review '' 148Apps '' iPhone and iPod Touch Application Reviews and News . 148Apps ( October 31 , 2011 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ Ron Gilbert ( June 24 , 2006 ) . `` The Monkey Island Movie '' . Grumpy Gamer . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2008 . Retrieved July 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Team News : Pirates of the Caribbean '' . Volvo Ocean Race . Retrieved August 3 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Pirates of the Caribbean Online '' . Disney . October 31 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2013 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 24 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pirates of the Caribbean . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Pirates of the Caribbean Official website Pirates of the Caribbean Film series The Curse of the Black Pearl video game soundtrack Dead Man 's Chest video game soundtrack At World 's End video game soundtrack On Stranger Tides soundtrack Dead Men Tell No Tales soundtrack Characters Jack Sparrow Hector Barbossa Will Turner Elizabeth Swann Joshamee Gibbs James Norrington Davy Jones Pintel and Ragetti Bootstrap Bill Cutler Beckett Tia Dalma Weatherby Swann Universe Black Pearl Flying Dutchman Queen Anne 's Revenge Kraken Locations Music List of songs in the film series `` Yo Ho ( A Pirate 's Life for Me ) '' Soundtrack Treasures Collection Swashbuckling Sea Songs 1966 soundtrack `` He 's a Pirate '' Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Remixes Theme park attractions Pirates of the Caribbean Battle for the Sunken Treasure The Legend of Captain Jack Sparrow Pirate 's Lair on Tom Sawyer Island Mickey 's Pirate and Princess Party Video games Adventures in the Magic Kingdom Pirates of the Caribbean Pirates of the Caribbean : The Legend of Jack Sparrow Pirates of the Caribbean Online Pirates of the Caribbean Multiplayer Mobile Kingdom Hearts II Pirates of the Caribbean : Armada of the Damned Lego Pirates of the Caribbean : The Video Game Disney Infinity Books Jack Sparrow Legends of the Brethren Court The Price of Freedom Other Trading Card Game Pinball machine Lego Pirates of the Caribbean Accolades for the film series Rob Kidd Book Disney Consumer Products and Interactive Media Licensing Disney Retail Disney Store Disney Publishing Worldwide Disney comics Disney English Disney Press Disney Hyperion Marvel Press ( joint w / Marvel ) Games and Interactive Experiences DCPI Labs The Muppets Studio Disney Interactive Studios Disney Mobile Playdom Franchises Disney Channels Worldwide Disney Junior Elena of Avalor Gravity Falls Kim Possible Phineas and Ferb Star vs. the Forces of Evil Disney comics Donald Duck universe Disney Fairies Disney Princess Disney Tsum Tsum Disney Villains Disney Interactive Club Penguin Disney Infinity Kingdom Hearts Where 's My Water ? Frozen The Kingdom Keepers Marvel Lucasfilm Indiana Jones Star Wars Mickey & Friends The Muppets Pirates of the Caribbean Pixar Cars Finding Nemo The Incredibles Monsters Inc . Toy Story Tron Winnie the Pooh Other D23 Disney Comics Disney Vault Walt Disney Parks , Experiences and Consumer Products Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pirates_of_the_Caribbean&oldid=831434217 '' Categories : Pirates of the Caribbean Disney franchises Media franchises introduced in 1967 Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Euskara 한국어 Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano Norsk nynorsk தமிழ் తెలుగు Tiếng Việt 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 March 2018 , at 15 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did the idea of pirates of the caribbean come from | [
"Pirates of the Caribbean is a Disney media franchise encompassing numerous theme park attractions, a series of films, and spin-off novels, as well as a number of related video games and other media publications. The franchise originated with the Pirates of the Caribbean theme ride attraction, which opened at Disneyland in 1967 and was one of the last Disney theme park attractions overseen by Walt Disney. Disney based the ride on pirate legends and folklore. As of October 2016, Pirates of the Caribbean attractions can be found at five Disney theme parks. Their related films have grossed over US$ 3.7 billion worldwide as of January 2015,[1] putting the film franchise 11th in the list of all-time highest grossing franchises and film series."
] | [
"pirate legends and folklore"
] |
-9006395107813456110 | Blue Christmas (song) | Blue Christmas ( song ) - wikipedia Blue Christmas ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Blue Christmas '' Single by Elvis Presley from the album Elvis ' Christmas Album B - side `` Wooden Heart '' ( 447 - 0720 ) `` Santa Claus Is Back in Town '' ( 447 - 0647 ) Released November 9 , 1964 ( 1964 - 11 - 09 ) ( 447 - 0720 ) November 26 , 1965 ( 1965 - 11 - 26 ) ( 447 - 0647 ) Format 7 - inch Recorded September 5 , 1957 ( 1957 - 09 - 05 ) , Radio Recorders , Hollywood , California Genre Christmas rhythm and blues Length 2 : 07 Label RCA Victor 447 - 0720 RCA Victor 447 - 0647 Songwriter ( s ) Billy Hayes Jay W. Johnson Elvis Presley singles chronology `` Ai n't That Loving You Baby '' / `` Ask Me '' ( 1964 ) `` Blue Christmas '' ( 1964 ) `` Do the Clam '' / `` You 'll Be Gone '' ( 1965 ) `` Ai n't That Loving You Baby '' / `` Ask Me '' ( 1964 ) `` Blue Christmas '' ( 1964 ) `` Do the Clam '' / `` You 'll Be Gone '' ( 1965 ) Elvis ' Christmas Album track listing 12 tracks Side one `` Santa Claus Is Back in Town '' `` White Christmas '' `` Here Comes Santa Claus '' `` I 'll Be Home for Christmas '' `` Blue Christmas '' `` Santa , Bring My Baby Back ( To Me ) '' Side two `` O Little Town of Bethlehem '' `` Silent Night '' `` ( There 'll Be ) Peace in the Valley ( For Me ) '' `` I Believe '' `` Take My Hand , Precious Lord '' `` It Is No Secret ( What God Can Do ) `` Blue Christmas '' Single by The Beach Boys from the album The Beach Boys ' Christmas Album A-side `` The Man with All the Toys '' Released November 9 , 1964 ( 1964 - 11 - 09 ) Format 7 - inch Recorded June 24 , 1964 ( 1964 - 06 - 24 ) -- June 28 , 1964 ( 1964 - 06 - 28 ) Genre Christmas pop rock Length 4 : 41 ( for both songs ) Label Capitol Records Songwriter ( s ) Billy Hayes Jay W. Johnson Producer ( s ) Brian Wilson The Beach Boys singles chronology `` Dance , Dance , Dance '' ( 1964 ) `` Blue Christmas '' ( 1964 ) `` Do You Wanna Dance ? '' ( 1965 ) `` Dance , Dance , Dance '' ( 1964 ) `` The Man with All the Toys '' ( 1964 ) `` Do You Wanna Dance ? '' ( 1965 ) `` Blue Christmas '' is a Christmas song written by Billy Hayes and Jay W. Johnson and most famously performed by Elvis Presley . It is a tale of unrequited love during the holidays and is a longstanding staple of Christmas music , especially in the country genre . Contents ( hide ) 1 Initial recordings and major versions 2 Other charting versions 3 References 4 External links Initial recordings and major versions ( edit ) The song was first recorded by Doye O'Dell in 1948 , and was popularized the following year in three separate recordings : one by country artist Ernest Tubb , one by musical conductor and arranger Hugo Winterhalter and his orchestra and chorus , and one by bandleader Russ Morgan and his orchestra ( the latter featuring lead vocals by Morgan and backing vocals by singers credited as the Morganaires ) . Tubb 's version spent the first week of January 1950 at No. 1 on Billboard magazine 's Most - Played Juke Box ( Country & Western ) Records chart , while Winterhalter 's version peaked at No. 9 on Billboard 's Records Most Played by Disk Jockeys chart and Morgan 's version reached No. 11 on Billboard 's Best - Selling Pop Singles chart . Both Morgan 's and Winterhalter 's versions featured a shorter pop edit of the original lyrics . Also in 1950 crooner Billy Eckstine recorded his rendition , backed by the orchestra of Russ Case , with these shortened lyrics in a variation close to what is now the common standard for this song ; the orchestral backing of this recording has often been wrongly accredited to Winterhalter . Elvis Presley cemented the status of `` Blue Christmas '' as a rock - and - roll holiday classic by recording it for his 1957 LP Elvis ' Christmas Album . Presley 's version is notable musicologically as well as culturally in that the vocal group the Jordanaires ( especially in the soprano line , sung by Millie Kirkham ) replace many major and just minor thirds with neutral and septimal minor thirds , respectively . In addition to contributing to the overall tone of the song , the resulting `` blue notes '' constitute a musical play on words that provides an `` inside joke '' or `` quail egg '' to trained ears . `` Blue Christmas '' was also included on a 1957 45 EP ( Extended Play ) entitled Elvis Sings Christmas Songs ( EPA - 4108 ) , which also included `` Santa Bring My Baby Back ( To Me ) '' on side one , with `` Santa Claus Is Back in Town '' and `` I 'll Be Home for Christmas '' on side two . Presley 's original 1957 version was released as a commercially available single for the first time in 1964 . This single was also a hit in the United Kingdom , reaching No. 11 on the British singles chart during the week of 26 December 1964 . The rock band The Beach Boys recorded a version featuring Brian Wilson on lead vocals , releasing it in the United States on November 16 , 1964 , in two separate formats simultaneously : ( a ) the B - side of `` The Man with All the Toys '' single . ( b ) a track on The Beach Boys ' Christmas Album . The Beach Boys ' version reached No. 3 on the US Christmas charts , but did not chart in the UK . Other charting versions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Following the success of Presley 's version , the song has been recorded by a host of rock and country artists , as well as some working in other genres . The following are charting recordings . 1960 : The Browns ' version peaked at No. 97 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart in December 1960 . 1982 : Shakin ' Stevens ' version peaked at No. 2 on the UK Singles Chart 2008 : Martina McBride 's virtual duet with Elvis Presley on the album Christmas Duets reached No. 36 on the US Country Chart ( also included on a re-released version of her 2013 album White Christmas entitled The Classic Christmas Album ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Badman , Keith . The Beach Boys . The Definitive Diary of America 's Greatest Band : On Stage and in the Studio Backbeat Books , San Francisco , California , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 87930 - 818 - 4 p. 72 Jump up ^ Badman , Keith . The Beach Boys . The Definitive Diary of America 's Greatest Band : On Stage and in the Studio Backbeat Books , San Francisco , California , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 87930 - 818 - 4 p. 58 Jump up ^ Greene , Andy ( 30 November 2011 ) . `` Readers ' Poll : The Best Christmas Songs of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . Jann S. Wenner . Retrieved 8 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` russmorganorchestra Resources and Information '' . Russmorganorchestra.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 - 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 50 , 62 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . Jump up ^ Billy Eckstine , All Of My Life , Jasmine 2 - CD set , 2008 , featuring a photo of the actual single Jump up ^ `` Elvis SongPedia '' . Elvissongpedia.greggers.net . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 - 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 25 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Music video featuring Elvis Presley and a superimposed Martina McBride Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Elvis Presley singles discography 1954 `` That 's All Right '' / `` Blue Moon of Kentucky '' `` Good Rockin ' Tonight '' / `` I Do n't Care if the Sun Do n't Shine '' `` You 're a Heartbreaker '' 1955 `` Baby Let 's Play House '' `` I Forgot to Remember to Forget '' / `` Mystery Train '' 1956 `` Heartbreak Hotel '' / `` I Was the One '' `` I Want You , I Need You , I Love You '' / `` My Baby Left Me '' `` Do n't Be Cruel '' / `` Hound Dog '' `` Blue Suede Shoes '' / `` Tutti Frutti '' `` Money Honey '' `` I Got a Woman '' `` Tryin ' to Get to You '' `` Blue Moon '' `` I 'll Never Let You Go ( Lil ' Darlin ' ) '' / `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Cry ( Over You ) '' `` Shake , Rattle and Roll '' / `` Lawdy Miss Clawdy '' `` Love Me Tender '' 1957 `` Too Much '' / `` Playing for Keeps '' `` All Shook Up '' `` Peace in the Valley `` ( Let Me Be Your ) Teddy Bear '' `` Paralyzed '' ( UK ) `` Jailhouse Rock '' `` Party '' / `` Got a Lot o ' Livin ' to Do ! '' ( UK ) 1958 `` Do n't '' `` Wear My Ring Around Your Neck '' `` Hard Headed Woman '' / `` Do n't Ask Me Why '' `` King Creole '' ( UK ) `` One Night '' 1959 `` I Need Your Love Tonight '' / `` A Fool Such as I '' `` A Big Hunk o ' Love '' 1960 `` Stuck on You '' / `` Fame and Fortune '' `` It 's Now or Never '' `` Are You Lonesome Tonight ? '' 1961 `` Surrender '' / `` Lonely Man '' `` I Feel So Bad '' / `` Wild in the Country '' `` ( Marie 's the Name ) His Latest Flame '' / `` Little Sister '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' / `` Rock - A-Hula Baby '' 1962 `` Good Luck Charm '' / `` Anything That 's Part of You '' `` She 's Not You '' `` Return to Sender '' / `` Where Do You Come from '' 1963 `` One Broken Heart for Sale '' `` ( You 're the ) Devil in Disguise '' `` Bossa Nova Baby '' / `` Witchcraft '' 1964 `` Kissin ' Cousins '' / `` It Hurts Me '' `` What 'd I Say '' / `` Viva Las Vegas '' `` Such a Night '' / `` Never Ending '' `` Ask Me '' / `` Ai n't That Loving You Baby '' `` Blue Christmas '' 1965 `` Do the Clam '' / `` You 'll Be Gone '' `` Crying in the Chapel `` ( Such an ) Easy Question '' `` I 'm Yours '' `` Puppet on a String '' / `` Wooden Heart '' 1966 `` Tell Me Why '' / `` Blue River '' `` Frankie and Johnny '' / `` Please Do n't Stop Loving Me '' `` Love Letters '' `` Spinout '' / `` All That I Am '' `` If Every Day Was Like Christmas '' 1967 `` Indescribably Blue '' `` Long Legged Girl ( With the Short Dress On ) '' / `` That 's Someone You Never Forget '' `` There 's Always Me '' / `` Judy '' `` Big Boss Man '' / `` You Do n't Know Me '' 1968 `` Guitar Man '' `` U.S. Male '' / `` Stay Away '' `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' `` Your Time Has n't Come Yet , Baby '' / `` Let Yourself Go '' `` Almost in Love '' / `` A Little Less Conversation '' `` If I Can Dream '' / `` Edge of Reality '' 1969 `` Memories '' / `` Charro '' `` How Great Thou Art '' `` In the Ghetto '' / `` Any Day Now '' `` Clean Up Your Own Backyard '' `` Suspicious Minds '' / `` You 'll Think of Me '' `` Do n't Cry Daddy '' 1970 `` Kentucky Rain '' `` The Wonder of You '' `` I 've Lost You '' `` You Do n't Have to Say You Love Me '' / `` Patch It Up '' `` I Really Do n't Want to Know '' / `` There Goes My Everything '' 1971 `` Rags to Riches '' `` Life '' / `` Only Believe '' `` I 'm Leavin ' '' `` It 's Only Love '' `` Merry Christmas Baby '' / `` O Come All Ye Faithful '' 1972 `` Until It 's Time for You to Go '' `` He Touched Me '' `` An American Trilogy '' / `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' `` Burning Love '' / `` It 's a Matter of Time '' `` Separate Ways '' / `` Always on My Mind '' 1973 `` Steamroller Blues '' / `` Fool '' `` Raised on Rock '' / `` For Ol ' Times Sake '' `` I 've Got a Thing About You Baby '' `` If You Talk in Your Sleep '' / `` Help Me '' `` Promised Land '' / `` It 's Midnight '' `` My Boy '' / `` Thinking About You '' `` T-R-O-U-B-L-E '' `` Bringing It Back '' / `` Pieces of My Life '' 1976 `` Hurt '' / `` For the Heart '' `` Moody Blue '' 1977 `` Way Down '' `` My Way '' / `` America the Beautiful '' 1978 `` Unchained Melody '' / `` Softly as I Leave You '' Category The Beach Boys Al Jardine Mike Love Brian Wilson Carl Wilson Dennis Wilson Blondie Chaplin Ricky Fataar David Marks Bruce Johnston Studio albums Surfin ' Safari Surfin ' U.S.A. Surfer Girl Little Deuce Coupe Shut Down Volume 2 All Summer Long The Beach Boys ' Christmas Album The Beach Boys Today ! Summer Days ( And Summer Nights ! ! ) Beach Boys ' Party ! Pet Sounds Smiley Smile Wild Honey Friends 20 / 20 Sunflower Surf 's Up Carl and the Passions -- `` So Tough '' Holland 15 Big Ones The Beach Boys Love You M.I.U. Album L.A. ( Light Album ) Keepin ' the Summer Alive The Beach Boys Still Cruisin ' Summer in Paradise Stars and Stripes Vol. 1 That 's Why God Made the Radio Live albums Beach Boys Concert Live in London The Beach Boys in Concert Good Timin ' : Live at Knebworth England 1980 Songs from Here & Back Live -- The 50th Anniversary Tour Live in Sacramento 1964 Live in Chicago 1965 Graduation Day 1966 1967 -- Live Sunshine Selected compilations Endless Summer Rarities Made in U.S.A. Lost & Found ( 1961 -- 62 ) Good Vibrations : Thirty Years of The Beach Boys The Pet Sounds Sessions Endless Harmony Ultimate Christmas Hawthorne , CA The Smile Sessions Made in California The Big Beat 1963 Keep an Eye on Summer 1964 Beach Boys ' Party ! Uncovered and Unplugged Becoming the Beach Boys : The Complete Hite & Dorinda Morgan Sessions 1967 -- Sunshine Tomorrow Films Documentaries Good Vibrations Tour ( 1976 ) An American Band ( 1985 ) Nashville Sounds ( 1996 ) Endless Harmony : The Beach Boys Story ( 1998 ) Good Timin ' : Live at Knebworth England 1980 ( 2002 ) Doin ' It Again ( 2012 ) Fictionalized The Girls on the Beach ( 1965 ) The Monkey 's Uncle ( 1965 ) An American Family ( 2000 ) Love & Mercy ( 2014 ) Places Beach Boys Historic Landmark Beach Boys Studio Brother Studios Radiant Radish United Western Recorders Influence Artists who have covered the Beach Boys California Sound Chamber pop Cultural impact Depictions in culture Vocal surf Lists Bootlegs and unreleased material Cover songs Discography Song recordings Unreleased Brian Carl Dennis Mike Unreleased Smile ( 1966 -- 67 ) Lei 'd in Hawaii ( 1967 ) Bedroom Tapes ( 1967 -- 75 ) Adult / Child ( 1977 ) Merry Christmas from the Beach Boys ( 1977 ) Andy Paley sessions ( 1992 -- 97 ) Related media Beautiful Dreamer : Brian Wilson and the Story of Smile Brian Wilson Presents Smile Caroline Now ! Four by the Beach Boys `` Goodbye Surfing , Hello God ! '' Good Vibrations ( musical ) Good Vibrations : My Life as a Beach Boy I Am Brian Wilson : A Memoir Looking Back with Love Pacific Ocean Blue Pet Sounds Live Smiling Pets Spring Would n't It Be Nice : My Own Story Other topics `` Brian Wilson is a genius '' Brother Records Collapse of Smile `` Do n't fuck with the formula '' Live performances The 50th Reunion Tour 50 Years of Good Vibrations 2017 Wild Honey World Tour Love v. Wilson Musicianship of Brian Wilson Sea of Tunes Timeline Book Category Portal The Beach Boys ' Christmas Album Songs Side one `` Little Saint Nick '' `` The Man with All the Toys '' `` Santa 's Beard '' `` Merry Christmas , Baby '' `` Christmas Day '' `` Frosty the Snowman '' Side two `` We Three Kings of Orient Are '' `` Blue Christmas '' `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' `` White Christmas '' `` I 'll Be Home for Christmas '' `` Auld Lang Syne '' Outtakes `` Christmas Eve '' `` Drive - In '' `` Do n't Hurt My Little Sister '' `` Jingle Bells '' `` Little Honda '' Related articles Ultimate Christmas Keep an Eye on Summer -- The Beach Boys Sessions 1964 Merry Christmas from the Beach Boys `` Alone on Christmas Day '' `` Child of Winter ( Christmas Song ) '' The Beach Boys discography Surfin ' Safari Surfin ' U.S.A. Surfer Girl Little Deuce Coupe Shut Down Vol. 2 All Summer Long Christmas Album Today ! Summer Days ( And Summer Nights ! ! ) Party Pet Sounds Smiley Smile Wild Honey Friends 20 / 20 Sunflower Surf 's Up Carl and the Passions -- `` So Tough '' Holland 15 Big Ones Love You M.I.U. Album L.A. ( Light Album ) Keepin ' the Summer Alive The Beach Boys Still Cruisin ' Summer in Paradise Stars and Stripes Vol. 1 That 's Why God Made the Radio Andrea Bocelli Discography Awards and nominations Teatro del Silenzio Studio albums Il Mare Calmo della Sera ( 1994 ) Bocelli ( 1995 ) Viaggio Italiano ( 1996 / 1997 ) Aria : The Opera Album ( 1998 ) Sogno ( 1999 ) Sacred Arias ( 1999 ) Verdi ( 2000 ) Cieli di Toscana ( 2001 ) Sentimento ( 2002 ) Andrea ( 2004 ) Amore ( 2006 ) Incanto ( 2008 ) My Christmas ( 2009 ) Passione ( 2013 ) Cinema ( 2015 ) Live albums Under the Desert Sky ( 2006 ) Vivere Live in Tuscany ( 2008 ) Concerto : One Night in Central Park ( 2011 ) Compilations Romanza ( 1997 ) The Best of Andrea Bocelli : Vivere ( 2007 ) Opera ( 2012 ) Romanza ( 20th Anniversary Edition ) ( 2016 ) Other albums Carmen : Duets & Arias ( 2010 ) Notte Illuminata ( 2011 ) Singles `` Il mare calmo della sera '' `` Con te partirò '' / `` Vivere '' `` Vivo per lei '' `` Time to Say Goodbye '' `` The Prayer '' `` Canto della Terra '' `` Ave Maria '' `` Melodramma '' `` Mille Lune Mille Onde '' `` Dell'amore non si sa '' `` Un nuovo giorno '' `` Somos Novios ( It 's Impossible ) '' `` Because We Believe '' `` White Christmas / Bianco Natale '' `` What Child Is This '' `` E Più Ti Penso '' `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' Video albums A Night in Tuscany ( 1998 ) Sacred Arias : The Home Video ( 2000 ) Tuscan Skies ( Cieli di Toscana ) ( 2002 ) Credo : John Paul II ( 2006 ) Under the Desert Sky ( 2006 ) Vivere Live in Tuscany ( 2008 ) Incanto : The Documentary ( 2008 ) My Christmas Special ( 2009 ) Concerto : One Night in Central Park ( 2011 ) Love in Portofino ( 2013 ) Cinema ( 2015 ) Category Clay Walker singles Clay Walker `` What 's It to You '' `` Live Until I Die '' `` Where Do I Fit in the Picture '' `` Dreaming with My Eyes Open '' If I Could Make a Living `` If I Could Make a Living '' `` This Woman and This Man '' `` My Heart Will Never Know '' Hypnotize the Moon `` Who Needs You Baby '' `` Hypnotize the Moon '' `` Only on Days That End in `` Y '' '' `` Bury the Shovel '' Rumor Has It `` Rumor Has It '' `` One , Two , I Love You '' `` Watch This '' `` Then What ? '' Greatest Hits `` Ordinary People '' `` You 're Beginning to Get to Me '' Live , Laugh , Love `` She 's Always Right '' `` Live , Laugh , Love '' `` The Chain of Love '' `` Once in a Lifetime Love '' Say No More `` Say No More '' `` If You Ever Feel Like Lovin ' Me Again '' A Few Questions `` A Few Questions '' `` I Ca n't Sleep '' `` Jesus Was a Country Boy '' Fall `` ' Fore She Was Mama '' `` Fall '' `` She Likes It in the Morning '' She Wo n't Be Lonely Long `` She Wo n't Be Lonely Long '' `` Where Do I Go from You '' `` Like We Never Said Goodbye '' `` Jesse James '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blue_Christmas_(song)&oldid=824530925 '' Categories : 1948 songs 1964 singles American Christmas songs Elvis Presley songs The Beach Boys songs Andrea Bocelli songs Capitol Records singles Ernest Tubb songs RCA Victor singles Rockabilly songs Song recordings produced by Brian Wilson The Browns songs The Partridge Family songs Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles needing additional references from November 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 February 2018 , at 22 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote i'll have a blue christmas | [
"\"Blue Christmas\" is a Christmas song written by Billy Hayes and Jay W. Johnson and most famously performed by Elvis Presley. It is a tale of unrequited love during the holidays and is a longstanding staple of Christmas music, especially in the country genre.",
"\"Blue Christmas\" is a Christmas song written by Billy Hayes and Jay W. Johnson and most famously performed by Elvis Presley. It is a tale of unrequited love during the holidays and is a longstanding staple of Christmas music, especially in the country genre."
] | [
"Billy Hayes",
"Jay W. Johnson"
] |
2877159617701003167 | Article Three of the United States Constitution | Article Three of the United States Constitution - wikipedia Article Three of the United States Constitution Jump to : navigation , search Wikisource has original text related to this article : Article Three of the United States Constitution This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book Article Three of the United States Constitution establishes the judicial branch of the federal government . The judicial branch comprises the Supreme Court of the United States and lower courts as created by Congress . Contents ( hide ) 1 Section 1 : Federal courts 1.1 Number of courts 1.2 Tenure 1.3 Salaries 2 Section 2 : Judicial power , jurisdiction , and trial by jury 2.1 Clause 1 : Cases and controversies 2.2 Eleventh Amendment and state sovereign immunity 2.3 Clause 2 : Original and appellate jurisdiction 2.4 Judicial review 2.5 Clause 3 : Federal trials 3 Section 3 : Treason 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External links Section 1 : federal courts ( edit ) Section 1 vests the judicial power of the United States in federal courts , requires a supreme court , allows inferior courts , requires good behavior tenure for judges , and prohibits decreasing the salaries of judges . The judicial Power of the United States , shall be vested in one supreme Court , and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish . The Judges , both of the supreme and inferior Courts , shall hold their Offices during good Behavior , and shall , at stated Times , receive for their Services a Compensation which shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office . Number of courts ( edit ) Article III authorizes one Supreme Court , but does not set the number of justices that must be appointed to it . Article I , Section 3 , Clause 6 refers to a Chief Justice ( who shall preside over the impeachment trial of a President ) . The number of justices is fixed by statute at nine : the one chief justice , and eight associate justices . Proposals to divide the Supreme Court into separate panels have been made , but all have failed . Because all such proposals have failed , the Supreme Court has never ruled on the constitutionality of such a division . Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes wrote , `` the Constitution does not appear to authorize two or more Supreme Courts functioning in effect as separate courts . '' The Supreme Court is the only federal court that is explicitly mandated by the Constitution . During the Constitutional Convention , a proposal was made for the Supreme Court to be the only federal court , having both original jurisdiction and appellate jurisdiction . This proposal was rejected in favor of the provision that exists today . Under this provision , the Congress may create inferior ( i.e. , lower ) courts under both Article III , Section 1 , and Article I , Section 8 . The Article III courts , which are also known as `` constitutional courts '' , were first created by the Judiciary Act of 1789 . Article I courts , which are also known as `` legislative courts '' , consist of regulatory agencies , such as the United States Tax Court . Article III courts are the only ones with judicial power , and so decisions of regulatory agencies remain subject to review by Article III courts . However , cases not requiring `` judicial determination '' may come before Article I courts . In the case of Murray 's Lessee v. Hoboken Land & Improvement Co. 59 U.S. 272 ( 1855 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that cases involving `` a suit at the common law , or in equity , or admiralty '' inherently involve judicial determination and must come before Article III courts . Other cases , such as bankruptcy cases , have been held not to involve judicial determination , and may therefore go before Article I courts . Similarly , several courts in the District of Columbia , which is under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress , are Article I courts rather than Article III courts . This article was expressly extended to the United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico by the U.S. Congress through Federal Law 89 - 571 , 80 Stat. 764 , signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1966 . This transformed the article IV United States territorial court in Puerto Rico , created in 1900 , to an Article III federal judicial district court . The Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937 -- frequently called the court - packing plan , -- was a legislative initiative to add more justices to the Supreme Court proposed by U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt shortly after his victory in the 1936 presidential election . Although the bill aimed generally to overhaul and modernize all of the federal court system , its central and most controversial provision would have granted the President power to appoint an additional Justice to the U.S. Supreme Court for every sitting member over the age of 701⁄2 , up to a maximum of six . The Constitution is silent when it comes to judges of courts which have been abolished . The Judiciary Act of 1801 increased the number of courts to permit the Federalist President John Adams to appoint a number of Federalist judges before Thomas Jefferson took office . When Jefferson became President , the Congress abolished several of these courts and made no provision for the judges of those courts . Judicial Code of 1911 abolished `` circuit riding '' and transferred the circuit courts authority and jurisdiction to the district courts . Tenure ( edit ) The Constitution provides that judges `` shall hold their Offices during good Behavior . '' The term `` good behavior '' is interpreted to mean that judges may serve for the remainder of their lives , although they may resign or retire voluntarily . A judge may also be removed by impeachment and conviction by congressional vote ( hence the term good behavior ) ; this has occurred fourteen times . Three other judges , Mark W. Delahay , George W. English , and Samuel B. Kent , chose to resign rather than go through the impeachment process . Salaries ( edit ) The compensation of judges may not be decreased , but may be increased , during their continuance in office . Section 2 : judicial power , jurisdiction , and trial by jury ( edit ) Section 2 delineates federal judicial power , and brings that power into execution by conferring original jurisdiction and also appellate jurisdiction upon the Supreme Court . Additionally , this section requires trial by jury in all criminal cases , except impeachment cases . The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases , in Law and Equity , arising under this Constitution , the Laws of the United States , and Treaties made , or which shall be made , under their Authority ; -- to all Cases affecting Ambassadors , other public Ministers and Consuls ; -- to all Cases of admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction ; -- to Controversies to which the United States shall be a Party ; -- to Controversies between two or more States ; -- between a State and Citizens of another State ; -- between Citizens of different States ; -- between Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under Grants of different States , and between a State , or the Citizens thereof , and foreign States , Citizens or Subjects . In all Cases affecting Ambassadors , other public Ministers and Consuls , and those in which a State shall be Party , the supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction . In all the other Cases before mentioned , the supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction , both as to Law and Fact , with such Exceptions , and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make . Trial of all Crimes , except in Cases of Impeachment , shall be by Jury ; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been committed ; but when not committed within any State , the Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the Congress may by Law have directed . Clause 1 : cases and controversies ( edit ) Main article : Case or Controversy Clause Clause 1 of Section 2 authorizes the federal courts to hear actual cases and controversies only . Their judicial power does not extend to cases which are hypothetical , or which are proscribed due to standing , mootness , or ripeness issues . Generally , a case or controversy requires the presence of adverse parties who have a genuine interest at stake in the case . In Muskrat v. United States , 219 U.S. 346 ( 1911 ) , the Supreme Court denied jurisdiction to cases brought under a statute permitting certain Native Americans to bring suit against the United States to determine the constitutionality of a law allocating tribal lands . Counsel for both sides were to be paid from the federal Treasury . The Supreme Court held that , though the United States was a defendant , the case in question was not an actual controversy ; rather , the statute was merely devised to test the constitutionality of a certain type of legislation . Thus the Court 's ruling would be nothing more than an advisory opinion ; therefore , the court dismissed the suit for failing to present a `` case or controversy . '' A significant omission is that although Clause 1 provides that federal judicial power shall extend to `` the laws of the United States , '' it does not also provide that it shall extend to the laws of the several or individual states . In turn , the Judiciary Act of 1789 and subsequent acts never granted the U.S. Supreme Court the power to review decisions of state supreme courts on pure issues of state law . It is this silence which tacitly made state supreme courts the final expositors of the common law in their respective states . They were free to diverge from English precedents and from each other on the vast majority of legal issues which had never been made part of federal law by the Constitution , and the U.S. Supreme Court could do nothing about that , as it would ultimately concede in Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins ( 1938 ) . By way of contrast , other English - speaking federations like Australia and Canada never adopted the Erie doctrine . That is , their highest courts have always possessed plenary power to impose a uniform nationwide common law upon all lower courts and never adopted the strong American distinction between federal and state common law . Eleventh Amendment and State sovereign immunity ( edit ) Main articles : Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution and Sovereign immunity in the United States In Chisholm v. Georgia , 2 U.S. 419 ( 1793 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that Article III , Section 2 abrogated the States ' sovereign immunity and authorized federal courts to hear disputes between private citizens and States . This decision was overturned by the Eleventh Amendment , which was passed by the Congress on March 4 , 1794 1 Stat. 402 and ratified by the states on February 7 , 1795 . It prohibits the federal courts from hearing any suit in law or equity , commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens of another State , or by Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign State . Clause 2 : original and appellate jurisdiction ( edit ) See also : Jurisdiction stripping Clause 2 of Section 2 provides that the Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in cases affecting ambassadors , ministers and consuls , and also in those controversies which are subject to federal judicial power because at least one state is a party ; the Court has held that the latter requirement is met if the United States has a controversy with a state . In other cases , the Supreme Court has only appellate jurisdiction , which may be regulated by the Congress . The Congress may not , however , amend the Court 's original jurisdiction , as was found in Marbury v. Madison , 5 U.S. ( Cranch 1 ) 137 ( 1803 ) ( the same decision which established the principle of judicial review ) . Marbury held that Congress can neither expand nor restrict the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court . However , the appellate jurisdiction of the Court is different . The Court 's appellate jurisdiction is given `` with such exceptions , and under such regulations as the Congress shall make . '' Often a court will assert a modest degree of power over a case for the threshold purpose of determining whether it has jurisdiction , and so the word `` power '' is not necessarily synonymous with the word `` jurisdiction '' . Judicial review ( edit ) Main articles : Judicial review and Judicial review in the United States The power of the federal judiciary to review the constitutionality of a statute or treaty , or to review an administrative regulation for consistency with either a statute , a treaty , or the Constitution itself , is an implied power derived in part from Clause 2 of Section 2 . Though the Constitution does not expressly provide that the federal judiciary has the power of judicial review , many of the Constitution 's Framers viewed such a power as an appropriate power for the federal judiciary to possess . In Federalist No. 78 , Alexander Hamilton wrote , The interpretation of the laws is the proper and peculiar province of the courts . A constitution , is , in fact , and must be regarded by the judges , as a fundamental law . It therefore belongs to them to ascertain its meaning , as well as the meaning of any particular act proceeding from the legislative body . If there should happen to be an irreconcilable variance between two , that which has the superior obligation and validity ought , of course , to be preferred ; or , in other words , the constitution ought to be preferred to the statute , the intention of the people to the intention of their agents . Others , however , disagreed , claiming that each branch could determine for itself the constitutionality of its actions . A continuation of the text of Federalist No. 78 by Hamilton ( below ) counterbalances the tone of `` judicial supremacists '' who demand that both Congress and the Executive are compelled by the Constitution to enforce all court decisions , including those that , in their eyes , or those of the People , violate fundamental American principles . Nor does this conclusion by any means suppose a superiority of the judicial to the legislative power . It only supposes that the power of the people is superior to both ; and that where the will of the legislature , declared in its statutes , stands in opposition to that of the people , declared in the Constitution , the judges ought to be governed by the latter rather than the former . They ought to regulate their decisions by the fundamental laws , rather than by those which are not fundamental . ( emphasis added ) Hamilton continues ... It can be of no weight to say that the courts , on the pretense of a repugnancy , may substitute their own pleasure to the constitutional intentions of the legislature . This might as well happen in the case of two contradictory statutes ; or it might as well happen in every adjudication upon any single statute . The courts must declare the sense of the law ; and if they should be disposed to exercise WILL instead of JUDGMENT , the consequence would equally be the substitution of their pleasure to that of the legislative body . The observation , if it prove any thing , would prove that there ought to be no judges distinct from that body . ( emphasis added ) Marbury v. Madison involved a highly partisan set of circumstances . Though Congressional elections were held in November 1800 , the newly elected officers did not take power until March . The Federalist Party had lost the elections . In the words of President Thomas Jefferson , the Federalists `` retired into the judiciary as a stronghold '' . In the four months following the elections , the outgoing Congress created several new judgeships , which were filled by President John Adams . In the last - minute rush , however , Federalist Secretary of State John Marshall had neglected to deliver 17 of the commissions to their respective appointees . When James Madison took office as Secretary of State , several commissions remained undelivered . Bringing their claims under the Judiciary Act of 1789 , the appointees , including William Marbury , petitioned the Supreme Court for the issue of a writ of mandamus , which in English law had been used to force public officials to fulfill their ministerial duties . Here , Madison would be required to deliver the commissions . Secretary of State James Madison , who won Marbury v. Madison , but lost Judicial review . Marbury posed a difficult problem for the court , which was then led by Chief Justice John Marshall , the same person who had neglected to deliver the commissions when he was the Secretary of State . If Marshall 's court commanded James Madison to deliver the commissions , Madison might ignore the order , thereby indicating the weakness of the court . Similarly , if the court denied William Marbury 's request , the court would be seen as weak . Marshall held that appointee Marbury was indeed entitled to his commission . However , Justice Marshall contended that the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional , since it purported to grant original jurisdiction to the Supreme Court in cases not involving the States or ambassadors . The ruling thereby established that the federal courts could exercise judicial review over the actions of Congress or the executive branch . However , Alexander Hamilton , in Federalist No. 78 , expressed the view that the Courts hold only the power of words , and not the power of compulsion upon those other two branches of government , upon which the Supreme Court is itself dependent . Then in 1820 , Thomas Jefferson expressed his deep reservations about the doctrine of judicial review : You seem ... to consider the judges as the ultimate arbiters of all constitutional questions ; a very dangerous doctrine indeed , and one which would place us under the despotism of an oligarchy . Our judges are as honest as other men , and not more so . They have , with others , the same passions for party , for power , and the privilege of their corps ... Their power ( is ) the more dangerous as they are in office for life , and not responsible , as the other functionaries are , to the elective control . The Constitution has erected no such single tribunal , knowing that to whatever hands confided , with the corruptions of time and party , its members would become despots . It has more wisely made all the departments co-equal and co-sovereign within themselves . Clause 3 : federal trials ( edit ) A nineteenth - century painting of a jury . Clause 3 of Section 2 provides that Federal crimes , except impeachment cases , must be tried before a jury , unless the defendant waives his right . Also , the trial must be held in the state where the crime was committed . If the crime was not committed in any particular state , then the trial is held in such a place as set forth by the Congress . The United States Senate has the sole power to try impeachment cases . Two of the Constitutional Amendments that comprise the Bill of Rights contain related provisions . The Sixth Amendment enumerates the rights of individuals when facing criminal prosecution and the Seventh Amendment establishes an individual 's right to a jury trial in certain civil cases . It also inhibits courts from overturning a jury 's findings of fact . The Supreme Court has extended the protections of these amendments to individuals facing trial in state courts through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . Section 3 : treason ( edit ) Main article : Treason laws in the United States Iva Toguri , known as Tokyo Rose , and Tomoya Kawakita were two Japanese Americans who were tried for treason after World War II . Section 3 defines treason and its punishment . Treason against the United States , shall consist only in levying War against them , or in adhering to their Enemies , giving them Aid and Comfort . No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on the Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act , or on Confession in open Court . The Congress shall have Power to declare the Punishment of Treason , but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of Blood , or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person attainted . The Constitution defines treason as specific acts , namely `` levying War against ( the United States ) , or in adhering to their Enemies , giving them Aid and Comfort . '' A contrast is therefore maintained with the English law , whereby crimes including conspiring to kill the King or `` violating '' the Queen , were punishable as treason . In Ex Parte Bollman , 8 U.S. 75 ( 1807 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that `` there must be an actual assembling of men , for the treasonable purpose , to constitute a levying of war . '' Under English law effective during the ratification of the U.S. Constitution , including the Treason Act 1351 , there were essentially five species of treason . Of the five , the Constitution adopted only two : levying war and adhering to enemies . Omitted were species of treason involving encompassing ( or imagining ) the death of the king , certain types of counterfeiting , and finally fornication with women in the royal family of the sort which could call into question the parentage of royal successors . James Wilson wrote the original draft of this section , and he was involved as a defense attorney for some accused of treason against the Patriot cause . Section 3 also requires the testimony of two different witnesses on the same overt act , or a confession by the accused in open court , to convict for treason . This rule was derived from an older English statute , the Treason Act 1695 . In Cramer v. United States , 325 U.S. 1 ( 1945 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that `` ( e ) very act , movement , deed , and word of the defendant charged to constitute treason must be supported by the testimony of two witnesses . '' In Haupt v. United States , 330 U.S. 631 ( 1947 ) , however , the Supreme Court found that two witnesses are not required to prove intent , nor are two witnesses required to prove that an overt act is treasonable . The two witnesses , according to the decision , are required to prove only that the overt act occurred ( eyewitnesses and federal agents investigating the crime , for example ) . Punishment for treason may not `` work Corruption of Blood , or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person '' so convicted . The descendants of someone convicted for treason could not , as they were under English law , be considered `` tainted '' by the treason of their ancestor . Furthermore , Congress may confiscate the property of traitors , but that property must be inheritable at the death of the person convicted . In Federalist No. 43 James Madison wrote regarding the Treason Clause : As treason may be committed against the United States , the authority of the United States ought to be enabled to punish it . But as new - fangled and artificial treasons have been the great engines by which violent factions , the natural offspring of free government , have usually wreaked their alternate malignity on each other , the convention have , with great judgment , opposed a barrier to this peculiar danger , by inserting a constitutional definition of the crime , fixing the proof necessary for conviction of it , and restraining the Congress , even in punishing it , from extending the consequences of guilt beyond the person of its author . Based on the above quotation , it was noted by the lawyer William J. Olson in an amicus curiae in the case Hedges v. Obama that the Treason Clause was one of the enumerated powers of the federal government . He also stated that by defining treason in the U.S. Constitution and placing it in Article III `` the founders intended the power to be checked by the judiciary , ruling out trials by military commissions . As James Madison noted , the Treason Clause also was designed to limit the power of the federal government to punish its citizens for `` adhering to ( the ) enemies ( of the United States by ) , giving them aid and comfort . '' '' See also ( edit ) United States constitutional criminal procedure References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1 Jump up ^ Epstein , Lee ; Walker , Thomas G. ( 2007 ) . Constitutional Law for a Changing America : Institutional Powers and Constraints ( 6th ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : CQ Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 933116 - 81 - 5. , at 451 . Jump up ^ `` Judges of the United States Courts -- Delahay , Mark W '' . Federal Judicial Center . n.d . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ staff ( n.d. ) . `` Judges of the United States Courts -- English , George Washington '' . Federal Judicial Center . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Judges of the United States Courts -- Kent , Samuel B '' . Federal Judicial Center . n.d . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Annotation 1 -- Eleventh Amendment -- State Immunity '' . FindLaw . Retrieved May 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ United States v. Texas , 143 U.S. 621 ( 1892 ) . A factor in United States v. Texas was that there had been an `` act of congress requiring the institution of this suit '' . With a few narrow exceptions , courts have held that Congress controls access to the courts by the United States and its agencies and officials . See , e.g. , Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Co. , 514 U.S. 122 ( `` Agencies do not automatically have standing to sue for actions that frustrate the purposes of their statutes '' ) . Also see United States v. Mattson , 600 F. 2d 1295 ( 9th Cir. 1979 ) . Jump up ^ Cohens v. Virginia , 19 U.S. 264 ( 1821 ) : `` ( T ) he original jurisdiction of the Supreme court , in cases where a state is a party , refers to those cases in which , according to the grant of power made in the preceding clause , jurisdiction might be exercised , in consequence of the character of the party . '' Jump up ^ Cover , Robert . Narrative , Violence and the Law ( U. Mich . 1995 ) : `` Every denial of jurisdiction on the part of a court is an assertion of the power to determine jurisdiction ... '' Jump up ^ Di Trolio , Stefania . `` Undermining and Unintwining : The Right to a Jury Trial and Rule 12 ( b ) ( 1 ) Archived July 5 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . '' , Seton Hall Law Review , Volume 33 , page 1247 , text accompanying note 82 ( 2003 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Establishment of Judicial Review '' . Findlaw . ^ Jump up to : `` The Federalist Papers : No. 78 '' . Archived from the original on 29 October 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Jefferson , Thomas . The Writings of Thomas Jefferson , Letter to William Jarvis ( September 28 , 1820 ) . Jump up ^ U.S. Constitution , Art . I , sec. 3 Jump up ^ Bollman , at 126 Jump up ^ This rule was abolished in the United Kingdom in 1945 . Jump up ^ Cramer , at 34 ^ Jump up to : Olson , William J. ( 16 April 2012 ) . `` Case 1 : 12 - cv - 00331 - KBF Document 29 - 2 Filed 04 / 16 / 12 AMICUS CURIAE BRIEF OF VIRGINIA STATE DELEGATE BOB MARSHALL , VIRGINIA STATE SENATOR DICK BLACK , DOWNSIZE DC FOUNDATION , DOWNSIZEDC.ORG , INC. , U.S. JUSTICE FOUNDATION , INSTITUTE ON THE CONSTITUTION , GUN OWNERS FOUNDATION , GUN OWNERS OF AMERICA , INC. , THE LINCOLN INSTITUTE FOR RESEARCH AND EDUCATION , THE WESTERN CENTER FOR JOURNALISM , CONSERVATIVE LEGAL DEFENSE AND EDUCATION FUND , U.S. BORDER CONTROL , RESTORING LIBERTY ACTION COMMITTEE , TENTH AMENDMENT CENTER , CENTER FOR MEDIA AND DEMOCRACY , BILL OF RIGHTS DEFENSE COMMITTEE , PASTOR CHUCK BALDWIN , PROFESSOR JEROME AUMENTE , AND THE CONSTITUTION PARTY NATIONAL COMMITTEE IN SUPPORT OF PLAINTIFFS '' ( PDF ) . Friedman , Harfenist , Kraut & Perlstein , PPC . lawandfreedom.com . pp. 15 -- 16 . Bibliography ( edit ) Irons , Peter . ( 1999 ) . A People 's History of the Supreme Court . New York : Penguin . This article incorporates material from Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937 . External links ( edit ) Kenneth R. Thomas and Larry M. Eig ( Eds ) . ( 2014 ) . The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis and Interpretation. , gpo.gov CRS Annotated Constitution : Article 3 , law.cornell.edu ( hide ) United States Constitution Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 Reconstruction Amendments 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bills of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Congressional enforcement Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recess appointment Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Article_Three_of_the_United_States_Constitution&oldid=833726348 '' Categories : Articles of the United States Constitution Article Three of the United States Constitution Judicial branch of the United States government Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009 Talk Article Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español فارسی Français 贛 語 Русский Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 03 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who establishes the courts lower than the supreme court | [
"The Supreme Court is the only federal court that is explicitly mandated by the Constitution. During the Constitutional Convention, a proposal was made for the Supreme Court to be the only federal court, having both original jurisdiction and appellate jurisdiction. This proposal was rejected in favor of the provision that exists today. Under this provision, the Congress may create inferior (i.e., lower) courts under both Article III, Section 1, and Article I, Section 8. The Article III courts, which are also known as \"constitutional courts\", were first created by the Judiciary Act of 1789. Article I courts, which are also known as \"legislative courts\", consist of regulatory agencies, such as the United States Tax Court. Article III courts are the only ones with judicial power, and so decisions of regulatory agencies remain subject to review by Article III courts. However, cases not requiring \"judicial determination\" may come before Article I courts. In the case of Murray's Lessee v. Hoboken Land & Improvement Co. 59 U.S. 272 (1855), the Supreme Court ruled that cases involving \"a suit at the common law, or in equity, or admiralty\" inherently involve judicial determination and must come before Article III courts. Other cases, such as bankruptcy cases, have been held not to involve judicial determination, and may therefore go before Article I courts. Similarly, several courts in the District of Columbia, which is under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress, are Article I courts rather than Article III courts. This article was expressly extended to the United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico by the U.S. Congress through Federal Law 89-571, 80 Stat. 764, signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1966. This transformed the article IV United States territorial court in Puerto Rico, created in 1900, to an Article III federal judicial district court."
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-5943398881931755643 | Redistricting | Redistricting - wikipedia Redistricting This article is about redistricting in the United States . For redistricting in general , see Redistribution ( election ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Part of the Politics series Elections Basic types By - election ( special election ) Corporate Direct / Indirect Fixed - term General Local Mid-term Plurality Primary Proportional Recall Show Snap Sortition ( allotment ) Two - round ( runoff ) Terminology Anonymous elector Apportionment Audits Boundary delimitation ( redistricting ) Crossover voting Election silence Gerrymandering Cash For Vote Initiative Psephology ( electoral study and analysis ) Secret ballot Suffrage Subseries Political party Voting Electoral systems Lists Elections by country Close elections Most recent Next general elections Electoral calendars for 2018 National Local Related Criticisms of electoral politics Election security Electoral fraud Referendum ( by country ) Politics portal Redistricting is the process of drawing electoral district boundaries in the United States . Contents 1 Legislative representatives 2 Gerrymandering 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Legislative representatives ( edit ) In 28 states , the state legislature has primary responsibility for creating a redistricting plan , in many cases subject to approval by the state governor . To reduce the role that legislative politics might play , twelve states ( Alaska , Arizona , California , Colorado , Hawaii , Idaho , Missouri , Montana , New Jersey , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and Washington ) determine congressional redistricting by an independent or bipartisan redistricting commission . Five states : Maine , New York , Rhode Island , Vermont , and Virginia give independent bodies authority to propose redistricting plans , but preserve the role of legislatures to approve them . Arkansas has a commission composed of its governor , attorney general , and secretary of state . Seven states have only a single representative for the entire state because of their low populations ; these are Alaska , Delaware , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , and Wyoming . State constitutions and laws also mandate which body has responsibility over drawing the state legislature boundaries . In addition , those municipal governments that are elected on a district basis ( as opposed to at - large ) also redistrict . Each state has its own standards for creating Congressional and legislative districts . In addition to equalizing the population of districts and complying with Federal requirements , criteria may include attempting to create compact , contiguous districts , trying to keep political units and communities within a single district , and avoiding the drawing of boundaries for purposes of partisan advantage or incumbent protection . In the states where the legislature ( or another body where a partisan majority is possible ) is in charge of redistricting , the possibility of gerrymandering ( the deliberate manipulation of political boundaries for electoral advantage , usually of incumbents or a specific political party ) often makes the process very politically contentious , especially when the majorities of the two houses of the legislature , or the legislature and the governor , are from different parties . The state and federal court systems are often involved in resolving disputes over Congressional and legislative redistricting when gridlock prevents redistricting in a timely manner . In addition , the losers to an adopted redistricting plan often challenge it in state and federal courts . Justice Department approval ( which is known as pre-clearance ) was formerly required under Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 in certain states that have had a history of racial barriers to voting . Partisan domination of state legislatures and improved technology to design contiguous districts that pack opponents into as few districts as possible have led to district maps which are skewed towards one party . Consequently , many states including Florida , Georgia , Maryland , Michigan , Pennsylvania and Texas have succeeded in reducing or effectively eliminating competition for most House seats in those states . Other states including California , New Jersey and New York have opted to protect incumbents of both parties , reducing the number of competitive districts . The Supreme Court 's ruling on the Pennsylvania redistricting effectively allows elected officials to select their constituents by eliminating most of the grounds for constituents to challenge district lines . Redistricting may follow other criteria depending on State and Local governments : compactness contiguity equal population preservation of existing political communities partisan fairness racial fairness Esri has offered its services as a platform for redestricting to allow for complete government transparency . Since the process of redistricting is intrinsically linked to geography , GIS can address this issue effectively . Gerrymandering ( edit ) Main article : Gerrymandering Gerrymandering is the practice of drawing district lines to achieve political gain for legislators . The practice of gerrymandering involves the manipulation of district drawing in aims to leave out , or include , specific populations in a legislator 's district to ensure his / her reelection . See also ( edit ) Boundary commissions ( United Kingdom ) United States congressional apportionment References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2009 Redistricting Commission Table '' . National Conference of State Legislatures ( NCSL ) . June 28 , 2008 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ Blake , Aaron . `` Government Redistricting Web Sites '' . Purdue University Libraries . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` TheHill.com - Redistricting looms over 2010 landscape '' . thehill.com . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Miller , Jason C. , Community as a Redistricting Principle : Consulting Media Markets in Drawing District Lines ( July 6 , 2010 ) . Indiana Law Journal Supplement , Vol. 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Vieth v. Jubelirer '' . supct.law.cornell.edu . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` ArcGIS is Making Redistricting More Efficient and Transparent '' ( PDF ) , ArcUser , p. 26 , Spring 2018 Jump up ^ Jacobson , Gary ( 2013 ) . The Politics of Congressional Elections . New Jersey : PEARSON Education . p. 9 . External links ( edit ) All About Redistricting Includes state criteria . Creating Fair Congressional Districts A site with an algorithm using just population and state shape for creating congressional districts . redistrictinginamerica.org A comprehensive source for information about redistricting in all fifty states from the Rose Institute of State and Local Government MappingSoftware.com Maptitude for Redistricting News Congressional Apportionment from the Office of the Clerk at the United States House of Representatives , including historical representation by state District sizes and other data from 1900 - 2000 from the United States Census Government Redistricting Web Sites from GovDocs at Purdue University Libraries , includes list of state websites Public Mapping Project A Citizen 's Guide to Redistricting , 2010 Edition , downloadable Reapportionment and Redistricting in the U.S. from the ACE Project Rodriguez , Lori . `` Getting point of redistricting . '' Houston Chronicle . Saturday August 24 , 1991 . A25 . www.FloridaRedistricting.org Jeffrey B. Lewis ; et al. ( 2013 ) . `` Digital Boundary Definitions of United States Congressional Districts , 1789 - 2012 '' . University of California , Los Angeles . `` Redistricting : How Powerful Interests Are Drawing You Out of a Vote '' . ProPublica . The Redistricting Game - Where Do You Draw the Lines A simulation of how redistricting works . It uses the real US laws and practices and incorporates quotes from US political leaders . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Redistricting&oldid=849873661 '' Categories : Redistricting Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2008 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 July 2018 , at 00 : 03 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who controls the redistricting process in most states | [
"In 28 states, the state legislature has primary responsibility for creating a redistricting plan, in many cases subject to approval by the state governor. To reduce the role that legislative politics might play, twelve states (Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Missouri, Montana, New Jersey, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Washington) determine congressional redistricting by an independent or bipartisan redistricting commission.[1] Five states: Maine, New York, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Virginia give independent bodies authority to propose redistricting plans, but preserve the role of legislatures to approve them. Arkansas has a commission composed of its governor, attorney general, and secretary of state. Seven states have only a single representative for the entire state because of their low populations; these are Alaska, Delaware, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Vermont, and Wyoming.\n"
] | [
"the state legislature"
] |
4723362974938373123 | X-Men: Apocalypse | X-Men : Apocalypse - wikipedia X-Men : Apocalypse X-Men : Apocalypse Theatrical release poster Directed by Bryan Singer Produced by Simon Kinberg Bryan Singer Hutch Parker Lauren Shuler Donner Screenplay by Simon Kinberg Story by Bryan Singer Simon Kinberg Michael Dougherty Dan Harris Based on X-Men by Stan Lee Jack Kirby Starring James McAvoy Michael Fassbender Jennifer Lawrence Oscar Isaac Rose Byrne Evan Peters Olivia Munn Lucas Till Music by John Ottman Cinematography Newton Thomas Sigel Edited by John Ottman Michael Louis Hill Production companies Marvel Entertainment TSG Entertainment Bad Hat Harry Productions Kinberg Genre The Donners ' Company Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date May 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 09 ) ( London ) May 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 27 ) ( United States ) Running time 144 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $178 million Box office $543.9 million X-Men : Apocalypse is a 2016 American superhero film based on the fictional X-Men characters that appear in Marvel Comics . It is the ninth installment in the X-Men film series and a sequel to X-Men : Days of Future Past , as well as the third installment of the prequel series . Directed by Bryan Singer , with a screenplay by Simon Kinberg from a story conceived by Singer , Kinberg , Michael Dougherty , and Dan Harris , the film stars James McAvoy , Michael Fassbender , Jennifer Lawrence , Oscar Isaac , Nicholas Hoult , Rose Byrne , Tye Sheridan , Sophie Turner , Olivia Munn , and Lucas Till . In the film , the ancient mutant En Sabah Nur awakens in 1983 and plans to wipe out modern civilization and take over the world , leading the X-Men to try to stop him and defeat his team of mutants . The film was announced by Singer in December 2013 , with Kinberg , Dougherty , and Harris attached to develop the story . Casting began in October 2014 , while principal photography commenced in April 2015 in Montreal and ended in August of the same year . X-Men : Apocalypse premiered in London on May 9 , 2016 , and was released in North America on May 27 in 3D and 2D , and in IMAX 3D in select international markets . It received mixed reviews from critics , with praise directed at the characters , action sequences and performances . A sequel titled Dark Phoenix is set for release on February 14 , 2019 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Music 4 Marketing 4.1 Billboard controversy 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) En Sabah Nur , a powerful mutant believed to be the first of his kind , rules ancient Egypt until he is betrayed by his worshippers , who entomb him alive . His four lieutenants die preserving him . Awakening in 1983 , he believes humanity has lost its way without his presence . Aiming to destroy and remake the world , he recruits a Cairo pickpocket Ororo Munroe , who can control the weather , and upgrades her power . In East Berlin , shape - shifting mutant Raven investigates an underground fight club and discovers Kurt Wagner , a blue skinned mutant who can teleport . Raven rescues Kurt and requests black marketeer Caliban to transport him to America . En Sabah Nur recruits Caliban 's enforcer , Psylocke , who leads him to mutant - fighting champion Angel . En Sabah Nur enhances both of their powers , transforming Angel 's wings into metal . Alex Summers discovers that his younger brother Scott is manifesting a mutation for shooting optic beams . Alex takes Scott to Professor Charles Xavier 's educational institute in Westchester County , New York , hoping that Xavier and Hank McCoy will teach him to control his abilities . Scott meets the telepathic and telekinetic Jean Grey , and the two develop an attraction , while Raven brings Kurt to the institute . En Sabah Nur 's powers cause disturbances around the world , leading Xavier and Alex to consult with CIA operative Moira MacTaggert , who has been researching the legend of Nur . In Communist Poland , the metal - controlling mutant Erik Lehnsherr lives with his wife and their young daughter , Nina . When En Sabah Nur 's resurrection causes a worldwide earthquake , he uses his powers to save a coworker , prompting the militia to capture him . When one of them shoots and kills Erik 's family , Erik retaliates by killing the entire militia . En Sabah Nur later approaches the devastated Erik and takes him to Auschwitz , where Erik 's power first manifested . Persuaded by En Sabah Nur , Erik has his powers enhanced , destroys the camp , and joins En Sabah Nur . En Sabah Nur remotely accesses Cerebro , a brainwave - amplifying device Xavier uses to locate mutants and forces the telepathic Xavier to make the global superpowers launch their entire nuclear arsenals into space to prevent interference with En Sabah Nur 's plan . He and his new Four Horsemen arrive at the mansion and kidnap Xavier . Attempting to stop them , Alex accidentally causes an explosion that destroys the mansion . Peter Maximoff , having realized that he is Erik 's biological son and hoping that Xavier can help to find him , arrives just in time ; he uses his super-speed to evacuate the students and teachers before the explosion destroys the building , but fails to save Alex , who dies in the explosion . Colonel William Stryker 's forces subsequently capture Hank , Raven , Peter , and Moira , and take them to a military facility for interrogation . Scott , Jean , and Kurt follow covertly , and liberate their comrades using Stryker 's brainwashed experiment Weapon X , whose memories Jean partially restores . At En Sabah Nur 's behest , Erik uses his powers to control the Earth 's magnetic poles , causing destruction across the planet . Sabah Nur plans to transfer his consciousness into Xavier 's body , and use Xavier 's power to enslave every person on Earth . Xavier secretly sends a telepathic distress call to Jean , and the others travel to Cairo to battle Sabah Nur and his horsemen . They rescue Xavier in a plane , but he loses his hair as the process nears completion . Angel and Psylocke attack the plane and Nightcrawler teleports them away . As the plane crashes , Psylocke jumps to safety while Angel is killed in the plane crash . Erik and Ororo are persuaded to turn on En Sabah Nur and , with the help of Scott , they keep him occupied physically , while Xavier fights him telepathically in the astral plane . Finally , Xavier encourages Jean to unleash the full extent of her powers , incinerating En Sabah Nur , killing him for good , while Psylocke escapes . Xavier and Moira rekindle their relationship . Erik and Jean help reconstruct the school , but Erik refuses Xavier 's offer to stay and help teach . Peter decides not to tell Erik yet that he is Erik 's son . Using confiscated Sentinels , Hank and Raven train the new X-Men recruits : Scott , Jean , Ororo , Kurt , and Peter . In a post-credits scene , men in black suits visit the Weapon X facility to retrieve data on Stryker 's mutant research , including an X-ray and a blood sample marked `` Weapon X '' , on behalf of the Essex Corporation . Cast ( edit ) Cast of X-Men : Apocalypse at the 2015 San Diego Comic - Con International . Top to bottom ( scrollable ) : McAvoy , Fassbender , Lawrence , Isaac , Hoult , Munn , Peters , Smit - McPhee , Turner , Sheridan , Shipp , Condor , Till , and Hardy . James McAvoy as Charles Xavier / Professor X : A mutant pacifist and the world 's most powerful telepath , who is the founder of Xavier 's School for Gifted Youngsters and leads the team of mutants known as the X-Men , in order to protect humankind and battle against the deadly enemy within . McAvoy shaved his head for the role . Michael Fassbender as Erik Lehnsherr / Magneto : A mutant Auschwitz survivor with the ability to control magnetic fields and manipulate metal , who was once Xavier 's closest ally and best friend until his belief that mankind and mutantkind would never coexist led to their separation . He is globally infamous for attempting to assassinate U.S. President Richard Nixon on live broadcast 10 years prior . Bill Milner appears in archival footage as a Young Erik . Jennifer Lawrence as Raven / Mystique : A mutant with shapeshifting abilities , globally renowned for saving Nixon 's life 10 years prior . She is also Xavier 's once closest ally and his adopted sister . Lawrence said , `` she hears about what happened to Erik and she wants to seek him out and help him . '' Oscar Isaac as En Sabah Nur / Apocalypse : Born in ancient times , and presumably the world 's first mutant , he has a variety of destructive superhuman abilities , including telekinesis , cyberpathy , teleportation , and the ability to augment other mutants ' abilities . Isaac described Apocalypse as the `` creative - slash - destructive force of the Earth . '' He added , `` When things start to go awry , or when things seem like they 're not moving towards evolution , ( Apocalypse ) destroys those civilizations . '' Isaac had to go through extensive makeup and prosthetics applications , and wore high - heeled boots to appear taller and a 40 - pound suit . The full costume was uncomfortable , particularly in the humid environment of the outdoor scenes , which forced Isaac to go to a cooling tent between takes . Apocalypse 's previous old - form ( seen at the beginning of the film ) was played by Berdj Garabedian , a 70 - year - old Canadian real estate agent in his first credited film role . Nicholas Hoult as Hank McCoy / Beast : A mutant with leonine attributes , prehensile feet and superhuman physical abilities . Hank acts as a teacher in Xavier 's school and he builds inventions for troubled students . He also built the X-Jet . Rose Byrne as Moira MacTaggert : A CIA operative who first met and fell in love with Xavier in X-Men : First Class , where he wiped portions of her memories of him and the X-Men at the end . Simon Kinberg said they are `` essentially , strangers '' when they meet in this film . Evan Peters as Peter Maximoff / Quicksilver : A mutant who can move , think , and perceive at hypersonic speeds , and the son of Magneto . Describing the relationship between Quicksilver and Magneto , Peters stated , `` I have learned that he 's my father at this point and I am trying to ... I do n't know what I can say . I 'm trying to ... Yeah . It 's like an adoptive child or any kind of child who has a strange father trying to ... He knows who he is now so he is trying to find him . He 's been searching for him . It 's been 10 years and he has n't found him and then something happens . '' Tye Sheridan as Scott Summers / Cyclops : A mutant who fires destructive optic beams and wears a visor or sunglasses to stabilize and contain them , and who is the younger brother of Havok . Sheridan describes Cyclops as `` angry and a bit lost . '' He added , `` He 's now learning about being a mutant and trying to handle his powers . '' Sophie Turner as Jean Grey : A mutant who is scared of her telepathic and telekinetic power , and one of Charles Xavier 's most prized students . Turner states that she was cast in the film because of the `` dark side '' of her character Sansa Stark in Game of Thrones . She compared Jean to Sansa and described being an outcast in the human world , who struggles with her power and gift , the same way Sansa , who wanted to live a normal life , felt . Turner learned archery in preparation for the role . Olivia Munn as Psylocke : A mutant with telepathic , telekinetic and psionic abilities . Her abilities also include projecting purple psychic energy , usually into the form of an energy blade that can burn through metal . Munn described Psylocke as `` very lethal , very powerful and very strong . '' She practiced sword fighting in preparation for the role . Kodi Smit - McPhee as Kurt Wagner / Nightcrawler : A German teleporting mutant and one of Charles Xavier 's new students . Singer said Nightcrawler is a source of comic relief . Alexandra Shipp as Ororo Munroe / Storm : A young mutant orphan who can control weather . Storm is discovered by Apocalypse in Cairo . Shipp shaved her head partially , and sported a Mohawk for the role . Lucas Till as Alex Summers / Havok : A mutant who has the ability to absorb energy and release it with destructive force from his body , and the older brother of Cyclops . Josh Helman as Colonel William Stryker : A military officer who hates mutants and has , in the ten years since Days of Future Past , been developing his own plans for resolving `` the mutant problem '' . Ben Hardy as Angel : A mutant with bird - like feathered wings , gaining metallic wings which can also be used as razor sharp projectiles as a result , similar to his Archangel counterpart in the comics . Hardy practiced indoor skydiving in preparation for his role . Lana Condor as Jubilee : A mutant student at Charles 's school who has the ability to create psionic energy plasmoids . Discussing her first day on X-Men : Apocalypse , Condor says : `` I was very new and it was my first role . I 'd never been on a set before or in front of a camera , so I did n't know what to expect . The first day we shot scenes in an 80s - themed mall with hundreds of extras in 80s gear , plus crew and cameras . It was surreal . '' She also discussed the character of Jubilee and how she became the mutant : `` It 's a lot easier when you have the costume , as that helps bring everything to life . She has her iconic yellow jacket , which is a staple . It 's very bold and confident , like her . A lot of her costumes are super 80s . I also listened to music from the 80s and that helped . '' Tómas Lemarquis portrays Caliban , a mutant with the ability to sense and track other mutants . Wrestler `` Giant '' Gustav Claude Ouimet plays The Blob , Angel 's opponent in an underground fight club . Monique Ganderton portrays one of En Sabah Nur 's original lieutenants , Death . Hugh Jackman makes an uncredited appearance as Logan / Wolverine , in his Weapon X form . In that same scene , director Bryan Singer cameos as a guard who is killed by Wolverine as he attempts to escape the complex . X-Men co-creator Stan Lee and his wife Joan B. Lee make a cameo appearance together , as bystanders witnessing the launch of nuclear missiles worldwide ; this was Joan 's last film before her death the following year . Željko Ivanek cameos as a Pentagon scientist . In a deleted scene , Scott shows Jean a record from Dazzler . The scene is not in the theatrical film , but is included on the home video release . Archive footage was used of Caleb Landry Jones as Sean Cassidy / Banshee , journalist Jessica Savitch and actors Leslie Parrish and Michael Forest ( the latter two appearing in footage with dialogue from the 1967 Star Trek episode `` Who Mourns for Adonais ? '' ) . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The film was announced by Bryan Singer in December 2013 via Twitter , before Days of Future Past was released to theaters . In the same month , Simon Kinberg , Dan Harris , and Michael Dougherty were revealed by Singer to be attached to work on the film 's story . According to Singer , the film would focus on the origin of the mutants , and features the younger versions of Cyclops , Jean Grey , and Storm . Singer also said that he was considering Gambit and a younger version of Nightcrawler to appear . According to Kinberg , it would take place in 1983 , and completes a trilogy that began with 2011 's X-Men : First Class . In September 2014 , 20th Century Fox officially announced that Singer would direct the film . Singer has called the film `` kind of a conclusion of six X-Men films , yet a potential rebirth of younger , newer characters '' and the `` true birth of the X-Men '' . Writing ( edit ) It will address historical mutant - cy , meaning the deep past , mutant origins and things like that . It 's something that 's always intrigued me when we think about our Gods and our history and miracles and powers . -- Bryan Singer on what will be seen in X-Men : Apocalypse . Singer said that Apocalypse is the main focus of the film . Kinberg said that the younger versions of Scott Summers , Storm , and Jean Grey appearing in the film are `` as much a part of the film as the main cast '' . He described Summers as `` not yet the squeaky - clean leader '' , Storm as a `` troubled character who is going down the wrong path in life '' , and Grey as `` complex , interesting and not fully mature . '' Kinberg also said that the film delivers on the dramatic story and emotion of the last two films and that it acts like the culmination of the main characters portrayed by Lawrence , McAvoy , Fassbender and Hoult . Kinberg said First Class , Days of Future Past , and Apocalypse formed a trilogy about Mystique , explaining , `` She starts in First Class entirely on Charles ' side , ends up following Erik , and we then find her in Days of Future Past and she 's on her own because Erik is gone . She 's on her own side in that movie but is drawn toward Charles by the end of the film and shoots Erik . Then in Apocalypse she comes back to Charles . There 's a full circle narrative over the span of this little trilogy that is about Mystique from beginning with Charles in the mansion and ending with Charles in the mansion , but not as the same timid little girl we met in First Class . '' Kinberg was paid $8 million for writing the script , the same amount he received for X-Men : Days of Future Past . The plot was partially inspired by the 1986 X-Men story arc `` The Fall of the Mutants '' . Casting ( edit ) In October 2014 , casting for X-Men : Apocalypse began . In November , Singer confirmed that Oscar Isaac would portray Apocalypse . In January 2015 , Singer announced that Alexandra Shipp , Sophie Turner , and Tye Sheridan would portray young Storm , Jean , and Cyclops , respectively . The same month , Kinberg confirmed that Rose Byrne would reprise her role as Moira MacTaggert in the film . In February , Kodi Smit - McPhee was cast as Nightcrawler and Ben Hardy was cast in an unspecified role . In March , Singer announced that Lana Condor was cast as Jubilation Lee . In April , Singer confirmed that Hardy would portray Angel , Olivia Munn would portray Psylocke , and Lucas Till would return as Havok . In May , Singer announced that the mutant Caliban would appear in the film . In July , Hoult revealed on Conan that Josh Helman would return as William Stryker . In April 2016 , Hugh Jackman confirmed that he would make a cameo appearance as Wolverine . The Englefield House , Berkshire , England served as the X-Mansion . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography commenced on April 27 , 2015 , in Montreal , Canada . In late August , the first - unit production for the film wrapped . Additional filming took place in January 2016 . Australia - based Rising Sun Pictures provided , as it did for X-Men : Days of Future Past , the effects for Quicksilver 's time - stopping , quick motion effects in the mansion rescue scene , and also other effects , including when Cyclops splits Professor Xavier 's favorite tree in half . Aerial footage of snow - capped mountains as Stryker traveled in his helicopter to the secret base was provided by SmartDrones of St. Albert , Alberta , Canada . Music ( edit ) On March 2 , 2015 , it was announced that John Ottman , who composed the scores for X2 and X-Men : Days of Future Past , would return to write and compose the score for Apocalypse . On May 20 , 2016 , the official soundtrack was released as a digital download . In addition to Ottman 's score , the film features a remix of the second movement of Ludwig van Beethoven 's seventh symphony entitled `` Beethoven Havok '' and two songs contemporary to the film 's 1983 setting , `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' by Eurythmics and `` The Four Horsemen '' by Metallica . Marketing ( edit ) In July 2015 , Singer , Lee , Hugh Jackman and cast - members McAvoy , Fassbender , Lawrence , Isaac , Hoult , Munn , Peters , Smit - McPhee , Turner , Sheridan , Shipp , Condor , Till and Hardy gave a presentation at the 2015 San Diego Comic - Con International , together with the release of the film 's first teaser poster , featuring En Sabah Nur and a wreckage of the X-Mansion . Footage from the film was screened . In October 2015 , Mars Chocolate partnered with 20th Century Fox for the marketing of the film , using M&M chocolates in their promotional materials . The deal included retail displays and special packaging markings , TV and cinema commercials , and social media posts featuring M&M 's characters mixed with elements of the X-Men . The first image of M&M candies wearing Storm and Magneto costumes was released on the day of the announcement . In December 2015 , Kia Motors collaborated with 20th Century Fox to create a custom Kia Sportage to promote the film . Designed after Mystique , the car was revealed at the 2016 Australian Open . It is Kia 's second `` X-Car '' project after the Kia Sorento customized for the home media release of Days of Future Past and the 2015 Australian Open . A trailer released in the same month received criticism from Rajan Zed , a United States - based Hindu cleric , who stated that the part where Apocalypse claims himself to have been called `` Krishna '' was an offense to the Hindu religion , and demanded that Singer remove all references to Krishna from the trailer , and the film itself . The references to Krishna were removed from the film 's final cut . On January 4 , 2016 , Kia Motors released the first promo video of the car , featuring Spanish tennis player Rafael Nadal . Concerning the character Apocalypse , the director Bryan Singer has said , The way I describe him the most , the best is he to me is the God of the Old Testament and all that comes with that . If there is n't the order and the worship then I 'll open up the Earth and swallow you whole , and that was the God of the Old Testament . I started from there and when Oscar and I met we began discussing , since he is n't really God , he 's the first mutant perhaps , but he 's not God necessarily , he 's imbued with certain unique powers . Some of them may or may not be from this Earth , we do n't know . In April 2016 , Coldwell Banker partnered with 20th Century Fox to list the X-Mansion for $75 million . The fictional listing included a video tour of the mansion and stories of the home from the perspective of characters such as Charles Xavier and Scott Summers . The fake property was listed by agent Kala V. Rhomedren , an anagram for Raven Darkholme . That same month , Fox released a faux TV show called `` In the Footsteps of ... '' narrated by George Takei which is inspired by the classic TV series In Search of ... that focus on En Sabah Nur 's origins . In May 2016 , Fox released a faux TV Commercial for the Xavier School for Gifted Youngsters with Lana Condor as Jubilee . They also released a video voiced mail message a week later and a faux TV show called Fables of the Flush & Fabulous with Robin Leach which is inspired by Leach 's show Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous . Billboard controversy ( edit ) Billboards in Los Angeles and New York City promoting the film garnered controversy for showing an image of Apocalypse choking Mystique , with critics saying the ad advocates violence against women . Among those opposed to the material was actress Rose McGowan , who told The Hollywood Reporter : `` There is a major problem when the men and women at 20th Century Fox think casual violence against women is the way to market a film . There is no context in the ad , just a woman getting strangled . The fact that no one flagged this is offensive and frankly , stupid . '' In apologizing for the billboard , Fox said it intended to remove the image from circulation . Release ( edit ) X-Men : Apocalypse had its world premiere in London on May 9 , 2016 . The film was released in 20,796 screens across 76 international markets on May 18 , 2016 , one week before its North American debut . Apocalypse was issued both 3D and 2D formats , and in IMAX 3D in select international markets , using the DMR process . It opened in Korea on May 25 and in China on June 3 . It was released in Japan on August 11 . Home Media ( edit ) The film was released by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment on digital download on September 9 , 2016 , and on DVD , Blu - ray , 3D Blu - Ray and 4K Ultra HD Blu - ray on October 4 , 2016 . The film topped the national home video sales charts for the week ending on October 9 , 2016 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) X-Men : Apocalypse grossed $155.4 million in the U.S. and Canada and $388.5 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $543.9 million against a budget of $178 million . The film is the fourth - highest - grossing film in the X-Men series ( without adjusting for inflation ) , behind Deadpool , Logan , and X-Men : Days of Future Past . It made 27 % less than Days of Future Past . X-Men : Apocalypse opened in the United States on May 27 , 2016 alongside Alice Through the Looking Glass and was projected to gross around $80 million from 4,150 theaters in its opening weekend , and up to $100 million over the four - day Memorial Day weekend . It made $8.2 million from Thursday previews at 3,565 theaters ( better than its predecessor at $8.1 million ) . On its opening day it earned $26.4 million ( including previews ) , the fourth - lowest opening day amount of the franchise . In its opening weekend , it grossed $65.8 million . Over the four - day Memorial weekend it earned $79.8 million , including $9 million from 480 premium large format screens and $19 million from RealD screens . In its second weekend the film grossed $22.3 million ( a drop of 66.1 % ) , finishing second at the box office behind Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows . Elsewhere , X-Men : Apocalypse was released one week before the United States in 76 markets , and grossed $101.5 million from 20,796 screens over the May 18 weekend . It debuted at No. 1 in 71 of those markets , with IMAX contributing $5 million from 246 screens in 57 markets , while RealD took in $18.4 million . It broke opening records for Fox in the Philippines ( $4.9 million ) , India ( $3.4 million ) , Indonesia ( $3.1 million ) , Singapore ( $2.8 million ) , Thailand ( $2.7 million ) and Colombia ( $1.9 million ) , and had the biggest opening in the X-Men franchise in 33 markets , including Russia ( $6.5 million ) . Its top openings were the United Kingdom ( $10.5 million ) , Mexico ( $8.6 million ) , Brazil ( $6.6 million ) , Russia ( $6.5 million ) and France ( $5.9 million ) . It opened in China on June 3 and brought in $59 million , the second - largest Fox opening in China and $20 million more than Days of Future Past . It opened next in Japan on August 11 . Critical response ( edit ) X-Men : Apocalypse received mixed reviews from critics . On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 48 % based on 305 reviews , with an average rating of 5.7 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Overloaded action and a cliched villain take the focus away from otherwise strong performers and resonant themes , making X-Men : Apocalypse a middling chapter of the venerable superhero franchise . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 52 out of 100 , based on 48 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A − '' on an A+ to F scale . Ignatiy Vishnevetsky of The A.V. Club commented , `` Much of what makes X-Men : Apocalypse legitimately interesting also makes it frustrating and lopsided , since Singer and screenwriter - producer Simon Kinberg remain committed to the structure of an overlong comic - book blockbuster , complete with a climax in which the world has to be saved using as many different colors of energy beam as possible . '' Mike Ryan of Uproxx disparaged the film 's story as redundant and stale , arguing `` I get it : Life is hard for mutants . We all get it . It 's literally the only thing mutants ever seem to talk about . It is odd that other superheroes seem to get to have some fun , but never the X-Men . Here we are , 16 years later , and everyone involved is still sad . It feels repetitive . '' Scott Mendelson of Forbes wrote , `` X-Men : Apocalypse is the kind of weightless , soulless trifle of a bore that makes comic book superhero movies look bad and makes me not look forward to the next installment . '' Helen O'Hara of Empire criticized the performances of the main cast and stated that the film felt `` messier and heavier than Days of Future Past . '' On the other hand , Mick LaSalle from the San Francisco Chronicle gave the film a positive review , calling it `` a thinking person 's action movie '' and complimenting its high stakes . Richard Roeper called the film `` a visual feast '' and lauded its cast , saying `` Even the hardcore geeks who like to get their Comic - Con on might be feeling a little superhero fatigue right about now . Still . You owe it to yourself to see Quicksilver do his thing . '' Accolades ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Year Award Recipient ( s ) Result Ref . 2016 AACTA Awards Best Visual Effects or Animation John Dykstra , Matt Sloan , Blondel Aidoo , Stephen Hamilton , Tim Crosbie and Dennis Jones Nominated Hollywood Music in Media Awards Best Original Score -- Sci - Fi / Fantasy Film John Ottman Nominated Spike Guys ' Choice Awards Jean - Claude Gahd Dam Olivia Munn Won Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer Movie X-Men : Apocalypse Nominated Choice Movie : Hissy Fit Hugh Jackman Nominated Choice Movie : Scene Stealer Evan Peters Nominated Choice Movie : Breakout Star Alexandra Shipp Nominated 2017 Golden Tomato Awards Best Comic Book / Graphic Novel Movie 2016 X-Men : Apocalypse 4th Place People 's Choice Awards Favorite Movie Actress Jennifer Lawrence Won Favorite Action Movie Actress Nominated Favorite Action Movie X-Men : Apocalypse Nominated Saturn Awards Best Comic - to - Film Motion Picture X-Men : Apocalypse Nominated Best Director Bryan Singer Nominated Best Make - up Charles Carter , Rita Ciccozzi and Rosalina Da Silva Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Compositing in a Photoreal Feature `` Quicksilver Rescue '' -- Jess Burnheim , Alana Newell , Andy Peel and Matthew Shaw Nominated Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Squad James McAvoy , Alexandra Shipp , Sophie Turner , Jennifer Lawrence , Michael Fassbender , Nicholas Hoult , Evan Peters , Tye Sheridan , Ben Hardy , Kodi Smit - McPhee , Olivia Munn Nominated Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Dark Phoenix ( film ) In May 2016 , Simon Kinberg said the next X-Men film would be set in the 1990s . He separately said the post-credits scene mentioning the Essex Corporation was related to Logan , and that it could have ties to Gambit as well as the following X-Men film . Bryan Singer said he would be interested in having the villain Proteus in an X-Men film . He also said he will be stepping away from the franchise but could envision returning to it at a later date in some capacity . In February 2017 , Sophie Turner said production on the next film would begin soon . On April 22 , 2017 , 20th Century Fox announced that the film 's sequel , Dark Phoenix , is scheduled for release on February 14 , 2019 . In June 2017 , it was announced that Kinberg had signed on as director and that Lawrence , Fassbender , McAvoy , Hoult , Shipp , Turner , Sheridan , Smit - McPhee , Munn , and Peters would all be reprising their roles . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` X-Men : Apocalypse '' . British Board of Film Classification . May 9 , 2016 . 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Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Franich , Darren ( January 30 , 2015 ) . `` ' X-Men : Apocalypse ' : Rose Byrne returning as Moira MacTaggert -- Exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shirey , Paul ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Meet the X-Men : Apocalypse cast : Storm , Magneto , Cyclops , Psylocke & more ! '' . JoBlo.com . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2016 . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sharf , Zack ( July 24 , 2015 ) . `` Tye Sheridan on Getting Locked Up in ' Stanford Prison Experiment ' and Joining the ' X-Men ' '' . IndieWire . Retrieved August 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' X-Men : Apocalypse ' : Meet the new mutants '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Max ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones ' Sophie Turner says she was cast as Jean Grey in X-Men thanks to `` Dark Sansa '' `` . Retrieved August 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' X-Men Apocalypse ' Cast Photo : Sophie Turner Prepares For Jean Grey Role By Imitating Jennifer Lawrence Character Katniss Everdeen '' . Design & Trend . June 17 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2015 . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( July 17 , 2015 ) . `` X-Men : Apocalypse star Olivia Munn on Psylocke 's latex costume '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` X-Men : Apocalypse Star Olivia Munn Shows Off Sword Skills '' . ComingSoon.net . June 28 , 2015 . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Singer , Bryan ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` Bryan Singer on Instagram : `` Excited to welcome @ kodismitmcphee to the cast of # XmenApocalypse as young # Nightcrawler . '' `` . Instagram . Retrieved February 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Storm , Jean Grey , Nightcrawler , Armor and Cyclops in new X-Men : Apocalypse stills '' . Nerd Reactor . 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Jump up ^ Parfitt , Orlando ( September 26 , 2014 ) . `` X-Men Writer On Apocalypse Plot Twists , Quicksilver , Scarlet Witch And Much More ( Exclusive ) '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Retrieved February 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( September 22 , 2014 ) . `` Bryan Singer Set To Helm ' X-Men : Apocalypse ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` X-Men : Apocalypse : See concept art from director Bryan Singer 's new mutant sequel '' . Entertainment Weekly . July 3 , 2015 . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ White , James ( April 29 , 2015 ) . `` Exclusive : Bryan Singer Reveals New X-Men : Apocalypse Concept Art '' . ( Empire . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' X-Men : Apocalypse ' Is the `` Culmination '' of a Trilogy , Says Simon Kinberg `` . Collider . September 21 , 2015 . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McKittrick , Christopher ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` The Consistent Link : Simon Kinberg on X-Men : Apocalypse '' . CreativeScreenwriting.com . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2016 . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ THR Staff ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` Hollywood Salaries 2016 : Who Got Raises ( and Who Did n't ) , From Movie Stars to Showrunners '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chipman , Bob ( January 23 , 2016 ) . `` X-Men Apocalypse : Why Has Magneto Left His Powers Behind ? '' . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2016 . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Moran , Sarah ( October 11 , 2014 ) . `` ' X-Men : Apocalypse ' Casting is Underway '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Webb , Beth ( November 25 , 2014 ) . `` Oscar Isaac to play title villain in X-Men : Apocalypse '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Sophie Turner , Tye Sheridan , Alexandra Shipp join ' X-Men : Apocalypse ' '' . Variety . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 24 , 2015 ) . `` Ben Hardy Joins the Cast of ' X-Men : Apocalypse ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Singer , Bryan ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Bryan Singer on Instagram : `` I 'd officially like to welcome our newest mutant # JubilationLee , # Armor @ LanaCondor to # XMEN # Apocalypse '' `` . Instagram . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Singer , Bryan . `` Welcome back # lucastill # xmen # XmenApocalypse # jamesmcavoy # michaelfassbender # jenniferlawrence # nicholashoult # rosebyrne How time flies ! # XmenFirstClass '' . Instagram . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Singer , Bryan ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` Bryan Singer on Instagram : `` Excited to welcome @ oliviamunn as Betsy Braddock ! # Psylocke # XmenApocalypse # XMEN '' `` . Instagram . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` X-Men : Apocalypse will feature Marvel mutant Caliban '' . Newsbeat . BBC . May 27 , 2015 . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jamie , Lovett ( May 26 , 2015 ) . `` New X-Men : Apocalypse Official Set Photo Confirms Caliban '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Coco , Team . `` The `` X-Men : Apocalypse '' Cast 's Violent Games -- CONAN on TBS `` . YouTube . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hugh Jackman Just Teased an X-Men : Apocalypse Wolverine Cameo '' . Time . April 25 , 2016 . Retrieved May 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' X-Men : Apocalypse ' Begins Production ; First Official Look at Kodi Smit - McPhee as Nightcrawler '' . Screen Rant. April 27 , 2015 . Retrieved April 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jayson , Jay ( August 22 , 2015 ) . `` X-Men : Apocalypse Wraps Main Filming '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( November 1 , 2015 ) . `` X-Men : Apocalypse Headed Back to Montreal for Reshoots '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rising Sun Pictures Extends its Mastery Over Time in `` X-Men : Apocalypse '' `` . CG Society . June 6 , 2016 . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Faulder , Liane ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Latest X-Men movie features sky - high mountain footage by Edmonton - area drone company '' . Edmonton Journal . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` X-Men : Apocalypse ( 2016 ) '' . Soundtrack.Net . Jump up ^ `` X-Men : Apocalypse Poster Reveals The Movie 's Big Villain '' . / Film . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Oldham , Stuart . `` X-Men Apocalypse Trailer New , Cast Surprise Comic - Con '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` M&M 's Forms Partnership with X-Men : Apocalypse - IGN '' . IGN . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` X-Men Inspired Kia Sportage Created Ahead of Apocalypse '' . Kia Motors . December 22 , 2015 . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stoklosa , Alexander ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` Kia Sportage Dressed Up for `` X-Men : Apocalypse '' Is Itself an Apocalypse `` . Car and Driver . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lelinwalla , Mark ( December 24 , 2015 ) . `` Kia Builds Sportage SUV Inspired By Upcoming ' X-Men : Apocalypse ' Film '' . Tech Times . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Castillo , Gerard Jude ( December 31 , 2015 ) . `` The Kia Sportage crossover is the new X-Men car '' . Top Gear Philippines . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lord Krishna as a villain in X-Men Apocalypse ? At least these offended Hindus think so ! '' . India Today . Jump up ^ `` X Men : Apocalypse : Does the trailer really hurt Hindu religious sentiment ? '' . International Business Times , India Edition . December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Deleting inappropriate reference to Krishna in X-Men : Apocalypse welcomed '' . The Hans India . Jump up ^ Hines , Michael ( December 23 , 2015 ) . `` Can A Naked X-Men Character Make You Care About The Kia Sportage ? '' . CarBuzz.com . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the New Apocalypse ( Same As the Old One ) '' . Christianity Today . Jump up ^ `` Bryan Singer Elaborates On Apocalypse In New X-Men FIlm '' . MSN News . Jump up ^ Beer , Jeff ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Want To Buy The X-Men's School ? Coldwell Banker Real Estate Has the Listing '' . Fast Company . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gazdik , Tanya ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Coldwell Banker ' Lists ' X-Men Mansion For $75 Million '' . MediaPost . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Buss , Dale ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` X-Actly on Brand : 5 Questions with Coldwell Banker 's Sean Blankenship '' . Brandchannel . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hayes , Brett ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' X-Men : Apocalypse ' Video Explores En Sabah Nur 's Origins With the Help of George Takei '' . Screen Crush . Jump up ^ 20th Century Fox ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` In the Footsteps of ... En Sabah Nur '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` X-MEN : Apocalypse ( 2016 ) - Timeline - 20th Century Fox '' . Jump up ^ 20th Century Fox ( May 19 , 2016 ) . `` Xavier 's School for Gifted Youngsters TV Commercial '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ 20th Century Fox ( May 25 , 2016 ) . `` Fables of the Flush & Fabulous '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ 20th Century Fox ( May 27 , 2016 ) . `` Xavier 's School for Gifted Youngsters -- Voicemail Messages '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Fraser , Kevin ( May 25 , 2016 ) . `` Cool Videos : Fables of the Flush & Fabulous explore Charles Xavier 's mansion '' . JoBlo.com . Jump up ^ Hunt , Elle ( June 3 , 2016 ) . `` Rose McGowan criticises violent X-Men poster as ' offensive and frankly , stupid ' '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Fox apologises for X-Men billboards showing Jennifer Lawrence being strangled '' . The Guardian . June 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( May 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' X-Men : Apocalypse ' Dawns With $103.3 M ; ' Angry Birds ' Sings $55.5 M ; ' Zootopia ' # 4 Animated Pic Ever WW -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Huge new batch of X-Men : Apocalypse character posters lands '' . Empire . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' X-Men : Apocalypse ' : IMAX '' . May 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` X-Men Apocalypse to release in India a week before US '' . The Hindu . April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( July 17 , 2016 ) . `` X-Men : Apocalypse Comic - Con booth will let fans battle villain '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. ( 13 October 2016 ) . `` ' X-Men , ' ' Purge ' Sequels Debut in Top Two Spots on DVD , Blu - ray Disc Sales Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` X-Men Franchise '' . Box Office Mojo . June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( September 6 , 2016 ) . `` Summer Box - Office Revenue Hits $4.48 B Against the Odds : `` It 's Tough Out There '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' X-Men ' & ' Alice ' To Boost Memorial Day Weekend After Last Year 's Holiday Apocalypse '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 25 , 2016 ) . `` Box - Office Preview : ' X-Men : Apocalypse , ' ' Alice 2 ' Suit Up for Memorial Day Battle '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' X-Men : Apocalypse ' Inches Out ' Days Of Future Past ' On Thursday , On Track For Strong Memorial Day Opening '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 27 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' X-Men : Apocalypse ' Nabs Strong $8.2 M Thursday Night '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( May 28 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' X-Men : Apocalypse ' Scores Troubling $26.4 M Friday '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 29 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' X-Men : Apocalypse ' No. 1 With $80 M ; ' Alice Through the Looking Glass ' Bombs '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Why Nobody Chased ' Alice Through The Looking Glass ' : Memorial Day Box Office Postmortem '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Top 20 : ' X-Men ' Lags and ' Alice ' Flops '' . Associated Press . May 31 , 2016 . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Apocalypse ' & ' Alice ' Take A Dive On Saturday As Memorial Day B.O. Bloodbath Continues -- Late Night Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Ninja Turtles 2 ' Muscles Up On Saturday For OK Est . $35.3 M Opening ; ' Me Before You ' Opens To $18.3 M -- Sunday AM B.O. Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Ninja Turtles 2 ' Opens # 1 With Soft $35 M While ' Zootopia ' Crosses $1 Billion Worldwide '' . Box Office Mojo . June 5 , 2016 . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 3 big reasons ' X-Men : Apocalypse ' fell short of ' Days of Future Past ' at the box office '' . Hitfix . June 1 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` X-Men : Apocalypse ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes ( Fandango Media ) . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` X-Men : Apocalypse reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' X-Men : Apocalypse ' Firing Off $90 M , ' Alice ' Taking A Spill With $40 M Over 4 - Day Memorial Day Holiday '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vishnevetsky , Ignatiy . `` Apocalypse pits the strengths of the X-Men series against the weaknesses '' . The A.V. Club . Jump up ^ `` ' X-Men : Apocalypse ' Is A Waste Of A Perfectly Good Oscar Isaac '' . Uproxx . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' X-Men : Apocalypse ' Review : It 's A Franchise - Killing Disaster '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ O'Hara , Helen ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` X-Men : Apocalypse Review '' . Empire Online . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' X-Men : Apocalypse ' a thinking person 's action movie '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Quicksilver 's heroics rev up routine ' X-Men : Apocalypse ' '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AACTA awards return to Seven , new hair and makeup award announced '' . Inside Film . April 20 , 2016 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hacksaw Ridge leads with 13 AACTA nominations '' . Sky News . October 27 , 2016 . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake & Alexandre Desplat Among Winners At Hollywood Music In Media Awards '' . Deadline . November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Scores Three Hollywood Music in Media Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spike Guys ' Choice Awards 2016 - Winenrs '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Jessica ( July 31 , 2016 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2016 : See the full list of winners '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Tomato Awards - Best of 2016 '' . Rotten Tomatoes ( Fandango Media ) . January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2017 : Complete List of Nominations '' . E ! News . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Leads Visual Effects Society Feature Competition With 7 Nominations As ' Doctor Strange , ' ' Jungle Book ' Grab 6 Each '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kids ' Choice Awards 2017 : The Complete List '' . E ! News . March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` Simon Kinberg Confirms the Next X-Men Movie Will be Set in the ' 90s '' . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` X-Men : Apocalypse Post-Credits Scene Teased '' . Collider.com . May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` X-Men : Bryan Singer Wants to See Proteus in a Future Movie '' . ScreenRant.com . March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rottenberg , Josh ( May 30 , 2016 ) . `` ' X-Men ' director Bryan Singer reveals how he built the ' Apocalypse ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sophie Turner to start filming the new X-Men film soon and reveals a Game of Thrones update '' . HeyUGuys.com . February 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2017 . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . `` We 're about to start shooting the next X-Men , we 've just finished shooting Season 7 of ( Game of ) Thrones , and I 've got a couple of movies to do before X-Men starts . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` Dark Phoenix confirmed after X-Men : Apocalypse '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( March 26 , 2018 ) . `` 20th Century Fox Shuffles Release Dates For ' Bohemian Rhapsody ' , ' Dark Phoenix ' & More '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2018 . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` Fox Formalizes Simon Kinberg To Helm ' X-Men : Dark Phoenix ' ; Jennifer Lawrence , Michael Fassbender , James McAvoy Back , Jessica Chastain In Talks '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' X-Men : Dark Phoenix ' : Evan Peters Returning as Quicksilver ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2017 . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website X-Men : Apocalypse on IMDb X-Men : Apocalypse at Metacritic X-Men : Apocalypse at Rotten Tomatoes X-Men : Apocalypse at Box Office Mojo Wikiquote has quotations related to : X-Men : Apocalypse X-Men in other media Films Main series X-Men X2 X-Men : The Last Stand soundtrack X-Men : First Class X-Men : Days of Future Past X-Men : Apocalypse Dark Phoenix Wolverine X-Men Origins : Wolverine The Wolverine Logan Deadpool Deadpool soundtrack Deadpool 2 soundtrack Other films The New Mutants Development of Gambit Characters List of X-Men films cast members Television Animated Pryde of the X-Men X-Men characters episodes X-Men : Evolution characters episodes Wolverine and the X-Men episodes Marvel Anime : X-Men Live - action Generation X Mutant X episodes Legion season 1 `` Chapter 1 '' season 2 characters The Gifted season 1 `` eXposed '' `` rX '' season 2 characters Characters Firestar Spyke X-23 Video games X-Men Questprobe The Uncanny X-Men X-Men : Madness in Murderworld X-Men II : The Fall of the Mutants X-Men ( 1992 ) Spider - 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Man Spider - Man Spider - Man 2 Spider - Man 3 The Amazing Spider - Man The Amazing Spider - Man 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Spider - Man : Far From Home Thor Thor Thor : The Dark World Thor : Ragnarok Wolverine X-Men Origins : Wolverine The Wolverine Logan X-Men X-Men X2 X-Men : The Last Stand X-Men : First Class X-Men : Days of Future Past X-Men : Apocalypse Dark Phoenix Single films Howard the Duck Man - Thing Doctor Strange Black Panther Venom Captain Marvel The New Mutants Franchises from Marvel Comics imprints Kick - Ass Kick - Ass Kick - Ass 2 Kingsman Kingsman : The Secret Service Kingsman : The Golden Circle Men in Black Men in Black Men in Black II Men in Black 3 See also Marvel Studios Marvel Cinematic Universe films Marvel One - Shots Item 47 Agent Carter All Hail the King No Good Deed Team Thor Films directed by Bryan Singer Lion 's Den ( 1988 ) Public Access ( 1993 ) The Usual Suspects ( 1995 ) Apt Pupil ( 1998 ) X-Men ( 2000 ) X2 ( 2003 ) Superman Returns ( 2006 ) Valkyrie ( 2008 ) Jack the Giant Slayer ( 2013 ) X-Men : Days of Future Past ( 2014 ) X-Men : Apocalypse ( 2016 ) Bohemian Rhapsody ( 2018 ) Works by Simon Kinberg Written and directed Dark Phoenix ( 2019 ) Written only XXX : State of the Union ( 2005 ) Mr. & Mrs. Smith ( 2005 ) X-Men : The Last Stand ( 2006 ) Jumper ( 2008 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 2009 ) This Means War ( 2012 ) Abraham Lincoln : Vampire Hunter ( 2012 ) X-Men : Days of Future Past ( 2014 ) Fantastic Four ( 2015 ) X-Men : Apocalypse ( 2016 ) TV series created Star Wars Rebels ( 2014 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=X-Men:_Apocalypse&oldid=853898617 '' Categories : 2016 films English - 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Films set in Westchester County , New York Films shot in Montreal God in fiction Prequel films Science fiction adventure films Screenplays by Michael Dougherty Screenplays by Michael Dougherty and Dan Harris Screenplays by Simon Kinberg Screenplays by Bryan Singer Shapeshifting in fiction Films about telekinesis Teen superhero films X-Men films Bad Hat Harry Productions films Films produced by Bryan Singer Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2017 Comics navigational boxes purge Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 17 : 38 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays apocalypse in the movie x-men apocalypse | [
"James McAvoy as Charles Xavier / Professor X: A mutant pacifist and the world's most powerful telepath, who is the founder of Xavier's School for Gifted Youngsters and leads the team of mutants known as the X-Men, in order to protect humankind and battle against the deadly enemy within. McAvoy shaved his head for the role.[5]\nMichael Fassbender as Erik Lehnsherr / Magneto: A mutant Auschwitz survivor with the ability to control magnetic fields and manipulate metal, who was once Xavier's closest ally and best friend until his belief that mankind and mutantkind would never coexist led to their separation. He is globally infamous for attempting to assassinate U.S. President Richard Nixon on live broadcast 10 years prior. Bill Milner appears in archival footage as a Young Erik.\nJennifer Lawrence as Raven / Mystique: A mutant with shapeshifting abilities, globally renowned for saving Nixon's life 10 years prior. She is also Xavier's once closest ally and his adopted sister. Lawrence said, \"she hears about what happened to Erik and she wants to seek him out and help him.\"[6]\nOscar Isaac as En Sabah Nur / Apocalypse: Born in ancient times, and presumably the world's first mutant, he has a variety of destructive superhuman abilities, including telekinesis, cyberpathy, teleportation, and the ability to augment other mutants' abilities. Isaac described Apocalypse as the \"creative-slash-destructive force of the Earth.\" He added, \"When things start to go awry, or when things seem like they're not moving towards evolution, [Apocalypse] destroys those civilizations.\"[6] Isaac had to go through extensive makeup and prosthetics applications, and wore high-heeled boots to appear taller and a 40-pound suit. The full costume was uncomfortable, particularly in the humid environment of the outdoor scenes, which forced Isaac to go to a cooling tent between takes. Apocalypse's previous old-form (seen at the beginning of the film) was played by Berdj Garabedian, a 70-year-old Canadian real estate agent in his first credited film role.[7]\nNicholas Hoult as Hank McCoy / Beast: A mutant with leonine attributes, prehensile feet and superhuman physical abilities. Hank acts as a teacher in Xavier's school and he builds inventions for troubled students. He also built the X-Jet.[8]\nRose Byrne as Moira MacTaggert: A CIA operative who first met and fell in love with Xavier in X-Men: First Class, where he wiped portions of her memories of him and the X-Men at the end. Simon Kinberg said they are \"essentially, strangers\" when they meet in this film.[9]\nEvan Peters as Peter Maximoff / Quicksilver: A mutant who can move, think, and perceive at hypersonic speeds, and the son of Magneto. Describing the relationship between Quicksilver and Magneto, Peters stated, \"I have learned that he's my father at this point and I am trying to ... I don’t know what I can say. I'm trying to ... Yeah. It's like an adoptive child or any kind of child who has a strange father trying to ... He knows who he is now so he is trying to find him. He's been searching for him. It's been 10 years and he hasn't found him and then something happens.\"[10]\nTye Sheridan as Scott Summers / Cyclops: A mutant who fires destructive optic beams and wears a visor or sunglasses to stabilize and contain them, and who is the younger brother of Havok. Sheridan describes Cyclops as \"angry and a bit lost.\" He added, \"He's now learning about being a mutant and trying to handle his powers.\"[11]\nSophie Turner as Jean Grey: A mutant who is scared of her telepathic and telekinetic power, and one of Charles Xavier's most prized students.[12] Turner states that she was cast in the film because of the \"dark side\" of her character Sansa Stark in Game of Thrones. She compared Jean to Sansa and described being an outcast in the human world, who struggles with her power and gift, the same way Sansa, who wanted to live a normal life, felt.[13] Turner learned archery in preparation for the role.[14]\nOlivia Munn as Psylocke: A mutant with telepathic, telekinetic and psionic abilities. Her abilities also include projecting purple psychic energy, usually into the form of an energy blade that can burn through metal. Munn described Psylocke as \"very lethal, very powerful and very strong.\"[15] She practiced sword fighting in preparation for the role.[16]\nKodi Smit-McPhee as Kurt Wagner / Nightcrawler:[17] A German[12] teleporting mutant and one of Charles Xavier's new students. Singer said Nightcrawler is a source of comic relief.[18]\nAlexandra Shipp as Ororo Munroe / Storm: A young mutant orphan who can control weather. Storm is discovered by Apocalypse in Cairo. Shipp shaved her head partially, and sported a Mohawk for the role.[19][20]\nLucas Till as Alex Summers / Havok: A mutant who has the ability to absorb energy and release it with destructive force from his body, and the older brother of Cyclops.\nJosh Helman as Colonel William Stryker: A military officer who hates mutants and has, in the ten years since Days of Future Past, been developing his own plans for resolving \"the mutant problem”.[8]\nBen Hardy as Angel: A mutant with bird-like feathered wings, gaining metallic wings which can also be used as razor sharp projectiles as a result, similar to his Archangel counterpart in the comics.[21] Hardy practiced indoor skydiving in preparation for his role.[22]\nLana Condor as Jubilee: A mutant student at Charles's school who has the ability to create psionic energy plasmoids.[12][23] Discussing her first day on X-Men: Apocalypse, Condor says: \"I was very new and it was my first role. I'd never been on a set before or in front of a camera, so I didn't know what to expect. The first day we shot scenes in an 80s-themed mall with hundreds of extras in 80s gear, plus crew and cameras. It was surreal.\" She also discussed the character of Jubilee and how she became the mutant: \"It's a lot easier when you have the costume, as that helps bring everything to life. She has her iconic yellow jacket, which is a staple. It's very bold and confident, like her. A lot of her costumes are super 80s. I also listened to music from the 80s and that helped.\"[24]"
] | [
"Oscar Isaac"
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-3521918585010026343 | Chief Justice of India | Chief Justice of India - wikipedia Chief Justice of India Jump to : navigation , search Chief Justice of India Emblem of the Supreme Court of India Incumbent Justice Dipak Misra ( 28 August 2017 - 2 October 2018 ) Judiciary of India Abbreviation CJI Seat New Delhi Nominator Collegium of the Supreme Court Appointer President of india Term length till the age of 65 yrs Constituting instrument Constitution of India ( under Article 124 ) Formation 1950 First holder Justice H.J. Kania ( 26 January 1950 -- 6 November 1951 ) Website Supreme Court of India This article is part of a series on Judiciary of India Law of India Administration ( show ) Ministry of Justice Department of Legal Affairs Legislative Department Department of Justice Law Commission of India Civil courts ( show ) Supreme Court of India Chief Justice of India Judges of the Supreme Court High Courts of India Chief Justices of High Courts of India Judges of High Courts District Courts / Additional District Judge 's Courts Civil Judge ( Sr. Division ) 's Courts Civil Judge ( Jr . Division ) 's Courts Criminal courts ( show ) Supreme Court of India Chief Justice of India Judges of the Supreme Court High Courts of India Chief Justices of High Courts of India Judges of High Courts Courts of Session / Courts of Additional Sessions Judge Courts of Assistant Sessions Judge Chief Judicial Magistrate Additional Chief Judicial Magistrate Chief Metropolitan Magistrate Judicial Magistrate of First Class / Metropolitan Magistrate Special Judicial Magistrate Judicial Magistrate of Second Class Executive Court ( show ) Divisional Commissioner District Magistrate / Additional District Magistrate Sub-Divisional Magistrate Assistant Magistrate Special Executive Magistrate Legal profession ( show ) Bar Council Chairman ( BCI ) - Manan Kumar Mishra Attorney General of India Solicitor General of India Additional Solicitor General of India Advocates in India All India Bar Examination Legal education ( show ) Legal education in India Autonomous law schools in India List of law schools in India The Chief Justice of India ( CJI ) is the head of the judiciary of India and the Supreme Court of India . The CJI also heads their administrative functions . As head of the supreme court , the chief justice is responsible for the allocation of cases and appointment of constitutional benches which deal with important matters of law . In accordance with Article 145 of the Constitution of India and the Supreme Court Rules of Procedure of 1966 , the Chief Justice allocates all work to the other judges who are bound to refer the matter back to him or her ( for re-allocation ) in any case where they require it to be looked into by a larger bench of more judges . On the administrative side , the Chief Justice carries out the following functions : maintenance of the roster ; appointment of court officials and general and miscellaneous matters relating to the supervision and functioning of the Supreme Court . It has been an unbroken convention for decades now , to appoint the senior-most judge of the supreme court as the CJI . The present CJI is Justice Dipak Misra and is the 45th CJI since January 1950 , the year the Constitution came into effect and the supreme court came into being . He succeeded Justice Jagdish Singh Khehar on 28 August 2017 and will remain in office till 2 October 2018 , the day he retires on turning 65 years in age . Contents ( hide ) 1 Appointment 2 Removal 3 Acting President 4 List of Chief Justices of India 5 Remuneration 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Appointment ( edit ) Article 124 of the Constitution of India provides for the manner of appointing judges to the Supreme Court . Though no specific provision exists in the Constitution for appointing the Chief Justice , who , as a result , is appointed like the other judges conventionally , the outgoing CJI recommends the name of the senior-most judge ( i.e. by date of appointment to the Supreme Court ) for appointment by the President of India , as his successor . Once earlier , when prime minister Nehru wanted to see Justice M.C. Mahajan , next in line to become the CJI , superseded on Justice Patanjali Sastri 's retirement , three judges of the supreme court , including Justice Mukherjea , who Nehru wanted as the next Chief Justice , offered to resign . He relented before the judges and the convention of seniority in appointment was left undisturbed . On the contrary , this convention has been breached on a few occasions during the tenure of prime minister Indira Gandhi . She got Justice A.N. Ray appointed as CJI , superseding three judges senior to him allegedly because he had favoured her government , and when Justice H.R. Khanna was overlooked for the post for upholding the constitution as superior to her government 's acts and for curtailing her powers which she had arrogated to herself during the Emergency Removal ( edit ) Article 124 ( 4 ) of Constitution of India lays down the procedure for removal of a Judge of Supreme Court which is applicable to Chief Justice as well . Once appointed , the Chief Justice remains in s office until the age of 65 years . He can be removed only through a process of impeachment by Parliament as follows : A Judge of the Supreme Court shall not be removed from his office except by an order of the President passed after an address by each House of Parliament supported by a majority of the total membership of that House and by a majority of not less than two - thirds of the members of that House present and voting has been presented to the President in the same session for such removal on the ground of proved misbehaviour or incapacity . -- Article 124 ( 4 ) , Constitution of India , Source : Acting President ( edit ) The President ( Discharge of Functions ) Act , 1969 of India provides that the Chief Justice of India ( CJI ) shall act as the President of India in the event of the offices of both the President and the Vice President being vacant . When President Zakir Hussain died in office , the Vice President V.V. Giri , acted as the President . Later , Mr. Giri resigned as the Vice President . The CJI , Justice Mohammad Hidayatullah then became the acting President of India . The senior-most judge of the Supreme Court became the acting CJI . When the newly elected President took office a month later , Justice Hidayatullah reverted as the Chief Justice of India , List of Chief Justices of India ( edit ) Number Hon'ble Justice Mr . Period of office Length of term ( days ) Bar Appointed by the President of India H.J. Kania 000000001950 - 01 - 26 - 0000 26 January 1950 000000001951 - 11 - 06 - 0000 6 November 1951 649 Bombay High Court Rajendra Prasad M. Patanjali Sastri 000000001951 - 11 - 07 - 0000 7 November 1951 000000001954 - 01 - 03 - 0000 3 January 1954 788 Madras High Court Mehr Chand Mahajan 000000001954 - 01 - 04 - 0000 4 January 1954 000000001954 - 12 - 22 - 0000 22 December 1954 352 Punjab and Haryana High Court Bijan Kumar Mukherjea 000000001954 - 12 - 23 - 0000 23 December 1954 000000001956 - 01 - 31 - 0000 31 January 1956 404 Calcutta High Court 5 Sudhi Ranjan Das 000000001956 - 02 - 01 - 0000 1 February 1956 000000001959 - 09 - 30 - 0000 30 September 1959 1337 Calcutta High Court 6 Bhuvaneshwar Prasad Sinha 000000001959 - 10 - 01 - 0000 1 October 1959 000000001964 - 01 - 31 - 0000 31 January 1964 1583 Patna High Court 7 P.B. Gajendragadkar 000000001964 - 02 - 01 - 0000 1 February 1964 000000001966 - 03 - 15 - 0000 15 March 1966 773 Bombay High Court Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan 8 Amal Kumar Sarkar 000000001966 - 03 - 16 - 0000 16 March 1966 000000001966 - 06 - 29 - 0000 29 June 1966 105 Calcutta High Court 9 Koka Subba Rao 000000001966 - 06 - 30 - 0000 30 June 1966 000000001967 - 04 - 11 - 0000 11 April 1967 285 Madras High Court 10 Kailas Nath Wanchoo 000000001967 - 04 - 12 - 0000 12 April 1967 000000001968 - 02 - 24 - 0000 24 February 1968 318 Allahabad High Court 11 Mohammad Hidayatullah 000000001968 - 02 - 25 - 0000 25 February 1968 000000001970 - 12 - 16 - 0000 16 December 1970 1025 Bombay High Court Zakir Husain 12 Jayantilal Chhotalal Shah 000000001970 - 12 - 17 - 0000 17 December 1970 000000001971 - 01 - 21 - 0000 21 January 1971 35 Bombay High Court Varahagiri Venkata Giri 13 Sarv Mittra Sikri 000000001971 - 01 - 22 - 0000 22 January 1971 000000001973 - 04 - 25 - 0000 25 April 1973 824 Lahore High Court 14 Ajit Nath Ray 000000001973 - 04 - 26 - 0000 26 April 1973 000000001977 - 01 - 27 - 0000 27 January 1977 1372 Calcutta High Court 15 Mirza Hameedullah Beg 000000001977 - 01 - 28 - 0000 28 January 1977 000000001978 - 02 - 21 - 0000 21 February 1978 389 Allahabad High Court Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed 16 Yeshwant Vishnu Chandrachud 000000001978 - 02 - 22 - 0000 22 February 1978 000000001985 - 07 - 11 - 0000 11 July 1985 2696 Bombay High Court Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 17 Prafullachandra Natwarlal Bhagwati 000000001985 - 07 - 12 - 0000 12 July 1985 000000001986 - 12 - 20 - 0000 20 December 1986 526 Gujarat High Court Gyani Zail Singh 18 Raghunandan Swarup Pathak 000000001986 - 12 - 21 - 0000 21 December 1986 000000001989 - 06 - 18 - 0000 18 June 1989 940 Allahabad High Court 19 Engalaguppe Seetharamiah Venkataramiah 000000001989 - 06 - 19 - 0000 19 June 1989 000000001989 - 12 - 17 - 0000 17 December 1989 181 Karnataka High Court Ramaswamy Venkataraman 20 Sabyasachi Mukharji 000000001989 - 12 - 18 - 0000 18 December 1989 000000001990 - 09 - 25 - 0000 25 September 1990 281 Calcutta High Court 21 Ranganath Misra 000000001990 - 09 - 26 - 0000 26 September 1990 000000001991 - 11 - 24 - 0000 24 November 1991 424 Odisha High Court 22 Kamal Narain Singh 000000001991 - 11 - 25 - 0000 25 November 1991 000000001991 - 12 - 12 - 0000 12 December 1991 17 Allahabad High Court 23 Madhukar Hiralal Kania 000000001991 - 12 - 13 - 0000 13 December 1991 000000001992 - 11 - 17 - 0000 17 November 1992 340 Bombay High Court 24 Lalit Mohan Sharma 000000001992 - 11 - 18 - 0000 18 November 1992 000000001993 - 02 - 11 - 0000 11 February 1993 85 Patna High Court Shankar Dayal Sharma 25 Manepalli Narayana Rao Venkatachaliah 000000001993 - 02 - 12 - 0000 12 February 1993 000000001994 - 10 - 24 - 0000 24 October 1994 619 Karnataka High Court 26 Aziz Mushabber Ahmadi 000000001994 - 10 - 25 - 0000 25 October 1994 000000001997 - 03 - 24 - 0000 24 March 1997 881 Gujarat High Court 27 Jagdish Sharan Verma 000000001997 - 03 - 25 - 0000 25 March 1997 000000001998 - 01 - 17 - 0000 17 January 1998 298 Madhya Pradesh High Court 28 Madan Mohan Punchhi 000000001998 - 01 - 18 - 0000 18 January 1998 000000001998 - 10 - 09 - 0000 9 October 1998 264 Punjab and Haryana High Court Kocheril Raman Narayanan 29 Adarsh Sein Anand 000000001998 - 10 - 10 - 0000 10 October 1998 000000002001 - 01 - 11 - 0000 11 January 2001 824 Jammu and Kashmir High Court 30 Sam Piroj Bharucha 000000002001 - 01 - 11 - 0000 11 January 2001 000000002002 - 05 - 06 - 0000 6 May 2002 480 Bombay High Court 31 Bhupinder Nath Kirpal 000000002002 - 05 - 06 - 0000 6 May 2002 000000002002 - 11 - 08 - 0000 8 November 2002 186 Delhi High Court 32 Gopal Ballav Pattanaik 000000002002 - 11 - 08 - 0000 8 November 2002 000000002002 - 12 - 19 - 0000 19 December 2002 41 Odisha High Court A.P.J. Abdul Kalam 33 V.N. Khare 000000002002 - 12 - 19 - 0000 19 December 2002 000000002004 - 05 - 02 - 0000 2 May 2004 500 Allahabad High Court 34 S. Rajendra Babu 000000002004 - 05 - 02 - 0000 2 May 2004 000000002004 - 06 - 01 - 0000 1 June 2004 30 Karnataka High Court 35 Ramesh Chandra Lahoti 000000002004 - 06 - 01 - 0000 1 June 2004 000000002005 - 11 - 01 - 0000 1 November 2005 518 Madhya Pradesh High Court 36 Yogesh Kumar Sabharwal 000000002005 - 11 - 01 - 0000 1 November 2005 000000002007 - 01 - 13 - 0000 13 January 2007 438 Delhi High Court 37 K.G. Balakrishnan 000000002007 - 01 - 13 - 0000 13 January 2007 000000002010 - 05 - 11 - 0000 11 May 2010 1214 Kerala High Court 38 S.H. Kapadia 000000002010 - 05 - 12 - 0000 12 May 2010 000000002012 - 09 - 28 - 0000 28 September 2012 870 Bombay High Court Pratibha Patil 39 Altamas Kabir 000000002012 - 09 - 29 - 0000 29 September 2012 000000002013 - 07 - 18 - 0000 18 July 2013 292 Calcutta High Court Pranab Mukherjee 40 P. Sathasivam 000000002013 - 07 - 19 - 0000 19 July 2013 000000002014 - 04 - 26 - 0000 26 April 2014 281 Madras High Court 41 Rajendra Mal Lodha 000000002014 - 04 - 27 - 0000 27 April 2014 000000002014 - 09 - 27 - 0000 27 September 2014 153 Rajasthan High Court 42 H.L. Dattu 000000002014 - 09 - 28 - 0000 28 September 2014 000000002015 - 12 - 02 - 0000 2 December 2015 430 Karnataka High Court 43 T.S. Thakur 000000002015 - 12 - 03 - 0000 3 December 2015 000000002017 - 01 - 03 - 0000 3 January 2017 397 Jammu and Kashmir High Court 44 J.S. Khehar 000000002017 - 01 - 04 - 0000 4 January 2017 000000002017 - 08 - 27 - 0000 27 August 2017 235 Punjab and Haryana High Court 45 Dipak Misra 000000002017 - 08 - 28 - 0000 28 August 2017 2 October 2018 19 Odisha High Court Ram Nath Kovind - Date of Resignation - Date of Death Remuneration ( edit ) The Constitution of India gives the power of deciding remuneration as well as other conditions of service of the Chief Justice to the Parliament of India . Accordingly , such provisions have been laid down in The Supreme Court Judges ( Salaries and Conditions of Service ) Act , 1958 . This remuneration was revised in 2006 - 2008 , after the sixth central pay commission 's recommendation . See also ( edit ) List of Chief Justices of India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court of India - CJI & Sitting Judges '' . Retrieved 4 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court of India Retired Hon'ble the Chief Justices ' of India '' . Retrieved 4 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Narasimham , RL , Justice ( CJ , Orissa H.C. ) . `` Chief Justice Sinha - A Review of Some of His Decisions ( page 5 of 8 ) '' ( PDF ) . Indian Law Institute . Jump up ^ Saxena , Namit ( 23 December 2016 ) . `` New Captain Of The Ship , Change In Sailing Rules Soon ? '' . Live Law . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Alok ( 26 November 2010 ) . `` How India missed getting its first woman Chief Justice India '' . Critical Twenties . Retrieved 4 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Article 124 , Constitution of India '' . Vakilno1.com . Archived from the original on 26 December 2010 . Retrieved 11 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Venkatesan , J. ( 4 November 2015 ) . `` TS Thakur to succeed HL Dattu as new Chief Justice of India '' . Asian Age . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seniority as the Norm to Appoint India 's Chief Justice is a Dubious Convention '' . The WIre . Retrieved 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 4 October 2009 . Retrieved 16 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Only CJ to ever serve as Vice-President of India , and later Acting President of India . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court of India - LIST OF RETIRED HON'BLE CHIEF JUSTICES '' . supremecourtofindia.nic.in . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The High Court and Supreme Court Judges Salaries and Conditions of Service Amendment Bill 2008 '' ( PDF ) . PRS India . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court Judges ( Salaries and Conditions of Service ) Act 1958 '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Home Affairs , India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 January 2011 . Retrieved 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/vikas_doc/docs/1241592662~~1230018357_The_High_Court_and_Supreme_Court_Judges__Salaries_and_Conditions_of_Service__Amendment_Bill__2008.pdf External links ( edit ) Official website of Supreme Court of India Photo Gallery of Former Chief Justices of India ( hide ) Judiciary of India Supreme Court Supreme Court of India Chief Justice of India List of Chief Justices of India List of sitting judges High Courts High Courts of India Chief Justices of High Courts of India District Courts District Courts of India List of district courts of India Judicial Magistrate of First Class Courts of Judicial Magistrate of First Class Gram Nyayalayas Judicial Magistrate of Second Class Courts of Judicial Magistrate of Second Class Constitution Constitution of India Law of India Indian Penal Code Appointment of Judges National Judicial Appointments Commission Collegium System Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chief_Justice_of_India&oldid=800958856 '' Categories : Lists of judges Supreme Court of India Indian judges Chief Justices of India Lists of Indian people Law lists by country Judiciary of India Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2017 Pages incorrectly using the quote template Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ संस्कृतम् Simple English தமிழ் తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 19 : 58 . About Wikipedia | who is appointed the chief justice of india | [
"It has been an unbroken convention for decades now, to appoint the senior-most judge of the supreme court as the CJI.[5]"
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"the senior-most judge of the supreme court"
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-4137643385271080267 | Star Trek Beyond | Star Trek Beyond - wikipedia Star Trek Beyond Star Trek Beyond Theatrical release poster Directed by Justin Lin Produced by J.J. Abrams Roberto Orci Lindsey Weber Justin Lin Written by Simon Pegg Doug Jung Based on Star Trek by Gene Roddenberry Starring John Cho Simon Pegg Chris Pine Zachary Quinto Zoe Saldana Karl Urban Anton Yelchin Idris Elba Music by Michael Giacchino Cinematography Stephen F. Windon Edited by Kelly Matsumoto Dylan Highsmith Greg D'Auria Steven Sprung Production companies Skydance Media Bad Robot Productions Sneaky Shark Productions Perfect Storm Entertainment Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date July 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 07 ) ( Sydney ) July 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 22 ) ( United States ) Running time 122 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $185 million Box office $343.5 million Star Trek Beyond is a 2016 American space opera film directed by Justin Lin and written by Simon Pegg and Doug Jung , based on the television series Star Trek created by Gene Roddenberry . It is the thirteenth film in the Star Trek film franchise and the third installment in the reboot series , following Star Trek ( 2009 ) and Star Trek Into Darkness ( 2013 ) . Chris Pine and Zachary Quinto reprise their respective roles as Captain James T. Kirk and Commander Spock , with Pegg , Karl Urban , Zoe Saldana , John Cho , and Anton Yelchin reprising their roles from the previous films . This was one of Yelchin 's last films before his death in June 2016 . Idris Elba , Sofia Boutella , Joe Taslim , and Lydia Wilson also appear . Principal photography began in Vancouver on June 25 , 2015 . The film premiered in Sydney on July 7 , 2016 , and was released in the United States on July 22 , 2016 , by Paramount Pictures . The film is dedicated to the memory of Yelchin , as well as to actor Leonard Nimoy , who died during pre-production . The film grossed $343.5 million at the box office and received generally positive reviews from critics , with many praising its performances , action scenes , musical score , visual effects , and its tributes to Yelchin and Nimoy . At the 89th Academy Awards , the film was nominated for Best Makeup and Hairstyling . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Screenplay 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Music 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.1. 1 North America 5.1. 2 Outside North America 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 Sequel 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Three years into its mission , the USS Enterprise arrives at Yorktown , a massive space station , for resupply and shore leave for her crew . Struggling to find meaning in their endless exploration , Captain James T. Kirk has applied for a promotion to vice admiral ; he recommends Spock as his replacement . Meanwhile , Hikaru Sulu reunites with his family , Montgomery Scott works to keep the ship operational , and Spock and Nyota Uhura amicably end their relationship ; Spock also receives word from New Vulcan that Ambassador Spock , his counterpart from the original timeline , has died . The Enterprise is sent on a rescue mission after an escape pod drifts out of a nearby uncharted nebula . Its occupant , Kalara , claims her ship is stranded on Altamid , a planet in the nebula . As the Enterprise exits an asteroid field within the nebula , a massive swarm of small ships ambushes and quickly overwhelms the starship , disconnecting the ship 's warp nacelles in a matter of seconds . The swarm 's leader , Krall , and his crew board the crippled Enterprise , capture and kill many crew members , and recover a relic , the Abronath , that Kirk had recently obtained . Scotty manages to restore enough power for the ship to attempt to flee , but Krall orders his swarm to destroy the Enterprise , and they smash the ship in half . Kirk , having recovered the Abronath , orders the crew to abandon ship , leaving the remains of the Enterprise to crash on Altamid . On the planet , Krall captures Sulu , Uhura and other survivors . Kirk and Pavel Chekov , accompanied by Kalara , locate the Enterprise 's saucer section . Realising that Kalara knew they would be attacked , they trick her into revealing herself as Krall 's spy . To escape Krall 's soldiers , Kirk and Chekov use the ship 's thrusters to flip the saucer over , and Kalara is killed in the maneuver . Elsewhere on the planet , Dr. Leonard McCoy and a wounded Spock search for other survivors . Spock explains to McCoy that the tension he witnessed between him and Uhura at Yorktown was due to his intention to leave Starfleet to help the Vulcan survivors , and continue the late Ambassador Spock 's work . Jaylah , a scavenger who previously escaped Krall 's encampment , rescues Scott and takes him to her makeshift home , the grounded USS Franklin , an early Starfleet vessel reported missing over a century earlier . Scott is reunited with Kirk , Chekov , McCoy and Spock . Threatening to kill the crew , Krall coerces Ensign Syl to hand over the Abronath that she had concealed for Kirk , then uses it on her to demonstrate an ancient bioweapon that can disintegrate any humanoid . With the device complete , Krall intends to kill Yorktown 's inhabitants , then use the base to attack the Federation . Kirk and the others free the crew as Krall launches into space with the bioweapon , leading his drones to Yorktown . As the Enterprise survivors power up the Franklin and launch her in pursuit of Krall , they deduce that such a massive swarm must coordinate its attacks via radio signals , specifically on the VHF frequency . Scott transports Spock and McCoy into one of the swarm ships to seize control of it . Matching the swarm 's frequency , they jam and disorient the swarm by broadcasting the 1994 song `` Sabotage '' by the Beastie Boys , destroying almost the entire fleet . Krall and his three surviving ships , one of which contains Spock and McCoy , are chased by the Franklin through Yorktown . The chase ends at the station 's headquarters , where the Franklin 's sudden appearance causes the three ships to smash into it . As Krall flees into the starbase , Uhura and Kirk discover from the Franklin 's logs that he is actually Balthazar Edison , former captain of the Franklin . A pre-Federation human soldier , Edison rejected the Federation 's principles of unity and cooperation with former enemies like the Xindi . When he and his crew were stranded on Altamid by a wormhole , the three survivors used the extinct natives 's technology to prolong their lives at the cost of the others , and re-purposed the ancient race 's dormant drone workers into the swarm . Thinking the Federation had abandoned them , Edison planned to destroy the Federation and resume galactic conflict . Kirk pursues Edison into Yorktown 's ventilation system , where Edison activates the bioweapon . Before it can activate , Kirk ejects it and Edison into space , where the weapon consumes Edison . Using the alien ship they commandeered , Spock and McCoy save Kirk moments before he is also blown into space . In the aftermath , Commodore Paris closes the files of Captain Edison and the USS Franklin crew . Kirk decides to keep his position as the Enterprise 's captain ; Spock chooses to remain in Starfleet , and begins to renew his relationship with Uhura . On Kirk 's recommendation , Jaylah is accepted into Starfleet Academy . As the crew celebrates Kirk 's birthday , they watch the construction of their new ship , the USS Enterprise - A -- and when the ship is completed , they resume their mission . Cast ( edit ) The film pays tribute to Leonard Nimoy and Anton Yelchin , both of whom died before the film 's release . Chris Pine as Captain James T. Kirk , commanding officer of the USS Enterprise Zachary Quinto as Commander Spock , first officer and science officer Karl Urban as Dr. Leonard `` Bones '' McCoy , chief medical officer Simon Pegg as Montgomery `` Scotty '' Scott , second officer and chief engineer Zoe Saldana as Lieutenant Nyota Uhura , communications officer John Cho as Hikaru Sulu , third officer and helmsman Anton Yelchin as Pavel Chekov , the ship 's main navigator Sofia Boutella as Jaylah , an alien scavenger Idris Elba as Krall / Balthazar Edison , a powerful mutated alien warlord and the former captain of the USS Franklin Joe Taslim as Manas / Anderson Le , Krall 's henchman and second - in - command Lydia Wilson as Kalara / Jessica Wolff , Krall 's henchwoman and scout Sara Forsberg as Alien voice - over Deep Roy as Keenser , Scotty 's diminutive alien assistant Melissa Roxburgh as Ensign Syl , an alien Enterprise crewmember Shohreh Aghdashloo as Commodore Paris , commanding officer of Starbase Yorktown Greg Grunberg as Commander Finnegan , Yorktown first officer Danny Pudi as Fi'Ja Kim Kold as Zavanko Anita Brown as Tyvanna Doug Jung as Ben Dan Payne as Wadjet Shea Whigham as Teenaxi Leader ( voice ) Jeff Bezos appears as an alien Starfleet crew member . Leonard Nimoy appears in two photo cameos as Spock Prime -- individually , and alongside George Takei , Walter Koenig , William Shatner , James Doohan , DeForest Kelley , and Nichelle Nichols as the Prime versions of Sulu , Chekov , Kirk , Scott , McCoy , and Uhura , respectively . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Abrams returned only as a producer so he could focus on directing Star Wars : The Force Awakens . Writer - producer Roberto Orci was announced as director in May 2014 . He would have been making his directorial debut . However , in December , Orci 's role was also listed as a producer only , with Edgar Wright considered to replace him as director , along with a shortlist of others , including Rupert Wyatt , Morten Tyldum , Daniel Espinosa , Justin Lin and Duncan Jones . Also , Star Trek actor and director Jonathan Frakes expressed interest in the job . At the end of the month , Lin was announced as director of the third installment . Screenplay ( edit ) In 2013 , Orci had begun writing the script with Patrick McKay and J.D. Payne , with Payne saying of the script in March , `` We really want to get back to the sense of exploration and wonder . The kind of optimistic sense of the future that Star Trek has always kind of had at its core . It 's the Chicago Bulls in space , in terms of these people who are all awesome at their job . '' In January 2015 , after Orci 's departure as director , Simon Pegg and Doug Jung were hired to rewrite the screenplay , with Pegg saying on the previous draft , Paramount `` had a script for Star Trek that was n't really working for them . I think the studio was worried that it might have been a little bit too Star Trek - y . '' Pegg had been asked to make the new film `` more inclusive '' , stating that the solution was to `` make a western or a thriller or a heist movie , then populate that with Star Trek characters so it 's more inclusive to an audience that might be a little bit reticent . '' Casting ( edit ) The first film 's major cast members signed on for two sequels as part of their original deals . In 2014 , early in the film 's development , William Shatner said that he was contacted by producer Abrams to see if he would be interested in a possible role , but as the process continued and the script changed hands , the role never materialized . Alice Eve was not included in the film despite her character having joined the Enterprise crew at the end of the last installment , because Pegg , in writing the script , did not have anything meaningful for her to do ; however , he stressed that Eve could appear in a later installment . Joseph Gatt 's cyborg Science Officer 0718 was dropped from the film after a rewrite . In March 2015 , Idris Elba was in early talks to play the villain , and he was confirmed for the role in the following months . Pegg noted that the villain would be an original one , rather than a known antagonist from past stories in the Star Trek franchise . In April , Sofia Boutella joined the cast in a lead role , and in early July , Deep Roy was confirmed to reprise his role of Keenser . That month , Joe Taslim was added to the cast opposite Elba 's villain , and by August , Lydia Wilson joined as well . In March 2016 , Shohreh Aghdashloo was cast as Admiral Paris for reshoots on the film . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began on June 25 , 2015 , in Vancouver , and Squamish , British Columbia , after several delays caused by multiple script rejections . Additional filming locations were Seoul , South Korea , and Dubai , United Arab Emirates . Principal filming ended on October 15 , 2015 . In March 2016 , production underwent reshoots , with Aghdashloo added to the cast . Music ( edit ) Main article : Star Trek Beyond ( soundtrack ) In August 2015 , composer Michael Giacchino confirmed that he would return to write the score . On June 26 , 2016 , singer Rihanna released a teaser across her social media accounts for a single for the film entitled `` Sledgehammer '' , and the song premiered the following day . Release ( edit ) The film was released in 2D , RealD3D , IMAX 3D and Barco Escape . In August 2014 , it was announced that Paramount had pushed back the release of the film to 2016 , for the 50th anniversary celebration of the debut of Gene Roddenberry 's original sci - fi series . In December , it was announced that the film was to be released on July 8 , 2016 . In September 2015 , the film 's release date was pushed back to July 22 , 2016 . The film was released in Dolby Cinema format in selected theaters . The film had its Australian premiere in Sydney on July 7 . Marketing ( edit ) A teaser trailer for the film was released on December 14 , 2015 , and was criticized by some fans for focusing too much on action , and for featuring the Beastie Boys song `` Sabotage '' , which many considered out of place , despite its use in the first film of the rebooted series . Pegg expressed similar thoughts of dissatisfaction with the teaser , saying that he `` did n't love it '' because `` I know there 's a lot more to the film . '' He interpreted the trailer to be a way of the marketing team saying , `` Come and see this movie ! It 's full of action and fun ! '' A second trailer was released on May 20 , 2016 , to warmer reviews . A third and final trailer was released on June 27 , 2016 , featuring Rihanna 's single `` Sledgehammer '' . Home Media ( edit ) Star Trek Beyond was released on Digital HD on October 4 , 2016 , and on Blu - ray and DVD on November 1 , 2016 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Star Trek Beyond underperformed financially at the box office . Scott Mendelson of Forbes observed that one factor contributing to the film 's underperformance was its untimely release in a crowded summer in which it was surrounded by other films like Ghostbusters , Jason Bourne and Suicide Squad . He also noted that had Paramount released the film for the Star Trek 's 50th anniversary on September 8 , the film could have benefited from that occasion , as demonstrated in October 2012 when MGM released the James Bond film Skyfall ( which went on to gross over $1 billion ) for that series ' 50th anniversary . Star Trek Beyond grossed $158.8 million in the United States and Canada and $184.6 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $343.5 million , against a production budget of $185 million . It had a global opening of $89.2 million and an IMAX opening of $11.6 million on 571 IMAX screens . Industry analyst Danny Cox had previously estimated that in order for the film to break even , it would have to earn $340 -- 350 million worldwide , and ended losing an estimated $50.5 million . North america ( edit ) In the United States and Canada , the film was projected to gross $50 -- 60 million in its opening weekend . It opened alongside Ice Age : Collision Course and Lights Out , but critics noted that the film did not face any direct competition with them . It opened across 3,928 theaters , of which 391 were IMAX . It made $5.5 million from Thursday previews from 3,100 theaters , an improvement over its two immediate predecessors . Of that , the film grossed $1.1 million on 387 IMAX screens . This includes revenues generated from Wednesday night , when Paramount screened all Star Trek films , which concluded with a 10pm screening of Beyond . On its opening day , it earned $22.5 million , which is the second - biggest among the franchise , only behind Star Trek ( $30.9 million ) , the third - biggest opening day of the summer for a live - action film and the second - biggest opening day of the year for a non-comic book superhero live - action film , behind only The Jungle Book . It earned $59.3 million in its opening weekend , which is the third - biggest debut among the franchise but the lowest of the reboot series ( behind Star Trek and Star Trek Into Darkness for both ) . Adjusted for inflation , it ranks fourth behind the aforementioned films and Star Trek : First Contact ( $60 million ) . It performed exceptionally well in IMAX making $8.7 million in 387 IMAX screens . The film came in 14 % lower than the opening of its immediate predecessor , Star Trek Into Darkness , but box office experts noted that the fall was mild in comparison to other sequels of 2016 and is still considered a hit . It dropped precipitously by 69 % on its second Friday and was overtaken by newcomer spy film Jason Bourne , earning $6.75 million . By comparison , Star Trek dropped 56 % on its first Friday while Star Trek into Darkness fell 53 % . However , this was not the worst Friday - to - Friday drop for a Star Trek film , as Star Trek : Nemesis plunged 83 % on its second Friday due to negative word - of - mouth and heavy competition from The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers . By the second and third weekend following the film 's release , box office revenue continued to drop significantly due to the release of competing films like Jason Bourne and Suicide Squad . Outside North america ( edit ) Internationally , the film received a scattered release pattern and was released across approximately 76 markets . It opened in 37 markets in conjunction with its North American release in its first weekend , including in the United Kingdom , Germany and Australia -- territories where the franchise has traditionally performed well . It earned a total of $30 million from the said number of markets which is slightly lower than Star Trek Into Darkness ' $31.7 million international debut in 2013 . Paramount said that the heatwave in Europe negatively impacted the weekend 's results . Beyond debuted at first place in 16 of them and recorded the biggest opening weekend ever for the franchise in 17 markets , including Russia , Taiwan and Thailand . It debuted in third place overall at the international box office , behind Skiptrace and The Legend of Tarzan . Beyond set numerous records in IMAX theaters . Led by very strong results in the UK and Russia , it grossed an estimated weekend of $3.2 million on 184 screens besting Star Trek Into Darkness ' $2.8 million debut . In its second weekend , it fell drastically by 57 % earning $13 million . As a result , it slipped into sixth place at the box office . After fluctuating up and down the charts , it finally topped the international box office in its seventh weekend due to a robust debut in China and remained at the top for the second weekend in a row . The highest international tallies were recorded in the United Kingdom , Ireland and Malta ( $6.1 million ) , South Korea ( $5.6 million ) , Germany ( $4.5 million ) , Russia and the CIS ( $3.3 million ) , Australia ( $3 million ) , France ( $2.1 million ) , Mexico ( $1.5 million ) , Brazil ( $1.6 million ) , Venezuela ( $1.4 million ) and Taiwan ( $1 million ) . In the United Kingdom , where the performance of the franchise has been consistently solid , it was edged out by the family film The BFG . Its £ 4.74 million ( $6.2 million ) opening from 535 theaters is the lowest among the rebooted series and a 31 % decline from the £ 8.43 million ( $11 million ) opening posted by Star Trek Into Darkness , if previews are deducted . The Guardian cited J.J. Abrams ' departure as the director and fans ' unenthusiastic response to Idris Elba as the villain ( in comparison to Benedict Cumberbatch in Star Trek Into Darkness ) as some possible reasons why the film failed to generate lucrative revenue . The site also projected a total gross of around £ 20 million ( $26 million+ ) for the film . It opened in China on September 2 , and earned an estimated $9.30 million on its opening day ( representing 66 % of the total marketplace ) , including $370,000 in midnight preview showings which is 160 % larger than the opening day of Star Trek Into Darkness and $21.8 million in two days . In total , it had an opening weekend of $31.3 million ( per Paramount ) and $30.7 million ( according to Chinese box office service Ent Group ) from 6,259 screens , marking the biggest Star Trek debut in country which is 105 % bigger than the opening of Star Trek Into Darkness . It was the only one of five new releases to make any impression on the chart . It remained at the top of the box office for a second weekend by adding another $10.1 million ( according to Chinese data provider Ent Group ) , or $11.37 million ( according to Paramount ) from 5,830 locations from Friday to Sunday , a steep decline of 62.6 % from its previous weekend . It fell out of the top 10 in its third weekend , and has grossed a total of $64.2 million there . It is projected the film will end its run there anywhere around $70 -- 100 million , a disappointing figure considering the robust marketing effort by investors Alibaba Pictures and Huahua Media . Thus , the film is the second Paramount film to underperform in that corner following Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows in July . In terms of total earnings , its biggest offshore markets are the United Kingdom ( $13.3 million ) , Germany ( $8.6 million ) , Russia and the CIS ( $5.5 million ) and Australia ( $5.2 million ) . Star Trek Beyond opened in Japan on October 21 , where it has earned $4.9 million as of 17 November 2016 . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 85 % based on 278 reviews , with an average rating of 7 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Star Trek Beyond continues the franchise 's post-reboot hot streak with an epic sci - fi adventure that honors the series ' sci - fi roots without skimping on the blockbuster action . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 68 out of 100 , based on 50 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale , down from the first two films ' `` A '' . Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 3 stars out of 4 and said , `` Even with its big - screen pyrotechnics and its feature - length running time , Star Trek Beyond plays like an extended version of one of the better episodes from the original series , and I mean that in the best possible way . '' Scott Collura of IGN awarded the film 8.4 / 10 , describing it as being : `` terrific , a fun and exciting entry in the series that balances subtle fan service while also feeling fresh and modern ; Star Trek Beyond is the perfect way to celebrate the series ' 50th anniversary . '' David Rooney of The Hollywood Reporter said the screenplay by Simon Pegg and Doug Jung `` injects a welcome strain of humor that 's true to the original Gene Roddenberry creation , delivering nostalgia without stiff veneration '' , and went on by saying , `` While Beyond wo n't unseat 1982 's thrilling The Wrath of Khan as the gold standard for Star Trek movies , it 's a highly entertaining entry guaranteed to give the franchise continuing life . '' Owen Gleiberman of Variety , in an otherwise positive review , described the film being : `` a very familiar , old - fangled , no - mystery structure , and that 's because it 's basically the Star Trek version of an interplanetary action film , with a plot that does n't take you to many new frontiers . '' Furthermore , he called Star Trek Beyond `` a somewhat diverting place holder , but one hopes that the next Star Trek movie will have what it takes to boldly go where no Star Trek movie has gone before . '' Mark Hugues of Forbes said , `` Star Trek Beyond is the third - best Star Trek film of all time , creating the sort of emotional connection and familiar , powerful characterizations we loved in the original series while delivering top - notch action and the best Star Trek movie villain since First Contact 's Borg Queen . '' Despite its international success , Star Trek Beyond was met by critics who were less taken with the film . Kyle Smith of the New York Post gave the film 11⁄2 stars out of 4 and he commented that the filmmakers `` should have called it Star Trek Into Drowsiness . '' Smith later added , `` Beyond is tepid when it 's trying to be emotional , moronic when it 's trying to be thrilling and unfunny when it 's trying to be non-unfunny . It lacks a storytelling module : Things just click into place when needed , as when Kirk commands Scotty to rev up a busted old spaceship , Scott says it 's impossible , and 14 seconds later everything is ready to rip . '' James Berardinelli of Reelviews gave 21⁄2 stars out of 4 , writing : `` Star Trek Beyond is a Star Trek movie , although not an especially good one ; The action sequences are frenetic , kinetic , and at times incoherent . This is n't unexpected ; it 's Lin 's trademark . But the plot , credited to Simon Pegg & Doug Jung , is pure Trek . Unfortunately , it 's also instantly forgettable . '' Dave Robinson of outlet Crash Landed writes that `` Star Trek Beyond fails to push beyond its own roots and becomes just another very safe sci - fi popcorn movie in an increasingly crowded market , that will likely have you leaving the theatre feeling exactly as you entered . '' Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a C+ and wrote , `` ( w ) ith Beyond , it feels like just another summer tentpole with not enough going on underneath the tent . '' Accolades ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Award Date of ceremony Category Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) Academy Awards February 26 , 2017 Best Makeup and Hairstyling Joel Harlow and Richard Alonzo Nominated Critics Choice Awards December 11 , 2016 Best Sci - Fi / Horror Movie Star Trek Beyond Nominated Best Hair and Makeup Star Trek Beyond Nominated Empire Awards March 19 , 2017 Best Make - Up and Hairstyling Star Trek Beyond Nominated GLAAD Media Award April 1 , 2017 Outstanding Film -- Wide Release Star Trek Beyond Nominated Golden Tomato Awards January 12 , 2017 Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy Movie 2016 Star Trek Beyond 5th Place Golden Trailer Awards May 4 , 2016 Best Teaser `` Impossible '' Nominated Hollywood Music in Media Awards November 17 , 2016 Best Song -- Sci - Fi / Fantasy Film `` Sledgehammer '' -- Sia Furler , Robyn Fenty and Jesse Shatkin Nominated Jupiter Awards March 29 , 2017 Best International Actor Chris Pine Nominated Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards March 11 , 2017 Best Villain Idris Elba Nominated Favorite Butt - Kicker Zoe Saldana Nominated BFFs ( Best Friends Forever ) Chris Pine and Zachary Quinto Nominated Make - Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild February 19 , 2017 Feature - Length Motion Picture -- Special Make - Up Effects Joel Harlow and Richard Alonzo Won Saturn Awards June 28 , 2017 Best Science Fiction Film Star Trek Beyond Nominated Best Actor Chris Pine Nominated Best Supporting Actor Zachary Quinto Nominated Best Make - up Joel Harlow and Monica Huppert Won Teen Choice Awards July 31 , 2016 Choice AnTEENcipated Movie Star Trek Beyond Nominated Choice Movie Actor : AnTEENcipated Chris Pine Nominated Choice Movie Actress : AnTEENcipated Zoe Saldana Nominated Visual Effects Society February 7 , 2017 Outstanding Model in a Photoreal or Animated Project Enterprise -- Chris Elmer , Andreas Maaninka , Daniel Nicholson and Rhys Salcombe Nominated Sequel ( edit ) Pine and Quinto have signed contracts to return as Kirk and Spock for a fourth film should one be made . In July 2016 , Abrams confirmed plans for a fourth film and stated that Chris Hemsworth would return as Kirk 's father , George , whom he played in the prologue of the first film . Later that month , Paramount confirmed the return of Hemsworth , as well as most of the Beyond cast , producers Abrams and Lindsey Weber , and writers J.D. Payne and Patrick McKay . That same month , Abrams had said that Chekov would not be recast , after Anton Yelchin died in an accident outside his residence in California . In December 2017 , it was revealed that Quentin Tarantino had pitched an idea for a potential Star Trek film to Abrams and Paramount , who were reportedly enthusiastic about the idea . Tarantino was mentioned as a possibility to direct the film if his schedule allowed , and that Abrams and Paramount would attempt to assemble a writer 's room to explore the idea . On December 22 , writer Mark L. Smith was hired by Paramount and Bad Robot to write a screenplay based on Tarantino 's original pitch , with Tarantino still expected to direct . In April 2018 , it was announced that two new Star Trek films are in development at Paramount . Later that month , it was announced that S.J. Clarkson will direct the second Star Trek film in development , and that the film will enter production before Tarantino 's film . J.D. Payne and Patrick McKay will co-write the screenplay , while Abrams and Lindsey Weber will co-produce the project . In August 2018 , however , Pine and Hemsworth walked away from negotiations to star in the film after refusing to take pay cuts as a result of Star Trek Beyond 's underperformance . See also ( edit ) Film portal Star Trek portal List of films featuring space stations List of films featuring extraterrestrials List of science fiction films of the 2010s References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Star Trek Beyond ( 2D ) ( 12A ) '' . 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Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( May 21 , 2016 ) . `` The Sweeping New ' Star Trek Beyond ' Trailer Is One For The Trekkers '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rawden , Jessica . `` New DVD Releases : When To Buy The Latest Movies In October 2016 '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved 4 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek Beyond ( 2016 ) '' . DVD Release Dates . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Skyfall ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek Beyond ' Should Have Opened Today , On The 50th Anniversary '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : The Big Bombs And Bigger Disappointments Of The Summer '' . Forbes . 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Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek Beyond ' To Blast Off Fueled By Comic - Con World Premiere -- Box Office Preview '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Ford ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Star Trek Beyond ' Blasts Off to $5.5 Million Thursday '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek Beyond ' Box Office : Sci - Fi Sequel Beams Up Strong $5.5 Million Thursday '' . Forbes . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dave McNarry ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Star Trek Beyond ' Blasts Off With $5.5 Million on Thursday '' . Variety . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anita Busch ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek Beyond ' Eyes $57.5 M - $60 M Frame , ' Ice Age : Collision Course ' Tepid , ' Lights Out ' Turns It Way Up -- B.O. Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Star Trek Beyond ' Nets $22.5 M Friday For Possible $60 M Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( July 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek Beyond ' Box Office : When A $59 Million Weekend Is Just ' Okay ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro , Anita Busch ( July 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek Beyond ' Launches To $59.6 M , Third Best Debut In The Series -- Sunday Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( July 24 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Star Trek Beyond ' Beams Up $59.6 M ; ' Ice Age 5 ' Bombs With $21 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bryan Alexander ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek Beyond ' boldly goes to $59.6 M at box office '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( July 30 , 2016 ) . `` Friday Box Office : ' Star Trek ' Plunges 69 % , ' Ghostbusters ' Topping $100 M '' . Forbes . Retrieved July 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( August 6 , 2016 ) . `` Friday Box Office : ' Jason Bourne ' Plunges 71 % As ' Star Trek Beyond ' Continues Freefall '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( July 31 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jason Bourne ' Supreme With $50.1 M Bow & Franchise Records -- Intl Box Office Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( September 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek Beyond ' Beams Into China With $31.3 M Bow ; ' Pets ' Woofs It Past $750 M WW - International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Anita Busch ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Sully ' Flies Higher In Offshore Debut ; ' Suicide Squad ' Squashes $700 M WW -- International Box Office Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( August 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Pets ' Pushes ' Suicide Squad ' From # 1 Offshore Perch , Collars $675 M WW ; Supervillains Gain On $600 M -- Intl B.O. '' Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` The BFG towers over UK box office while Star Trek Beyond fails to prosper '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( September 2 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Star Trek Beyond ' Blasts Off In China With $9.3 Million Opening Day '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( September 3 , 2016 ) . `` Friday Box Office : ' Suicide Squad ' Tops ' Man Of Steel , ' ' Bad Moms ' Passes $100 M '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( September 4 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Do n't Breathe ' Tops , ' Suicide Squad ' Near $300 M , ' Star Trek Beyond ' Nabs $30 M In China '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Patrick Frater ( September 4 , 2016 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Star Trek Beyond ' Leads Quiet Weekend '' . Variety . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( September 11 , 2016 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Star Trek Beyond ' Wins Slow Second Weekend With Just $11.3 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( September 11 , 2016 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Star Trek ' Wins as Weekend Takings Crater '' . Variety . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Papish ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Star Trek ' Goes ' Beyond ' for a Second Week '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jessica Meyers ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` Chinese movies cement control of China box office '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( September 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Bridget Jones 's Baby ' Tops Overseas Again As ' Magnificent 7 ' Corrals $19.2 M & ' Storks ' Bundles $18.3 M -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( September 2 , 2016 ) . `` China On Screen : Paramount ' Trek ' Promo Campaign Reaches for the Stars '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( September 5 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : China Ca n't Turn A Flop Into A Blockbuster '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek Beyond ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek Beyond Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek Beyond ' ranks with the better , lighter franchise films '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collura , Scott ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` The voyage home '' . IGN . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rooney , David ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Director Justin Lin assumes command from J.J. Abrams on this third installment of the sci - fi series reboot , which pits the Enterprise crew against a brutal Idris Elba . '' The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Director Justin Lin brings his bravura action energy and a certain nostalgic flair to the ' Star Trek ' series , even as he unboldly goes where too many have gone before '' . Variety . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hugues , Mark ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` Review : ' Star Trek Beyond ' Is Smart , Funny Sci - Fi Action - Adventure '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Kyle ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` For the love of God , stop making ' Star Trek ' movies '' . New York Post . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Star Trek Beyond ( United States , 2016 ) '' . Reelviews . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Dave ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Star Trek Beyond -- Film Review -- Crash Landed '' . Crash Landed . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nashawaty , Chris ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Star Trek Beyond : EW review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` Oscars : ' La La Land ' Ties Record With 14 Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . January 24 , 2017 . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` La La Land Leads with 12 Nominations for the 22nd Annual Critics ' Choice Awards '' . Critics ' Choice . December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pape , Danny ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars : Rogue One Leads Empire Awards 2017 Nominations '' . Flickreel.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GLAAD Media Awards Nominees # glaadawards '' . GLAAD . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Tomato Awards - Best of 2016 '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 17th Annual Golden Trailer Award Nominees '' . GoldenTrailer.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake & Alexandre Desplat Among Winners At Hollywood Music In Media Awards '' . Deadline . November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Scores Three Hollywood Music in Media Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Jupiter Awards 2017 '' . Jupiter Awards . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kids ' Choice Awards 2017 : The Winners List '' . March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( 2017 - 01 - 11 ) . `` ' Fantastic Beasts ' , ' La La Land ' Among Make - Up Artists & Hair Stylists Guild Awards Nominees '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vulpo , Mike ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2016 Nominations Announced : See the `` First Wave '' of Potential Winners `` . E !. Archived from the original on May 25 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Leads Visual Effects Society Feature Competition With 7 Nominations As ' Doctor Strange , ' ' Jungle Book ' Grab 6 Each '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( June 26 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Trek 3 ' Stars Score Big Raises as Kirk and Spock for Fourth Movie ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved June 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Is Chris Hemsworth Returning for ' Star Trek 4 ' ? J.J. Abrams Teases Next Sequel '' . Collider.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Fourth ' Star Trek ' Movie A Go At Paramount ; Chris Hemsworth Back As Kirk 's Father '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek 4 is Officially a Go ; Synopsis & Writers Revealed '' . July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Slotek , Jim ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` J.J. Abrams : ' Star Trek ' wo n't replace Anton Yelchin '' . Toronto Sun . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( December 3 , 2017 ) . `` Quentin Tarantino Hatches ' Star Trek ' Movie Idea ; Paramount , JJ Abrams To Assemble Writers Room '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( December 22 , 2017 ) . `` Quentin Tarantino ' Star Trek ' Firms ' The Revenant 's Mark L. Smith As Screenwriter '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ IGN News ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` STAR TREK : PARAMOUNT DEVELOPING TWO MOVIES '' . IGN . Jump up ^ Justin Kroll ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Star Trek 4 ' : S.J. Clarkson Becomes the First Female Director in Franchise 's History ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 10 , 2018 ) . `` Chris Pine and Chris Hemsworth ' Star Trek 4 ' Future In Doubt as Talks Fall Through ( Exclusive ) '' . Hollywood Reporter . 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-2987159584270648235 | Horse meat | Horse meat - Wikipedia Horse meat For the adulteration of European meat in 2013 , see 2013 meat adulteration scandal . hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Raw , sliced horse meat , served in Japan as basashi Horse meat is the culinary name for meat cut from a horse . It is a major meat in only a few countries , notably in Central Asia , but it forms a significant part of the culinary traditions of many others , from Europe to South America to Asia . The top eight countries consume about 4.7 million horses a year . For the majority of humanity 's early existence , wild horses were hunted as a source of protein . It is slightly sweet , tender , and low in fat . Because of the role horses have played as companions and as workers , and ensuing concerns about the ethics of the horse slaughter process , it is a taboo food in some cultures . These historical associations , as well as ritual and religion , led to the development of an aversion to the consumption of horse meat . The horse is now given pet status by many in some parts of the Western world , particularly in the United States , United Kingdom , and Ireland , which further solidifies the taboo on eating its meat . Contents 1 History 2 Taboo 2.1 Attitude of various cultures 2.2 Reasons for the taboo 3 Production 4 Opposition to production 5 Nutritional value 6 Preparation 7 In various countries 7.1 Asia - Pacific 7.1. 1 Australia 7.1. 2 China 7.1. 3 Indonesia 7.1. 4 Japan 7.1. 5 Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan 7.1. 6 Mongolia 7.1. 7 Philippines 7.1. 8 South Korea 7.1. 9 Tonga 7.2 Europe 7.2. 1 Austria 7.2. 2 Belgium 7.2. 3 Bulgaria 7.2. 4 France 7.2. 5 Germany 7.2. 6 Hungary 7.2. 7 Iceland 7.2. 8 Italy 7.2. 9 Malta 7.2. 10 Netherlands 7.2. 11 Norway 7.2. 12 Poland 7.2. 13 Serbia 7.2. 14 Slovenia 7.2. 15 Spain 7.2. 16 Sweden 7.2. 17 Switzerland 7.2. 18 United Kingdom 7.2. 19 Ukraine 7.3 North America 7.3. 1 Canada 7.3. 2 United States 7.3. 3 Mexico 7.4 South America 7.4. 1 Chile 7.4. 2 Colombia 7.4. 3 Argentina 7.4. 4 Venezuela 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) In the Paleolithic , wild horses formed an important source of food . In many parts of Europe , the consumption of horse meat continued throughout the Middle Ages until modern times , despite a papal ban of horse meat in 732 . Horse meat was also eaten as part of Germanic pagan religious ceremonies in northern Europe , particularly ceremonies associated with the worship of Odin . Horses evolved on the North American continent , and by about 12,000 years ago , migrated to other parts of the world , becoming extinct in the Americas . The Hagerman horse , about the size of a modern - day large pony , is one example , found in Idaho at the Hagerman Fossil Beds , a national monument . The Europeans ' horses that came over to the Americas with the Spaniards and followed by the settlers became feral , and were hunted by the indigenous Pehuenche people of what is now Chile and Argentina . At first , they hunted horses as they did other game , but later they began to raise them for meat and transport . The meat was , and still is , preserved by being sun - dried in the high Andes into a product known as charqui . France dates its taste for horse meat to the Revolution . With the fall of the aristocracy , its auxiliaries had to find new means of subsistence . Just as hairdressers and tailors set themselves up to serve commoners , the horses maintained by aristocracy as a sign of prestige ended up alleviating the hunger of lower classes . During the Napoleonic campaigns , the surgeon - in - chief of Napoleon 's Grand Army , Baron Dominique - Jean Larrey , advised the starving troops to eat the meat of horses . At the siege of Alexandria , the meat of young Arab horses relieved an epidemic of scurvy . At the battle of Eylau in 1807 , Larrey served horse as soup and bœuf à la mode . At Aspern - Essling ( 1809 ) , cut off from the supply lines , the cavalry used the breastplates of fallen cuirassiers as cooking pans and gunpowder as seasoning , and thus founded a tradition that carried on until at least the Waterloo campaign . Hunger during World War II led to horses being eaten . Horse meat gained widespread acceptance in French cuisine during the later years of the Second French Empire . The high cost of living in Paris prevented many working - class citizens from buying meat such as pork or beef , so in 1866 , the French government legalized the eating of horse meat and the first butcher 's shop specializing in horse meat opened in eastern Paris , providing quality meat at lower prices . During the Siege of Paris ( 1870 -- 1871 ) , horse meat , along with the meat from donkeys and mules , was eaten by anyone who could afford it , partly because of a shortage of fresh meat in the blockaded city , and also because horses were eating grain which was needed by the human populace . Though there were large numbers of horses in Paris ( estimates suggested between 65,000 and 70,000 were butchered and eaten during the siege ) the supplies were ultimately limited . Not even champion racehorses were spared ( even two horses presented to Napoleon III by Alexander II of Russia were slaughtered ) but the meat soon became scarce . Many Parisians gained a taste for horse meat during the siege , and after the war ended , horse meat remained popular . Likewise , in other places and times of siege or starvation , horses are viewed as a food source of last resort . Despite the general Anglophone taboo , horse and donkey meat was eaten in Britain , especially in Yorkshire , until the 1930s , and in times of postwar food shortage surged in popularity in the United States and was considered for use in hospitals . A 2007 Time magazine article about horse meat brought in from Canada to the United States characterized the meat as sweet , rich , superlean , oddly soft meat , and closer to beef than venison . Taboo ( edit ) Attitude of various cultures ( edit ) Horse is commonly eaten in many countries in Europe and Asia . It is not a generally available food in some English - speaking countries such as the United Kingdom , Australia , Ireland , the United States , and English Canada . It is also taboo in Brazil , Israel , and among the Romani people and Jewish people the world over . Horse meat is not generally eaten in Spain , except in the north , although the country exports horses both live animals and slaughtered meat for the French and Italian markets . Horse meat is consumed in some North American and Latin American countries , and is illegal in some countries . For example , the Food Standards Code of Australia and New Zealand definition of ' meat ' does not include horse . In Tonga , horse meat is eaten nationally , and Tongan emigrees living in the United States , New Zealand , and Australia have retained the taste for it , claiming Christian missionaries originally introduced it to them . In Islamic laws , consuming horse meat is Halal . The consumption of horse meat has been common in Central Asia societies , past or present , due to the abundance of steppes suitable for raising horses . In North Africa , horse meat has been occasionally consumed , but almost exclusively by the Christian Copts and the Hanafi Sunnis ( a common form of Islam in Central Asia and Turkey ) , but has never been eaten in the Maghreb . Horse meat is forbidden by Jewish dietary laws because horses do not have cloven hooves and they are not ruminants . In the eighth century , Popes Gregory III and Zachary instructed Saint Boniface , missionary to the Germans , to forbid the eating of horse meat to those he converted , due to its association with Germanic pagan ceremonies . The people of Iceland allegedly expressed reluctance to embrace Christianity for some time , largely over the issue of giving up horse meat . Horse meat is now currently consumed in Iceland and many horses are raised for this purpose . The culturally close people of Sweden still have an ambivalent attitude to horse meat , said to stem from this time . Henry Mayhew describes the difference in the acceptability and use of the horse carcass in London and Paris in London Labour and the London Poor ( 1851 ) . Horse meat was rejected by the British , but continued to be eaten in other European countries such as France and Germany , where knackers often sold horse carcasses despite the papal ban . Even the hunting of wild horses for meat continued in the area of Westphalia . Londoners also suspected that horse meat was finding its way into sausages , and that offal sold as that of oxen was in fact equine . About 1,000 horses were slaughtered a week . While no taboo on eating horse meat exists per se , it is generally considered by ethnic Russians to be a low - quality meat with poor taste , and it is rarely found in stores . It is popular among such peoples as Tatars , Yakuts , Kyrgyzs , and Kazakhs . Reasons for the taboo ( edit ) Further information : horse sacrifice In 732 AD , Pope Gregory III began a concerted effort to stop the ritual consumption of horse meat in pagan practice . In some countries , the effects of this prohibition by the Roman Catholic Church have lingered and horse meat prejudices have progressed from taboos , to avoidance , to abhorrence . In other parts of the world , horse meat has the stigma of being something poor people eat and is seen as a cheap substitute for other meats , such as pork and beef . According to the anthropologist Marvin Harris , some cultures class horse meat as taboo because the horse converts grass into meat less efficiently than ruminants . In a study conducted by Fred Simoons , the avoidance to horse meat in American culture is less likely due to lingering feelings from Gregory 's prohibition and instead due to an unfamiliarity with the meat compared to more mainstream offerings . Totemistic taboo is also a possible reason for refusal to eat horse meat as an everyday food , but did not necessarily preclude ritual slaughter and consumption . Roman sources state that the goddess Epona was widely worshipped in Gaul and southern Britain . Epona , a triple - aspect goddess , was the protectress of the horse and horse keepers , and horses were sacrificed to her ; she was paralleled by the Irish Macha and Welsh Rhiannon . In The White Goddess , Robert Graves argued that the taboo among Britons and their descendants was due to worship of Epona , and even earlier rites . The Uffington White Horse is probable evidence of ancient horse worship . The ancient Indian Kshatriyas engaged in horse sacrifice ( Ashwamedh Yaghya ) as recorded in the Vedas and Ramayana ; but within context of the ritual sacrificial is not being ' killed ' but instead being smothered to death . In 1913 , the Finnic Mari people of the Volga region were observed to practice a horse sacrifice . In ancient Scandinavia , the horse was very important , as a living , working creature , as a sign of the owner 's status , and symbolically within the old Norse religion . Horses were slaughtered as a sacrifice to the gods and the meat was eaten by the people taking part in the religious feasts . When the Nordic countries were Christianized , eating horse meat was regarded as a sign of paganism and prohibited . A reluctance to eat horse meat is still common in these countries even today . Production ( edit ) Horse butcher on the Viktualienmarkt in Munich , Germany In most countries where horses are slaughtered for food , they are processed in a similar fashion to cattle , i.e. , in large - scale factory slaughter houses ( abattoirs ) where they are stunned with a captive bolt gun and bled to death . In countries with a less industrialized food production system , horses and other animals are slaughtered individually outdoors as needed , in the village where they will be consumed , or near to it . In 2005 , the eight principal horse meat - producing countries produced over 700,000 tonnes of this product . Major Horse meat Production Countries , 2005 Country Production number of animals tonnes short tons long tons China 1,700,000 204,000 225,000 201,000 Mexico 626,000 78,876 86,946 77,630 Kazakhstan 340,000 55,100 60,700 54,200 Mongolia 310,000 38,000 42,000 37,000 Argentina 255,000 55,600 61,300 54,700 Italy 213,000 48,000 53,000 47,000 Brazil 162,000 21,200 23,400 20,900 Kyrgyzstan 150,000 25,000 28,000 25,000 Worldwide Totals 4,727,829 720,168 793,849 708,794 In 2005 , the five biggest horse meat - consuming countries were China ( 421,000 tonnes ) , Mexico , Russia , Italy , and Kazakhstan ( 54,000 tonnes ) . In 2010 , Mexico produced 140,000 tonnes , China - 126,000 tonnes , Kazakhstan - 114,000 tonnes . As horses are relatively poor converters of grass and grain to meat compared to cattle , they are not usually bred or raised specifically for their meat . Instead , horses are slaughtered when their monetary value as riding or work animals is low , but their owners can still make money selling them for horse meat , for example in the routine export of the southern English ponies from the New Forest , Exmoor , and Dartmoor . British law requires the use of `` equine passports '' even for semi wild horses to enable traceability ( also known as `` provenance '' ) , so most slaughtering is done in the UK before the meat is exported , meaning that the animals travel as carcasses rather than live . Ex-racehorses , riding horses , and other horses sold at auction may also enter the food chain ; sometimes these animals have been stolen or purchased under false pretenses . Even prestigious horses may end up in the slaughterhouse ; the 1986 Kentucky Derby winner and 1987 Eclipse Award for Horse of the Year winner , Ferdinand , is believed to have been slaughtered in Japan , probably for pet food . A misconception exists that horses are commonly slaughtered for pet food , however . In many countries , such as the United States , horse meat was outlawed in pet food in the 1970s . American horse meat is considered a delicacy in Europe and Japan , and its cost is in line with veal , so it would be prohibitively expensive in many countries for pet food . The British newspaper The Daily Mail reports that every year , 100,000 live horses are transported into and around the European Union for human consumption , mainly to Italy , but also to France and Belgium . Meat from horses that veterinarians have put down with a lethal injection is not suitable for human consumption , as the toxin remains in the meat ; the carcasses of such animals are sometimes cremated ( most other means of disposal are problematic , due to the toxin ) . Remains of euthanized animals can be rendered , which maintains the value of the skin , bones , fats , etc. , for such purposes as fish food . This is commonly done for lab specimens ( e.g. , pigs ) euthanized by injection . The amount of drug ( e.g. a barbiturate ) is insignificant after rendering . Carcasses of horses treated with some drugs are considered edible in some jurisdictions . For example , according to Canadian regulation , hyaluron , used in treatment of particular disorders in horses , in HY - 50 preparation , should not be administered to animals to be slaughtered for horse meat . In Europe , however , the same preparation is not considered to have any such effect , and edibility of the horse meat is not affected . Opposition to production ( edit ) Main article : Horse slaughter The killing of horses for human consumption is widely opposed in countries such as the U.S. , UK and Australia . where horses are generally considered to be companion and sporting animals only . Almost all equine medications and treatments are labeled as being not intended for human consumption . In the European Union , horses intended for slaughter can not be treated with many medications commonly used for U.S. horses . For horses going to slaughter , no period of withdrawal , the time between administration of the drug and the time they are butchered , is required . French actress and animal rights activist Brigitte Bardot has spent years crusading against the eating of horse meat . However , the opposition is far from unanimous ; a 2007 readers ' poll in the London magazine Time Out showed that 82 % of respondents supported chef Gordon Ramsay 's decision to serve horse meat in his restaurants . Nutritional value ( edit ) Selected nutrients per 100 g ( 3.5 oz ) Food source Energy Protein ( g ) Fat ( g ) Iron ( mg ) Sodium ( mg ) Cholesterol ( mg ) ( kJ ) ( Cal ) Game meat , horse , raw 560 133 21 5 3.8 53 52 Beef , strip steak , raw 490 117 23 1.9 55 55 Preparation ( edit ) Smoked and salted horse meat on bread Horse meat has a slightly sweet taste reminiscent of a combination of beef and venison . Meat from younger horses tends to be lighter in color , while older horses produce richer color and flavor , as with most mammals . Horse meat can be used to replace beef , pork , mutton , venison , and any other meat in virtually any recipe . Horse meat is usually very lean . Jurisdictions which allow for the slaughter of horses for food rarely have age restrictions , so many are quite old . Those preparing sandwiches or cold meals with horse meat usually use it smoked and salted . It forms an ingredient in several traditional recipes of salami . In various countries ( edit ) In 2009 , a British agriculture industry website reported these horse meat production levels in various countries : Horse meat production levels as of 2009 Country Tons per year Mexico 78,000 Argentina 57,000 Kazakhstan 55,000 Mongolia 38,000 Kyrgyzstan 25,000 Australia 24,000 Brazil 21,000 Canada 18,000 Poland 18,000 Italy 16,000 * Romania 14,000 Chile 10,000 France 7,500 Uruguay 8,000 Senegal 9,500 Colombia 6,000 Spain 5,000 * * Including donkeys . Asia - pacific ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) Australians do not generally eat horse meat , although they have a horse slaughter industry that exports to Japan , Europe , and Russia . Horse meat exports peaked at 9,327 tons 1986 , declining to 3,000 tons in 2003 . They are at Peterborough in South Australia ( SAMEX Peterborough Pty Ltd ) and Caboolture Abattoir in Queensland ( Meramist Pty Ltd ) . A British agriculture industry website reported that Australian horse meat production levels had risen to 24,000 tons by 2009 . On 30 June 2010 , Western Australian Agriculture Minister Terry Redman granted final approval to Western Australia butcher Vince Garreffa to sell horse meat for human consumption . Nedlands restaurateur Pierre Ichallalene announced plans to do a taster on Bastille Day and to put horse meat dishes on the menu if the reaction is good . Mr. Redman said that the government would `` consider extending approvals should the public appetite for horse demand it '' . Mr. Garreffa is the owner of Mondo Di Carne , a major wholesale meat supplier which supplies many cafes , restaurants , and hotels in Western Australia . He commented that no domestic market exists for horse meat , but a successful export market exists , of which he believes Western Australia should have a share . This decision caused outrage amongst some groups , limited reaction from many , and enthusiasm from others . Several local newspaper forums indicated that the general public were not greatly biased either way , in fact many voiced their openness for alternative meats . Horse meat consumption has continued as a niche market in Australia , with further potential for growth as gourmet interests develop . China ( edit ) See also : Chinese cuisine Although it is generally acceptable to Chinese people , outside of specific areas such as Guilin in Guangxi or in Yunnan Province , horse meat is not popular due to its low availability and rumors that horse meat tastes bad or it is bad for health . Because the Compendium of Materia Medica written during the Ming dynasty by Li Shizhen indicates that horse meat is poisonous and may cause folliculitis or death . The Compendium of Materia Medica also asserts , `` To relieve toxin caused by eating horse meat , one can drink Phragmites root jouce and eat apricot kernel . '' Today , in southern China , locally famous dishes include horse meat rice noodles ( 马 肉 米粉 ; Pinyin : mǎròu mǐfěn ) in Guilin and horse meat hot pot ( 马 肉 火锅 ; Pinyin : mǎròu huǒguō ) in Huishui County in Guizhou Province . Indonesia ( edit ) See also : Indonesian cuisine Sate kuda , horse satay served in Yogyakarta , Indonesia In Indonesia , one type of satay ( chunks of skewered grilled meat served with spicy sauce ) known as horse satay ( Javanese : sate jaran , Indonesian : sate kuda ) is made from horse meat . This delicacy from Yogyakarta is served with sliced fresh shallot , pepper , and sweet soy sauce . Japan ( edit ) See also : Japanese cuisine Basashi from Kumamoto Sakura nabe In Japanese cuisine , raw horse meat is called sakura ( 桜 ) or sakuraniku ( 桜 肉 , sakura means cherry blossom , niku means meat ) because of its pink color . It can be served raw as sashimi in thin slices dipped in soy sauce , often with ginger and onions added . In this case , it is called basashi ( 馬刺し ) . Basashi is popular in some regions of Japan and is often served at izakaya bars . Fat , typically from the neck , is also found as basashi , though it is white , not pink . Horse meat is also sometimes found on menus for yakiniku ( a type of barbecue ) , where it is called baniku ( 馬肉 , literally `` horse meat '' ) or bagushi ( 馬 串 , `` skewered horse '' ) ; thin slices of raw horse meat are sometimes served wrapped in a shiso leaf . Kumamoto , Nagano , and Ōita are famous for basashi , and it is common in the Tōhoku region , as well . Some types of canned `` corned meat '' in Japan include horse as one of the ingredients . Aside raising local draft horses for meat , Japan imports living horses ( from Canada ) and meat from several countries - five largest are Canada , Mexico , Italy , Argentina and Brazil . Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan ( edit ) See also : Kazakh cuisine and Kyrgyz cuisine In Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan , horse meat is a large part of the diet , due mainly to the nomadic roots of the population . Some of the dishes include sausages called kazy and chuchuk or shuzhyk made from the meat using the guts as the sausage skin , zhaya made from hip meat which is smoked and boiled , jal ( or zhal ) made from neck fat which is smoked and boiled , karta made from a section of the rectum which is smoked and boiled , and sur - et which is kept as dried meat . Mongolia ( edit ) See also : Mongolian cuisine Salted horse meat sausages called kazy are produced as a regional delicacy by the Kazakhs . Generally , Mongols prefer beef and mutton ( though during the extremely cold Mongolian winter , some people prefer horse meat due to its low cholesterol ) . It is kept unfrozen , and traditionally people think horse meat helps warm them up . Other Asian nations import processed horse meat from Mongolia . Philippines ( edit ) In the Philippines , horse meat ( lukba , tapang kabayo , or kabayo ) is a delicacy commonly sold in wet markets . The method of preparation is very common which includes marinating the meat in calamansi or lemon juice , toyo ( soy sauce ) , and patís ( fish sauce ) . It is then fried and served , and often dipped into vinegar to give the meat a tart flavour . South Korea ( edit ) Further information : Korean cuisine Malgogi - yukhoe ( horse meat tartare ) In South Korea , horse meat is generally not eaten , but raw horse meat , usually around the neck part , is consumed as a delicacy on Jeju Island . It is usually seasoned with soy sauce and sesame oil . Tonga ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In Tonga , horsemeat or lo'i ho'osi is much more than just a delicacy ; the consumption of horsemeat is generally only reserved for special occasions . These special occasions may include the death of an important family member or community member or as a form of celebration during the birthday of an important family member or perhaps the visitation of someone important , such as the King of Tonga . In Tonga , a horse is one of the most valuable animals a family can own because of its use as a beast of burden . Tonga has long lacked land area compared with its population so the missionaries introduced horsemeat in lieu of cattle . Therefore , the slaughter of one 's horse for consumption becomes a moment of immense homage to the person or event for which the horse was slain . Despite a diaspora into Western countries such as Australia , the USA , and New Zealand , where consumption of horsemeat is generally taboo , Tongans still practice the consumption of horse meat perhaps even more so because it is more readily available and more affordable . Europe ( edit ) A horse meat steak served at restaurant Oklahoma , Vantaa , Finland In 2013 , horse meat and traces of horse DNA were found in some food products where horse was not labelled as an ingredient , sparking the 2013 meat adulteration scandal across Europe . Austria ( edit ) See also : Austrian cuisine Fast food shop selling horse Leberkäse ( Pferdeleberkäse ) in Vienna Horse Leberkäse is available in special horse butcheries and occasionally at various stands , sold in a bread roll . Dumplings can also be prepared with horse meat , spinach , or Tyrolean Graukäse ( a sour milk cheese ) . They are occasionally eaten on their own , in a soup , or as a side dish . Belgium ( edit ) See also : Belgian cuisine In Belgium , horse meat ( paardenvlees in Dutch and viande chevaline in French ) is popular in a number of preparations . Lean , smoked , and sliced horse meat fillet ( paardenrookvlees or paardengerookt ; filet chevalin in French ) is served as a cold cut with sandwiches or as part of a cold salad . Horse steaks can be found in most butchers and are used in a variety of preparations . The city of Vilvoorde has a few restaurants specialising in dishes prepared with horse meat . Horse sausage is a well - known local specialty in Lokeren with European recognition . Smoked or dried horse / pork meat sausage , similar to salami , is sold in a square shape to be distinguished from pork and / or beef sausages . A Flemish region around the Rupel river is also famous for a horse stew named ' Schep ' , made out of shoulder chuck ( or similar cuts ) , brown ale , onions and mustard . Schep is typically served with French fries , mayonnaise and a salad of raw Belgian endive . Bulgaria ( edit ) See also : Bulgarian cuisine Horse meat is served in some restaurants in Bulgaria , as the preferred way of consuming it is in the form of steaks and burgers . Still being far from a meat for mass consumption , horse beef is re-gaining its popularity , which it had in the 60s and 70s of the past century , when it was also consumed in sausages and tartares . France ( edit ) Contrefilet of horse meat , in France A butcher shop specializing in horse meat in Pezenas , Languedoc , France See also : French cuisine In France , specialized butcher shops ( boucheries chevalines ) sell horse meat , as ordinary butcher shops were for a long time forbidden to deal in it . However , since the 1990s , it can be found in supermarket butcher shops and others . Horse meat was famously eaten in large amounts during the 1870 Siege of Paris , when it was included in haute cuisine menus . Germany ( edit ) See also : German cuisine In Germany horse meat is sold by specialized butchers ( Pferdemetzgereien ) and by mail order . Many regions of Germany have traditional recipes that include horse meat . In the Rhineland around Cologne and Düsseldorf it is still common for restaurants to offer the traditional Sauerbraten in horse meat and beef variants . Other traditional horse meat dishes include the Swabian Pferderostbraten ( a joint of roast meat prepared similarly to roast beef ) , Bavarian sausage varieties such as Rosswurst and Ross - Kochsalami as well as Ross - Leberkäse , a meatloaf dish . The 2013 meat adulteration scandal started when German authorities detected horse meat in prepared food products including frozen lasagna , where it was declared fraudulently as beef . The mislabeling prompted EU authorities to speed up publication of European Commission recommendations for labeling the origin of all processed meat . Hungary ( edit ) See also : Hungarian cuisine In Hungary , horse meat is primarily used in salami and sausages , usually mixed with pork , but also in goulashes and other stews . These products are sold in most supermarkets and many butcher shops . Iceland ( edit ) See also : Cuisine of Iceland In Iceland , it is both eaten minced and as steak , also used in stews and fondue , prized for its strong flavor . It has a particular role in the culture and history of the island . The people of Iceland supposedly were reluctant to embrace Christianity for some time largely over the issue of giving up horse meat after Pope Gregory III banned horse meat consumption in 732 AD , as it was a major part of many pagan rites and sacrifice in Northern Europe . Horse meat consumption was banned when the pagan Norse Icelanders eventually adopted Christianity in the year 1000 . The ban became so ingrained that most people would not handle horse meat let alone consume it . Even during harsh famines in the 18th Century most people would not eat horse meat , and those who did were castigated . In 1757 the ban was decriminalised , but general distaste for horse meat lasted well into the 19th Century , possibly longer and its consumption often regarded as an indication of poverty . Even today horse meat is not popular ( 3.2 % of Iceland 's meat production in 2015 ) , although this has more to do with culinary tradition and the popularity of equestrianism than any religious vestiges . Italy ( edit ) Venetian horse meat butcher See also : Italian cuisine Horse meat is especially popular in Lombardia , Veneto , Friuli - Venezia Giulia , Trentino - Alto Adige / Südtirol , Parma , Apulia , and the islands of Sardinia and Sicily . Horse meat is used in a variety of recipes : as a stew called pastissada ( typical of Verona ) , served as steaks , as carpaccio , or made into bresaola . Thin strips of horse meat called sfilacci are popular . Horse fat is used in recipes such as pezzetti di cavallo . Horse meat sausages and salamis are traditional in various places . In Sardinia , sa petza ' e cuaddu or sa petha ( d ) e caddu ( campidanese and logudorese for horse meat ) is one of the most renowned meats and sometimes is sold in typical kiosks with bread - also in the town of Sassari is a long tradition of eating horse steaks ( carri di cabaddu in the local dialect ) . Chefs and consumers tend to prize its uniqueness by serving it as rare as possible . Donkey is also cooked , for example as a stew called stracotto d'asino and as meat for sausages e.g. mortadella d'asino . The cuisine of Parma features a horsemeat tartare called pesto di cavallo , as well as various cooked dishes . In Veneto , the consumption of horse meat dates back to at least 1000 BC to the Adriatic Veneti , renowned for their horse - breeding skills . They were used to sacrifice horses to their goddess Reitia or to the mythical hero Diomedes . Throughout the classical period , Veneto established itself as a centre for horse breeding in Italy ; Venetian horses were provided for the cavalry and carriage of the Roman legions , with the white Venetic horses becoming famous among Greeks and Romans as one of the best breeds for circus racing . As well as breeding horses for military and farming applications , the Venetics also used them for consumption throughout the Roman period , a practice that established the consumption of horse meat as a tradition in Venetian cuisine . In the modern age , horse meat is considered a luxury item and is widely available through supermarkets and butcheries , with some specialised butcheries offering only selected cuts of equine meat . Prices are usually higher than beef , pork , or any other kind of meat , except game . Typical Paduan specialty : horse sfilacci In the Province of Padua , horse meat is a key element of the local cuisine , particularly in the area that extends southeast from the city , historically called Saccisica . Specialties based on horse meat constitute the main courses and best attractions of several typical restaurants in the zone . They are also served among other regional delicacies at the food stands of many local festivals , related to civil and religious anniversaries . Most notable is the Festa del Cavallo , held annually in the small town of Legnaro and totally dedicated to horses , included their consumption for food . Some traditional dishes are : Sfilacci di cavallo : tiny frayings of horse meat , dried and seasoned ; to be consumed raw , can be a light and quick snack , more popular as a topping on other dishes : ex. pasta , risotto , pizza , salads , etc . Cavàeo in Umido ( traditional horsemeat stew from Padua ) with grilled polenta Straéca : a thin soft horse steak , cut from the diaphragm , variously cooked and dressed on the grill , pan or hot - plate Bistecca di puledro colt steak , whose preparation is similar to straéca Spezzatino di cavallo also said cavàeo in umido , small chunks of horse meat , stewed with onion , parsley and / or other herbs and flavours , potatoes , broth , wine , etc. , usually consumed with polenta , much appreciated also is a similar stew made of donkey meat , served in traditional trattorie , with many variations for different villages : spessadin de musso , musso in umido , musso in tocio , musso in pocio Prosciutto di cavallo : horse ham , served in very thin slices Salame di cavallo or salsiccia di cavallo : various kinds of salami , variously produced or seasoned , sometimes made of pure equine meat , sometimes mixed with others ( beef or pork ) Bigoli al sugo di cavallo : a typical form of fresh pasta , similar to thick rough spaghetti , dressed with sauce like Bolognese sauce , but made with minced horse meat Pezzetti di cavallo al sugo : horse stew , seasoned with sauce , vegetables and various peperocino , widely used in the Salento Chunks ( pezzetti ) of horse stew ( spezzatino di cavallo ) In southern Italy , horse meat is commonly eaten everywhere - especially in the region of Apulia , where it is considered a delicacy . It is often a vital part of the ragù barese ( ( raˈɡu baˈreːze ) ) in Bari . According to British food writer Matthew Fort , `` The taste for donkey and horse goes back to the days when these animals were part of everyday agricultural life . In the frugal , unsentimental manner of agricultural communities , all the animals were looked on as a source of protein . Waste was not an option . '' Malta ( edit ) See also : Maltese cuisine In Malta , horse meat ( Maltese : Laħam taż - żiemel ) is seared and slowly cooked for hours in either tomato or red wine sauce . A few horse meat shops still exist and it is still served in some restaurants . Netherlands ( edit ) See also : Dutch cuisine Horse meat from the Netherlands In the Netherlands , smoked horse meat ( paardenrookvlees ) is sold as sliced meat and eaten on bread . Zuurvlees , a southern Dutch stew , is made with horse meat as main ingredient . There are also beef - based variants . Horse meat is also used in sausages ( paardenworst and frikandel ) , fried fast food snacks and ready - to - eat soups . Norway ( edit ) See also : Norwegian cuisine In Norway , horse meat is commonly used in cured meats , such as vossakorv and svartpølse , and less commonly as steak , hestebiff . In pre-Christian Norway , horse was seen as an expensive animal . To eat a horse was to show one had great wealth , and to sacrifice a horse to the gods was seen as the greatest gift one could give . When Norwegians adopted Christianity , horse - eating became taboo as it was a religious act for pagans , thus it was considered a sign of heresy . Poland ( edit ) See also : Polish cuisine Live , old horses are often exported to Italy to be slaughtered . This practice also garners controversy . Horses in Poland are treated mostly as companions and the majority of society is against the live export to Italy . However , in Poland there exists a tradition of eating horse meat ( sausage or tartare steaks ) . The consumption of horse meat was the biggest in the times when other meat was scarce ( in the 20th century : WWII and the communist period ) . Serbia ( edit ) See also : Serbian cuisine Horse meat is generally available in Serbia , though mostly shunned in traditional cuisine . It is , however , often recommended by general practitioners to persons who suffer from anemia . It is available to buy at three green markets in Belgrade , a market in Niš , and in several cities in ethnically mixed Vojvodina , where Hungarian and previously German traditions brought the usage . Slovenia ( edit ) See also : Slovenian cuisine A horse meat hamburger in restaurant Hot ' Horse , Ljubljana , Slovenia : Horse meat is a national delicacy in Slovenia . Horse meat is generally available in Slovenia , and is highly popular in the traditional cuisine , especially in the central region of Carniola and in the Karst region . Colt steak ( žrebičkov zrezek ) is also highly popular , especially in Slovenia 's capital Ljubljana , where it is part of the city 's traditional regional cuisine . In Ljubljana , many restaurants sell burgers and meat that contain large amounts of horse meat , including a fast - food chain called Hot ' Horse . Spain ( edit ) See also : Spanish cuisine Cecina is cured meat made from beef or horse , and it is considered as a delicacy . Foal meat ( carne de potro ) is preferred rather than horse meat , and it is easy to find in supermarkets and usually prepared as stew or steak . It is a common practice to give it to children with anemia . Although no generalized taboo exists in Spain , its consumption is minor compared to pork , beef , and lamb . Sweden ( edit ) See also : Swedish cuisine Smoked / cured horse meat is widely available as a cold cut under the name hamburgerkött ( literally hamburgermeat ) . It tends to be very thinly sliced and fairly salty , slightly reminiscent of deli - style ham and , as a packaged meat , may list horsemeat ( as hästkött ) as its primary ingredient . Several varieties of smoked sausages made from horse meat including Gustafskorv are also quite popular , especially in the province of Dalarna , where it is made . It is similar to salami or metworst and is used as an alternative to them on sandwiches . It is also possible to order horse beef from some well - stocked grocery stores . Switzerland ( edit ) See also : Swiss cuisine The ordinance on foodstuffs of animal origin in Switzerland explicitly lists equines as an animal species allowed for the production of food . Horse steak is modestly common . A speciality known as Mostbröckli is made with beef or horse meat . It is also used for a range of sausages in the German - speaking north of Switzerland . Like in northern Italy , in the Italian - speaking south , local salametti ( sausages ) are sometimes made with horse meat . It may also be used in fondue Bourguignonne . United Kingdom ( edit ) See also : British cuisine and 2013 meat adulteration scandal In the United Kingdom , the slaughter , preparation , and consumption of horses for food is not against the law , although it has been rare since the 1930s and it is not generally available . There is a cultural taboo against consuming horse meat in the UK , although it was eaten when other meats were scarce , such as during times of war ( as was whale meat , which was never popular in Britain ) . The sale of meat labelled as horse meat in supermarkets and butchers is minimal , and most of the properly described horse meat consumed in the UK is imported from Europe , predominantly the south of France , where it is more widely available . Horse meat may be eaten without the knowledge of the consumer , due to accidental or fraudulent introduction of horse meat into human food . A 2003 Food Standards Agency ( FSA ) investigation revealed that certain sausages , salami and similar products such as chorizo and pastrami sometimes contain horse meat without it being listed , although listing is legally required . The 2013 horse meat scandal involved multiple products being recalled from shelves due to unlabelled horse meat in amounts up to 100 % of the meat content . The issue came to light on 15 January 2013 , when it was reported that horse DNA had been discovered in frozen beefburgers sold in several Irish and British supermarkets . Horse meat was featured in a segment in a 2007 episode of the Gordon Ramsay series The F Word . In the segment , Janet Street - Porter convinced locals to try horse meat , though not before facing controversy and being forced to move her stand to a privately owned location . The meat was presented as having a similar taste to beef , but with less fat , a high concentration of omega - 3 fatty acid and a safer alternative in times of worry regarding bird flu and mad cow disease . The segment was met with skepticism from many after broadcast for various reasons , either because some felt the practice was cruel and against social norms , or simply a belief that if the taste was really on par with other meats , then people would already be eating it . Ukraine ( edit ) In Ukraine , especially in Crimea and other southern steppe regions , horse meat is consumed in the form of sausages called mahan and sudzhuk . These particular sausages are traditional food of the Crimean Tatar population . North America ( edit ) Canada ( edit ) See also : Canadian cuisine A thriving horse meat business exists in Quebec ; the meat is available in most supermarket chains there . Horse meat is also for sale at the other end of the country , in Granville Island Market in downtown Vancouver , where according to a Time magazine reviewer who smuggled it into the United States , it turned out to be a `` sweet , rich , superlean , oddly soft meat , closer to beef than venison '' . Horse meat is also available in high - end Toronto butchers and supermarkets . Aside from the heritage of French cuisine at one end of the country , most of Canada shares the horse meat taboo with the rest of the English - speaking world . This mentality is especially evident in Alberta , where strong horse racing and breeding industries and cultures have existed since the province 's founding , although large numbers of horses are slaughtered for meat in Fort MacLeod , and certain butchers in Calgary do sell it . The consumer protection show Kassensturz of Swiss television SRF together with Tier Schutz Bund , Zürich , reported on 19 February 2013 the bad treatment and brutal animal husbandry in Canadian horse meat farms in Fort MacLeod , Alberta , consequently the import from such farms has been boycotted . CBC News reported on March 10 , 2013 , that horse meat was also popular among some segments of Toronto 's population . United States ( edit ) See also : Horse slaughter § United States Horse meat is generally not eaten in the United States and holds a taboo in American culture which is very similar to the one found in the United Kingdom . All horse meat produced in the United States ( up until the last quarter of 2007 ) was intended solely for export abroad , primarily to the European Union . A thriving horse exportation business is going on in several states , including Texas , mainly exporting horses to slaughterhouses in either Canada or Mexico . Restriction of human consumption of horse meat in the U.S. has generally involved legislation at local , state , and federal levels . Several states enacted legislation either prohibiting the sale of horse meat or banning altogether the slaughter of horses . California Proposition 6 ( 1998 ) was passed by state voters , outlawing the possession , transfer , reception , or holding any horse , pony , burro , or mule by a person who is aware that it will be used for human consumption , and making the slaughter of horses or the sale of horsemeat for human consumption a misdemeanor offense . In 2007 , the Illinois General Assembly enacted Public Act 95 - 02 , ameding Chapter 225 , Section 635 of the state 's compiled statutes to prohibit both the act of slaughtering equines for human consumption as well as the trade of any horse meat similarly to Texas Agriculture Code 's Chapter 149 . Other states banning horse slaughter or the sale of horse meat include New Jersey , Oklahoma , and Mississippi . In addition , several other states introduced legislation to outlaw the practice over the years , such as Florida , Massachusetts , New Mexico , and New York . At the federal level , since 2001 several bills have been regularly introduced in both the House and Senate to ban horse slaughter throughout the country without success . However , a budgetary provision banning the use of federal funds to carry out mandatory inspections at horse slaughter plants ( necessary to allow interstate sale and exports of horse meat ) has also been in place since 2007 . This restriction was temporarily removed in 2011 as part of the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 2012 but was again included in the FY2014 Agriculture Appropriations Act and subsequent federal budgets , hence preventing the operation of any domestic horse slaughter operation . Until 2007 , only three horse meat slaughterhouses still existed in the United States for export to foreign markets , but they were closed by court orders resulting from the upholding of aforementioned Illinois and Texas statutes banning horse slaughter and the sale of horse meat . The taboo surrounding horse meat in the United States received national attention again in May 2017 when a restaurant in the Lawrenceville section of Pittsburgh served a dish containing horse tartare as part of a special event the restaurant was hosting with French Canadian chefs as guests . The restaurant , which otherwise does not serve horse meat ( which is legal to serve and consume in Pennsylvania ) , received an inspection and a warning from the USDA not to serve horse meat again . A Change.org petition subsequently went up to advocate making serving horse meat illegal in Pennsylvania . From the 1920s and through the 1950s or 1960s , and with a brief rationing hiccup during WWII , horse meat was canned and sold as dog food by many different companies under many different brands , most notably by Ken - L Ration . The popularity of horse meat as dog food became so popular that by the 1930s over 50,000 horses were bred and slaughtered each year to keep up with this specific demand . Mexico ( edit ) As of 2005 , Mexico was the second largest producer of horse meat in the world . By 2009 , it became the largest producer of horse meat in the world . It is only exported as it is not used or consumed in Mexico . South America ( edit ) Chile ( edit ) See also : Chilean cuisine In Chile , it is used in charqui . Also in Chile , horse meat became the main source of nutrition for the nomadic indigenous tribes , which promptly switched from a guanaco - based economy to a horse - based one after the horses brought by the Spaniards bred naturally and became feral . This applied specially to the Pampa and Mapuche nations , who became fierce horseman warriors . Similar to the Tatars , they ate raw horse meat and milked their animals . Although not nearly as common as beef meat , horse meat can be readily available in some butcheries throughout the country . It is generally less expensive than beef and somewhat associated with lower social strata . Colombia ( edit ) In Colombia , eating horse meat is considered taboo . Argentina ( edit ) Argentina is a producer and exporter of horse meat , but it is not used in local consumption and is considered taboo . Venezuela ( edit ) In Venezuela , eating horse meat is considered taboo . See also ( edit ) Food portal Horses portal List of meat animals List of smoked foods Repugnant market References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Melinda A. Zeder ( 2006 ) . Documenting Domestication . University of California Pres . pp. 257 , 258 , 265 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 24638 - 1 Jump up ^ David W. Anthony ( 2008 ) . The Horse , the Wheel and Language . Princeton University Press . pp. 199 , 220 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 05887 - 3 Jump up ^ Richard Pillsbury ( 1998 ) . No foreign food : the American diet in time and place . Westview Press . pp. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8133 - 2739 - 6 . Jump up ^ Azzaroli , A. ( 1992 ) . `` Ascent and decline of monodactyl equids : a case for prehistoric overkill '' ( PDF ) . Ann . Zool . Finnici. 28 : 151 -- 163 . Jump up ^ LeQuire , Elise ( January 4 , 2004 ) . `` No Grass , No Horse '' . The Horse , online edition . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Guthrie , R.D. ( November 13 , 2003 ) . `` Rapid body size decline in Alaskan Pleistocene horses before extinction '' . Nature . 426 ( 6963 ) : 169 -- 171 . doi : 10.1038 / nature02098 . PMID 14614503 . Retrieved December 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McDonald , G. ( March 1993 ) . `` Hagerman `` Horse '' -- Equus simplicidens `` . The Fossil Record . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Fernando Terrejón G. ( 2001 ) . `` Geohistorical Variables in the Evolution of the Pehuenche Economic System During the Colonial Period '' . Universum Magazine ( in Spanish ) . University of Talca. 16 : 226 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 13 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 03 chapter = ignored ( help ) ( Spanish title : El Ganado Exótico Y la Transición Productiva , Variables Geohistóricas en la Evolución del Sistema Económica Pehuenche durante el periodo colonial ) . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Marvin ( 1998 ) . Good to Eat : Riddles of Food and Culture . Waveland Pr Inc . ISBN 1 - 57766 - 015 - 3 Jump up ^ Larrey is quoted in French by Dr Béraud , Études Hygiéniques de la chair de cheval comme aliment , Musée des Familles ( 1841 - 42 ) . Jump up ^ Larrey mentions in his memoirs how he fed the wounded after the ( 1809 ) with bouillon of horse meat seasoned with gunpowder . Parker , Harold T. ( 1983 reprint ) Three Napoleonic Battles . ( 2nd Ed ) . Duke University Press . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 0547 - X . Page 83 ( in Google Books ) . Quoting Dominique - Jean Larrey , Mémoires de chirurgie militaire et campagnes , III 281 , Paris , Smith . Jump up ^ Kari Weil , `` They Eat Horses , Do n't They ? Hippophagy and Frenchness '' , Gastronomica Spring 2007 , Vol. 7 , No. 2 , Pages 44 - 51 Posted online on May 22 , 2007 . doi : 10.1525 / gfc. 2007.7. 2.44 Jump up ^ Eating Up Italy : Voyages on a Vespa by Matthew Fort . 2005 , p253 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 721481 - 2 Jump up ^ Grutzner , Charles ( 1946 - 09 - 25 ) . `` Horse Meat Consumption By New Yorkers Is Rising - Newark Dealer Reports 60 % of Customers Are From City - Weinstein Will Not Prohibit Sale of the Flesh Here - Front Page - NYTimes.com '' . Select.nytimes.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ Powers , James E. ( 1946 - 09 - 29 ) . `` NEAR - BY HOSPITALS DOWN TO MINIMUM OF MEAT SUPPLIES - Westchester Just Getting By , Monmouth is Using HighProtein SubstitutesHENKEL SCORES TRUMAN Says Restaurants Ca n't Sell ' Patience ' Any More - 3 Seek to Deal in Horse Flesh Here - Front Page - NYTimes.com '' . Select.nytimes.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Stein , Joel ( 2007 - 02 - 08 ) . `` Horse -- It 's What 's for Dinner '' . Time.com . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ Cecilia Rodriguez ( 2012 - 04 - 18 ) . `` No American Horse Steak for You , Europeans '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ Drape , Joe ( 2012 - 12 - 08 ) . `` Racetrack Drugs Put Europe Off U.S. Horse Meat '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 - It is Time to Tell the Truth ... about Horse Slaughter '' . flyingfilly.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 18 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 20 ( See the list headed `` Horsemeat -- By Any Other Name '' ) Jump up ^ Bordonaro , Lori . `` Horse Meat on Menu Raises Eyebrows '' . NBC New York . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code 2.2. 1 Meat and meat products '' . Comlaw.gov.au. 2012 - 05 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ Simoons , F.J. , 1994 , Eat not this Flesh , Food Avoidances from Pre-history to Present , University of Wisconsin Press . Jump up ^ Françoise Aubaile - Sallenave , `` Meat among Mediterranean Muslims : Beliefs and Praxis '' , Estudios del Hombre 19 : 129 ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ William Ian Miller , `` Of Outlaws , Christians , Horsemeat , and Writing : Uniform Laws and Saga Iceland '' , Michigan Law Review , Vol. 89 , No. 8 ( August 1991 ) , pp. 2081 - 2095 ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Calvin W. Schwabe , Unmentionable Cuisine , University Press of Virginia , ISBN 0 - 8139 - 1162 - 1 ^ Jump up to : `` U.S.D.A. Promotes Horse & Goat Meat '' . International Generic Horse Association . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 09 . ( quoting a 1997 USDA report said to be no longer available online ) Jump up ^ vol 2 p 7 - 9 Jump up ^ Конина : вред и польза ( in Russian ) . Jump up ^ Pillsbury , Michael ( 1998 ) . No Foreign Food : The American Diet in Time and Place . Boulder , Colorado : Westview Press . p. 14 . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 2738 - 5 . Jump up ^ Powell , T.G.E. , 1958 , The Celts , Thames and Hudson , London Jump up ^ Graves , Robert , The White Goddess , Faber and Faber , London , 1961 , p 384 ^ Jump up to : Campbell , Joseph , Oriental Mythology : The Masks of God , Arkana , 1962 , pp190 - 197 ISBN 0 - 14 - 019442 - 8 Jump up ^ Phillip Pulsiano ; Kirsten Wolf ( 1993 ) . Medieval Scandinavia : an encyclopedia . Taylor & Francis . p. 523 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8240 - 4787 - 0 . Jump up ^ Anders Andrén ; Kristina Jennbert ; Catharina Raudvere ( 2006 ) . Old Norse Religion in Long Term Perspectives : Origins , Changes and Interactions , an International Conference in Lund , Sweden , June 3 -- 7 , 2004 . Nordic Academic Press . p. 131 . ISBN 978 - 91 - 89116 - 81 - 8 . Jump up ^ C.J. Chivers , A Sure Thing for Kazakhs : Horses Will Provide The New York Times ^ Jump up to : `` THE UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES OF A BAN ON THE HUMANE SLAUGHTER ( PROCESSING ) OF HORSES IN THE UNITED STATES '' ( PDF ) . The Animal Welfare Council , Inc. , citing FAO - UN Horticultural Database . May 15 , 2006 . p. 10 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 06 Jump up ^ `` The Alberta Horse Welfare Report , 2008 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 03 - 19 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Inside Out - New Forest Ponies '' . Bbc.co.uk. 2003 - 02 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFU Countryside Online : Passports for Ponies '' . BBC Inside Out . Archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 07 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Slaughter of Lady '' . Netposse.com . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Death of a Derby Winner '' . Horsesdaily.com . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Horsemeat in France - ( June 2006 ) , Librairie des Haras nationaux '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) 70 % of products derived from living horses that are destined to slaughter after being imported to Japan ( at 2014 ) is meat , while pet food is 0 , 1 % Jump up ^ Tom Rawstone ( 19 May 2007 ) . `` The English horses being sent to France to be eaten '' . London : Daily Mail . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ HY - 50 for veterinary use ( archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 06 ) . Jump up ^ `` Genitrix HY - 50 Vet brochure '' . Genitrix.co.uk . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2008 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ Duckworth , Amanda ( 2006 - 09 - 04 ) . `` Poll Finds Most Americans Against Horse Slaughter '' . Bloodhorse.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ Stein , Joel ( 2007 - 02 - 08 ) . `` ' ' Time : ' ' Horse -- It 's What 's for Dinner '' . Time.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Week in pictures - Who wants to eat horsemeat ? '' . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ Victorian Advocates for Animals & Coalition for the Protection of Racehorses protests Jump up ^ `` Americans squeamish over horse meat '' . St. Petersburg Times . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ Time Out 30 May -- 5 June 2007 Jump up ^ `` Nutrition Facts and Analysis for Game meat , horse , raw '' . Retrieved 8 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nutrition Facts and Analysis for Beef , grass - fed , strip steaks , lean only , raw '' . Retrieved 8 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Pino , Darya ( 7 January 2011 ) . `` How Nutritious Is Horse ? The Other Red Meat '' . Retrieved 8 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Argentina - Horse Meat world production figures , Farming UK , January 17 , 2009 . Retrieved March 4 , 2011 '' . Farminguk.com . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Exporting red meat to Russia : Understanding the context '' . Australian National Internships Program . 7 October 2010 . Archived from the original on 10 December 2014 . Retrieved 27 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Horse slaughter and horsemeat : the facts '' . Optimail.com.au . Archived from the original on 2011 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Butcher gives horse meat a run '' . Au.news.yahoo.com. 2010 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived October 26 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived January 30 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Li Shizhen , the Compendium of Materia Medica ( 《 本草 綱目 》 ) Chapter Shou Wild mammal one ( 獸 之 一 ) , Ming dynasty ( 4 ) Jump up ^ `` Lesehan Jaran - Jogja '' . April 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Metropolis , `` Straight From the Horse 's Mouth '' , # 903 , 15 July 2011 , pp. 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ Brief Overview of the Draft Revision of Quality Labeling Standard for Canned and Bottled Livestock Products , Japanese Ministry of Agriculture , Forestry and Fisheries ( from PuntoFocal Argentina ) . Jump up ^ `` NOTIFICATION , World Trade Organization , 16 January 2006 '' . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ ( 5 ) 88 % percent of this industry is concentrated to Hokkaido and trend is decreasing. ( pg. 2 , classification `` 農用 馬 '' ) ( Japan 's Ministry of Agriculture , Forestry and Fisheries ) Jump up ^ 馬 の 改良 増殖 等 を めぐる 情勢 平成 26 年 6 月 ( pg. 2 , 8 . ) ( Japan 's Ministry of Agriculture , Forestry and Fisheries ) ^ Jump up to : ( 6 ) 馬肉 関係 - Japan 's Ministry of Agriculture , Forestry and Fisheries ( pg. 77 , 78 ) Jump up ^ `` '' Food in Kazakhstan `` . ' ' Food in Every Country ' ' '' . Foodbycountry.com . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ Horse meat dishes in Kazakhstan . Retrieved 13 January 2009 . ( archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 10 ) Jump up ^ Michael Kohn , ( 2008 ) . Mongolia . Lonely Planet . p. 43 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74104 - 578 - 9 . Jump up ^ ( 7 ) Archived March 22 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 8 ) Archived February 14 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 9 ) Archived June 3 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Full horse course an unforgettable experience '' . Jejuweekly.com . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ Exploring Jeju 's Savory Delicacies , koreana.or.kr Jump up ^ `` I could eat a horse '' . Flanders Today . 2009 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ Janssens , M. ; Myter , N. ; De Vuyst , L. ; Leroy , F. ( 2012 ) . `` Species diversity and metabolic impact of the microbiota are low in spontaneously acidified Belgian sausages with an added starter culture of Staphylococcus carnosus '' . Food Microbiology. 29 ( 2 ) : 167 -- 177 . doi : 10.1016 / j. fm. 2011.07. 005 . PMID 22202870 . Jump up ^ Janssens , M. ; Myter , N. ; De Vuyst , L. ; Leroy , F. ( 2012 ) . `` Species diversity and metabolic impact of the microbiota are low in spontaneously acidified Belgian sausages with an added starter culture of Staphylococcus carnosus '' . Food Microbiology. 29 ( 2 ) : 167 -- 177 . doi : 10.1016 / j. fm. 2011.07. 005 . PMID 22202870 . Jump up ^ German Press Review Spiegel.de , Retrieved 04 / 17 / 2013 Jump up ^ Jason McBride ( 2009 - 07 - 03 ) . `` Heigh ho , Silver - Eating Weird : Exploring Strange and Unusual Food in Seattle '' . Blog.seattlepi.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` deledda 's kitchen : pesto di cavallo '' . Dolcideleddaintavola.blogspot.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ The Latin Language - Leonard Robert Palmer - Google Libri . Books.google.it. 1988 . ISBN 9780806121369 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ Runic Amulets and Magic Objects - Mindy MacLeod , Bernard Mees - Google Books . Books.google.it. 2006 . ISBN 9781843832058 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ An early History of Horsemanship by Augusto Azzaroli . Brill 1985 . p 135 - 138 Jump up ^ Saccisica and Conselvano Official site of the Padua Province . Tourist Section . Jump up ^ Fabio Parasecoli ( 2004 ) . Food culture in Italy . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 86 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32726 - 1 . Jump up ^ Paula Hardy ; Abigail Hole ; Olivia Pozzan ( 2008 ) . Puglia & Basilicata . Lonely Planet . p. 42 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74179 - 089 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Brasciole or meat rolls filled with pecorino and fat : Authentic Italian recipe of Apulia '' . theitaliantaste.com . Jump up ^ Eating Up Italy : Voyages on a Vespa by Matthew Fort . 2005 , p253 - 254 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 721481 - 2 Jump up ^ Carolyn Bain ( 2004 ) . Malta & Gozo . Lonely Planet . p. 56 . ISBN 174059178X . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 14 . Did you know ? Many of the village restaurants specialising in rabbit also feature horse meat on their menu . Jump up ^ ( 10 ) Archived March 10 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Lokerse paardenworsten '' . Streekproduct.be . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Erkende Lokerse paardenworst wil Europees '' . Nieuwsblad.be. 2007 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ Jochens , Jenny ( 1998 ) . Women in Old Norse Society . Cornell University Press . pp. 87 -- 88 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 8520 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Horse '' . ljubljana-life.com . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Dan Ryan ( 14 December 2006 ) . `` Taste Ljubljana -- Capital Ideas '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Please Pass the Horse '' . rlklam.blogspot.com . Jump up ^ `` A HORSE of Course ! Horse Meat in Sweden ( Gustafskorv ) '' . americulinariska.com . October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ FDHA Ordinance of 23 November 2005 on food of animal origin , Art. 2 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 4 - Factual - Food Programme - 11 April 2004 '' . Bbc.co.uk. 2004 - 04 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` WW2 People 's War - Horsemeat , A Wedding Treat '' . BBC . 2005 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` We Should Eat Horse Meat '' . Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ `` Horse meat found in salami '' . BBC News . June 4 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` ( ARCHIVED CONTENT ) Food Standards Agency - Labelling rules '' . webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Findus beef lasagne contained up to 100 % horsemeat , FSA says '' . BBC News . 7 February 2013 . Retrieved 7 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Horse meat scandal : timeline '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 16 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Harrison , David ( May 6 , 2007 ) . `` We should eat horse meat , says Ramsay '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Why you should eat horsemeat : It 's delicious '' . The Globe and Mail . January 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Investigation reports , Canada '' . Zurich , Switzerland : Tierschutzbund Zürich TSB . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Canada , Fort Macleod , Slaughterhouse Bouvry Exports and Feedlots '' . Zurich , Switzerland : Tierschutzbund Zürich TSB. 17 October 2012 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Ursula Gabathuler , Samira Zingaro ( 22 February 2013 ) . `` Quälerei auf Pferdefarmen '' ( Cruelty to horse farms ) ( in German ) . Zurich , Switzerland : Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen SRF . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 14 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Migros bezieht kein Pferdefleisch mehr vom Produzenten Bouvry aus Kanada '' ( in German ) . Zurich , Switzerland : Migros - Genossenschafts - Bund. 6 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 14 January 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto restaurateurs say horse meat a prime dining choice '' . CBC News . March 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Horsemeat - Food Facts and History - Food Reference '' . foodreference.com . Jump up ^ `` Investigation reports , USA '' . Zurich , Switzerland : Tierschutzbund Zürich ( Animal Welfare Foundation ) TSB . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Criminal Law . Prohibition on Slaughter of Horses and Sale of Horsemeat for Human Consumption . Initiative Statute '' . California Secretary of State . 1998 . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2012 . Retrieved September 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 225 ILCS 635 `` Illinois Horse Meat Act '' `` . Illinois General Assembly . 2007 . Retrieved December 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Horse : Coming soon to a meat case near you ? '' . CNN . 2011 - 11 - 30 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 12 - 02 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ http://pittsburgh.cbslocal.com/2017/05/15/usda-warns-pittsburgh-restaurant-that-served-horse-meat/ Jump up ^ http://www.neatorama.com/pet/2013/05/20/Kibble-Me-This-The-History-of-Dog-Food/ Jump up ^ http://www.animalfixer.com/articles/historydogfood.html Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/Uncle-Johns-Unstoppable-Bathroom-Reader/dp/1592231160 Jump up ^ https://thecatsite.com/threads/the-history-of-dog-food.89636/ Jump up ^ http://www.lrgaf.org/slaughter/savin.htm Jump up ^ https://rtfitchauthor.com/tag/ken-l-ration/ Jump up ^ `` Mexico consolidates horse meat exportations '' ( in Spanish ) México consolida venta de carne de caballo al exterior . El Informador . Retrieved April 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Carne de caballo , el negocio tabú que florece en la Argentina '' . La Nación ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 15 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Horse meat . `` U.S.D.A. Promotes Horse & Goat Meat '' . International Generic Horse Association . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 09 . ( quoting a 1997 USDA report said to be no longer available online ) La Viande Chevaline , a web site made by the French Horse Meat Industry structure , called Interbev Equins ( French ) On eating horse meat sashimi AsiaObscura.com Yes , Russians eat horse meat Windows to Russia hide Meat Main articles Entomophagy Fish Game Livestock Meat Poultry Seafood Poultry and game Alligator Bear Chicken Crocodile Duck Goose Grouse Kangaroo Monkey Ostrich Partridge Pheasant Bat Pigeon Quail Rabbit Seal Snake Turkey Turtle Venison Livestock and minilivestock Beef Bison Black soldier fly maggots Buffalo Camel Cat Crickets Dog Elephant Frog Goat Grasshoppers Guinea pig Horse Lamb and mutton Llama Mealworm Silkworm Mopane worm Palm grub Pork Veal Yak Fish and seafood Abalone Anchovy Basa Bass Calamari Carp Catfish Cod Crab Crappie Crayfish Dolphin Eel Flounder Grouper Haddock Halibut Herring Kingfish Lobster Mackerel Mahi Mahi Marlin Milkfish Mussel Octopus Orange roughy Oyster Pacific saury Perch Pike Pollock Salmon Sardine Scallop Shark Shrimp / prawn Sole Swai Swordfish Tilapia Trout Tuna Sea urchin Walleye Whale Cuts and preparation Aged Bacon Barbecued Braised Burger Charcuterie Chop Corned Cured Cutlet Dried Dum Fillet / Supreme Fried Ground Ham Kebab Liver Luncheon meat Marinated Meatball Meatloaf Offal Pickled Poached Roasted Salt - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how do you say horse meat in french | [
"In Belgium, horse meat (paardenvlees in Dutch and viande chevaline in French) is popular in a number of preparations. Lean, smoked, and sliced horse meat fillet (paardenrookvlees or paardengerookt; filet chevalin in French) is served as a cold cut with sandwiches or as part of a cold salad. Horse steaks can be found in most butchers and are used in a variety of preparations. The city of Vilvoorde has a few restaurants specialising in dishes prepared with horse meat. Horse sausage is a well-known local specialty in Lokeren with European recognition.[78] Smoked or dried horse/pork meat sausage, similar to salami, is sold in a square shape to be distinguished from pork and/or beef sausages.[79][80] A Flemish region around the Rupel river is also famous for a horse stew named 'Schep', made out of shoulder chuck (or similar cuts), brown ale, onions and mustard. Schep is typically served with French fries, mayonnaise and a salad of raw Belgian endive.\n"
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"viande chevaline"
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8775766947399530525 | The Little Match Girl | The Little Match Girl - wikipedia The Little Match Girl Jump to : navigation , search For the 1928 French film , see The Little Match Girl ( 1928 film ) . For the 2006 Disney animated short film , see The Little Matchgirl ( 2006 film ) . `` Match Girl '' redirects here . For the short story by Anne Bishop , see Match Girl ( short story ) . `` The Little Match Girl '' A.J. Bayes illustration , 1889 Author Hans Christian Andersen Original title `` Den Lille Pige med Svovlstikkerne '' Country Denmark Language Danish Genre ( s ) Short story Published in Dansk Folkekalender for 1846 Publication date December 1845 `` The Little Match Girl '' ( Danish : Den Lille Pige med Svovlstikkerne , meaning `` The little girl with the matchsticks '' ) is a short story by Danish poet and author Hans Christian Andersen . The story , about a dying child 's dreams and hope , was first published in 1845 . It has been adapted to various media , including an animated short film , a television musical , and an animated virtual reality story called `` Allumette '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 2 Publication 3 Adaptations 3.1 Amusement park attractions 3.2 Anime and manga 3.3 Audio recordings 3.4 Comics 3.5 Films 3.5. 1 16mm short subject films 3.5. 2 Animated films 3.5. 3 Live - action films 3.6 Games 3.7 Literature 3.8 Music 3.9 Television 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Summary ( edit ) On a cold New Year 's Eve , a poor , young girl tries to sell matches in the street . She is already shivering from cold and early hypothermia , and she is walking barefoot having lost her two large slippers . Still , she is too afraid to go home , because her father will beat her for not selling any matches , and also as the many cracks in their shack ca n't keep out the cold wind . The girl takes shelter in a nook or alley and sits down . The girl lights the matches to warm herself . In their glow she sees several lovely visions , starting with a warm stove , then a luxurious holiday feast where the goose almost jumps out at her , and then a magnificent Christmas tree larger than the one at the rich merchant 's house . The girl looks skyward and sees a shooting star ; she then remembers her late grandmother saying that such a falling star means someone is dying and is going to Heaven . As she lights the next match , she sees a vision of her grandmother , the only person to have treated her with love and kindness all through her life . To keep the vision of her grandmother alive for as long as she can , the girl lights the entire bundle of matches at once . After running out of matches the child dies and her grandmother carries her soul to Heaven . The next morning , passers - by find the girl dead in the nook , frozen with a smile on her face , and guess the reason for the burnt - out matches beside her . They feel pity for her , although they had not shown kindness to her before her death . They have no way of knowing about the wonderful visions she saw before her death or how gloriously she is celebrating the New Year in Heaven with her grandmother . Publication ( edit ) `` The Little Match Girl '' was first published December 1845 , in Dansk Folkekalender for 1846 . The work was re-published as a part of New Fairy Tales ( 4 March 1848 ) , Second Volume , Second Collection ( Nye Eventyr ( 1848 ) , Andet Bind , Anden Samling ) , and again 18 December 1849 as a part of Fairy Tales ( 1850 ; Eventyr ) . The work was also published 30 March 1863 as a part of Fairy Tales and Stories ( 1863 ) , Second Volume ( Eventyr og Historier ( 1863 ) , Andet Bind ) . Adaptations ( edit ) Amusement park attractions ( edit ) The Little Match Girl in the Fairy Tale Forest , Efteling , Netherlands The Fairy Tale Forest ( Sprookjesbos in Dutch ) of the amusement park Efteling in the Netherlands has a three - dimensional attraction showing the story of the Little Match Girl , called Het Meisje met de Zwavelstokjes . In this attraction , use is made of the pepper 's ghost technique . Anime and manga ( edit ) In Is the Order a Rabbit ? , Sharo starts daydreaming while handing out flyers , humorously seeing it as a death flag when she connects her actions to the match girl . Chapter 18 of the manga series Binbou Shimai Monogatari ( 2004 ) replays the tale of `` The Little Match Girl '' , featuring the protagonists Asu and Kyou with a happy ending twist . In Chapter 24 ( Volume 3 ) of Love Hina , Su makes Shinobu dress up as a Little Red Riding Hood type and sell matches to raise some travelling money to Okinawa . When that plot initially fails and Shinobu starts to cry , a good number of passers - by are moved to tears and prepare to buy all her matches until the two girls are chased off by resident Yakuza . In the Japanese anime Gakuen Alice , the main character , Mikan Sakura puts on a play about The Little Match Girl to earn money . Episode 201 of Gin Tama , `` Everybody 's a Santa '' , parodies The Little Match Girl , where Yagyu Kyubei narrates a humorous retelling of the story , featuring Kagura as the eponymous title character , replacing match sticks with Shinpachi , a human punching bag . `` Girl Who Does n't Sell Matches But is Misfortunate Anyway '' is the final episode of the 2010 anime series Ōkami - san , which draws inspiration from various fairy tales . The episode features a character called Machiko Himura , who is based on the little match girl . `` The Little Key Frames Girl '' , episode 11 of the anime Shirobako ( 2014 ) , humorously replays the whole match girl story from a more modern and lower stakes point of view . In `` Christmas Osomatsu - san '' , episode 11 of the anime Osomatsu - san ( 2015 ) , Iyami humorously acts as The Little Match Girl , dying in the end . Match Shoujo , a manga by Sanami Suzuki ( 2014 -- 15 ) , is being made into a live - action film starring Sumire Sato , as the title character . In `` Let 's Get Wiggy With It '' , episode 2 of the anime Bobobo - bo Bo - bobo ( 2003 -- 05 ) , Don Patch humorously recites a story of him selling churros at Christmas time with no one buying , showing a Churro buried and covered in snow in the end , resembling death . In `` Troupe Dragon , On Stage ! ( They Had A Troupe Name , Huh ) '' , episode 10 of the anime Miss Kobayashi 's Dragon Maid ( 2017 ) , the main characters decide to stage a performance of `` The Little Match Girl '' for a nursing home on Christmas . Throughout the episode , the characters add their own ideas to the story ( such as magical girls and the Forty - seven rōnin ) , to the point that the performance bears virtually no resemblance to the original . Audio recordings ( edit ) The record `` Charles Dickens : A Christmas Carol '' published by Peter Pan Records features a reading on the B side . Comics ( edit ) In issue # 112 of Bill Willingham 's Fables ( a comic book series about living embodiments of storybook characters ) , The Little Match Girl is introduced to Rose Red as one of the paladins of the embodiment of Hope , ostensibly on the night that the girl is doomed to die ( Christmas Eve , in this telling ) . The child identifies herself as `` the caretaker of hope deferred '' , braving the deadly cold and saving the meager pennies she earns towards the promise of a better life in the future , and stubbornly denying that her death is close at hand . Films ( edit ) 16mm short Subject Films ( edit ) In 1954 , Castle Films released a 16 mm English language version of a 1952 black and white French short live - action film . Instead of her grandmother , the Virgin Mary , whom the match girl believes is her own long - lost mother , takes the girl to Heaven . No mention is made of the father beating the child . Animated Films ( edit ) Color Rhapsodies ( 1937 ) , a Charles Mintz studio color adaptation including the grim ending , considered among the studio 's best films . It was nominated for the 1937 Academy Award for Best Short Subject ( Cartoons ) , and lost to Disney 's short The Old Mill . This version of the story is slightly different from Andersen 's story , specifically near the end . La Tartelette ( 1967 ) , a Jacques Colombat short film inspired by Andersen 's story , with a black humour twist ending . Hans Christian Andersen no Sekai ( 1971 , The World of Hans Christian Andersen ) , Toei Animation 's animated film based on Andersen 's works The Little Match Girl ( 2003 ) , an animated short film by Junho Chung for Fine Cut : KCET 's Festival of Student Film `` The Little Match Girl '' ( 2005 ) , ADV Films ' adaptation released in Hello Kitty Animation Theater , Vol. 3 . The Little Match Girl ( 2006 ) , the last of four Walt Disney Animation Studios shorts originally intended to be part of a Fantasia ( 1940 ) compilation film , which project was canceled . This short was then developed as a stand - alone film and was nominated for the 2006 Academy Award for Best Animated Short , losing to The Danish Poet . This short was subsequently released as a special feature on the 2006 Platinum Edition DVD of The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) . In 2015 , the short was released on the Walt Disney Animation Studios Short Films Collection Blu - ray Disc . Live - action Films ( edit ) The Little Match Seller ( 1902 ) , a short silent film directed by James Williamson The Little Match Girl ( 1914 ) , a 9 minute long silent film directed by Percy Nash . The Little Match Girl ( 1928 ) , La Petite Marchande d'Allumettes ) , a 40 - minute silent film by Jean Renoir La Jeune Fille aux Allumettes ( 1952 ) , French director Jean Benoît - Lévy 's film version , includes a brief dance sequence with ballet star Janine Charrat Den lille pige med svovlstikkerne ( 1953 ) , Danish film director Johan Jacobsen adapted the Andersen story to a short film , starring Karin Nellemose , Françoise Rosay , and Agnes Thorberg Wieth . The film competed for the short film prize of the 1954 Cannes Film Festival . La vendedora de rosas ( 1998 ; Little Rose Selling Girl ) , directed by Víctor Gaviria , is a film by Colombian movie about homeless children victims of solvent abuse , loosely based on `` The Little Match Girl '' ; it competed for the Palme d'Or at the 1998 Cannes Film Festival . Resurrection of the Little Match Girl ( 2003 ) is a Korean movie . Matchstick Girl ( 2015 ) , a modern adaptation short film set in the UK , was produced and directed by Joann Randles Match Shojo ( 2016 ) , a Japanese adaptation of Sanami Suzuki 's manga starring Sumire Sato . Games ( edit ) Suikoden III , ( 2002 ) , a video game for the PlayStation 2 , contains a highly abridged play version of `` The Little Match Girl '' . In the game , the player can cast characters in different roles and have them perform a shortened version of the story . Yakuza 5 , ( 2012 ) , a video game for the PlayStation 3 has a substory named `` The Little Match Girl '' during Taiga Saejima 's segment of the game that involves a little girl selling matches for 100 yen . A similar sunstory also appears in Yakuza ( 2005 ) and its remake , Yakuza Kiwami ( 2016 ) . The Little Match Girl , ( 2015 ) , a visual novel for web browsers and Android that tells the story . In The Witcher 3 : Wild Hunt -- Blood and Wine , the Little Match Girl , tired of seeing that no one buys her matches , starts selling tobacco , various alcoholic beverages and even drugs , stating that `` it is much more profitable and demand is high '' . THE iDOLM@STER 2 , ( 2011 ) , a video game for Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 , has a song titled `` Little Match Girl '' available in the first DLC pack for the Xbox 360 version and available by default in the PlayStation 3 version . The song features a romanticized version of the story . The song has made further appearances in THE iDOLM@STER SHINY FESTA , THE iDOLM@STER ONE FOR ALL , and in the 2011 anime adaptation of the series . `` QURARE Magic Library '' , ( 2014 ) , a Korean mobile game that 's also been imported to the PlayStation 4 to the west . There is a Kodex card in game called `` Little Match Girl '' which is a Super Rare + card and features the passive Resurrect V skill for Tank decks . The image is drawn by STUDIO NCG , and its description is very different from the original story , with a much darker ending . Literature ( edit ) Anne Bishop published the short story `` Match Girl '' in Ruby Slippers , Golden Tears ( 1995 ) . On page 319 of Clarissa Pinkola Estés ' book Women Who Run with the Wolves ( 1992 ) , `` The Little Match Girl '' , the author tells the story to her aunt , followed by a lucid analysis . In Neil Gaiman 's novella A Study in Emerald ( 2004 ) , the main characters view a set of three plays , one of which is a stage adaptation of the `` Little Match Girl '' . Novelist Gregory Maguire read a short story based on `` The Little Match Girl '' over the air on NPR . He later expanded the short story into a novel , published as Matchless : A Christmas Story ( 2009 ) . William McGonagall retold `` The Little Match Girl '' in a poem . Jerry Pinkney wrote an adaption of the story setting it in the early twentieth century . Terry Pratchett 's Discworld novel , Hogfather ( 1996 ) , gave the story a less morbid ending , thanks to the intervention of Death himself : acting as the Hogfather to compensate for the original 's absence , he uses his status to give the little match girl a gift of a future . Hans Tseng adapted `` The Little Match Girl '' into a short story manga , featured in the first volume of Tokyopop 's Rising Stars of Manga ( 2003 ) . In Anne Ursu 's novel Breadcrumbs ( 2011 ) , the main character Hazel meets in the woods a character based on the Little Match Girl . `` The Little Match Girl '' was one of the key inspirations for the main character Rosemary in Michael Sajdak 's novelette Voices of the Dead ( 2017 ) . Music ( edit ) In 1994 , Frederik Magle released the album The Song Is a Fairytale , of songs based on Hans Christian Andersen 's fairytales , with Thomas Eje and Niels - Henning Ørsted Pedersen amongst others . `` The Little Match Girl '' is one of the songs . In 1988 -- 96 , the German avant - garde composer Helmut Lachenmann wrote an opera based on the story , called Das Mädchen mit den Schwefelhölzern , also including a text by Red Army Faction founder Gudrun Ensslin . In 1995 , German singer Meret Becker included the song `` Das Mädchen mit den Schwefelhölzern '' in her album Noctambule . In 2001 , guitarist Loren Mazzacane Connors released the album The Little Match Girl based on the story . In 2001 , the Hungarian band Tormentor wrote the song `` The Little Match Girl , '' with lyrics based on the story . In 2002 , GrooveLily released the album Striking 12 , a musical based on `` The Little Match Girl '' , which subsequently opened off - Broadway in 2006 . In 2005 , Erasure 's music video of their song `` Breathe '' was a modern adaptation of the story . In 2006 , the English band The Tiger Lillies and a string trio released the album The Little Match Girl based on the story . American composer David Lang completed his own rendition of the original story in 2007 . The Little Match Girl Passion is scored for four solo voices , soprano , alto , tenor and bass , with percussion , and was written for Paul Hillier and his ensemble Theater of Voices . The work was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in music in 2008 . It presents Hans Christian Andersen 's tale in Lang 's characteristic post-minimalist style with thematic influence from Johann Sebastian Bach 's St. John and St. Matthew Passions . In 2010 , Vocaloid producer Akuno - P produced the song `` The Flames of the Yellow Phosphorus '' , an alternate take on the story . In the song , the girl must sell all the matches she has , or else her father will not feed her . After lighting a match , she decides to burn her father 's house down and steal his money for food , as to not be cold nor starving . Ironically , she gets burned at the stake as punishment . In 2012 , The Crüxshadows recorded the song `` Matchstick Girl '' on their album As the Dark Against My Halo , which according to the band 's frontman , Rogue , refers to Hans Christian Andersen 's fairy tale . Tori Amos 's 2015 musical The Light Princess includes the song `` My Fairy - Story '' , where the main character reads this story and compares it to her own situation . In 2015 , Japanese techno - rap unit Suiyōbi no Campanella produced the song `` Macchi Uri no Shoujo '' ( 「 マッチ 売り の 少女 」 , ' The Little Match Girl ' ) . Television ( edit ) In 1974 , a contemporarized version set in Cincinnati on Christmas Eve was aired on WLWT . This Christmas special was placed in syndication and last aired on the Family Channel in December 1982 . In 1986 , HTV released The Little Match Girl as a musical based on the original story . The cast included Twiggy and Roger Daltrey . It included the song `` Mistletoe and Wine '' , which became a Christmas hit a year later for Cliff Richard . In 1987 , a modernized version , The Little Match Girl , was shown on American television . The cast included Keshia Knight Pulliam , Rue McClanahan , and William Daniels . In 2009 , a modernized version set to original music and narrated by F. Murray Abraham was presented by HBO Storybook Musicals , in which the girl is the daughter of a homeless New York couple forced to live underground in an abandoned subway station due to the economic collapse of the 1990s . A short parody version of the Little Match Girl was featured in Robot Chicken episode `` Garbage Sushi '' with the Little Match Girl voiced by Minae Noji , her father voiced by Rob Paulsen , and her grandmother voiced by Seth Green . In this sketch version , she was selling matches stating that she must sell them or her father will beat her . Upon lighting a match , she sees a family . Upon lighting the second match , she sees a vision of her grandmother who tells the Little Match Girl who tells her that Vishnu is in Heaven and that Jesus is a fairy tale . Upon being told of her grandmother 's plan , the girl learns the power of fire with the matches and kills her father for his abuse upon spilling alcohol on him and then using her matches to burn him to a skeleton . Then she finds her grandmother 's jewelry and cracks an egg on her father 's burning skeleton . By the final scene , the Little Match Girl is in a warmer location where she gives the bartender a big stack of money for a cup of Mai Tai . When asked what her name is , the girl states `` My name 's the Little F * * * * * * Match Girl '' and then throws the cup of Mai Tai at the screen . In 2017 , a version of The Little Match Girl was featured on Christmas with the Mormon Tabernacle Choir featuring Rolando Villazon televised on PBS . See also ( edit ) Children 's literature portal List of works by Hans Christian Andersen Near death experience Vilhelm Pedersen , the first illustrator of Andersen 's fairy tales `` To Build a Fire '' , two versions of a short story by Jack London about an adult who suffers from hypothermia in the Yukon Territory References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Janko Roettgers '' ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` VR Review : ' Allumette ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Tatar , Maria ( 2008 ) . The Annotated Hans Christian Andersen . W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 06081 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Hans Christian Andersen : The Little Match Girl '' . Hans Christian Andersen Center . Jump up ^ Efteling -- ' The Little Match Girl ' in Fairy tale forest ( Het meisje met de zwavelstokjes ) ( video ) Jump up ^ http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-01 - 27 / ske48 - idol - sumire - sato - kensho - ono - star - in - film - of - the - little - match - girl - manga /. 98042 Jump up ^ Doty , Meriah ( 4 June 2015 ) . `` ' Frozen Fever ' ( and Easter Eggs ! ) Coming Soon on Disney Shorts Blu - ray ( Exclusive ) '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Selection 1954 : All the Selection '' . Archived from the original on 26 December 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-01-27/ske48-idol-sumire-sato-kensho-ono-star-in-film-of-the-little-match-girl-manga/.98042 Jump up ^ `` Ryu Ga Gotoku 5 / Yakuza 5 SUBSTORY - The Little Match Girl '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ VanderWerff , Todd ( 19 November 2009 ) . `` Matchless : A Christmas Story '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ McGonagall , William . `` The Little Match Girl . '' Poetry Foundation. 2010 . Web . 26 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Song is a Fairytale '' . magle.dk . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Nick Smurthwaite ( 21 March 2005 ) . `` Million pound notes -- Keith Strachan '' . The Stage . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` INTERVIEW : West End director Keith Strachan takes Dancing In The Streets on tour '' . This is London . 20 October 2009 . Archived from the original on 4 June 2011 . Retrieved 23 March 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Little Match Girl Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Little Match Girl . `` The Little Match Girl '' Jean Hersholt 's English translation ( 3 ) `` The Little Match Girl '' in the New Normal Reader Den Lille Pige med Svovlstikkerne Original Danish text Surlalune : The Annotated Little Match Girl `` The Little Matchgirl '' Creative Commons audiobook `` The Little Match Girl 1902 Adaptation ( downloadable ) '' at the British Film Institute David Lang 's passion English translation ( full text ) from `` Andersen 's Fairy Tales '' The Little Match Girl public domain audiobook at LibriVox Hans Christian Andersen Bibliography Collections Fairy Tales Told for Children ( 1835 -- 1837 ) Fairy Tales Told for Children ( 1838 ) New Fairy Tales ( 1843 / 1844 ) Stories `` The Angel '' `` Blockhead Hans '' `` The Elf Mound '' `` The Emperor 's New Clothes '' `` The Fir - Tree '' `` The Flying Trunk '' `` The Galoshes of Fortune '' `` The Garden of Paradise '' `` The Goblin and the Grocer '' `` Golden Treasure '' `` The Ice - Maiden '' `` The Little Match Girl '' `` The Little Mermaid '' `` The Most Incredible Thing '' `` The Nightingale '' `` Ole Lukøje '' `` The Princess and the Pea '' `` The Red Shoes '' `` The Shadow '' `` The Shepherdess and the Chimney Sweep '' `` The Snow Queen '' `` The Snowman '' `` The Steadfast Tin Soldier '' `` The Story of a Mother '' `` The Sweethearts ; or , The Top and the Ball '' `` The Swineherd '' `` The Tallow Candle '' `` The Teapot '' `` Thumbelina '' `` The Tinderbox '' `` The Ugly Duckling '' `` The Wild Swans '' Novels The Improvisatore ( 1835 ) The Two Baronesses ( 1848 ) Films Hans Christian Andersen ( 1952 ) The Daydreamer ( 1966 ) Hans Christian Andersen : My Life as a Fairytale ( 2001 miniseries ) Young Andersen ( 2005 serial ) Related Hans Christian Andersen Museum Pleated Christmas hearts International Children 's Book Day Hans Christian Andersen Award Hans Christian Andersen Literature Award Hans Christian Andersen 's `` The Little Match Girl '' ( 1845 ) Films The Little Match Seller The Little Match Girl ( 1928 ) La vendedora de rosas Resurrection of the Little Match Girl The Little Matchgirl ( 2006 , film ) Short stories `` Match Girl '' `` Matchless : A Christmas Story '' Other Striking 12 The Little Match Girl Passion Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Little_Match_Girl&oldid=829896782 '' Categories : 1845 short stories Child characters in literature Danish fairy tales Christmas short stories Fictional Danish people New Year fiction Short stories by Hans Christian Andersen Female characters in fairy tales Fictional characters introduced in 1845 Matches ( firelighting ) Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing Danish - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles with LibriVox links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 March 2018 , at 13 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what happens to the girl who lights a fire | [
"After running out of matches the child dies and her grandmother carries her soul to Heaven. The next morning, passers-by find the girl dead in the nook, frozen with a smile on her face, and guess the reason for the burnt-out matches beside her. They feel pity for her, although they had not shown kindness to her before her death. They have no way of knowing about the wonderful visions she saw before her death or how gloriously she is celebrating the New Year in Heaven with her grandmother.[4]"
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"the child dies and her grandmother carries her soul to Heaven"
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4816613472650090787 | Questioned document examination | Questioned document examination - wikipedia Questioned document examination Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on Forensic science Physiological ( show ) Anthropology Biology Bloodstain pattern analysis Botany Dentistry DNA phenotyping DNA profiling Entomology Epidemiology Medicine Palynology Pathology Podiatry Toxicology Social ( show ) Psychiatry Psychology Psychotherapy Social work Criminalistics ( hide ) Accounting Body identification Chemistry Facial reconstruction Fingerprint analysis Firearm examination Footwear evidence Forensic arts Profiling Gloveprint analysis Palmprint analysis Questioned document examination Vein matching Digital forensics ( show ) Computer exams Data analysis Database study Mobile devices Network analysis Photography Video analysis Audio analysis Related disciplines ( show ) Electrical engineering Engineering Fire investigation Fire accelerant detection Fractography Linguistics Materials engineering Polymer engineering Statistics Traffic collision reconstruction Related articles ( show ) Crime scene CSI effect Perry Mason syndrome Pollen calendar Skid mark Trace evidence Use of DNA in forensic entomology Outline `` Graphanalysis '' redirects here . For the practice , now considered pseudoscientific , of examining a handwriting exemplar to determine one or more psychological traits of the person providing it , see Graphology . In forensic science , questioned document examination ( QDE ) is the examination of documents potentially disputed in a court of law . Its primary purpose is to provide evidence about a suspicious or questionable document using scientific processes and methods . Evidence might include alterations , the chain of possession , damage to the document , forgery , origin , authenticity , or other questions that come up when a document is challenged in court . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overviews 2 Scope of document examination 2.1 Types of document examined 3 Historical cases 4 Candidacy 5 Training 6 Examination 6.1 Examination types 6.2 Principle of identification 6.3 Handwriting examinations 6.4 Other examinations 7 Common tools of the trade 8 Professional organizations 8.1 Dedicated to questioned document examination 8.2 General forensic science associations with QDE sections 8.3 Academic / research groups with interest in QDE 9 Certification 9.1 International ( border-less ) certifying bodies 9.1. 1 Forensic Science Society ( UK ) 9.2 USA , Canada and Mexico 9.2. 1 American Board of Forensic Document Examiners 9.2. 2 Board of Forensic Document Examiners 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References Overviews ( edit ) Many QD examinations involve a comparison of the questioned document , or components of the document , to a set of known standards . The most common type of examination involves handwriting wherein the examiner tries to address concerns about potential authorship . A document examiner is often asked to determine if a questioned item originated from the same source as the known item ( s ) , then present their opinion on the matter in court as an expert witness . Other common tasks include determining what has happened to a document , determining when a document was produced , or deciphering information on the document that has been obscured , obliterated , or erased . The discipline is known by many names including ' forensic document examination ' , ' document examination ' , ' diplomatics ' , ' handwriting examination ' , or sometimes ' handwriting analysis ' , although the latter term is not often used as it may be confused with graphology . Likewise a forensic document examiner ( FDE ) is not to be confused with a graphologist , and vice versa . Many FDEs receive extensive training in all of the aspects of the discipline . As a result , they are competent to address a wide variety of questions about document evidence . However , this `` broad specialization '' approach has not been universally adopted . In some locales , a clear distinction is made between the terms ' forensic document examiner ' and a ' forensic handwriting expert / examiner ' . In such cases , the former term refers to examiners who focus on non-handwriting examination types while the latter refers to those trained exclusively to do handwriting examinations . Even in places where the more general meaning is common , such as North America or Australia , there are many individuals who have specialized training only in relatively limited areas . As the terminology varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction , it is important to clarify the meaning of the title used by any individual professing to be a `` forensic document examiner '' . Scope of document examination ( edit ) A forensic document examiner is intimately linked to the legal system as a forensic scientist . Forensic science is the application of science to address issues under consideration in the legal system . FDEs examine items ( documents ) that form part of a case that may or may not come before a court of law . Common criminal charges involved in a document examination case fall into the `` white - collar crime '' category . These include identity theft , forgery , counterfeiting , fraud , or uttering a forged document . Questioned documents are often important in other contexts simply because documents are used in so many contexts and for so many purposes . For example , a person may commit murder and forge a suicide note . This is an example where a document is produced directly as a fundamental part of a crime . More often a questioned document is simply the by - product of normal day - to - day business or personal activities . The American Society for Testing and Materials , International ( ASTM ) publishes standards for many methods and procedures used by FDEs . E30. 02 was the ASTM subcomittee for Questioned Documents . These guides were under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 on Forensic Sciences and the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30. 02 on Questioned Documents . The ASTM Questioned Document Section has been disbanded . All of the Standards are now available through SWGDOC ( The Scientific Working Group for Document Examiners ) . The Standard Guide for Scope of Work of Forensic Document Examiners indicates there are four components to the work of a forensic document examiner . It states that an examiner `` makes scientific examinations , comparisons , and analyses of documents to : establish genuineness or nongenuineness , or to expose forgery , or to reveal alterations , additions or deletions ; identify or eliminate persons as the source of handwriting ; identify or eliminate the source of typewriting or other impression , marks , or relative evidence ; and write reports or give testimony , when needed , to aid the users of the examiner 's services in understanding the examiner 's findings . '' Some FDEs limit their work to the examination and comparison of handwriting ; most inspect and examine the whole document in accordance with this ASTM standard . Types of document examined ( edit ) Documents feature prominently in all manner of business and personal affairs . Almost any type of document may become disputed in an investigation or litigation . For example , a questioned document may be a sheet of paper bearing handwriting or mechanically - produced text such as a ransom note , a forged cheque , or a business contract . It may be material not normally thought of as a ' document ' . FDEs define the word `` document '' in a very broad sense as being any material bearing marks , signs , or symbols intended to convey a message or meaning to someone . This encompasses traditional paper documents but also includes things like graffiti on a wall , stamp impressions on meat products , or covert markings hidden in a written letter , among others . Historical cases ( edit ) The National Archives forgeries ( aka Martin Allen forgeries or Himmler forged documents ) ( 2005 ) The Killian memos ( 2004 ) The ImClone / Martha Stewart trial ( 2004 ) The Yellowcake Forgery ( 2003 ) The Nina Wang case of the Teddy Wang wills ( 2002 and 2010 ) The anthrax attack mailings on the US Senate ( 2001 ) The JonBenét Ramsey murder ( 1996 ) The Paul Jennings Hill murders ( 1994 ) The Hitler Diaries printed by the magazine Stern and determined to be forgeries ( 1983 ) The Mark Hofmann forgeries and murders ( 1980 -- 84 ) The Mormon Will that Melvin Dummar claimed left him part of Howard Hughes ' fortune ( 1978 ) The Clifford Irving claim that Howard Hughes authorized his biography ( 1972 ) The Zodiac Killer ( 1969 ) The Lindbergh kidnapping ( 1934 ) where comparison of the ransom note and Bruno Hauptmann 's handwriting was crucial The Adolf Beck cases ( 1896 and 1904 ) where handwriting expert Thomas H. Gurrin repeated an erroneous identification The James Reavis ( Baron of Arizona ) land swindle trial about forged documents involved in a Spanish barony and land grant ( 1895 ) The Dreyfus Affair ( 1894 ) , involving non-FDE Alphonse Bertillon , although professional comparisons exonerating Dreyfus were ignored The Howland will forgery trial ( 1868 ) Operation Bernhard , a secret Nazi plan to destabilize the British economy through counterfeited banknotes ( 1939 ) Although the crimes were committed before the discipline of document examination was firmly established , the letters of the Jack the Ripper case have since been examined in great detail . Candidacy ( edit ) A person who desires to enter a career of forensic document examination must possess certain traits and abilities . The ASTM Standard E2388 - 05 ( Standard Guide for Minimum Training Requirements for Forensic Document Examiners ) lists several requirements for the `` Trainee Candidate '' . First and foremost , `` an earned baccalaureate degree or equivalent from an accredited college or university '' is required as it gives the aspirant a scientific background with which to approach the work in an objective manner , as well as bestowing necessary biological , physical , and chemical knowledge sometimes called upon in the work . Second , excellent eyesight is required to see fine details that are otherwise inconspicuous . To this end , the aspirant must successfully complete : a form discrimination test to ensure that the aspirant is able to tell apart two similar - appearing yet different items , a color perception test , and near and distant visual acuity tests `` with best corrected vision within six months prior to commencement of training . '' Beyond the above , additional desirable skills include knowledge of paper , ink , printing processes , or handwriting . Training ( edit ) There are three possible methods of instruction for an aspiring document examiner : Self - education is the way the pioneers of the field began , as there was no other method of instruction . Apprenticeship has become the widespread way many examiners are now taught . This is the method that is recommended by ASTM in Standard E2388 - 05 . To conform with the ASTM standard such training `` shall be the equivalent of a minimum of 24 months full - time training under the supervision of a principal trainer '' and `` the training program shall be successfully completed in a period not to exceed four years '' . The training program must also include an extensive list of specific syllabus topics outlined in ASTM Standard E2388 - 05 . College and university programs are very limited . This is due , in part , to the relatively limited demand for forensic document examiners . It also relates to the need for extensive practical experience , particularly with respect to handwriting examination . It is difficult to include this degree of practical experience in a normal academic program . There are some distance learning courses available as well . These are taught through a virtual reality classroom and may include an apprenticeship program , a correspondence course , or both . A trainee must learn how to present evidence before the court in clear , forceful testimony . Fledgling examiners in the later stages of training can get a glimpse into the legal process as well as a better sense of this aspect of their work through participation in a mock trial or by attending court hearings to observe the testimony of qualified examiners . These are guidelines and not requirements . Examination ( edit ) Examination types ( edit ) Examinations and comparisons conducted by document examiners can be diverse and may involve any of the following : Handwriting ( cursive / printing ) and signatures Typewriters , photocopiers , laser printers , ink - jet printers , fax machines Chequewriters , rubber stamps , price markers , label makers Printing processes Ink , pencil , paper Alterations , additions , erasures , obliterations Indentation detection and / or decipherment Sequence determination Physical matching Principle of identification ( edit ) The concept of ' identification ' as it is applied in the forensic sciences is open to discussion and debate . Nonetheless , the traditional approach in the discipline of forensic document examination is best expressed as follows : `` When any two items possess a combination of independent discriminating elements ( characteristics ) that are similar and / or correspond in their relationships to one another , of such number and significance as to preclude the possibility of their occurrence by pure coincidence , and there are no inexplicable disparities , it may be concluded that they are the same in nature or are related to a common source ( the principle of identification ) . '' The evaluation of such characteristics is now predominantly subjective though efforts to meaningfully quantify this type of information are ongoing . Subjective evaluation does not mean that the results of properly conducted comparisons will be unreliable or inaccurate . To the contrary , scientific testing has shown that professional document examiners ( as a group ) out - perform lay - people when comparing handwriting or signatures to assess authorship . However , this type of ' subjective ' analysis depends greatly upon the competency of an individual examiner . It follows that an examiner should follow appropriate case examination protocols carefully and evaluate all possible propositions , an examiner should be properly trained and their training should include adequate testing of their abilities , the formal case examination procedure should incorporate some form of secondary review ( ideally , independent in nature ) and every examiner should make every effort to demonstrate and maintain their competency through professional certification and ongoing proficiency testing . Handwriting examinations ( edit ) The examination of handwriting to assess potential authorship proceeds from the above principle of identification by applying it to a comparison of samples of handwritten material . Generally , there are three stages in the process of examination . In brief , they are : Analysis : The questioned and the known items are analyzed and broken down to directly perceptible characteristics . Comparison : The characteristics of the questioned item are then compared against the known standard . Evaluation : Similarities and differences in the compared properties are evaluated and this determines which ones are valuable for a conclusion . This depends on the uniqueness and frequency of occurrence in the items . Optionally , the procedure may involve a fourth step consisting of verification / validation or peer review . ASTM has published a standard guide for the examination of handwriting titled `` E2290 - 07a : Examination of Handwritten Items '' . Some of the guides listed under `` Other Examinations '' apply to forensic handwriting comparisons ( e.g. , E444 or E1658 ) . An alternative guide for the examination of handwriting and signatures has been developed by the Forensic Expertise Profiling Laboratory ( School of Human Biosciences , La Trobe University , Victoria , Australia ) . Other examinations ( edit ) Aside from E2290 mentioned above , many standard guides pertaining to the examination of questioned documents have been published by ASTM International . They include the following : E444 - 06 Scope of Work Relating to Forensic Document Examiners E2195 - 02 Terminology : Examination of Questioned Documents E1658 - 08 Terminology : Expressing Conclusions of Forensic Document Examiners E1422 - 05 Test Methods for Forensic Writing Ink Comparison E1789 - 04 Writing Ink Identification E2285 - 03 Examination of Mechanical Checkwriter Impressions E2286 - 03 Examination of Dry Seal Impressions E2287 - 03 Examination of Fracture Patterns and Paper Fibre Impressions on Single - Strike Film Ribbons and Typed Text E2288 - 03 Physical Match of Paper Cuts , Tears , and Perforations in Forensic Document Examinations E2289 - 08 Examination of Rubber Stamp Impressions E2291 - 03 Indentation Examinations E2325 - 05 Non-destructive Examination of Paper E2331 - 04 Examination of Altered Documents E2388 - 05 Minimum Training Requirements for Forensic Document Examiners E2389 - 05 Examination of Documents Produced with Liquid Ink Jet Technology E2390 - 06 Examination of Documents Produced with Toner Technology E2494 - 08 Standard Guide for Examination of Typewritten Items Not all laboratories or examiners use or follow ASTM guidelines . These are guidelines and not requirements . There are other ASTM guides of a more general nature that apply ( e.g. , E 1732 : Terminology Relating to Forensic Science ) . Copies of ASTM Standards can be obtained from ASTM International . Common tools of the trade ( edit ) Excellent eyesight Handlens / loupe Stereomicroscope Electrostatic detection device ( EDD ) Video spectral comparator ( VSC ) Professional organizations ( edit ) Links are provided below Dedicated to questioned document examination ( edit ) American Society of Questioned Document Examiners ( ASQDE ) : USA and Canada Australasian Society of Forensic Document Examiners Inc . ( ASFDE Inc ) : Australia / Asia ( formerly the Australian Society of Forensic Document Examiners ) Associación Professional de Peritos Callígrafos de Cataluña ( Spain ) European Network of Forensic Handwriting Experts ( ENFHEX within ENFSI ) European Document Experts Working Group ( EDEWG within ENFSI ) Southeastern Association of Forensic Document Examiners ( SAFDE ) : Southeast USA Southwestern Association of Forensic Document Examiners ( SWAFDE ) : Southwest USA Gesellschaft für Forensische Schriftuntersuchung ( GFS ) : Frankfurt ( Germany ) National Association of Document Examiners ( NADE ) Association of Forensic Document Examiners ( AFDE ) The International Association of Document Examiners ( IADE ) The Scientific Association of Forensic Examiners ( SAFE ) Sociedad Internacional de Peritos en Documentoscopia ( SIPDO ) : Spain , Latin América General forensic science associations with QDE sections ( edit ) American Academy of Forensic Sciences ( AAFS ) : USA Canadian Society of Forensic Science ( CSFS ) : Canada Australian and New Zealand Forensic Science Society European Network of Forensic Science Institutes ( ENFSI ) Forensic Science Society ( FSS ) : United Kingdom International Association for Identification ( IAI ) Mid-Atlantic Association of Forensic Scientists ( MAAFS ) Academic / research groups with interest in QDE ( edit ) International Graphonomics Society Center of Excellence for Document Analysis and Recognition ( SUNY ) Purdue Sensor and Printer Forensics ( PSAPF ) Project Certification ( edit ) Due to the nature of certification , there are many bodies that provide this service . Most provide certification to individuals from a particular country or geographic area . In some places , the term accreditation may be used instead of certification . Either way , in the present context , it refers to the assessment of an examiner 's competency and qualifications by an independent ( third - party ) organization of professionals . International ( border-less ) certifying bodies ( edit ) Forensic Science Society ( UK ) ( edit ) The Forensic Science Society ( UK ) provides their members with the opportunity to obtain a Professional Postgraduate Diploma in forensic disciplines , including Questioned Document Examination . The program is accredited by the University of Strathclyde . Successful applicants are entitled to use the postnominal ' FSSocDip ' . Since membership in the FSS ( UK ) is open to anyone regardless of where they live or work , this is effectively an international certification . Usa , Canada and Mexico ( edit ) American Board of forensic document examiners ( edit ) The American Board of Forensic Document Examiners , Inc . ( ABFDE ) provides third - party certification for professional forensic document examiners from Canada , Mexico , the United States of America as well as Australia and New Zealand . Board of forensic document examiners ( edit ) The Board of Forensic Document Examiners ( BFDE ) provides certification of forensic document examiners . See also ( edit ) Images of signatures Ontario Centre of Forensic Sciences Canadian Identification Society CEDAR - FOX Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : ASTM International : These guides are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 on Forensic Sciences and the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30. 02 on Questioned Documents . Copies of ASTM Standards can be obtained directly from ASTM International . Jump up ^ In biometrics , this concept is generally referred to as either ' verification ' or ' authentication ' while the term ' identification ' is used to assign an individual to a particular class or group . Jump up ^ Huber , Roy A. ; Headrick , A.M. ( April 1999 ) , Handwriting Identification : Facts and Fundamentals , New York : CRC Press , p. 84 , ISBN 0 - 8493 - 1285 - X Jump up ^ Kam et al , A Decade of Writer Identification Proficiency Tests for Forensic Document Examiners , ASQDE , 2003 . Jump up ^ Huber & Headrick 1999 , pg. 34 . Jump up ^ `` ASFDE Inc History '' . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Qualifications and Awards '' . UK : The Forensic Science Society . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` ABFDE Rules and Procedures Guide '' ( PDF ) . General qualifications , Para 1.2 . A.B.F.D.E. , Inc . Retrieved 21 January 2014 . References ( edit ) The literature relating to questioned document examination is very extensive . Publications in English , French , German , and other languages are readily available . The following is a very brief list of English - language textbooks : Osborn , A.S. ( 1929 ) . Questioned Documents , 2nd ed . Albany , New York : Boyd Printing Company . Reprinted , Chicago : Nelson - Hall Co . Harrison , W.R. ( 1958 ) . Suspect Documents : Their Scientific Examination . New York : Praeger . Conway , J.V.P. ( 1959 ) . Evidential Documents . Illinois : Charles C Thomas . Hilton , O. ( 1982 ) . Scientific Examination of Questioned Documents . New York : Elsevier Science Publishing Co . Huber R.A. & Headrick A.M. ( 1999 ) . Handwriting Identification : Facts and Fundamentals . Boca Raton : CRC Press . Ellen , D. ( 2005 ) . Scientific Examination of Documents : Methods and Techniques , Third Edition . Boca Raton : CRC Press . Morris , R. ( 2000 ) . Forensic Handwriting Identification : Fundamental Concepts and Principles . Academic Press . Levinson , J. ( 2001 ) . Questioned Documents : A Lawyer 's Handbook . San Diego : Academic Press . Köller N. , Nissen K. , Rieß M. & Sadorf E. Probabilistische Schlussfolgerungen in Schriftgutachten ( Probability Conclusions in Expert Opinions on Handwriting ) , Luchterhand , Munchen ( 2004 ) available online in German and English : PDF Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Questioned_document_examination&oldid=794570715 '' Categories : Questioned document examination Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी മലയാളം 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2017 , at 20 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who developed the fundamental principles of document examination | [
"The American Society for Testing and Materials, International (ASTM) publishes standards for many methods and procedures used by FDEs. E30.02 was the ASTM subcomittee for Questioned Documents. These guides were under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 on Forensic Sciences and the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.02 on Questioned Documents. The ASTM Questioned Document Section has been disbanded."
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"American Society for Testing and Materials, International (ASTM)"
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3872779688732188643 | Pilgrimage of Grace | Pilgrimage of Grace - wikipedia Pilgrimage of Grace Jump to : navigation , search Pilgrimage of Grace A banner bearing the Holy Wounds of Jesus Christ , which was carried at the Pilgrimage of Grace Location York , Yorkshire , England Date October 1536 -- October 1537 Attack type Uprising and subsequent suppression Perpetrators Robert Aske Thomas Darcy , Baron Darcy Robert Constable Sir Francis Bigod No. of participants 40,000 Defender Thomas Cromwell , Vicegerent in Spirituals to Henry VIII Henry VIII of England The Pilgrimage of Grace was a popular rising in Yorkshire in October 1536 against Henry VIII 's break with the Roman Catholic Church , the Dissolution of the Monasteries and the policies of the King 's chief minister , Thomas Cromwell , as well as other specific political , social and economic grievances . It was `` the most serious of all Tudor rebellions '' . Although sometimes used to refer to other risings in northern England at the time , including the Lincolnshire Rising 12 days before the Pilgrimage of Grace , the term technically refers only to the uprising in Yorkshire . The traditional historical view portrays it as `` a spontaneous mass protest of the conservative elements in the North of England angry with the religious upheavals instigated by King Henry VIII '' . Historians have noted that there were contributing economic issues . Contents ( hide ) 1 Lincolnshire Rising 2 Pilgrimage of Grace and the early Tudor crisis 2.1 Economic 2.2 Political 2.3 Religious 3 Events 4 Suppression 5 Failures 6 Successes 7 Leadership 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 11.1 Fiction 12 External links Lincolnshire rising ( edit ) Plaque commemorating the Lincolnshire Rising , opposite south entrance to St James ' Church , Louth . The Lincolnshire Rising was a brief rising by Roman Catholics against the establishment of the Church of England by Henry VIII and the dissolution of the monasteries set in motion by Thomas Cromwell . Both planned to assert the nation 's religious autonomy and the king 's supremacy over religious matters . The dissolution of the monasteries resulted in much property being transferred to the Crown . The rising began on 2 October 1536 at St James ' Church , Louth , after evensong , shortly after the closure of Louth Park Abbey . The stated aim of the uprising was to protest the suppression of Catholic religious houses , not the rule of Henry VIII himself . It quickly gained support in Horncastle , Market Rasen , Caistor and other nearby towns . Angered by the actions of commissioners , the protesters or rioters demanded the end of the collection of a subsidy , the end of the Ten Articles , an end to the dissolution , an end to taxes in peacetime , a purge of heretics in government and the repeal of the Statute of Uses . With support from local gentry , a force of demonstrators , estimated at up to 40,000 , marched on Lincoln , Lincolnshire , and , by 14 October , occupied Lincoln Cathedral . They demanded the freedom to continue worshipping as Catholics and protection for the treasures of Lincolnshire churches . The protest was led by a monk and a shoemaker and involved 22,000 people . The moratorium effectively ended on 4 October 1536 , when the King sent word for the occupiers to disperse or face the forces of Charles Brandon , 1st Duke of Suffolk , which had already been mobilised . By 14 October , few remained in Lincoln . Following the rising , the vicar of Louth and Captain Cobbler , two of the main leaders , were captured and hanged at Tyburn . Most of the other local ringleaders were also executed during the next twelve days , including William Moreland , or Borrowby , one of the former Louth Park Abbey monks . A lawyer from Willingham was hanged , drawn and quartered for his involvement . The Lincolnshire Rising helped inspire the more widespread Pilgrimage of Grace . Pilgrimage of Grace and the early Tudor crisis ( edit ) Pilgrimage of Grace The movement broke out on 13 October 1536 , immediately following the failure of the Lincolnshire Rising . Only then was the term ' Pilgrimage of Grace ' used . Historians have identified several key themes of the revolt : Economic ( edit ) The northern gentry had concerns over the new Statute of Uses . The poor harvest of 1535 had also led to high food prices , which likely contributed to discontent . Political ( edit ) Many people in northern England disliked the way in which Henry VIII had cast off his wife , Catherine of Aragon . Although her successor , Anne Boleyn , had been unpopular as Catherine 's replacement , as both a rumoured Protestant and a southerner , her execution in 1536 on trumped - up charges of adultery and treason had done much to undermine the monarchy 's prestige and the King 's personal reputation . Aristocrats objected to the rise of Thomas Cromwell , who was ' base born ' . Religious ( edit ) The local church was , for many in the north , the centre of community life . Many ordinary peasants were worried that their church plate would be confiscated . There were also popular rumours at the time which hinted that baptisms might be taxed . The recently released Ten Articles and the new order of prayer issued by the government in 1535 had also made official doctrine more reformed , which went against the conservative beliefs of most northerners . Events ( edit ) Robert Aske was chosen to lead the insurgents ; he was a barrister from London , a resident of the Inns of Court , and the youngest son of Sir Robert Aske of Aughton , near Selby . His family was from Aske Hall , Richmondshire , and had long been in Yorkshire . In 1536 , Aske led a band of 9,000 followers , who entered and occupied York . He arranged for expelled monks and nuns to return to their houses ; the King 's newly installed tenants were driven out , and Catholic observances were resumed . The rising was so successful that the royalist leaders , Thomas Howard , 3rd Duke of Norfolk , and George Talbot , 4th Earl of Shrewsbury , opened negotiations with the insurgents at Scawsby Leys , near Doncaster , where Aske had assembled between thirty and forty thousand people . Norfolk promised a general pardon and a Parliament to be held at York within a year , as well as a reprieve for the abbeys until the parliament had met . Naively trusting the king 's promises , Aske dismissed his followers . Jesse Childs ( a biographer of the Earl of Surrey , Norfolk 's son ) specifically notes that Henry VIII did not authorize Thomas Howard , 3rd Duke of Norfolk to grant remedies for the grievances . Norfolk 's enemies had whispered into the King 's ear that the Howards could put down a rebellion of peasants if they wanted to , suggesting that Norfolk sympathized with the Pilgrimage . Norfolk , seeing their vast numbers ( he and the Earl of Shrewsbury were outnumbered : they had 5000 and 7000 respectively but there were 40,000 pilgrims ) negotiated and made promises to avoid being massacred . Suppression ( edit ) In February 1537 there was a new rising ( not authorised by Aske ) in Cumberland and Westmorland , called Bigod 's Rebellion , under Sir Francis Bigod , of Settrington in the North Riding of Yorkshire . Because he knew the promises he made on behalf of the King would not be met , Norfolk reacted quickly to the new uprising after the Pilgrims did not disperse as they had promised . The rebellion failed and King Henry arrested Bigod , Aske and several other rebels , such as Darcy , John Hussey , 1st Baron Hussey of Sleaford , the Chief Butler of England ; Sir Thomas Percy and Sir Robert Constable . All were convicted of treason and executed . During 1537 Bigod was hanged at Tyburn ; Lords Darcy and Hussey both beheaded ; Thomas Moigne , M.P. for Lincoln was hanged , drawn and quartered ; Sir Robert Constable hanged in chains at Hull ; and Robert Aske hanged in chains at York . In total 216 were executed : several lords and knights ( including Sir Thomas Percy , Sir Stephen Hamerton , Sir William Lumley , Sir John Constable and Sir William Constable ) , 6 abbots ( Adam Sedbar , Abbot of Jervaulx , William Trafford , Abbot of Sawley , Matthew Mackarel , Abbot of Barlings and Bishop of Chalcedon , William Thirsk , Abbot of Fountains and the Prior of Bridlington ) , 38 monks , and 16 parish priests . Sir Nicholas Tempest , Bowbearer of the Forest of Bowland , was hanged at Tyburn , Sir John Bulmer hanged , drawn and quartered and his wife Margaret Stafford burnt at the stake . In late 1538 , Sir Edward Neville , Keeper of the Sewer , was beheaded . The loss of the leaders enabled the Duke of Norfolk to quell the rising , and martial law was imposed upon the demonstrating regions . Norfolk executed some 216 activists ( such as Lord Darcy , who tried to implicate Norfolk as a sympathizer ) : churchmen , monks , commoners . The details of the trial and execution of major leaders were recorded by the author of Wriothesley 's Chronicle : Also the 16 day of May ( 1537 ) there were arraigned at Westminster afore the King 's Commissioners , the Lord Chancellor that day being the chief , these persons following : Sir Robert Constable , knight ; Sir Thomas Percy , knight , and brother to the Earl of Northumberland ; Sir John Bulmer , knight , and Ralph Bulmer , his son and heir ; Sir Francis Bigod , knight ; Margaret Cheney , after Lady Bulmer by untrue matrimony ; George Lumley , esquire ; Robert Aske , gentleman , that was captain in the insurrection of the Northern men ; and one Hamerton , esquire , all which persons were indicted of high treason against the King , and that day condemned by a jury of knights and esquires for the same , whereupon they had sentence to be drawn , hanged and quartered , but Ralph Bulmer , the son of John Bulmer , was reprieved and had no sentence . And on the 25 day of May , being the Friday in Whitsun week , Sir John Bulmer , Sir Stephen Hamerton , knights , were hanged and headed ; Nicholas Tempest , esquire ; Doctor Cockerell , priest ; Abbot quondam of Fountains ; and Doctor Pickering , friar , were drawn from the Tower of London to Tyburn , and there hanged , bowelled and quartered , and their heads set on London Bridge and divers gates in London . And the same day Margaret Cheney , ' other wife to Bulmer called ' , was drawn after them from the Tower of London into Smithfield , and there burned according to her judgment , God pardon her soul , being the Friday in Whitsun week ; she was a very fair creature , and a beautiful . Failures ( edit ) The Lincolnshire Rising and the Pilgrimage of Grace have traditionally been seen as complete failures for the following reasons : England was not reconciled to the Roman Catholic Church , except during the brief reign of Mary I ( 1553 -- 1558 ) . The dissolution of the monasteries continued unabated , with the largest monasteries being dissolved by 1540 . Great tracts of land were seized from the Church and divided among the Crown and its supporters . The steps towards official Protestantism achieved by Cromwell continued except during the reign of Mary I . Successes ( edit ) Their partial successes are less known : The government postponed the collection of the October subsidy , a major grievance amongst the Lincolnshire organisations . The Statute of Uses was partially negated by a new law , the Statute of Wills . Four of the seven sacraments that were omitted from the Ten Articles were restored in the Bishop 's Book of 1537 , which marked the end of the drift of official doctrine towards Protestantism . The Bishop 's Book was followed by the Six Articles of 1539 . An onslaught upon heresy was promised in a royal proclamation in 1538 . Leadership ( edit ) Historians have noted the leaders among the nobility and gentry in the Lincolnshire Rising and the Pilgrimage of Grace and tend to argue that the Risings gained legitimacy only through the involvement of the northern nobility and gentlemen , such as Lord Darcy , Lord Hussey and Robert Aske . However , historians such as M.E. James , C.S.L. Davies and Andy Wood , among others , believe the question of leadership was more complex . James and Davies look at the Risings of 1536 as the product of common grievances . The lower classes were aggrieved because of the closure of local monasteries by the Act of Suppression . The northern nobility felt their rights were being taken away from them in the Acts of 1535 - 1536 , which made them lose confidence in the royal government . James analysed how the lower classes and the nobility used each other as a legitimizing force in an extremely ordered society . The nobles hid behind the force of the lower classes with claims of coercion , since they were seen as blameless for their actions because they did not possess political choice . This allowed the nobles an arena to air their grievances while , at the same time , playing the victims of popular violence . The lower classes used the nobility to give their grievance a sense of obedience since the `` leaders '' of the rebellion were of a higher social class . Davies considers the leadership of the 1536 Risings as more of a cohesion . Common grievances over evil advisors and religion brought the higher and lower classes together in their fight . Once the nobles had to confront the King 's forces and an all - out war , they decided to surrender , thereby ending the cohesion . Historian Andy Wood , representing social historians of the late 20th century who have found more agency among the lower classes , argues that the commons were the effective force behind the Risings . He argues that this force came from a class group largely left out of history : minor gentlemen and well - off farmers . He believes these groups were the leaders of the Risings because they had more political agency and thought . See also ( edit ) John Longland , Bishop of Lincoln during the period Prayer Book Rebellion Rising of the North Thomas Trahern , Somerset Herald , murdered in 1542 by William Leech of Fulletby , fugitive ringleader of the Lincolnshire rising Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Cross 2013 . Jump up ^ Loades , David , ed. ( 2003 ) . Reader 's guide to British history . New York : Fitzroy Dearborn . pp. 1039 -- 41 . ISBN 9781579582425 . ^ Jump up to : Halpenny , Baron . `` Lincolnshire Uprising -- A Very Religious Affair '' . BBC Lincolnshire . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Hamilton , William Douglas , ed. ( 1875 ) . A Chronicle of England During the Reigns of the Tudors by Charles Wriothesley . London : Camden Society . pp. 56 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Page , William , ed. ( 1906 ) . A History of the County of Lincoln : Volume 2 . London : Victoria County History . pp. 138 -- 141 . ^ Jump up to : Burton , Edwin ( 1911 ) . `` Pilgrimage of Grace '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . 12 . New York : Robert Appleton . Jump up ^ Childs , Jessie ( 2008 ) . Henry VIII 's last victim : the life and times of Henry Howard , Earl of Surrey . London : Vintage . p. 115 . ISBN 9780712643474 . Jump up ^ Dodds , Madeleine Hope ; Dodds , Ruth ( 1915 ) . The Pilgrimage of Grace 1536 - 1537 and the Exeter Conspiracy 1538 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 214 . Jump up ^ Father of John Lumley , 1st Baron Lumley . Jump up ^ James Cockerell , Prior of Guisborough . Jump up ^ William Thirsk . Jump up ^ John Pickering of Bridlington . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Anthony ; MacCulloch , Diarmaid ( 2015 ) . Tudor Rebellions . Routledge . ISBN 9781317437376 . Jump up ^ James , M.E. ( August 1970 ) . `` Obedience and Dissent in Henrician England : The Lincolnshire Rebellion 1536 '' . Past & Present ( 48 ) : 68 -- 76 . JSTOR 650480 . Jump up ^ Davies , C.S.L. ( December 1968 ) . `` The Pilgrimage of Grace Reconsidered '' . Past & Present ( 41 ) : 55 -- 74 . JSTOR 650003 . Jump up ^ Wood , Andy ( 2002 ) . Riot , rebellion and popular politics in early modern England . New York : Palgrave . pp. 19 -- 54 . ISBN 9780333637623 . References ( edit ) Cross , Claire ( 2013 ) . `` Participants in the Pilgrimage of Grace ( act . 1536 -- 1537 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( online ed . ) . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Retrieved 1 November 2013 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Dodds , Madeleine Hope ; Dodds , Ruth ( 1971 ) . The Pilgrimage of Grace 1536 - 1537 and the Exeter Conspiracy 1538 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Still the major comprehensive history . Hamilton , William Douglas , ed. ( 1875 ) . A Chronicle of England During the Reigns of the Tudors from A.D. 1485 to 1559 by Charles Wriothesley , Windsor Herald . I. London : J.B. Nichols and Sons . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) , Knowles , David ( 1959 ) . Bare Ruined Choirs . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Retrieved 5 November 2013 . Loades , David , ed. , Reader 's Guide to British History ( 2003 ) pp 1039 -- 41 Further reading ( edit ) Hoyle , R.W. The Pilgrimage of Grace and the Politics of the 1530s ( Oxford UP , 2001 ) 487 pp ; scholarly study Geoffrey Moorhouse The Pilgrimage of Grace : The Rebellion That Shook Henry VIII 's Throne. ( 2002 ) excerpt ; popular non-fiction M.L. Bush , `` The Tudor Polity and the Pilgrimage of Grace . '' Historical Research 2007 80 ( 207 ) : 47 -- 72 . online Fiction ( edit ) John Buchan ( 1931 ) . The Blanket of the Dark ( Hodder and Stoughton , London ) , a novel ; H.F.M. Prescott ( 1952 ) . The Man on a Donkey , a novel External links ( edit ) A summary of two historians ' ( Guy and Elton ) perspectives on the Pilgrimages of Grace can be found at William Howard School HistoryLearningSite.co.uk -- The Pilgrimage of Grace TudorPlace.com -- The Pilgrimage of Grace ( 1536 / 7 ) Luminarium.com -- Pilgrimage of Grace Hoyle , R.W. ( 2001 ) . The Pilgrimage of Grace and the Politics of the 1530s . Oxford University Press . p. 407 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 925906 - 2 . ( 1 ) This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Pilgrimage of Grace '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pilgrimage_of_Grace&oldid=800805675 '' Categories : 1536 in England Conflicts in 1536 English Reformation Tudor rebellions 16th - century rebellions History of York 1537 in England Conflicts in 1537 History of Catholicism in England Northern England Hidden categories : Articles incorporating text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference Use dmy dates from May 2012 Use British English from May 2012 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Français Italiano Latina Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 19 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did the pilgrimage of grace take place | [
"The Pilgrimage of Grace was a popular rising in Yorkshire in October 1536 against Henry VIII's break with the Roman Catholic Church, the Dissolution of the Monasteries and the policies of the King's chief minister, Thomas Cromwell, as well as other specific political, social and economic grievances. It was \"the most serious of all Tudor rebellions\".[1]"
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"Yorkshire"
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-1224775978031457242 | Dan Scott | Dan Scott - wikipedia Dan Scott Dan Scott Portrayed by Paul Johansson First appearance Pilot ( episode 1.01 ) Last appearance Danny Boy ( episode 9.11 ) Created by Mark Schwahn Profile Occupation Former Motivational Speaker Prison Inmate Mayor Car Salesman Auto shop owner Diner owner / cook show Family Family Royal Scott ( father ) May Scott ( mother ) Keith Scott ( brother , deceased ) Lily Roe Scott ( niece ) Haley James Scott ( daughter - in - law ) Peyton Sawyer Scott ( daughter - in - law ) Spouse Deborah `` Deb '' Lee ( ex-wife ) Rachel Gatina ( ex-wife ) Children Lucas Scott ( son , with Karen ; estranged ) Nathan Scott ( son , with Deb ) Grandchildren James `` Jamie '' Lucas Scott ( grandson , via Nathan ) Sawyer Brooke Scott ( granddaughter , via Lucas ) Lydia Bob Scott ( granddaughter , via Nathan ) Daniel Robert `` Dan '' Scott is a fictional character on the WB / CW television drama series One Tree Hill who is the primary antagonist for the first four seasons before becoming a tragic fallen antihero and is played by Paul Johansson . He is the father of Lucas Scott ( by Karen Roe ) and Nathan Scott ( by Deborah Lee ) , the grandfather of James Lucas Scott and Lydia Bob Scott ( via Nathan ) and Sawyer Brooke Scott ( via Lucas ) and the uncle of Lily Roe Scott . Every good story needs a villain Lucas . I 'm sorry but I 'm yours . -- Dan Scott Contents 1 Fictional character biography 1.1 Season 1 1.2 Season 2 1.3 Season 3 1.4 Season 4 1.5 Season 5 1.6 Season 6 1.7 Season 7 1.8 Season 8 1.9 Season 9 2 See also 3 References Fictional character biography ( edit ) Dan grew up in Tree Hill , NC and attended Tree Hill High , where he was the star of the Ravens basketball team . Towards the end of senior year , Dan got his girlfriend Karen Roe pregnant , but abandoned her to take a basketball scholarship to North Carolina . At college he met Deb Lee , who also became pregnant by him . Dan returned to Tree Hill on the night his and Karen 's son Lucas was born but , on seeing Keith with Karen at the hospital , Dan left without Karen seeing him . Dan and Deb married and moved back to Tree Hill with their son Nathan . Dan tried to get joint custody of Lucas , but Karen refused and Dan gave up on trying to be part of Lucas 's life . He later became a successful car salesman having set up his own business with Deb 's money . Dan is a man with big dreams and expectations , especially regarding his son Nathan , but he does n't handle it very well when they 're not fulfilled . Season 1 ( edit ) Dan is a controlling father to Nathan , who is now the Ravens ' star player , but has nothing to do with Lucas . When Lucas joins the Ravens , Dan encourages Nathan to give his half - brother a hard time . Dan puts so much pressure on Nathan that Nathan takes drugs to enhance his basketball performance , leading to him collapsing on the court . When Deb finds out , she asks Dan for a divorce . When Dan 's parents come to town for Dan 's birthday , it is revealed that Dan 's father Royal put similar pressure on Dan and that Dan faked the extent of an injury he suffered in college in order to give up basketball . Dan also has an uneasy relationship with Keith , due to Keith 's continuing friendship with Karen . When Keith crashes the car he is driving with Lucas inside , Dan pulls Lucas from the car and saves his life , leading to a temporary truce with Karen . Keith is left in financial difficulty due to Lucas 's medical bills and Dan offers to buy Keith 's garage from him while Keith continues to run it . However , it soon becomes clear that Dan will be running the garage in his own way and Keith quits . After being rejected by Karen , Keith turns to Deb for comfort and they have a one - night stand . On walking in on them in bed together , Dan tells Keith that he is no longer his brother . Dan is about to sign his divorce papers to Deb when he suffers a heart attack . When Deb finds Dan on the floor , Dan tells her `` you 'd better hope I die . '' Season 2 ( edit ) After his heart attack , Dan claims to be a changed person and tries to get closer to Lucas . Dan and Deb are united in their disapproval of Nathan 's marriage to Haley . Dan claims to have forgiven Deb and Keith for their fling and a guilty Deb allows Dan to live with her while he recovers . It becomes clear that the new Dan is an act when he lies to Deb after being given a clean bill of health and it is revealed that Keith 's new girlfriend Jules was actually hired by Dan to seduce his brother . On discovering that he has the same heart condition as Dan , Lucas agrees to move in with Dan on the conditions that Dan pays for Lucas 's medication and keeps this from Karen , and also that Dan leaves Keith and `` Jules '' alone . Dan keeps his promises but Karen discovers the truth about Jules and threatens to tell Keith , leading to Jules leaving Keith at the altar . Dan is delighted at this result and , after knocking down the groom on the wedding cake , looks at Deb saying `` one down , one to go '' . On discovering what Dan did , Keith confronts Dan at the dealership and attacks him . Before leaving town , Keith tells Dan that he has nothing left to lose , but Dan does . When Nathan and Haley 's marriage is in trouble , Dan is quick to pounce , and gets Nathan to sign annulment papers and move back in with him and Deb . However , Deb wants Dan out of their lives for good , especially after learning that Dan told Nathan that it is his fault that Deb is now addicted to pills . Lucas continues to live with Dan in order to bring down his father once and for all . He finds cash and an incriminating ledger in the attic of the dealership and discovers that Dan has been making money illegally by changing the amounts on bills and pocketing the extra cash . However , Dan has made Deb the co-owner of the dealership , meaning that she would be incriminated too . Dan then reveals he left the cash and ledger for Lucas to find as a test of Lucas 's loyalty , which Lucas failed , and so Dan severs all ties to Lucas , even cutting off his son 's heart medication . Dan also sabotages Karen 's relationship with her business lecturer Andy by walking into one of Andy 's classes and telling everyone that Andy is sleeping with Karen , which leads to Andy losing his job . Dan then tries to have Andy deported back to New Zealand . When Karen angrily confronts Dan at the dealership , Dan grabs her and forcefully kisses her , saying `` is n't that was this is really about ? '' At the end of the season Dan falls unconscious after drinking a poisoned bottle of whisky that was left for him with a note saying `` for everything you 've done '' . The dealership is then set on fire with Dan inside . Season 3 ( edit ) Dan survives the fire , but the dealership is destroyed . Dan at first thinks it was Lucas who tried to kill him when he remembers seeing him in the fire , but it is revealed that Lucas saved him . Wanting access to the fire investigation , Dan runs for mayor of Tree Hill . His family - based campaign includes having Deb pretend to love him in exchange for a final divorce . This ploy works and Dan is elected mayor . As mayor , Dan gains access to CCTV showing Keith buying the whisky used to drug Dan , and when Keith returns to town Dan has him arrested on suspicion of his attempted murder . Although the police release Keith due to lack of evidence , Dan still believes that Keith was the perpetrator , and things become worse when Keith announces that he is going to marry Karen and adopt Lucas . One day at Tree Hill High , Jimmy Edwards takes a gun to school and fires it , causing a lock down . Keith persuades Dan as mayor to let him go into the school to talk to Jimmy , but Jimmy commits suicide by shooting himself in front of Keith . Dan then gets into the school , picks up the gun and shoots Keith , killing him . Jimmy gets the blame for Keith 's death as it is assumed that he shot Keith before turning the gun on himself . Dan convinces himself that Keith deserved what he got as he started the war with Dan . Nevertheless , Dan becomes haunted , seeing visions of Keith as a child everywhere , and this has a profound effect on him . Realizing he has to change his ways he tries to get closer to Nathan , telling his son that he is proud of him and that he loves him . Haley then gives Dan a second chance by inviting him to her and Nathan 's second wedding . At the ceremony Deb tells Dan that it was her , not Keith , who tried to kill him in the fire . Dan goes to Keith 's grave and breaks down . Dan then apologizes to Karen for how he treated her and Lucas and she reveals that she is pregnant with Keith 's child . Dan takes her in his arms promising to be there for her this time . He then goes home and discovers that someone has written `` MURDERER '' on his wall . Season 4 ( edit ) Dan tries to make amends for Keith 's death by looking after Karen . However , he still sees messages everywhere calling him a murderer , and wonders if it is all in his head . Meanwhile , Nathan is in deep debt and asks Dan to help him . Dan refuses and Nathan goes to a loan shark , Daunte , instead . Daunte forces Nathan to shave points in a basketball game and then demands that Nathan lose the State Championship . On discovering the trouble that Nathan is in , Dan confronts Daunte and offers to pay him off , but Daunte gets Dan to back down by threatening Nathan , Lucas , the pregnant Haley and Karen . When the Ravens win the State Championship , Daunte runs Haley over and crashes into a construction site . Nathan pulls Daunte out of the car and beats him , before realizing he is dead . Dan takes the fall for Nathan and is arrested . Dan plans to plead guilty to Daunte 's murder in order to be punished for Keith 's death , but the coroner 's report shows that Daunte was already dead when Nathan pulled him out of the car . Dan is released and the experience brings him and Karen closer together , as Karen admires what Dan was willing to do for his son . Dan and Karen begin to come together romantically , attending the school prom together as chaperones , but Dan continues to receive text messages and notes accusing him of killing his brother . Dan discovers that the person sending the messages is Abby Brown , a student who witnessed the shooting . Dan then visits Abby and her mother and tries to explain why he killed Keith , saying `` Karen was mine , she was supposed to be mine '' . Abby leaves Tree Hill for good , but not before telling Lucas what she knows . Lucas walks in on Dan and his mother kissing and attacks Dan , shouting that he killed Keith , but Karen refuses to believe him . Lucas then goes to the police , but Dan has got there first and told them that Lucas is just trying to sabotage Dan 's relationship with Karen . On learning from Haley that Deb has a gun , Lucas steals the gun and confronts Dan in front of Karen , causing her to collapse . Lucas fires a warning shot to make Dan leave , before rushing the unconscious Karen to hospital . After learning from Deb that Dan killed Keith , Nathan confronts Dan and tells him that he will never be a part of his grandson 's life . After Karen 's daughter is born by c - section , Dan visits his new niece in the hospital , before turning himself in to the police . Two weeks later , a recovered Karen visits Dan in his cell and tells him that she has a daughter , Lily , who will never know her father because of Dan , before spitting at him . Dan is so distraught by this encounter that he tries to hang himself in his cell with his bedsheet . The sheet unravels after a few seconds , and Dan falls to the floor , left to agonize over what he has done . Season 5 ( edit ) Four and a half years later , Nathan visits Dan in prison , and tells him that he will never be like him . Nathan then tells Dan that Jamie found a picture of him once and Nathan told him that his grandfather was dead . Later , a prison guard tells Dan that Nathan left behind an envelope , which contains a picture of Jamie . A parole hearing is held for Dan and despite Lucas pleading with the board not to be fooled by Dan , he is released . Soon after , Dan goes to a store to buy a basketball for his grandson and ends up sleeping with the cashier later that night . At Lucas 's wedding , Dan sits outside in his car and is confronted by Haley , who tells him to stay away from the family . When Jamie is abducted during the ceremony by his evil nanny , Carrie , Dan saves him and threatens Carrie , telling her that he killed his brother and would have no problem doing the same to her . Dan then returns Jamie to Nathan and Haley 's house and is attacked by Lucas and Nathan . On Jamie 's 5th birthday Dan goes to drop off a gift and has a confrontation with Deb . After the party Nathan goes and tells Dan to stay away and Dan reveals he only has six months to live due to his HCM . However , after the man in front of him on the heart transplant list dies , he becomes number one . Excited , he leaves the hospital and helps an old man retrieve his cane before suddenly getting hit by a car . Ironically , seconds later his beeper goes off because a heart has been found for him . Season 6 ( edit ) When he wakes up from the accident , it is revealed that Carrie , Jamie 's former nanny , was the one who ran him over , as revenge for interfering with her taking Jamie as her son . He finds himself in a `` hospital room '' but when he tries to escape ( Carrie is torturing him ) he discovers that he is not in a hospital room , but in her house , in a room which Carrie designed to confuse him by disguising it as a hospital room by putting medical equipment and painting the room , as well as adding hospital - style curtains . Carrie devises a plan to get Jamie by telling Haley that Dan is dying , so that she 'll bring Jamie to see him . Carrie goes after Jamie , then Haley too . Dan shoots Carrie once she attempts to kill Haley and Deb . Carrie wakes up later that night , and reminds Dan that he promised he 'd kill her if she came near his family again , prompting him to keep his word and shoot her again , this time killing her . As a result , Nathan and Haley let Dan see Jamie , but Nathan quickly reminds his father that he still hates him for killing his uncle . Unfortunately , Dan still finds himself without a heart transplant and has to wait longer . In the mean time , he tries to be a father to Nathan by advising him on his basketball and has a talk with Lucas about the day of the school shooting to help with the Ravens movie . His relationship with Jamie also grows and he finally has a blowout with Deb about Keith . When his heart transplant does come , the man who delivers it trips over a dog 's leash and the dog eats it . Dan ultimately loses all hope and attempts to drown himself at a beach . He then goes to tells Jamie goodbye . Jamie becomes upset and asks him who killed Keith ; and Dan admits that he did it . Dan leaves Tree Hill , but not before saying some last words to Lucas and Nathan . At the end of the season we see Dan as a broken man . He hates his life and wants to die . To make amends he goes to visit Coach Durham to whom he confesses that when he looks back on his life it all went wrong when he refused to play at the state championship . He tells Coach Durham that he should be dead but he is n't and that he realizes `` this is my hell '' . He has to see his family experience the happiest moments of their lives but he ca n't feel them . To this Coach Durham replies `` you created that , Danny '' . Dan then turns a gun on himself but ca n't bring himself to pull the trigger . He then forces the gun into Coach Durham 's hand and begs the latter to shoot him . Later , after Dan cries in his arms , Durham adds , `` there is still time for redemption , son '' . Nathan shows up and tells Dan that he has made it to the NBA . Later Peyton lets Dan hold his other grandchild , Sawyer Scott . At the end of the episode he tells the audience that when he looks in the mirror he sees that he was supposed to be someone else , but fell short of that person . Season 7 ( edit ) Fourteen months have passed since the season six finale , and Dan is now a motivational speaker . He has his own TV show called Scott Free Redemption . He has also written a book with the same title . It is then revealed that he is married to Rachel Gatina . Dan reached out to his son Nathan when he read about him and Renee Richardson , who he meets , asking her to speak on his show . Dan reveals that Renee Richardson was lying about Nathan 's alleged affair and exposes her on his show . It is also revealed that Dan did in fact have a heart transplant as he quotes Renee Richardson 's con as `` Takes a Con to Know a Con . '' About a year earlier , Dan traveled to Mexico to have a heart transplant . His new wife Rachel Gatina paid with his money for a family to pull the life support plug on their young son . The heart was then given to Dan . Dan returns to Tree Hill and tries to ask forgiveness from Nathan . Nathan will not forgive Dan , but only `` tolerate '' him for Jamie 's sake . Dan then meets Clay , who he shakes up ( by throwing him in the ocean ) , telling him not to give up on being an agent . On the eve of Nathan and Haley 's departure , Rachel gets Dan to do a live broadcast from the school hallway where he killed Keith . Dan then runs into Jimmy 's mother , who tells him she will never be able to forgive him . So instead of reading his script , Dan talks about his life and tells his audience that there is no forgiveness for him , only what comes next . He gives everything that he has to charity as well as divorce papers to Rachel . As he is preparing to leave Tree Hill , Nathan meets up with him to tell him that he 's back with the Bobcats , and says thank you . He then says goodbye to Jamie . Season 8 ( edit ) Dan has moved to a diner , and reappears again when Quinn visits him to help her to kill Katie Ryan , and he convinces her not to do it . In the finale , Nathan visits him and gives him a photo of Lydia and a baseball from Jamie 's first game and Dan thinks that there is a chance for forgiveness . Season 9 ( edit ) Dan burns down his diner and returns to Tree Hill and asks Haley for a place to stay , initially resistant , she offers him money , but he says that he does n't want money . He moves into Nathan and Haley 's house , to the delight of Jamie , who is excited to spend time with him . Nathan tells him that he is going to Europe and that when he comes back he wants him to be gone . When Nathan does not return from Europe , Haley and Jamie blame Dan . He rents out the sound stage from Julian and uses it to find Nathan . Dan , Julian , and Chris Keller save Nathan . However , Dan is shot while rescuing Nathan and dies in the hospital surrounded by Nathan , Haley , Deb , Jamie and Lydia . When he dies , he sees a vision of his brother Keith , who brings him to the hallway where Dan shot Keith and he tells him that he forgives him . When Keith goes into the light , Dan asks him `` I know where you 're going , but what about me ? '' and Keith says `` Do n't worry little brother , You 're my plus one . '' See also ( edit ) Quotes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5.10 : Running to Stand Still Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5.11 You 're Gonna Need Someone on Your Side Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5.17 What Comes after the Blue One Tree Hill Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Characters Lucas Scott Nathan Scott Peyton Sawyer Episodes `` Pilot '' `` With Tired Eyes , Tired Minds , Tired Souls , We Slept '' `` 4 Years , 6 Months , 2 Days '' Related Official soundtracks `` I Do n't Want to Be '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dan_Scott&oldid=855428964 '' Categories : One Tree Hill ( TV series ) characters Fictional murderers Fictional basketball players Fictional mayors Fictional fratricides Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Français Nederlands Português Српски / srpski Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 18 August 2018 , at 06 : 50 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who set the fire to dan scott motors | [
"Dan survives the fire, but the dealership is destroyed. Dan at first thinks it was Lucas who tried to kill him when he remembers seeing him in the fire, but it is revealed that Lucas saved him. Wanting access to the fire investigation, Dan runs for mayor of Tree Hill. His family-based campaign includes having Deb pretend to love him in exchange for a final divorce. This ploy works and Dan is elected mayor. As mayor, Dan gains access to CCTV showing Keith buying the whisky used to drug Dan, and when Keith returns to town Dan has him arrested on suspicion of his attempted murder. Although the police release Keith due to lack of evidence, Dan still believes that Keith was the perpetrator, and things become worse when Keith announces that he is going to marry Karen and adopt Lucas. One day at Tree Hill High, Jimmy Edwards takes a gun to school and fires it, causing a lock down. Keith persuades Dan as mayor to let him go into the school to talk to Jimmy, but Jimmy commits suicide by shooting himself in front of Keith. Dan then gets into the school, picks up the gun and shoots Keith, killing him. Jimmy gets the blame for Keith's death as it is assumed that he shot Keith before turning the gun on himself. Dan convinces himself that Keith deserved what he got as he started the war with Dan. Nevertheless, Dan becomes haunted, seeing visions of Keith as a child everywhere, and this has a profound effect on him. Realizing he has to change his ways he tries to get closer to Nathan, telling his son that he is proud of him and that he loves him. Haley then gives Dan a second chance by inviting him to her and Nathan's second wedding. At the ceremony Deb tells Dan that it was her, not Keith, who tried to kill him in the fire. Dan goes to Keith's grave and breaks down. Dan then apologizes to Karen for how he treated her and Lucas and she reveals that she is pregnant with Keith's child. Dan takes her in his arms promising to be there for her this time. He then goes home and discovers that someone has written \"MURDERER\" on his wall.\n"
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"Deb"
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-2291000386375952004 | List of serial killers in the United States | List of Serial Killers in the United States - wikipedia List of Serial Killers in the United States This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 1 March 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness . You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries . A serial killer is typically a person who murders three or more people , with the murders taking place over more than a month and including a significant period of time between them . The Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) defines serial killing as `` a series of two or more murders , committed as separate events , usually , but not always , by one offender acting alone '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Identified serial killers 2 Unidentified serial killers 3 See also 4 References 5 Bibliography Identified Serial Killers ( edit ) Name Years active Proven victims Possible victims Status Notes Ref Adam Leroy Lane 2007 2 + Sentenced to 50 years Aileen Wuornos 1989 - 1990 7 7 Executed 2002 Shot seven men to death in Florida between 1989 and 1990 ; Albert Fish 1924 - 1932 8 Executed 1936 Also known as the `` Werewolf of Wysteria '' . A sadist and pedophile who cannibalized several children . Alfred Leonard Cline 1930 - 1945 9 11 Died in Prison Murdered his wives with a glass of poisoned buttermilk after persuading them to will their possessions to his name . Altemio Sanchez 1990 - 2006 Incarcerated 75 years - to - life Known as `` The Bike Path Rapist '' ; responsible for three murders and numerous rapes spanning a 25 - year period in Buffalo , New York Alton Coleman 1984 8 8 Executed 2002 Multi-state killer who along with his accomplice murdered a man and injured another , murdered 4 women , 3 young girls and raped a young girl Alvin Neelley 1982 Died in prison Committed murders with wife Judith Neelley Amy Archer - Gilligan 1910 - 1917 10 50 Died in Connecticut Hospital for the Insane Poisoned a husband and residents of her nursing home Andre Crawford 1993 - 1999 11 11 Sentenced to Life imprisonment Andrew Cunanan 1997 5 5 Committed suicide while a fugitive Andrew Kokoraleis 1981 - 1982 18 18 Executed 1999 Member of the satanic cult and organized crime group known as Ripper Crew or Chicago Rippers Ángel Maturino Reséndiz 1986 - 1999 10 16 Executed 2006 Also known as The Railroad Killer / The Railway Killer / The Railcar Killer Angelo Buono Jr . 1977 - 1978 9 10 Died in Prison Along with accomplice Kenneth Bianchi known as `` The Hillside Stranglers '' Anna Marie Hahn 1933 - 1937 5 5 Executed 1938 German - born murder - for - profit killer who poisoned five elderly men Anthony Cook 1973 - 1981 9 9 Sentenced to Life Imprisonment Committed crimes with his brother Nathaniel Cook Anthony Allen Shore 1986 - 1995 30 Executed 2018 Also known as `` The Tourniquet Killer '' ; prime suspect in the I - 45 serial murders . Anthony Kirkland 1987 - 2009 5 6 Sentenced to Death Anthony Sowell 2007 - 2009 11 11 Sentenced to Death Also known as `` The Cleveland Strangler '' and `` The Imperial Avenue Murderer '' Arthur Gary Bishop 1979 - 1983 5 5 Executed 1988 Arthur Shawcross 1972 - 1989 12 14 Died in Prison Also known as `` The Genesee River Killer '' Belle Gunness 1900 - 1908 25 40 Unknown Norwegian - born murder - for - profit killer who killed her suitors and children Bender Family 1869 - 1872 11 11 + Unknown Family of serial killers who lived and operated in Labette County , Kansas Benjamin Atkins 1991 - 1992 11 11 Died in Prison Also known as `` The Woodward Corridor Killer '' Bertha Gifford 1900 - 1928 17 Died in Missouri State Hospital # 4 Found not guilty by reason of insanity Bill Longley 1869 - 1878 32 32 Executed 1878 Racist gunfighter who killed unarmed slaves and Mexicans Billy Glaze 1986 - 1987 20 Died in Prison Guilt has come into question by the discovery of DNA evidence excluding Glaze and implicating another man Billy Gohl 1902 - 1910 100 + Died in Prison Union official linked with the disappearances of over 40 sailors in Aberdeen , Washington in the early 20th century Blanche Taylor Moore 1968 - 1989 4 + Sentenced to Death Bobby Jack Fowler 1973 - 1996 20 Died in Prison Convicted of one murder , suspected of up to 20 more . Bobby Joe Long 1984 10 10 + Sentenced to Death Also known as `` The Classified Ad Rapist '' Boone Helm 1850 - 1864 11 11 + Executed 1864 Known as the `` Kentucky Cannibal '' Brian Dugan 1983 - 1985 Sentenced to Life imprisonment Briley Brothers 1979 11 20 Executed 1984 & 1985 Three brothers and an accomplice responsible for 11 murders Bruce Mendenhall 2007 9 Sentenced to Life imprisonment Sentenced to additional 30 years in prison for soliciting murder while in jail Carl Panzram 1920 - 1929 5 22 Executed 1930 murderer , rapist and arsonist ; convicted of two murders ; confessed to 19 others Carl Eugene Watts 1974 - 1982 22 100 Died in Prison Known as `` The Sunday Morning Slasher '' Carlton Gary 1977 - 1978 7 7 Sentenced to Death Carol M. Bundy 1980 7 7 Died in Prison With accomplice Doug Clark known as the `` Sunset Strip Killers . '' Carroll Cole 1948 - 1980 16 35 Executed 1985 Cary Stayner 1999 Sentenced to Death Cathy Wood 5 6 Incarcerated 20 -- 40 years Eligible for parole since 2005 Charlie Brandt 1971 - 2004 6 + Committed Suicide to avoid apprehension Charles Albright 1990 - 1991 Sentenced to Life imprisonment Also known as `` The Eyeball Killer '' Charles Cullen 1988 - 2003 10 40 + Incarcerated 127 years A nurse in New Jersey and Pennsylvania Charles Ray Hatcher 1969 - 1982 16 Committed Suicide in prison Convicted of two child murders in 1978 and 1982 , also stabbed to death a fellow inmate and another man 20 years apart Charles Schmid 1964 Murdered in prison by unknown assailants Also known as `` The Pied Piper of Tucson '' Charles Ng 1983 - 1985 11 25 Sentenced to Death Along with accompilace Leonard Lake collected and murdered female sex slaves Chester Turner 1987 - 1998 15 16 Sentenced to Death Convicted of murdering ten women and a viable unborn baby in South Los Angeles Christopher Peterson 1990 7 Incarcerated 120 years Also known as `` The Shotgun Killer '' Christopher Wilder 1984 8 15 Killed by Police during apprehension Also known as `` The Beauty Queen Killer '' Cleophus Prince Jr . 1990 6 6 Sentenced to Death Also known as `` The Clairemont Killer '' Craig Price 1987 - 1989 Incarcerated Convicted as a minor . Scheduled for release May 2020 Cynthia Coffman 1986 Sentenced to Death Kidnapped 4 women by ATMs before accomplice strangled them Dale Hausner 2006 8 8 Committed suicide in prison Convicted of killing people in random drive - by shootings Dallen Bounds 1999 4 + Committed Suicide to avoid apprehension Dana Sue Gray 1994 Sentenced to Life imprisonment Daniel Conahan 1993 - 1996 14 Sentenced to Death Convicted of one murder , but was associated with more than a dozen of torture and murders Daniel Lee Siebert 1979 - 1986 8 12 Died in Prison Killed nine people across America in three months Danny Rolling 1989 - 1990 8 8 Executed 2006 Pleaded guilty to murdering five students Darren Deon Vann 2013 - 2014 7 7 Awaiting Trial David Alan Gore 1981 - 1983 6 6 Executed 2012 One of the pair known as `` The Killing Cousins '' David Berkowitz 1976 - 1977 6 6 Sentenced to Life imprisonment Also known as the `` Son of Sam '' David Carpenter 1979 - 1981 6 10 Sentenced to Death Also known as `` The Trailside Killer '' David Edward Maust 1974 - 2003 5 5 Committed Suicide in prison Convicted of killing five teenage boys ; one in Germany in 1974 , another in 1981 , and three he buried in his basement David Mason 1980 - 1982 6 Executed 1993 Killed four elderly neighbours in 1980 and his cellmate in 1982 while imprisoned on lesser charges ; suspected of shooting dead his boyfriend David Meirhofer 1967 - 1974 Deceased - Suicide First serial killer apprehended by offender profiling David Parker Ray 1950s - 1999 60 Died in Prison Convicted of kidnapping and torture in 2001 , but never convicted of murder . Dayton Leroy Rogers 1983 - 1987 6 8 + Sentenced to Death Dean Corll 1970 - 1973 28 28 + Killed by accomplice Elmer Wayne Henley Crimes referred to as the `` Houston Mass Murders '' Debra Denise Brown 1984 8 8 Sentenced to death , commuted to life imprisonment Delphine LaLaurie 1834 ? ? Died in Paris France Tortured and maimed her slaves Dennis Rader 1974 - 1991 10 10 Incarcerated - Life imprisonment Also known as the BTK Killer Derrick Todd Lee 1992 - 2003 7 + Died in Prison awaiting execution Known as `` The Baton Rouge Serial Killer '' ; convicted of two murders ; linked by DNA evidence to five others Diane O'Dell 1982 - 1985 Sentenced to Life imprisonment Murders of her illegitimate babies Donald Harvey 1970 - 1987 37 80 Died in Prison , Killed by unknown assailant Known as `` The Angel of Death '' Donald Henry Gaskins 1953 - 1982 9 100 + Executed 1991 Convicted of nine murders ; claimed to an author to have killed more than 100 Donald Leroy Evans 1985 - 1991 70 Died in Prison , Murdered by a fellow death row inmate Suspected of another dozen murders but recanted his confessions to over 70 more Dorothea Puente 1982 - 1988 9 15 Died in Prison convicted of three killings ; suspected of six others Doug Clark 1980 7 7 Sentenced to Death With accomplice Carol M. Bundy known as the `` Sunset Strip Killers . '' Earle Nelson 1926 - 1927 22 Executed 1928 Known as `` the Gorilla Man '' Ed Gein 1954 - 1957 7 Died while incarcerated at Mendota Mental Health Institute Gein 's life and crimes have inspired , at least in part , the novels / films Psycho and The Silence of the Lambs , and the 1974 movie The Texas Chainsaw Massacre Edmund Kemper 1964 - 1973 6 10 Sentenced to Life imprisonment Known as `` The Co-Ed Killer '' Edward Edwards 1977 - 1996 5 15 Died in Prison awaiting execution Sentenced to die for shooting his foster son in 1996 insurance murder Edward H. Rulloff 1844 - 1870 5 Executed 1871 Known as `` The Genius Killer '' Edward J. Adams 1920 - 1921 7 7 Killed by police during shootout Criminal who murdered 7 people , including 3 policemen Edward Spreitzer 1981 - 1982 18 18 Sentenced to Life imprisonment Member of the satanic cult and organized crime group known as Ripper Crew or Chicago Rippers Efren Saldivar 1988 - 1998 6 50 + Sentenced to Life imprisonment Elias Abuelazam 2009 - 2010 5 Sentenced to Life imprisonment Known as `` The Flint Serial Slasher '' and `` The Flint Serial Stabber '' Elizabeth Van Valkenburgh 1833 - 1845 Executed 1846 Self - confessed poisoner who killed her alcoholic husbands Elmer Wayne Henley 1970 - 1973 6 6 Sentenced to Life imprisonment Crimes referred to as the `` Houston Mass Murders '' Faryion Wardrip 1984 - 1986 5 5 Sentenced to Death Death Sentence currently under appeal Faye Copeland 1986 - 1989 5 12 Died in Prison awaiting execution Along with her husband , Ray Copeland , oldest couple ever sentenced to death in the United States Felipe Espinosa 1863 32 32 Killed by Tom Tobin Frederick Mors 1914 - 1915 8 8 Fate Unknown Committed to Hudson River State Hospital , escaped in May 1916 . Gary Evans 1985 - 1997 5 5 Committed Suicide to avoid apprehension Gary M. Heidnik 1986 - 1987 Executed 1999 Held 6 women prisoner in his basement in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Gary Ray Bowles 1994 6 25 Sentenced to Death Gary Ridgway 1982 - 1998 49 90 + Sentenced to Life imprisonment Known as the Green River Killer Genene Jones 1977 - 1982 60 + Due to released March 1 , 2018 Texas pediatric nurse who poisoned infants in her care Georgia Tann 1924 - 1950 19 19 + Died of uterine cancer before she could be arrested Child trafficker who sold kidnapped children to the black market Gerald Gallego 1978 - 1980 10 10 Died awaiting Execution Accomplace Charlene Gallego released 1997 Gerald Parker 1978 - 1978 6 6 Sentenced to Death Known as `` The Bedroom Basher '' Gerald Stano 1969 - 1980 22 41 + Executed 1998 Guilt has been questioned Gerard John Schaefer 1969 - 1973 34 Murdered in prison by fellow inmate Vincent Rivera . Former Police Officer Glen Edward Rogers 1993 - 1995 5 Sentenced to Death Death Sentence currently under appeal Gordon Stewart Northcott 1926 - 1928 20 Executed 1930 His mother , Sarah Louise Northcott , was implicated as an accomplice Gwendolyn Graham 5 6 Sentenced to Life imprisonment H.H. Holmes 1891 - 1894 9 27 + Executed 1896 Convicted of only one murder , but definitively tied to at least eight more . Confessed to a total of 27 Hadden Clark 1986 - 1992 2 + Sentenced to 70 years Cannibal convicted of two murders ; confessed to many more Harpe brothers 1797 - 1804 39 50 + Murder / Executed Brothers or cousins . America 's first known serial killers Harrison Graham 1986 - 1987 7 7 Sentenced to Life imprisonment Harry T. Hayward 1894 Executed 1895 Harry Powers 1931 5 5 Executed 1932 Known as `` The West Virginia Bluebeard '' Harvey Carignan 1949 - 1974 5 Incarcerated 150 years Known as `` The Want - Ad Killer '' ; Escaped hanging for a 1949 killing on a technicality Harvey Glatman 1957 - 1958 Executed 1959 Known as `` The Lonely Hearts Killer '' ; Lured women to pose for `` bondage photographs '' Harvey Miguel Robinson 1992 - 1993 Sentenced to Death Teenager who stalked , raped and killed Helen Golay 1999 - 2005 Sentenced to life imprisonment without parole Killed vagrants with her partner - in - crime , Olga Rutterschmidt Henry Lee Lucas 1960 - 1983 11 200 + Died in Prison Confessed to approximately 3,000 murders , although most of his confessions are considered outlandish Henry Louis Wallace 1990 - 1994 10 10 Sentenced to Death Known as `` The Taco Bell Strangler '' Herb Baumeister 1980 - 1996 11 20 Committed Suicide while a fugitive Responsible for murdering at least 11 victims who were found buried on his property . Herbert Mullin 1972 - 1973 11 13 Sentenced to Life imprisonment Will be eligible for parole in 2021 Heriberto Seda 1990 - 1993 Sentenced to Life imprisonment New York City copycat of the `` Zodiac Killer '' Herman Petrillo 1930s - 1938 114 114 Executed 1941 Italian immigrant ; leader of the Philadelphia poison ring Howard Allen 1974 - 1987 Incarcerated for 60 years Death Sentence Commuted Israel Keyes Late 1990s - 2012 11 Committed Suicide while in custody 3 confirmed victims . Linked to 11 victims in 4 states J. Frank Hickey 1883 - 1911 Died in prison Known as `` The Postcard Killer '' J.C.X. Simon 1973 - 1974 15 73 + Died in prison Part of the ' Death Angels ' cult responsible for the Zebra murders Jack Owen Spillman 1994 - 1995 Sentenced to Life imprisonment Known as `` The Werewolf Butcher '' Jake Bird 1930 - 1947 46 Executed 1949 Sentenced to death for the murders of two people ; confessed to 44 other murders James Dale Ritchie 2016 5 5 + Killed by Police during apprehension Known as the `` Anchorage Serial Killer '' James Swann Found not guilty by reason of insanity and confined to Saint Elizabeths Hospital Known as `` The Shotgun Stalker '' Jane Toppan 1895 - 1901 12 31 Found not guilty by reason of insanity and committed for life in the Taunton Insane Hospital Janie Lou Gibbs 1966 - 1967 5 5 Died in Prison Jeffrey Dahmer 1978 - 1991 17 17 Murdered by inmate Christopher Scarver Milwaukee cannibal who retained various body parts of his victims Jerry Brudos 1968 - 1969 4 + Died in Prison Known as `` The Lust Killer '' and `` Shoe Fetish Slayer '' Jesse Pomeroy 1874 9 Died in Prison Known as `` The Boy Torturer '' Jessie Lee Cooks 1973 - 1974 15 73 + Sentenced to Life Imprisonment Part of the ' Death Angels ' cult responsible for the Zebra murders Joe Ball 1936 - 1938 20 Committed Suicide to avoid apprehension Known as `` The Alligator Man '' Joel Rifkin 1989 - 1993 9 17 Incarcerated for 203 year to life Johann Otto Hoch 1890 - 1905 15 + Executed 1906 Known as `` The Stockyard Bluebeard '' John Allen Muhammad 2002 7 17 Executed 2009 With accomplace Lee Boyd Malvo perpetrated the D.C. sniper attacks John Bittrolff 1993 - 4 + Sentenced to 25 - years - to - life Suspect in Long Island serial killer case John Edward Robinson 1984 - 1999 8 + Sentenced to Death Sometimes referred to as `` the Internet 's first serial killer '' John Floyd Thomas Jr . 1972 - 1986 7 15 + Sentenced to Life imprisonment Known as `` The Southland Strangler '' and The `` Westside Rapist '' John Johnson 1843 - ? ? 300 + Died 1900 Known as `` Liver - Eating Johnson '' ; mountain man who allegedly ate the livers of Crows he 'd slain John Joubert 1982 - 1983 Executed 1996 Known as `` The Nebraska Boy Snatcher '' John Norman Collins 1967 - 1969 7 Sentenced to Life imprisonment Known as `` The Co-Ed Killer '' John Wayne Gacy 1972 - 1978 33 34 Executed 1994 Known as `` The Killer Clown '' Jonathan Preston Haynes 1987 - 1993 Sentenced to death ; commuted to life imprisonment Known as the ' Aryan Beauty Killer ' Joseph Christopher 1980 - 1981 12 12 + Died in prison Known as `` The Midtown Slasher '' Joseph E. Duncan III 1996 - 2005 5 7 Sentenced to Life imprisonment Raped at least 17 young boys and 3 young girls Joseph Kallinger 1974 - 1975 Died in Prison Committed these crimes with his 15 - year - old son Michael Joseph `` Mad Dog '' Taborsky 1950 - 1957 7 7 Executed 1960 Joseph Naso 1977 - 1994 6 10 Sentenced to Death Also a suspect in the Alphabet murders case . Joseph Paul Franklin 1977 - 1980 11 22 Executed 2013 Also attempted to assassinate Larry Flynt and Vernon Jordan ; Josephine Sedita 1930s - 1938 114 114 Sentenced to Life Imprisonment Italian immigrant ; member of the Philadelphia poison ring Juan Corona 1971 25 25 + Sentenced to Life imprisonment Majority of victims had been transient workers Juan Covington 1998 - 2005 Sentenced to Life imprisonment Judith Neelley 1982 Death sentence commuted to Life imprisonment Committed murders with Husband Alvin Neelley Judy Buenoano 1971 - 1983 3 + Executed 1998 Caught in 1983 after poisoning and car bombing a fiancée Karl F. Warner 1969 - 1971 Sentenced to Life imprisonment Keith Hunter Jesperson 1990 - 1995 8 8 + Sentenced to Life imprisonment Known as `` The Happy Face Killer '' Kendall Francois 1996 - 1998 8 10 Died in Prison Kenneth Bianchi 1977 - 1978 12 12 Sentenced to Life imprisonment Along with accomplice Angelo Buono Jr. known as `` The Hillside Stranglers '' Kenneth McDuff 1966 - 1992 9 14 + Executed 1998 Known as `` The Broomstick Killer '' ; death sentence for 1966 triple - murder commuted ; killed three days after 1989 parole Kimberly McCarthy 1997 - 1998 Executed 2013 Crack addict who murdered a neighbour ; suspect in two similar murders Kimberly Clark Saenz 2008 5 10 + Sentenced to Life imprisonment Killed five patients by injecting bleach into their dialysis lines . Kristen Gilbert 1989 - 1996 Sentenced to Life imprisonment Induced cardiac arrest in patients and would then respond to the coded emergency , often resuscitating the patients herself . Larry Eyler 1982 - 1984 23 Died in Prison awaiting execution Known as `` The Interstate Killer '' Larry Green 1973 - 1974 15 73 + Sentenced to Life Imprisonment Part of the ' Death Angels ' cult responsible for the Zebra murders Lawrence Bittaker 1979 5 5 Sentenced to Death With accomplice Roy Norris known as `` Tool Box Killers '' Lee Boyd Malvo 2002 7 17 Life imprisonment without parole ( overturned on May 26 , 2017 ; awaiting resentencing ) With accomplice John Allen Muhammad perpetrated the D.C. sniper attacks Lee Roy Martin 1967 - 1968 Died in Prison Known as `` The Gaffney Strangler '' Lemuel Smith 1958 - 1981 5 6 Sentenced to Death ; Commuted to Life Leonard Lake 1983 - 1985 11 25 Committed Suicide while in custody Along with accompilace Charles Ng collected and murdered female sex slaves Leslie Irvin 1954 - 1955 6 6 + Died in Prison His Supreme Court case set a precedent for fair trials of highly publicized defendants Linda Hazzard 1908 - 1911 13 Served 2 years Died in 1938 Lizzie Halliday 1890s 7 Died in Matteawan State Hospital for the Criminally Insane First woman sentenced to be executed by the electric chair Lonnie David Franklin Jr . 1985 - 2007 10 25 + Sentenced to Death Known as `` Grim Sleeper '' ; Charged after DNA evidence linked him with ten murders in Los Angeles since 1985 Loren Herzog 1984 - 1999 19 Committed Suicide awaiting parole release Along with accompliace Wesley Shermantine known as the `` Speed Freak Killers '' Lorenzo Gilyard 1977 - 1993 12 13 Sentenced to Life imprisonment Known as `` The Kansas City Strangler '' Louise Peete 1913 - 1944 Executed 1947 Convicted of murdering a man and woman decades apart , four other acquaintances died suspiciously and four husbands committed suicide Louise Vermilya 1893 - 1911 9 9 Charges Dismissed Lyda Southard 1915 - 1920 6 6 Released 1941 Known as `` Flypaper Lyda '' ; serial poisoner who killed four husbands , a young daughter and a brother - in - law Lydia Sherman 1863 - 1877 12 12 Died in Prison Mack Ray Edwards 1953 - 1970 18 Committed Suicide awaiting execution Manuel Moore 1973 - 1974 15 73 + Sentenced to Life Imprisonment Part of the ' Death Angels ' cult responsible for the Zebra murders Maria Carina Favato 1930s - 1938 114 114 Sentenced to Life Imprisonment Italian immigrant ; member of the Philadelphia poison ring Marie Noe 1949 - 1968 8 8 Sentenced to 20 years probation 1998 Murdered eight of her children ; 2 others died of natural causes Marion Albert Pruett 1981 5 5 Executed 1999 Committed his crimes while in the United States Federal Witness Protection Program Mark Goudeau 2005 - 2006 9 9 Sentenced to Death Known as `` The Baseline Killer '' Martha Ann Johnson 1977 - 1982 Sentenced to Death ; Commuted to Life Martha Beck 1947 - 1949 20 Executed 1951 Along with accomplace Raymond Fernandez became known as `` The Lonely Hearts Killers '' Martha Wise 1924 - 1925 Died in Prison Poisoned seventeen members of her own family Marybeth Tinning 1972 - 1985 9 Sentenced to 20 years to life Maury Travis 2000 - 2002 17 + Committed Suicide awaiting trial Melvin Rees 1957 - 1959 5 9 + Died in Prison Known as `` The Sex Beast '' Michael Bear Carson 1981 - 1983 12 Sentenced to 75 years to life Michael Bruce Ross 1981 - 1984 8 8 Executed 2005 Michael Gargiulo 1993 - 2008 10 Awaiting capital murder trial Michael Hughes 1986 - 1993 7 7 + Sentenced to Death Known as Southside Slayer . Michael Lee Lockhart 1987 - 1988 6 + Executed 1997 Received death sentences in three states , executed by the state of Texas Michael Madison 2012 - 2013 Sentenced to Death Michael Swango 1981 - 1997 60 Sentenced to life imprisonment Physician and surgeon Michelle Knotek 1994 - 2003 22 years in prison Tortured and abused boarders in her home with her husband Milton Johnson 1983 - 1984 10 10 + Sentenced to death Victims included two deputy sheriffs Montie Ralph Rissell 1976 - 1977 5 5 Sentenced to life imprisonment Morris Bolber 1930s - 1938 114 114 Sentenced to Life Imprisonment Russian - Jewish immigrant ; member of the Philadelphia poison ring Morris Solomon Jr . 1986 - 1987 6 7 Sentenced to death Known as `` The Sacramento Slayer '' Nannie Doss 1927 - 1954 8 11 Died in prison Known as `` The Giggling Granny '' and `` The Jolly Black Widow '' Nathaniel Cook 1973 - 1981 9 9 Sentenced to Life Imprisonment Committed crimes with his brother Anthony Cook Nathaniel White 1991 - 1992 6 6 Sentenced to 150 years to life in prison Confessed to beating and stabbing six women to death while on parole . Olga Rutterschmidt 1999 - 2005 Sentenced to life imprisonment without parole Killed vagrants with her partner - in - crime , Helen Golay Orville Lynn Majors 1993 - 1995 6 130 Died in Prison Ottis Toole 1976 - 1983 6 6 + Died in Prison Accomplice of Henry Lee Lucas Patrick Kearney 1965 - 1977 21 43 Sentenced to life imprisonment Patty Cannon 1802 - 1829 25 + Died in prison awaiting trial Gang leader who kidnapped slaves and free blacks to either sell or torture them Paul Dennis Reid 1997 7 7 Died in Prison awaiting Execution Known as `` The Fast Food Killer '' Paul Durousseau 1997 - 2003 9 9 + Sentenced to death ( overturned on January 31 , 2017 ; awaiting resentencing ) German authorities suspect Durousseau may have killed several local women when he was stationed there with the Army during the early 1990s . Paul John Knowles 18 35 Killed by police attempting to escape from custody Known as `` The Casanova Killer '' Paul Michael Stephani 1980 - 1982 Died in Prison Known as the `` Weepy - Voiced Killer '' Paul Petrillo 1930s - 1938 114 114 Executed 1941 Italian immigrant ; leader of the Philadelphia poison ring Peter Kudzinowski 1924 - 1928 Executed 1929 Phillip Carl Jablonski 1978 - 1991 5 5 Sentenced to death Randall Woodfield 1979 - 1981 20 Sentenced to Life imprisonment plus 165 years Known as `` The I - 5 Killer '' and `` The I - 5 Bandit '' Randy Steven Kraft 1971 - 1983 16 67 Sentenced to death Known as the `` Scorecard Killer '' and the `` Freeway Killer '' Ray Copeland 1986 - 1989 5 12 Died in Prison awaiting execution Along with his wife , Faye Copeland , oldest couple ever sentenced to death in the United States Raymond Fernandez 1947 - 1949 20 Executed 1951 Along with accomplace Martha Beck became known as `` The Lonely Hearts Killers '' Rhonda Belle Martin 1926 - 1951 6 Executed 1957 Ricardo Caputo 1971 - 1977 6 Died in Prison Richard Angelo 10 Sentenced to 50 - years - to - life in prison Richard Biegenwald 1958 - 1983 5 11 Died in Prison Richard Chase 1977 - 1978 6 6 Committed suicide awaiting execution Known as `` The Vampire of Sacramento '' Richard Cottingham 1967 - 1980 6 85 - 100 Sentenced to Life imprisonment Known variously as `` The Butcher of Times Square '' , `` The Torso Killer '' , `` The New York ( city ) Ripper '' , and `` The Times Square Torso Ripper '' Richard Evonitz 1996 - 1997 Committed Suicide to avoid apprehension Richard Kuklinski 1948 - 1986 5 100 - 250 Died in prison Mafia associate known as `` The Iceman '' Richard Laurence Marquette 1956 - 1975 Sentenced to life imprisonment First 11th person named on FBI 10 Most Wanted Richard Ramirez 1984 - 1985 13 14 Died in prison awaiting execution Known as `` The Night Stalker '' Robert Anthony Buell 1981 - 1983 Executed 2002 Robert Ben Rhoades 1975 - 1990 50 Sentenced to life imprisonment Known as `` The Truck Stop Killer '' Robert Berdella 1984 - 1987 6 6 + Died in prison Robert Hansen 1971 - 1983 17 21 + Died in prison Robert Joseph Silveria Jr . 1981 - 1996 9 14 + Sentenced to Life imprisonment Known as `` The Boxcar Killer '' , alleged member of Freight Train Riders of America Robert Lee Yates 1975 - 1998 13 16 Sentenced to Death Robert Nixon 1937 - 1938 5 Executed 1939 Nixon served , in part , as the basis of the character of Bigger Thomas in Richard Wright 's 1940 social protest novel Native Son . Robert Rozier 1981 - 1986 7 Serving 25 years to life on a conviction for check kiting under a third strike law . Former NFL playerl ; sentenced to 22 years for murder after agreeing to testify against Yahweh ben Yahweh 's organization Robert Shulman 1991 - 1996 5 5 Died in prison Robert Zarinsky 1958 - 1974 10 Died in prison Robin Gecht 1981 - 1982 18 18 Incarcerated for 120 years Member of the satanic cult and organized crime group known as Ripper Crew or Chicago Rippers Rodney Alcala 1971 - 1979 8 50 - 130 Sentenced to Death Sometimes called the `` Dating Game Killer '' because of his 1978 appearance on the television show The Dating Game in the midst of his murder spree . Roger Dale Stafford 1974 - 1978 9 9 Executed 1995 Roger Kibbe 1977 - 1987 7 7 Sentenced to Life imprisonment Known as the `` I - 5 Strangler '' Ronald Dominique 1997 - 2006 8 23 Sentenced to Life imprisonment Ronald E. Clark 1967 9 Died in prison Rory Enrique Conde 1994 - 1995 6 6 Sentenced to death Known as `` The Tamiami Trail Strangler '' Rose Carina 1930s - 1938 114 114 Sentenced to Life Imprisonment Italian immigrant ; member of the Philadelphia poison ring Roy Norris 1979 5 5 Sentenced to 45 years to life With accomplace Lawrence Bittaker known as `` Tool Box Killers '' Samuel Dieteman 2005 - 2006 8 8 Sentenced to Life imprisonment Accomplace Dale Hausner committed suicide in prison Samuel Green 1817 - 1821 2 + Executed 1822 Samuel Mason 1797 - 1803 20 20 + Killed / Died from injuries received during a shoot - out River pirate associated with the Harpe brothers and other outlaws Sante Kimes 1996 - 1998 Died in prison Criminal who 's responsible for numerous crimes committed with her son , Kenneth Jr . Scott Erskine 1989 - 1993 3 + Sentenced to death Scott Lee Kimball 2003 - 2004 5 + 70 - year sentence FBI Informant ; Proposed as a suspect in the West Mesa murders Scott William Cox 1980s - 1990 20 Granted parole in 2013 Scott Williams 1997 - 2006 Sentenced to Life imprisonment Sean Sellers 1985 - 1986 Executed 1999 One of 22 persons in the United States since the reinstatement of the death penalty in 1976 to be executed for a crime committed while under the age of 18 , and the lone to have been executed for crime committed under the age of 17 Sean Vincent Gillis 1994 - 2004 8 8 Sentenced to Life imprisonment Sharon Kinne 1962 - 1964 Escaped from prison 1969 Shawn Grate 2005 - 2016 5 Awaiting trial Shirley Winters 1980 - 2006 7 Sentenced to 8 1 / 3 to 25 years Stephen Morin 1969 - 1981 48 Executed 1985 Suspected in over 30 unsolved violent crimes across the country Stephen Richards 1876 - 1878 9 9 Executed 1879 Known as `` The Nebraska Fiend '' Steven Brian Pennell 1987 - 1988 5 Executed 1992 Known as `` The Route 40 Killer '' Steven David Catlin 1976 - 1984 Sentenced to Death Suzan Carson 1981 - 1983 12 Sentenced to 75 years to life Ted Bundy 1961 - 1978 28 30 + Executed 1989 Terri Rachals 1980 - 1986 6 9 Sentenced to 17 years imprisonment ; Released 2003 Former nurse Terry Blair 1982 - 2004 7 9 Sentenced to life imprisonment Sentenced 25 years imprisonment for one murder , released on parole after serving 21 years and committed additional murders upon release Theodore Durrant 1895 Executed 1898 Known as the `` Demon of the Belfry '' Theresa Knorr 1984 - 1985 Sentenced to two life sentences Her sons , William and Robert Jr. , were accomplices Thomas Dillon 1989 - 1992 5 5 5 terms of 30 years to life Thomas Kokoraleis 1981 - 1982 18 18 Awaiting Release Member of the satanic cult and organized crime group known as Ripper Crew or Chicago Rippers Thor Nis Christiansen 1976 - 1979 Murdered in prison by unknown assailant Tillie Klimek 1914 - 1921 5 7 Died in prison Timothy Krajcir 1977 - 1982 9 9 Sentenced to Life imprisonment Timothy Wilson Spencer 1984 - 1988 5 5 Executed 1994 Known as the `` Southside Strangler '' Todd Kohlhepp 2003 - 2016 7 7 Sentenced to life imprisonment Tommy Lynn Sells 1980 - 1999 6 22 Executed 2014 Confessed to murdering dozens of people , possibly in excess of 70 , only six are confirmed Tony Costa 1968 - 1969 8 Committed Suicide in prison Vaughn Greenwood 1964 - 1975 11 11 Sentenced to life imprisonment Known as the `` Skid Row Slasher '' Velma Barfield 1971 - 1978 6 Executed 1984 Vincent Johnson 1999 - 2000 5 5 Sentenced to life imprisonment Known as the `` Brooklyn Strangler '' Walter E. Ellis 1986 - 2007 7 7 Died in prison Known as `` The Milwaukee North Side Strangler '' Waneta Hoyt 1965 - 1971 5 5 Died in prison Exonerated under New York law because she died before her appeal . Wayne Adam Ford 1997 - 1998 4 + Sentenced to Death Wayne Nance 1974 - 1986 5 + Killed by intended victim Wayne Williams 1979 - 1981 25 31 Sentenced to life imprisonment Has maintained his innocence from the beginning and conviction is considered controversial Wesley Shermantine 1984 - 1999 19 Sentenced to Death Along with accompliace Loren Herzog known as the `` Speed Freak Killers '' Westley Allan Dodd Executed 1993 William Bonin 1979 - 1980 21 36 + Executed 1996 Known as `` The Freeway Killer '' ; was know to murder with several accomplices William Dathan Holbert 2007 - 2010 5 5 + Sentenced to 47 years Committed murders with his ex-wife Laura Michelle Reese William Devin Howell 2003 7 Sentenced to life in prison Convicted of killing 7 people in 2003 . Believed to be the most prolific serial killer in Connecticut history . William Henry Hance 1977 - 1978 Executed 1994 Known as `` The Forces of Evil '' William Heirens 1945 - 1946 Died in prison Known as `` The Lipstick Killer '' William Richard Bradford 1984 3 + Died in prison awaiting execution William Suff 1974 - 1992 12 22 Sentenced to death Known as `` The Riverside Prostitute Killer '' Unidentified Serial Killers ( edit ) This is a list of unidentified serial killers who committed crimes within the United States . Name Years active Proven victims Possible victims Region where active Notes Ref Alphabet murders 1971 - 1973 NY Also known as `` The Double Initial Murders '' ; murders of three young girls in the Rochester , New York area during the early 1970s Ann Arbor Hospital Murders 10 10 Poisonings of ten patients at the Veteran 's Administration Hospital in 1975 Atlanta Ripper 1911 15 15 -- 21 Ga Mystery murderer ( s ) of fifteen Atlanta women in 1911 Axeman of New Orleans 1918 - 1919 6 6 -- 7 La Responsible for the deaths of 6 -- 7 people in New Orleans and the surrounding areas from 1918 -- 1919 Boston Strangler 1962 - 1964 13 13 Ma 1960s deaths of 13 women ( five young , eight older ) , mostly with their own stockings as ligature . Albert DeSalvo confessed to the murders , but was never indicted ; DNA evidence tested in 2013 suggested his guilt in one of the cases Charlie Chop - off 1972 - 1974 6 6 NY Murders of five boys in Manhattan in 1972 and 1973 . A mental patient confessed to one slashing death . Four stabbings also involving mutilation remain unsolved Cincinnati Strangler 1965 - 1966 7 7 OH Raped and strangled seven mostly elderly women in Cincinnati , Ohio between 1965 and 1966 Cleveland Torso Murderer 1934 13 40 + OH Also known as `` The Mad Butcher of Kingsbury Run '' ; responsible for 12 -- 13 murders in the Cleveland , Ohio area in the 1930s Colonial Parkway Killer 1986 - 1989 8 8 VA Believed to have murdered at least eight people in Virginia between 1986 and 1989 ; left three couples dead and one couple missing and presumed dead Connecticut River Valley Killer 1978 - 1987 7 7 + Ma , Ct , NY Stabbed at least six women to death in New England in the 1980s , severely injured one Daytona Beach killer 2005 - 2007 5 FL Murdered four , possibly five , women in Daytona Beach , Florida between 2005 and 2007 The Doodler 1974 - 1975 14 14 CA Sketched then stabbed to death 14 gay men in San Francisco in the 1970s Eastbound Strangler 2006 NJ , NY Murdered 4 women near Atlantic City , New Jersey in 2006 . Edgecombe County Serial Killer 2000s 9 10 NC Murders of nine women and disappearance of another since 2005 around Rocky Mount , North Carolina . Antwan Pittman has been convicted in one case Neal Falls ? -- 2015 ? 0 10 + Killed up to 10 women before being killed in self defense . February 9 Killer 2006 - 2008 UT Suspected serial killer who murdered 2 women on the same date , two years apart Flat - Tire murders 5 5 + Killed 5 women in 1975 Frankford Slasher 1985 - 1990 8 9 PA , NJ Allegedly responsible for nine murders in the Frankford neighborhood of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ; Leonard Christopher was convicted of one murder ; another murder was committed in same style while he was incarcerated ; believed to still be at large Freeway Phantom 1971 - 1972 6 7 D.C. Raped and strangled six young women and girls in Washington , D.C. in the early 1970s , dumping their bodies by freeways Gypsy Hill killings 1976 5 0 CA Known as the `` San Mateo slasher '' ; five unsolved killings , of young women in San Mateo County , California during early 1976 ; in 2014 , the FBI named Rodney Halbower as a person of interest in the Gypsy Hill killings ; as of 2015 , he has been charged with two of the murders based on DNA evidence Honolulu Strangler 1985 - 1986 5 0 HA Raped and strangled five young women in Hawaii in 1985 and 1986 I - 70 Killer 1992 - 1994 ? 6 8 + IN , MO , KS , TX ( suspected ) Killed and robbed six store clerks around the Midwestern United States Jeff Davis 8 2005 - 2009 8 0 La The bodies of eight women were found in swamps and canals surrounding Jennings , Louisiana . Originally thought to be a serial killer , but multiple suspects may be involved Long Island serial killer 1996 -- 2010 10 17 NY Suspected of killing eight women , a man and a child since 1996 and dumping their bodies along remote beaches in Suffolk and Nassau County , New York . The killer has been referred to as the Gilgo Beach killer because of the location where the first bodies were found The Man from the Train 1900 -- 1912 0 40 + USA Probably one Paul Mueller . Killed whole families in their sleep , from the east coast to the west and many places between , arriving and departing by train . Existence ( and probable but not proven identity ) discovered over 100 years after the murders , by analysis of contemporary records , showing a markedly common modus operandi for many previously unconnected crimes . Maryvale serial shooter 2016 7 0 AZ Attacked at night from a car using a hand gun , killing seven people and injured two between March and July 2016 in Phoenix , Arizona . New Bedford Highway Killer 1988 - 1989 9 11 NY Murders of nine women and disappearance of two others between 1988 and 1989 Oakland County Child Killer 1976 - 1977 4 + Also known as `` The Babysitter '' ; responsible for the murders of four or more children in Oakland County , Michigan in 1976 and 1977 Original Night Stalker 1979 - 1986 10 13 CA Also known as `` The East Area Rapist '' ; killer and rapist who murdered ten people in Southern California from 1979 through 1986 ; also linked to more than 50 rapes in the Sacramento area from 1976 to 1979 Phantom Killer 1946 5 0 Tx Believed to have committed the Texarkana Moonlight Murders in Texas between February 23 and May 4 , 1946 Redhead murders 1978 - 1992 8 8 + Series of unsolved homicides believed to have been committed by an unidentified serial killer in Tennessee , Arkansas , Kentucky , Mississippi and Pennsylvania Santa Rosa Hitchhiker Murders 1972 - 1973 7 7 + CA A series of at least seven unsolved homicides involving female hitchhikers that took place in Sonoma County and Santa Rosa of the North Bay area of California in 1972 and 1973 Seminole Heights serial killer 2017 0 FL Shot and killed 4 people , seemingly at random , in the Seminole Heights neighborhood of Tampa , Florida . On November 28 , 2017 , Police arrested Howell Emanuel Donaldson III in connection with the killings . Servant Girl Annihilator 1884 -- 1885 8 8 Tx Also known as `` The Austin Axe Murderer '' ; responsible for at least seven murders in Austin , Texas between 1884 and 1885 Smiley face murder theory 1990s - 2000s 0 40 + Theoretical serial killer ( s ) thought by some sources to have drowned college - aged young men across the northern part of the country since 1997 ; most experts suggest that the deaths were accidental Texas Killing Fields 1970s - 2000s 30 + Tx Since the early 1970s roughly 30 bodies have been extracted from the fields , mainly consisting of young girls . May have been the work of multiple killers . Convicted murderer Edward Harold Bell , 72 years old in November 2011 , claimed in a letter to police in 1998 to have murdered 11 girls in Galveston County . Kevin Edison Smith was sentenced to life imprisonment for one of the murders in 2012 Tube Sock Killings 1985 6 WA Unsolved murders which occurred in the remote community of Mineral in Washington West Mesa murders 2003 -- 2009 11 11 + NM Remains of 11 women , who disappeared between 2003 and 2005 , found buried in desert in Albuquerque , New Mexico in 2009 and attributed to a bone collector Zodiac Killer 1968 - 1974 5 37 CA Targeted young couples . Remains unsolved but open in the California jurisdictions the 5 certain Zodiac murders occurred . Potentially 37 total victims claimed but unverified . See also ( edit ) ( hide ) Find more aboutMurderat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity List of murdered American children List of serial killers by country References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ronald M. Holmes , Stephen T. Holmes ( 1998 ) . Contemporary Perspectives on Serial Murder . SAGE Publications . p. 1 . ISBN 0761914218 . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Serial murder is the killing of three or more people over a period of more than 30 days , with a significant cooling - off period between the murders ( ... ) The baseline number of three victims appears to be most common among those who are the academic authorities in the field . The time frame also appears to be an agreed - upon component of the definition . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Burkhalter Chmelir 2003 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Morton 2005 , p. 4 , 9 . Jump up ^ Luciew , John ( 1 March 2011 ) . `` Family 's capture of serial killer Adam Leroy Lane chronicled in book '' . pennlive.com . PA Media Group . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trucker gets life term for attacks on 2 Pa. women '' . sandiegouniontribune.com . Associated Press . 28 June 2010 . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trucker tells how he killed woman in Bloomsbury '' . nj.com . New Jersey On - Line LLC. 5 October 2008 . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aileen Carol Wuornos '' . The Clark County Prosecuting Attorney . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2008 . Retrieved September 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Murder Cases of the Twentieth Century - Biographies and Bibliographies of 280 Convicted or Accused Killers ; David K. Frasier -- McFarland & Company ( Publisher ) , Copyright September , 1996 ; ISBN 0 - 7864 - 3031 - 1 Jump up ^ `` CRIME : Buttermilk Bluebeard '' . Time . 1946 - 05 - 06 . ISSN 0040 - 781X . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Alfred Leonard Cline ( 1888 - 1948 ) - Find A Grave ... '' www.findagrave.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ The suspect in 3 murders and 8 rapes blended in Jump up ^ Bike Path Killer Altemio Sanchez arrested five years ago Archived 2013 - 12 - 23 at Archive.is , WGRZ , Buffalo , NY , January 17 , 2012 , Brown , S. , Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sanchez indictment expected in Diver case : Alleged Bike Path Killer tied by DNA to 3rd victim , Buffalo News , Buffalo , NY : Berkshire Hathaway , March 2 , 2007 , Gryta , M. , Retrieved December 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Howard ( 24 April 2002 ) . `` Alton Coleman finally faces justice '' . Cincinnati Enquirer . Gannett . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Twisted Alabama couple kidnap , rape and kill teenager Lisa Ann Milliken and Janice Chatman in sick 1982 crime spree '' . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Whatever Went Wrong With Amy ? '' . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Walberg , Matthew ; Daarel Burnette II ; Stacy St. Clair ( December 20 , 2009 ) . `` Serial killer Andre Crawford spared death penalty '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FBI -- Serial Killers , Part 6 : Andrew Cunanan Murders a Fashion Icon '' . FBI . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Schneck , Robert Damon ( 2014 ) . `` Ku Klux Klowns : Grim Rippers '' . Mrs. Wakeman vs. the Anti-Christ : And Other Strange - but - true Tales From American History ( E-Book ed . ) . ( S.l. ) : Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 1585429448 . Jump up ^ Ramsland , Katherine . ( 2005 ) The Human Predator : A Historical Chronicle of Serial Murder and Forensic Investigation , Berkley Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 425 - 20765 - 9 p. 220 . Jump up ^ `` Angel Maturino Resendiz : The Railroad Killer -- Terror Near the Tracks -- Crime Library '' . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2015 . Retrieved December 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Profile , Department of Psychology , Radford University . Archived March 20 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Seewer , John ( 2000 ) . `` 2 admit 9 Toledo slayings in ' 80s '' Associated Press , April 7 , 2000 Jump up ^ http://rare.us/local/houston/after-killing-a-number-of-victims-including-two-teenagers-and-a-9-year-old-the-houston-area-tourniquet-killer-is-set-to-die-in-three-months/ Jump up ^ Court of Criminal Appeals of Texas ( 12 December 2007 ) . `` ANTHONY ALLEN SHORE , Appellant v. THE STATE OF TEXAS ( NO . AP - 75,049 ) '' . LexisNexis . Archived from the original on 27 January 2013 . Retrieved 29 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Offender Details Jump up ^ Police : Anthony Kirkland suspect in several murders - FOX19. com - Cincinnati News , Weather & Sports Jump up ^ `` Anthony Sowell guilty of killing 11 women found at Imperial Avenue home , attacking three others '' . Advance Ohio . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bishop Found Guilty Of Murdering 5 Boys '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune . 20 March 1984 . pp. 8 -- A. Retrieved 31 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Upstate New York Serial Killer Dies '' . AP . 11 October 2008 . Archived from the original on 19 July 2011 . Retrieved 22 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Celebrated criminal cases of America Jump up ^ `` Crack addict confesses he killed women '' . Kingman Daily Miner / AP . 1992 - 08 - 30 . Retrieved 31 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Kay ( 2008 ) . Tainted Legacy : The Story of Alleged Serial Killer Bertha Gifford . PublishAmerica . ISBN 1 - 60563 - 803 - X . Jump up ^ Daily Globe article ; Chronicling America : St. Paul , Minnesota ; October 17 , 1878 , Image 2 , column 7 Jump up ^ Louwagie , Pam ( 22 December 2015 ) . `` Billy Glaze , convicted in 1980s Mpls . serial killings , has died '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved 22 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Louwagie , Pam ( 3 June 2014 ) . `` Citing new DNA in decades - old murders , lawyers ask for new trial '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Retrieved 13 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Newton , Michael ( 2006 ) . The Encyclopedia of Serial Killers ( 2nd ed . ) . Checkmark Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 6196 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Woman Poisoned Ex-Boyfriend ; Also Charged in Husband 's Death '' . Associated Press . 1990 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Bobby Jack Fowler : One murder solved as difficult ' Highway of Tears ' investigations go on Canada News National Post '' . News.nationalpost.com. 2012 - 09 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Bobby Jack Fowler , suspect in death of Newport teen girls , may have killed 20 or more people '' . The Oregonian. 2012 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Hickey , Eric W. ( 1991 ) . Serial Murderers and Their Victims . Pacific Grove , CA : Brooks / Cole . pp. 135 -- 136 . ISBN 0 - 534 - 15414 - X . 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Final Truth : The Autobiography of a Serial Killer . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9632422 - 0 - 4 . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( September 19 , 1993 ) . `` Former Isle resident Evans gets death sentence in Miss '' . Galveston Daily News . Galveston , TX . AP . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Wood , William P. ( 2004 ) . The Bone Garden : the Sacramento Boardinghouse Murders . New York : IBooks . ISBN 0 - 7434 - 8693 - 5 . Jump up ^ Greig , Charlotte ( 2005 ) . Evil Serial Killers : In the Minds of Monsters . New York : Barnes & Noble . ISBN 0760775664 . Jump up ^ Schechter , Harold ( 2004 ) . Bestial : The Savage Trail of a True American Monster . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 9780743483353 . Jump up ^ Schechter , Harold ( 1989 ) . Deviant : The Shocking True Story of Ed Gein , The Original Psycho . Gallery Books . ISBN 978 - 0671644826 . Jump up ^ Cheney , Margaret ( 1976 ) . The Co-ed Killer . ISBN 0 - 8027 - 0514 - 6 . 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Jump up ^ GUILTY : Flint serial killer Elias Abuelazam convicted by ' mountains of evidence ' The Flint Journal via MLive.com , May 22 , 2012 Jump up ^ Jones , Ann ( 1996 ) . Women Who Kill . Beacon Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8070 - 6775 - 8 . Jump up ^ Olsen , Jack ( 1974 ) . The Man with the Candy : The Story of the Houston Mass Murders . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 1283 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` To appeal Henley 's conviction '' . The Journal . Meriden , CT : Associated Press . 17 July 1974 . p. 18 . Jump up ^ `` Burden of Proof '' The Dallas Observer Jump up ^ Greig , Charlotte ( 2005 ) . Evil Serial Killers : In the Minds of Monsters . New York : Barnes & Noble . pp. 64 -- 65 . ISBN 0760775664 . Jump up ^ Bovsun , Mara ( 25 March 2008 ) . `` The case of the vanishing vagrants '' . The New York Daily News . Retrieved 23 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , Tom ( 1993 ) . The Copeland Killings . New York : Pinnacle Books . pp. 1 -- 304 . ISBN 1558176756 . Jump up ^ Granger , Shawn ( 2007 ) . Family Bones Volume 1 . La Verne , CA : King Tractor Press . pp. 1 -- 176 . ISBN 0978748603 . Jump up ^ Granger , Shawn ( 2010 ) . Family Bones Volume 2 . La Verne , CA : King Tractor Press . pp. 1 -- 170 . ISBN 0978748611 . Jump up ^ Newton , Michael ( 2006 ) . The Encyclopedia of Serial Killers ( 2nd ed . ) . Checkmark Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 6196 - 9 . Jump up ^ http://maamodt.asp.radford.edu/Psyc%20405/serial%20killers/Evans,%20Gary%20-%20fall,%202005.pdf Jump up ^ `` Convicted Murderer Gets Death Sentence '' . The Press - Courier . July 2 , 1988 . p. 4 . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SUSPECT IN GAY SLAYINGS CALLED VOLATILE ' WILD CARD ' '' . The Washington Post . June 25 , 1994 . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Rule , Ann . Green River , Running Red . Pocket Books . p. 704 . ISBN 0 - 7434 - 6050 - 2 . 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Jump up ^ Kim , Victoria ; Andrew Blankstein ; Jack Leonard ( 2 April 2011 ) . `` Serial killer John Floyd Thomas Jr. , dubbed the Westside Rapist , is sentenced to life '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ http://www.johnlivereatingjohnston.com Jump up ^ Pettit , Mark ( 1990 ) . A Need to Kill . Ballantine Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8041 - 0785 - 3 . Jump up ^ Keyes , Edward ( 1976 ) . The Michigan Murders . U.S.A. : Reader 's Digest Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 03446 - 8 . Jump up ^ Linedecker , Clifford L. ( 1980 ) . The Man Who Killed Boys : A True Story of Mass Murder in a Chicago Suburb ( First ed . ) . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 51157 - 4 . OCLC 5564916 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Terry ; Maiken , Peter T. ( 2000 ) . Killer Clown : The John Wayne Gacy Murders ( Paperback ed . ) . Pinnacle . ISBN 0 - 7860 - 1422 - 9 . OCLC 156783287 . 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Lemuel Smith and the Compulsion to Kill : The Forensic Story of a Multiple Personality Serial Killer . New Lietrim House Publishing , LLC . ISBN 0 - 9722383 - 0 - 1 Jump up ^ Lasseter , Don ( 2000 ) . Die For Me : The Terrifying True Story of the Charles Ng & Leonard Lake Torture Murders . Pinnacle Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7860 - 1926 - 7 . Jump up ^ Davis , Rich ( April 9 , 2008 ) . `` Notorious killer Leslie Irvin gripped Tri-State in fear in mid-1950s '' . courierpress.com . Evansville Courier & Press . Retrieved March 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Olsen , Gregg ( 1997 ) . Starvation Heights : The True Story of an American Doctor and the Murder of a British Heiress . Warner Books . ISBN 0 - 446 - 60341 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` A Murderous Maniac -- The Many Crimes Charged Against Lizzie Halliday , A mania Like Jack The Ripper '' Frederick NewsMaryland , U.S.A. 11 September 1893 ( reprinted at findagrave.com ) Jump up ^ `` Man Found Guilty For All 10 ' Grim Sleeper ' Killings Of Women '' . 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Criminal justice portal United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_serial_killers_in_the_United_States&oldid=828218164 '' Categories : American serial killers Lists of criminals United States crime - related lists Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Webarchive template archiveis links Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Dynamic lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 06 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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"\n\nName\nYears active\nProven victims\nPossible victims\nStatus\nNotes\nRef\n\n\nAdam Leroy Lane\n2007\n2\n2+\nSentenced to 50 years\n\n[4][5][6]\n\n\nAileen Wuornos\n1989 - 1990\n7\n7\nExecuted 2002\nShot seven men to death in Florida between 1989 and 1990;\n[7]\n\n\nAlbert Fish\n1924 - 1932\n3\n8\nExecuted 1936\nAlso known as the \"Werewolf of Wysteria\". A sadist and pedophile who cannibalized several children.\n[8]\n\n\nAlfred Leonard Cline\n1930 - 1945\n9\n11\nDied in Prison\nMurdered his wives with a glass of poisoned buttermilk after persuading them to will their possessions to his name.\n[9][10]\n\n\nAltemio Sanchez\n1990 - 2006\n3\n3\nIncarcerated 75 years-to-life\nKnown as \"The Bike Path Rapist\"; responsible for three murders and numerous rapes spanning a 25-year period in Buffalo, New York\n[11][12][13]\n\n\nAlton Coleman\n1984\n8\n8\nExecuted 2002\nMulti-state killer who along with his accomplice murdered a man and injured another, murdered 4 women, 3 young girls and raped a young girl\n[14]\n\n\nAlvin Neelley\n1982\n2\n2\nDied in prison\nCommitted murders with wife Judith Neelley\n[15]\n\n\nAmy Archer-Gilligan\n1910 - 1917\n10\n50\nDied in Connecticut Hospital for the Insane\nPoisoned a husband and residents of her nursing home\n[16]\n\n\nAndre Crawford\n1993 - 1999\n11\n11\nSentenced to Life imprisonment\n\n[17]\n\n\nAndrew Cunanan\n1997\n5\n5\nCommitted suicide while a fugitive\n\n[18]\n\n\nAndrew Kokoraleis\n1981 - 1982\n18\n18\nExecuted 1999\nMember of the satanic cult and organized crime group known as Ripper Crew or Chicago Rippers\n[19][20]\n\n\nÁngel Maturino Reséndiz\n1986 - 1999\n10\n16\nExecuted 2006\nAlso known as The Railroad Killer/The Railway Killer/The Railcar Killer\n[21]\n\n\nAngelo Buono Jr.\n1977 - 1978\n9\n10\nDied in Prison\nAlong with accomplice Kenneth Bianchi known as \"The Hillside Stranglers\"\n[22]\n\n\nAnna Marie Hahn\n1933 - 1937\n5\n5\nExecuted 1938\nGerman-born murder-for-profit killer who poisoned five elderly men\n\n\n\nAnthony Cook\n1973 - 1981\n9\n9\nSentenced to Life Imprisonment\nCommitted crimes with his brother Nathaniel Cook\n[23]\n\n\nAnthony Allen Shore\n1986 - 1995\n4\n30\nExecuted 2018\nAlso known as \"The Tourniquet Killer\"; prime suspect in the I-45 serial murders.\n[24]\n[25]\n\n\n\nAnthony Kirkland\n1987 - 2009\n5\n6\nSentenced to Death\n\n[26][27]\n\n\nAnthony Sowell\n2007 - 2009\n11\n11\nSentenced to Death\nAlso known as \"The Cleveland Strangler\" and \"The Imperial Avenue Murderer\"\n[28]\n\n\nArthur Gary Bishop\n1979 - 1983\n5\n5\nExecuted 1988\n\n[29]\n\n\nArthur Shawcross\n1972 - 1989\n12\n14\nDied in Prison\nAlso known as \"The Genesee River Killer\"\n[30]\n\n\nBelle Gunness\n1900 - 1908\n25\n40\nUnknown\nNorwegian-born murder-for-profit killer who killed her suitors and children\n[31]\n\n\nBender Family\n1869 - 1872\n11\n11+\nUnknown\nFamily of serial killers who lived and operated in Labette County, Kansas\n\n\n\nBenjamin Atkins\n1991 - 1992\n11\n11\nDied in Prison\nAlso known as \"The Woodward Corridor Killer\"\n[32]\n\n\nBertha Gifford\n1900 - 1928\n3\n17\nDied in Missouri State Hospital #4\nFound not guilty by reason of insanity\n[33]\n\n\nBill Longley\n1869 - 1878\n32\n32\nExecuted 1878\nRacist gunfighter who killed unarmed slaves and Mexicans\n[34]\n\n\nBilly Glaze\n1986 - 1987\n3\n20\nDied in Prison\nGuilt has come into question by the discovery of DNA evidence excluding Glaze and implicating another man\n[35]\n[36]\n\n\n\nBilly Gohl\n1902 - 1910\n2\n100+\nDied in Prison\nUnion official linked with the disappearances of over 40 sailors in Aberdeen, Washington in the early 20th century\n[37]\n\n\nBlanche Taylor Moore\n1968 - 1989\n3\n4+\nSentenced to Death\n\n[38]\n\n\nBobby Jack Fowler\n1973 - 1996\n1\n20\nDied in Prison\nConvicted of one murder, suspected of up to 20 more.\n[39]\n[40]\n\n\n\nBobby Joe Long\n1984\n10\n10+\nSentenced to Death\nAlso known as \"The Classified Ad Rapist\"\n[41]\n\n\nBoone Helm\n1850 - 1864\n11\n11+\nExecuted 1864\nKnown as the \"Kentucky Cannibal\"\n[42][43]\n\n\nBrian Dugan\n1983 - 1985\n2\n3\nSentenced to Life imprisonment\n\n[44]\n\n\nBriley Brothers\n1979\n11\n20\nExecuted 1984 & 1985\nThree brothers and an accomplice responsible for 11 murders\n[45]\n\n\nBruce Mendenhall\n2007\n1\n9\nSentenced to Life imprisonment\nSentenced to additional 30 years in prison for soliciting murder while in jail\n[46]\n\n\nCarl Panzram\n1920 - 1929\n5\n22\nExecuted 1930\nmurderer, rapist and arsonist; convicted of two murders; confessed to 19 others\n[47]\n\n\nCarl Eugene Watts\n1974 - 1982\n22\n100\nDied in Prison\nKnown as \"The Sunday Morning Slasher\"\n[48]\n\n\nCarlton Gary\n1977 - 1978\n7\n7\nSentenced to Death\n\n[49]\n\n\nCarol M. Bundy\n1980\n7\n7\nDied in Prison\nWith accomplice Doug Clark known as the \"Sunset Strip Killers.\"\n[50]\n\n\nCarroll Cole\n1948 - 1980\n16\n35\nExecuted 1985\n\n[51]\n\n\nCary Stayner\n1999\n4\n4\nSentenced to Death\n\n[52][53]\n\n\nCathy Wood\n1987\n5\n6\nIncarcerated 20 – 40 years\nEligible for parole since 2005\n[54][55]\n\n\nCharlie Brandt\n1971 - 2004\n3\n6+\nCommitted Suicide to avoid apprehension\n\n[56]\n\n\nCharles Albright\n1990 - 1991\n1\n3\nSentenced to Life imprisonment\nAlso known as \"The Eyeball Killer\"\n[57]\n\n\nCharles Cullen\n1988 - 2003\n10\n40+\nIncarcerated 127 years\nA nurse in New Jersey and Pennsylvania\n[58]\n\n\nCharles Ray Hatcher\n1969 - 1982\n2\n16\nCommitted Suicide in prison\nConvicted of two child murders in 1978 and 1982, also stabbed to death a fellow inmate and another man 20 years apart\n[59]\n\n\nCharles Schmid\n1964\n3\n4\nMurdered in prison by unknown assailants\nAlso known as \"The Pied Piper of Tucson\"\n[60]\n\n\nCharles Ng\n1983 - 1985\n11\n25\nSentenced to Death\nAlong with accompilace Leonard Lake collected and murdered female sex slaves\n[61]\n\n\nChester Turner\n1987 - 1998\n15\n16\nSentenced to Death\nConvicted of murdering ten women and a viable unborn baby in South Los Angeles\n[62]\n\n\nChristopher Peterson\n1990\n4\n7\nIncarcerated 120 years\nAlso known as \"The Shotgun Killer\"\n[63]\n\n\nChristopher Wilder\n1984\n8\n15\nKilled by Police during apprehension\nAlso known as \"The Beauty Queen Killer\"\n[64]\n\n\nCleophus Prince Jr.\n1990\n6\n6\nSentenced to Death\nAlso known as \"The Clairemont Killer\"\n[65]\n\n\nCraig Price\n1987 - 1989\n4\n4\nIncarcerated\nConvicted as a minor. Scheduled for release May 2020\n[66]\n\n\nCynthia Coffman\n1986\n4\n4\nSentenced to Death\nKidnapped 4 women by ATMs before accomplice strangled them\n[67]\n\n\nDale Hausner\n2006\n8\n8\nCommitted suicide in prison\nConvicted of killing people in random drive-by shootings\n[68]\n\n\nDallen Bounds\n1999\n4\n4+\nCommitted Suicide to avoid apprehension\n\n[69][70]\n\n\nDana Sue Gray\n1994\n3\n3\nSentenced to Life imprisonment\n\n[71]\n\n\nDaniel Conahan\n1993 - 1996\n1\n14\nSentenced to Death\nConvicted of one murder, but was associated with more than a dozen of torture and murders\n\n\n\nDaniel Lee Siebert\n1979 - 1986\n8\n12\nDied in Prison\nKilled nine people across America in three months\n[72]\n[73]\n\n\n\nDanny Rolling\n1989 - 1990\n8\n8\nExecuted 2006\nPleaded guilty to murdering five students\n[74]\n\n\nDarren Deon Vann\n2013 - 2014\n7\n7\nAwaiting Trial\n\n[75]\n[76]\n\n\n\nDavid Alan Gore\n1981 - 1983\n6\n6\nExecuted 2012\nOne of the pair known as \"The Killing Cousins\"\n[77]\n\n\nDavid Berkowitz\n1976 - 1977\n6\n6\nSentenced to Life imprisonment\nAlso known as the \"Son of Sam\"\n[78]\n\n\nDavid Carpenter\n1979 - 1981\n6\n10\nSentenced to Death\nAlso known as \"The Trailside Killer\"\n[79]\n\n\nDavid Edward Maust\n1974 -2003\n5\n5\nCommitted Suicide in prison\nConvicted of killing five teenage boys; one in Germany in 1974, another in 1981, and three he buried in his basement\n[80][81]\n\n\nDavid Mason\n1980 - 1982\n4\n6\nExecuted 1993\nKilled four elderly neighbours in 1980 and his cellmate in 1982 while imprisoned on lesser charges; suspected of shooting dead his boyfriend\n[82]\n\n\nDavid Meirhofer\n1967 - 1974\n4\n4\nDeceased - Suicide\nFirst serial killer apprehended by offender profiling\n[83]\n\n\nDavid Parker Ray\n1950s - 1999\n3\n60\nDied in Prison\nConvicted of kidnapping and torture in 2001, but never convicted of murder.\n[84]\n\n\nDayton Leroy Rogers\n1983 - 1987\n6\n8+\nSentenced to Death\n\n[85]\n\n\nDean Corll\n1970 - 1973\n28\n28+\nKilled by accomplice Elmer Wayne Henley\nCrimes referred to as the \"Houston Mass Murders\"\n[86]\n\n\nDebra Denise Brown\n1984\n8\n8\nSentenced to death, commuted to life imprisonment\n\n[87]\n\n\nDelphine LaLaurie\n1834\n ?\n ?\nDied in Paris France\nTortured and maimed her slaves\n[88]\n\n\nDennis Rader\n1974 -1991\n10\n10\nIncarcerated - Life imprisonment\nAlso known as the BTK Killer\n[89]\n\n\nDerrick Todd Lee\n1992 - 2003\n2\n7+\nDied in Prison awaiting execution\nKnown as \"The Baton Rouge Serial Killer\"; convicted of two murders; linked by DNA evidence to five others\n[90]\n\n\nDiane O'Dell\n1982 - 1985\n3\n4\nSentenced to Life imprisonment\nMurders of her illegitimate babies\n[91]\n\n\nDonald Harvey\n1970 - 1987\n37\n80\nDied in Prison, Killed by unknown assailant\nKnown as \"The Angel of Death\"\n[92]\n\n\nDonald Henry Gaskins\n1953 - 1982\n9\n100+\nExecuted 1991\nConvicted of nine murders; claimed to an author to have killed more than 100\n[93]\n\n\nDonald Leroy Evans\n1985 - 1991\n3\n70\nDied in Prison, Murdered by a fellow death row inmate\nSuspected of another dozen murders but recanted his confessions to over 70 more\n[94]\n\n\nDorothea Puente\n1982 - 1988\n9\n15\nDied in Prison\nconvicted of three killings; suspected of six others\n[95]\n\n\nDoug Clark\n1980\n7\n7\nSentenced to Death\nWith accomplice Carol M. Bundy known as the \"Sunset Strip Killers.\"\n[96]\n\n\nEarle Nelson\n1926 - 1927\n1\n22\nExecuted 1928\nKnown as \"the Gorilla Man\"\n[97]\n\n\nEd Gein\n1954 - 1957\n2\n7\nDied while incarcerated at Mendota Mental Health Institute\nGein's life and crimes have inspired, at least in part, the novels/films Psycho and The Silence of the Lambs, and the 1974 movie The Texas Chainsaw Massacre\n[98]\n\n\nEdmund Kemper\n1964 - 1973\n6\n10\nSentenced to Life imprisonment\nKnown as \"The Co-Ed Killer\"\n[99]\n\n\nEdward Edwards\n1977 - 1996\n5\n15\nDied in Prison awaiting execution\nSentenced to die for shooting his foster son in 1996 insurance murder\n[100][101]\n\n\nEdward H. Rulloff\n1844 - 1870\n3\n5\nExecuted 1871\nKnown as \"The Genius Killer\"\n[102][103]\n\n\nEdward J. Adams\n1920 - 1921\n7\n7\nKilled by police during shootout\nCriminal who murdered 7 people, including 3 policemen\n[104]\n\n\nEdward Spreitzer\n1981 - 1982\n18\n18\nSentenced to Life imprisonment\nMember of the satanic cult and organized crime group known as Ripper Crew or Chicago Rippers\n[105]\n[106]\n\n\n\nEfren Saldivar\n1988 - 1998\n6\n50+\nSentenced to Life imprisonment\n\n\n\n\nElias Abuelazam\n2009 - 2010\n1\n5\nSentenced to Life imprisonment\nKnown as \"The Flint Serial Slasher\" and \"The Flint Serial Stabber\"\n[107]\n\n\nElizabeth Van Valkenburgh\n1833 - 1845\n2\n2\nExecuted 1846\nSelf-confessed poisoner who killed her alcoholic husbands\n[108]\n\n\nElmer Wayne Henley\n1970 - 1973\n6\n6\nSentenced to Life imprisonment\nCrimes referred to as the \"Houston Mass Murders\"\n[109][110]\n\n\nFaryion Wardrip\n1984 - 1986\n5\n5\nSentenced to Death\nDeath Sentence currently under appeal\n[111]\n\n\nFaye Copeland\n1986 - 1989\n5\n12\nDied in Prison awaiting execution\nAlong with her husband, Ray Copeland, oldest couple ever sentenced to death in the United States\n[112][113][114][115][116]\n\n\nFelipe Espinosa\n1863\n32\n32\nKilled by Tom Tobin\n\n\n\n\nFrederick Mors\n1914 - 1915\n8\n8\nFate Unknown\nCommitted to Hudson River State Hospital, escaped in May 1916.\n[117]\n\n\nGary Evans\n1985 - 1997\n5\n5\nCommitted Suicide to avoid apprehension\n\n[118]\n\n\nGary M. Heidnik\n1986 - 1987\n2\n2\nExecuted 1999\nHeld 6 women prisoner in his basement in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania\n[119]\n\n\nGary Ray Bowles\n1994\n6\n25\nSentenced to Death\n\n[120]\n\n\nGary Ridgway\n1982 - 1998\n49\n90+\nSentenced to Life imprisonment\nKnown as the Green River Killer\n[121]\n\n\nGenene Jones\n1977 - 1982\n2\n60+\nDue to released March 1, 2018\nTexas pediatric nurse who poisoned infants in her care\n[122][123][124][125]\n\n\nGeorgia Tann\n1924 - 1950\n19\n19+\nDied of uterine cancer before she could be arrested\nChild trafficker who sold kidnapped children to the black market\n[126]\n\n\nGerald Gallego\n1978 - 1980\n10\n10\nDied awaiting Execution\nAccomplace Charlene Gallego released 1997\n[127]\n\n\nGerald Parker\n1978 - 1978\n6\n6\nSentenced to Death\nKnown as \"The Bedroom Basher\"\n[128]\n\n\nGerald Stano\n1969 - 1980\n22\n41+\nExecuted 1998\nGuilt has been questioned\n[129]\n\n\nGerard John Schaefer\n1969 - 1973\n2\n34\nMurdered in prison by fellow inmate Vincent Rivera.\nFormer Police Officer\n[130]\n\n\nGlen Edward Rogers\n1993 - 1995\n4\n5\nSentenced to Death\nDeath Sentence currently under appeal\n[131]\n\n\nGordon Stewart Northcott\n1926 - 1928\n3\n20\nExecuted 1930\nHis mother, Sarah Louise Northcott, was implicated as an accomplice\n[132]\n\n\nGwendolyn Graham\n1987\n5\n6\nSentenced to Life imprisonment\n\n[133]\n[134]\n\n\n\nH. H. Holmes\n1891 - 1894\n9\n27+\nExecuted 1896\nConvicted of only one murder, but definitively tied to at least eight more. Confessed to a total of 27\n[135][136]\n\n\nHadden Clark\n1986 - 1992\n2\n2+\nSentenced to 70 years\nCannibal convicted of two murders; confessed to many more\n[137]\n\n\nHarpe brothers\n1797 - 1804\n39\n50+\nMurder/Executed\nBrothers or cousins. America's first known serial killers\n[138]\n\n\nHarrison Graham\n1986 - 1987\n7\n7\nSentenced to Life imprisonment\n\n[139]\n\n\nHarry T. Hayward\n1894\n1\n4\nExecuted 1895\n\n[140]\n\n\nHarry Powers\n1931\n5\n5\nExecuted 1932\nKnown as \"The West Virginia Bluebeard\"\n[141]\n\n\nHarvey Carignan\n1949 - 1974\n2\n5\nIncarcerated 150 years\nKnown as \"The Want-Ad Killer\"; Escaped hanging for a 1949 killing on a technicality\n[142]\n\n\nHarvey Glatman\n1957 -1958\n3\n4\nExecuted 1959\nKnown as \"The Lonely Hearts Killer\"; Lured women to pose for \"bondage photographs\"\n\n\n\nHarvey Miguel Robinson\n1992 - 1993\n3\n3\nSentenced to Death\nTeenager who stalked, raped and killed\n[143]\n\n\nHelen Golay\n1999 - 2005\n2\n2\nSentenced to life imprisonment without parole\nKilled vagrants with her partner-in-crime, Olga Rutterschmidt\n[144]\n\n\nHenry Lee Lucas\n1960 - 1983\n11\n200+\nDied in Prison\nConfessed to approximately 3,000 murders, although most of his confessions are considered outlandish\n[145]\n\n\nHenry Louis Wallace\n1990 - 1994\n10\n10\nSentenced to Death\nKnown as \"The Taco Bell Strangler\"\n[146]\n\n\nHerb Baumeister\n1980 - 1996\n11\n20\nCommitted Suicide while a fugitive\nResponsible for murdering at least 11 victims who were found buried on his property.\n[147]\n\n\nHerbert Mullin\n1972 - 1973\n11\n13\nSentenced to Life imprisonment\nWill be eligible for parole in 2021\n[148]\n\n\nHeriberto Seda\n1990 - 1993\n3\n3\nSentenced to Life imprisonment\nNew York City copycat of the \"Zodiac Killer\"\n[149]\n\n\nHerman Petrillo\n1930s - 1938\n114\n114\nExecuted 1941\nItalian immigrant; leader of the Philadelphia poison ring\n[150]\n\n\nHoward Allen\n1974 - 1987\n3\n3\nIncarcerated for 60 years\nDeath Sentence Commuted\n[151][152]\n\n\nIsrael Keyes\nLate 1990s - 2012\n3\n11\nCommitted Suicide while in custody\n3 confirmed victims. Linked to 11 victims in 4 states\n[153]\n\n\nJ. Frank Hickey\n1883 - 1911\n3\n3\nDied in prison\nKnown as \"The Postcard Killer\"\n[154]\n\n\nJ.C.X. Simon\n1973 - 1974\n15\n73+\nDied in prison\nPart of the 'Death Angels' cult responsible for the Zebra murders\n[155]\n\n\nJack Owen Spillman\n1994 - 1995\n3\n3\nSentenced to Life imprisonment\nKnown as \"The Werewolf Butcher\"\n[156]\n\n\nJake Bird\n1930 - 1947\n2\n46\nExecuted 1949\nSentenced to death for the murders of two people; confessed to 44 other murders\n[157]\n\n\nJames Dale Ritchie\n2016\n5\n5+\nKilled by Police during apprehension\nKnown as the \"Anchorage Serial Killer\"\n[158]\n\n\nJames Swann\n1993\n4\n4\nFound not guilty by reason of insanity and confined to Saint Elizabeths Hospital\nKnown as \"The Shotgun Stalker\"\n[159]\n\n\nJane Toppan\n1895 - 1901\n12\n31\nFound not guilty by reason of insanity and committed for life in the Taunton Insane Hospital\n\n[160]\n\n\nJanie Lou Gibbs\n1966 - 1967\n5\n5\nDied in Prison\n\n[161]\n\n\nJeffrey Dahmer\n1978 - 1991\n17\n17\nMurdered by inmate Christopher Scarver\nMilwaukee cannibal who retained various body parts of his victims\n[162]\n\n\nJerry Brudos\n1968 - 1969\n4\n4+\nDied in Prison\nKnown as \"The Lust Killer\" and \"Shoe Fetish Slayer\"\n[163]\n\n\nJesse Pomeroy\n1874\n2\n9\nDied in Prison\nKnown as \"The Boy Torturer\"\n[164]\n\n\nJessie Lee Cooks\n1973 - 1974\n15\n73+\nSentenced to Life Imprisonment\nPart of the 'Death Angels' cult responsible for the Zebra murders\n[165]\n\n\nJoe Ball\n1936 - 1938\n2\n20\nCommitted Suicide to avoid apprehension\nKnown as \"The Alligator Man\"\n[166]\n\n\nJoel Rifkin\n1989 - 1993\n9\n17\nIncarcerated for 203 year to life\n\n[167]\n\n\nJohann Otto Hoch\n1890 - 1905\n1\n15+\nExecuted 1906\nKnown as \"The Stockyard Bluebeard\"\n\n\n\nJohn Allen Muhammad\n2002\n7\n17\nExecuted 2009\nWith accomplace Lee Boyd Malvo perpetrated the D.C. sniper attacks\n[168]\n\n\nJohn Bittrolff\n1993 -\n2\n4+\nSentenced to 25-years-to-life\nSuspect in Long Island serial killer case\n[169]\n\n\nJohn Edward Robinson\n1984 - 1999\n3\n8+\nSentenced to Death\nSometimes referred to as \"the Internet's first serial killer\"\n[170]\n\n\nJohn Floyd Thomas Jr.\n1972 - 1986\n7\n15+\nSentenced to Life imprisonment\nKnown as \"The Southland Strangler\" and The \"Westside Rapist\"\n[171][172][173]\n\n\nJohn Johnson\n1843 - ?\n ?\n300+\nDied 1900\nKnown as \"Liver-Eating Johnson\"; mountain man who allegedly ate the livers of Crows he'd slain\n[174]\n\n\nJohn Joubert\n1982 - 1983\n3\n3\nExecuted 1996\nKnown as \"The Nebraska Boy Snatcher\"\n[175]\n\n\nJohn Norman Collins\n1967 - 1969\n1\n7\nSentenced to Life imprisonment\nKnown as \"The Co-Ed Killer\"\n[176]\n\n\nJohn Wayne Gacy\n1972 - 1978\n33\n34\nExecuted 1994\nKnown as \"The Killer Clown\"\n[177][178]\n\n\nJonathan Preston Haynes\n1987 - 1993\n2\n2\nSentenced to death; commuted to life imprisonment\nKnown as the 'Aryan Beauty Killer'\n[179]\n\n\nJoseph Christopher\n1980 - 1981\n12\n12+\nDied in prison\nKnown as \"The Midtown Slasher\"\n[180]\n\n\nJoseph E. Duncan III\n1996 -2005\n5\n7\nSentenced to Life imprisonment\nRaped at least 17 young boys and 3 young girls\n[181][182]\n\n\nJoseph Kallinger\n1974 - 1975\n3\n3\nDied in Prison\nCommitted these crimes with his 15-year-old son Michael\n[183]\n\n\nJoseph \"Mad Dog\" Taborsky\n1950 - 1957\n7\n7\nExecuted 1960\n\n[184]\n\n\nJoseph Naso\n1977 - 1994\n6\n10\nSentenced to Death\nAlso a suspect in the Alphabet murders case.\n[185]\n\n\nJoseph Paul Franklin\n1977 -1980\n11\n22\nExecuted 2013\nAlso attempted to assassinate Larry Flynt and Vernon Jordan;\n[186]\n\n\nJosephine Sedita\n1930s - 1938\n114\n114\nSentenced to Life Imprisonment\nItalian immigrant; member of the Philadelphia poison ring\n[187]\n\n\nJuan Corona\n1971\n25\n25+\nSentenced to Life imprisonment\nMajority of victims had been transient workers\n[188][189]\n\n\nJuan Covington\n1998 - 2005\n2\n3\nSentenced to Life imprisonment\n\n[190]\n\n\nJudith Neelley\n1982\n2\n2\nDeath sentence commuted to Life imprisonment\nCommitted murders with Husband Alvin Neelley\n[191]\n\n\nJudy Buenoano\n1971 - 1983\n3\n3+\nExecuted 1998\nCaught in 1983 after poisoning and car bombing a fiancée\n[192]\n\n\nKarl F. Warner\n1969 - 1971\n3\n3\nSentenced to Life imprisonment\n\n\n\n\nKeith Hunter Jesperson\n1990 - 1995\n8\n8+\nSentenced to Life imprisonment\nKnown as \"The Happy Face Killer\"\n[193]\n\n\nKendall Francois\n1996 - 1998\n8\n10\nDied in Prison\n\n[194]\n\n\nKenneth Bianchi\n1977 - 1978\n12\n12\nSentenced to Life imprisonment\nAlong with accomplice Angelo Buono Jr. known as \"The Hillside Stranglers\"\n[195]\n\n\nKenneth McDuff\n1966 - 1992\n9\n14+\nExecuted 1998\nKnown as \"The Broomstick Killer\"; death sentence for 1966 triple-murder commuted; killed three days after 1989 parole\n[196][197]\n\n\nKimberly McCarthy\n1997 - 1998\n1\n3\nExecuted 2013\nCrack addict who murdered a neighbour; suspect in two similar murders\n[198]\n\n\nKimberly Clark Saenz\n2008\n5\n10+\nSentenced to Life imprisonment\nKilled five patients by injecting bleach into their dialysis lines\n.[199]\n\n\nKristen Gilbert\n1989 - 1996\n4\n4\nSentenced to Life imprisonment\nInduced cardiac arrest in patients and would then respond to the coded emergency, often resuscitating the patients herself.\n[200]\n\n\nLarry Eyler\n1982 - 1984\n2\n23\nDied in Prison awaiting execution\nKnown as \"The Interstate Killer\"\n[201]\n\n\nLarry Green\n1973 - 1974\n15\n73+\nSentenced to Life Imprisonment\nPart of the 'Death Angels' cult responsible for the Zebra murders\n[202]\n\n\nLawrence Bittaker\n1979\n5\n5\nSentenced to Death\nWith accomplice Roy Norris known as \"Tool Box Killers\"\n[203]\n\n\nLee Boyd Malvo\n2002\n7\n17\nLife imprisonment without parole (overturned on May 26, 2017; awaiting resentencing)\nWith accomplice John Allen Muhammad perpetrated the D.C. sniper attacks\n[204]\n\n\nLee Roy Martin\n1967 - 1968\n4\n4\nDied in Prison\nKnown as \"The Gaffney Strangler\"\n[205][206][207]\n\n\nLemuel Smith\n1958 - 1981\n5\n6\nSentenced to Death; Commuted to Life\n\n[208]\n\n\nLeonard Lake\n1983 - 1985\n11\n25\nCommitted Suicide while in custody\nAlong with accompilace Charles Ng collected and murdered female sex slaves\n[209]\n\n\nLeslie Irvin\n1954 - 1955\n6\n6+\nDied in Prison\nHis Supreme Court case set a precedent for fair trials of highly publicized defendants\n[210]\n\n\nLinda Hazzard\n1908 - 1911\n1\n13\nServed 2 years\nDied in 1938\n[211]\n\n\nLizzie Halliday\n1890s\n4\n7\nDied in Matteawan State Hospital for the Criminally Insane\nFirst woman sentenced to be executed by the electric chair\n[212]\n\n\nLonnie David Franklin Jr.\n1985 - 2007\n10\n25+\nSentenced to Death\nKnown as \"Grim Sleeper\"; Charged after DNA evidence linked him with ten murders in Los Angeles since 1985\n[213]\n\n\nLoren Herzog\n1984 - 1999\n3\n19\nCommitted Suicide awaiting parole release\nAlong with accompliace Wesley Shermantine known as the \"Speed Freak Killers\"\n[214]\n\n\nLorenzo Gilyard\n1977 - 1993\n12\n13\nSentenced to Life imprisonment\nKnown as \"The Kansas City Strangler\"\n[215]\n\n\nLouise Peete\n1913 - 1944\n3\n3\nExecuted 1947\nConvicted of murdering a man and woman decades apart, four other acquaintances died suspiciously and four husbands committed suicide\n[216]\n\n\nLouise Vermilya\n1893 - 1911\n9\n9\nCharges Dismissed\n\n\n\n\nLyda Southard\n1915 - 1920\n6\n6\nReleased 1941\nKnown as \"Flypaper Lyda\"; serial poisoner who killed four husbands, a young daughter and a brother-in-law\n[217]\n\n\nLydia Sherman\n1863 - 1877\n12\n12\nDied in Prison\n\n[218]\n\n\nMack Ray Edwards\n1953 - 1970\n3\n18\nCommitted Suicide awaiting execution\n\n[219][220]\n\n\nManuel Moore\n1973 - 1974\n15\n73+\nSentenced to Life Imprisonment\nPart of the 'Death Angels' cult responsible for the Zebra murders\n[221]\n\n\nMaria Carina Favato\n1930s - 1938\n114\n114\nSentenced to Life Imprisonment\nItalian immigrant; member of the Philadelphia poison ring\n[222]\n\n\nMarie Noe\n1949 - 1968\n8\n8\nSentenced to 20 years probation 1998\nMurdered eight of her children; 2 others died of natural causes\n[223]\n\n\nMarion Albert Pruett\n1981\n5\n5\nExecuted 1999\nCommitted his crimes while in the United States Federal Witness Protection Program\n[224]\n\n\nMark Goudeau\n2005 - 2006\n9\n9\nSentenced to Death\nKnown as \"The Baseline Killer\"\n[225]\n\n\nMartha Ann Johnson\n1977 - 1982\n3\n4\nSentenced to Death; Commuted to Life\n\n[226]\n\n\nMartha Beck\n1947 - 1949\n1\n20\nExecuted 1951\nAlong with accomplace Raymond Fernandez became known as \"The Lonely Hearts Killers\"\n[227]\n\n\nMartha Wise\n1924 - 1925\n3\n3\nDied in Prison\nPoisoned seventeen members of her own family\n[228]\n\n\nMarybeth Tinning\n1972 - 1985\n2\n9\nSentenced to 20 years to life\n\n[229]\n\n\nMaury Travis\n2000 - 2002\n2\n17+\nCommitted Suicide awaiting trial\n\n[230]\n\n\nMelvin Rees\n1957 - 1959\n5\n9+\nDied in Prison\nKnown as \"The Sex Beast\"\n[231]\n\n\nMichael Bear Carson\n1981 - 1983\n3\n12\nSentenced to 75 years to life\n\n[232]\n\n\nMichael Bruce Ross\n1981 - 1984\n8\n8\nExecuted 2005\n\n[233]\n\n\nMichael Gargiulo\n1993 - 2008\n3\n10\nAwaiting capital murder trial\n\n[234]\n\n\nMichael Hughes\n1986 - 1993\n7\n7+\nSentenced to Death\nKnown as Southside Slayer\n.[235]\n\n\nMichael Lee Lockhart\n1987 - 1988\n4\n6+\nExecuted 1997\nReceived death sentences in three states, executed by the state of Texas\n\n\n\nMichael Madison\n2012 - 2013\n3\n3\nSentenced to Death\n\n[236]\n\n\nMichael Swango\n1981 - 1997\n4\n60\nSentenced to life imprisonment\nPhysician and surgeon\n[237]\n\n\nMichelle Knotek\n1994 - 2003\n2\n3\n22 years in prison\nTortured and abused boarders in her home with her husband\n[238]\n\n\nMilton Johnson\n1983 - 1984\n10\n10+\nSentenced to death\nVictims included two deputy sheriffs\n[239]\n\n\nMontie Ralph Rissell\n1976 - 1977\n5\n5\nSentenced to life imprisonment\n\n[240]\n\n\nMorris Bolber\n1930s - 1938\n114\n114\nSentenced to Life Imprisonment\nRussian-Jewish immigrant; member of the Philadelphia poison ring\n[241]\n\n\nMorris Solomon Jr.\n1986 - 1987\n6\n7\nSentenced to death\nKnown as \"The Sacramento Slayer\"\n[242]\n\n\nNannie Doss\n1927 - 1954\n8\n11\nDied in prison\nKnown as \"The Giggling Granny\" and \"The Jolly Black Widow\"\n[243]\n\n\nNathaniel Cook\n1973 - 1981\n9\n9\nSentenced to Life Imprisonment\nCommitted crimes with his brother Anthony Cook\n[244]\n\n\nNathaniel White\n1991 - 1992\n6\n6\nSentenced to 150 years to life in prison\nConfessed to beating and stabbing six women to death while on parole.\n[245]\n\n\nOlga Rutterschmidt\n1999 - 2005\n2\n2\nSentenced to life imprisonment without parole\nKilled vagrants with her partner-in-crime, Helen Golay\n[144]\n\n\nOrville Lynn Majors\n1993 - 1995\n6\n130\nDied in Prison\n\n[246]\n\n\nOttis Toole\n1976 - 1983\n6\n6+\nDied in Prison\nAccomplice of Henry Lee Lucas\n[247]\n\n\nPatrick Kearney\n1965 - 1977\n21\n43\nSentenced to life imprisonment\n\n[248]\n\n\nPatty Cannon\n1802 - 1829\n4\n25+\nDied in prison awaiting trial\nGang leader who kidnapped slaves and free blacks to either sell or torture them\n[249]\n\n\nPaul Dennis Reid\n1997\n7\n7\nDied in Prison awaiting Execution\nKnown as \"The Fast Food Killer\"\n[250]\n\n\nPaul Durousseau\n1997 - 2003\n9\n9+\nSentenced to death (overturned on January 31, 2017; awaiting resentencing)\nGerman authorities suspect Durousseau may have killed several local women when he was stationed there with the Army during the early 1990s.\n[251]\n\n\nPaul John Knowles\n1974\n18\n35\nKilled by police attempting to escape from custody\nKnown as \"The Casanova Killer\"\n[252][253]\n\n\nPaul Michael Stephani\n1980 - 1982\n3\n3\nDied in Prison\nKnown as the \"Weepy-Voiced Killer\"\n[254][255]\n\n\nPaul Petrillo\n1930s - 1938\n114\n114\nExecuted 1941\nItalian immigrant; leader of the Philadelphia poison ring\n[256]\n\n\nPeter Kudzinowski\n1924 - 1928\n3\n3\nExecuted 1929\n\n\n\n\nPhillip Carl Jablonski\n1978 - 1991\n5\n5\nSentenced to death\n\n\n\n\nRandall Woodfield\n1979 - 1981\n1\n20\nSentenced to Life imprisonment plus 165 years\nKnown as \"The I-5 Killer\" and \"The I-5 Bandit\"\n[257]\n\n\nRandy Steven Kraft\n1971 - 1983\n16\n67\nSentenced to death\nKnown as the \"Scorecard Killer\" and the \"Freeway Killer\"\n[258]\n\n\nRay Copeland\n1986 - 1989\n5\n12\nDied in Prison awaiting execution\nAlong with his wife, Faye Copeland, oldest couple ever sentenced to death in the United States\n[259][260][261][262][263]\n\n\nRaymond Fernandez\n1947 - 1949\n1\n20\nExecuted 1951\nAlong with accomplace Martha Beck became known as \"The Lonely Hearts Killers\"\n[264]\n\n\nRhonda Belle Martin\n1926 - 1951\n1\n6\nExecuted 1957\n\n\n\n\nRicardo Caputo\n1971 - 1977\n4\n6\nDied in Prison\n\n[265]\n\n\nRichard Angelo\n1987\n4\n10\nSentenced to 50-years-to-life in prison\n\n[266]\n\n\nRichard Biegenwald\n1958 -1983\n5\n11\nDied in Prison\n\n[267]\n\n\nRichard Chase\n1977 -1978\n6\n6\nCommitted suicide awaiting execution\nKnown as \"The Vampire of Sacramento\"\n[268]\n\n\nRichard Cottingham\n1967 - 1980\n6\n85-100\nSentenced to Life imprisonment\nKnown variously as \"The Butcher of Times Square\", \"The Torso Killer\", \"The New York (city) Ripper\", and \"The Times Square Torso Ripper\"\n[269][270][271]\n\n\nRichard Evonitz\n1996- 1997\n3\n3\nCommitted Suicide to avoid apprehension\n\n[272]\n\n\nRichard Kuklinski\n1948 - 1986\n5\n100 - 250\nDied in prison\nMafia associate known as \"The Iceman\"\n[273]\n\n\nRichard Laurence Marquette\n1956 - 1975\n3\n3\nSentenced to life imprisonment\nFirst 11th person named on FBI 10 Most Wanted\n[274]\n\n\nRichard Ramirez\n1984 - 1985\n13\n14\nDied in prison awaiting execution\nKnown as \"The Night Stalker\"\n[275]\n\n\nRobert Anthony Buell\n1981 - 1983\n1\n3\nExecuted 2002\n\n[276]\n\n\nRobert Ben Rhoades\n1975 - 1990\n3\n50\nSentenced to life imprisonment\nKnown as \"The Truck Stop Killer\"\n[277]\n\n\nRobert Berdella\n1984 - 1987\n6\n6+\nDied in prison\n\n[278]\n\n\nRobert Hansen\n1971 - 1983\n17\n21+\nDied in prison\n\n[279]\n\n\nRobert Joseph Silveria Jr.\n1981 - 1996\n9\n14+\nSentenced to Life imprisonment\nKnown as \"The Boxcar Killer\", alleged member of Freight Train Riders of America\n[280][281]\n\n\nRobert Lee Yates\n1975 - 1998\n13\n16\nSentenced to Death\n\n[282]\n\n\nRobert Nixon\n1937 - 1938\n3\n5\nExecuted 1939\nNixon served, in part, as the basis of the character of Bigger Thomas in Richard Wright's 1940 social protest novel Native Son.\n\n\n\nRobert Rozier\n1981 - 1986\n4\n7\nServing 25 years to life on a conviction for check kiting under a third strike law.\nFormer NFL playerl; sentenced to 22 years for murder after agreeing to testify against Yahweh ben Yahweh's organization\n[283]\n\n\nRobert Shulman\n1991 - 1996\n5\n5\nDied in prison\n\n[284]\n\n\nRobert Zarinsky\n1958 - 1974\n2\n10\nDied in prison\n\n[285]\n\n\nRobin Gecht\n1981 - 1982\n18\n18\nIncarcerated for 120 years\nMember of the satanic cult and organized crime group known as Ripper Crew or Chicago Rippers\n[286]\n[287]\n\n\n\nRodney Alcala\n1971 - 1979\n8\n50-130\nSentenced to Death\nSometimes called the \"Dating Game Killer\" because of his 1978 appearance on the television show The Dating Game in the midst of his murder spree.\n[288]\n\n\nRoger Dale Stafford\n1974 - 1978\n9\n9\nExecuted 1995\n\n[289]\n\n\nRoger Kibbe\n1977 - 1987\n7\n7\nSentenced to Life imprisonment\nKnown as the \"I-5 Strangler\"\n[290]\n\n\nRonald Dominique\n1997 - 2006\n8\n23\nSentenced to Life imprisonment\n\n[291]\n\n\nRonald E. Clark\n1967\n2\n9\nDied in prison\n\n[292]\n\n\nRory Enrique Conde\n1994 - 1995\n6\n6\nSentenced to death\nKnown as \"The Tamiami Trail Strangler\"\n[293]\n\n\nRose Carina\n1930s - 1938\n114\n114\nSentenced to Life Imprisonment\nItalian immigrant; member of the Philadelphia poison ring\n[294]\n\n\nRoy Norris\n1979\n5\n5\nSentenced to 45 years to life\nWith accomplace Lawrence Bittaker known as \"Tool Box Killers\"\n[295]\n\n\nSamuel Dieteman\n2005 - 2006\n8\n8\nSentenced to Life imprisonment\nAccomplace Dale Hausner committed suicide in prison\n[296]\n\n\nSamuel Green\n1817 - 1821\n2\n2+\nExecuted 1822\n\n[297]\n\n\nSamuel Mason\n1797 - 1803\n20\n20+\nKilled/Died from injuries received during a shoot-out\nRiver pirate associated with the Harpe brothers and other outlaws\n[298]\n\n\nSante Kimes\n1996 - 1998\n2\n3\nDied in prison\nCriminal who's responsible for numerous crimes committed with her son, Kenneth Jr.\n[299]\n\n\nScott Erskine\n1989 - 1993\n3\n3+\nSentenced to death\n\n[300][301]\n\n\nScott Lee Kimball\n2003 - 2004\n4\n5+\n70-year sentence\nFBI Informant; Proposed as a suspect in the West Mesa murders\n[302]\n\n\nScott William Cox\n1980s - 1990\n2\n20\nGranted parole in 2013\n\n[303]\n\n\nScott Williams\n1997 - 2006\n3\n3\nSentenced to Life imprisonment\n\n[304]\n\n\nSean Sellers\n1985 - 1986\n3\n3\nExecuted 1999\nOne of 22 persons in the United States since the reinstatement of the death penalty in 1976 to be executed for a crime committed while under the age of 18, and the lone to have been executed for crime committed under the age of 17\n[305]\n\n\nSean Vincent Gillis\n1994 - 2004\n8\n8\nSentenced to Life imprisonment\n\n[306][307]\n\n\nSharon Kinne\n1962 - 1964\n3\n3\nEscaped from prison 1969\n\n[308]\n\n\nShawn Grate\n2005 - 2016\n2\n5\nAwaiting trial\n\n[309]\n\n\nShirley Winters\n1980 - 2006\n2\n7\nSentenced to 8 1/3 to 25 years\n\n[310]\n\n\nStephen Morin\n1969 - 1981\n4\n48\nExecuted 1985\nSuspected in over 30 unsolved violent crimes across the country\n[311]\n\n\nStephen Richards\n1876 - 1878\n9\n9\nExecuted 1879\nKnown as \"The Nebraska Fiend\"\n[312]\n\n\nSteven Brian Pennell\n1987 - 1988\n2\n5\nExecuted 1992\nKnown as \"The Route 40 Killer\"\n[313]\n\n\nSteven David Catlin\n1976 - 1984\n3\n3\nSentenced to Death\n\n[314]\n\n\nSuzan Carson\n1981 - 1983\n3\n12\nSentenced to 75 years to life\n\n[315]\n\n\nTed Bundy\n1961 - 1978\n28\n30+\nExecuted 1989\n\n[316]\n\n\nTerri Rachals\n1980 - 1986\n6\n9\nSentenced to 17 years imprisonment; Released 2003\nFormer nurse\n[317]\n\n\nTerry Blair\n1982 - 2004\n7\n9\nSentenced to life imprisonment\nSentenced 25 years imprisonment for one murder, released on parole after serving 21 years and committed additional murders upon release\n[318]\n\n\nTheodore Durrant\n1895\n2\n2\nExecuted 1898\nKnown as the \"Demon of the Belfry\"\n[319]\n\n\nTheresa Knorr\n1984 - 1985\n2\n3\nSentenced to two life sentences\nHer sons, William and Robert Jr., were accomplices\n[320]\n\n\nThomas Dillon\n1989 - 1992\n5\n5\n5 terms of 30 years to life\n\n[321]\n\n\nThomas Kokoraleis\n1981 - 1982\n18\n18\nAwaiting Release\nMember of the satanic cult and organized crime group known as Ripper Crew or Chicago Rippers\n[322]\n[323]\n\n\n\nThor Nis Christiansen\n1976 - 1979\n4\n4\nMurdered in prison by unknown assailant\n\n[324][325]\n\n\nTillie Klimek\n1914 - 1921\n5\n7\nDied in prison\n\n\n\n\nTimothy Krajcir\n1977 - 1982\n9\n9\nSentenced to Life imprisonment\n\n[326]\n\n\nTimothy Wilson Spencer\n1984 - 1988\n5\n5\nExecuted 1994\nKnown as the \"Southside Strangler\"\n[327]\n\n\nTodd Kohlhepp\n2003 - 2016\n7\n7\nSentenced to life imprisonment\n\n[328][329]\n\n\nTommy Lynn Sells\n1980 - 1999\n6\n22\nExecuted 2014\nConfessed to murdering dozens of people, possibly in excess of 70, only six are confirmed\n[330][331]\n\n\nTony Costa\n1968 - 1969\n4\n8\nCommitted Suicide in prison\n\n[332]\n\n\nVaughn Greenwood\n1964 -1975\n11\n11\nSentenced to life imprisonment\nKnown as the \"Skid Row Slasher\"\n[333]\n\n\nVelma Barfield\n1971 - 1978\n1\n6\nExecuted 1984\n\n[334]\n\n\nVincent Johnson\n1999 - 2000\n5\n5\nSentenced to life imprisonment\nKnown as the \"Brooklyn Strangler\"\n[335]\n\n\nWalter E. Ellis\n1986 - 2007\n7\n7\nDied in prison\nKnown as \"The Milwaukee North Side Strangler\"\n[336]\n\n\nWaneta Hoyt\n1965 - 1971\n5\n5\nDied in prison\nExonerated under New York law because she died before her appeal.\n[337]\n\n\nWayne Adam Ford\n1997 - 1998\n4\n4+\nSentenced to Death\n\n[338][339]\n\n\nWayne Nance\n1974 - 1986\n4\n5+\nKilled by intended victim\n\n[340]\n\n\nWayne Williams\n1979 - 1981\n25\n31\nSentenced to life imprisonment\nHas maintained his innocence from the beginning and conviction is considered controversial\n[341]\n\n\nWesley Shermantine\n1984 - 1999\n3\n19\nSentenced to Death\nAlong with accompliace Loren Herzog known as the \"Speed Freak Killers\"\n[342]\n\n\nWestley Allan Dodd\n1989\n3\n3\nExecuted 1993\n\n[343]\n\n\nWilliam Bonin\n1979 - 1980\n21\n36+\nExecuted 1996\nKnown as \"The Freeway Killer\"; was know to murder with several accomplices\n[344]\n\n\nWilliam Dathan Holbert\n2007 - 2010\n5\n5+\nSentenced to 47 years\nCommitted murders with his ex-wife Laura Michelle Reese\n[345]\n\n\nWilliam Devin Howell\n2003\n7\n\nSentenced to life in prison\nConvicted of killing 7 people in 2003. Believed to be the most prolific serial killer in Connecticut history.\n[346][347]\n\n\nWilliam Henry Hance\n1977 - 1978\n4\n4\nExecuted 1994\nKnown as \"The Forces of Evil\"\n\n\n\nWilliam Heirens\n1945 - 1946\n3\n3\nDied in prison\nKnown as \"The Lipstick Killer\"\n[348]\n\n\nWilliam Richard Bradford\n1984\n2\n3+\nDied in prison awaiting execution\n\n[349][350]\n\n\nWilliam Suff\n1974 - 1992\n12\n22\nSentenced to death\nKnown as \"The Riverside Prostitute Killer\"\n[351]\n\n"
] | [
"Harpe brothers"
] |
-1505590209892544178 | Yogi Bear (film) | Yogi Bear ( film ) - wikipedia Yogi Bear ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film . For the character , see Yogi Bear . For the series , see The Yogi Bear Show . For other uses , see Yogi Bear ( disambiguation ) . Yogi Bear Theatrical release poster Directed by Eric Brevig Produced by Donald De Line Karen Rosenfelt Written by Brad Copeland Joshua Sternin Jeffrey Ventimilia Based on The Yogi Bear Show Characters by William Hanna Joseph Barbera Starring Dan Aykroyd Justin Timberlake Anna Faris Tom Cavanagh T.J. Miller Nate Corddry Andrew Daly Narrated by Josh Robert Thompson Music by John Debney Cinematography Peter James Edited by Kent Beyda Production company Sunswept Entertainment De Line Pictures Rhythm and Hues Studios Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date December 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 11 ) ( Westwood premiere ) December 17 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 17 ) ( United States ) Running time 80 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $80 million Box office $201.6 million Yogi Bear is a 2010 American 3D live - action / computer - animated family comedy film directed by Eric Brevig , produced by Donald De Line and Karen Rosenfelt , written by Brad Copeland , Joshua Sternin and Jeffrey Ventimilia and based on the animated television series The Yogi Bear Show and the character created by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera . The film stars Dan Aykroyd , Justin Timberlake , Anna Faris , Tom Cavanagh , T.J. Miller , Nate Corddry and Andrew Daly with narration by Josh Robert Thompson . The film was owned by Warner Bros. Pictures via Warner Animation Group and Hanna - Barbera Cartoons . The film tells the story of Yogi Bear as he tries to save his park from being logged . Principal photography began in November 2009 . It was preceded by the cartoon short Rabid Rider , starring Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner . The film received generally negative reviews from critics , and earned $201.6 million on a $80 million budget . The film premiered at Westwood on December 11 , 2010 , and was theatrically released on December 17 , 2010 by Warner Bros. Pictures . Yogi Bear won the Top Box Office Films at the ASCAP Awards and the Feature Film at the EMA Awards in 2011 , and received a Teen Choice Award nomination for Choice Animated Movie : Voice . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Live - action cast 2.2 Voice cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Box office 5.3 Awards 6 Soundtrack 7 Video game 8 Proposed sequel 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Yogi ( Aykroyd ) and Boo Boo ( Timberlake ) are two brown bears who like stealing picnic baskets from visitors to Jellystone Park , while park rangers Smith ( Cavanagh ) and Jones ( Miller ) try to prevent the thefts . Meanwhile , Mayor R. Brown ( Daly ) realizes that Franklin City is facing bankruptcy due to profligate spending on his part . Brown plots with his Chief of Staff ( Corddry ) to raise money for the town budget ( and his upcoming governatorial campaign ) by shutting down Jellystone Park and opening the land to logging . To save the park , Smith and his love interest Rachel hold a Centennial Festival and fireworks show in an attempt to sell season passes . To sabotage the effort , Brown promises Jones the position of head ranger if the funds are not raised . Yogi and Boo Boo had promised Smith to stay out of sight during the festival , but Jones convinces them otherwise . The bears try to please the crowd with a waterskiing performance , but Yogi inadvertently sets his cape on fire , causing fireworks to be launched into the crowd , who flee in panic . After Jellystone is shut down , Smith is forced to stay in Evergreen Park , a small urban enclave choked with litter and pollution . Seeing that their home is in danger of being destroyed , Yogi and Boo Boo travel to Evergreen Park , where they and Smith figure out Brown 's plan . They all return to Jellystone with Rachel , where they learn that Boo Boo 's pet turtle is a rare and endangered species known as a `` Frog - Mouthed '' turtle . The Chief of Staff learns about the turtle and , since the park can not be destroyed if the turtle is living there because it would be home to an endangered species , sends Jones to kidnap it . On the day that Brown is planning a press conference to begin the destruction of the park , Smith , Rachel , and the bears rescue the turtle and try to bring it to the media 's attention . Jones , learning that he had been deceived by Mayor Brown , has a change of heart and helps the team bring the turtle to the press conference . At the press conference , Rachel reveals that she had installed a hidden camera in Boo Boo 's bow tie which had captured Brown admitting to his plan . Smith hooks up the camera to the big screen Brown is using for his press conference and shows the video . When the turtle is revealed to the citizens as an endangered species , the police arrest Brown . Jellystone Park is reopened and becomes a great success . Smith is reappointed head ranger and he and Rachel admit their feelings for each other . As they kiss , they discover Yogi and Boo Boo are back to stealing picnic baskets once again . Cast ( edit ) Live - action Cast ( edit ) Tom Cavanagh as Ranger Smith , the head ranger of Jellystone Park . Anna Faris as Rachel Johnson , a nature documentary filmmaker , and Ranger Smith 's love interest . She is called `` Miss Movie Lady '' or `` Miss Moviemaker Lady '' by Yogi and Boo Boo . She has spent time with the animals that she makes a documentary on learning a gorilla 's rage and pinning down people like a snow leopard . T.J. Miller as Ranger Jones , a park ranger who is tricked by Mayor Brown into getting Jellystone shut down , making the excuse that Jones will be the head ranger of the park . Andrew Daly as Mayor R. Brown , the main antagonist of the film . He is the Mayor of Franklin City who wants to shut Jellystone Park down so that he can make money for his city and become governor . Nate Corddry as the Chief of Staff , Mayor Brown 's assistant . Voice Cast ( edit ) Dan Aykroyd as the voice of Yogi Bear , the picnic basket - stealing talking brown bear who lives in Jellystone Park . Justin Timberlake as the voice of Boo - Boo Bear , Yogi 's sidekick , and sometimes the voice of reason . Josh Robert Thompson as the narrator . Production ( edit ) On October 2 , 2008 , it was confirmed that a live - action / CGI Yogi Bear movie was in the works . Ash Brannon was originally scheduled to direct the film but was replaced by Eric Brevig ( Journey to the Center of the Earth 3 - D ) when it was decided that the film would be produced as a 3 - D project . Filming took place on the Lake Whakamaru Reserve , Waikato , New Zealand , as it was winter in the northern hemisphere and to wait for summer would put the production end time to be six months longer than if in southern hemisphere . Like many Hanna - Barbera characters , in the original cartoon , Yogi 's personality and mannerisms were based on a popular celebrity of the time . Art Carney 's Ed Norton character on The Honeymooners was said to be Yogi 's inspiration ; his voice mannerisms broadly mimic Carney as Norton . Norton , in turn , received influence from Borscht Belt and comedians of vaudeville . Dan Aykroyd , the voice actor of Yogi Bear , stated that he is trying to evoke the influences that shaped the original Yogi Bear 's voice . Aykroyd said , `` It 's about hitting certain notes , going back to those old Lower East Side rhythms , the Catskills , Jersey , Upstate New York . It 's the Yiddish language , essentially , being spoken in English . It 's the ' setup , delivery , punch ' that sitcoms live on today . That 's where the origin of American humor is . '' Aykroyd has stated that he grew up watching Yogi Bear on the long , cold , dark afternoons in his native Ottawa : `` As a kid growing up in Ottawa , Ontario , Canada , where the sky turns dark in the winter at about 3 : 30 , Yogi Bear was my fire , my hearth , when I would come home . I would immediately turn on the TV while I thawed out . '' Justin Timberlake came in with a prepared Boo - Boo voice ; when he was learning to sing when he was younger , he imitated various cartoon characters . Eric Brevig said that he intended to make a film that did not want parents who remembered watching Yogi Bear cartoons to feel marginalized and displaced by the contemporary rendition of Yogi Bear . Rhythm and Hues provided CGI character animation for Yogi Bear , Boo - Boo Bear and the Frog - Mouthed Turtle in the film . The company had previously worked with Hanna - Barbera on past theatrical productions : The Flintstones ( 1994 ) , its prequel Viva Rock Vegas ( 2000 ) , Scooby - Doo ( 2002 ) , and its sequel Monsters Unleashed ( 2004 ) . Release ( edit ) The film was originally slated for release on June 25 , 2010 , but was pushed back to December 17 , 2010 , to avoid competition with Grown Ups . Marketing ( edit ) The film 's first trailer was released online on July 28 , 2010 . It was also attached with Cats & Dogs : The Revenge of Kitty Galore and Alpha and Omega . A second trailer premiered with Legend of the Guardians : The Owls of Ga'Hoole , and a third trailer premiered with Megamind , Tangled , and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 . One of the trailers was also attached with showings of Tron : Legacy in the United Kingdom . Home media ( edit ) Warner Home Video released the film on Blu - ray and DVD on March 22 , 2011 in four versions : DVD ( single disc edition ) Blu - ray ( single disc edition ) Blu - ray + DVD + Digital Copy combo pack Blu - ray 3D + Blu - ray + DVD + Digital Copy combo pack Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 13 % based on 101 reviews with an average rating of 3.6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Yogi Bear 's 3D effects and all - star voice cast are cold comfort for its aggressively mediocre screenplay . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 35 out of 100 based on 23 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale . Common Sense Media gave the film one star , saying `` Dumber - than - average family comedy wo n't even impress kids . '' IGN gave the film 4.0 / 10 , and summed up their review by saying `` Of course , Yogi Bear is meant as a kids movie . And one supposes that it works on that level ( the little ones at the press screening I attended seemed mildly amused ) . But we learned long ago that kids movies can operate on more than one level , and that 's not something that director Eric Brevig ( Journey to the Center of the Earth 3 - D ) or his screenwriters are interested in . The result is a movie that 's dumber than the average bear . Though at least it has a pee joke in it . '' One of the few positive reviews came from film critics at Spill.com , who appreciated the film staying true to its original source material , and not trying to `` hip it up '' , comparing the film Alvin and the Chipmunks ( 2007 ) . The critics also praised Dan Aykroyd and Justin Timberlake 's performances , along with the 3D and visual effects . Box office ( edit ) Yogi Bear debuted at the America and Canadian box office at # 2 , behind Tron : Legacy , with an under - performing $16,411,322 compared to Tron Legacy 's $44,026,211 . The opening weekend was lower than Warner Bros. expected , but executives believed that the film would hold well throughout the holiday season . The film earned $28 million in its first seven days , becoming Warner Bros . ' top grossing start for a family film for that year . In its second weekend , the film fell 53 % to $7.8 million , falling to fifth place . This number was a much harder fall than Warner Bros. had hoped for , but it blamed the drop on Christmas Eve landing on a Friday and a big snowstorm in the eastern United States during that period . On Monday , that blame seemed justified , as the film jumped up 11 % from Sunday to $3.6 million , which was altogether a 33 % jump from its previous Monday . In its third weekend , the film jumped up 66 % to $13 million and ranking fourth . The next weekend , it dropped 46 % and ranked eighth with $6.8 million . Over the Martin Luther King , Jr . Weekend , it was able to pick up $7.4 million for the four day , jumping up 12 % from the previous weekend . The film has picked up $100,246,011 in the United States and Canada and also has a worldwide total of $201,584,141 . Against an $80 million budget , the film has become a surprise box office hit . Awards ( edit ) Award Nominee Result Teen Choice Award Choice Movie : Voice Justin Timberlake Nominated ASCAP Award Top Box Office Films John Debney Won EMA Award Feature Film Yogi Bear Won Soundtrack ( edit ) `` Lasagna '' -- performed by `` Weird Al '' Yankovic `` Rhythm of Love '' -- performed by Plain White T 's `` Baby Got Back '' -- performed by Sir Mix - a-Lot `` The Sound of Sunshine '' -- performed by Michael Franti and Spearhead `` Nothin ' but a Good Time '' -- performed by Poison `` Runnin ' Wild '' -- performed by Airbourne `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' -- performed by Journey `` My Best Friend '' -- performed by Weezer `` William Tell Overture '' -- composed by Gioachino Rossini Video game ( edit ) A video game titled Yogi Bear : The Video Game which was based on the film was released for the Wii and Nintendo DS . Proposed sequel ( edit ) In 2012 , a sequel was in the works , and Jay Chandrasekhar was chosen to direct . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben ( December 16 , 2010 ) . `` Movie projector : ' Tron : Legacy ' will dominate ' Yogi Bear ' and weak ' How Do You Know ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved December 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yogi Bear '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . December 19 , 2010 . Retrieved February 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Zeitchik , Steven ( October 1 , 2008 ) . `` Yogi , Boo - Boo headed to big time '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ News : Looney Tunes Shorts Attached To Upcoming Family Films . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Justin Chang , `` Yogi Bear , '' Variety , December 12 , 2010 . Found at Variety website . Retrieved January 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Melinda Miller , `` ' Yogi Bear ' spoils the picnic : Film with potential winds up being mostly unbearable , '' Buffalo News , December 17 , 2010 . Found at Buffalo News.com website . Retrieved January 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kirk Honeycutt , `` Film Review : ' Yogi Bear ' May Send Viewers Into Hibernation , '' The Hollywood Reporter , December 13 , 2010 . Found at Hollywood Reporter website , accessed January 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jacob , `` TJ Miller Cast as Ranger Jones Thanks to Bizarre Audition , '' November 22 , 2009 , Beyond Hollywood website . Retrieved January 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kristy Mangel , `` T.J. Miller Cast in ' Yogi Bear ' , '' November 18 , 2009 , The Apiary website . Accessed January 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Yogi Bear Interview - T.J. Miller , December 4 , 2010 . Found at TV Guide website . Retrieved January 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kimball , Trevor ( December 5 , 2008 ) . `` The Yogi Bear Show : Yogi and Boo Boo Coming to Movie Theaters '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sennett , p. 60 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( August 24 , 2010 ) . `` Yogi Bear gets a digital makeover '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sennett , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Liz ( December 17 , 2010 ) . `` Interview with Dan Aykroyd '' . Chicago Parent . Jump up ^ Hartog , Kelly ( July 30 , 2010 ) . `` Sneak peek : Sixties favourite Yogi Bear returns to screens in 3D ... but critics are n't impressed '' . Daily Mail . London . Jump up ^ `` Yogi Bear Movie Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved December 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Yogi Bear Reviews '' . Metacritic . Flixster . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ Scott Collura ( December 17 , 2010 ) . `` Yogi Bear Review '' . Jump up ^ `` Yogi Bear Review '' . IGN . Jump up ^ `` ` Tron : Legacy ' uploads at No. 1 with $43.6 M debut '' . The Washington Times . AP . December 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Silas Lesnick ( October 2 , 2012 ) . `` Jay Chandrasekhar to Direct Yogi Bear Sequel '' . ComingSoon.net . CraveOnline . Jump up ^ `` Yes , There Will Be A Yogi Bear 2 '' . Empire . October 2 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Yogi Bear ( film ) Yogi Bear at the TCM Movie Database Yogi Bear on IMDb Yogi Bear at Rotten Tomatoes The Yogi Bear Show Characters Yogi Bear Boo - Boo Bear Cindy Bear Ranger Smith Snagglepuss Yakky Doodle Television shows The Huckleberry Hound Show ( 1958 -- 1959 ) ( List of episodes ) The Yogi Bear Show ( 1960 ) ( List of episodes ) Yogi 's Gang ( 1970 -- 1975 ) Laff - A-Lympics ( 1977 -- 1978 ) Yogi 's Space Race ( 1978 -- 1979 ) Galaxy Goof - Ups ( 1978 -- 1979 ) Yogi 's Treasure Hunt ( 1985 -- 1987 ) The New Yogi Bear Show ( 1988 -- 1989 ) Wake , Rattle , and Roll ( Fender Bender segment ; 1990 -- 1991 ) Yo Yogi ! ( 1991 ) Television specials and films Yogi 's Ark Lark ( 1972 ) Hanna - Barbera 's All - Star Comedy Ice Revue ( 1977 ) The Hanna - Barbera Happy Hour ( 1978 ) Casper 's First Christmas ( 1979 ) Yogi 's First Christmas ( 1980 ) Yogi Bear 's All Star Comedy Christmas Caper ( 1982 ) Yogi 's Great Escape ( 1987 ) Yogi Bear and the Magical Flight of the Spruce Goose ( 1987 ) Yogi and the Invasion of the Space Bears ( 1988 ) The Good , the Bad , and Huckleberry Hound ( 1988 ) Hanna - Barbera 's 50th : A Yabba Dabba Doo Celebration ( 1989 ) Yogi the Easter Bear ( 1994 ) Arabian Nights ( 1994 ) Theatrical films Hey There , It 's Yogi Bear ! ( 1964 ) Yogi Bear ( 2010 ) Amusement rides The Funtastic World of Hanna - Barbera ( 1990 ) See also : List of works produced by Hanna - Barbera Productions Yogi Bear and the Three Stooges Meet the Mad , Mad , Mad Dr. No - No Theatrical feature films produced by or based upon works by Hanna - Barbera Hey There , It 's Yogi Bear ! ( 1964 ) The Man Called Flintstone ( 1966 ) Charlotte 's Web ( 1973 ) C.H.O.M.P.S. ( 1979 ) Heidi 's Song ( 1982 ) GoBots : Battle of the Rock Lords ( 1986 ) Rock Odyssey ( 1987 ) Jetsons : The Movie ( 1990 ) Tom and Jerry : The Movie ( 1992 ) Once Upon a Forest ( 1993 ) The Flintstones ( 1994 ) The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas ( 2000 ) Scooby - Doo ( 2002 ) Scooby - Doo 2 : Monsters Unleashed ( 2004 ) Yogi Bear ( 2010 ) Top Cat : The Movie ( 2011 ) Top Cat Begins ( 2015 ) Scooby ( 2020 ) Hanna - Barbera Founders William Hanna Joseph Barbera Original productions The Atom Ant / Secret Squirrel Show Birdman Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels CB Bears The Flintstones The Funky Phantom Grape Ape Hong Kong Phooey Huckleberry Hound Jabberjaw The Jetsons Jonny Quest Loopy De Loop Magilla Gorilla The Hanna - Barbera New Cartoon Series Peter Potamus Quick Draw McGraw The Ruff and Reddy Show Scooby - Doo Smurfs Snorks Space Ghost Tom and Jerry Top Cat Yogi Bear Wacky Races Amusement attractions Hanna -- Barbera Land The Funtastic World of Hanna - Barbera Comics Hanna - Barbera Beyond Other media Films Video games See also Characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yogi_Bear_(film)&oldid=842992106 '' Categories : 2010 films English - language films 2010 3D films 2010 computer - animated films 2010s comedy films Yogi Bear American films American adventure comedy films American children 's comedy films American children 's fantasy films Environmental films Films about animals Films about bears Films based on television series Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films scored by John Debney Films shot in New Zealand Films using computer - generated imagery Films with live action and animation Live - action films based on animated series Yogi Bear films Films directed by Eric Brevig Films produced by Donald De Line Picnic films Films set in forests American buddy films Films produced by Karen Rosenfelt Hanna - Barbera films Hanna - Barbera animated films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 03 : 08 . 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4330312832986889160 | Federal Reserve System | Federal Reserve System - Wikipedia Federal Reserve System This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 13 November 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search `` The Fed '' redirects here . For the Welsh trade union , see South Wales Miners ' Federation . For other uses , see The Fed ( disambiguation ) . Federal Reserve System Seal of the Federal Reserve System Flag of the Federal Reserve System Headquarters Eccles Building , Washington , D.C. , U.S. Established December 23 , 1913 ( 103 years ago ) ( 1913 - 12 - 23 ) Chair Janet Yellen Central bank of United States Currency United States dollar USD ( ISO 4217 ) Reserve requirements 0 to 10 % Bank rate 0.6 % to 1.50 % Interest rate target 1.0 % to 1.25 % Interest on reserves 1.25 % Interest paid on excess reserves ? Yes Website Official website Public finance Policies ( show ) Agricultural Economic Energy Industrial Investment Social Trade Fiscal Monetary Policy mix Fiscal policy ( show ) Budget policy Debt external internal Deficit / surplus Finance ministry Fiscal union Revenue Spending deficit Tax Monetary policy ( show ) Bank reserves requirements Discount window Gold reserves Interest rate Monetary authority central bank currency board Monetary base Monetary ( currency ) union Money supply Trade policy ( show ) Balance of trade Free trade Gains from trade Non-tariff barrier Protectionism Tariff Trade bloc Trade creation Trade diversion Trade / commerce ministry Revenue Spending ( show ) Non-tax revenue Tax revenue Discretionary spending Mandatory spending Optimum ( show ) Balanced budget Economic growth Price stability Reform ( show ) Fiscal adjustment Monetary reform This article is part of a series on Banking in the United States of America Federal Reserve System Monetary policy Regulation Lending ( show ) Credit card Deposit accounts ( show ) Checking Money - market Savings Certificate of deposit Account insurance Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund ( NCUA ) Payment & Transfer ( show ) Check clearing Check 21 Act Electronic funds transfer ( EFT ) ATM card Debit card Wire transfer Substitute check Automated Clearing House ( ACH ) Bill payment Banking charters ( show ) Credit union Federal savings bank Federal savings association National bank State bank United States portal The Federal Reserve System ( also known as the Federal Reserve or simply the Fed ) is the central banking system of the United States . It was created on December 23 , 1913 , with the enactment of the Federal Reserve Act , after a series of financial panics ( particularly the panic of 1907 ) led to the desire for central control of the monetary system in order to alleviate financial crises . Over the years , events such as the Great Depression in the 1930s and the Great Recession during the 2000s have led to the expansion of the roles and responsibilities of the Federal Reserve System . The U.S. Congress established three key objectives for monetary policy in the Federal Reserve Act : maximizing employment , stabilizing prices , and moderating long - term interest rates . The first two objectives are sometimes referred to as the Federal Reserve 's dual mandate . Its duties have expanded over the years , and as of 2009 also include supervising and regulating banks , maintaining the stability of the financial system and providing financial services to depository institutions , the U.S. government , and foreign official institutions . The Fed conducts research into the economy and provides numerous publications , such as the Beige Book and the FRED database . The Federal Reserve System is composed of several layers . It is governed by the presidentially appointed Board of Governors or Federal Reserve Board ( FRB ) . Twelve regional Federal Reserve Banks , located in cities throughout the nation , oversee the privately owned U.S. member banks . Nationally chartered commercial banks are required to hold stock in the Federal Reserve Bank of their region , which entitles them to elect some of their board members . The Federal Open Market Committee ( FOMC ) sets monetary policy ; it consists of all seven members of the Board of Governors and the twelve regional bank presidents , though only five bank presidents vote at any given time : the president of the New York Fed and four others who rotate through one - year terms . There are also various advisory councils . Thus , the Federal Reserve System has both public and private components . The structure is considered unique among central banks . It is also unusual in that the United States Department of the Treasury , an entity outside of the central bank , prints the currency used . Although an instrument of the U.S. Government , the Federal Reserve System considers itself `` an independent central bank because its monetary policy decisions do not have to be approved by the President or anyone else in the executive or legislative branches of government , it does not receive funding appropriated by the Congress , and the terms of the members of the Board of Governors span multiple presidential and congressional terms . '' The federal government sets the salaries of the board 's seven governors . The federal government receives all the system 's annual profits , after a statutory dividend of 6 % on member banks ' capital investment is paid , and an account surplus is maintained . In 2015 , the Federal Reserve made a profit of $100.2 billion and transferred $97.7 billion to the U.S. Treasury . Contents ( hide ) 1 Purpose 1.1 Addressing the problem of bank panics 1.1. 1 Check clearing system 1.1. 2 Lender of last resort 1.1. 2.1 Fluctuations 1.2 Central bank 1.2. 1 Federal funds 1.3 Bank regulation 1.3. 1 Government regulation and supervision 1.3. 1.1 Regulatory and oversight responsibilities 1.4 National payments system 2 Structure 2.1 Board of Governors 2.1. 1 List of members of the Board of Governors 2.1. 2 Nominations , confirmations and resignations 2.2 Federal Open Market Committee 2.3 Federal Advisory Council 2.4 Federal Reserve Banks 2.4. 1 Legal status of regional Federal Reserve Banks 2.5 Member banks 2.6 Accountability 3 Monetary policy 3.1 Interbank lending 3.2 Tools 3.2. 1 Federal funds rate and open market operations 3.2. 1.1 Repurchase agreements 3.2. 2 Discount rate 3.2. 3 Reserve requirements 3.2. 4 New facilities 3.2. 4.1 Term auction facility 3.2. 4.2 Term securities lending facility 3.2. 4.3 Primary dealer credit facility 3.2. 4.4 Interest on reserves 3.2. 4.5 Term deposit facility 3.2. 4.6 Asset Backed Commercial Paper Money Market Mutual Fund Liquidity Facility 3.2. 4.7 Commercial Paper Funding Facility 3.2. 5 Quantitative policy 4 History 4.1 Central banking in the United States , 1791 -- 1913 4.1. 1 First Central Bank , 1791 and Second Central Bank , 1816 4.1. 2 Creation of Third Central Bank , 1907 -- 1913 4.1. 2.1 Federal Reserve Act , 1913 4.2 Federal Reserve era , 1913 - present 5 Measurement of economic variables 5.1 Net worth of households and nonprofit organizations 5.2 Money supply 5.3 Personal consumption expenditures price index 5.3. 1 Inflation and the economy 5.4 Unemployment rate 6 Budget 7 Net worth 7.1 Balance sheet 8 Criticism 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 11.1 Recent 11.2 Historical 12 External links Purpose ( edit ) The Eccles Building in Washington , D.C. , which serves as the Federal Reserve System 's headquarters The primary motivation for creating the Federal Reserve System was to address banking panics . Other purposes are stated in the Federal Reserve Act , such as `` to furnish an elastic currency , to afford means of rediscounting commercial paper , to establish a more effective supervision of banking in the United States , and for other purposes '' . Before the founding of the Federal Reserve System , the United States underwent several financial crises . A particularly severe crisis in 1907 led Congress to enact the Federal Reserve Act in 1913 . Today the Federal Reserve System has responsibilities in addition to ensuring the stability of the financial system . Current functions of the Federal Reserve System include : To address the problem of banking panics To serve as the central bank for the United States To strike a balance between private interests of banks and the centralized responsibility of government To supervise and regulate banking institutions To protect the credit rights of consumers To manage the nation 's money supply through monetary policy to achieve the sometimes - conflicting goals of maximum employment stable prices , including prevention of either inflation or deflation moderate long - term interest rates To maintain the stability of the financial system and contain systemic risk in financial markets To provide financial services to depository institutions , the U.S. government , and foreign official institutions , including playing a major role in operating the nation 's payments system To facilitate the exchange of payments among regions To respond to local liquidity needs To strengthen U.S. standing in the world economy Addressing the problem of Bank panics ( edit ) Further information : Bank run and Fractional - reserve banking Banking institutions in the United States are required to hold reserves -- amounts of currency and deposits in other banks -- equal to only a fraction of the amount of the bank 's deposit liabilities owed to customers . This practice is called fractional - reserve banking . As a result , banks usually invest the majority of the funds received from depositors . On rare occasions , too many of the bank 's customers will withdraw their savings and the bank will need help from another institution to continue operating ; this is called a bank run . Bank runs can lead to a multitude of social and economic problems . The Federal Reserve System was designed as an attempt to prevent or minimize the occurrence of bank runs , and possibly act as a lender of last resort when a bank run does occur . Many economists , following Milton Friedman , believe that the Federal Reserve inappropriately refused to lend money to small banks during the bank runs of 1929 . Check clearing System ( edit ) Because some banks refused to clear checks from certain others during times of economic uncertainty , a check - clearing system was created in the Federal Reserve System . It is briefly described in The Federal Reserve System -- Purposes and Functions as follows : By creating the Federal Reserve System , Congress intended to eliminate the severe financial crises that had periodically swept the nation , especially the sort of financial panic that occurred in 1907 . During that episode , payments were disrupted throughout the country because many banks and clearinghouses refused to clear checks drawn on certain other banks , a practice that contributed to the failure of otherwise solvent banks . To address these problems , Congress gave the Federal Reserve System the authority to establish a nationwide check - clearing system . The System , then , was to provide not only an elastic currency -- that is , a currency that would expand or shrink in amount as economic conditions warranted -- but also an efficient and equitable check - collection system . Lender of last resort ( edit ) In the United States , the Federal Reserve serves as the lender of last resort to those institutions that can not obtain credit elsewhere and the collapse of which would have serious implications for the economy . It took over this role from the private sector `` clearing houses '' which operated during the Free Banking Era ; whether public or private , the availability of liquidity was intended to prevent bank runs . Fluctuations ( edit ) Through its discount window and credit operations , Reserve Banks provide liquidity to banks to meet short - term needs stemming from seasonal fluctuations in deposits or unexpected withdrawals . Longer term liquidity may also be provided in exceptional circumstances . The rate the Fed charges banks for these loans is called the discount rate ( officially the primary credit rate ) . By making these loans , the Fed serves as a buffer against unexpected day - to - day fluctuations in reserve demand and supply . This contributes to the effective functioning of the banking system , alleviates pressure in the reserves market and reduces the extent of unexpected movements in the interest rates . For example , on September 16 , 2008 , the Federal Reserve Board authorized an $85 billion loan to stave off the bankruptcy of international insurance giant American International Group ( AIG ) . Central Bank ( edit ) Further information : Central bank Obverse of a Federal Reserve $1 note issued in 2009 In its role as the central bank of the United States , the Fed serves as a banker 's bank and as the government 's bank . As the banker 's bank , it helps to assure the safety and efficiency of the payments system . As the government 's bank or fiscal agent , the Fed processes a variety of financial transactions involving trillions of dollars . Just as an individual might keep an account at a bank , the U.S. Treasury keeps a checking account with the Federal Reserve , through which incoming federal tax deposits and outgoing government payments are handled . As part of this service relationship , the Fed sells and redeems U.S. government securities such as savings bonds and Treasury bills , notes and bonds . It also issues the nation 's coin and paper currency . The U.S. Treasury , through its Bureau of the Mint and Bureau of Engraving and Printing , actually produces the nation 's cash supply and , in effect , sells the paper currency to the Federal Reserve Banks at manufacturing cost , and the coins at face value . The Federal Reserve Banks then distribute it to other financial institutions in various ways . During the Fiscal Year 2013 , the Bureau of Engraving and Printing delivered 6.6 billion notes at an average cost of 5.0 cents per note . Federal funds ( edit ) Main article : Federal funds Federal funds are the reserve balances ( also called Federal Reserve Deposits ) that private banks keep at their local Federal Reserve Bank . These balances are the namesake reserves of the Federal Reserve System . The purpose of keeping funds at a Federal Reserve Bank is to have a mechanism for private banks to lend funds to one another . This market for funds plays an important role in the Federal Reserve System as it is what inspired the name of the system and it is what is used as the basis for monetary policy . Monetary policy is put into effect partly by influencing how much interest the private banks charge each other for the lending of these funds . Federal reserve accounts contain federal reserve credit , which can be converted into federal reserve notes . Private banks maintain their bank reserves in federal reserve accounts . Bank regulation ( edit ) The Federal Reserve regulates private banks . The system was designed out of a compromise between the competing philosophies of privatization and government regulation . In 2006 Donald L. Kohn , vice chairman of the Board of Governors , summarized the history of this compromise : Agrarian and progressive interests , led by William Jennings Bryan , favored a central bank under public , rather than banker , control . But the vast majority of the nation 's bankers , concerned about government intervention in the banking business , opposed a central bank structure directed by political appointees . The legislation that Congress ultimately adopted in 1913 reflected a hard - fought battle to balance these two competing views and created the hybrid public - private , centralized - decentralized structure that we have today . The balance between private interests and government can also be seen in the structure of the system . Private banks elect members of the board of directors at their regional Federal Reserve Bank while the members of the Board of Governors are selected by the President of the United States and confirmed by the Senate . Government regulation and supervision ( edit ) Ben Bernanke ( lower - right ) , Former Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors , at a House Financial Services Committee hearing on February 10 , 2009 . Members of the Board frequently testify before congressional committees such as this one . The Senate equivalent of the House Financial Services Committee is the Senate Committee on Banking , Housing , and Urban Affairs . The Federal Banking Agency Audit Act , enacted in 1978 as Public Law 95 - 320 and 31 U.S.C. section 714 establish that the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System and the Federal Reserve banks may be audited by the Government Accountability Office ( GAO ) . The GAO has authority to audit check - processing , currency storage and shipments , and some regulatory and bank examination functions , however , there are restrictions to what the GAO may audit . Under the Federal Banking Agency Audit Act , 31 U.S.C. section 714 ( b ) , audits of the Federal Reserve Board and Federal Reserve banks do not include ( 1 ) transactions for or with a foreign central bank or government or non-private international financing organization ; ( 2 ) deliberations , decisions , or actions on monetary policy matters ; ( 3 ) transactions made under the direction of the Federal Open Market Committee ; or ( 4 ) a part of a discussion or communication among or between members of the Board of Governors and officers and employees of the Federal Reserve System related to items ( 1 ) , ( 2 ) , or ( 3 ) . See Federal Reserve System Audits : Restrictions on GAO 's Access ( GAO / T - GGD - 94 - 44 ) , statement of Charles A. Bowsher . The Board of Governors in the Federal Reserve System has a number of supervisory and regulatory responsibilities in the U.S. banking system , but not complete responsibility . A general description of the types of regulation and supervision involved in the U.S. banking system is given by the Federal Reserve : The Board also plays a major role in the supervision and regulation of the U.S. banking system . It has supervisory responsibilities for state - chartered banks that are members of the Federal Reserve System , bank holding companies ( companies that control banks ) , the foreign activities of member banks , the U.S. activities of foreign banks , and Edge Act and `` agreement corporations '' ( limited - purpose institutions that engage in a foreign banking business ) . The Board and , under delegated authority , the Federal Reserve Banks , supervise approximately 900 state member banks and 5,000 bank holding companies . Other federal agencies also serve as the primary federal supervisors of commercial banks ; the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency supervises national banks , and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation supervises state banks that are not members of the Federal Reserve System . Some regulations issued by the Board apply to the entire banking industry , whereas others apply only to member banks , that is , state banks that have chosen to join the Federal Reserve System and national banks , which by law must be members of the System . The Board also issues regulations to carry out major federal laws governing consumer credit protection , such as the Truth in Lending , Equal Credit Opportunity , and Home Mortgage Disclosure Acts . Many of these consumer protection regulations apply to various lenders outside the banking industry as well as to banks . Members of the Board of Governors are in continual contact with other policy makers in government . They frequently testify before congressional committees on the economy , monetary policy , banking supervision and regulation , consumer credit protection , financial markets , and other matters . The Board has regular contact with members of the President 's Council of Economic Advisers and other key economic officials . The Chair also meets from time to time with the President of the United States and has regular meetings with the Secretary of the Treasury . The Chair has formal responsibilities in the international arena as well . Regulatory and oversight responsibilities ( edit ) The board of directors of each Federal Reserve Bank District also has regulatory and supervisory responsibilities . If the board of directors of a district bank has judged that a member bank is performing or behaving poorly , it will report this to the Board of Governors . This policy is described in United States Code : Each Federal reserve bank shall keep itself informed of the general character and amount of the loans and investments of its member banks with a view to ascertaining whether undue use is being made of bank credit for the speculative carrying of or trading in securities , real estate , or commodities , or for any other purpose inconsistent with the maintenance of sound credit conditions ; and , in determining whether to grant or refuse advances , rediscounts , or other credit accommodations , the Federal reserve bank shall give consideration to such information . The chairman of the Federal reserve bank shall report to the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System any such undue use of bank credit by any member bank , together with his recommendation . Whenever , in the judgment of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System , any member bank is making such undue use of bank credit , the Board may , in its discretion , after reasonable notice and an opportunity for a hearing , suspend such bank from the use of the credit facilities of the Federal Reserve System and may terminate such suspension or may renew it from time to time . National payments System ( edit ) The Federal Reserve plays an important role in the U.S. payments system . The twelve Federal Reserve Banks provide banking services to depository institutions and to the federal government . For depository institutions , they maintain accounts and provide various payment services , including collecting checks , electronically transferring funds , and distributing and receiving currency and coin . For the federal government , the Reserve Banks act as fiscal agents , paying Treasury checks ; processing electronic payments ; and issuing , transferring , and redeeming U.S. government securities . In the Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act of 1980 , Congress reaffirmed that the Federal Reserve should promote an efficient nationwide payments system . The act subjects all depository institutions , not just member commercial banks , to reserve requirements and grants them equal access to Reserve Bank payment services . The Federal Reserve plays a role in the nation 's retail and wholesale payments systems by providing financial services to depository institutions . Retail payments are generally for relatively small - dollar amounts and often involve a depository institution 's retail clients -- individuals and smaller businesses . The Reserve Banks ' retail services include distributing currency and coin , collecting checks , and electronically transferring funds through the automated clearinghouse system . By contrast , wholesale payments are generally for large - dollar amounts and often involve a depository institution 's large corporate customers or counterparties , including other financial institutions . The Reserve Banks ' wholesale services include electronically transferring funds through the Fedwire Funds Service and transferring securities issued by the U.S. government , its agencies , and certain other entities through the Fedwire Securities Service . Structure ( edit ) Main article : Structure of the Federal Reserve System Organization of the Federal Reserve System The Federal Reserve System has a `` unique structure that is both public and private '' and is described as `` independent within the government '' rather than `` independent of government '' . The System does not require public funding , and derives its authority and purpose from the Federal Reserve Act , which was passed by Congress in 1913 and is subject to Congressional modification or repeal . The four main components of the Federal Reserve System are ( 1 ) the Board of Governors , ( 2 ) the Federal Open Market Committee , ( 3 ) the twelve regional Federal Reserve Banks , and ( 4 ) the member banks throughout the country . Federal Reserve Bank Letter Number Branches Website President Boston http://www.bos.frb.org Eric S. Rosengren New York City Buffalo , New York ( closed as of October 31 , 2008 ) http://www.newyorkfed.org William C. Dudley Philadelphia http://www.philadelphiafed.org Patrick T. Harker Cleveland Cincinnati , Ohio Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania http://www.clevelandfed.org Loretta J. Mester Richmond 5 Baltimore , Maryland Charlotte , North Carolina http://www.richmondfed.org Vacant Atlanta 6 Birmingham , Alabama Jacksonville , Florida Miami , Florida Nashville , Tennessee New Orleans , Louisiana http://www.frbatlanta.org Raphael Bostic Chicago 7 Detroit , Michigan Des Moines , Iowa http://www.chicagofed.org Charles L. Evans St Louis 8 Little Rock , Arkansas Louisville , Kentucky Memphis , Tennessee http://www.stlouisfed.org James B. Bullard Minneapolis 9 Helena , Montana https://www.minneapolisfed.org Neel Kashkari Kansas City 10 Denver , Colorado Oklahoma City , Oklahoma Omaha , Nebraska http://www.kansascityfed.org Esther George Dallas 11 El Paso , Texas Houston , Texas San Antonio , Texas http://www.dallasfed.org Robert Steven Kaplan San Francisco 12 Los Angeles , California Portland , Oregon Salt Lake City , Utah Seattle , Washington http://www.frbsf.org John C. Williams Board of Governors ( edit ) Main article : Federal Reserve Board of Governors The seven - member Board of Governors is a federal agency . It is charged with the overseeing of the 12 District Reserve Banks and setting national monetary policy . It also supervises and regulates the U.S. banking system in general . Governors are appointed by the President of the United States and confirmed by the Senate for staggered 14 - year terms . One term begins every two years , on February 1 of even - numbered years , and members serving a full term can not be renominated for a second term . `` ( U ) pon the expiration of their terms of office , members of the Board shall continue to serve until their successors are appointed and have qualified . '' The law provides for the removal of a member of the board by the President `` for cause '' . The board is required to make an annual report of operations to the Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives . The Chair and Vice Chair of the Board of Governors are appointed by the President from among the sitting Governors . They both serve a four - year term and they can be renominated as many times as the President chooses , until their terms on the Board of Governors expire . List of members of the Board of Governors ( edit ) The current members of the Board of Governors are as follows : Governor Political Party Entered office Term expires Janet Yellen ( Chair ) Democratic February 3 , 2014 ( as Chair ) October 4 , 2010 ( as Governor ) February 3 , 2018 ( as Chair ) January 31 , 2024 ( as Governor ) Vacant ( Vice Chair ) N / A ( as Vice Chair ) January 31 , 2020 ( as Governor ) Randal Quarles ( Vice Chair for Supervision ) Republican October 13 , 2017 ( as Vice Chair for Supervision ) October 13 , 2017 October 13 , 2021 ( as Vice Chair for Supervision ) January 31 , 2018 ( as Governor ) Jerome Powell Republican May 25 , 2012 June 16 , 2014 ( new term ) January 31 , 2028 Lael Brainard Democratic June 16 , 2014 January 31 , 2026 Vacant January 31 , 2022 Vacant January 31 , 2030 * Indicates the date of term expiration for the individual nominated to this vacant position . Nominations , confirmations and resignations ( edit ) In late December 2011 , President Barack Obama nominated Jeremy C. Stein , a Harvard University finance professor and a Democrat , and Jerome Powell , formerly of Dillon Read , Bankers Trust and The Carlyle Group and a Republican . Both candidates also have Treasury Department experience in the Obama and George H.W. Bush administrations respectively . `` Obama administration officials ( had ) regrouped to identify Fed candidates after Peter Diamond , a Nobel Prize - winning economist , withdrew his nomination to the board in June ( 2011 ) in the face of Republican opposition . Richard Clarida , a potential nominee who was a Treasury official under George W. Bush , pulled out of consideration in August ( 2011 ) '' , one account of the December nominations noted . The two other Obama nominees in 2011 , Yellen and Raskin , were confirmed in September . One of the vacancies was created in 2011 with the resignation of Kevin Warsh , who took office in 2006 to fill the unexpired term ending January 31 , 2018 , and resigned his position effective March 31 , 2011 . In March 2012 , U.S. Senator David Vitter ( R , LA ) said he would oppose Obama 's Stein and Powell nominations , dampening near - term hopes for approval . However Senate leaders reached a deal , paving the way for affirmative votes on the two nominees in May 2012 and bringing the board to full strength for the first time since 2006 with Duke 's service after term end . Later , on January 6 , 2014 , the United States Senate confirmed Yellen 's nomination to be Chair of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors ; she is slated to be the first woman to hold the position and will become Chair on February 1 , 2014 . Subsequently , President Obama nominated Stanley Fischer to replace Yellen as the Vice Chair . In April 2014 , Stein announced he was leaving to return to Harvard May 28 with four years remaining on his term . At the time of the announcement , the FOMC `` already is down three members as it awaits the Senate confirmation of ... Fischer and Lael Brainard , and as ( President ) Obama has yet to name a replacement for ... Duke ... Powell is still serving as he awaits his confirmation for a second term . '' Allan R. Landon , former president and CEO of the Bank of Hawaii , was nominated in early 2015 by President Obama to the board . In July 2015 , President Obama nominated University of Michigan economist Kathryn M. Dominguez to fill the second vacancy on the board . The Senate had not yet acted on Landon 's confirmation by the time of the second nomination . Daniel Tarullo submitted his resignation from the board on February 10 , 2017 , effective on or around April 5 , 2017 . Federal open market Committee ( edit ) Main article : Federal Open Market Committee The Federal Open Market Committee ( FOMC ) consists of 12 members , seven from the Board of Governors and 5 of the regional Federal Reserve Bank presidents . The FOMC oversees and sets policy on open market operations , the principal tool of national monetary policy . These operations affect the amount of Federal Reserve balances available to depository institutions , thereby influencing overall monetary and credit conditions . The FOMC also directs operations undertaken by the Federal Reserve in foreign exchange markets . The FOMC must reach consensus on all decisions . The president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York is a permanent member of the FOMC ; the presidents of the other banks rotate membership at two - and three - year intervals . All Regional Reserve Bank presidents contribute to the committee 's assessment of the economy and of policy options , but only the five presidents who are then members of the FOMC vote on policy decisions . The FOMC determines its own internal organization and , by tradition , elects the Chair of the Board of Governors as its chair and the president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York as its vice chair . Formal meetings typically are held eight times each year in Washington , D.C. Nonvoting Reserve Bank presidents also participate in Committee deliberations and discussion . The FOMC generally meets eight times a year in telephone consultations and other meetings are held when needed . Federal advisory Council ( edit ) Main article : Federal Advisory Council The Federal Advisory Council , composed of twelve representatives of the banking industry , advises the board on all matters within its jurisdiction . Federal Reserve banks ( edit ) Main article : Federal Reserve Bank Map of the twelve Federal Reserve Districts , with the twelve Federal Reserve Banks marked as black squares , and all Branches within each district ( 24 total ) marked as red circles . The Washington DC Headquarters is marked with a star . ( Also , a 25th branch in Buffalo , NY had been closed in 2008 . ) The twelve Reserve Banks buildings in 1936 There are 12 Federal Reserve Banks , each of which is responsible for member banks located in its district . They are located in Boston , New York , Philadelphia , Cleveland , Richmond , Atlanta , Chicago , St. Louis , Minneapolis , Kansas City , Dallas , and San Francisco . The size of each district was set based upon the population distribution of the United States when the Federal Reserve Act was passed . The charter and organization of each Federal Reserve Bank is established by law and can not be altered by the member banks . Member banks , do however , elect six of the nine members of the Federal Reserve Banks ' boards of directors . Each regional Bank has a president , who is the chief executive officer of their Bank . Each regional Reserve Bank 's president is nominated by their Bank 's board of directors , but the nomination is contingent upon approval by the Board of Governors . Presidents serve five - year terms and may be reappointed . Each regional Bank 's board consists of nine members . Members are broken down into three classes : A , B , and C. There are three board members in each class . Class A members are chosen by the regional Bank 's shareholders , and are intended to represent member banks ' interests . Member banks are divided into three categories : large , medium , and small . Each category elects one of the three class A board members . Class B board members are also nominated by the region 's member banks , but class B board members are supposed to represent the interests of the public . Lastly , class C board members are appointed by the Board of Governors , and are also intended to represent the interests of the public . Legal status of regional Federal Reserve banks ( edit ) The Federal Reserve Banks have an intermediate legal status , with some features of private corporations and some features of public federal agencies . The United States has an interest in the Federal Reserve Banks as tax - exempt federally created instrumentalities whose profits belong to the federal government , but this interest is not proprietary . In Lewis v. United States , the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit stated that : `` The Reserve Banks are not federal instrumentalities for purposes of the FTCA ( the Federal Tort Claims Act ) , but are independent , privately owned and locally controlled corporations . '' The opinion went on to say , however , that : `` The Reserve Banks have properly been held to be federal instrumentalities for some purposes . '' Another relevant decision is Scott v. Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City , in which the distinction is made between Federal Reserve Banks , which are federally created instrumentalities , and the Board of Governors , which is a federal agency . Regarding the structural relationship between the twelve Federal Reserve banks and the various commercial ( member ) banks , political science professor Michael D. Reagan has written that : ... the `` ownership '' of the Reserve Banks by the commercial banks is symbolic ; they do not exercise the proprietary control associated with the concept of ownership nor share , beyond the statutory dividend , in Reserve Bank `` profits . '' ... Bank ownership and election at the base are therefore devoid of substantive significance , despite the superficial appearance of private bank control that the formal arrangement creates . Plaque marking a bank as a member Member banks ( edit ) A member bank is a private institution and owns stock in its regional Federal Reserve Bank . All nationally chartered banks hold stock in one of the Federal Reserve Banks . State chartered banks may choose to be members ( and hold stock in their regional Federal Reserve bank ) , upon meeting certain standards . The amount of stock a member bank must own is equal to 3 % of its combined capital and surplus . However , holding stock in a Federal Reserve bank is not like owning stock in a publicly traded company . These stocks can not be sold or traded , and member banks do not control the Federal Reserve Bank as a result of owning this stock . From the profits of the Regional Bank of which it is a member , a member bank receives a dividend equal to 6 % of their purchased stock . The remainder of the regional Federal Reserve Banks ' profits is given over to the United States Treasury Department . In 2015 , the Federal Reserve Banks made a profit of $100.2 billion and distributed $2.5 billion in dividends to member banks as well as returning $97.7 billion to the U.S. Treasury . About 38 % of U.S. banks are members of their regional Federal Reserve Bank . Accountability ( edit ) The GAO and an outside auditor regularly audit the Board of Governors , the Federal Reserve banks , and individual member banks . Audits do not cover `` most of the Fed 's monetary policy actions or decisions , including discount window lending ( direct loans to financial institutions ) , open - market operations and any other transactions made under the direction of the Federal Open Market Committee '' ... ( nor may the GAO audit ) `` dealings with foreign governments and other central banks . '' As of August 27 , 2012 , the Federal Reserve Board has been publishing unaudited financial reports for the Federal Reserve banks every quarter . This is an expansion of prior financial reporting practices . Greater transparency is offered with more frequent disclosure and more detail . November 7 , 2008 , Bloomberg L.P. News brought a lawsuit against the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System to force the board to reveal the identities of firms for which it has provided guarantees during the financial crisis of 2007 -- 2008 . Bloomberg , L.P. won at the trial court and the Fed 's appeals were rejected at both the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and the U.S. Supreme Court . The data was released on March 31 , 2011 . Monetary policy ( edit ) Further information : Monetary policy of the United States The term `` monetary policy '' refers to the actions undertaken by a central bank , such as the Federal Reserve , to influence the availability and cost of money and credit to help promote national economic goals . What happens to money and credit affects interest rates ( the cost of credit ) and the performance of an economy . The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 gave the Federal Reserve authority to set monetary policy in the United States . Interbank lending ( edit ) The Federal Reserve sets monetary policy by influencing the federal funds rate , which is the rate of interbank lending of excess reserves . The rate that banks charge each other for these loans is determined in the interbank market and the Federal Reserve influences this rate through the three `` tools '' of monetary policy described in the Tools section below . The federal funds rate is a short - term interest rate that the FOMC focuses on , which affects the longer - term interest rates throughout the economy . The Federal Reserve summarized its monetary policy in 2005 : The Federal Reserve implements U.S. monetary policy by affecting conditions in the market for balances that depository institutions hold at the Federal Reserve Banks ... By conducting open market operations , imposing reserve requirements , permitting depository institutions to hold contractual clearing balances , and extending credit through its discount window facility , the Federal Reserve exercises considerable control over the demand for and supply of Federal Reserve balances and the federal funds rate . Through its control of the federal funds rate , the Federal Reserve is able to foster financial and monetary conditions consistent with its monetary policy objectives . Effects on the quantity of reserves that banks used to make loans influence the economy . Policy actions that add reserves to the banking system encourage lending at lower interest rates thus stimulating growth in money , credit , and the economy . Policy actions that absorb reserves work in the opposite direction . The Fed 's task is to supply enough reserves to support an adequate amount of money and credit , avoiding the excesses that result in inflation and the shortages that stifle economic growth . Tools ( edit ) There are three main tools of monetary policy that the Federal Reserve uses to influence the amount of reserves in private banks : Tool Description Open market operations Purchases and sales of U.S. Treasury and federal agency securities -- the Federal Reserve 's principal tool for implementing monetary policy . The Federal Reserve 's objective for open market operations has varied over the years . During the 1980s , the focus gradually shifted toward attaining a specified level of the federal funds rate ( the rate that banks charge each other for overnight loans of federal funds , which are the reserves held by banks at the Fed ) , a process that was largely complete by the end of the decade . Discount rate The interest rate charged to commercial banks and other depository institutions on loans they receive from their regional Federal Reserve Bank 's lending facility -- the discount window . Reserve requirements The amount of funds that a depository institution must hold in reserve against specified deposit liabilities . Federal funds rate and open market operations ( edit ) Further information : Open market operations , money creation , and federal funds rate The Federal Reserve System implements monetary policy largely by targeting the federal funds rate . This is the interest rate that banks charge each other for overnight loans of federal funds , which are the reserves held by banks at the Fed . This rate is actually determined by the market and is not explicitly mandated by the Fed . The Fed therefore tries to align the effective federal funds rate with the targeted rate by adding or subtracting from the money supply through open market operations . The Federal Reserve System usually adjusts the federal funds rate target by 0.25 % or 0.50 % at a time . Open market operations allow the Federal Reserve to increase or decrease the amount of money in the banking system as necessary to balance the Federal Reserve 's dual mandates . Open market operations are done through the sale and purchase of United States Treasury security , sometimes called `` Treasury bills '' or more informally `` T - bills '' or `` Treasuries '' . The Federal Reserve buys Treasury bills from its primary dealers . The purchase of these securities affects the federal funds rate , because primary dealers have accounts at depository institutions . The Federal Reserve education website describes open market operations as follows : Open market operations involve the buying and selling of U.S. government securities ( federal agency and mortgage - backed ) . The term ' open market ' means that the Fed does n't decide on its own which securities dealers it will do business with on a particular day . Rather , the choice emerges from an ' open market ' in which the various securities dealers that the Fed does business with -- the primary dealers -- compete on the basis of price . Open market operations are flexible and thus , the most frequently used tool of monetary policy . Open market operations are the primary tool used to regulate the supply of bank reserves . This tool consists of Federal Reserve purchases and sales of financial instruments , usually securities issued by the U.S. Treasury , Federal agencies and government - sponsored enterprises . Open market operations are carried out by the Domestic Trading Desk of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York under direction from the FOMC . The transactions are undertaken with primary dealers . The Fed 's goal in trading the securities is to affect the federal funds rate , the rate at which banks borrow reserves from each other . When the Fed wants to increase reserves , it buys securities and pays for them by making a deposit to the account maintained at the Fed by the primary dealer 's bank . When the Fed wants to reduce reserves , it sells securities and collects from those accounts . Most days , the Fed does not want to increase or decrease reserves permanently so it usually engages in transactions reversed within a day or two . That means that a reserve injection today could be withdrawn tomorrow morning , only to be renewed at some level several hours later . These short - term transactions are called repurchase agreements ( repos ) -- the dealer sells the Fed a security and agrees to buy it back at a later date . Repurchase agreements ( edit ) Further information : Repurchase agreement To smooth temporary or cyclical changes in the money supply , the desk engages in repurchase agreements ( repos ) with its primary dealers . Repos are essentially secured , short - term lending by the Fed . On the day of the transaction , the Fed deposits money in a primary dealer 's reserve account , and receives the promised securities as collateral . When the transaction matures , the process unwinds : the Fed returns the collateral and charges the primary dealer 's reserve account for the principal and accrued interest . The term of the repo ( the time between settlement and maturity ) can vary from 1 day ( called an overnight repo ) to 65 days . Discount rate ( edit ) Further information : Discount window The Federal Reserve System also directly sets the `` discount rate '' , which is the interest rate for `` discount window lending '' , overnight loans that member banks borrow directly from the Fed . This rate is generally set at a rate close to 100 basis points above the target federal funds rate . The idea is to encourage banks to seek alternative funding before using the `` discount rate '' option . The equivalent operation by the European Central Bank is referred to as the `` marginal lending facility '' . Both the discount rate and the federal funds rate influence the prime rate , which is usually about 3 percentage points higher than the federal funds rate . Reserve requirements ( edit ) Another instrument of monetary policy adjustment employed by the Federal Reserve System is the fractional reserve requirement , also known as the required reserve ratio . The required reserve ratio sets the balance that the Federal Reserve System requires a depository institution to hold in the Federal Reserve Banks , which depository institutions trade in the federal funds market discussed above . The required reserve ratio is set by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . The reserve requirements have changed over time and some history of these changes is published by the Federal Reserve . Reserve Requirements in the U.S. Federal Reserve System Liability Type Requirement Percentage of liabilities Effective date Net transaction accounts $0 to $11.5 million 0 December 29 , 2011 More than $11.5 million to $71 million December 29 , 2011 More than $71 million 10 December 29 , 2011 Nonpersonal time deposits 0 December 27 , 1990 Eurocurrency liabilities 0 December 27 , 1990 As a response to the financial crisis of 2008 , the Federal Reserve now makes interest payments on depository institutions ' required and excess reserve balances . The payment of interest on excess reserves gives the central bank greater opportunity to address credit market conditions while maintaining the federal funds rate close to the target rate set by the FOMC . New facilities ( edit ) In order to address problems related to the subprime mortgage crisis and United States housing bubble , several new tools have been created . The first new tool , called the Term Auction Facility , was added on December 12 , 2007 . It was first announced as a temporary tool but there have been suggestions that this new tool may remain in place for a prolonged period of time . Creation of the second new tool , called the Term Securities Lending Facility , was announced on March 11 , 2008 . The main difference between these two facilities is that the Term Auction Facility is used to inject cash into the banking system whereas the Term Securities Lending Facility is used to inject treasury securities into the banking system . Creation of the third tool , called the Primary Dealer Credit Facility ( PDCF ) , was announced on March 16 , 2008 . The PDCF was a fundamental change in Federal Reserve policy because now the Fed is able to lend directly to primary dealers , which was previously against Fed policy . The differences between these three new facilities is described by the Federal Reserve : The Term Auction Facility program offers term funding to depository institutions via a bi-weekly auction , for fixed amounts of credit . The Term Securities Lending Facility will be an auction for a fixed amount of lending of Treasury general collateral in exchange for OMO - eligible and AAA / Aaa rated private - label residential mortgage - backed securities . The Primary Dealer Credit Facility now allows eligible primary dealers to borrow at the existing Discount Rate for up to 120 days . Some measures taken by the Federal Reserve to address this mortgage crisis have not been used since the Great Depression . The Federal Reserve gives a brief summary of these new facilities : As the economy has slowed in the last nine months and credit markets have become unstable , the Federal Reserve has taken a number of steps to help address the situation . These steps have included the use of traditional monetary policy tools at the macroeconomic level as well as measures at the level of specific markets to provide additional liquidity . The Federal Reserve 's response has continued to evolve since pressure on credit markets began to surface last summer , but all these measures derive from the Fed 's traditional open market operations and discount window tools by extending the term of transactions , the type of collateral , or eligible borrowers . A fourth facility , the Term Deposit Facility , was announced December 9 , 2009 , and approved April 30 , 2010 , with an effective date of June 4 , 2010 . The Term Deposit Facility allows Reserve Banks to offer term deposits to institutions that are eligible to receive earnings on their balances at Reserve Banks . Term deposits are intended to facilitate the implementation of monetary policy by providing a tool by which the Federal Reserve can manage the aggregate quantity of reserve balances held by depository institutions . Funds placed in term deposits are removed from the accounts of participating institutions for the life of the term deposit and thus drain reserve balances from the banking system . Term Auction Facility ( edit ) Further information : Term auction facility The Term Auction Facility is a program in which the Federal Reserve auctions term funds to depository institutions . The creation of this facility was announced by the Federal Reserve on December 12 , 2007 , and was done in conjunction with the Bank of Canada , the Bank of England , the European Central Bank , and the Swiss National Bank to address elevated pressures in short - term funding markets . The reason it was created is that banks were not lending funds to one another and banks in need of funds were refusing to go to the discount window . Banks were not lending money to each other because there was a fear that the loans would not be paid back . Banks refused to go to the discount window because it is usually associated with the stigma of bank failure . Under the Term Auction Facility , the identity of the banks in need of funds is protected in order to avoid the stigma of bank failure . Foreign exchange swap lines with the European Central Bank and Swiss National Bank were opened so the banks in Europe could have access to U.S. dollars . Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke briefly described this facility to the U.S. House of Representatives on January 17 , 2008 : the Federal Reserve recently unveiled a term auction facility , or TAF , through which prespecified amounts of discount window credit can be auctioned to eligible borrowers . The goal of the TAF is to reduce the incentive for banks to hoard cash and increase their willingness to provide credit to households and firms ... TAF auctions will continue as long as necessary to address elevated pressures in short - term funding markets , and we will continue to work closely and cooperatively with other central banks to address market strains that could hamper the achievement of our broader economic objectives . It is also described in the Term Auction Facility FAQ The TAF is a credit facility that allows a depository institution to place a bid for an advance from its local Federal Reserve Bank at an interest rate that is determined as the result of an auction . By allowing the Federal Reserve to inject term funds through a broader range of counterparties and against a broader range of collateral than open market operations , this facility could help ensure that liquidity provisions can be disseminated efficiently even when the unsecured interbank markets are under stress . In short , the TAF will auction term funds of approximately one - month maturity . All depository institutions that are judged to be in sound financial condition by their local Reserve Bank and that are eligible to borrow at the discount window are also eligible to participate in TAF auctions . All TAF credit must be fully collateralized . Depositories may pledge the broad range of collateral that is accepted for other Federal Reserve lending programs to secure TAF credit . The same collateral values and margins applicable for other Federal Reserve lending programs will also apply for the TAF . Term securities lending Facility ( edit ) The Term Securities Lending Facility is a 28 - day facility that will offer Treasury general collateral to the Federal Reserve Bank of New York 's primary dealers in exchange for other program - eligible collateral . It is intended to promote liquidity in the financing markets for Treasury and other collateral and thus to foster the functioning of financial markets more generally . Like the Term Auction Facility , the TSLF was done in conjunction with the Bank of Canada , the Bank of England , the European Central Bank , and the Swiss National Bank . The resource allows dealers to switch debt that is less liquid for U.S. government securities that are easily tradable . The currency swap lines with the European Central Bank and Swiss National Bank were increased . Primary dealer credit Facility ( edit ) The Primary Dealer Credit Facility ( PDCF ) is an overnight loan facility that will provide funding to primary dealers in exchange for a specified range of eligible collateral and is intended to foster the functioning of financial markets more generally . This new facility marks a fundamental change in Federal Reserve policy because now primary dealers can borrow directly from the Fed when this used to be prohibited . Interest on reserves ( edit ) Main article : Interest on excess reserves in the United States As of October 2008 , the Federal Reserve banks will pay interest on reserve balances ( required and excess ) held by depository institutions . The rate is set at the lowest federal funds rate during the reserve maintenance period of an institution , less 75 bp . As of October 23 , 2008 , the Fed has lowered the spread to a mere 35 bp . Term deposit Facility ( edit ) The Term Deposit Facility is a program through which the Federal Reserve Banks will offer interest - bearing term deposits to eligible institutions . By removing `` excess deposits '' from participating banks , the overall level of reserves available for lending is reduced , which should result in increased market interest rates , acting as a brake on economic activity and inflation . The Federal Reserve has stated that : Term deposits will be one of several tools that the Federal Reserve could employ to drain reserves when policymakers judge that it is appropriate to begin moving to a less accommodative stance of monetary policy . The development of the TDF is a matter of prudent planning and has no implication for the near - term conduct of monetary policy . The Federal Reserve initially authorized up to five `` small - value offerings are designed to ensure the effectiveness of TDF operations and to provide eligible institutions with an opportunity to gain familiarity with term deposit procedures . '' After three of the offering auctions were successfully completed , it was announced that small - value auctions would continue on an ongoing basis . The Term Deposit Facility is essentially a tool available to reverse the efforts that have been employed to provide liquidity to the financial markets and to reduce the amount of capital available to the economy . As stated in Bloomberg News : Policy makers led by Chairman Ben S. Bernanke are preparing for the day when they will have to start siphoning off more than $1 trillion in excess reserves from the banking system to contain inflation . The Fed is charting an eventual return to normal monetary policy , even as a weakening near - term outlook has raised the possibility it may expand its balance sheet . Chairman Ben S. Bernanke , testifying before House Committee on Financial Services , described the Term Deposit Facility and other facilities to Congress in the following terms : Most importantly , in October 2008 the Congress gave the Federal Reserve statutory authority to pay interest on balances that banks hold at the Federal Reserve Banks . By increasing the interest rate on banks ' reserves , the Federal Reserve will be able to put significant upward pressure on all short - term interest rates , as banks will not supply short - term funds to the money markets at rates significantly below what they can earn by holding reserves at the Federal Reserve Banks . Actual and prospective increases in short - term interest rates will be reflected in turn in higher longer - term interest rates and in tighter financial conditions more generally ... As an additional means of draining reserves , the Federal Reserve is also developing plans to offer to depository institutions term deposits , which are roughly analogous to certificates of deposit that the institutions offer to their customers . A proposal describing a term deposit facility was recently published in the Federal Register , and the Federal Reserve is finalizing a revised proposal in light of the public comments that have been received . After a revised proposal is reviewed by the Board , we expect to be able to conduct test transactions this spring and to have the facility available if necessary thereafter . The use of reverse repos and the deposit facility would together allow the Federal Reserve to drain hundreds of billions of dollars of reserves from the banking system quite quickly , should it choose to do so . When these tools are used to drain reserves from the banking system , they do so by replacing bank reserves with other liabilities ; the asset side and the overall size of the Federal Reserve 's balance sheet remain unchanged . If necessary , as a means of applying monetary restraint , the Federal Reserve also has the option of redeeming or selling securities . The redemption or sale of securities would have the effect of reducing the size of the Federal Reserve 's balance sheet as well as further reducing the quantity of reserves in the banking system . Restoring the size and composition of the balance sheet to a more normal configuration is a longer - term objective of our policies . In any case , the sequencing of steps and the combination of tools that the Federal Reserve uses as it exits from its currently very accommodative policy stance will depend on economic and financial developments and on our best judgments about how to meet the Federal Reserve 's dual mandate of maximum employment and price stability . In sum , in response to severe threats to our economy , the Federal Reserve created a series of special lending facilities to stabilize the financial system and encourage the resumption of private credit flows to American families and businesses . As market conditions and the economic outlook have improved , these programs have been terminated or are being phased out . The Federal Reserve also promoted economic recovery through sharp reductions in its target for the federal funds rate and through large - scale purchases of securities . The economy continues to require the support of accommodative monetary policies . However , we have been working to ensure that we have the tools to reverse , at the appropriate time , the currently very high degree of monetary stimulus . We have full confidence that , when the time comes , we will be ready to do so . Asset backed commercial paper money market Mutual Fund liquidity Facility ( edit ) The Asset Backed Commercial Paper Money Market Mutual Fund Liquidity Facility ( ABCPMMMFLF ) was also called the AMLF . The Facility began operations on September 22 , 2008 , and was closed on February 1 , 2010 . All U.S. depository institutions , bank holding companies ( parent companies or U.S. broker - dealer affiliates ) , or U.S. branches and agencies of foreign banks were eligible to borrow under this facility pursuant to the discretion of the FRBB . Collateral eligible for pledge under the Facility was required to meet the following criteria : was purchased by Borrower on or after September 19 , 2008 from a registered investment company that held itself out as a money market mutual fund ; was purchased by Borrower at the Fund 's acquisition cost as adjusted for amortization of premium or accretion of discount on the ABCP through the date of its purchase by Borrower ; was rated at the time pledged to FRBB , not lower than A1 , F1 , or P1 by at least two major rating agencies or , if rated by only one major rating agency , the ABCP must have been rated within the top rating category by that agency ; was issued by an entity organized under the laws of the United States or a political subdivision thereof under a program that was in existence on September 18 , 2008 ; and had stated maturity that did not exceed 120 days if the Borrower was a bank or 270 days for non-bank Borrowers . Commercial paper funding Facility ( edit ) On October 7 , 2008 , the Federal Reserve further expanded the collateral it will loan against to include commercial paper using the new Commercial Paper Funding Facility ( CPFF ) . The action made the Fed a crucial source of credit for non-financial businesses in addition to commercial banks and investment firms . Fed officials said they 'll buy as much of the debt as necessary to get the market functioning again . They refused to say how much that might be , but they noted that around $1.3 trillion worth of commercial paper would qualify . There was $1.61 trillion in outstanding commercial paper , seasonally adjusted , on the market as of October 1 , 2008 , according to the most recent data from the Fed . That was down from $1.70 trillion in the previous week . Since the summer of 2007 , the market has shrunk from more than $2.2 trillion . This program lent out a total $738 billion before it was closed . Forty - five out of 81 of the companies participating in this program were foreign firms . Research shows that Troubled Asset Relief Program ( TARP ) recipients were twice as likely to participate in the program than other commercial paper issuers who did not take advantage of the TARP bailout . The Fed incurred no losses from the CPFF . Quantitative policy ( edit ) A little - used tool of the Federal Reserve is the quantitative policy . With that the Federal Reserve actually buys back corporate bonds and mortgage backed securities held by banks or other financial institutions . This in effect puts money back into the financial institutions and allows them to make loans and conduct normal business . The bursting of the United States housing bubble prompted the Fed to buy mortgage - backed securities for the first time in November 2008 . Over six weeks , a total of $1.25 trillion were purchased in order to stabilize the housing market , about one - fifth of all U.S. government - backed mortgages . History ( edit ) Timeline of central banking in the United States Dates System 1782 -- 1791 Bank of North America ( de facto , under the Confederation Congress ) 1791 -- 1811 First Bank of the United States 1811 -- 1816 No central bank 1816 -- 1836 Second Bank of the United States 1837 -- 1862 Free Banking Era 1846 -- 1921 Independent Treasury System 1863 -- 1913 National Banks 1913 -- present Federal Reserve System Sources : Central banking in the United States , 1791 -- 1913 ( edit ) Main article : History of central banking in the United States The first attempt at a national currency was during the American Revolutionary War . In 1775 the Continental Congress , as well as the states , began issuing paper currency , calling the bills `` Continentals '' . The Continentals were backed only by future tax revenue , and were used to help finance the Revolutionary War . Overprinting , as well as British counterfeiting , caused the value of the Continental to diminish quickly . This experience with paper money led the United States to strip the power to issue Bills of Credit ( paper money ) from a draft of the new Constitution on August 16 , 1787 , as well as banning such issuance by the various states , and limiting the states ' ability to make anything but gold or silver coin legal tender on August 28 . In 1791 , the government granted the First Bank of the United States a charter to operate as the U.S. central bank until 1811 . The First Bank of the United States came to an end under President Madison because Congress refused to renew its charter . The Second Bank of the United States was established in 1816 , and lost its authority to be the central bank of the U.S. twenty years later under President Jackson when its charter expired . Both banks were based upon the Bank of England . Ultimately , a third national bank , known as the Federal Reserve , was established in 1913 and still exists to this day . First central Bank , 1791 and second central Bank , 1816 ( edit ) The first U.S. institution with central banking responsibilities was the First Bank of the United States , chartered by Congress and signed into law by President George Washington on February 25 , 1791 , at the urging of Alexander Hamilton . This was done despite strong opposition from Thomas Jefferson and James Madison , among numerous others . The charter was for twenty years and expired in 1811 under President Madison , because Congress refused to renew it . In 1816 , however , Madison revived it in the form of the Second Bank of the United States . Years later , early renewal of the bank 's charter became the primary issue in the reelection of President Andrew Jackson . After Jackson , who was opposed to the central bank , was reelected , he pulled the government 's funds out of the bank . Jackson was the only President to completely pay off the debt . The bank 's charter was not renewed in 1836 . From 1837 to 1862 , in the Free Banking Era there was no formal central bank . From 1846 to 1921 , an Independent Treasury System ruled . From 1863 to 1913 , a system of national banks was instituted by the 1863 National Banking Act during which series of bank panics , in 1873 , 1893 , and 1907 occurred Creation of third central Bank , 1907 -- 1913 ( edit ) Main article : History of the Federal Reserve System The main motivation for the third central banking system came from the Panic of 1907 , which caused renewed demands for banking and currency reform . During the last quarter of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century the United States economy went through a series of financial panics . According to many economists , the previous national banking system had two main weaknesses : an inelastic currency and a lack of liquidity . In 1908 , Congress enacted the Aldrich -- Vreeland Act , which provided for an emergency currency and established the National Monetary Commission to study banking and currency reform . The National Monetary Commission returned with recommendations which were repeatedly rejected by Congress . A revision crafted during a secret meeting on Jekyll Island by Senator Aldrich and representatives of the nation 's top finance and industrial groups later became the basis of the Federal Reserve Act . The House voted on December 22 , 1913 , with 298 yeas to 60 nays , and the Senate voted 43 -- 25 on December 23 , 1913 . President Woodrow Wilson signed the bill later that day . Federal Reserve Act , 1913 ( edit ) Main article : Federal Reserve Act Newspaper clipping , December 24 , 1913 The head of the bipartisan National Monetary Commission was financial expert and Senate Republican leader Nelson Aldrich . Aldrich set up two commissions -- one to study the American monetary system in depth and the other , headed by Aldrich himself , to study the European central banking systems and report on them . In early November 1910 , Aldrich met with five well known members of the New York banking community to devise a central banking bill . Paul Warburg , an attendee of the meeting and longtime advocate of central banking in the U.S. , later wrote that Aldrich was `` bewildered at all that he had absorbed abroad and he was faced with the difficult task of writing a highly technical bill while being harassed by the daily grind of his parliamentary duties '' . After ten days of deliberation , the bill , which would later be referred to as the `` Aldrich Plan '' , was agreed upon . It had several key components , including a central bank with a Washington - based headquarters and fifteen branches located throughout the U.S. in geographically strategic locations , and a uniform elastic currency based on gold and commercial paper . Aldrich believed a central banking system with no political involvement was best , but was convinced by Warburg that a plan with no public control was not politically feasible . The compromise involved representation of the public sector on the Board of Directors . Aldrich 's bill met much opposition from politicians . Critics charged Aldrich of being biased due to his close ties to wealthy bankers such as J.P. Morgan and John D. Rockefeller , Jr. , Aldrich 's son - in - law . Most Republicans favored the Aldrich Plan , but it lacked enough support in Congress to pass because rural and western states viewed it as favoring the `` eastern establishment '' . In contrast , progressive Democrats favored a reserve system owned and operated by the government ; they believed that public ownership of the central bank would end Wall Street 's control of the American currency supply . Conservative Democrats fought for a privately owned , yet decentralized , reserve system , which would still be free of Wall Street 's control . The original Aldrich Plan was dealt a fatal blow in 1912 , when Democrats won the White House and Congress . Nonetheless , President Woodrow Wilson believed that the Aldrich plan would suffice with a few modifications . The plan became the basis for the Federal Reserve Act , which was proposed by Senator Robert Owen in May 1913 . The primary difference between the two bills was the transfer of control of the Board of Directors ( called the Federal Open Market Committee in the Federal Reserve Act ) to the government . The bill passed Congress on December 23 , 1913 , on a mostly partisan basis , with most Democrats voting `` yea '' and most Republicans voting `` nay '' . Federal Reserve Era , 1913 - present ( edit ) Main article : History of the Federal Reserve This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2015 ) Key laws affecting the Federal Reserve have been : Federal Reserve Act , 1913 Glass -- Steagall Act Banking Act of 1935 Employment Act of 1946 Federal Reserve - Treasury Department Accord of 1951 Bank Holding Company Act of 1956 and the amendments of 1970 Federal Reserve Reform Act of 1977 International Banking Act of 1978 Full Employment and Balanced Growth Act ( 1978 ) Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act ( 1980 ) Financial Institutions Reform , Recovery and Enforcement Act of 1989 Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991 Gramm -- Leach -- Bliley Act ( 1999 ) Financial Services Regulatory Relief Act ( 2006 ) Emergency Economic Stabilization Act ( 2008 ) Dodd -- Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act ( 2010 ) Measurement of economic variables ( edit ) The Federal Reserve records and publishes large amounts of data . A few websites where data is published are at the Board of Governors Economic Data and Research page , the Board of Governors statistical releases and historical data page , and at the St. Louis Fed 's FRED ( Federal Reserve Economic Data ) page . The Federal Open Market Committee ( FOMC ) examines many economic indicators prior to determining monetary policy . Some criticism involves economic data compiled by the Fed . The Fed sponsors much of the monetary economics research in the U.S. , and Lawrence H. White objects that this makes it less likely for researchers to publish findings challenging the status quo . Net worth of households and nonprofit organizations ( edit ) Total Net Worth -- Balance Sheet of Households and Nonprofit Organizations 1949 -- 2012 The net worth of households and nonprofit organizations in the United States is published by the Federal Reserve in a report titled Flow of Funds . At the end of the third quarter of fiscal year 2012 , this value was $64.8 trillion . At the end of the first quarter of fiscal year 2014 , this value was $95.5 trillion . Money supply ( edit ) Further information : Money supply The most common measures are named M0 ( narrowest ) , M1 , M2 , and M3 . In the United States they are defined by the Federal Reserve as follows : Measure Definition M0 The total of all physical currency , plus accounts at the central bank that can be exchanged for physical currency . M1 M0 + those portions of M0 held as reserves or vault cash + the amount in demand accounts ( `` checking '' or `` current '' accounts ) . M2 M1 + most savings accounts , money market accounts , and small denomination time deposits ( certificates of deposit of under $100,000 ) . M3 M2 + all other CDs , deposits of eurodollars and repurchase agreements . The Federal Reserve stopped publishing M3 statistics in March 2006 , saying that the data cost a lot to collect but did not provide significantly useful information . The other three money supply measures continue to be provided in detail . Personal consumption expenditures price index ( edit ) Further information : Personal consumption expenditures price index The Personal consumption expenditures price index , also referred to as simply the PCE price index , is used as one measure of the value of money . It is a United States - wide indicator of the average increase in prices for all domestic personal consumption . Using a variety of data including United States Consumer Price Index and U.S. Producer Price Index prices , it is derived from the largest component of the gross domestic product in the BEA 's National Income and Product Accounts , personal consumption expenditures . One of the Fed 's main roles is to maintain price stability , which means that the Fed 's ability to keep a low inflation rate is a long - term measure of their success . Although the Fed is not required to maintain inflation within a specific range , their long run target for the growth of the PCE price index is between 1.5 and 2 percent . There has been debate among policy makers as to whether the Federal Reserve should have a specific inflation targeting policy . Inflation and the economy ( edit ) Most mainstream economists favor a low , steady rate of inflation . Low ( as opposed to zero or negative ) inflation may reduce the severity of economic recessions by enabling the labor market to adjust more quickly in a downturn , and reduce the risk that a liquidity trap prevents monetary policy from stabilizing the economy . The task of keeping the rate of inflation low and stable is usually given to monetary authorities . Unemployment rate ( edit ) Further information : Unemployment rate § United States Bureau of Labor Statistics , and List of U.S. states by unemployment rate United States unemployment rates 1975 -- 2010 showing variance between the fifty states One of the stated goals of monetary policy is maximum employment . The unemployment rate statistics are collected by the Bureau of Labor Statistics , and like the PCE price index are used as a barometer of the nation 's economic health . Budget ( edit ) The Federal Reserve is self - funded . The vast majority ( 90 % + ) of Fed revenues come from open market operations , specifically the interest on the portfolio of Treasury securities as well as `` capital gains / losses '' that may arise from the buying / selling of the securities and their derivatives as part of Open Market Operations . The balance of revenues come from sales of financial services ( check and electronic payment processing ) and discount window loans . The Board of Governors ( Federal Reserve Board ) creates a budget report once per year for Congress . There are two reports with budget information . The one that lists the complete balance statements with income and expenses as well as the net profit or loss is the large report simply titled , `` Annual Report '' . It also includes data about employment throughout the system . The other report , which explains in more detail the expenses of the different aspects of the whole system , is called `` Annual Report : Budget Review '' . These detailed comprehensive reports can be found at the Board of Governors ' website under the section `` Reports to Congress '' Net worth ( edit ) Balance sheet ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( July 2015 ) Federal Reserve total assets , treasuries , and mortages One of the keys to understanding the Federal Reserve is the Federal Reserve balance sheet ( or balance statement ) . In accordance with Section 11 of the Federal Reserve Act , the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System publishes once each week the `` Consolidated Statement of Condition of All Federal Reserve Banks '' showing the condition of each Federal Reserve bank and a consolidated statement for all Federal Reserve banks . The Board of Governors requires that excess earnings of the Reserve Banks be transferred to the Treasury as interest on Federal Reserve notes . Below is the balance sheet as of July 6 , 2011 ( in billions of dollars ) : NOTE : The Fed balance sheet shown in this article has assets , liabilities and net equity that do not add up correctly . The Fed balance sheet is missing the item `` Reserve Balances with Federal Reserve Banks '' which would make the figures balance . ASSETS : Gold Stock 11.04 Special Drawing Rights Certificate Acct . 5.20 Treasury Currency Outstanding ( Coin ) 43.98 Securities Held Outright 2647.94 U.S. Treasury Securities 1623.78 Bills 18.42 Notes and Bonds , nominal 1530.79 Notes and Bonds , inflation - indexed 65.52 Inflation Compensation 9.04 Federal Agency Debt Securities 115.30 Mortgage - Backed Securities 908.85 Repurchase Agreements 0 Loans 12.74 Primary Credit 12 Secondary Credit 0 Seasonal Credit 53 Credit Extended to AIG Inc . 0 Term Asset - Backed Securities Loan Facility 12.67 Other Credit Extended 0 Commercial Paper Funding Facility LLC 0 Net portfolio holdings of Maiden Lane LLC , Maiden Lane II LLC , and Maiden Lane III LLC 60.32 Preferred Interest in AIG Life - Insurance Subsidiaries 0 Net Holdings of TALF LLC 0.75 Float - 1.05 Central Bank Liquidity Swaps 0 Other Assets 133.56 Total Assets 2914.51 LIABILITIES : Currency in Circulation 1031.30 Reverse repurchase agreements 68.09 Deposits 91.12 Term Deposits 0 U.S. Treasury , general account 76.56 U.S. Treasury , supplementary financing account 5 Foreign official 0.17 Service Related 2.53 Other Deposits 6.85 Funds from AIG , held as agent 0 Other Liabilities 73.06 Total liabilities 1263.73 CAPITAL ( AKA Net Equity ) Capital Paid In 26.71 Surplus 25.91 Other Capital 4.16 Total Capital 56.78 MEMO ( off - balance - sheet items ) Marketable securities held in custody for foreign official and international accounts 3445.42 U.S. Treasury Securities 2708 Federal Agency Securities 737.31 Securities lent to dealers 30.46 Overnight 30.46 Term 0 Total combined assets for all 12 Federal Reserve Banks Total combined liabilities for all 12 Federal Reserve Banks In addition , the balance sheet also indicates which assets are held as collateral against Federal Reserve Notes . Federal Reserve Notes and Collateral Federal Reserve Notes Outstanding 1128.63 Less : Notes held by F.R. Banks 200.90 Federal Reserve notes to be collateralized 927.73 Collateral held against Federal Reserve notes 927.73 Gold certificate account 11.04 Special drawing rights certificate account 5.20 U.S. Treasury , agency debt , and mortgage - backed securities pledged 911.50 Other assets pledged 0 Criticism ( edit ) Money supply decreased significantly between Black Tuesday and the Bank Holiday in March 1933 when there were massive bank runs across the United States Main articles : Criticism of the Federal Reserve and Causes of the Great Depression The Federal Reserve System has faced various criticisms since its inception in 1913 . Critique of the organization and system has come from sources such as writers , journalists , economists , and financial institutions as well as politicians and various government employees . Criticisms include transparency , doubt of efficacy due to what is seen by some as poor historical performance and traditionalist concerns about the debasement of the value of the dollar . From the beginning , the Federal Reserve has been the subject of many popular conspiracy theories , that typically link the Fed to numerous other supposed conspiracies . See also ( edit ) Consumer Leverage Ratio Core inflation Farm Credit System Fed model Federal Home Loan Banks Federal Reserve Police Federal Reserve Statistical Release Free banking Gold standard Government debt Greenspan put History of Federal Open Market Committee actions History of central banking in the United States Independent Treasury Legal Tender Cases List of economic reports by U.S. government agencies Securities market participants ( United States ) Title 12 of the Code of Federal Regulations United States Bullion Depository -- known as Fort Knox References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Federal Reserve Bank Discount Window & Payment System Risk Website '' . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2014 . http://www.frbdiscountwindow.org/ Jump up ^ `` FRB : Open Market Operations Archive '' . http://www.federalreserve.gov/ ^ Jump up to : `` Born of a panic : Forming the Federal Reserve System '' . The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . August 1988 . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2008 . https://www.minneapolisfed.org/publications/the-region/born-of-a-panic-forming-the-fed-system ^ Jump up to : BoG 2006 , pp. 1 `` Just before the founding of the Federal Reserve , the nation was plagued with financial crises . At times , these crises led to ' panics , ' in which people raced to their banks to withdraw their deposits . A particularly severe panic in 1907 resulted in bank runs that wreaked havoc on the fragile banking system and ultimately led Congress in 1913 to write the Federal Reserve Act . Initially created to address these banking panics , the Federal Reserve is now charged with a number of broader responsibilities , including fostering a sound banking system and a healthy economy . '' Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. 1 -- 2 ^ Jump up to : `` Panic of 1907 : J.P. Morgan Saves the Day '' . US-history.com . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Born of a Panic : Forming the Fed System '' . The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Abigail Tucker ( October 29 , 2008 ) . `` The Financial Panic of 1907 : Running from History '' . Smithsonian Magazine . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. 1 `` It was founded by Congress in 1913 to provide the nation with a safer , more flexible , and more stable monetary and financial system . Over the years , its role in banking and the economy has expanded . '' Jump up ^ Patrick , Sue C. ( 1993 ) . Reform of the Federal Reserve System in the Early 1930s : The Politics of Money and Banking . Garland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 0970 - 3 . Jump up ^ 12 U.S.C. § 225a Jump up ^ `` The Congress established two key objectives for monetary policy - maximum employment and stable prices - in the Federal Reserve Act . These objectives are sometimes referred to as the Federal Reserve 's dual mandate '' . Federalreserve.gov . January 25 , 2012 . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` FRB : Mission '' . Federalreserve.gov . November 6 , 2009 . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. v ( See structure ) Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Districts '' . Federal Reserve Online . n.d . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived April 13 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` FAQ -- Who owns the Federal Reserve ? '' . Federal Reserve website . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lapidos , Juliet ( September 19 , 2008 ) . `` Is the Fed Private or Public ? '' . Slate . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Toma , Mark ( February 1 , 2010 ) . `` Federal Reserve System '' . EH . Net Encyclopedia . Economic History Association . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2011 . Retrieved February 27 , 2011 . https://eh.net/encyclopedia/federal-reserve-system/ Jump up ^ `` Who owns the Federal Reserve Bank ? '' . FactCheck . March 31 , 2008 . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Coins and Currency '' . US Dept of Treasury website . August 24 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ From `` Who owns the Federal Reserve ? '' , Current FAQs , Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System , at ( 2 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` FRB : Press Release -- Federal Reserve Board announces Reserve Bank income and expense data and transfers to the Treasury for 2015 -- January 11 , 2016 '' . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . January 11 , 2016 . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Act '' . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . May 14 , 2003 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : BoG 2006 , pp. 1 Jump up ^ Remarks by Governor Ben S. Bernanke Before the National Economists Club , Washington , D.C. ( November 21 , 2002 ) . `` Deflation : Making Sure `` It '' Does n't Happen Here `` . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Bernanke , Ben ( October 24 , 2003 ) . `` Remarks by Governor Ben S. Bernanke : At the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas Conference on the Legacy of Milton and Rose Friedman 's Free to Choose , Dallas , Texas '' ( text ) . Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. 83 Jump up ^ lender of last resort , Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis , Retrieved May 21 , 2010 , Jump up ^ Humphrey , Thomas M. ( 1 January 1989 ) . `` Lender of Last Resort : The Concept in History '' . Social Science Research Network . SSRN 2125371 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Federal Reserve , Monetary Policy and the Economy -- Everyday Economics -- FRB Dallas '' . Dallasfed.org . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2007 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . https://www.dallasfed.org/assets/documents/educate/everyday/ev4.pdf Jump up ^ `` Press Release : Federal Reserve Board , with full support of the Treasury Department , authorizes the Federal Reserve Bank of New York to lend up to $85 billion to the American International Group ( AIG ) '' . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve . September 16 , 2008 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Edmund L. ; de la Merced , Michael J. ; Walsh , Mary Williams ( September 16 , 2008 ) . `` Fed 's $85 Billion Loan Rescues Insurer '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` How Currency Gets into Circulation '' . Federal Reserve Bank of New York . June 2008 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Production Figures '' . Bureau of Engraving and Printing . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . http://www.bep.treas.gov/resources/productionannual.html Jump up ^ `` Chief Financial Officer Performance and Accountability Report '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Engraving and Printing . p. 25 . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Funds '' . Federal Reserve Bank of New York . August 2007 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cook , Timothy Q. ; Laroche , Robert K. , eds. ( 1993 ) . `` Instruments of the Money Market '' ( PDF ) . Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FRB : Speech - Kohn , The Evolving Role of the Federal Reserve Banks '' . Federalreserve.gov . November 3 , 2006 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions Federal Reserve System '' . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2010 . Retrieved February 19 , 2010 . The Board of Governors , the Federal Reserve Banks , and the Federal Reserve System as a whole are all subject to several levels of audit and review . Under the Federal Banking Agency Audit Act , the Government Accountability Office ( GAO ) has conducted numerous reviews of Federal Reserve activities Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve System Current and Future Challenges Require System - wide Attention : Statement of Charles A. Bowsher '' ( PDF ) . United States General Accounting Office . July 26 , 1996 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. 4 -- 5 Jump up ^ See example : `` Advantages of Being / Becoming a State Chartered Bank '' . Arkansas State Bank Department . March 31 , 2009 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Code Title 12 , Chapter 3 , Subchapter 7 , Section 301 . Powers and duties of board of directors ; suspension of member bank for undue use of bank credit '' . Law.cornell.edu . June 22 , 2010 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. 83 -- 85 Jump up ^ `` The Role of the Federal Reserve System '' . Innovation and Education : Renewing the Northeast Ohio Economy . Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2013 . Retrieved June 24 , 2013 . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2015 . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ '' . Who Owns the Federal Reserve ? . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Is The Fed Public Or Private ? '' Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New York Fed Announces Closing of Buffalo Branch , Effective October 31 - FEDERAL RESERVE BANK of NEW YORK '' . Jump up ^ 12 U.S.C. § 247 . ^ Jump up to : `` FRB : Board Members '' . Federalreserve.gov . July 20 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ See 12 U.S.C. § 242 . Jump up ^ See 12 U.S.C. § 241 ^ Jump up to : Goldstein , Steve ( December 27 , 2011 ) . `` Obama to nominate Stein , Powell to Fed board '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved December 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jerome Powell : Visiting Scholar '' Archived December 21 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . https://web.archive.org/web/20151015224732/http://bipartisanpolicy.org/about/economic-policy-project/jerome-powell . Bipartisan Policy Center . Retrieved December 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lanman , Scott ; Runningen , Roger ( December 27 , 2011 ) . `` Obama to Choose Powell , Stein for Fed Board '' . Bloomberg LP . Retrieved December 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Robb , Greg ( April 29 , 2010 ) . `` Obama nominates 3 to Federal Reserve board '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved April 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lanman , Scott ( September 30 , 2010 ) . `` Yellen , Raskin Win Senate Approval for Fed Board of Governors '' . Bloomberg LP . Retrieved December 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Censky , Annalyn ( February 10 , 2011 ) . `` Fed inflation hawk Warsh resigns '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved December 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chan , Sewell ( February 10 , 2011 ) . `` Sole Fed Governor With Close Ties to Conservatives Resigns '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Robb , Greg ( March 28 , 2012 ) . `` Senator to block quick vote on Fed picks : report '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved March 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Robb , Greg , `` Stein sworn in as Fed governor '' , MarketWatch , May 30 , 2012 . Retrieved May 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lowrey , Annie ( January 6 , 2014 ) . `` Senate Confirms Yellen as Fed Chairwoman '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fischer to Serve as Vice Chairman of the Federal Reserve '' . Israel National News . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Steve , `` Jeremy Stein to resign from Federal Reserve '' , MarketWatch , April 3 , 2014 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Appelbaum , Binyamin , `` Allan Landon , Community Banker , Nominated to Federal Reserve '' , The New York Times , January 6 , 2015 . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Leubsdorf , Ben , `` Kathryn Dominguez to Be Nominated for Fed Governor '' , Wall Street Journal , July 20 , 2015 . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Press Release , Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System '' . Federal Reserve . February 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. 11 -- 12 Jump up ^ Woodward , G. Thomas ( July 31 , 1996 ) . `` Money and the Federal Reserve System : Myth and Reality -- CRS Report for Congress , No. 96 - 672 E '' . Congressional Research Service Library of Congress . Retrieved November 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` FRB : Federal Reserve Bank Presidents '' . Federalreserve.gov . July 20 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` US CODE : Title 12 , Subchapter VII -- Directors of Federal Reserve Banks ; Reserve Agents and Assistants '' . Law.cornell.edu . June 22 , 2010 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy C. Scott v. Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City , et al. , 406 F. 3d 532 Archived May 17 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . ( 8th Cir. 2005 ) . Jump up ^ 680 F. 2d 1239 Archived May 15 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . ( 9th Cir. 1982 ) . Jump up ^ Michael D. Reagan , `` The Political Structure of the Federal Reserve System , '' American Political Science Review , Vol. 55 ( March 1961 ) , pp. 64 -- 76 , as reprinted in Money and Banking : Theory , Analysis , and Policy , p. 153 , ed. by S. Mittra ( Random House , New York 1970 ) . Jump up ^ `` Section 2.3 Subscription to Stock by National Banks '' . Federal Reserve Act . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . December 14 , 2010 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Section 5.1 Amount of Shares ; Increase and Decrease of Capital ; Surrender and Cancellation of Stock '' . Federal Reserve Act . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . December 14 , 2010 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Who owns the Federal Reserve Bank ? '' . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2010 . Retrieved October 16 , 2010 . http://www.federalreserve.gov/faqs/about_14986.htm Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Membership '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Reddy , Sudeep ( August 31 , 2009 ) . `` What would a federal reserve audit show '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Press Release : Federal Reserve Board begins practice of publishing Reserve Bank financial reports on a quarterly basis '' . Federal Reserve Bank . August 27 , 2012 . Retrieved November 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ryan Chittum ( August 25 , 2009 ) . `` Bloomberg Wins Its Lawsuit Against the Federal Reserve '' . Columbia Journalism Review . Retrieved November 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Docket entry 31 , Bloomberg , L.P. v. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System , case no . 1 : 08 - cv - 09595 - LAP , U.S. District Court for the District of New York . Jump up ^ Keoun , Kuntz , Benedetti - Valentini , Buhayar , Campbell , Condon , Finch , Frye , Griffin , Harper , Hyuga , Ivry , Kirchfeld , Kopecki , Layne , Logutenkova , Martens , Moore , Mustoe , Son , Sterngold . `` The Fed 's Secret Liquidity Lifelines '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved March 17 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Torres , Craig ( March 31 , 2011 ) . `` Fed Releases Discount - Window Loan Records Under Court Order '' . Businessweek . Retrieved December 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` FRB : Federal Open Market Committee '' . Federalreserve.gov . August 22 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Federal Reserve Education -- Monetary Policy Basics Archived January 5 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : BoG 2005 , pp. 27 Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve System in Action '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond . 2012 . Retrieved November 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` FRB : Monetary Policy , Open Market Operations '' . Federalreserve.gov . January 26 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2001 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FRB : Monetary Policy , the Discount Rate '' . Federalreserve.gov . July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` FRB : Monetary Policy , Reserve Requirements '' . Federalreserve.gov . October 26 , 2010 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Open Market Operations '' . New York Federal Reserve Bank . August 2007 . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Repurchase and Reverse Repurchase Transactions -- Fedpoints -- Federal Reserve Bank of New York '' . Ny.frb.org . August 2007 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank San Francisco ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Patricia S. Pollard ( February 2003 ) . `` A Look Inside Two Central Banks : The European Central Bank And The Federal Reserve '' . Review . Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis . 85 ( 2 ) : 11 -- 30 . doi : 10.3886 / ICPSR01278 . OCLC 1569030 . Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. 30 Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. 29 -- 30 Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. 31 Jump up ^ Feinman , Joshua N. ( June 1993 ) . `` Reserve Requirements : History , Current Practice , and Potential Reform '' ( PDF ) . Federal Reserve Bulletin : 569 -- 589 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FRB : Press Release -- Board announces that it will begin to pay interest on depository institutions required and excess reserve balances '' . Federal Reserve . October 6 , 2008 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` FRB : Temporary Auction Facility FAQ '' . Federalreserve.gov . January 12 , 2009 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FRB : Press Release -- Federal Reserve intends to continue term TAF auctions as necessary '' . Federalreserve.gov . December 21 , 2007 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FRB press release : Announcement of the creation of the Term Securities Lending Facility '' . Federal Reserve . March 11 , 2008 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fed Seeks to Limit Slump by Taking Mortgage Debt '' . bloomberg.com . March 12 , 2008 . `` The step goes beyond past initiatives because the Fed can now inject liquidity without flooding the banking system with cash ... Unlike the newest tool , the past steps added cash to the banking system , which affects the Fed 's benchmark interest rate ... By contrast , the TSLF injects liquidity by lending Treasuries , which does n't affect the federal funds rate . That leaves the Fed free to address the mortgage crisis directly without concern about adding more cash to the system than it wants '' Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Announces Establishment of Primary Dealer Credit Facility -- Federal Reserve Bank of New York '' . Newyorkfed.org . March 16 , 2008 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lanman , Scott ( March 20 , 2008 ) . `` Fed Says Securities Firms Borrow $28.8 Bln With New Financing '' . Bloomberg.com . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Primary Dealer Credit Facility : Frequently Asked Questions -- Federal Reserve Bank of New York '' . Newyorkfed.org . February 3 , 2009 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fed Announces Emergency Steps to Ease Credit Crisis -- Economy '' . Cnbc.com . Reuters . March 17 , 2008 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta -- Examining the Federal Reserve 's New Liquidity Measures '' . Frbatlanta.org. April 15 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2013 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Reserve Requirements of Depository Institutions Policy on Payment System Risk , '' 75 Federal Register 86 ( May 5 , 2010 ) , pp. 24384 -- 24389 . Jump up ^ `` Announcement of the creation of the Term Auction Facility -- FRB : Press Release -- Federal Reserve and other central banks announce measures designed to address elevated pressures in short - term funding markets '' . federalreserve.gov . December 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` US banks borrow $50 bn via new Fed facility '' . Financial Times . February 18 , 2008 . Before its introduction , banks either had to raise money in the open market or use the so - called `` discount window '' for emergencies . However , last year many banks refused to use the discount window , even though they found it hard to raise funds in the market , because it was associated with the stigma of bank failure Jump up ^ `` Fed Boosts Next Two Special Auctions to $30 Billion '' . Bloomberg . January 4 , 2008 . The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System established the temporary Term Auction Facility , dubbed TAF , in December to provide cash after interest - rate cuts failed to break banks ' reluctance to lend amid concern about losses related to subprime mortgage securities . The program will make funding from the Fed available beyond the 20 authorized primary dealers that trade with the central bank Jump up ^ `` A dirty job , but someone has to do it '' . economist.com . December 13 , 2007 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . The Fed 's discount window , for instance , through which it lends direct to banks , has barely been approached , despite the soaring spreads in the interbank market . The quarter - point cuts in its federal funds rate and discount rate on December 11 were followed by a steep sell - off in the stockmarket ... The hope is that by extending the maturity of central - bank money , broadening the range of collateral against which banks can borrow and shifting from direct lending to an auction , the central bankers will bring down spreads in the one - and three - month money markets . There will be no net addition of liquidity . What the central bankers add at longer - term maturities , they will take out in the overnight market . But there are risks . The first is that , for all the fanfare , the central banks ' plan will make little difference . After all , it does nothing to remove the fundamental reason why investors are worried about lending to banks . This is the uncertainty about potential losses from subprime mortgages and the products based on them , and -- given that uncertainty -- the banks ' own desire to hoard capital against the chance that they will have to strengthen their balance sheets . Jump up ^ `` Unclogging the system '' . economist.com . December 13 , 2007 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Robb , Greg ( December 12 , 2007 ) . `` Fed , top central banks to flood markets with cash '' . Marketwatch.com . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived December 4 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Term Securities Lending Facility : Frequently Asked Questions '' . Newyorkfed.org . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Interest on Required Reserve Balances and Excess Balances '' . Federal Reserve Board . October 6 , 2008 . Retrieved October 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Press Release -- October 22 , 2008 '' . Federal Reserve Board . October 22 , 2008 . Retrieved October 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Board approves amendments to Regulation D authorizing Reserve Banks to offer term deposits '' . Federalreserve.gov. April 30 , 2010 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Board authorizes small - value offerings of term deposits under the Term Deposit Facility '' . Federalreserve.gov . May 10 , 2010 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Board authorizes ongoing small - value offerings of term deposits under the Term Deposit Facility '' . Federalreserve.gov . September 8 , 2010 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Zumbrun , Joshua ( September 8 , 2010 ) . `` Fed to Sell Term Deposits to Ensure Exit ' Readiness ' '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved September 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Testimony before the House Committee on Financial Services regarding `` Unwinding Emergency Federal Reserve Liquidity Programs and Implications for Economic Recovery . '' March 25 , 2010 . Archived October 7 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . https://web.archive.org/web/20151015224731/http://financialservices.house.gov/Hearings/hearingDetails.aspx?NewsID=1087 , also at GPO Access Serial No. 111 -- 118 Retrieved September 10 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Asset - Backed Commercial Paper Money Market Mutual Fund Liquidity Facility '' . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . Retrieved May 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fed Action Archived December 16 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. https://wayback.archive.org/web/20151015224731/http://biz.yahoo.com/ap/081007/financial_meltdown.html Jump up ^ Wilson , Linus ; Wu , Yan ( August 22 , 2011 ) . `` Does Receiving TARP Funds Make it Easier to Roll Your Commercial Paper Onto the Fed ? '' . Social Science Electronic Publishing . SSRN 1911454 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Mortgage Purchase Program : Planet Money '' . NPR . August 26 , 2010 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chairman Alan Greenspan ( May 2 , 1998 ) . `` Our banking history '' . Jump up ^ `` History of the Federal Reserve '' . Federal reserve education.org . `` Chapter 1 . Early Experiments in Central Banking '' . Historical Beginnings ... The Federal Reserve ( PDF ) . 1999 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline of U.S. Currency History '' . U.S. Currency Education Program . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Mr. Govr . MORRIS moved to strike out `` and emit bills on the credit of the U. States '' -- If the United States had credit such bills would be unnecessary : if they had not , unjust & useless ... On the motion for striking out N.H. ay . Mas . ay . Ct ay . N.J. no . Pa. ay . Del . ay . Md. no . Va . ay . N.C. ay . S.C. ay . Geo . ay. `` '' . Avalon.law.yale.edu . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ US Constitution Article 1 , Section 10 . `` no state shall ... emit Bills of Credit ; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts ; '' Jump up ^ Flamme , Karen . `` 1995 Annual Report : A Brief History of Our Nation 's Paper Money '' . Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ British Parliamentary reports on international finance : the Cunliffe Committee and the Macmillan Committee reports . Ayer Publishing . 1978 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 405 - 11212 - 6 . description of the founding of Bank of England : ' Its foundation in 1694 arose out the difficulties of the Government of the day in securing subscriptions to State loans . Its primary purpose was to raise and lend money to the State and in consideration of this service it received under its Charter and various Act of Parliament , certain privileges of issuing bank notes . The corporation commenced , with an assured life of twelve years after which the Government had the right to annul its Charter on giving one year 's notice . Subsequent extensions of this period coincided generally with the grant of additional loans to the State ' ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Roger ( December 1999 ) . `` Historical Beginnings ... The Federal Reserve '' ( PDF ) . Federal Reserve Bank of Boston . p. 8 . Retrieved July 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ pay off the national debt WSJ Jump up ^ Herrick , Myron ( March 1908 ) . `` The Panic of 1907 and Some of Its Lessons '' . Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science . JSTOR 1010701 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Flaherty , Edward ( June 16 , 1997 ) . `` A Brief History of Central Banking in the United States '' . Netherlands : University of Groningen . ^ Jump up to : Whithouse , Michael ( May 1989 ) . `` Paul Warburg 's Crusade to Establish a Central Bank in the United States '' . The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2008 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` For years members of the Jekyll Island Club would recount the story of the secret meeting and by the 1930s the narrative was considered a club tradition '' . Jekyllislandhistory.com . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Papers of Frank A. Vanderlip `` I wish I could sit down with you and half a dozen others in the sort of conference that created the Federal Reserve Act '' '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 -- A Legislative History '' . Llsdc.org . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Affixes His Signature at 6 : 02 P.M. , Using Four Gold Pens '' . New York Times . December 24 , 1913 . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Paul Warburg 's Crusade to Establish a Central Bank in the United States '' . The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Unknown Enemy : Beyond Conspiracy '' ( PDF ) . American Institute of Economic Research . Jump up ^ `` Congressional Record -- House '' . Scribd.com . December 22 , 1913 . p. 1465 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Congressional Record -- Senate '' . Scribd.com . December 23 , 1913 . p. 1468 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ BoG 2005 , pp. 2 Jump up ^ `` FRB : Economic Research & Data '' . Federalreserve.gov . August 24 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Board -- Statistics : Releases and Historical Data '' . Federalreserve.gov . May 10 , 2010 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Fed : Economic Data -- FRED '' . Research.stlouisfed.org . August 20 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Education -- Economic Indicators Archived January 5 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ White , Lawrence H. ( August 2005 ) . `` The Federal Reserve System 's Influence on Research in Monetary Economics '' . Econ Journal Watch . 2 ( 2 ) : 325 -- 354 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ FRB : Z. 1 Release -- Flow of Funds Accounts of the United States , Release Dates See the pdf documents from 1945 to 2007 . The value for each year is on page 94 of each document ( the 99th page in a pdf viewer ) and duplicated on page 104 ( 109th page in pdf viewer ) . It gives the total assets , total liabilities , and net worth . This chart is of the net worth . Jump up ^ Balance Sheet of Households and Nonprofit Organizations Archived August 11 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , June 5 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Discontinuance of M3 '' . Federalreserve.gov . November 10 , 2005 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ BoG 2006 , pp. 10 Jump up ^ `` Is the Fed 's Definition of Price Stability Evolving ? '' ( PDF ) . Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis . November 9 , 2010 . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Remarks by Governor Ben S. Bernanke -- A perspective on inflation targeting '' . Federalreserve.gov . March 25 , 2003 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` What 's The Fuss Over Inflation Targeting ? '' . Businessweek.com . November 7 , 2005 . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bernanke , Ben S. ( 2005 ) . The Inflation - Targeting Debate . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 04471 - 2 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . http://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/I/bo3534750.html Jump up ^ Hummel , Jeffrey Rogers . `` Death and Taxes , Including Inflation : the Public versus Economists '' ( January 2007 ). ( 4 ) p. 56 Jump up ^ `` Escaping from a Liquidity Trap and Deflation : The Foolproof Way and Others '' Lars E.O. Svensson , Journal of Economic Perspectives , Volume 17 , Issue 4 Fall 2003 , p145 - 166 Jump up ^ Chicago Fed -- Demonstrating Knowledge of the Fed : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2008 . Retrieved March 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Reserve Board -- A-Z Listing of Board Publications '' . Federalreserve.gov . August 10 , 2011 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 96th Annual Report 2008 Federal Reserve '' ( PDF ) . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System . June 2009 . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Factors Affecting Reserve Balances of Depository Institutions and Condition Statement of Federal Reserve Banks '' . Federal Reserve . Retrieved March 20 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Congressional Record June 10 , 1932 , Louis T McFadden '' . June 10 , 1932 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Roger T. ( February 2010 ) . `` Historical Beginnings ... The Federal Reserve '' ( PDF ) . Federal Reserve Bank of Boston . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Silver - Greenberg , Jessica ; Protess , Ben ; Eavis , Peter ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` Rising Security as Banks Hire from the Fed '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Grace Wyler ( May 8 , 2012 ) . `` Ron Paul Is Hosting A Hearing On Ending The Federal Reserve Right Now '' . Business Insider Inc . Jump up ^ Brian Lamb ( October 28 , 1994 ) . Book Discussion on The Road to Serfdom. C - SPAN . Milton Friedman . National Cable Satellite Corporation . Jump up ^ For example see Jim Marrs , The Rise of the Fourth Reich : The Secret Societies That Threaten to Take Over America ( 2009 ) excerpt . Bundled references Jump up ^ Jump up ^ Bibliography ( edit ) Recent ( edit ) Sarah Binder & Mark Spindel. 2017 . The Myth of Independence : How Congress Governs the Federal Reserve . Princeton University Press . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System ( 2005 ) . The Federal Reserve System : Purposes and Functions ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 11 , 2014 . Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System ( 2006 ) . The Federal Reserve in Plain English . from the St. Louis Fed Congressional Research Service Changing the Federal Reserve 's Mandate : An Economic Analysis Congressional Research Service Federal Reserve : Unconventional Monetary Policy Options Conti - Brown , Peter . The Power and Independence of the Federal Reserve ( Princeton UP , 2016 ) . Epstein , Lita & Martin , Preston ( 2003 ) . The Complete Idiot 's Guide to the Federal Reserve . Alpha Books . ISBN 0 - 02 - 864323 - 2 . Greider , William ( 1987 ) . Secrets of the Temple . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 67556 - 7 ; nontechnical book explaining the structures , functions , and history of the Federal Reserve , focusing specifically on the tenure of Paul Volcker Hafer , R.W. The Federal Reserve System : An Encyclopedia . Greenwood Press , 2005 . 451 pp , 280 entries ; ISBN 0 - 313 - 32839 - 0 . Meyer , Laurence H. ( 2004 ) . A Term at the Fed : An Insider 's View . HarperBusiness . ISBN 0 - 06 - 054270 - 5 ; focuses on the period from 1996 to 2002 , emphasizing Alan Greenspan 's chairmanship during the 1997 Asian financial crisis , the stock market boom and the financial aftermath of the September 11 , 2001 attacks . Woodward , Bob . Maestro : Greenspan 's Fed and the American Boom ( 2000 ) study of Greenspan in the 1990s . Historical ( edit ) Broz , J. Lawrence . The International Origins of the Federal Reserve System . Cornell University Press . 1997 . Carosso , Vincent P . `` The Wall Street Trust from Pujo through Medina '' , Business History Review ( 1973 ) 47 : 421 - 37 Chandler , Lester V. American Monetary Policy , 1928 -- 41 . ( 1971 ) . Epstein , Gerald and Thomas Ferguson . `` Monetary Policy , Loan Liquidation and Industrial Conflict : Federal Reserve System Open Market Operations in 1932 '' . Journal of Economic History 44 ( December 1984 ) : 957 -- 84 . in JSTOR Friedman , Milton and Anna Jacobson Schwartz , A Monetary History of the United States , 1867 -- 1960 ( 1963 ) Goddard , Thomas H. ( 1831 ) . History of Banking Institutions of Europe and the United States . Carvill . pp. 48ff . Kubik , `` Paul J. Federal Reserve Policy during the Great Depression : The Impact of Interwar Attitudes regarding Consumption and Consumer Credit '' . Journal of Economic Issues . Volume : 30 . Issue : 3 . Publication Year : 1996 . pp. 829 + . Link , Arthur . Wilson : The New Freedom ( 1956 ) pp. 199 -- 240 . Livingston , James . Origins of the Federal Reserve System : Money , Class , and Corporate Capitalism , 1890 -- 1913 ( 1986 ) , Marxist approach to 1913 policy Lowenstein , Roger . America 's Bank : The Epic Struggle to Create the Federal Reserve ( Penguin Press , 2015 ) . 368 pp . Marrs , Jim ( 2000 ) . `` Secrets of Money and the Federal Reserve System '' . Rule by Secrecy . HarperCollins : 64 -- 78 . Mayhew , Anne . `` Ideology and the Great Depression : Monetary History Rewritten '' . Journal of Economic Issues 17 ( June 1983 ) : 353 -- 60 . Meltzer , Allan H. A History of the Federal Reserve , Volume 1 : 1913 -- 1951 ( 2004 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 51999 - 9 ( cloth ) and ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 52000 - 1 ( paper ) Meltzer , Allan H. A History of the Federal Reserve , Volume 2 : Book 1 , 1951 -- 1969 ( 2009 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 52001 - 8 Meltzer , Allan H. A History of the Federal Reserve , Volume 2 : Book 2 , 1969 -- 1985 ( 2009 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 51994 - 4 ; In three volumes published so far , Meltzer covers the first 70 years of the Fed in considerable detail Mullins , Eustace C. The Secrets of the Federal Reserve , 1952 . John McLaughlin . ISBN 0 - 9656492 - 1 - 0 Roberts , Priscilla . `` ' Quis Custodiet Ipsos Custodes ? ' The Federal Reserve System 's Founding Fathers and Allied Finances in the First World War '' , Business History Review ( 1998 ) 72 : 585 -- 603 Rothbard , Murray ( 2007 ) . The Case Against the Fed . Ludwig von Mises Institute . ISBN 978 - 1467934893 . Bernard Shull , `` The Fourth Branch : The Federal Reserve 's Unlikely Rise to Power and Influence '' ( 2005 ) ISBN 1 - 56720 - 624 - 7 Steindl , Frank G. Monetary Interpretations of the Great Depression . ( 1995 ) . Temin , Peter . Did Monetary Forces Cause the Great Depression ? ( 1976 ) . Wells , Donald R . The Federal Reserve System : A History ( 2004 ) West , Robert Craig . Banking Reform and the Federal Reserve , 1863 -- 1923 ( 1977 ) Wicker , Elmus . `` A Reconsideration of Federal Reserve Policy during the 1920 -- 1921 Depression '' , Journal of Economic History ( 1966 ) 26 : 223 -- 238 , in JSTOR Wicker , Elmus . Federal Reserve Monetary Policy , 1917 -- 33 . ( 1966 ) . Wicker , Elmus . The Great Debate on Banking Reform : Nelson Aldrich and the Origins of the Fed Ohio State University Press , 2005 . Wood , John H. A History of Central Banking in Great Britain and the United States ( 2005 ) Wueschner ; Silvano A. Charting Twentieth - Century Monetary Policy : Herbert Hoover and Benjamin Strong , 1917 -- 1927 Greenwood Press . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which government agency is responsible for managing the money supply in the united states | [
"The Federal Reserve System (also known as the Federal Reserve or simply the Fed) is the central banking system of the United States. It was created on December 23, 1913, with the enactment of the Federal Reserve Act, after a series of financial panics (particularly the panic of 1907) led to the desire for central control of the monetary system in order to alleviate financial crises.[list 1] Over the years, events such as the Great Depression in the 1930s and the Great Recession during the 2000s have led to the expansion of the roles and responsibilities of the Federal Reserve System.[4][9][10]"
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"The Federal Reserve System"
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-3264759386270555711 | LightInTheBox | LightInTheBox - wikipedia LightInTheBox Jump to : navigation , search This article is an orphan , as no other articles link to it . Please introduce links to this page from related articles ; try the Find link tool for suggestions . ( February 2015 ) LightInTheBox Holding Co. , Ltd . Type of business Public Traded as NYSE : LITB Founded 2007 ( 2007 ) Headquarters Beijing , People 's Republic of China Area served Worldwide Founder ( s ) Quji ( Alan ) Guo , Xin ( Kevin ) Wen , Liang Zhang , Jun liu and Chit Jeremy Chau Industry Internet , online retailing Website lightinthebox.com , miniinthebox.com Alexa rank 1562 LightInTheBox Holding Co. , Ltd. ( simplified Chinese : 兰亭 集 势 ; traditional Chinese : 蘭亭 集 勢 ; pinyin : Lántíng jí shì ) is an international online retail company that delivers products to consumers in over 200 countries and territories . It sells lifestyle products through LightInTheBox.com , MiniInTheBox.com , and its other websites , which are available in 26 major languages as of October 2013 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Products and services 3 Financial results 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) LightInTheBox was founded in June 2007 by Quji ( Alan ) Guo , Xin ( Kevin ) Wen , Liang Zhang , Jun Liu and Chit Jeremy Chau . The company operated as Light In The Box Limited until March 2008 , when it was restructured and incorporated as LightInTheBox Holding Co. , Ltd. , acting as the ultimate holding company . The founders of LightInTheBox took the opportunity to build a company that would take advantage of China 's manufacturing and supply chain . On June 6 , 2013 , LightInTheBox opened for trading on the New York Stock Exchange ( NYSE ) under the ticker symbol `` LITB '' . In the three months leading up to June 30 , 2013 , LightInTheBox cleared $ 72.2 million in net revenue with 1.2 million customers served in the second quarter of 2013 . Products and services ( edit ) As of October 2013 , LightInTheBox offers products in three core categories : apparel , small gadgets , and home and garden . As of March 31 , 2013 , LightInTheBox had more than 220,000 product listings , and added an average of 14,000 products each month in the preceding three months . LightInTheBox uses global online marketing platforms such as Google and Facebook to reach consumers , accepts payments through major credit cards and electronic payment platforms such as PayPal , and delivers goods via major international couriers , including UPS , DHL and FedEx . Financial results ( edit ) Net revenues in the second quarter of 2013 were $72.2 million , an increase of 52.6 % from $47.3 million in the same quarter of 2012 , primarily driven by an increase of 140.0 % in total number of customers served in the second quarter of 2013 , which increased to 1.2 million from 0.5 million . Net income for the second quarter of 2013 was $0.6 million , compared to a net loss of $1.4 million in the same quarter of 2012 . Net income margin improved to 0.9 % from a negative 2.9 % in the prior year period . Net revenues in the second quarter of 2013 increased by 52.6 % to $72.2 million from $47.3 million in the same quarter of 2012 . The increase was primarily driven by growth in the number of customers and total orders . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Alexa Internet . ( 2013 , November 1 ) . LightInTheBox Site Info . Retrieved from http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/lightinthebox.com ^ Jump up to : U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission . ( 2013 , November 1 ) . LightInTheBox.com IPO . Retrieved from https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1523836/000104746913006796/a2215574z424b4.htm#fa40404_index_to_consolidated_financial_statements Jump up ^ LightInTheBox.com. ( 2013 , November 1 ) . About Us . Retrieved from http://www.lightinthebox.com/r/about-us.html Jump up ^ PandoDaily. ( 2013 , July 23 ) . LightInTheBox Celebrates Initial Public Offering and First Day of Trading on the New York Stock Exchange . Retrieved from http://pandodaily.com/2012/07/23/out-of-the-box-a-chinese-ecommerce-company-updates-fords-factory-model ^ Jump up to : New York Stock Exchange . ( 2013 , June 6 ) . LightInTheBox Celebrates Initial Public Offering and First Day of Trading on the New York Stock Exchange . Retrieved from `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Yahoo Finance . ( 2013 , August 19 ) . LightInTheBox Holding Co. , Ltd . Reports Second Quarter 2013 Financial Results . Retrieved from https://finance.yahoo.com/news/lightinthebox-holding-co-ltd-reports-200100619.html External links ( edit ) Official website https://www.thebalance.com/review-of-light-in-the-box-online-store-3515587 https://www.sitejabber.com/reviews/www.lightinthebox.com#5022 https://www.consumeraffairs.com/online/lightinthebox.html Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LightInTheBox&oldid=801842792 '' Categories : Online retailers of China Online companies of China Chinese companies established in 2007 Internet properties established in 2007 2007 establishments in China Hidden categories : Orphaned articles from February 2015 All orphaned articles Articles containing simplified Chinese - language text Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 日本 語 Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 06 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is light in the box com located | [
"\nHeadquarters\nBeijing, People's Republic of China\n"
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"Beijing, People's Republic of China"
] |
1584094177839941812 | Will and testament | Will and testament - wikipedia Will and testament This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 1 January 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search `` Last Will '' redirects here . For the 2011 film , see Last Will ( film ) . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( July 2006 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Wills , trusts and estates Part of the common law series Wills Legal history of wills Joint wills and mutual wills Will contract Codicil Holographic will Oral will Sections Attestation clause Residuary clause Incorporation by reference Contest Testamentary capacity Undue influence Insane delusion Fraud No - contest clause Property disposition Lapse and anti-lapse Ademption Abatement Satisfaction of legacies Acts of independent significance Elective share Pretermitted heir Wills and conflict of laws Trusts Express Resulting Constructive Common types Bare Discretionary Accumulation and maintenance Interest in possession Charitable Purpose Incentive Other types Protective Spendthrift Life insurance Remainder Life interest Reversionary interest Testamentary Honorary Asset - protection Special needs Supplemental needs Governing doctrines Pour - over will Cy - près doctrine Hague Convention ( conflict law ) Application in civil law Dishonest assistance Estate administration Intestacy Testator Probate Power of appointment Simultaneous death Slayer rule Laughing heir Advancement Disclaimer of interest Inheritance tax Related topics Advance directive ( Living will ) Blind trust Forced heirship Reverse Morris trust Totten trust Other common law areas Contract Tort Property Criminal law Evidence A will or testament is a legal document by which a person , the testator , expresses their wishes as to how their property is to be distributed at death , and names one or more persons , the executor , to manage the estate until its final distribution . For the devolution of property not disposed of by will , see inheritance and intestacy . Though it has at times been thought that a `` will '' was historically limited to real property while `` testament '' applies only to dispositions of personal property ( thus giving rise to the popular title of the document as `` Last Will and Testament '' ) , the historical records show that the terms have been used interchangeably . Thus , the word `` will '' validly applies to both personal and real property . A will may also create a testamentary trust that is effective only after the death of the testator . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Freedom of disposition 3 Types of wills 4 Terminology 5 Requirements for creation 5.1 International wills 6 Revocation 6.1 Methods and effect 6.2 Dependent relative revocation 6.3 Election against the will 7 Notable wills 8 Probate 9 See also 10 References 11 Books 12 External links History ( edit ) See also : Legal history of wills Throughout most of the world , disposal of an estate has been a matter of social custom . According to Plutarch , the written will was invented by Solon . Originally it was a device intended solely for men who died without an heir . The English phrase `` will and testament '' is derived from a period in English law when Old English and Law French were used side by side for maximum clarity . Other such legal doublets include `` breaking and entering '' and `` peace and quiet '' . Freedom of disposition ( edit ) Last will and testament of Tennessee Williams The conception of the freedom of disposition by will , familiar as it is in modern England and the United States , both generally considered common law systems , is by no means universal . In fact , complete freedom is the exception rather than the rule . Civil law systems often put some restrictions on the possibilities of disposal ; see for example `` Forced heirship '' . Advocates for gays and lesbians have pointed to the inheritance rights of spouses as desirable for same - sex couples as well , through same - sex marriage or civil unions . Opponents of such advocacy rebut this claim by pointing to the ability of same - sex couples to disperse their assets by will . Historically , however , it was observed that `` ( e ) ven if a same - sex partner executes a will , there is risk that the survivor will face prejudice in court when disgruntled heirs challenge the will '' , with courts being more willing to strike down wills leaving property to a same - sex partner on such grounds as incapacity or undue influence . Types of wills ( edit ) Types of wills generally include : nuncupative ( non-culpatory ) - oral or dictated ; often limited to sailors or military personnel . holographic will - written in the hand of the testator ; in many jurisdictions , the signature and the material terms of the holographic will must be in the handwriting of the testator . self - proved - in solemn form with affidavits of subscribing witnesses to avoid probate . notarial - will in public form and prepared by a civil - law notary ( civil - law jurisdictions and Louisiana , United States ) . mystic - sealed until death . serviceman 's will - will of person in active - duty military service and usually lacking certain formalities , particularly under English law . reciprocal / mirror / mutual / husband and wife wills - wills made by two or more parties ( typically spouses ) that make similar or identical provisions in favor of each other . unsolemn will - will in which the executor is unnamed . will in solemn form - signed by testator and witnesses . Some jurisdictions recognize a holographic will , made out entirely in the testator 's own hand , or in some modern formulations , with material provisions in the testator 's hand . The distinctive feature of a holographic will is less that it is handwritten by the testator and often that it need not be witnessed . In Louisiana this type of testament is called an Olographic or Mystic will . It must be entirely written , dated , and signed in the handwriting of the testator . Although the date may appear anywhere in the testament , the testator must sign the testament at the end of the testament . Any additions or corrections must also be entirely hand written to have effect . In England , the formalities of wills are relaxed for soldiers who express their wishes on active service ; any such will is known as a serviceman 's will . A minority of jurisdictions even recognize the validity of nuncupative wills ( oral wills ) , particularly for military personnel or merchant sailors . However , there are often constraints on the disposition of property if such an oral will is used . Terminology ( edit ) Administrator - person appointed or who petitions to administer an estate in an intestate succession . The antiquated English term of administratrix was used to refer to a female administrator but is generally no longer in standard legal usage . Beneficiary - anyone receiving a gift or benefiting from a trust Bequest - testamentary gift of personal property , traditionally other than money . Codicil - ( 1 ) amendment to a will ; ( 2 ) a will that modifies or partially revokes an existing or earlier will . Decedent - the deceased ( U.S. term ) Demonstrative Legacy - a gift of a specific sum of money with a direction that is to be paid out of a particular fund . Descent - succession to real property . Devise - testamentary gift of real property . Devisee - beneficiary of real property under a will . Distribution - succession to personal property . Executor / executrix or personal representative ( PR ) - person named to administer the estate , generally subject to the supervision of the probate court , in accordance with the testator 's wishes in the will . In most cases , the testator will nominate an executor / PR in the will unless that person is unable or unwilling to serve . In some cases a literary executor may be appointed to manage a literary estate . Exordium clause is the first paragraph or sentence in a will and testament , in which the testator identifies himself or herself , states a legal domicile , and revokes any prior wills . Inheritor - a beneficiary in a succession , testate or intestate . Intestate - person who has not created a will , or who does not have a valid will at the time of death . Legacy - testamentary gift of personal property , traditionally of money . Note : historically , a legacy has referred to either a gift of real property or personal property . Legatee - beneficiary of personal property under a will , i.e. , a person receiving a legacy . Probate - legal process of settling the estate of a deceased person . Specific legacy ( or specific bequest ) - a testamentary gift of a precisely identifiable object . Testate - person who dies having created a will before death . Testator - person who executes or signs a will ; that is , the person whose will it is . The antiquated English term of Testatrix was used to refer to a female and is still in use in the US . Trustee - a person who has the duty under a will trust to ensure that the rights of the beneficiaries are upheld . Requirements for creation ( edit ) Muhammad Ali Jinnah 's will , excerpt Any person over the age of majority and having `` testamentary capacity '' ( i.e. , generally , being of sound mind ) can make a will , with or without the aid of a lawyer . Additional requirements may vary , depending on the jurisdiction , but generally include the following requirements : The testator must clearly identify themselves as the maker of the will , and that a will is being made ; this is commonly called `` publication '' of the will , and is typically satisfied by the words `` last will and testament '' on the face of the document . The testator should declare that he or she revokes all previous wills and codicils . Otherwise , a subsequent will revokes earlier wills and codicils only to the extent to which they are inconsistent . However , if a subsequent will is completely inconsistent with an earlier one , the earlier will is considered completely revoked by implication . The testator may demonstrate that he or she has the capacity to dispose of their property ( `` sound mind '' ) , and does so freely and willingly . The testator must sign and date the will , usually in the presence of at least two disinterested witnesses ( persons who are not beneficiaries ) . There may be extra witnesses , these are called `` supernumerary '' witnesses , if there is a question as to an interested - party conflict . Some jurisdictions , notably Pennsylvania , have long abolished any requirement for witnesses . In the United States , Louisiana requires both attestation by two witnesses as well as notarization by a notary public . `` Holographic '' or handwritten wills generally require no witnesses to be valid . If witnesses are designated to receive property under the will they are witnesses to , this has the effect , in many jurisdictions , of either ( i ) disallowing them to receive under the will , or ( ii ) invalidating their status as a witness . In a growing number of states in the United States , however , an interested party is only an improper witness as to the clauses that benefit him or her ( for instance , in Illinois ) . The testator 's signature must be placed at the end of the will . If this is not observed , any text following the signature will be ignored , or the entire will may be invalidated if what comes after the signature is so material that ignoring it would defeat the testator 's intentions . One or more beneficiaries ( devisees , legatees ) must generally be clearly stated in the text , but some jurisdictions allow a valid will that merely revokes a previous will , revokes a disposition in a previous will , or names an executor . There is no legal requirement that a will be drawn up by a lawyer , although there are pitfalls into which home - made wills can fall . The person who makes a will is not available to explain him or herself , or to correct any technical deficiency or error in expression , when it comes into effect on that person 's death , and so there is little room for mistake . A common error , for example , in the execution of home - made wills in England is to use a beneficiary ( typically a spouse or other close family members ) as a witness -- which may have the effect in law of disinheriting the witness regardless of the provisions of the will . A will may not include a requirement that an heir commit an illegal , immoral , or other act against public policy as a condition of receipt . In community property jurisdictions , a will can not be used to disinherit a surviving spouse , who is entitled to at least a portion of the testator 's estate . In the United States , children may be disinherited by a parent 's will , except in Louisiana , where a minimum share is guaranteed to surviving children . Many civil law countries follow a similar rule . In England and Wales from 1933 to 1975 , a will could disinherit a spouse but since the Inheritance ( Provision for Family and Dependants ) Act 1975 such an attempt can be defeated by a court order if it leaves the surviving spouse ( or other entitled dependent ) without reasonable financial provision . International wills ( edit ) In 1973 an international convention , the Convention providing a Uniform Law on the Form of an International Will , was concluded in the context of UNIDROIT . The Convention provided for a universally recognised code of rules under which a will made anywhere , by any person of any nationality , would be valid and enforceable in every country which became a party to the Convention . These are known as `` international wills '' . Belgium , Bosnia - Herzegovina , Canada ( for 9 provinces , not Quebec ) , Cyprus , Ecuador , France , Italy , Libya , Niger , Portugal Slovenia , The Holy See , Iran , Laos , the Russian Federation , Sierra Leone , the United Kingdom , and the United States have signed but not ratified . International wills are only valid where the convention applies . Although the US has not ratified on behalf of any state , the Uniform law has been enacted in 23 States and the District of Columbia . For individuals who own assets in multiple countries and at least one of those countries are not a part of the Convention , it may be appropriate for the person to have multiple wills , one for each country . In some nations , multiple wills may be useful to reduce or avoid taxes upon the estate and its assets . Care must be taken to avoid accidental revocation of prior wills , conflicts between the wills , to anticipate jurisdictional and choice of law issues that may arise during probate . Revocation ( edit ) Methods and effect ( edit ) Intentional physical destruction of a will by the testator will revoke it , through deliberately burning or tearing the physical document itself , or by striking out the signature . In most jurisdictions , partial revocation is allowed if only part of the text or a particular provision is crossed out . Other jurisdictions will either ignore the attempt or hold that the entire will was actually revoked . A testator may also be able to revoke by the physical act of another ( as would be necessary if he or she is physically incapacitated ) , if this is done in their presence and in the presence of witnesses . Some jurisdictions may presume that a will has been destroyed if it had been last seen in the possession of the testator but is found mutilated or can not be found after their death . A will may also be revoked by the execution of a new will . Most wills contain stock language that expressly revokes any wills that came before them , however , because normally a court will still attempt to read the wills together to the extent they are consistent . In some jurisdictions , the complete revocation of a will automatically revives the next most recent will , while others hold that revocation leaves the testator with no will so that their heirs will instead inherit by intestate succession . In England and Wales , marriage will automatically revoke a will as it is presumed that upon marriage , a testator will want to review the will . A statement in a will that it is made in contemplation of forthcoming marriage to a named person will override this . Divorce , conversely , will not revoke a will , but in many jurisdictions , will have the effect that the former spouse is treated as if they had died before the testator and so will not benefit . Where a will has been accidentally destroyed , on evidence that this is the case , a copy will or draft will may be admitted to probate . Dependent relative revocation ( edit ) Many jurisdictions exercise an equitable doctrine known as dependent relative revocation ( `` DRR '' ) . Under this doctrine , courts may disregard a revocation that was based on a mistake of law on the part of the testator as to the effect of the revocation . For example , if a testator mistakenly believes that an earlier will can be revived by the revocation of a later will , the court will ignore the later revocation if the later will comes closer to fulfilling the testator 's intent than not having a will at all . The doctrine also applies when a testator executes a second , or new will and revokes their old will under the ( mistaken ) belief that the new will would be valid . However , if for some reason the new will is not valid , a court may apply the doctrine to reinstate and probate the old will , if the court holds that the testator would prefer the old will to intestate succession . Before applying the doctrine , courts may require ( with rare exceptions ) that there have been an alternative plan of disposition of the property . That is , after revoking the prior will , the testator could have made an alternative plan of disposition . Such a plan would show that the testator intended the revocation to result in the property going elsewhere , rather than just being a revoked disposition . Secondly , courts require either that the testator have recited their mistake in the terms of the revoking instrument , or that the mistake be established by clear and convincing evidence . For example , when the testator made the original revocation , he must have erroneously noted that he was revoking the gift `` because the intended recipient has died '' or `` because I will enact a new will tomorrow . '' DRR may be applied to restore a gift erroneously struck from a will if the intent of the testator was to enlarge that gift , but will not apply to restore such a gift if the intent of the testator was to revoke the gift in favor of another person . For example , suppose Tom has a will that bequeaths $5,000 to his secretary , Alice Johnson . If Tom crosses out that clause and writes `` $7,000 to Alice Johnson '' in the margin , but does not sign or date the writing in the margin , most states would find that Tom had revoked the earlier provision , but had not effectively amended his will to add the second ; however , under DRR the revocation would be undone because Tom was acting under the mistaken belief that he could increase the gift to $7,000 by writing that in the margin . Therefore , Alice will get 5,000 dollars . However , the doctrine of relative revocation will not apply if the interlineation decreases the amount of the gift from the original provision ( e.g. , `` $5,000 to Alice Johnson '' is crossed out and replaced with `` $3,000 to Alice Johnson '' without Testator 's signature or the date in the margin ; DRR does not apply and Alice Johnson will take nothing ) . Similarly , if Tom crosses out that clause and writes in the margin `` $5,000 to Betty Smith '' without signing or dating the writing , the gift to Alice will be effectively revoked . In this case , it will not be restored under the doctrine of DRR because even though Tom was mistaken about the effectiveness of the gift to Betty , that mistake does not affect Tom 's intent to revoke the gift to Alice . Because the gift to Betty will be invalid for lack of proper execution , that $5,000 will go to Tom 's residuary estate . Election against the will ( edit ) Also referred to as `` electing to take against the will . '' In the United States , many states have probate statutes which permit the surviving spouse of the decedent to choose to receive a particular share of deceased spouse 's estate in lieu of receiving the specified share left to him or her under the deceased spouse 's will . As a simple example , under Iowa law ( see Code of Iowa Section 633.238 ( 2005 ) ) , the deceased spouse leaves a will which expressly devises the marital home to someone other than the surviving spouse . The surviving spouse may elect , contrary to the intent of the will , to live in the home for the remainder of his / her lifetime . This is called a `` life estate '' and terminates immediately upon the surviving spouse 's death . The historical and social policy purposes of such statutes are to assure that the surviving spouse receives a statutorily set minimum amount of property from the decedent . Historically , these statutes were enacted to prevent the deceased spouse from leaving the survivor destitute , thereby shifting the burden of care to the social welfare system . In New York , a surviving spouse is entitled to one - third of her deceased spouse 's estate . The decedent 's debts , administrative expenses and reasonable funeral expenses are paid prior to the calculation of the spousal elective share . The elective share is calculated through the `` net estate . '' The net estate is inclusive of property that passed by the laws of intestacy , testamentary property , and testamentary substitutes , as enumerated in EPTL 5 - 1.1 - A. New York 's classification of testamentary substitutes that are included in the net estate make it challenging for a deceased spouse to disinherit their surviving spouse . Notable wills ( edit ) Alfred Nobel 's will . In antiquity , Julius Caesar 's will naming his grand - nephew Octavian as his adopted son and heir funded and legitimized his rise to political power in the late Republic , providing him the resources necessary to win the civil wars against the `` Liberators '' and Antony and to establish the Roman Empire under the name Augustus . Antony 's officiating at the public reading of the will led to a riot and moved public opinion against Caesar 's assassins . Octavian 's illegal publication of Antony 's sealed will was an important factor in removing his support within Rome , as it described his wish to be buried in Alexandria beside the Egyptian queen Cleopatra . In the modern era , the Thellusson v Woodford will case led to British legislation against the accumulation of money for later distribution and was fictionalized as Jarndyce and Jarndyce in Dickens 's Bleak House . The Nobel Prizes were established by Alfred Nobel 's will . Charles Vance Millar 's will provoked the Great Stork Derby , as he successfully bequeathed the bulk of his estate to the Toronto - area woman who had the greatest number of children in the ten years after his death . ( The prize was divided among four women who had nine , with smaller payments made to women who had borne 10 children but lost some to miscarriage . Another woman who bore ten children was disqualified as several were illegitimate . ) The longest known legal will is that of Englishwoman Frederica Evelyn Stilwell Cook . Probated in 1925 , it was 1,066 pages , and had to be bound in 4 volumes ; her estate was worth $100,000 . The shortest known legal wills are those of Bimla Rishi of Delhi , India ( `` all to son '' ) and Karl Tausch of Hesse , Germany , ( `` all to wife '' ) both containing only two words in the language they were written in ( Hindi and Czech respectively ) The shortest will is of Shripad Krishnarao Vaidya of Nagpur , Maharashtra consisting 5 letters as , `` HEIR 'S '' . Probate ( edit ) Main article : Probate See also : Administration of an estate on death and Probate court After the testator has died , an application for probate may be made in a court with probate jurisdiction to determine the validity of the will or wills that the testator may have created , i.e. , which will satisfy the legal requirements , and to appoint an executor . In most cases , during probate , at least one witness is called upon to testify or sign a `` proof of witness '' affidavit . In some jurisdictions , however , statutes may provide requirements for a `` self - proving '' will ( must be met during the execution of the will ) , in which case witness testimony may be forgone during probate . Often there is a time limit , usually 30 days , within which a will must be admitted to probate . In some jurisdictions , only an original will may be admitted to probate -- even the most accurate photocopy will not suffice . Some jurisdictions will admit a copy of a will if the original was lost or accidentally destroyed and the validity of the copy can be proved to the satisfaction of the court . If the will is ruled invalid in probate , then inheritance will occur under the laws of intestacy as if a will were never drafted . See also ( edit ) Ademption Death and the internet , including password vaults Estate Planning Ethical will Legal history of wills Trust law Henson trust Totten trust Will aid Will contest Apertura tabularum References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wills , Trusts , and Estates ( Aspen , 7th Ed. , 2005 ) Jump up ^ Freedman , Adam ( 2013 ) . The party of the first part the curious world of legalese . New York : Henry Holt and Company . ISBN 1466822570 . Jump up ^ Eugene F. Scoles , Problems and Materials on Decedents ' Estates and Trusts ( 2000 ) , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Chuck Stewart , Homosexuality and the Law : A Dictionary ( 2001 ) , p. 310 . Jump up ^ See also , for example , In Re Kaufmann 's Will , 20 A.D. 2d 464 , 247 N.Y.S. 2d 664 ( 1964 ) , aff 'd , 15 N.Y. 2d 825 , 257 N.Y.S. 2d 941 , 205 N.E. 2d 864 ( 1965 ) . Jump up ^ Louisiana Civil Code Article 1575 http://legis.la.gov/lss/lss.asp?doc=108900/ Jump up ^ Text of the Washington Convention ^ Jump up to : Eskin , Vicki ; Driscoll , Bryan . `` Estate Planning with Foreign Property '' . American BAR Association . Retrieved 18 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fry , Barry ( 2012 ) . `` Cross Border Estate Issues '' ( PDF ) . Advoc . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Popovic - Montag , Suzana ; Hull , Ian M. ( 2 Oct 2015 ) . `` The Risks and Rewards of Multiple Wills '' . HuffPost Canada Business . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ World 's smallest valid will ever Jump up ^ TARUN BHARAT ( www.tarunbharat.net ) Nagpur , Saturday , 28 April 2012 Jump up ^ PUNNYA NAGARI ( Marathi language daily published at Nagpur ) Friday 8 June 2012 Jump up ^ http://www.leg.state.nv.us/NRS/NRS-136.html#NRS136Sec230 Books ( edit ) Administration of Wills , Trusts , and Estates by Gordon W. Brown , Delmar Cengage Learning ( ISBN 0 - 7668 - 5281 - 4 ) ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 7668 - 5281 - 5 ) External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Wills Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wills . Citizens Advice Bureau ( UK ) Prerogative Court of Canterbury wills ( 1384 -- 1858 ) at the National Archives ( pay per view ) Prerogative Court of Canterbury wills on thegenealogist.co.uk ( subscription ) Prerogative Court of Canterbury wills on Ancestry.co.uk ( subscription ) Download the wills of famous people ( UK National Archives ) William Shakespeare 's Will Thomas Jefferson 's Last Will Jane Austen 's Will List of UK Regional Probate Registries - Regional Offices for probate information and to register the location of a Will and / or Executor Death Outline In medicine Cell death Necrosis Avascular necrosis Coagulative necrosis Liquefactive necrosis Gangrenous necrosis Caseous necrosis Fat necrosis Fibrinoid necrosis Temporal lobe necrosis Programmed cell death AICD Anoikis Apoptosis Autophagy Intrinsic apoptosis Necroptosis Paraptosis Parthanatos Phenoptosis Pseudoapoptosis Pyroptosis Autolysis Autoschizis Eschar Immunogenic cell death Ischemic cell death Pyknosis Karyorrhexis Karyolysis Mitotic catastrophe Suicide gene Abortion Autopsy Brain death Brainstem death Clinical death DOA Death by natural causes Death rattle Dysthanasia End - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who has the ability to ensure a last will and testament is followed as it is written | [
"A will or testament is a legal document by which a person, the testator, expresses their wishes as to how their property is to be distributed at death, and names one or more persons, the executor, to manage the estate until its final distribution. For the devolution of property not disposed of by will, see inheritance and intestacy."
] | [
"the executor"
] |
4317024463175404358 | All by Myself | All by Myself - wikipedia All by Myself Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see All by Myself ( disambiguation ) . `` All by Myself '' Single by Eric Carmen from the album Eric Carmen B - side `` Everything '' Released December 1 , 1975 Format 7 '' single Genre Pop soft rock Length 7 : 10 ( album version ) 4 : 22 ( single edit ) Label Arista Songwriter ( s ) Eric Carmen Producer ( s ) Jimmy Ienner Eric Carmen singles chronology `` All by Myself '' ( 1975 ) `` Never Gonna Fall in Love Again '' ( 1976 ) `` All by Myself '' ( 1975 ) `` Never Gonna Fall in Love Again '' ( 1976 ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic No rating `` All by Myself '' is a song by American artist Eric Carmen released in 1975 . The verse is based on the second movement ( Adagio sostenuto ) of Sergei Rachmaninoff 's Piano Concerto No. 2 in C minor , Opus 18 . The chorus is borrowed from the song `` Let 's Pretend '' , which Carmen wrote and recorded with the Raspberries in 1972 . The song was the first released on Carmen 's first solo LP after leaving the power pop group the Raspberries and was released as the first single in December 1975 , to great acclaim . It reached number 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 , number 1 on Cash Box Top 100 Singles and number 3 in Canada . The single sold more than one million copies in the United States and was certified gold by the RIAA in April 1976 . `` All By Myself '' was Carmen 's first of eight US Top 40 hits . In the UK , however , this was his only Top 40 success , peaking at number 12 . In a 2006 poll for UK 's Five programme Britain 's Favourite Break - up Songs , Eric Carmen 's version of this song was voted seventeenth . Rachmaninoff 's music was in the public domain in the United States and Carmen thought no copyright existed on it , but it was still protected outside the U.S. Subsequent to the release of the album , he was contacted by the Rachmaninoff estate and informed otherwise . An agreement was reached in which the estate would receive 12 percent of the royalties from `` All by Myself '' as well as from `` Never Gonna Fall in Love Again '' , which was based on the third movement from Rachmaninoff 's Symphony No. 2 . Carmen has stated that he also incorporated part of another melody into this song . The melody was taken from his previous hit with the Raspberries , `` Let 's Pretend . '' Carmen 's original version has spawned numerous cover versions by such artists as Rico J. Puno in 1976 , Celine Dion in 1996 , Frank Sinatra , Igudesman & Joo , Il Divo , and Only Men Aloud ! . The slide guitar solo was performed by famed studio guitarist Hugh McCracken . Contents ( hide ) 1 Television performance 2 Chart performance 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 Celine Dion version 3.1 Critical reception 3.2 Charts and certifications 3.2. 1 Weekly charts 3.2. 2 Year - end charts 3.2. 3 Certifications and sales 3.3 Release history 4 Other cover versions 5 Use in popular culture 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Television performance ( edit ) Carmen performed `` All By Myself '' and his follow - up hit , `` Never Gonna Fall in Love Again , '' on The Midnight Special television program on July 23 , 1976 ( season 4 , episode 37 ) . The show was hosted by The Spinners . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1975 -- 76 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 7 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 15 Canada ( RPM ) Top Singles Canadian Adult Contemporary Ireland ( IRMA ) 16 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 10 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 6 South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) 9 UK ( Official Charts Company ) 12 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 6 US Cash Box Top 100 US Record World Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 ) Rank Australia 67 Canada ( RPM ) Top Singles 54 US Billboard Hot 100 40 US Cash Box 41 Céline Dion version ( edit ) `` All by Myself '' Single by Celine Dion from the album Falling into You Released October 7 , 1996 Format CD single cassette single Recorded 1995 : The Record Plant , Compass Point , Capitol Studios Genre Soft rock Length 5 : 09 ( album version ) 4 : 30 ( single version ) 3 : 54 ( radio edit ) Label Columbia Epic Songwriter ( s ) Eric Carmen Sergei Rachmaninoff Producer ( s ) David Foster Celine Dion singles chronology `` The Power of the Dream '' ( 1996 ) `` All by Myself '' ( 1996 ) `` Les derniers seront les premiers '' ( 1996 ) `` The Power of the Dream '' ( 1996 ) `` All by Myself '' ( 1996 ) `` Les derniers seront les premiers '' ( 1996 ) Music video `` All by Myself '' on YouTube One of the most notable cover versions of `` All by Myself '' was recorded by Celine Dion in 1996 . It was the fourth ( or third , depending on the country ) hit single from her album Falling into You . Produced by David Foster at Compass Point Studios in The Bahamas , it was released on October 7 , 1996 in Europe , January 13 , 1997 in Australia , and March 11 , 1997 in North America . There were three music videos made . The first one was released in October 1996 . It contains fragments from Dion 's photo session for the Falling into You album cover and some scenes from her Live à Paris concert . It was made for the single version and it was directed by Nigel Dick . The second version was made for the UK market with the same white T - shirt scenes but adding footage of a young couple in love at Christmas time , instead of scenes from Dion 's concert . This was made for the album version . Finally , a live music video was released in March 1997 in North America ( from the 1996 concert in Montreal ) . Dion performed this song many times during world tours , TV shows and music events such as the Grammy Awards ( 1997 ) , Billboard Music Awards ( 1997 ) and Bambi Awards ( 1996 ) . A performance from her 2008 - 2009 Taking Chances Tour can be found on the Taking Chances World Tour : The Concert DVD / CD . It is currently included in the set list of Dion 's Las Vegas residency show Céline which premiered on March 15 , 2011 . The song was also performed during the 2013 Sans attendre Tour ; the Quebec City performance was included in the Céline ... une seule fois / Live 2013 CD / DVD . The song was also performed in Dion 's 2017 European tour . Dion also recorded a Spanish version of `` All by Myself , '' called `` Sola otra vez '' ( English : By Myself Again ) . It was added to the Falling into You Latin American / Spanish edition , and as a B - side to other singles from that album . This version became available worldwide on Dion 's later compilation The Collector 's Series , Volume One . The CD single was released in 1996 in Brazil only . Dion 's `` Sola otra vez '' was selected the number one Spanish language cover of an English pop song by TheSpanishVersion.Org . The `` All by Myself '' single became one of Dion 's biggest hits in the United States , reaching number 1 on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks ( for three weeks ) and the Latin Pop Airplay ( two weeks ) . It peaked at number 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 ( number 7 on the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay and number 5 on the Hot 100 Singles Sales ) . It was also a top 10 hit in France , United Kingdom , Wallonia in Belgium and the Republic of Ireland . In Canada , `` All by Myself '' was released as a promotional single only , hitting number 1 on the Adult Contemporary Chart . `` All by Myself '' was certified gold in the US ( 500,000 ) , and silver in the UK ( 200,000 ) and France ( 165,000 ) . The track was included on some editions of Dion 's greatest hits All the Way ... A Decade of Song in 1999 and on My Love : Essential Collection in 2008 . This version also features on the ITV game show Take Me Out if the contestant leaves the show without a date . Critical reception ( edit ) Dion 's cover received positive reviews . New York Times editor Stephen Holden wrote that the remake , along with `` Because You Loved Me , '' `` are the strongest cuts on an album crammed with formulaic romantic bombast . '' Music.uk.launch.yahoo.com editor Dan Leroy wrote : `` Trying to out - emote Eric Carmen was almost crazy enough to work . '' Entertainment Weekly editor Chuck Eddy said : '' ... But only in her desolate cover of Eric Carmen 's All by Myself does she truly crash through the glass ceiling of passion . '' Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1996 -- 97 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 38 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 27 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 14 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 7 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 7 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Canada ( Nielsen BDS Airplay Chart ) 9 Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) 15 France ( SNEP ) 5 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 55 Iceland ( Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 ) 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) 8 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 35 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 20 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 21 Norway ( VG - lista ) 15 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 6 Spain ( Top 40 Radio ) 31 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 36 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 6 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 12 US Hot Latin Songs ( Billboard ) `` Sola Otra Vez '' 5 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 7 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 33 US Tropical Airplay ( Billboard ) `` Sola Otra Vez '' Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1996 ) Position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 93 France ( SNEP ) 49 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 292 Chart ( 1997 ) Position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 58 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 6 Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) 52 US Billboard Hot 100 49 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 13 US Hot Latin Songs ( Billboard ) `` Sola Otra Vez '' 38 Certifications and sales ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales France ( SNEP ) Silver 164,400 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format United Kingdom December 9 , 1996 CD cassette United States March 11 , 1997 CD cassette 7 '' Other cover versions ( edit ) In 1994 , `` All By Myself '' was covered by New Zealand singer Margaret Urlich . Her version reached # 100 in Australia in November 1994 , and # 26 in New Zealand in March 1995 . The 2001 motion picture Bridget Jones 's Diary featured a cover version performed by Jamie O'Neal showing actress Renée Zellweger singing to it in the famous pajamas scene . This track is also played over the other Bridget Jones films Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason and Bridget Jones 's Baby . In 2008 , the male voice choir Only Men Aloud ! covered the song on their self - named album and also released it as a single . Use in popular culture ( edit ) The Carmen version is used in the video introduction for Conan O'Brien 's `` Legally Prohibited from Being Funny on Television Tour '' , when an obese and bearded version of the talk show host struggles to cope with losing his job as host of Tonight Show . The Carmen version is also featured in the second season 's episode 17 of the popular 1990s sitcom Friends ( set on Joey & Chandler 's friendship ) , and a season 4 episode of the hit sitcom That ' 70s Show whereas Eric Forman breaks up with Donna Pinciotti . It was also featured in the films Under Wraps , Bridget Jones ' Diary and To Die For . The version is used also in the film I nuovi mostri directed by Dino Risi , with Ornella Muti and Yorgo Voyagis . In the Disney film Zootopia , a snippet is heard of it as the main character , Judy Hopps , browses through one depressing song after another on her clock radio . A character is featured performing the song as karaoke in the 2001 Angel episode `` Happy Anniversary '' . The song was used in advertisements : Toyota Soarer , Japan , 1991 Honda CR - V Second Generation , Thailand , 2002 Visine `` Distance '' version , Indonesia , 2011 See also ( edit ) Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1976 Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1997 List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 1997 List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1997 ( U.S. ) List of number - one Billboard Hot Latin Pop Airplay of 1997 List of UK top 10 singles in 1996 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hogya , Bernie ( 2005 ) . `` '' All By Myself '' 30th Anniversary `` . EricCarmen.com . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2011 . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Matthew Greenwald . `` All by Myself '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Glee ' Covers ' All By Myself ' : The Story Behind The Song '' . Jump up ^ Matthew Greenwald . `` All by Myself - Eric Carmen -- Song Info '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ Gordon Pogoda ( 1991 ) . `` An Interview with Eric Carmen '' . ericcarmen.com . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2011 . Retrieved August 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA - Gold and Platinum - Search Results - Eric Carmen singles '' . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rust , Victor ( 2010 ) . The Cliff Richard Recording Catalogue 1958 - 2010 . ISBN 9780956738400 . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Soeder , John . `` One Lonely Song , But Many Voices Keep Eric Carmen 's Tear - Jerker in Rotation '' The Plain Dealer February 12 , 2006 : J1 Jump up ^ Vandeventer , Mary . `` Symphony Promises a Crowd Pleaser '' The Beaumont Enterprise January 19 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` An Interview with Eric Carmen '' . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Carmen interview '' . 2005 . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ TV.com . `` The Midnight Special '' . TV.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2016 . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Eric Carmen -- All By Myself '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ Canada , Library and Archives ( July 17 , 2013 ) . `` Image : RPM Weekly '' . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.fireballmedia.ie , Jaclyn Ward - Fireball Media Group - . `` The Irish Charts - All there is to know '' . www.irishcharts.ie . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Eric Carmen '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Eric Carmen -- All By Myself '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` SA Charts 1965 -- 1989 '' . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Carmen Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Carmen Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 3 / 13 / 76 '' . tropicalglen.com . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 26 , No. 14 & 15 , January 08 1977 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1976 '' . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2009 . Retrieved November 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles , December 25 , 1976 Jump up ^ Roberts , Randall ( June 11 , 2014 ) . `` Alone in Las Vegas , man crafts clip for Celine Dion 's ' All By Myself ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Falling into You Archived September 15 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved January 31 , 1996 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2014 . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` LOS DIEZ : The Spanish Version 's Ten Best '' . Thespanishversion.org . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New Releases '' . The New York Times . April 14 , 1996 . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2012 . Retrieved March 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Falling Into You - EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Céline Dion -- All by Myself '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Céline Dion -- All by Myself '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Céline Dion -- All by Myself '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Céline Dion -- All by Myself '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 3210 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 3 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 3191 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 3 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Nanda Lwin ( 1999 ) . Top 40 Hits : The Essential Chart Guide . Music Data Canada . ISBN 1 - 896594 - 13 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` The Eurochart Hot 100 Singles '' . Music & Media . December 28 , 1996 . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2008 . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Céline Dion -- All by Myself '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Céline Dion -- All by Myself '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 4 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 ( 23.01. 1997 - 29.01. 1997 ) '' ( PDF ) ( in Icelandic ) . Dagblaðið Vísir - Tónlist . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- All by Myself '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 4 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 51 , 1996 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 4 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Céline Dion -- All by Myself '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Céline Dion -- All by Myself '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Céline Dion -- All by Myself '' . VG - lista . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Fernando Salaverri ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Céline Dion -- All by Myself '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 4 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Chart History ( Hot Latin Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Chart History ( Tropical Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports annuels 1996 '' ( in French ) . Ultratop . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Classement Singles - année 1996 '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2012 . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaarlijsten 1996 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved September 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RPM ' 97 Year End ... Top 100 Hit Tracks '' . RPM . December 15 , 1997 . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RPM ' 97 Year End ... Top 100 Adult Contemporary Tracks '' . RPM . December 15 , 1997 . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Romanian Top 100 : Top of the Year 1997 '' ( in Romanian ) . Romanian Top 100 . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2005 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Year in Music '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . December 27 , 1997 . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certifications Singles Argent - année 1996 '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2012 . Retrieved September 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Les Meilleures Ventes `` Tout Temps '' de 45 T. / Singles / Téléchargement '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Celine Dion -- All by Myself '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Enter All by Myself in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Celine Dion -- All by Myself '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to : `` Celine Dion -- All by Myself '' . Discogs . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gavin Ryan ( 2011 ) . Australia 's Music Charts 1988 - 2010 . Mt . Martha , VIC , Australia : Moonlight Publishing . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart - The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . THE OFFICIAL NZ MUSIC CHART . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 2001 ) '' . External links ( edit ) Celine Dion -- `` All by Myself '' on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Eric Carmen Studio albums Eric Carmen Boats Against the Current Change of Heart Tonight You 're Mine Eric Carmen 1984 I Was Born to Love You Compilation albums The Definitive Collection Singles `` All by Myself '' `` Never Gonna Fall in Love Again '' `` Sunrise '' `` She Did It '' `` Change Of Heart '' `` Baby I Need Your Lovin ' '' `` It Hurts Too Much '' `` I Wanna Hear It from Your Lips '' `` Hungry Eyes '' `` Make Me Lose Control '' Songwriting `` Go All the Way '' `` I Wanna be With You '' `` Let 's Pretend '' `` Overnight Sensation ( Hit Record ) '' `` That 's Rock ' n ' Roll '' `` Hey Deanie '' `` I Need You ( 3T song ) '' `` Almost Paradise '' `` Maybe My Baby * Related topics Raspberries Jimmy Ienner Book : Eric Carmen Margaret Urlich Studio albums Safety in Numbers ( 1989 ) Chameleon Dreams ( 1992 ) Live ( 1994 ) The Deepest Blue ( 1995 ) Second Nature ( 1999 ) Singles `` Escaping '' `` Only My Heart Calling '' `` Number One ( Remember When We Danced All Night ) '' `` Guilty People '' `` Boy in the Moon '' `` Human Race '' `` ( I Do n't Want to Be ) Second Best '' `` Burnt Sienna '' `` Man Overboard '' `` Where Is the Love '' ( with Rick Price ) `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' `` All By Myself '' `` Gonna Make You Mine '' `` Every Little Thing '' `` All For The Love '' Related articles Peking Man ( band ) `` Room That Echoes '' When the Cat 's Away ( band ) `` The Horses '' Kate Ceberano and Friends Rick Price Celine Dion singles Singles discography Albums discography 1980s `` Listen to the Magic Man '' `` Michael 's Song '' `` Ca n't Live with You , Ca n't Live Without You '' 1990s `` ( If There Was ) Any Other Way '' `` Unison '' `` Where Does My Heart Beat Now '' `` The Last to Know '' `` Have a Heart '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` If You Asked Me To '' `` Nothing Broken but My Heart '' `` Love Can Move Mountains '' `` Water from the Moon '' `` Did You Give Enough Love '' `` When I Fall in Love '' `` The Power of Love '' `` Misled '' `` Love Lights the World '' `` Think Twice '' `` Only One Road '' `` Calling You '' `` Next Plane Out '' `` Just Walk Away '' `` To Love You More '' `` ( You Make Me Feel Like ) A Natural Woman '' `` Falling into You '' `` Because You Loved Me '' `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' `` The Power of the Dream '' `` All by Myself '' `` Send Me a Lover '' `` Call the Man '' `` Make You Happy '' `` Dreamin ' of You '' `` Tell Him '' `` Be the Man '' `` The Reason '' `` My Heart Will Go On '' `` Immortality '' `` When I Need You '' `` I Hate You Then I Love You '' `` Miles to Go ( Before I Sleep ) '' `` It 's Hard to Say Goodbye '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' `` I 'm Your Angel '' `` The Prayer '' `` Treat Her Like a Lady '' `` That 's the Way It Is '' `` Then You Look at Me '' 2000s `` Live ( for the One I Love ) '' `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' `` I Want You to Need Me '' `` If Walls Could Talk '' `` Do n't Save It All for Christmas Day '' `` God Bless America '' `` A New Day Has Come '' `` I 'm Alive '' `` Goodbye 's ( The Saddest Word ) '' `` At Last '' `` I Drove All Night '' `` Have You Ever Been in Love '' `` One Heart '' `` Stand by Your Side '' `` Faith '' `` You and I '' `` Beautiful Boy '' `` Miracle '' `` In Some Small Way '' `` Taking Chances '' `` Eyes on Me '' `` A World to Believe In '' `` Alone '' `` My Love '' 2010s `` Loved Me Back to Life '' `` Breakaway '' `` Incredible '' `` Water and a Flame '' `` Hymn '' `` The Show Must Go On '' `` Recovering '' `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' Other `` Voices That Care '' `` What More Can I Give '' `` Come Together Now '' `` Sing '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' Book Portal Only Men Aloud ! Studio albums Only Men Aloud ! ( 2008 ) Band of Brothers ( 2009 ) In Festive Mood ( 2011 ) Singles `` All by Myself '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' Featured singles `` Caliban 's Dream '' Television Last Choir Standing Related articles Only Boys Aloud Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_by_Myself&oldid=833783630 '' Categories : 1970s ballads Eric Carmen songs Celine Dion songs 1975 singles 1975 songs 1976 singles 1996 singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Song recordings produced by David Foster Songs about loneliness Songs written by Eric Carmen Pop ballads Rock ballads Il Divo songs RPM Adult Contemporary number - one singles Arista Records singles Columbia Records singles Epic Records singles Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Icelandic - language sources ( is ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Romanian - language sources ( ro ) Use mdy dates from November 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardlatinsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Singlechart usages for Billboardlatintropical Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Svenska Tagalog ไทย Tiếng Việt 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 12 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sang the original song all by myself | [
"\"All by Myself\" is a song by American artist Eric Carmen released in 1975. The verse is based on the second movement (Adagio sostenuto) of Sergei Rachmaninoff's Piano Concerto No. 2 in C minor, Opus 18. The chorus is borrowed from the song \"Let's Pretend\", which Carmen wrote and recorded with the Raspberries in 1972.[5]"
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"Eric Carmen"
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-2203234450809338372 | 2018 Australian Open – Women's Singles | 2018 Australian Open -- women 's singles - wikipedia 2018 Australian Open -- women 's singles Jump to : navigation , search Women 's Singles 2018 Australian Open Champion Caroline Wozniacki Runner - up Simona Halep Final score 7 -- 6 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 Events Singles men women boys girls Doubles men women mixed boys girls Legends men women mixed WC Singles men women quad WC Doubles men women quad ← 2017 Australian Open 2019 → Main article : 2018 Australian Open Serena Williams was the defending champion , but chose not to participate this year , stating that she was not fully fit after giving birth to her daughter in September 2017 . Caroline Wozniacki became the first Danish player to win a Grand Slam singles title , defeating Simona Halep in the final , 7 -- 6 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 . Wozniacki also regained the WTA no . 1 singles ranking for the first time since 2012 . Both finalists saved match points earlier in the tournament : Halep saved three match points against Lauren Davis in the third round and two match points against Angelique Kerber in the semifinals , while Wozniacki saved two match points against Jana Fett in the second round . In addition to Wozniacki and Halep , Garbiñe Muguruza , Elina Svitolina , Karolína Plíšková and Jeļena Ostapenko were also in contention for the no . 1 singles ranking at the start of the tournament . The third round match between Halep and Davis lasted 48 games , tying Chanda Rubin and Arantxa Sánchez Vicario 's 1996 quarterfinal match for the Australian Open 's record for most games played in a women 's match . At 15 years and 6 months old , Marta Kostyuk became the youngest player to win a main draw match at the Australian Open since Martina Hingis in 1996 and the youngest to reach the third round at any Grand Slam event since Mirjana Lučić - Baroni at the 1997 US Open . Kostyuk was the youngest player to qualify for a Grand Slam main draw since Sesil Karatantcheva at the 2005 Australian Open . Contents ( hide ) 1 Seeds 2 Qualifying 3 Wildcards 4 Draw 4.1 Key 4.2 Finals 4.3 Top half 4.3. 1 Section 1 4.3. 2 Section 2 4.3. 3 Section 3 4.3. 4 Section 4 4.4 Bottom half 4.4. 1 Section 5 4.4. 2 Section 6 4.4. 3 Section 7 4.4. 4 Section 8 5 References 6 External links Seeds ( edit ) 01 . Simona Halep ( Final ) 02 . Caroline Wozniacki ( Champion ) 03 . Garbiñe Muguruza ( Second round ) 04 . Elina Svitolina ( Quarterfinals ) 05 . Venus Williams ( First round ) 06 . Karolína Plíšková ( Quarterfinals ) 07 . Jeļena Ostapenko ( Third round ) 08 . Caroline Garcia ( Fourth round ) 09 . Johanna Konta ( Second round ) 10 . CoCo Vandeweghe ( First round ) 11 . Kristina Mladenovic ( First round ) 12 . Julia Görges ( Second round ) 13 . Sloane Stephens ( First round ) 14 . Anastasija Sevastova ( Second round ) 15 . Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova ( Second round ) 16 . Elena Vesnina ( Second round ) 17 . Madison Keys ( Quarterfinals ) 18 . Ashleigh Barty ( Third round ) 19 . Magdaléna Rybáriková ( Fourth round ) 20 . Barbora Strýcová ( Fourth round ) 21 . Angelique Kerber ( Semifinals ) 22 . Daria Kasatkina ( Second round ) 23 . Daria Gavrilova ( Second round ) 24 . Dominika Cibulková ( First round ) 25 . Peng Shuai ( First round ) 26 . Agnieszka Radwańska ( Third round ) 27 . Petra Kvitová ( First round ) 28 . Mirjana Lučić - Baroni ( Second round ) 29 . Lucie Šafářová ( Third round ) 30 . Kiki Bertens ( Third round ) 31 . Ekaterina Makarova ( First round ) 32 . Anett Kontaveit ( Fourth round ) Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section . Qualifying ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Australian Open -- Women 's Singles Qualifying Wildcards ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Australian Open -- Main Draw Wildcard Entries Draw ( edit ) Key ( edit ) Q = Qualifier WC = Wild Card LL = Lucky Loser Alt = Alternate SE = Special Exempt PR = Protected Ranking w / o = Walkover r = Retired d = Defaulted Finals ( edit ) Quarterfinals Semifinals Final Simona Halep 6 6 6 Karolína Plíšková Simona Halep 6 9 21 Angelique Kerber 6 7 21 Angelique Kerber 6 6 17 Madison Keys Simona Halep 6 6 Caroline Wozniacki ( details ) 7 6 Elise Mertens 6 6 Elina Svitolina 0 Elise Mertens 6 Caroline Wozniacki 6 7 Carla Suárez Navarro 0 7 Caroline Wozniacki 6 6 6 Top half ( edit ) Section 1 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round S Halep 7 6 WC D Aiava 6 S Halep 6 6 E Bouchard 6 7 E Bouchard O Dodin 6 S Halep 6 15 L Davis 6 6 6 L Davis 6 13 J Čepelová 7 L Davis 6 6 A Petkovic 6 10 A Petkovic 6 0 0 27 P Kvitová 6 8 S Halep 6 6 18 A Barty 6 6 6 N Osaka A Sabalenka 7 18 A Barty 5 6 6 C Giorgi 6 6 C Giorgi 7 Q A Kalinskaya 18 A Barty N Osaka 7 6 N Osaka 6 6 PR K Kučová 5 N Osaka 7 6 O Jabeur 16 E Vesnina 6 16 E Vesnina 6 6 Section 2 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 9 J Konta 6 6 M Brengle 9 J Konta 5 Q A Blinkova LL B Pera 6 7 LL B Pera 6 6 LL B Pera L Arruabarrena 6 6 20 B Strýcová 6 6 R Hogenkamp L Arruabarrena WC K Ahn 5 20 B Strýcová 6 6 20 B Strýcová 6 7 20 B Strýcová 7 29 L Šafářová 7 6 6 Ka Plíšková 6 6 6 WC A Tomljanović 5 29 L Šafářová 6 6 S Cîrstea 5 6 6 S Cîrstea Z Diyas 7 29 L Šafářová 6 5 WC L Cabrera 6 6 Ka Plíšková 7 7 B Haddad Maia 7 6 B Haddad Maia V Cepede Royg 6 Ka Plíšková 6 6 6 Ka Plíšková 6 6 Section 3 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round G Muguruza 6 6 WC J Ponchet G Muguruza 6 S-w Hsieh 0 6 8 S-w Hsieh 7 6 Q L Zhu 6 0 6 S-w Hsieh 6 7 N Vikhlyantseva 6 26 A Radwańska 5 L Tsurenko 6 6 L Tsurenko 6 5 Kr Plíšková 6 26 A Radwańska 7 6 26 A Radwańska 6 6 S-w Hsieh 6 5 21 A Kerber 6 6 21 A Kerber 7 6 PR A-L Friedsam 0 21 A Kerber 6 6 N Hibino 5 D Vekić D Vekić 7 6 21 A Kerber 6 6 T Maria M Sharapova M Sharapova 6 6 M Sharapova 6 7 V Lepchenko 6 14 A Sevastova 6 14 A Sevastova 6 6 Section 4 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 11 K Mladenovic A Bogdan 6 6 A Bogdan 6 6 Y Putintseva 7 7 Y Putintseva 6 H Watson 5 6 A Bogdan P Hercog 6 17 M Keys 6 6 E Alexandrova 7 6 E Alexandrova 0 Q Wang 5 17 M Keys 6 6 17 M Keys 6 7 17 M Keys 6 6 28 M Lučić - Baroni 7 5 6 8 C Garcia S Rogers 6 7 28 M Lučić - Baroni C McHale A Sasnovich 6 6 A Sasnovich 6 6 A Sasnovich 7 K Nara 5 8 C Garcia 6 5 6 M Vondroušová 7 6 M Vondroušová 7 6 C Witthöft 5 8 C Garcia 6 6 8 8 C Garcia 7 6 Bottom half ( edit ) Section 5 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 5 V Williams 5 B Bencic 6 7 B Bencic Q L Kumkhum 6 7 Q L Kumkhum 6 6 J Larsson 5 Q L Kumkhum 6 5 A Van Uytvanck 6 P Martić 6 7 P Martić 7 6 P Martić 6 7 I-C Begu 6 8 I-C Begu 6 31 E Makarova 6 6 P Martić 6 5 23 D Gavrilova 6 6 E Mertens 7 7 Q I Falconi 23 D Gavrilova 5 Q V Kužmová E Mertens 7 6 E Mertens 6 6 E Mertens 7 6 A Cornet 6 6 A Cornet 5 WC X Wang A Cornet 6 6 S Kenin 12 J Görges 12 J Görges 6 6 Section 6 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 13 S Stephens 6 6 S Zhang 7 6 S Zhang 6 Q D Allertová 6 6 Q D Allertová 6 7 P Parmentier 0 Q D Allertová 6 6 J Brady 6 M Linette M Linette 6 6 M Linette 7 6 Q AK Schmiedlová 0 22 D Kasatkina 6 22 D Kasatkina 6 6 Q D Allertová 0 25 S Peng E Svitolina 6 6 Q M Kostyuk 6 6 Q M Kostyuk 6 7 WC J Fourlis 7 WC O Rogowska 5 WC O Rogowska 6 6 6 Q M Kostyuk M Sakkari 7 E Svitolina 6 6 K Siniaková 6 6 6 K Siniaková 6 Q I Jorović E Svitolina 6 6 E Svitolina 6 6 Section 7 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 7 J Ostapenko 6 6 F Schiavone 7 J Ostapenko 6 6 Y Duan 6 6 Y Duan 6 M Duque Mariño 0 7 J Ostapenko 6 M Niculescu 5 32 A Kontaveit 6 6 M Barthel 6 7 M Barthel 6 A Krunić 5 32 A Kontaveit 6 6 32 A Kontaveit 6 7 32 A Kontaveit 6 6 24 D Cibulková C Suárez Navarro 6 8 K Kanepi 6 6 K Kanepi 6 6 S Stosur 6 6 M Puig M Puig 7 6 K Kanepi 6 C Suárez Navarro 7 6 C Suárez Navarro 6 6 Q M Fręch 5 C Suárez Navarro 6 6 T Babos 7 6 T Babos 6 10 C Vandeweghe 6 Section 8 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 15 A Pavlyuchenkova 6 6 K Kozlova 6 15 A Pavlyuchenkova Q V Golubic 6 6 K Bondarenko 6 6 K Bondarenko 7 6 K Bondarenko 5 6 K Flipkens 7 6 19 M Rybáriková 7 6 A Riske 6 6 K Flipkens 6 T Townsend 0 5 19 M Rybáriková 6 0 6 19 M Rybáriková 6 7 19 M Rybáriková 0 30 K Bertens 6 6 6 C Wozniacki 6 6 C Bellis 7 30 K Bertens 7 6 N Gibbs 6 6 N Gibbs 6 0 LL V Tomova 30 K Bertens J Fett 6 6 C Wozniacki 6 6 PR M Eguchi J Fett 6 5 M Buzărnescu C Wozniacki 6 7 C Wozniacki 6 6 References ( edit ) General Draw Specific Jump up ^ `` Caroline Wozniacki wins Australian Open title after epic battle with Halep '' . Guardian . 27 January 2018 . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Piers Newberry ( 27 January 2018 ) . `` Australian Open : Caroline Wozniacki beats Simona Halep to win first Grand Slam title '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ Simon Cambers ( 25 January 2018 ) . `` Simona Halep to meet Caroline Wozniacki in the Australian Open final '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 25 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Courtney Nguyen ( 11 January 2018 ) . `` No. 1 Chase : The Fab Five hunting Halep in Melbourne '' . WTA Insider . Jump up ^ `` Australian Open : Simona Halep beats Lauren Davis in a record - equalling three - set epic '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 20 January 2018 . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Open 2018 : Marta Kostyuk , 15 , reaches third round in Melbourne '' . BBC . 17 January 2018 . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Alex MacPherson ( 15 January 2018 ) . `` 15 - year - old Kostyuk ousts Peng in Slam debut '' . wtatennis.com . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . External links ( edit ) 2018 Australian Open -- Women 's Singles at the International Tennis Federation Australian Open ( Open Era ) singles drawsheets Men 's singles 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 Jan Dec 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Women 's singles 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 Jan Dec 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Australian Open women 's singles drawsheets Pre Open Era 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 -- 1945 ( WWII ) 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 Open Era 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Australian Open women 's singles champions ( 1969 ) Margaret Court ( 1970 ) Margaret Court ( 1971 ) Margaret Court ( 1972 ) Virginia Wade ( 1973 ) Margaret Court ( 1974 ) Evonne Goolagong ( 1975 ) Evonne Goolagong ( 1976 ) Evonne Goolagong ( 1977 ( Jan ) ) Kerry Reid ( 1977 ( Dec ) ) Evonne Goolagong ( 1978 ) Chris O'Neil ( 1979 ) Barbara Jordan ( 1980 ) Hana Mandlíková ( 1981 ) Martina Navratilova ( 1982 ) Chris Evert ( 1983 ) Martina Navratilova ( 1984 ) Chris Evert ( 1985 ) Martina Navratilova ( 1987 ) Hana Mandlíková ( 1988 ) Steffi Graf ( 1989 ) Steffi Graf ( 1990 ) Steffi Graf ( 1991 ) Monica Seles ( 1992 ) Monica Seles ( 1993 ) Monica Seles ( 1994 ) Steffi Graf ( 1995 ) Mary Pierce ( 1996 ) Monica Seles ( 1997 ) Martina Hingis ( 1998 ) Martina Hingis ( 1999 ) Martina Hingis ( 2000 ) Lindsay Davenport ( 2001 ) Jennifer Capriati ( 2002 ) Jennifer Capriati ( 2003 ) Serena Williams ( 2004 ) Justine Henin ( 2005 ) Serena Williams ( 2006 ) Amélie Mauresmo ( 2007 ) Serena Williams ( 2008 ) Maria Sharapova ( 2009 ) Serena Williams ( 2010 ) Serena Williams ( 2011 ) Kim Clijsters ( 2012 ) Victoria Azarenka ( 2013 ) Victoria Azarenka ( 2014 ) Li Na ( 2015 ) Serena Williams ( 2016 ) Angelique Kerber ( 2017 ) Serena Williams ( 2018 ) Caroline Wozniacki 2018 WTA Tour `` 2017 2019 '' Grand Slam events Australian Open ( S , D , X ) French Open ( S , D , X ) Wimbledon ( S , D , X ) US Open ( S , D , X ) WTA Premier Mandatory tournaments Indian Wells ( S , D ) Miami ( S , D ) Madrid ( S , D ) Beijing ( S , D ) WTA Premier 5 tournaments Doha ( S , D ) Rome ( S , D ) Toronto ( S , D ) Cincinnati ( S , D ) Wuhan ( S , D ) WTA Premier tournaments Brisbane ( S , D ) Sydney ( S , D ) St. Petersburg ( S , D ) Dubai ( S , D ) Charleston ( S , D ) Stuttgart ( S , D ) Birmingham ( S , D ) Eastbourne ( S , D ) San Jose ( S , D ) New Haven ( S , D ) Tokyo ( S , D ) Moscow ( S , D ) WTA International tournaments Auckland ( S , D ) Shenzhen ( S , D ) Hobart ( S , D ) Taipei ( S , D ) Budapest ( S , D ) Acapulco ( S , D ) Monterrey ( S , D ) Bogotá ( S , D ) Lugano ( S , D ) İstanbul ( S , D ) Prague ( S , D ) Rabat ( S , D ) Nuremberg ( S , D ) Strasbourg ( S , D ) ' s - Hertogenbosch ( S , D ) Nottingham ( S , D ) Santa Ponsa ( S , D ) Bucharest ( S , D ) Gstaad ( S , D ) Moscow ( S , D ) Nanchang ( S , D ) Washington D.C. ( S , D ) Hiroshima ( S , D ) Quebec City ( S , D ) Guangzhou ( S , D ) Seoul ( S , D ) Tashkent ( S , D ) Hong Kong ( S , D ) Linz ( S , D ) Tianjin ( S , D ) Luxembourg City ( S , D ) Team events Fed Cup World Group I + World Group II WG I Play - offs WG II Play - offs Americas Asia / Oceania Europe / Africa WTA Finals , Singapore ( S , D ) WTA Elite Trophy , Zhuhai ( S , D ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Australian_Open_ -- _Women % 27s_Singles&oldid = 842050696 '' Categories : 2018 Australian Open Australian Open ( tennis ) by year -- Women 's Singles 2018 in Australian women 's sport 2018 WTA Tour Hidden categories : Pages using infobox tennis tournament year footer with an unknown event Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Türkçe Українська 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 May 2018 , at 21 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who has won the women's singles title in the australian open 2018 | [
"Caroline Wozniacki became the first Danish player to win a Grand Slam singles title, defeating Simona Halep in the final, 7–6(7–2), 3–6, 6–4.[1] Wozniacki also regained the WTA no. 1 singles ranking for the first time since 2012.[2] Both finalists saved match points earlier in the tournament: Halep saved three match points against Lauren Davis in the third round and two match points against Angelique Kerber in the semifinals, while Wozniacki saved two match points against Jana Fett in the second round.[3]"
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"Caroline Wozniacki"
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5389355473233177930 | Formation and evolution of the Solar System | Formation and evolution of the Solar System - wikipedia Formation and evolution of the Solar System Artist 's conception of a protoplanetary disk The formation and evolution of the Solar System began 4.6 billion years ago with the gravitational collapse of a small part of a giant molecular cloud . Most of the collapsing mass collected in the center , forming the Sun , while the rest flattened into a protoplanetary disk out of which the planets , moons , asteroids , and other small Solar System bodies formed . This model , known as the nebular hypothesis and now refined as the Nice model ( 2005 ) , was first developed in the 18th century by Emanuel Swedenborg , Immanuel Kant , and Pierre - Simon Laplace . Its subsequent development has interwoven a variety of scientific disciplines including astronomy , physics , geology , and planetary science . Since the dawn of the space age in the 1950s and the discovery of extrasolar planets in the 1990 's , the model has been both challenged and refined to account for new observations . The Solar System has evolved considerably since its initial formation . Many moons have formed from circling discs of gas and dust around their parent planets , while other moons are thought to have formed independently and later been captured by their planets . Still others , such as Earth 's Moon , may be the result of giant collisions . Collisions between bodies have occurred continually up to the present day and have been central to the evolution of the Solar System . The positions of the planets often shifted due to gravitational interactions . This planetary migration is now thought to have been responsible for much of the Solar System 's early evolution . In roughly 5 billion years , the Sun will cool and expand outward to many times its current diameter ( becoming a red giant ) , before casting off its outer layers as a planetary nebula and leaving behind a stellar remnant known as a white dwarf . In the far distant future , the gravity of passing stars will gradually reduce the Sun 's retinue of planets . Some planets will be destroyed , others ejected into interstellar space . Ultimately , over the course of tens of billions of years , it is likely that the Sun will be left with none of the original bodies in orbit around it . Contents 1 History 2 Formation 2.1 Pre-solar nebula 2.2 Formation of the planets 3 Subsequent evolution 3.1 Terrestrial planets 3.2 Asteroid belt 3.3 Planetary migration 3.4 Late Heavy Bombardment and after 4 Moons 5 Future 5.1 Long - term stability 5.2 Moon -- ring systems 5.3 The Sun and planetary environments 6 Galactic interaction 6.1 Galactic collision and planetary disruption 7 Chronology 7.1 Timeline of Solar System evolution 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of Solar System formation and evolution hypotheses Pierre - Simon Laplace , one of the originators of the nebular hypothesis Ideas concerning the origin and fate of the world date from the earliest known writings ; however , for almost all of that time , there was no attempt to link such theories to the existence of a `` Solar System '' , simply because it was not generally thought that the Solar System , in the sense we now understand it , existed . The first step toward a theory of Solar System formation and evolution was the general acceptance of heliocentrism , which placed the Sun at the centre of the system and the Earth in orbit around it . This concept had developed for millennia ( Aristarchus of Samos had suggested it as early as 250 BC ) , but was not widely accepted until the end of the 17th century . The first recorded use of the term `` Solar System '' dates from 1704 . The current standard theory for Solar System formation , the nebular hypothesis , has fallen into and out of favour since its formulation by Emanuel Swedenborg , Immanuel Kant , and Pierre - Simon Laplace in the 18th century . The most significant criticism of the hypothesis was its apparent inability to explain the Sun 's relative lack of angular momentum when compared to the planets . However , since the early 1980s studies of young stars have shown them to be surrounded by cool discs of dust and gas , exactly as the nebular hypothesis predicts , which has led to its re-acceptance . Understanding of how the Sun is expected to continue to evolve required an understanding of the source of its power . Arthur Stanley Eddington 's confirmation of Albert Einstein 's theory of relativity led to his realisation that the Sun 's energy comes from nuclear fusion reactions in its core , fusing hydrogen into helium . In 1935 , Eddington went further and suggested that other elements also might form within stars . Fred Hoyle elaborated on this premise by arguing that evolved stars called red giants created many elements heavier than hydrogen and helium in their cores . When a red giant finally casts off its outer layers , these elements would then be recycled to form other star systems . Formation ( edit ) See also : Nebular hypothesis Pre-solar nebula ( edit ) The nebular hypothesis says that the Solar System formed from the gravitational collapse of a fragment of a giant molecular cloud . The cloud was about 20 parsec ( 65 light years ) across , while the fragments were roughly 1 parsec ( three and a quarter light - years ) across . The further collapse of the fragments led to the formation of dense cores 0.01 -- 0.1 pc ( 2,000 -- 20,000 AU ) in size . One of these collapsing fragments ( known as the pre-solar nebula ) formed what became the Solar System . The composition of this region with a mass just over that of the Sun ( M ) was about the same as that of the Sun today , with hydrogen , along with helium and trace amounts of lithium produced by Big Bang nucleosynthesis , forming about 98 % of its mass . The remaining 2 % of the mass consisted of heavier elements that were created by nucleosynthesis in earlier generations of stars . Late in the life of these stars , they ejected heavier elements into the interstellar medium . Hubble image of protoplanetary discs in the Orion Nebula , a light - years - wide `` stellar nursery '' probably very similar to the primordial nebula from which the Sun formed The oldest inclusions found in meteorites , thought to trace the first solid material to form in the pre-solar nebula , are 4568.2 million years old , which is one definition of the age of the Solar System . Studies of ancient meteorites reveal traces of stable daughter nuclei of short - lived isotopes , such as iron - 60 , that only form in exploding , short - lived stars . This indicates that one or more supernovae occurred near the Sun while it was forming . A shock wave from a supernova may have triggered the formation of the Sun by creating relatively dense regions within the cloud , causing these regions to collapse . Because only massive , short - lived stars produce supernovae , the Sun must have formed in a large star - forming region that produced massive stars , possibly similar to the Orion Nebula . Studies of the structure of the Kuiper belt and of anomalous materials within it suggest that the Sun formed within a cluster of between 1,000 and 10,000 stars with a diameter of between 6.5 and 19.5 light years and a collective mass of 3,000 M . This cluster began to break apart between 135 million and 535 million years after formation . Several simulations of our young Sun interacting with close - passing stars over the first 100 million years of its life produce anomalous orbits observed in the outer Solar System , such as detached objects . Because of the conservation of angular momentum , the nebula spun faster as it collapsed . As the material within the nebula condensed , the atoms within it began to collide with increasing frequency , converting their kinetic energy into heat . The centre , where most of the mass collected , became increasingly hotter than the surrounding disc . Over about 100,000 years , the competing forces of gravity , gas pressure , magnetic fields , and rotation caused the contracting nebula to flatten into a spinning protoplanetary disc with a diameter of about 200 AU and form a hot , dense protostar ( a star in which hydrogen fusion has not yet begun ) at the centre . At this point in its evolution , the Sun is thought to have been a T Tauri star . Studies of T Tauri stars show that they are often accompanied by discs of pre-planetary matter with masses of 0.001 -- 0.1 M . These discs extend to several hundred AU -- the Hubble Space Telescope has observed protoplanetary discs of up to 1000 AU in diameter in star - forming regions such as the Orion Nebula -- and are rather cool , reaching a surface temperature of only about 1000 kelvin at their hottest . Within 50 million years , the temperature and pressure at the core of the Sun became so great that its hydrogen began to fuse , creating an internal source of energy that countered gravitational contraction until hydrostatic equilibrium was achieved . This marked the Sun 's entry into the prime phase of its life , known as the main sequence . Main - sequence stars derive energy from the fusion of hydrogen into helium in their cores . The Sun remains a main - sequence star today . Formation of the planets ( edit ) See also : Protoplanetary disk Artist 's conception of the solar nebula The various planets are thought to have formed from the solar nebula , the disc - shaped cloud of gas and dust left over from the Sun 's formation . The currently accepted method by which the planets formed is accretion , in which the planets began as dust grains in orbit around the central protostar . Through direct contact , these grains formed into clumps up to 200 metres in diameter , which in turn collided to form larger bodies ( planetesimals ) of ~ 10 kilometres ( km ) in size . These gradually increased through further collisions , growing at the rate of centimetres per year over the course of the next few million years . The inner Solar System , the region of the Solar System inside 4 AU , was too warm for volatile molecules like water and methane to condense , so the planetesimals that formed there could only form from compounds with high melting points , such as metals ( like iron , nickel , and aluminium ) and rocky silicates . These rocky bodies would become the terrestrial planets ( Mercury , Venus , Earth , and Mars ) . These compounds are quite rare in the Universe , comprising only 0.6 % of the mass of the nebula , so the terrestrial planets could not grow very large . The terrestrial embryos grew to about 0.05 Earth masses ( M ) and ceased accumulating matter about 100,000 years after the formation of the Sun ; subsequent collisions and mergers between these planet - sized bodies allowed terrestrial planets to grow to their present sizes ( see Terrestrial planets below ) . When the terrestrial planets were forming , they remained immersed in a disk of gas and dust . The gas was partially supported by pressure and so did not orbit the Sun as rapidly as the planets . The resulting drag and , more importantly , gravitational interactions with the surrounding material caused a transfer of angular momentum , and as a result the planets gradually migrated to new orbits . Models show that density and temperature variations in the disk governed this rate of migration , but the net trend was for the inner planets to migrate inward as the disk dissipated , leaving the planets in their current orbits . The giant planets ( Jupiter , Saturn , Uranus , and Neptune ) formed further out , beyond the frost line , which is the point between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter where the material is cool enough for volatile icy compounds to remain solid . The ices that formed the Jovian planets were more abundant than the metals and silicates that formed the terrestrial planets , allowing the giant planets to grow massive enough to capture hydrogen and helium , the lightest and most abundant elements . Planetesimals beyond the frost line accumulated up to 4 M within about 3 million years . Today , the four giant planets comprise just under 99 % of all the mass orbiting the Sun . Theorists believe it is no accident that Jupiter lies just beyond the frost line . Because the frost line accumulated large amounts of water via evaporation from infalling icy material , it created a region of lower pressure that increased the speed of orbiting dust particles and halted their motion toward the Sun . In effect , the frost line acted as a barrier that caused material to accumulate rapidly at ~ 5 AU from the Sun . This excess material coalesced into a large embryo ( or core ) on the order of 10 M , which began to accumulate an envelope via accretion of gas from the surrounding disc at an ever - increasing rate . Once the envelope mass became about equal to the solid core mass , growth proceeded very rapidly , reaching about 150 Earth masses ~ 10 years thereafter and finally topping out at 318 M . Saturn may owe its substantially lower mass simply to having formed a few million years after Jupiter , when there was less gas available to consume . T Tauri stars like the young Sun have far stronger stellar winds than more stable , older stars . Uranus and Neptune are thought to have formed after Jupiter and Saturn did , when the strong solar wind had blown away much of the disc material . As a result , the planets accumulated little hydrogen and helium -- not more than 1 M each . Uranus and Neptune are sometimes referred to as failed cores . The main problem with formation theories for these planets is the timescale of their formation . At the current locations it would have taken millions of years for their cores to accrete . This means that Uranus and Neptune may have formed closer to the Sun -- near or even between Jupiter and Saturn -- and later migrated or were ejected outward ( see Planetary migration below ) . Motion in the planetesimal era was not all inward toward the Sun ; the Stardust sample return from Comet Wild 2 has suggested that materials from the early formation of the Solar System migrated from the warmer inner Solar System to the region of the Kuiper belt . After between three and ten million years , the young Sun 's solar wind would have cleared away all the gas and dust in the protoplanetary disc , blowing it into interstellar space , thus ending the growth of the planets . Subsequent evolution ( edit ) Artist 's conception of the giant impact thought to have formed the Moon The planets were originally thought to have formed in or near their current orbits . From that a minimum mass of the nebula i.e. the protoplanetary disc , was derived that was necessary to form the planets - the minimum mass solar nebula . It was derived that the nebula mass must have exceeded 3585 times that of the Earth . However , this has been questioned during the last 20 years . Currently , many planetary scientists think that the Solar System might have looked very different after its initial formation : several objects at least as massive as Mercury were present in the inner Solar System , the outer Solar System was much more compact than it is now , and the Kuiper belt was much closer to the Sun . Terrestrial planets ( edit ) At the end of the planetary formation epoch the inner Solar System was populated by 50 -- 100 Moon - to Mars - sized planetary embryos . Further growth was possible only because these bodies collided and merged , which took less than 100 million years . These objects would have gravitationally interacted with one another , tugging at each other 's orbits until they collided , growing larger until the four terrestrial planets we know today took shape . One such giant collision is thought to have formed the Moon ( see Moons below ) , while another removed the outer envelope of the young Mercury . One unresolved issue with this model is that it can not explain how the initial orbits of the proto - terrestrial planets , which would have needed to be highly eccentric to collide , produced the remarkably stable and nearly circular orbits they have today . One hypothesis for this `` eccentricity dumping '' is that the terrestrials formed in a disc of gas still not expelled by the Sun . The `` gravitational drag '' of this residual gas would have eventually lowered the planets ' energy , smoothing out their orbits . However , such gas , if it existed , would have prevented the terrestrial planets ' orbits from becoming so eccentric in the first place . Another hypothesis is that gravitational drag occurred not between the planets and residual gas but between the planets and the remaining small bodies . As the large bodies moved through the crowd of smaller objects , the smaller objects , attracted by the larger planets ' gravity , formed a region of higher density , a `` gravitational wake '' , in the larger objects ' path . As they did so , the increased gravity of the wake slowed the larger objects down into more regular orbits . Asteroid belt ( edit ) The outer edge of the terrestrial region , between 2 and 4 AU from the Sun , is called the asteroid belt . The asteroid belt initially contained more than enough matter to form 2 -- 3 Earth - like planets , and , indeed , a large number of planetesimals formed there . As with the terrestrials , planetesimals in this region later coalesced and formed 20 -- 30 Moon - to Mars - sized planetary embryos ; however , the proximity of Jupiter meant that after this planet formed , 3 million years after the Sun , the region 's history changed dramatically . Orbital resonances with Jupiter and Saturn are particularly strong in the asteroid belt , and gravitational interactions with more massive embryos scattered many planetesimals into those resonances . Jupiter 's gravity increased the velocity of objects within these resonances , causing them to shatter upon collision with other bodies , rather than accrete . As Jupiter migrated inward following its formation ( see Planetary migration below ) , resonances would have swept across the asteroid belt , dynamically exciting the region 's population and increasing their velocities relative to each other . The cumulative action of the resonances and the embryos either scattered the planetesimals away from the asteroid belt or excited their orbital inclinations and eccentricities . Some of those massive embryos too were ejected by Jupiter , while others may have migrated to the inner Solar System and played a role in the final accretion of the terrestrial planets . During this primary depletion period , the effects of the giant planets and planetary embryos left the asteroid belt with a total mass equivalent to less than 1 % that of the Earth , composed mainly of small planetesimals . This is still 10 -- 20 times more than the current mass in the main belt , which is now about 1 / 2,000 M . A secondary depletion period that brought the asteroid belt down close to its present mass is thought to have followed when Jupiter and Saturn entered a temporary 2 : 1 orbital resonance ( see below ) . The inner Solar System 's period of giant impacts probably played a role in the Earth acquiring its current water content ( ~ 6 × 10 kg ) from the early asteroid belt . Water is too volatile to have been present at Earth 's formation and must have been subsequently delivered from outer , colder parts of the Solar System . The water was probably delivered by planetary embryos and small planetesimals thrown out of the asteroid belt by Jupiter . A population of main - belt comets discovered in 2006 has been also suggested as a possible source for Earth 's water . In contrast , comets from the Kuiper belt or farther regions delivered not more than about 6 % of Earth 's water . The panspermia hypothesis holds that life itself may have been deposited on Earth in this way , although this idea is not widely accepted . Planetary migration ( edit ) Main articles : Nice model and Grand tack hypothesis According to the nebular hypothesis , the outer two planets may be in the `` wrong place '' . Uranus and Neptune ( known as the `` ice giants '' ) exist in a region where the reduced density of the solar nebula and longer orbital times render their formation highly implausible . The two are instead thought to have formed in orbits near Jupiter and Saturn , where more material was available , and to have migrated outward to their current positions over hundreds of millions of years . Simulation showing outer planets and Kuiper belt : a ) Before Jupiter / Saturn 2 : 1 resonance b ) Scattering of Kuiper belt objects into the Solar System after the orbital shift of Neptune c ) After ejection of Kuiper belt bodies by Jupiter The migration of the outer planets is also necessary to account for the existence and properties of the Solar System 's outermost regions . Beyond Neptune , the Solar System continues into the Kuiper belt , the scattered disc , and the Oort cloud , three sparse populations of small icy bodies thought to be the points of origin for most observed comets . At their distance from the Sun , accretion was too slow to allow planets to form before the solar nebula dispersed , and thus the initial disc lacked enough mass density to consolidate into a planet . The Kuiper belt lies between 30 and 55 AU from the Sun , while the farther scattered disc extends to over 100 AU , and the distant Oort cloud begins at about 50,000 AU . Originally , however , the Kuiper belt was much denser and closer to the Sun , with an outer edge at approximately 30 AU . Its inner edge would have been just beyond the orbits of Uranus and Neptune , which were in turn far closer to the Sun when they formed ( most likely in the range of 15 -- 20 AU ) , and in 50 % of simulations ended up opposite locations , with Uranus farther from the Sun than Neptune . According to the Nice model , after the formation of the Solar System , the orbits of all the giant planets continued to change slowly , influenced by their interaction with the large number of remaining planetesimals . After 500 -- 600 million years ( about 4 billion years ago ) Jupiter and Saturn fell into a 2 : 1 resonance : Saturn orbited the Sun once for every two Jupiter orbits . This resonance created a gravitational push against the outer planets , possibly causing Neptune to surge past Uranus and plough into the ancient Kuiper belt . The planets scattered the majority of the small icy bodies inwards , while themselves moving outwards . These planetesimals then scattered off the next planet they encountered in a similar manner , moving the planets ' orbits outwards while they moved inwards . This process continued until the planetesimals interacted with Jupiter , whose immense gravity sent them into highly elliptical orbits or even ejected them outright from the Solar System . This caused Jupiter to move slightly inward . Those objects scattered by Jupiter into highly elliptical orbits formed the Oort cloud ; those objects scattered to a lesser degree by the migrating Neptune formed the current Kuiper belt and scattered disc . This scenario explains the Kuiper belt 's and scattered disc 's present low mass . Some of the scattered objects , including Pluto , became gravitationally tied to Neptune 's orbit , forcing them into mean - motion resonances . Eventually , friction within the planetesimal disc made the orbits of Uranus and Neptune circular again . In contrast to the outer planets , the inner planets are not thought to have migrated significantly over the age of the Solar System , because their orbits have remained stable following the period of giant impacts . Another question is why Mars came out so small compared with Earth . A study by Southwest Research Institute , San Antonio , Texas , published June 6 , 2011 ( called the Grand tack hypothesis ) , proposes that Jupiter had migrated inward to 1.5 AU . After Saturn formed , migrated inward , and established the 2 : 3 mean motion resonance with Jupiter , the study assumes that both planets migrated back to their present positions . Jupiter thus would have consumed much of the material that would have created a bigger Mars . The same simulations also reproduce the characteristics of the modern asteroid belt , with dry asteroids and water - rich objects similar to comets . However , it is unclear whether conditions in the solar nebula would have allowed Jupiter and Saturn to move back to their current positions , and according to current estimates this possibility appears unlikely . Moreover , alternative explanations for the small mass of Mars exist . Late Heavy Bombardment and after ( edit ) Life timeline view discuss edit - 4500 -- -- - 4000 -- -- - 3500 -- -- - 3000 -- -- - 2500 -- -- - 2000 -- -- - 1500 -- -- - 1000 -- -- - 500 -- -- 0 -- water Single - celled life photosynthesis Eukaryotes Multicellular life Arthropods Molluscs Plants Dinosaurs Mammals Flowers Birds Primates ← Earth ( − 4540 ) ← Earliest water ← Earliest life ← Earliest oxygen ← Atmospheric oxygen ← Oxygen crisis ← Sexual reproduction ← Earliest plants ← Ediacara biota ← Cambrian explosion ← Tetrapoda ← Earliest apes h n r o z o i r o r o z o i r h n d n Pongola Huronian Cryogenian Andean Karoo Quaternary Ice_Ages Axis scale : million years Also see : Human timeline and Nature timeline Main article : Late Heavy Bombardment Meteor Crater in Arizona . Created 50,000 years ago by an impactor about 50 metres ( 160 ft ) across , it shows that the accretion of the Solar System is not over . Gravitational disruption from the outer planets ' migration would have sent large numbers of asteroids into the inner Solar System , severely depleting the original belt until it reached today 's extremely low mass . This event may have triggered the Late Heavy Bombardment that occurred approximately 4 billion years ago , 500 -- 600 million years after the formation of the Solar System . This period of heavy bombardment lasted several hundred million years and is evident in the cratering still visible on geologically dead bodies of the inner Solar System such as the Moon and Mercury . The oldest known evidence for life on Earth dates to 3.8 billion years ago -- almost immediately after the end of the Late Heavy Bombardment . Impacts are thought to be a regular ( if currently infrequent ) part of the evolution of the Solar System . That they continue to happen is evidenced by the collision of Comet Shoemaker -- Levy 9 with Jupiter in 1994 , the 2009 Jupiter impact event , the Tunguska event , the Chelyabinsk meteor and the impact feature Meteor Crater in Arizona . The process of accretion , therefore , is not complete , and may still pose a threat to life on Earth . Over the course of the Solar System 's evolution , comets were ejected out of the inner Solar System by the gravity of the giant planets , and sent thousands of AU outward to form the Oort cloud , a spherical outer swarm of cometary nuclei at the farthest extent of the Sun 's gravitational pull . Eventually , after about 800 million years , the gravitational disruption caused by galactic tides , passing stars and giant molecular clouds began to deplete the cloud , sending comets into the inner Solar System . The evolution of the outer Solar System also appears to have been influenced by space weathering from the solar wind , micrometeorites , and the neutral components of the interstellar medium . The evolution of the asteroid belt after Late Heavy Bombardment was mainly governed by collisions . Objects with large mass have enough gravity to retain any material ejected by a violent collision . In the asteroid belt this usually is not the case . As a result , many larger objects have been broken apart , and sometimes newer objects have been forged from the remnants in less violent collisions . Moons around some asteroids currently can only be explained as consolidations of material flung away from the parent object without enough energy to entirely escape its gravity . Moons ( edit ) See also : Giant - impact hypothesis Moons have come to exist around most planets and many other Solar System bodies . These natural satellites originated by one of three possible mechanisms : Co-formation from a circumplanetary disc ( only in the cases of the giant planets ) ; Formation from impact debris ( given a large enough impact at a shallow angle ) ; and Capture of a passing object . Jupiter and Saturn have several large moons , such as Io , Europa , Ganymede and Titan , which may have originated from discs around each giant planet in much the same way that the planets formed from the disc around the Sun . This origin is indicated by the large sizes of the moons and their proximity to the planet . These attributes are impossible to achieve via capture , while the gaseous nature of the primaries also make formation from collision debris unlikely . The outer moons of the giant planets tend to be small and have eccentric orbits with arbitrary inclinations . These are the characteristics expected of captured bodies . Most such moons orbit in the direction opposite the rotation of their primary . The largest irregular moon is Neptune 's moon Triton , which is thought to be a captured Kuiper belt object . Moons of solid Solar System bodies have been created by both collisions and capture . Mars 's two small moons , Deimos and Phobos , are thought to be captured asteroids . The Earth 's Moon is thought to have formed as a result of a single , large head - on collision . The impacting object probably had a mass comparable to that of Mars , and the impact probably occurred near the end of the period of giant impacts . The collision kicked into orbit some of the impactor 's mantle , which then coalesced into the Moon . The impact was probably the last in the series of mergers that formed the Earth . It has been further hypothesized that the Mars - sized object may have formed at one of the stable Earth -- Sun Lagrangian points ( either L or L ) and drifted from its position . The moons of trans - Neptunian objects Pluto ( Charon ) and Orcus ( Vanth ) may also have formed by means of a large collision : the Pluto -- Charon , Orcus -- Vanth and Earth -- Moon systems are unusual in the Solar System in that the satellite 's mass is at least 1 % that of the larger body . Future ( edit ) Astronomers estimate that the Solar System as we know it today will not change drastically until the Sun has fused almost all the hydrogen fuel in its core into helium , beginning its evolution from the main sequence of the Hertzsprung -- Russell diagram and into its red - giant phase . Even so , the Solar System will continue to evolve until then . Long - term Stability ( edit ) Main article : Stability of the Solar System The Solar System is chaotic over million - and billion - year timescales , with the orbits of the planets open to long - term variations . One notable example of this chaos is the Neptune -- Pluto system , which lies in a 3 : 2 orbital resonance . Although the resonance itself will remain stable , it becomes impossible to predict the position of Pluto with any degree of accuracy more than 10 -- 20 million years ( the Lyapunov time ) into the future . Another example is Earth 's axial tilt , which , due to friction raised within Earth 's mantle by tidal interactions with the Moon ( see below ) , will be incomputable at some point between 1.5 and 4.5 billion years from now . The outer planets ' orbits are chaotic over longer timescales , with a Lyapunov time in the range of 2 -- 230 million years . In all cases this means that the position of a planet along its orbit ultimately becomes impossible to predict with any certainty ( so , for example , the timing of winter and summer become uncertain ) , but in some cases the orbits themselves may change dramatically . Such chaos manifests most strongly as changes in eccentricity , with some planets ' orbits becoming significantly more -- or less -- elliptical . Ultimately , the Solar System is stable in that none of the planets are likely to collide with each other or be ejected from the system in the next few billion years . Beyond this , within five billion years or so Mars 's eccentricity may grow to around 0.2 , such that it lies on an Earth - crossing orbit , leading to a potential collision . In the same timescale , Mercury 's eccentricity may grow even further , and a close encounter with Venus could theoretically eject it from the Solar System altogether or send it on a collision course with Venus or Earth . This could happen within a billion years , according to numerical simulations in which Mercury 's orbit is perturbed . Moon -- ring systems ( edit ) The evolution of moon systems is driven by tidal forces . A moon will raise a tidal bulge in the object it orbits ( the primary ) due to the differential gravitational force across diameter of the primary . If a moon is revolving in the same direction as the planet 's rotation and the planet is rotating faster than the orbital period of the moon , the bulge will constantly be pulled ahead of the moon . In this situation , angular momentum is transferred from the rotation of the primary to the revolution of the satellite . The moon gains energy and gradually spirals outward , while the primary rotates more slowly over time . The Earth and its Moon are one example of this configuration . Today , the Moon is tidally locked to the Earth ; one of its revolutions around the Earth ( currently about 29 days ) is equal to one of its rotations about its axis , so it always shows one face to the Earth . The Moon will continue to recede from Earth , and Earth 's spin will continue to slow gradually . In about 50 billion years , if they survive the Sun 's expansion , the Earth and Moon will become tidally locked to each other ; each will be caught up in what is called a `` spin -- orbit resonance '' in which the Moon will circle the Earth in about 47 days and both Moon and Earth will rotate around their axes in the same time , each only visible from one hemisphere of the other . Other examples are the Galilean moons of Jupiter ( as well as many of Jupiter 's smaller moons ) and most of the larger moons of Saturn . Neptune and its moon Triton , taken by Voyager 2 . Triton 's orbit will eventually take it within Neptune 's Roche limit , tearing it apart and possibly forming a new ring system . A different scenario occurs when the moon is either revolving around the primary faster than the primary rotates , or is revolving in the direction opposite the planet 's rotation . In these cases , the tidal bulge lags behind the moon in its orbit . In the former case , the direction of angular momentum transfer is reversed , so the rotation of the primary speeds up while the satellite 's orbit shrinks . In the latter case , the angular momentum of the rotation and revolution have opposite signs , so transfer leads to decreases in the magnitude of each ( that cancel each other out ) . In both cases , tidal deceleration causes the moon to spiral in towards the primary until it either is torn apart by tidal stresses , potentially creating a planetary ring system , or crashes into the planet 's surface or atmosphere . Such a fate awaits the moons Phobos of Mars ( within 30 to 50 million years ) , Triton of Neptune ( in 3.6 billion years ) , Metis and Adrastea of Jupiter , and at least 16 small satellites of Uranus and Neptune . Uranus 's Desdemona may even collide with one of its neighboring moons . A third possibility is where the primary and moon are tidally locked to each other . In that case , the tidal bulge stays directly under the moon , there is no transfer of angular momentum , and the orbital period will not change . Pluto and Charon are an example of this type of configuration . Prior to the 2004 arrival of the Cassini -- Huygens spacecraft , the rings of Saturn were widely thought to be much younger than the Solar System and were not expected to survive beyond another 300 million years . Gravitational interactions with Saturn 's moons were expected to gradually sweep the rings ' outer edge toward the planet , with abrasion by meteorites and Saturn 's gravity eventually taking the rest , leaving Saturn unadorned . However , data from the Cassini mission led scientists to revise that early view . Observations revealed 10 km - wide icy clumps of material that repeatedly break apart and reform , keeping the rings fresh . Saturn 's rings are far more massive than the rings of the other giant planets . This large mass is thought to have preserved Saturn 's rings since it first formed 4.5 billion years ago , and is likely to preserve them for billions of years to come . The Sun and planetary environments ( edit ) See also : Stellar evolution and Future of Earth In the long term , the greatest changes in the Solar System will come from changes in the Sun itself as it ages . As the Sun burns through its supply of hydrogen fuel , it gets hotter and burns the remaining fuel even faster . As a result , the Sun is growing brighter at a rate of ten percent every 1.1 billion years . In one billion years ' time , as the Sun 's radiation output increases , its circumstellar habitable zone will move outwards , making the Earth 's surface too hot for liquid water to exist there naturally . At this point , all life on land will become extinct . Evaporation of water , a potent greenhouse gas , from the oceans ' surface could accelerate temperature increase , potentially ending all life on Earth even sooner . During this time , it is possible that as Mars 's surface temperature gradually rises , carbon dioxide and water currently frozen under the surface regolith will release into the atmosphere , creating a greenhouse effect that will heat the planet until it achieves conditions parallel to Earth today , providing a potential future abode for life . By 3.5 billion years from now , Earth 's surface conditions will be similar to those of Venus today . Relative size of the Sun as it is now ( inset ) compared to its estimated future size as a red giant Around 5.4 billion years from now , the core of the Sun will become hot enough to trigger hydrogen fusion in its surrounding shell . This will cause the outer layers of the star to expand greatly , and the star will enter a phase of its life in which it is called a red giant . Within 7.5 billion years , the Sun will have expanded to a radius of 1.2 AU -- 256 times its current size . At the tip of the red giant branch , as a result of the vastly increased surface area , the Sun 's surface will be much cooler ( about 2600 K ) than now and its luminosity much higher -- up to 2,700 current solar luminosities . For part of its red giant life , the Sun will have a strong stellar wind that will carry away around 33 % of its mass . During these times , it is possible that Saturn 's moon Titan could achieve surface temperatures necessary to support life . As the Sun expands , it will swallow the planets Mercury and Venus . Earth 's fate is less clear ; although the Sun will envelop Earth 's current orbit , the star 's loss of mass ( and thus weaker gravity ) will cause the planets ' orbits to move farther out . If it were only for this , Venus and Earth would probably escape incineration , but a 2008 study suggests that Earth will likely be swallowed up as a result of tidal interactions with the Sun 's weakly bound outer envelope . Gradually , the hydrogen burning in the shell around the solar core will increase the mass of the core until it reaches about 45 % of the present solar mass . At this point the density and temperature will become so high that the fusion of helium into carbon will begin , leading to a helium flash ; the Sun will shrink from around 250 to 11 times its present ( main - sequence ) radius . Consequently , its luminosity will decrease from around 3,000 to 54 times its current level , and its surface temperature will increase to about 4770 K . The Sun will become a horizontal giant , burning helium in its core in a stable fashion much like it burns hydrogen today . The helium - fusing stage will last only 100 million years . Eventually , it will have to again resort to the reserves of hydrogen and helium in its outer layers and will expand a second time , turning into what is known as an asymptotic giant . Here the luminosity of the Sun will increase again , reaching about 2,090 present luminosities , and it will cool to about 3500 K . This phase lasts about 30 million years , after which , over the course of a further 100,000 years , the Sun 's remaining outer layers will fall away , ejecting a vast stream of matter into space and forming a halo known ( misleadingly ) as a planetary nebula . The ejected material will contain the helium and carbon produced by the Sun 's nuclear reactions , continuing the enrichment of the interstellar medium with heavy elements for future generations of stars . The Ring nebula , a planetary nebula similar to what the Sun will become This is a relatively peaceful event , nothing akin to a supernova , which the Sun is too small to undergo as part of its evolution . Any observer present to witness this occurrence would see a massive increase in the speed of the solar wind , but not enough to destroy a planet completely . However , the star 's loss of mass could send the orbits of the surviving planets into chaos , causing some to collide , others to be ejected from the Solar System , and still others to be torn apart by tidal interactions . Afterwards , all that will remain of the Sun is a white dwarf , an extraordinarily dense object , 54 % its original mass but only the size of the Earth . Initially , this white dwarf may be 100 times as luminous as the Sun is now . It will consist entirely of degenerate carbon and oxygen , but will never reach temperatures hot enough to fuse these elements . Thus the white dwarf Sun will gradually cool , growing dimmer and dimmer . As the Sun dies , its gravitational pull on the orbiting bodies such as planets , comets and asteroids will weaken due to its mass loss . All remaining planets ' orbits will expand ; if Venus , Earth , and Mars still exist , their orbits will lie roughly at 1.4 AU ( 210,000,000 km ) , 1.9 AU ( 280,000,000 km ) , and 2.8 AU ( 420,000,000 km ) . They and the other remaining planets will become dark , frigid hulks , completely devoid of any form of life . They will continue to orbit their star , their speed slowed due to their increased distance from the Sun and the Sun 's reduced gravity . Two billion years later , when the Sun has cooled to the 6000 -- 8000K range , the carbon and oxygen in the Sun 's core will freeze , with over 90 % of its remaining mass assuming a crystalline structure . Eventually , after billions more years , the Sun will finally cease to shine altogether , becoming a black dwarf . Galactic interaction ( edit ) Location of the Solar System within the Milky Way The Solar System travels alone through the Milky Way in a circular orbit approximately 30,000 light years from the Galactic Centre . Its speed is about 220 km / s . The period required for the Solar System to complete one revolution around the Galactic Centre , the galactic year , is in the range of 220 -- 250 million years . Since its formation , the Solar System has completed at least 20 such revolutions . Various scientists have speculated that the Solar System 's path through the galaxy is a factor in the periodicity of mass extinctions observed in the Earth 's fossil record . One hypothesis supposes that vertical oscillations made by the Sun as it orbits the Galactic Centre cause it to regularly pass through the galactic plane . When the Sun 's orbit takes it outside the galactic disc , the influence of the galactic tide is weaker ; as it re-enters the galactic disc , as it does every 20 -- 25 million years , it comes under the influence of the far stronger `` disc tides '' , which , according to mathematical models , increase the flux of Oort cloud comets into the Solar System by a factor of 4 , leading to a massive increase in the likelihood of a devastating impact . However , others argue that the Sun is currently close to the galactic plane , and yet the last great extinction event was 15 million years ago . Therefore , the Sun 's vertical position can not alone explain such periodic extinctions , and that extinctions instead occur when the Sun passes through the galaxy 's spiral arms . Spiral arms are home not only to larger numbers of molecular clouds , whose gravity may distort the Oort cloud , but also to higher concentrations of bright blue giants , which live for relatively short periods and then explode violently as supernovae . Galactic collision and planetary disruption ( edit ) Main article : Andromeda -- Milky Way collision Although the vast majority of galaxies in the Universe are moving away from the Milky Way , the Andromeda Galaxy , the largest member of the Local Group of galaxies , is heading toward it at about 120 km / s . In 4 billion years , Andromeda and the Milky Way will collide , causing both to deform as tidal forces distort their outer arms into vast tidal tails . If this initial disruption occurs , astronomers calculate a 12 % chance that the Solar System will be pulled outward into the Milky Way 's tidal tail and a 3 % chance that it will become gravitationally bound to Andromeda and thus a part of that galaxy . After a further series of glancing blows , during which the likelihood of the Solar System 's ejection rises to 30 % , the galaxies ' supermassive black holes will merge . Eventually , in roughly 6 billion years , the Milky Way and Andromeda will complete their merger into a giant elliptical galaxy . During the merger , if there is enough gas , the increased gravity will force the gas to the centre of the forming elliptical galaxy . This may lead to a short period of intensive star formation called a starburst . In addition , the infalling gas will feed the newly formed black hole , transforming it into an active galactic nucleus . The force of these interactions will likely push the Solar System into the new galaxy 's outer halo , leaving it relatively unscathed by the radiation from these collisions . It is a common misconception that this collision will disrupt the orbits of the planets in the Solar System . Although it is true that the gravity of passing stars can detach planets into interstellar space , distances between stars are so great that the likelihood of the Milky Way -- Andromeda collision causing such disruption to any individual star system is negligible . Although the Solar System as a whole could be affected by these events , the Sun and planets are not expected to be disturbed . However , over time , the cumulative probability of a chance encounter with a star increases , and disruption of the planets becomes all but inevitable . Assuming that the Big Crunch or Big Rip scenarios for the end of the Universe do not occur , calculations suggest that the gravity of passing stars will have completely stripped the dead Sun of its remaining planets within 1 quadrillion ( 10 ) years . This point marks the end of the Solar System . Although the Sun and planets may survive , the Solar System , in any meaningful sense , will cease to exist . Chronology ( edit ) The time frame of the Solar System 's formation has been determined using radiometric dating . Scientists estimate that the Solar System is 4.6 billion years old . The oldest known mineral grains on Earth are approximately 4.4 billion years old . Rocks this old are rare , as Earth 's surface is constantly being reshaped by erosion , volcanism , and plate tectonics . To estimate the age of the Solar System , scientists use meteorites , which were formed during the early condensation of the solar nebula . Almost all meteorites ( see the Canyon Diablo meteorite ) are found to have an age of 4.6 billion years , suggesting that the Solar System must be at least this old . Studies of discs around other stars have also done much to establish a time frame for Solar System formation . Stars between one and three million years old have discs rich in gas , whereas discs around stars more than 10 million years old have little to no gas , suggesting that giant planets within them have ceased forming . Timeline of Solar System evolution ( edit ) A graphical timeline is available at Graphical timeline of Earth and Sun Note : All dates and times in this chronology are approximate and should be taken as an order of magnitude indicator only . Chronology of the formation and evolution of the Solar System Phase Time since formation of the Sun Time from present ( approximate ) Event Pre-Solar System Billions of years before the formation of the Solar System Over 4.6 billion years ago ( bya ) Previous generations of stars live and die , injecting heavy elements into the interstellar medium out of which the Solar System formed . ~ 50 million years before formation of the Solar System 4.6 bya If the Solar System formed in an Orion nebula - like star - forming region , the most massive stars are formed , live their lives , die , and explode in supernova . One particular supernova , called the primal supernova , possibly triggers the formation of the Solar System . Formation of Sun 0 -- 100,000 years 4.6 bya Pre-solar nebula forms and begins to collapse . Sun begins to form . 100,000 -- 50 million years 4.6 bya Sun is a T Tauri protostar . 100,000 -- 10 million years 4.6 bya By 10 million years , gas in the protoplanetary disc has been blown away , and outer planet formation is likely complete . 10 million -- 100 million years 4.5 -- 4.6 bya Terrestrial planets and the Moon form . Giant impacts occur . Water delivered to Earth . Main sequence 50 million years 4.5 bya Sun becomes a main - sequence star . 200 million years 4.4 bya Oldest known rocks on the Earth formed . 500 million -- 600 million years 4.0 -- 4.1 bya Resonance in Jupiter and Saturn 's orbits moves Neptune out into the Kuiper belt . Late Heavy Bombardment occurs in the inner Solar System . 800 million years 3.8 bya Oldest known life on Earth . Oort cloud reaches maximum mass . 4.6 billion years Today Sun remains a main - sequence star , continually growing warmer and brighter by ~ 10 % every 1 billion years . 6 billion years 1.4 billion years in the future Sun 's habitable zone moves outside of the Earth 's orbit , possibly shifting onto Mars 's orbit . 7 billion years 2.4 billion years in the future The Milky Way and Andromeda Galaxy begin to collide . Slight chance the Solar System could be captured by Andromeda before the two galaxies fuse completely . Post -- main sequence 10 billion -- 12 billion years 5 -- 7 billion years in the future Sun starts burning hydrogen in a shell surrounding its core , ending its main sequence life . Sun begins to ascend the red giant branch of the Hertzsprung -- Russell diagram , growing dramatically more luminous ( by a factor of up to 2,700 ) , larger ( by a factor of up to 250 in radius ) , and cooler ( down to 2600 K ) : Sun is now a red giant . Mercury and possibly Venus and Earth are swallowed . Saturn 's moon Titan may become habitable . ~ 12 billion years ~ 7 billion years in the future Sun passes through helium - burning horizontal - branch and asymptotic - giant - branch phases , losing a total of ~ 30 % of its mass in all post-main - sequence phases . The asymptotic - giant - branch phase ends with the ejection of a planetary nebula , leaving the core of the Sun behind as a white dwarf . Remnant Sun ~ 1 quadrillion years ( 10 years ) ~ 1 quadrillion years in the future Sun cools to 5 K. Gravity of passing stars detaches planets from orbits . Solar System ceases to exist . See also ( edit ) Book : Solar System Accretion Age of the Earth Big Bang Chronology of the universe Cosmology Galaxy formation and evolution History of Earth Scale height Space and survival Stellar evolution Structure formation Tidal locking Timeline of the far future Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ An astronomical unit , or AU , is the average distance between the Earth and the Sun , or about 150 million kilometres . It is the standard unit of measurement for interplanetary distances . Jump up ^ The combined mass of Jupiter , Saturn , Uranus and Neptune is 445.6 Earth masses . The mass of remaining material is ~ 5.26 Earth masses or 1.1 % ( see Solar System # Notes and List of Solar System objects by mass ) Jump up ^ The reason that Saturn , Uranus and Neptune all moved outward whereas Jupiter moved inward is that Jupiter is massive enough to eject planetesimals from the Solar System , while the other three outer planets are not . To eject an object from the Solar System , Jupiter transfers energy to it , and so loses some of its own orbital energy and moves inwards . When Neptune , Uranus and Saturn perturb planetesimals outwards , those planetesimals end up in highly eccentric but still bound orbits , and so can return to the perturbing planet and possibly return its lost energy . On the other hand , when Neptune , Uranus and Saturn perturb objects inwards , those planets gain energy by doing so and therefore move outwards . More importantly , an object being perturbed inwards stands a greater chance of encountering Jupiter and being ejected from the Solar System , in which case the energy gains of Neptune , Uranus and Saturn obtained from their inwards deflections of the ejected object become permanent . Jump up ^ In all of these cases of transfer of angular momentum and energy , the angular momentum of the two - body system is conserved . In contrast , the summed energy of the moon 's revolution plus the primary 's rotation is not conserved , but decreases over time , due to dissipation via frictional heat generated by the movement of the tidal bulge through the body of the primary . If the primary were a frictionless ideal fluid , the tidal bulge would be centered under the satellite , and no transfer would take place . It is the loss of dynamical energy through friction that makes transfer of angular momentum possible . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Audrey Bouvier ; Meenakshi Wadhwa ( 2010 ) . `` The age of the solar system redefined by the oldest Pb - Pb age of a meteoritic inclusion '' . Nature Geoscience. 3 : 637 -- 641 . Bibcode : 2010NatGe ... 3 ... 637B . doi : 10.1038 / NGEO941 . ^ Jump up to : Gomes , R. ; Levison , Harold F. ; Tsiganis , K. ; Morbidelli , Alessandro ( 2005 ) . `` Origin of the cataclysmic Late Heavy Bombardment period of the terrestrial planets '' ( PDF ) . 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( 1998 ) . Introductory Astronomy & Astrophysics ( 4th ed . ) . Saunders College Publishing . ISBN 0 - 03 - 006228 - 4 . External links ( edit ) 7M animation from skyandtelescope.com showing the early evolution of the outer Solar System . 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-6620094724937610596 | Alfred E. Neuman | Alfred E. Neuman - wikipedia Alfred E. Neuman Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Alfred Neumann ( disambiguation ) and Alfred Newman ( disambiguation ) . Neuman on Mad 30 Alfred E. Neuman is the fictitious mascot and cover boy of the American humor magazine Mad . The character 's face had drifted through U.S. iconography for decades before being claimed by Mad editor Harvey Kurtzman in 1954 and later named by the magazine 's second editor Al Feldstein in 1956 . Since his debut in Mad , Neuman 's likeness has appeared on the cover of all but a handful of the magazine 's 550 + issues , distinguished by jug ears , a missing front tooth , and one eye lower than the other . His face is rarely seen in profile ; he has virtually always been shown in front view , directly from behind , or in silhouette . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Genesis 3 Cultural impact 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Harvey Kurtzman first spotted the image on a postcard pinned to the office bulletin board of Ballantine Books editor Bernard Shir - Cliff . `` It was a face that did n't have a care in the world , except mischief '' , recalled Kurtzman . Shir - Cliff was later a contributor to various magazines created by Kurtzman . In November 1954 , Neuman made his Mad debut on the front cover of Ballantine 's The Mad Reader , a paperback collection of reprints from the first two years of Mad . The character 's first appearance in the comic book was on the cover of Mad # 21 ( March 1955 ) , in a tiny image as part of a mock advertisement . A rubber mask bearing his likeness with `` idiot '' written underneath was offered for $1.29 . First cover appearance of Neuman , on Mad # 21 ( third from viewer 's left of the six faces approx. 40 % down the viewer 's - right side ) Mad switched to a magazine format starting with issue # 24 , and Neuman 's face appeared in the top , central position of the illustrated border used on the covers , with his now - familiar signature phrase `` What , me worry ? '' written underneath . Initially , the phrase was rendered `` What ? Me worry ? '' These borders were used for five more issues , through Mad # 30 ( December 1956 ) . The character was also shown on page 9 of Mad # 24 as `` Melvin Coznowski '' and on page 65 as `` Melvin Sturdley '' . In later issues he appeared as `` Melvin Cowsnofsky '' or `` Mel Haney '' . In Mad # 25 , the face and name were shown together on separate pages as both Neuman and Mel Haney . The crowded cover shot on Mad # 27 marked Neuman 's first color appearance . When Al Feldstein took over as Mad 's editor in 1956 , he seized upon the face : I decided that I wanted to have this visual logo as the image of Mad , the same way that corporations had the Jolly Green Giant and the dog barking ( sic ) at the gramophone for RCA . This kid was the perfect example of what I wanted . So I put an ad in The New York Times that said , `` National magazine wants portrait artist for special project '' . In walked this little old guy in his sixties named Norman Mingo , and he said , `` What national magazine is this ? '' I said `` Mad , '' and he said , `` Goodbye . '' I told him to wait , and I dragged out all these examples and postcards of this idiot kid , and I said , `` I want a definitive portrait of this kid . I do n't want him to look like an idiot -- I want him to be loveable and have an intelligence behind his eyes . But I want him to have this devil - may - care attitude , someone who can maintain a sense of humor while the world is collapsing around him . '' I adapted and used that portrait , and that was the beginning . Mingo 's defining portrait was used on the cover of Mad # 30 in late 1956 as a supposed write - in candidate for the Presidency , and fixed his identity and appearance into the version that has been used ever since . In November 2008 , Mingo 's original cover art featuring this first official portrait of Neuman sold at auction for $203,150 . Mingo painted seven more Neuman covers through 1957 , and later returned to become the magazine 's signature cover artist throughout the 1960s and 1970s . Mingo produced 97 Mad covers in total , and also illustrated dozens of additional cover images for Mad 's many reprint Specials and its line of paperbacks . During Mingo 's absence , Frank Kelly Freas rendered Neuman for Mad from 1958 to 1962 . Mingo 's total surpassed Freas ' in 1965 , and his leading status endured until 2016 , when current contributor Mark Fredrickson became the most prolific Mad cover artist with his 98th cover . Neuman has appeared in one form or another on the cover of nearly every issue of Mad and its spinoffs since that issue and continuing to the present day , with a small handful of exceptions . Two such departures were Mad # 233 ( September 1982 ) which replaced Neuman 's image with that of Pac - Man , and Mad # 195 ( December 1977 ) which instead featured the message `` Pssst ! Keep This Issue Out of the Hands of Your Parents ! ( Make ' Em Buy Their Own Copy ! ) '' . Even when Neuman is not part of the cover gag , or when the cover is entirely text - based , his disembodied head generally appears in miniature form . The most notorious Neuman - free cover was # 166 ( April 1974 ) , which featured a human hand giving the profane `` middle finger '' gesture while declaring Mad to be `` The Number One Ecch Magazine '' . Some newsstands that normally carried Mad chose not to display or sell this issue . Conversely , the two covers that featured Neuman the most times were # 502 ( January 2010 ) , and # 400 ( December 2000 ) . # 502 featured a human hand giving the `` thumb 's down '' signal , while wearing a silver - spangled glove in the style of singer Michael Jackson . Each individual spangle , more than 300 in all , was a tiny Alfred E. Neuman face . The cover of issue # 400 was a photomosaic of Neuman 's face , composed of more than 2,700 images of previous Mad covers . Neuman 's ubiquity as a grinning cover boy grew as the magazine 's circulation quadrupled , but the single highest - selling issue of Mad depicted only his feet . The cover image of issue # 161 , spoofing the 1973 film The Poseidon Adventure , showed Neuman floating upside - down inside a life preserver . The original art for this cover was purchased at auction in 1992 for $2,200 by Annie Gaines , the widow of Mad founder and publisher William Gaines , and subsequently given on permanent loan to Mad writer Dick DeBartolo . The image was copied in 1998 for issue # 369 spoofing the hit film Titanic . A female version of Neuman named Moxie Cowznofski appeared briefly during the late 1950s , occasionally described in editorial text as Neuman 's `` girlfriend '' . Neuman and Moxie were sometimes depicted side - by - side , defeating any speculation that Moxie was possibly Neuman in female guise . Her name was inspired by Moxie , a soft drink manufactured in Portland , Maine , which was sold nationwide in the 1950s and whose logo appeared as a running visual gag in many early issues of Mad . In late 1959 , Mad released a 45 rpm single entitled `` What -- Me Worry ? '' on ABC Paramount 12013 that was credited to Neuman , and featured an uncredited voice actor singing the song as Neuman . ( The B - side of the single , `` Potrzebie '' , is an instrumental . ) Mad routinely combines Neuman with another character or inanimate object for its cover images . Neuman has appeared in a slew of guises , including Santa Claus , Darth Vader , George Washington , King Kong , Baby New Year , Lawrence of Arabia , Batman , Robin , Spider - Man , Maharishi Mahesh Yogi , Rosemary 's Baby , George S. Patton , the Fiddler on the Roof , an Aurora - style model kit , Alex from A Clockwork Orange , Bonnie and Clyde actor Michael J. Pollard , Barbra Streisand , Mr. T , Indiana Jones , Radar O'Reilly , Bruce Springsteen , Max Headroom , Mr. Spock , Bart Simpson , Pee - Wee Herman , Michael Jackson , a California Raisin , a face on Mount Rushmore , as Egyptian hieroglyphics , part of a fireworks display , a jack - in - the - box , an engraved bottle stopper , a scarecrow , the Headless Horseman , the sequins on Michael Jackson 's glove , Don King , Robin Hood , Abraham Lincoln , Guns N ' Roses ' Slash , Kim Pine , the Man in the Moon , an Oscar statuette , an `` Operation '' board game , Jabba the Hutt , Wolverine , Gollum , Lance Armstrong , SpongeBob SquarePants , Agent Smith from The Matrix , Kurt Cobain , Shrek , Dr. Octopus , Dennis Rodman , The Incredibles ' Jack - Jack , a zombie , a victim of a zombie swarm , a caveman , a fetus , a boa constrictor , a rat , a weathervane , a Ferengi , Greek column , the joker in a deck of cards , the bull 's eye in a target , the three wise monkeys , part of a totem pole , a cigar label , George W. Bush , Justin Timberlake , Harry Potter , Lord Voldemort , Barry Bonds , Suri Cruise , Wilson the Volleyball , the Mona Lisa , Che Guevara , Lil Wayne , Barack Obama , Rorschach ( from Watchmen ) , Adolf Hitler , Justin Bieber , Jimmy Carter , Finn the Human , and Uncle Sam ( `` Who Needs You ? '' ) , among other familiar faces . Since his initial unsuccessful run in 1956 , Neuman has periodically been re-offered as a candidate for President with the slogan , `` You could do worse ... and always have ! '' Early image of the `` Me Worry ? '' kid , from the early 1950s . Along with his face , Mad also includes a short humorous quotation credited to Neuman with every issue 's table of contents . ( Example : `` It takes one to know one ... and vice versa ! '' ) Some of these quotations were collected in the 1997 book Mad : The Half - Wit and Wisdom of Alfred E. Neuman , which was illustrated by Sergio Aragonés . Neuman is now used exclusively as a mascot and iconic symbol of the magazine , but before this status was codified , he was referenced in several early articles . In one , Neuman answered a letter from a suicidal reader by giving `` expert advice '' on the best technique for tying a hangman 's knot . Other articles featured the school newspaper of `` Neuman High School '' , and a bulletin from `` Alfred E. Neuman University '' . An article entitled `` Alfred E. Neuman 's Family Tree '' depicted historical versions of Neuman from various eras . Since then , Neuman has appeared only occasionally inside the magazine 's articles . A recurring article titled `` Poor Alfred 's Almanac '' showed his face atop the page , but otherwise the character had no role in the text . In a 1968 article , Neuman 's face was assembled , feature by feature , from parts of photographs of well - known politicos , including then - President Lyndon B. Johnson ( left ear ) , Richard Nixon ( nose ) , Oregon Governor Mark Hatfield ( eyes ) , and Ronald Reagan ( hair ) . The gap in his teeth ( which was otherwise the grin of Dwight D. Eisenhower ) came from `` The ' Credibility Gap ' Created by Practically All Politicians '' . Neuman 's famous motto is the intellectually uncurious `` What , me worry ? '' This was changed for one issue to `` Yes , me worry ! '' after the Three Mile Island accident in 1979 . On the cover of current printings of the paperback The Ides of Mad , as rendered by long - time cover artist Norman Mingo , Neuman is portrayed as a Roman bust with his catch phrase engraved on the base , translated into Latin -- Quid , Me Anxius Sum ? Neuman 's surname is often misspelled as `` Newman '' . Neuman 's most prominent physical feature is his gap - toothed grin , with a few notable exceptions . On the cover of issue # 236 ( January 1983 ) , Neuman was featured with E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial . The cover showed E.T. using his famous `` healing finger '' to touch Neuman 's mouth and cause the missing tooth to appear . The cover of issue # 411 ( November 2001 ) , the first to be produced following the 9 / 11 attacks in the United States , showed a close - up of Neuman 's face , but his gap was now filled with an American flag . A text gag on the cover of issue # 263 ( June 1986 ) claimed that the UPC was really a `` Close - up Photograph of Neuman 's Missing Tooth '' . Neuman also appeared as himself in a political cartoon , after Newsweek had been criticized for using computer graphics to retouch the teeth of Bobbi McCaughey . The cartoon was rendered in the form of a split - screen comparison , in which Neuman was featured on the cover of Mad with his usual gap - toothed grin , then also featured on the cover of Newsweek , but with a perfect smile . Despite the primacy of Neuman 's incomplete smile , his other facial features have occasionally attracted notice . Artist Andy Warhol said that seeing Neuman taught him to love people with big ears . In 1958 , Mad published letters from several readers noting the resemblance between Neuman and England 's Prince Charles , then nine years old . Shortly thereafter , an angry letter under a Buckingham Palace letterhead arrived at the Mad offices : `` Dear Sirs No it is n't a bit -- not the least little bit like me . So jolly well stow it ! See ! Charles . P . '' The letter was authenticated as having been written on triple - cream laid royal stationery bearing an official copper - engraved crest . The postmark indicated it had been mailed from a post office within a short walking distance of Buckingham Palace . Unfortunately , the original disappeared years ago while on loan to another magazine and has never been recovered . For many years , Mad sold prints of the official portrait of Neuman through a small house ad on the letters page of the magazine . In the early years , the price was one for 25 cents ; three for 50 cents ; nine for a dollar ; or 27 for two dollars . The ad stated that the prints could also be used for wrapping fish . A live - action version of Neuman -- an uncredited actor wearing a mask -- appears briefly in the 1980 film Up the Academy which was originally released to theaters as Mad Magazine Presents Up the Academy . Mad later pulled its support from the film , and all footage of the Neuman character was excised from North American home video and television releases , although it was reinstated for the 2006 DVD release . Neuman appeared occasionally in the early seasons of MADtv during sketches and interstitials , and briefly appeared in the animated TV series Mad . Genesis ( edit ) The New Boy -- 1894 Neuman 's precise origin is shrouded in mystery and may never be fully known . A comprehensive collection of early Neumanesque images can be found in Maria Reidelbach 's comprehensive work , Completely Mad : A History of the Comic Book and Magazine ( Little , Brown , 1991 ) . Mad publisher Bill Gaines gave Reidelbach total access to the magazine 's own files , including the collection of Neuman - related images that had been assembled for a 1965 copyright infringement lawsuit . The earliest image cited in Reidelbach 's book is from an advertisement for Atmore 's Mince Meat , Genuine English Plum Pudding . She wrote that , `` ( d ) ating from 1895 , this is the oldest verified image of the boy ... The kid 's features are fully developed and unmistakable , and the image was very likely taken from an older archetype ... '' After the publication of the book , an older `` archetype '' was discovered in an advertisement for the comical stage play , The New Boy , which debuted on Broadway in 1894 . The image is nearly identical to what later appears in the Atmore 's ads . An example of the stage play 's advertisement was published in the Los Angeles Herald ( December 2 , 1894 ) . Using words that could easily be describing the character of Alfred E. Neuman , the paper reported that the , `` comic red - headed urchin with a joyous grin all over his freckled face , whose phiz ( ( face ) ) is the trademark of the comedy , is so expressive of the rollicking and ridiculous that the New York Herald and the Evening Telegram have applied it to political cartoon purposes . '' Elements of the plot of the play explain why the character has adult and childlike features , why the character is dressed as he is , and how he may have lost his teeth . Coincidentally , or perhaps not , the original New Boy image was published with a two - part phrase that is similar in tone to Neuman 's , `` What ? Me Worry ? '' catch phrase . The catch phrase for The New Boy , was , `` What 's the good of anything ? -- Nothing ! '' The New Boy advertising image was copied widely for use as advertising for `` painless '' dentistry advertisements and other uses . It is also possible that the image influenced the look of The Yellow Kid , the 1890s character from Richard F. Outcault 's strip , Hogan 's Alley . The image was used for a variety of purposes nearly continuously until it was adopted by Mad Magazine . The Yellow Kid , 1897 . 1908 Antikamnia Tablet Calendar . Postcard from 1930 to 1945 with a similar boy and slogan to Mad Magazine 's Neuman . Similar faces turned up in advertising for `` painless '' dentistry . A face virtually identical to Neuman 's appears in the 1923 issue of the University of Minnesota humor magazine The Guffer above the caption `` Medic After Passing Con Exam in P. Chem . '' Another identical face shows up in the logo for Happy Jack Beverages , a soda drink produced by the A.B. Cook company in 1939 . An almost - identical image appeared as `` nose art '' on an American World War II bomber , over the motto `` Me Worry ? '' ( this painted face was sometimes referred to as `` The Jolly Boy '' ) . Neuman 's image was also used negatively , as a `` supporter '' of rival political candidates , with the idea that only an idiot would vote for them . In 1940 , those opposing Franklin Delano Roosevelt 's third - term reelection bid distributed postcards with a similar caricature bearing the caption , `` Sure I 'm for Roosevelt '' . In some instances , there was also the implication that the `` idiot '' was in fact a Jewish caricature . Carl Djerassi 's autobiography claims that in Vienna after the Anschluss , he saw posters with a similar face and the caption Tod den Juden ( `` Kill the Jews '' ) . Since the EC editors had grown up listening to radio , this was frequently reflected in their stories , names and references . The name `` Alfred E. Neuman '' derived from comedian Henry Morgan 's `` Here 's Morgan '' radio series on Mutual , ABC and NBC . One character on his show had a name that was a reference to composer Alfred Newman , who scored many films and also composed the familiar fanfare that accompanies 20th Century Fox 's opening film logo . The possible inspiration for Henry Morgan was that Laird Cregar portrayed Sir Henry Morgan in The Black Swan ( 1942 ) with Tyrone Power , and the Oscar - nominated score for that film was by Newman . Listening to the sarcastic Morgan 's brash broadcasts , the Mad staff took note and reworked the name into Neuman , as later recalled by Kurtzman : The name Alfred E. Neuman was picked up from Alfred Newman , the music arranger from back in the 1940s and 1950s . Actually , we borrowed the name indirectly through The Henry Morgan Show . He was using the name Newman for an innocuous character that you 'd forget in five minutes . So we started using the name Alfred Neuman . The readers insisted on putting the name and the face together , and they would call the `` What , Me Worry ? '' face Alfred Neuman . Morgan later became a Mad contributor , with `` The Truth about Cowboys '' in issue # 33 . When Mad was sued for copyright infringement by a woman claiming to hold the rights to the image , the magazine argued that it had copied the picture from various materials dating back to 1911 ( which pre-dated the plaintiff 's own claim ) . The lawsuit was unsuccessful , and the boy 's face is now permanently associated with Mad -- so much so , in fact , that according to Mad writer Frank Jacobs , the US Post Office once delivered a letter to the Mad offices bearing only a picture of Neuman , without any other address or identifying features . In 2008 , Eastern Michigan University held an exhibit and symposium on the evolution of Neuman images , dating back to 1877 . Several pre -- New Boy images that bear some resemblance to Neuman have also been identified . A number may be seen on John Adcock 's Mysteries of Melvin blog - posting and another at leconcombre.com . The earlier images , however , do not share the missing teeth / tooth or the head - and - shoulders framing and head - on pose . In 2012 , longtime editor Nick Meglin offered a streamlined , exasperated version of Neuman 's origins : Oh , do n't ask me about Alfred E. Neuman . That story is so old and so meaningless . Does the average Playboy reader care about where the rabbit came from ? It 's just a symbol that lets you know what 's on the inside . It 's just a name we made up . We had 20 , and that 's the one we settled on . Cultural impact ( edit ) Over the decades , Neuman has frequently been referenced in outside media , and his face has often appeared in political cartoons as a shorthand for unquestioning stupidity . During the administration of United States President George W. Bush , Neuman 's features were frequently merged with those of Bush by editorial cartoonists such as Mike Luckovich and Tom Tomorrow . The image has also appeared on magazine covers , notably The Nation . A large Bush / Neuman poster was part of the Washington protests that accompanied Bush 's 2001 inauguration . The alleged resemblance between the two has been noted more than once by Hillary Clinton . On July 10 , 2005 , speaking at the Aspen Institute 's Ideas Festival , she said , `` I sometimes feel that Alfred E. Neuman is in charge in Washington , '' referring to Bush 's purported `` What , me worry ? '' attitude . At the October 2008 Alfred E. Smith Memorial Foundation Dinner , then - Presidential candidate Barack Obama joked , `` It 's often been said that I share the politics of Alfred E. Smith and the ears of Neuman . '' Neuman 's features have also been compared to others in the public eye , including Prince Charles , Ted Koppel , Oliver North and David Letterman . Freas painted the August 1971 cover of National Lampoon which merged Neuman 's features with those of the court - martialed Vietnam War murderer William Calley , complete with the phrase , ' What , My Lai ? '' However , Neuman 's motto has also been referenced in a non-pejorative fashion , as at the Woodstock Music Festival in 1969 . Jimi Hendrix spoke to the audience about the various changes of personnel in his band , and their lack of rehearsal time , while saying `` What , me worry ? '' The tenth American Idol winner , Scotty McCreery , has a striking resemblance to Neuman . When judge Steven Tyler pointed this out on the show , McCreery replied , `` What , me worry ? '' In an extended sequence of the comic strip Peanuts from 1973 ( later recreated in the 1983 TV special It 's An Adventure , Charlie Brown ) , Charlie Brown becomes so obsessed with baseball that everything round starts looking like a baseball to him . Soon his own round head develops a rash that makes the back of his skull look like a baseball , and he starts wearing a paper bag on his head to hide it . Ironically , while hidden from view , his popularity and respect increase . He is referred to by the other campers as `` Mr. Sack '' or `` Sack '' , but is also voted camp president and is widely admired . The rash eventually fades from his head , but Charlie Brown still fears that the next round thing he expects to see -- a sunrise -- may continue to look like a baseball . When the sun does rise , it instead looks like Neuman , with a halo reading : `` What ! Me Worry ? '' ! Neuman also appeared as a sight gag in the March 27 , 1967 installment of the comic strip Beetle Bailey , as an inspector general . He can also be spotted in The Amazing Spider - Man # 300 , helping Peter Parker and Mary Jane move into their new house , while saying , `` Darn ! I 'm missing the Nets game ! That makes me Mad ! '' Similarly , when , in 1959 's Superman # 126 , Superman decides to test Lois Lane by removing a rubber Superman mask in order to reveal his `` real '' identity , his identity is none other than Neuman . DC Comics ' `` Emperor Joker '' storyline includes a cult that worships a deity named Alfred E. ; the high priest of this cult wears a mask identical to Neuman 's face . Neuman and Mad have been referenced several times on the animated series The Simpsons . In the episode `` Marge in Chains '' , Marge is arrested and in prison she meets an inmate called Tattoo Annie who has a fold - in tattoo that reveals Neuman with the text : `` What me Worry ? '' . The original phrase was `` What kind of slime would I marry ? '' . In the episode `` The City of New York vs. Homer Simpson '' , Bart comes into contact with Neuman during a visit to the Mad offices . Neuman demands to see `` Kaputnik and Fonebone '' ( which are references to deceased long - time Mad artists Dave Berg and Don Martin , respectively ) for their work on New Kids on the Blecch ( which would later become the title of another episode ) , and requests some `` furshlugginer pastrami sandwiches '' . An awestruck Bart announces that he will `` never wash these eyes again '' . In the episode `` New Kids on the Blecch '' , Bart 's boy band is booked to play a gig on an aircraft carrier , but their band manager plots to use the craft 's weaponry to destroy the Mad offices when he discovers the magazine plans to publish a defamatory article about the band . Mad 's New York headquarters were depicted as a skyscraper similar to the Chrysler Building with a giant three - dimensional replica of Neuman 's head mounted on the roof . In the episode `` Father Knows Worst '' , Homer and Bart visit a hobby shop which includes an Aurora model - style kit of Neuman holding several protest signs . In a segment of his 1958 television special , Fred Astaire danced while wearing a rubber Neuman mask . An episode of Mystery Science Theater 3000 made multiple references to Neuman , including episode # 602 featuring Invasion U.S.A. Upon seeing director Alfred E. Green 's name in the film 's opening credits , Crow T. Robot , in a slightly idiotic tone , riffs `` What ? Me direct ? '' An animated 1996 sketch on MADtv combining Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer with The Godfather was credited to `` Alfred E. Puzo '' and `` Francis E. Neuman '' . Another reworked name was `` Al Freddy Newham '' , depicted on the cover of the April 1967 issue of the amateur radio enthusiast 's 73 Magazine , preparing to ineptly solder the frayed cord of a soldering gun with the same damaged gun . Neuman appears briefly , in clay animated form , in Jimmy Picker 's 1983 stop motion animated film , Sundae in New York . He also makes a cameo in the 1988 Daffy Duck cartoon The Night of the Living Duck . A doodle of Neuman appears on a soldier 's helmet in Oliver Stone 's 1986 Vietnam film Platoon . Lyrically , Neuman is invoked by the Beastie Boys on their song `` Shadrach '' , from their second studio album , Paul 's Boutique . A 1980 Password Plus episode featured Neuman 's name as an answer , using the clues `` Ugly '' , `` Mad '' , `` Magazine '' , `` Cover '' , and `` Kid '' . ( Elaine Joyce solved the puzzle after `` Cover '' ) . He can be glimpsed holding a fish on the cover of the album Slow Motion by Man . A statue of Neuman can be found at the Dort Mall in Flint , Michigan . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Shir - Cliff , Bernard . `` The Karate Lesson '' . Help ! , October 1964 . Jump up ^ `` Doug Gilford 's Mad Cover Site - All Special Thumbs '' . www.madcoversite.com . Jump up ^ `` Doug Gilford 's Mad Cover Site - Paperback Thumbs '' . www.madcoversite.com . Jump up ^ Cover image to Mad # 166 at madcoversite.com Jump up ^ Cover image to Mad # 502 at madcoversite.com Jump up ^ Cover image to Mad # 400 at madcoversite.com Jump up ^ Cover image to Mad # 161 at madcoversite.com Jump up ^ DeBartolo , Dick . Good Days and Mad : A Hysterical Tour Behind the Scenes at Mad Magazine . New York : Thunder 's Mouth Press , 1994 . Jump up ^ `` Google search for `` Alfred E. Newman '' `` . Jump up ^ Hajdu , David . `` MAD Magazine News '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Letters Dept '' . Mad 38 ( March 1958 ) . ^ Jump up to : Reidelbach , Maria . Completely Mad , New York : Little Brown , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 316 - 73890 - 5 Jump up ^ `` Helen Pratt Stuff , Plaintiff - appellant , v. E.C. Publications , Inc. , William M. Gaines , Independent News Co. , Crown Publishers , Inc. , Ballantine Books , Inc. , Defendants - appellees , 342 F. 2d 143 ( 2d Cir. 1965 ) '' . ^ Jump up to : Peter Jensen Brown , The Real Alfred E , http://therealalfrede.blogspot.com/2013/03/the-real-alfred-e.html Jump up ^ `` 315th III '' . Nose-art.net . Archived from the original on 21 June 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kurtzman , Harvey . `` That Face on Mad ' ' , February 6 , 1975 '' . Jump up ^ `` Mad Mumblings : : View topic -- Alfred E. Neuman History Show at EMU in Ypsilanti , Michigan '' . Jump up ^ Kimberly Buchholz , `` Winter Art Series starts off ' Mad ' '' , Focus EMU Online , Jan. 8 , 2008 , Eastern Michigan University Jump up ^ Adcock , John . `` Mysteries of Melvin '' . Jump up ^ `` What Me Worry ? -- The Idiot Kid '' . leconcombre.com . Jump up ^ http://www.menafn.com/menafn/05067360-756a-4cd7-b74e-ab3922d3da42/Durham-resident-Meglin-to-speak-about-his-MAD-life?src=main Jump up ^ `` The Nation November 13 2000 '' . 13 November 2000 . Jump up ^ Joe Mahoney . `` GOP BIG MAD OVER HIL ZINGER '' New York Daily News July 12 , 2005 Jump up ^ Cooper , Michael ; Zeleny , Jeff ( October 17 , 2008 ) . `` At Dinner , McCain and Obama Share Some Laughs . No Joke '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` National Lampoon Issue # 17 -- Bummer '' . Jump up ^ `` Peanuts , July 5 , 1973 '' . Jump up ^ `` Animation Nation '' . Jump up ^ Walker , Mort . I Do n't Want to be Out Here Any More Than You Do , Beetle Bailey . New York : Tempo books , 1970 . ISBN 0 - 448 - 12256 - 1 Jump up ^ Reidelbach , Maria , `` Completely Mad '' , pg. 203 , Little Brown & Co. , 1991 . Jump up ^ `` 73 Magazine -- Mad Parody Cover '' . Jump up ^ `` A Postmodern Analysis of Beastie Boys ' `` Shadrach '' `` . sklar.com . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 10 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alfred E. Neuman . Alfred E. Neuman at Don Markstein 's Toonopedia . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2015 . Alfred E. Neuman in The Simpsons New York Daily News : Senator Hillary Clinton compares George W. Bush with Alfred E. Neuman 1962 advertisement for a $4.95 Alfred E. Neuman mask 19th - century Neuman images Article showing early Alfred images The Origins of Neuman - The Bizarre History of a 125 - Year - Old Fool ( hide ) Mad General History of Mad Recurring features Alfred E. Neuman Fold - in Spy vs. Spy Editors Harvey Kurtzman editorship Al Feldstein Nick Meglin John Ficarra Lists Film spoofs TV show spoofs Related Berlin v. E.C. Cowznofski EC Comics Mad Kids The Mad Magazine Card Game The Mad Magazine Game The Mad Show Mad TV episodes Mad episodes Maria Reidelbach Planet Tad Potrzebie Up the Academy William Gaines Veeblefetzer MusicBrainz : 7f622f3d - a287 - 49e9 - 97ba - 11ea902a14cb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_E._Neuman&oldid=833998858 '' Categories : Comedy characters Mad ( magazine ) American mascots Magazine mascots Child characters in comics Male characters in comics American comics characters Fictional American people Fictional tricksters Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 12 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the name of the mad magazine character | [
"Alfred E. Neuman is the fictitious mascot and cover boy of the American humor magazine Mad. The character's face had drifted through U.S. iconography for decades before being claimed by Mad editor Harvey Kurtzman in 1954 and later named by the magazine's second editor Al Feldstein in 1956. Since his debut in Mad, Neuman's likeness has appeared on the cover of all but a handful of the magazine's 550+ issues, distinguished by jug ears, a missing front tooth, and one eye lower than the other. His face is rarely seen in profile; he has virtually always been shown in front view, directly from behind, or in silhouette."
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"Alfred E. Neuman"
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4718868386325057309 | Jack and the Beanstalk | Jack and the Beanstalk - wikipedia Jack and the Beanstalk Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the fairy tale . For other uses , see Jack and the Beanstalk ( disambiguation ) . For the hero , see Jack ( hero ) . Jack and the Beanstalk Illustration by Arthur Rackham , 1918 , in English Fairy Tales by Flora Annie Steel Folk tale Name Jack and the Beanstalk Also known as Jack and the Giant man Data Aarne - Thompson grouping AT 328 ( `` The Treasures of the Giant '' ) Country England Published in Benjamin Tabart , The History of Jack and the Bean - Stalk ( 1807 ) Joseph Jacobs , English Fairy Tales ( 1890 ) Related Jack the Giant Killer `` Jack and the Beanstalk '' is an English fairy tale . It appeared as `` The Story of Jack Spriggins and the Enchanted Bean '' in 1734 and as Benjamin Tabart 's moralised `` The History of Jack and the Bean - Stalk '' in 1807 . Henry Cole , publishing under pen name Felix Summerly popularised the tale in The Home Treasury ( 1845 ) , and Joseph Jacobs rewrote it in English Fairy Tales ( 1890 ) . Jacobs ' version is most commonly reprinted today and it is believed to be closer to the oral versions than Tabart 's because it lacks the moralising . `` Jack and the Beanstalk '' is the best known of the `` Jack tales '' , a series of stories featuring the archetypal Cornish and English hero and stock character Jack . According to researchers at the universities in Durham and Lisbon , the story originated more than 5,000 years ago , based on a widespread archaic story form which is now classified by folkorists as ATU 328 The Boy Who Stole Ogre 's Treasure . Contents ( hide ) 1 Story 2 Origins 3 Analogies 4 Controversy 5 Film adaptations 6 Other adaptations 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Story ( edit ) Jack is a young , poor boy living with his widowed mother and a dairy cow , on a farm cottage , the cow 's milk was their only source of income . When the cow stops giving milk , Jack 's mother tells him to take her to the market to be sold . On the way , Jack meets a bean dealer who offers magic beans in exchange for the cow , and Jack makes the trade . When he arrives home without any money , his mother becomes angry and disenchanted , throws the beans on the ground , and sends Jack to bed without dinner . During the night , the magic beans cause a gigantic beanstalk to grow outside Jack 's window . The next morning , Jack climbs the beanstalk to a land high in the sky . He finds an enormous castle and sneaks in . Soon after , the castle 's owner , a giant , returns home . He senses that Jack is nearby by smell , and speaks a rhyme : Fee - fi - fo - fum ! I smell the blood of an English man : Be he alive , or be he dead , I 'll grind his bones to make my bread . In the versions in which the giant 's wife ( the giantess ) features , she persuades him that he is mistaken . When the giant falls asleep . Jack steals a bag of gold coins and makes his escape down the beanstalk . Jack climbs the beanstalk twice more . He learns of other treasures and steals them when the giant sleeps : first a goose that lays golden eggs , then a magic harp that plays by itself . The giant wakes when Jack leaves the house with the harp and chases Jack down the beanstalk . Jack calls to his mother for an axe and before the giant reaches the ground , cuts down the beanstalk , causing the giant to fall to his death . Jack and his mother live happily ever after with the riches that Jack acquired . Origins ( edit ) In Walter Crane 's woodcut the harp reaches out to cling to the vine `` The Story of Jack Spriggins and the Enchanted Bean '' was published in the 1734 second edition of Round About Our Coal - Fire . In 1807 , Benjamin Tabart published The History of Jack and the Bean Stalk , but the story is certainly older than these accounts . According to researchers at Durham University and the Universidade Nova de Lisboa , the story originated more than 5,000 years ago . In some versions of the tale , the giant is unnamed , but many plays based on it name him Blunderbore . ( One giant of that name appears in the 18th - century `` Jack the Giant Killer '' . ) In `` The Story of Jack Spriggins '' the giant is named Gogmagog . The giant 's cry `` Fee ! Fie ! Foe ! Fum ! I smell the blood of an Englishman '' appears in William Shakespeare 's early - 17th - century King Lear in the form `` Fie , foh , and fum , I smell the blood of a British man . '' ( Act 3 , Scene 4 ) , and something similar also appears in `` Jack the Giant Killer '' . Analogies ( edit ) `` Jack and the Beanstalk '' is an Aarne - Thompson tale - type 328 , The Treasures of the Giant , which includes the Italian `` Thirteenth '' and the French `` How the Dragon was Tricked '' tales . Christine Goldberg argues that the Aarne -- Thompson system is inadequate for the tale because the others do not include the beanstalk , which has analogies in other types ( a possible reference to the genre anomaly . ) The Brothers Grimm drew an analogy between this tale and a German fairy tale , `` The Devil With the Three Golden Hairs '' . The devil 's mother or grandmother acts much like the giant 's wife , a female figure protecting the child from the evil male figure . `` Jack and the Beanstalk '' is unusual in some versions in that the hero , although grown up , does not marry at the end but returns to his mother . In other versions he is said to have married a princess . This is found in few other tales , such as some variants of `` Vasilisa the Beautiful '' . Controversy ( edit ) The original story portrays a `` hero '' gaining the sympathy of a man 's wife , hiding in his house , robbing , and finally killing him . In Tabart 's moralised version , a fairy woman explains to Jack that the giant had robbed and killed his father justifying Jack 's actions as retribution . ( Andrew Lang follows this version in the Red Fairy Book of 1890 . ) Jacobs gave no justification because there was none in the version he had heard as a child and maintained that children know that robbery and murder are wrong without being told in a fairy tale , but did give a subtle retributive tone to it by making reference to the giant 's previous meals of stolen oxen and young children . Many modern interpretations have followed Tabart and made the giant a villain , terrorising smaller folk and stealing from them , so that Jack becomes a legitimate protagonist . For example , the 1952 film starring Abbott and Costello the giant is blamed for poverty at the foot of the beanstalk , as he has been stealing food and wealth and the hen that lays golden eggs originally belonged to Jack 's family . In other versions it is implied that the giant had stolen both the hen and the harp from Jack 's father . Brian Henson 's 2001 TV miniseries Jack and the Beanstalk : The Real Story not only abandons Tabart 's additions but vilifies Jack , reflecting Jim Henson 's disgust at Jack 's unscrupulous actions . Film adaptations ( edit ) Jack and the Beanstalk ( 1917 ) The first film adaptation was made in 1902 by Edwin S. Porter for the Edison Manufacturing Company . Walt Disney made a short of the same name in 1922 , and a separate adaptation titled Mickey and the Beanstalk in 1947 as part of Fun and Fancy Free . This adaptation of the story put Mickey Mouse in the role of Jack , accompanied by Donald Duck , and Goofy . Mickey , Donald , and Goofy live on a farm in `` Happy Valley '' , so called because it is always green and prosperous thanks to the magical singing from an enchanted golden harp in a castle , until one day it mysteriously disappears during a dark storm , resulting in the valley being plagued by a severe drought . Times become so hard for Mickey and his friends that soon they have nothing to eat except one loaf of bread . Mickey trades in the cow ( which Donald was going to kill for food ) for the magic beans . Donald throws the beans on the floor and down a knothole in a fit of rage , and the beanstalk sprouts that night , lifting the three of them into the sky while they sleep . In the magical kingdom , Mickey , Donald , and Goofy help themselves to a sumptuous feast . This rouses the ire of the giant ( named `` Willie '' in this version ) , who captures Donald and Goofy and locks them in a box , and it is up to Mickey to find the keys to unlock the box and rescue them as well as the harp which they also find in the giant 's possession . The film villainizes the giant by blaming Happy Valley 's hard times on Willy 's theft of the magic harp , without which song the land withers ; unlike the harp of the original tale , this magic harp wants to be rescued from the giant , and the hapless heroes return her to her rightful place and Happy Valley to its former glory . This version of the fairy tale was narrated ( as a segment of Fun and Fancy Free ) by Edgar Bergen , and later ( by itself as a short ) by Sterling Holloway . Additionally , Walt Disney Animation Studios will do another adaptation of the fairy tale called Gigantic . Tangled director Nathan Greno will direct and it is set to be released in late 2020 Warner Bros. adapted the story into three Merrie Melodies cartoons . Friz Freleng directed Jack - Wabbit and the Beanstalk ( 1943 ) , Chuck Jones directed Beanstalk Bunny ( 1955 ) , and Freleng directed Tweety and the Beanstalk ( 1957 ) . The 1952 Abbott and Costello adaptation was not the only time a comedy team was involved with the story . The Three Stooges had their own five - minute animated retelling , titled Three Jacks and a Beanstalk ( 1965 ) . In 1967 , Hanna - Barbera produced a live action version of Jack and the Beanstalk , with Gene Kelly as Jeremy the Peddler ( who trades his magic beans for Jack 's cow ) , Bobby Riha as Jack , Dick Beals as Jack 's singing voice , Ted Cassidy as the voice of the animated giant , Janet Waldo as the voice of the animated Princess Serena , Marni Nixon as Serena 's singing voice , and Marian McKnight as Jack 's mother . The songs were written by Sammy Cahn and Jimmy Van Heusen . Kelly also directed the Emmy Award - winning film . Gisaburo Sugii directed a feature - length anime telling of the story released in 1974 , titled Jack to Mame no Ki . The film , a musical , was produced by Group TAC and released by Nippon Herald . The writers introduced a few new characters , including Jack 's comic - relief dog , Crosby , and Margaret , a beautiful princess engaged to be married to the giant ( named `` Tulip '' in this version ) due to a spell being cast over her by the giant 's mother ( an evil witch called Madame Hecuba ) . Jack , however , develops a crush on Margaret , and one of his aims in returning to the magic kingdom is to rescue her . The film was dubbed into English , with legendary voice talent Billie Lou Watt voicing Jack , and received a very limited run in U.S. theaters in 1976 . It was later released on VHS ( now out of print ) and aired several times on HBO in the 1980s . However , it is now available on DVD with both English and Japanese dialogue . Michael Davis directed the 1994 adaptation , titled Beanstalk , starring J.D. Daniels as Jack and Stuart Pankin as the giant . The film was released by Moonbeam Entertainment , the children 's video division of Full Moon Entertainment . Wolves , Witches and Giants Episode 9 of Season 1 , Jack and the Beanstalk , broadcast on 19 October 1995 , has Jack 's mother chop down the beanstalk and the giant plummet through the earth to Australia . The hen that Jack has stolen fails to lay any eggs and ends up `` in the pot by Sunday '' , leaving Jack and his mother to live in reduced circumstances for the rest of their lives . The Jim Henson Company did a TV miniseries adaptation of the story as Jim Henson 's Jack and the Beanstalk : The Real Story ( directed by Brian Henson ) which reveals that Jack 's theft from the giant was completely unmotivated , with the giant Thunderdell ( played by Bill Barretta ) being a friendly , welcoming individual , and the giant 's subsequent death was caused by Jack 's mother cutting the beanstalk down rather than Jack himself . The film focuses on Jack 's modern - day descendant Jack Robinson ( played by Matthew Modine ) who learns the truth after the discovery of the giant 's bones and the last of the five magic beans , Jack subsequently returning the goose and harp to the giants ' kingdom . An episode of Mickey Mouse Clubhouse called Donald and the Beanstalk , Donald Duck accidentally swapped his pet chicken with Willie the Giant for a handful of magic beans . Avalon Family Entertainment 's film , titled Jack and the Beanstalk and released on home video April 20 , 2010 , is a low - budget live - action adaptation starring Christopher Lloyd , Chevy Chase , James Earl Jones , Gilbert Gottfried , Katey Sagal , Wallace Shawn and Chloë Grace Moretz . Jack is played by Colin Ford . The Warner Bros. film directed by Bryan Singer and starring Nicholas Hoult as Jack is titled Jack the Giant Slayer and was released in March 2013 . In this tale Jack climbs the beanstalk to save a princess . Warner Bros. Animation 's direct - to - DVD film Tom and Jerry 's Giant Adventure is set to be based on the fairy tale . In the 2014 film Into the Woods , and the musical of the same name , one of the main characters , Jack ( Daniel Huttlestone ) climbs a beanstalk , much like in the original version . He acquires a golden harp , a goose that lays golden eggs , and several gold pieces . The story goes on as it does in the original fairy tale , but continues afterwards showing what happens after you get your happy ending . In this adaptation , the giant 's vengeful wife ( Frances de la Tour ) attacks the kingdom to find and kill Jack as revenge for him murdering her husband where some characters were killed during her rampage . The giant 's wife is eventually killed by the surviving characters in the story . Other adaptations ( edit ) The story is the basis of the similarly titled traditional British pantomime , wherein the Giant is certainly a villain , Jack 's mother the Dame , and Jack the Principal Boy . Jack of Jack and the Beanstalk is the protagonist of the comic book Jack of Fables , a spin - off of Fables , which also features other elements from the story , such as giant beanstalks and giants living in the clouds . Gilligan 's Island did a adaptation / dream sequence in which Gilligan tries to take oranges from a giant Skipper and fails ; ( the part of the little Gilligan chased by the giant was played by Bob Denver 's 7 year old son Patrick Denver ) Roald Dahl rewrote the story in a more modern and gruesome way in his book Revolting Rhymes ( 1982 ) , where Jack initially refuses to climb the beanstalk and his mother is thus eaten when she ascends to pick the golden leaves at the top , with Jack recovering the leaves himself after having a thorough wash so that the giant can not smell him . The story of Jack and the Beanstalk is also referenced in Dahl 's The BFG , in which the evil giants are all afraid of the `` giant - killer '' Jack , who is said to kill giants with his fearsome beanstalk ( although none of the giants appear to know how Jack uses it against them , the context of a nightmare one of the giants has about Jack suggesting that they think he wields the beanstalk as a weapon ) . James Still published Jack and the Wonder Beans ( 1977 , republished 1996 ) an Appalachian variation on the Jack and the Beanstalk tale . Jack trades his old cow to a gypsy for three beans that are guaranteed to feed him for his entire life . It has been adapted as a play for performance by children . In 1973 the story was adapted , as The Goodies and the Beanstalk , by the BBC television series The Goodies . An arcade video game , Jack the Giantkiller , was released by Cinematronics in 1982 and is based on the story . Players control Jack , and must retrieve a series of treasures -- a harp , a sack of gold coins , a golden goose and a princess -- and eventually defeat the giant by chopping down the beanstalk . An episode of The Super Mario Bros. Super Show ! , entitled `` Mario and the Beanstalk '' , does a retelling with Bowser as the giant ( there is no explanation as to how he becomes a giant ) . In The Magic School Bus episode `` Gets Planted '' , the class put on a school production of Jack and the Beanstalk , with Phoebe starring as the beanstalk after Ms. Frizzle turned her into a bean plant . Jack and Beanstalk was featured in Happily Ever After : Fairy Tales for Every Child where Jack is voiced by Wayne Collins and the giant is voiced by Tone Loc . The story is in an African - American style . Stephen Sondheim 's musical Into the Woods ( and the film of the same name ) , features Jack , originally portrayed by Ben Wright , along with several other fairy tale characters . In the second half of the musical , the giant 's wife climbs down a second beanstalk to exact revenge for her husband 's death , furious at Jack 's betrayal of her hospitality . She is eventually killed as well . Bart Simpson plays the role of the main character in a Simpsons video game `` The Simpsons : Bart & the Beanstalk '' . ABC 's Once Upon a Time debuts their spin on the tale in the episode `` Tiny '' of season two , where Jack , now a female named Jacqueline ( known as Jack ) is played by Cassidy Freeman and the giant named Anton is played by Jorge Garcia . In this adaptation , Jack is portrayed as a villainous character . The story was adapted in 2012 by software maker Net Entertainment and made into a slot machine game . Mark Knopfler sang a song , `` After the Beanstalk '' , in his 2012 album Privateering . Snips , Snails , and Dragon Tails , an Order of the Stick print book , contains an adaptation in the Sticktales section . Elan is Jack , Roy is the giant , Belkar is the golden goose , and Vaarsuvius is the wizard who sells the beans . Haley also appears as an agent sent to steal the golden goose , and Durkin as a dwarf neighbor with the comic 's stereotypical fear of tall plants . In the Season 3 premiere episode of Barney and Friends titled `` Shawn and the Beanstalk '' , Barney the Dinosaur and the gang tell their version of Jack and the Beanstalk which was all told in rhyme . In the animated movie Puss in Boots , the classic theme appears again . The magic beans play a central role in that movie , culminating in the scene , in which Puss , Kitty and Humpty ride a magic beanstalk to find the giant 's castle . In a Happy Tree Friends episode called `` Dunce Upon a Time '' , there was a strong resemblance as Giggles played a Jack - like role and Lumpy played a giant - like role . The story appears in the 2017 commercial for the British breakfast cereal Weetabix , where the giant is scared off by an English boy who has had a bowl of Weetabix . See also ( edit ) Children 's literature portal Folklore portal United Kingdom portal Jack the Giant Killer References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Round About Our Coal Fire , or Christmas Entertainments . J. Roberts . 1734 . pp. 35 -- 48 . 4th edition On Commons Jump up ^ Tabart , The History of Jack and the Bean - Stalk. in 1807 introduces a new character , a fairy who explains the moral of the tale to Jack ( Matthew Orville Grenby , `` Tame fairies make good teachers : the popularity of early British fairy tales '' , The Lion and the Unicorn 30. 1 ( January 2006 : 1 -- 24 ) . Jump up ^ In 1842 and 1844 Elizabeth Rigby , Lady Eastlake , reviewed children 's books for the Quarterly Review ( volumes 71 and 74 ) , recommending a list of children 's books , headed by `` The House ( sic ) Treasury , by Felix Summerly , including The Traditional Nursery Songs of England , Beauty and the Beast , Jack and the Beanstalk , and other old friends , all charmingly done and beautifully illustrated . '' ( noted by Geoffrey Summerfield , `` The Making of The Home Treasury '' , Children 's Literature 8 ( 1980 : 35 -- 52 ) . Jump up ^ Joseph Jacobs ( 1890 ) . English Fairy Tales . London : David Nutt . pp. 59 -- 67 , 233 . Jump up ^ Maria Tatar , The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales , p. 132 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 05163 - 3 Jump up ^ `` The Folklore Tradition of Jack Tales '' . The Center for Children 's Books . Graduate School of Library and Information Science University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign. 15 Jan 2004 . Retrieved 11 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : BBC . `` Fairy tale origins thousands of years old , researchers say '' . BBC News . BBC . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Tatar , The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Christine . `` The composition of Jack and the beanstalk '' . Marvels and Tales . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ D.L. Ashliman , ed . `` Jack and the Beanstalk : eight versions of an English fairy tale ( Aarne - Thompson - Uther type 328 ) '' . 2002 -- 2010 . Folklore and Mythology : Electronic Texts . University of Pittsburgh . 1996 -- 2013 . Jump up ^ Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm , `` The Devil With the Three Golden Hairs '' , Grimm 's Fairy Tales . Jump up ^ Maria Tatar , Off with Their Heads ! p. 199 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 06943 - 3 Jump up ^ Tatar , Off with Their Heads ! p. 198 . Jump up ^ Joseph Jacobs , Notes to `` Jack and the Beanstalk '' , English Fairy Tales . Jump up ^ Joe Nazzaro , `` Back to the Beanstalk '' , Starlog Fantasy Worlds , February 2002 , pp. 56 -- 59 . Jump up ^ http://www.bleedingcool.com/2013/08/21/exclusive-lots-of-details-of-disneys-unannounced-animated-film-giants Jump up ^ Jack and the Beanstalk ( 1967 TV Movie ) , Full Cast & Crew , imdb.com Jump up ^ Jack and the Beanstalk , 1967 , YouTube Jump up ^ Barbera , Joseph ( 1994 ) . My Life in `` Toons '' : From Flatbush to Bedrock in Under a Century . Atlanta , GA : Turner Publishing . pp. 162 -- 65 . ISBN 1 - 57036 - 042 - 1 . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1351685/ Jump up ^ `` Tom and Jerry 's Giant Adventure Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com. April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Jack and the wonder beans ( Book , 1996 ) . ( WorldCat.org ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Jack and the Beanstalk Slots . ( SlotsForMoney.com ) . Retrieved on 2014 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Weetabix launches £ 10m campaign with Jack and the Beanstalk ad '' . Talking Retail . Retrieved 17 May 2017 External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Jack and the Beanstalk Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jack and the Beanstalk . Slavic origin of Jack and the beanstalk hypothesis Pantomime based on the fairytale of `` Jack and the Beanstalk '' Jack and the Beanstalk Felt Story at Story Resources `` Jack and the Beanstalk '' at SurLaLune Fairy Tales -- Annotated version of the fairy tale . Adult Pantomime based on the fairytale of `` Jack and the Beanstalk '' Jack tales in Appalachia -- including `` Jack and the Bean Tree '' Children 's audio story of Jack and the Beanstalk at Storynory Kamishibai ( Japanese storycard ) version -- in English , with downloadable Japanese translation The Disney version of Jack and the Beanstalk at The Encyclopedia of Disney Animated Shorts Full text of Jack And The Bean - Stalk from `` The Fairy Book '' Jack et le Haricot Magique - The Rock Musical by Georges Dupuis & Philippe Manca Jack And The Beanstalk - Animation movie in 4K at Geetanjali Audios in collaboration with Film Art Music Entertainment Productions FAME Productions Jack Jack and the Beanstalk Film Jack and the Beanstalk ( 1902 ) Jack and the Beanstalk ( 1952 ) Jack and the Beanstalk ( 1974 ) Jack the Giant Slayer ( 2013 ) Into the Woods ( 2014 ) Gigantic ( 2020 ) Television `` Beanstalks and Bad Eggs '' ( 1997 episode ) Jack and the Beanstalk : The Real Story ( 2001 miniseries ) Once Upon a Time : `` Tallahassee '' ( 2012 ) `` Tiny '' ( 2013 ) Cartoon Jack and the Beanstalk ( 1931 ) Giantland ( 1933 ) Jack - Wabbit and the Beanstalk ( 1943 ) Beanstalk Bunny ( 1955 ) Tweety and the Beanstalk ( 1957 ) Tom and Jerry 's Giant Adventure ( 2013 ) Video games Jumpin ' Kid : Jack to Mame no Ki Monogatari The Simpsons : Bart & the Beanstalk Tiny Toon Adventures : Buster and the Beanstalk Tiny Toon Adventures : The Great Beanstalk Related articles Fee - fi - fo - fum Fun and Fancy Free Into the Woods The Stinky Cheese Man and Other Fairly Stupid Tales Politically Correct Bedtime Stories Jack the Giant Killer Characters Blunderbore Cormoran Thunderdell Film Jack the Giant Killer ( 1962 ) Jack the Giant Slayer ( 2013 ) Jack the Giant Killer ( 2013 ) Novel Jack , the Giant Killer Video games Jack the Giantkiller Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_and_the_Beanstalk&oldid=798016326 '' Categories : British fairy tales Cannibalism in fiction English fairy tales Giants in fiction Jack tales Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 August 2017 , at 13 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | name a children's story that features a guy named jack | [
"\"Jack and the Beanstalk\" is an English fairy tale. It appeared as \"The Story of Jack Spriggins and the Enchanted Bean\" in 1734[1] and as Benjamin Tabart's moralised \"The History of Jack and the Bean-Stalk\" in 1807.[2] Henry Cole, publishing under pen name Felix Summerly popularised the tale in The Home Treasury (1845),[3] and Joseph Jacobs rewrote it in English Fairy Tales (1890).[4] Jacobs' version is most commonly reprinted today and it is believed to be closer to the oral versions than Tabart's because it lacks the moralising.[5]"
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"Jack and the Beanstalk"
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-8075461298946346301 | Sabeer Bhatia | Sabeer Bhatia - wikipedia Sabeer Bhatia hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article contains content that is written like an advertisement . Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( November 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sabeer Bhatia 30 December 1968 ( 1968 - 12 - 30 ) ( age 49 ) Chandigarh , India Nationality Indian Alma mater BITS Pilani Caltech ( B.S. , 1989 ) Stanford University ( M.S. ) St. Joseph 's Boys ' High School , Bangalore ( school ) Occupation Entrepreneur Known for Hotmail.com Sabeer Bhatia ( born 30 December 1968 ) is an Indian entrepreneur who founded the webmail company Hotmail.com . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Acclaim and legacy 3 Personal life 4 References 5 Further reading Career ( edit ) After graduation , Sabeer briefly worked for Apple Computer ( as a hardware engineer ) and Firepower Systems Inc . He , along with his colleague Jack Smith , set up Hotmail on 4 July 1996 , American Independence Day , symbolizing `` freedom '' from ISP - based e-mail and the ability to access a user 's inbox from anywhere in the world As President and CEO , Bhatia led Hotmail until its eventual acquisition by Microsoft in 1998 . Bhatia worked at Microsoft for one year after the Hotmail acquisition and in April 1999 , left Microsoft to start another venture , Arzoo Inc , an e-commerce firm . In July 2011 Hotmail had 360 million registered users , less than Google 's Gmail service . Bhatia started a free messaging service called JaxtrSMS . He said that JaxtrSMS would do to SMS what Hotmail did for e-mail . Claiming it to be a disruptive technology , he says that the operators will lose revenue on the reduction in number of SMSes on their network but will benefit from the data plan that the user has to buy . To date , JaxtrSMS service has failed to replicate the success of Hotmail . Recently , he invested in email collaboration software , ccZen . Acclaim and legacy ( edit ) The venture capital firm Draper Fisher Jurvetson named Bhatia ' Entrepreneur of the Year 1997 ' , MIT chose him as one of 100 young innovators who are expected to have the greatest impact on technology and awarded ' TR100 ' , San Jose Mercury News and POV magazine selected him as one of the ten most successful entrepreneurs of 1998 and Upside magazine 's list of top trend setters in the New Economy named him ' Elite 100 ' . Sabeer was inducted into Eta Kappa Nu ( ΗΚΝ ) as an undergraduate student Personal life ( edit ) Bhatia belongs to the Sindhi community . His father 's name is Baldev Bhatia . His father was a captain in the Indian Army and his mother worked for Central Bank of India . Sabeer married Tanya Sharma in 2008 and the couple has a daughter together . Later , they filed for divorce in January 2013 in a court in San Francisco . The reason cited for their divorce is `` irreconcilable differences '' . Tanya is an alumnus of the London School of Economics was the director of Good Care Pharma till 2008 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bhatia , Sabeer ( 10 August 2002 ) . `` Sabeer Bhatia downloaded '' . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 18 May 2010 . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Gibbs , Samuel ( 11 April 2014 ) . `` The most powerful Indian technologists in Silicon Valley '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 11 April 2016 . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Bhatia , Sabeer ( 10 August 2002 ) . `` Sabeer Bhatia downloaded '' . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 18 May 2010 . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How Many Email Users Are There ? '' . About.com . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AFP : Hotmail co-founder launches free SMS service '' . Google.com . Archived from the original on 25 November 2011 . Retrieved 23 November 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.ieee.org/education_careers/education/ieee_hkn/index.html%7CEta Kappa Nu Jump up ^ Vora , Rutam ( 1 April 2016 ) . `` Tongue - tied in Sindhi '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 9 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Sakhrani , Tarun ( 4 January 2016 ) . `` The Sindhis of Sindh And Beyond '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 9 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Pal , Joyojeet ( 30 May 2008 ) . `` Computers and the Promise of Development : Aspiration , Neoliberalism and ' Technolity ' in India 's ICTD enterprise '' ( PDF ) . University of California at Berkeley . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 April 2016 . Retrieved 9 August 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Bronson , Po , `` HotMale : Sabeer Bhatia started his company on $300,000 and sold it two years later for $400 million . So , is he lucky , or great ? '' , Wired , Issue 6.12 , December 1999 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabeer_Bhatia&oldid=846048418 '' Categories : 1968 births Living people Businesspeople from Chandigarh Indian emigrants to the United States American computer scientists American businessmen of Indian descent Apple Inc. employees Indian company founders American technology company founders American inventors Hardware engineers Birla Institute of Technology and Science alumni California Institute of Technology alumni Stanford University alumni American chief executives Microsoft employees American people of Sindhi descent 20th - century Indian engineers Hidden categories : Articles with a promotional tone from December 2016 All articles with a promotional tone BLP articles lacking sources from November 2011 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with multiple maintenance issues Use dmy dates from February 2013 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Galego हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano മലയാളം Nederlands ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português संस्कृतम् Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 June 2018 , at 22 : 50 . About Wikipedia | where did the founder of hotmail work before he founded the webmail service | [
"After graduation,[clarification needed] Sabeer briefly worked for Apple Computer (as a hardware engineer) and Firepower Systems Inc. He, along with his colleague Jack Smith, set up Hotmail on 4 July 1996, American Independence Day, symbolizing \"freedom\" from ISP-based e-mail and the ability to access a user's inbox from anywhere in the world",
"After graduation,[clarification needed] Sabeer briefly worked for Apple Computer (as a hardware engineer) and Firepower Systems Inc. He, along with his colleague Jack Smith, set up Hotmail on 4 July 1996, American Independence Day, symbolizing \"freedom\" from ISP-based e-mail and the ability to access a user's inbox from anywhere in the world"
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"Apple Computer",
"Firepower Systems Inc."
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7768467111631384165 | Rosalind (As You Like It) | Rosalind ( as You Like It ) - wikipedia Rosalind ( as You Like It ) Jump to : navigation , search Rosalind As You Like It character Rosalind by Robert Walker Macbeth Created by William Shakespeare Information Family Orlando ( husband ) Duke Senior ( father ) Celia ( cousin ) Role Protagonist Rosalind is the heroine and protagonist of the play As You Like It ( 1600 ) by William Shakespeare . She is the beautiful daughter of the exiled Duke Senior and niece to his usurping brother Duke Frederick . Her father is banished from the kingdom which breaks her heart . She then meets Orlando , one of her father 's friends ' son and falls in love with him . After angering her uncle , she leaves his court for exile in the Forest of Arden . Disguised as a shepherd named Ganymede , Rosalind lives with her sweet and devoted cousin , Celia ( who is disguised as Ganymede 's sister , Aliena ) , and Duke Frederick 's fool Touchstone . Eventually , Rosalind is reunited with her father and married to her faithful lover , Orlando . Rosalind is one of Shakespeare 's most recognized heroines . Admired for her intelligence , quick wit , and beauty , Rosalind is a vital character in `` As You Like It . '' Most commonly seen next to her beloved cousin Celia , Rosalind is also a faithful friend , leader , and schemer . She stays true to her family and friends throughout the entire story , no matter how dangerous the consequences . Rosalind dominates the stage . Her true decision - making skills can be seen in the last scene of Act V ( 5 ) where she has to present herself as Rosalind to her father and to Orlando , but at the same time change Phebe 's opinion to marry Silvius . She is the main character of the play who extracts the clarity of important traits in other characters . Art and stage depictions ( edit ) Rosalind has been played by various notable actresses including Elizabeth Bergner in a 1936 film opposite Laurence Olivier as Orlando , Vanessa Redgrave rose to fame playing the part in 1960 with the Royal Shakespeare Company , Helena Bonham Carter in the 2000 BBC Radio 4 version , Helen Mirren in the 1978 BBC version of the play directed by Basil Coleman , and Bryce Dallas Howard in the 2006 production directed by Kenneth Branagh . American actress Patti LuPone played the role at the Guthrie Theatre in Minneapolis , after her award - winning portrayal of Eva Peron in the original Broadway run of Evita . This caused much speculation because LuPone was leaving the Broadway stage and moving to `` regional '' work . Adrian Lester won a Time Out Award for his performance as Rosalind in Cheek by Jowl 's 1991 production of As You Like It . A male actor in the role ( as would have been the norm in Shakespeare 's time ) underlines the confusion of gender roles within the play : at one point , a male actor is playing a woman who is pretending to be a man acting the part of a woman . Source of the name ( edit ) Rosalynde is the heroine of Lodge 's Euphues ' Golden Legacy . ' Faire Rosalind ' had , however , at this time , acquired a fresh poetic fame as the object of Spenser 's attachment , celebrated in his Shephearde 's Calendar , 1579 , and Colin Clouts Come Home Againe , 1595 . ' Of all the sweet feminine names compounded from Rosa , that of Rosa - linda seems to be the most elegant , and therefore most befitting that particular character of ideal beauty which the dramatist here assigns to his imaginary princess . Ganymede , the name she assumes in her disguise as a forest youth , is that of ' Jove 's own page ' ( I , iii , 127 ) , the most beautiful of all mortals , son of Tros and Callirrhoe , chosen by Jupiter to be his cup - bearer , and to dwell among the gods as his chosen servant . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Elizabeth Bergner Jump up ^ As You Like It ( 1978 ) at the Internet Movie Database , http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0077180/ William Shakespeare 's As You Like It Characters Rosalind Orlando Celia Jaques Touchstone Screen 1912 1936 1978 ( TV ) 1994 ( TV ) 2006 Related `` All the world 's a stage '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rosalind_(As_You_Like_It)&oldid=779462158 '' Categories : Female Shakespearean characters Fictional characters introduced in 1600 Fictional androgynes Fictional cross-dressers Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 May 2017 , at 01 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who does rosalind love in as you like it | [
"She is the beautiful daughter of the exiled Duke Senior and niece to his usurping brother Duke Frederick. Her father is banished from the kingdom which breaks her heart. She then meets Orlando, one of her father's friends' son and falls in love with him. After angering her uncle, she leaves his court for exile in the Forest of Arden. Disguised as a shepherd named Ganymede, Rosalind lives with her sweet and devoted cousin, Celia (who is disguised as Ganymede's sister, Aliena), and Duke Frederick's fool Touchstone. Eventually, Rosalind is reunited with her father and married to her faithful lover, Orlando."
] | [
"Orlando"
] |
8868591154769819025 | Battle of the Bulge (film) | Battle of the Bulge ( film ) - wikipedia Battle of the Bulge ( film ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Battle of the Bulge Original movie poster Directed by Ken Annakin Produced by Sidney Harmon Milton Sperling Philip Yordan Dino De Laurentiis ( uncredited ) Written by Bernard Gordon John Melson Milton Sperling Philip Yordan Starring Henry Fonda Robert Shaw Robert Ryan Narrated by William Conrad Music by Benjamin Frankel Cinematography Jack Hildyard Edited by Derek Parsons Production company Warner Bros. Pictures Cinerama Productions United States Pictures Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date December 16 , 1965 ( 1965 - 12 - 16 ) Running time 167 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $6.5 million Box office $4.5 million ( est . US / Canada rentals ) Battle of the Bulge is a 1965 American widescreen epic war film produced in Spain , directed by Ken Annakin , and starring Henry Fonda , Robert Shaw , Telly Savalas , Robert Ryan , Dana Andrews and Charles Bronson . The feature was filmed in Ultra Panavision 70 and exhibited in 70 mm Cinerama . Battle of the Bulge had its world premiere on December 16 , 1965 , the 21st anniversary of the titular battle , at the Pacific Cinerama Dome Theatre in Hollywood , California . The filmmakers attempted to condense the Ardennes Counteroffensive , a World War II battle that stretched across parts of Germany , Belgium and Luxembourg and lasted nearly a month , into under three hours . They also shot parts of the film on terrain that did not resemble actual battle locations . This left them open to criticism for lack of historical accuracy , but they claimed in the end credits that they had `` re-organized '' the chronological order of events to maximize the dramatic story . Unlike most World War II epics , Battle of the Bulge contains virtually no portrayals of actual senior Allied leaders , civilian or military . This is presumably because of controversies surrounding the battle , both during the war and after . Though Allied forces ultimately won the battle , the initial German counteroffensive caught them by surprise and caused many casualties . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Historical inaccuracies 4 Production 5 Reaction 6 Later releases 7 Comic book adaption 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) It is December , 1944 . Military Intelligence officer and former policeman Lt. Col. Daniel Kiley ( Fonda ) and his pilot , Joe ( Robert Woods ) , are flying a reconnaissance mission over the Ardennes forest . Spotting a German staff car the plane buzzes the car and photographs the officer . Alarmed , the chauffeur flees the car , leaving the engine running . `` Petrol is blood , '' rebukes the German officer , marking a theme of the film , the German shortage of fuel . In a subterranean lair , it is revealed the officer is Col. Martin Hessler ( Shaw ) , a fictional Panzer tank commander loosely based on SS - Standartenführer Jochen Peiper . Hessler is briefed by his superior , Gen. Kohler ( Werner Peters ) , on a new German attack , piercing west against the American lines . Kohler points out a clock with a 50 - hour countdown , which is the time allotted for the operation , beyond which Germany has no resources for full - scale attack . At the same time German soldiers disguised as American troops , led by Lt. Schumacher ( Ty Hardin ) , are tasked with seizing vital bridges and sowing confusion behind the Allied lines . Meanwhile , Kiley returns to headquarters where he warns that the Germans are planning one more all - out offensive . His superiors , Gen. Grey ( Robert Ryan ) and Col. Pritchard ( Dana Andrews ) , dismiss it out of hand : all available intelligence points to Germany not having the resources and manpower to launch another attack . Hessler , having become concerned about the abilities of his tank commanders after his orderly , Conrad , ( Hans Christian Blech ) points out the staggering losses Germany has sustained since the war began , reviews them , discovering they are all young and lacking in experience . Overhearing his criticism , the commanders break into a chorus of Panzerlied , restoring Hessler 's faith . Hoping to uncover more proof , Kiley visits a US infantry position on the Siegfried Line under command of Maj . Wolenski ( Charles Bronson ) . A patrol led by Lt. Weaver ( James MacArthur ) and Sgt . Duquesne ( George Montgomery ) capture some young and obviously inexperienced German soldiers . Kiley concludes that experienced German troops have been replaced by these men and withdrawn for an offensive , but Pritchard dismisses this as well , rebuking Kiley for `` crackpot hunches '' and determining to relieve him of duty . Hessler launches his attack the next day . Awakened by the noise of German tanks , Wolenski leads his men into the wooded area of the Schnee Eifel , where they try to fight them off but are overrun . A group of Allied tanks led by Sgt . Guffy ( Telly Savalas ) also attempts to slow the Panzers , but their tanks ' weak guns and thin armor make them ineffective , forcing him and his crew to retreat . Lt. Schumacher and his disguised troops capture the only bridge over the Our River capable of carrying heavy tanks . Hessler continues his spearhead toward Ambleve , while being observed by Kiley , who also discovers that a German truck is carrying empty fuel drums . Schumacher later takes control of a vital intersection of three roads connecting Ambleve , Malmedy and the Siegfried Line . He sabotages the road signs , and the rear echelon of Wolenski 's troops take the wrong road to Malmedy ; almost the entire unit is captured and massacred . Lt. Weaver manages to escape , but Duquesne is killed . US soldiers become suspicious when they witness Schumacher 's `` military police '' lay explosives incorrectly on the Our bridge , and his masquerade is revealed , though too late to stop Hessler . When Kohler orders Hessler to bypass Ambleve , Hessler replies that the Americans have no concept of defeat , citing that they will ship things as trivial as a fresh chocolate cake to their front - line troops . He feels he can break their will to fight , and Kohler gives him the night to do so . Hessler 's tanks and infantry storm Ambleve , finally taking the town . Although many Americans , including Wolenski , are captured , Grey , Pritchard , Kiley and others escape to the River Meuse . American forces regroup and begin to reorganize for a counterattack . Facing the dangers of a foggy night , Col. Kiley conducts an aerial reconnaissance in an attempt to locate the main German spearhead . He orders the pilot to shut off the engine and glide in an attempt to listen for enemy tanks . Suddenly , through a gap in the fog , he spots Hessler 's tank column heading toward American lines . Kiley radios in the coordinates , but his plane is hit by German fire and crashes near an American fuel depot . In Hessler 's command vehicle , Conrad finally confronts the Colonel about his warmongering ways after Hessler boasts about the war going on forever , meaning Conrad 's sons will have to become soldiers and fight . Hessler is unmoved , transferring Conrad to the fuel battalion . Meanwhile , Gen. Grey 's forces , with the Meuse at their back , prepare to fight off Hessler . The outgunned , outarmored American tanks are systematically destroyed , but at the cost of the Germans burning up much of their fuel . Guffy encounters Weaver , who has taken command of a small force of wounded men , and the surviving Americans head to the depot , the same one where the wounded Kiley is recovering . Aware of the German fuel shortages , Hessler leads a detachment toward the depot to capture its stocks , Conrad watching him go . Weaver and the stragglers arrive first . Weaver recognizes Lt. Schumacher , who is still posing as an American MP and whose men have taken control of the depot , but Schumacher does n't recognize him . At Weaver 's signal , he and his men open fire on the disguised Germans , killing them all . As Hessler 's column approaches , the US defenders flood the road with gasoline and set it ablaze . The young German crews abandon their machines in terror , only to be shot by the Americans or consumed by the flames . Abandoned by his crew , Hessler goes it alone , only for his tank to be destroyed by a burning fuel drum . General Gray arrives in time to see the Panzers explode . Out of fuel , the remaining Germans give up the attack , marching back to Germany . Conrad , bringing up the rear , discards his rifle and cartridge belt , and confidently marches on , his personal war over . Cast ( edit ) Henry Fonda as Lt. Col. Daniel Kiley Robert Shaw as Col. Martin Hessler Robert Ryan as Gen. Grey Dana Andrews as Col. Pritchard George Montgomery as Sgt . Duquesne Ty Hardin as Lt. Schumacher Pier Angeli as Louise Barbara Werle as Elena Charles Bronson as Maj . Wolenski Hans Christian Blech as Conrad Werner Peters as Gen. Kohler James MacArthur as Lt. Weaver Karl - Otto Alberty as Maj . Von Diepel Telly Savalas as Sgt . Guffy Steve Rowland as Eddy Robert Woods as Joe Charles Stalmaker as Maj . Burke Robert Rietti Voiceover Historical inaccuracies ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The final tank battle is a rough depiction of the Battle of Celles on December 26 , 1944 , where the U.S. 2nd Armored Div . smashed the German 2nd Panzer Division . The film creates the false impression that large numbers of American tanks sacrificed themselves against the heavy Tiger IIs and in the process lured the enemy off course , which caused them to run out of gas . In reality , they were already stranded . The tanks used , despite the claims of the producer in an interview , which is one of the DVD extras , are not historically accurate . Although the M24 Chaffee light tanks used in the scene were World War II - era vehicles , they were not in use in the scale shown in the film and were relatively rare . The US M47 Pattons as representing German King Tiger tanks and the M4 Shermans , as represented by the M24 Chaffees , contributed much to the myth or ' meme ' of the ' superior size and firepower which US armor had to contend with . ' However , in World War II , that was actually the task and work of the ( mobile ) artillery . Aside from the initial American encounters with the German offensive is the absence of cold weather and snow , which were the conditions in which the real battle was fought . There is no trace of snow at all in the film 's major tank battle scene , and some battle scenes were fought in flat and bare territory , unlike the mountainous , forested and grassy nature of the Ardennes . The film was shot on location in the Sierra de Guadarrama mountain range and Madrid , Spain . The sequence with Lt. Schumacher and his men was based on Operation Greif , the plan to parachute English - speaking Germans using American equipment behind American lines to sow confusion and capture the bridges . Absent from this movie is the response by General Patton , whose Third Army relieved the siege of Bastogne . Also , there are no African - Americans in the movie even though the 761st Tank Battalion ( The Black Panthers ) played a role in Patton 's Third Army . Indeed , there is no reference to British forces in the area , but British troops were largely kept behind the Meuse River and thus almost entirely out of the fighting . Also not mentioned is General Eisenhower 's decision to split the Bulge front in two , ceding temporary command of two American armies to Field Marshal Montgomery in the northern half of the Bulge ; the film implies a totally American operation . There is also no mention of the role of Allied air power hitting the Germans hard at the first sign of clear weather . The film 's opening narration , by William Conrad , mentions both Montgomery and Patton but is inaccurate : `` to the north , stood Montgomery 's Eighth Army . To the south , Patton 's Third Army . '' In fact , Montgomery 's northern command was actually the 21st Army Group . The Eighth Army , Montgomery 's previous command , was actually in Italy at the time of the Battle of the Bulge . Although Patton was actually in charge of Third Army during the battle , it was part of a much larger American force in the south and was one of four American armies of the 12th Army Group under General Omar Bradley . The film recaptures the major aspects of the battle , depicting how the inexperienced replacement American units stationed in the Ardennes were initially overwhelmed and how confused the situation became . It points out the superiority of heavy German tanks and their major weakness , a lack of fuel . Some early scenes , showing discussions among German officers , accurately depict the Third Reich 's desperation to cut American - British supply lines to neutralize the Allies ' huge logistical advantage . Production ( edit ) Screenwriter Bernard Gordon claims to have rewritten John Melson 's original screenplay . Some of the original choices for director were Richard Fleischer , who turned it down and Edward Dmytryk , with whom Jack L. Warner of Warner Bros. refused to work . Technical advisor on the film was Maj. Gen. ( then Col . ) Meinrad von Lauchert , who commanded the German tank division that made the most headway in the actual battle . For an economical price and with no restrictions , the Spanish army provided an estimated 500 fully equipped soldiers and 75 tanks and vehicles , some of World War II vintage . Reaction ( edit ) Eisenhower came out of retirement and held a press conference to denounce the film for what he considered its gross historical inaccuracy . The film was one of the most popular movies at the British box office in 1966 . Later releases ( edit ) The original VHS release of the film for home video use was heavily edited to fit on one VHS tape and used a full screen `` pan and scan '' technique often employed in network telecasts of widescreen motion pictures . The 1992 Laserdisc and 2005 DVD releases run at their full length and are presented letterboxed in the original 2.76 : 1 aspect ratio . A Blu - ray release followed in 2007 , also in the original 2.76 : 1 aspect ratio . Comic book adaption ( edit ) Dell Movie Classic : Battle of the Bulge ( June 1966 ) See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1965 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bart , Peter ( 25 Oct 1964 ) . `` Hollywood : War Is Hell but Profitable '' . The New York Times . p . X7 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Big Rental Pictures of 1966 '' , Variety , January 4 , 1967 p 8 Jump up ^ pp. 193 - 194 Gordon , Bernard Hollywood Exile : Or How I Learned to Love the Blacklist University of Texas Press , 1999 Jump up ^ p. 194 Dmytryk , Edward Odd Man Out : A Memoir of the Hollywood Ten SIU Press , 1996 Jump up ^ p. 68 Simonis , Damien Spain 7 Lonely Planet , 01 / 03 / 2009 Jump up ^ pp. 110 Niemi , Robert History of the Media : Film and Television ABC - CLIO 2006 Jump up ^ `` Most popular star for third time . '' Times ( London , England ) 31 Dec. 1966 : 5 . The Times Digital Archive . Web . 16 Sept. 2013 . Jump up ^ Dell Movie Classic : Battle of the Bulge at the Grand Comics Database Jump up ^ Dell Movie Classic : Battle of the Bulge at the Comic Book DB External links ( edit ) Battle of the Bulge on IMDb Battle of the Bulge at the TCM Movie Database Battle of the Bulge at AllMovie Battle of the Bulge at the American Film Institute Catalog Battle of the Bulge at Rotten Tomatoes Spanish locations Marcus Wendel ( May 14 , 2006 ) , `` Heer Units '' . Viewed December 26 , 2006 . Films directed by Ken Annakin It Began on the Clyde ( 1946 ) Fenlands ( 1946 ) Holiday Camp ( 1947 ) Miranda ( 1948 ) Broken Journey ( 1948 ) Here Come the Huggetts ( 1948 ) Vote for Huggett ( 1949 ) The Huggetts Abroad ( 1949 ) Landfall ( 1949 ) Double Confession ( 1950 ) Trio ( 1950 ) Hotel Sahara ( 1951 ) The Story of Robin Hood and His Merrie Men ( 1952 ) The Planter 's Wife ( 1952 ) The Sword and the Rose ( 1953 ) You Know What Sailors Are ( 1954 ) The Seekers ( 1954 ) Value for Money ( 1955 ) Loser Takes All ( 1956 ) Three Men in a Boat ( 1956 ) Across the Bridge ( 1957 ) Nor the Moon by Night ( 1958 ) Third Man on the Mountain ( 1959 ) Swiss Family Robinson ( 1960 ) Very Important Person ( 1961 ) The Hellions ( 1961 ) The Fast Lady ( 1962 ) The Longest Day ( 1962 ) Crooks Anonymous ( 1962 ) The Informers ( 1963 ) Those Magnificent Men in Their Flying Machines ( 1965 ) Battle of the Bulge ( 1965 ) The Long Duel ( 1967 ) The Biggest Bundle of Them All ( 1968 ) Monte Carlo or Bust ! ( 1969 ) The Call of the Wild ( 1972 ) Paper Tiger ( 1975 ) The Pirate ( 1978 ) The Fifth Musketeer ( 1979 ) Cheaper to Keep Her ( 1981 ) The Pirate Movie ( 1982 ) The New Adventures of Pippi Longstocking ( 1988 ) Cinerama Films Three - panel This Is Cinerama ( 1952 ) Cinerama Holiday ( 1955 ) Seven Wonders of the World ( 1956 ) Search for Paradise ( 1957 ) South Seas Adventure ( 1958 ) Windjammer ( 1958 ) The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm ( 1962 ) Holiday in Spain ( 1962 ) How the West Was Won ( 1962 ) The Best of Cinerama ( 1963 ) Cinerama 's Russian Adventure ( 1966 ) 70 mm It 's a Mad , Mad , Mad , Mad World ( 1963 ) Circus World ( 1964 ) Mediterranean Holiday ( 1964 ) The Greatest Story Ever Told ( 1965 ) The Hallelujah Trail ( 1965 ) Battle of the Bulge ( 1965 ) Khartoum ( 1966 ) Grand Prix ( 1966 ) Custer of the West ( 1967 ) 2001 : A Space Odyssey ( 1968 ) Ice Station Zebra ( 1968 ) Krakatoa , East of Java ( 1969 ) Song of Norway ( 1970 ) The Great Waltz ( 1972 ) Fisheye To the Moon and Beyond ( 1964 ) Venues Present : Cinerama Dome Pictureville Cinema Seattle Cinerama Former : Indian Hills Theater People Merian C. Cooper Hazard E. Reeves Lowell Thomas Mike Todd Related Cinemiracle Cinerama Adventure Cinerama Releasing Corporation Kinopanorama Multi-image Polyvision Super Panavision 70 Ultra Panavision 70 Todd - AO process Waller Gunnery Trainer Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Bulge_(film)&oldid=843295514 '' Categories : 1965 films English - language films 1960s war films American films American war films American epic films Films about armoured warfare Films directed by Ken Annakin Films set in 1944 Films set in 1945 Films set in Belgium Films shot in Madrid War epic films Warner Bros. films Western Front of World War II films World War II films Films produced by Dino De Laurentiis Films adapted into comics Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Use mdy dates from June 2013 Articles needing additional references from February 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Slovenščina Suomi Türkçe 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 05 : 50 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | german tanks in battle of the bulge movie | [
"In a subterranean lair, it is revealed the officer is Col. Martin Hessler (Shaw), a fictional Panzer tank commander loosely based on SS-Standartenführer Jochen Peiper. Hessler is briefed by his superior, Gen. Kohler (Werner Peters), on a new German attack, piercing west against the American lines. Kohler points out a clock with a 50-hour countdown, which is the time allotted for the operation, beyond which Germany has no resources for full-scale attack. At the same time German soldiers disguised as American troops, led by Lt. Schumacher (Ty Hardin), are tasked with seizing vital bridges and sowing confusion behind the Allied lines.\n"
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"Panzer"
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-220408198864744063 | Mark-Paul Gosselaar | Mark - Paul Gosselaar - wikipedia Mark - Paul Gosselaar Mark - Paul Gosselaar Gosselaar in 2008 Mark - Paul Harry Gosselaar ( 1974 - 03 - 01 ) March 1 , 1974 ( age 44 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Education Hart High School Occupation Actor , Model Years active 1986 -- present Spouse ( s ) Lisa Ann Russell ( m . 1996 -- 2011 ) Catriona McGinn ( m . 2012 ) Children Mark - Paul Harry Gosselaar ( / ˈɡɒslər / ; born March 1 , 1974 ) is an American actor . He is known for his television roles as Zack Morris in Saved by the Bell , Detective John Clark in NYPD Blue , and Peter Bash in Franklin & Bash . He was the lead in the 1998 film Dead Man on Campus , and starred in the 2016 TV series Pitch . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Gosselaar was born in Panorama City , California , the son of Paula ( van den Brink ) , a homemaker and hostess for KLM , and Hans Gosselaar , a plant supervisor for Anheuser - Busch . His Dutch father is of German and Dutch Jewish descent . Gosselaar 's Jewish paternal great - grandparents , Hertog and Hester Gosselaar , were killed at the Sobibor extermination camp during the Holocaust . His mother , who is of Indonesian and Dutch descent , is from Bali , Indonesia . At one point , Gosselaar was fluent in Dutch ( his older siblings were born in the Netherlands ) . Gosselaar 's parents later separated . Gosselaar 's mother worked as his manager . He began modeling at the age of 5 . As a child , he appeared in commercials for Oreo cookies and Smurf merchandise , and later won guest spots on television series . He spent his teenage years in the Santa Clarita Valley in Southern California , where he attended Hart High School . Career ( edit ) Gosselaar first came to public notice as the star of the hit television comedy series Saved by the Bell , in which he played Zack Morris , and which aired on NBC from 1989 to 1993 . His character was adapted from the short - lived Disney Channel sitcom Good Morning , Miss Bliss ; although that show was cancelled after one season , NBC executives believed that a similar show , with Zack Morris as the series lead , had potential for success . He reprised the role in two TV movies and a less - successful spin - off , Saved by the Bell : The College Years . In 1994 , he appeared as Zack Morris in a second spin - off series Saved by the Bell : The New Class in the episode `` Goodbye , Bayside -- Part 2 '' , along with Mario López as A.C. Slater and Lark Voorhies as Lisa Turtle . In 1996 , he appeared in the TV - film She Cried No as a college student who date - rapes his best friend 's sister at a fraternity party . In 1998 , he starred in the feature film , Dead Man on Campus . Later that same year , Gosselaar played the central character in the TV drama Hyperion Bay , which lasted 17 episodes . In 2001 , he starred in the movie The Princess and the Marine , with Marisol Nichols . He also starred in the short - lived WB series D.C. From 2001 - 05 , he played Detective John Clark on ABC 's NYPD Blue . After the series ended , he joined the cast of ABC 's Commander in Chief , which lasted only one season . He appeared on the HBO series John from Cincinnati . He then gained the starring role of defense attorney Jerry Kellerman in the Steven Bochco - produced Raising the Bar , which debuted on September 1 , 2008 , on TNT , then it was canceled in November 2009 after two seasons . On June 8 , 2009 , Gosselaar appeared on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon in character as Zack Morris to promote his show Raising the Bar , indicating that the name Mark - Paul Gosselaar is his stage name and declaring , as Zack , that he would participate in a Saved by the Bell `` Class '' reunion that is being spearheaded by Fallon . He has since agreed to participate in the reunion being organized by Jimmy Fallon on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon along with four fellow castmembers to date . On February 4 , 2015 , Gosselaar reunited with Mario Lopez , Elizabeth Berkley , Dennis Haskins and Tiffani Thiessen on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon where they appeared in a Saved by the Bell sketch with Fallon . In October 2009 , he made his Off - Broadway stage debut in Theresa Rebeck 's play The Understudy with The Roundabout Theatre Company . The show extended its limited New York run until January 17 , 2010 . Gosselaar began filming the TNT series Franklin & Bash on March 28 , 2010 . The series premiered on June 1 , 2011 . On November 11 , 2014 , it was announced that the series was canceled , after four seasons . The FOX series Pitch cast Gosselaar in the main role of Mike Lawson , star catcher and team captain , in February 2016 , and premiered on September 22 , 2016 . On May 1 , 2017 , it was announced that the series was canceled , after one season . He appeared in 1 episode of Dinner at Tiffani 's . Personal life ( edit ) In a July 2009 interview with People , Gosselaar revealed that when Saved By the Bell was in production , he dated , at different times , his three female co-stars : Lark Voorhies , Tiffani Thiessen and Elizabeth Berkley . He remains friends with his Saved by the Bell cast mates . In 1996 , Gosselaar married former model Lisa Ann Russell . Together they have two children : son Michael Charles ( born 2004 ) and daughter Ava Lorenn ( born 2006 ) . After 14 years of marriage , Gosselaar and Russell announced their separation in early June 2010 . Gosselaar filed for divorce June 18 , 2010 , and it became final in May 2011 . Gosselaar was engaged to advertising executive Catriona McGinn in August 2011 . They married July 28 , 2012 at the Sunstone winery in Santa Ynez , California . They have a son Dekker ( born 2013 ) , and a daughter Lachlyn ( born 2015 ) . Gosselaar is a sports car enthusiast , race car driver , track cyclist , dirt biker and pilot . In 2005 , he competed in the Far West Championships for track cycling . He won the Category 4 / 5 Sprint Championship event at the Encino Velodrome . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes White Wolves : A Cry in the Wild II Scott James 1994 The St. Tammany Miracle Carl 1995 Twisted Love D.J. Specimen Mike Hillary Sticks & Stones Dale Kounterfeit Paco / Danny 1998 Dead Man on Campus Cooper Frederickson 2001 Beer Money Tim 2015 Heist Marconi 2016 Precious Cargo Jack Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1986 Highway to Heaven Rolf Baldt Episode : `` The Torch '' 1986 Stingray Eric Murray Episode : `` Below the Line '' 1986 The Twilight Zone Tim Conrad Episode : `` What Are Friends For ? '' 1988 Necessary Parties Chris Mills Movie 1988 The Wonder Years Brad Gaines Episode : `` Dance with Me '' 1988 Punky Brewster Walker Wimbley Episode : `` One Plus Tutor Is Three '' 1988 Charles in Charge Philip Episode : `` Runaround Charles '' 1988 -- 89 Good Morning , Miss Bliss Zack Morris Lead role ( 13 episodes ) 1989 -- 93 Saved by the Bell Zack Morris Lead role ( 86 episodes ) Murphy Brown Wes Episode : `` I Want My FYI '' 1992 Saved by the Bell : Hawaiian Style Zack Morris Movie 1992 Blossom Kevin Episode : `` Losing Your ... Religion '' 1993 -- 94 Saved by the Bell : The College Years Zack Morris Lead role ( 19 episodes ) 1994 For the Love of Nancy Tommy Walsh Movie 1994 Saved by the Bell : Wedding in Las Vegas Zack Morris Movie 1994 Saved by the Bell : The New Class Zack Morris Episode : `` Goodbye Bayside '' Brothers of the Frontier Hiram Holcomb Movie She Cried No Scott Baker Movie ; also known as Freshman Fall 1997 Dying to Belong Steven Tyler Movie 1997 Born Into Exile Chris Movie 1998 -- 99 Hyperion Bay Dennis Sweeny Main role ( 17 episodes ) 2000 D.C. Pete Komisky Main role ( 7 episodes ) 2001 The Princess and the Marine Jason Johnson Movie 2001 Beer Money Tim Maroon Movie 2001 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Wesley Jansen / Peter Ivanhoe Episode : `` Sacrifice '' 2001 -- 05 NYPD Blue Det . John Clark , Jr . Main role ( 76 episodes ) 2002 Alikes 2002 Atomic Twister Dep . Jake Hannah Movie 2002 Hitched Michael Unsold pilot 2005 Over There John Moffet Two episodes 2005 -- 06 Commander in Chief Richard ' Dickie ' McDonald Recurring role ( 10 episodes ) 2006 The House Next Door Kim Movie 2007 Law Dogs Evan Marlowe Unsold pilot 2007 John from Cincinnati Jake Ferris 3 episodes 2008 Robot Chicken Zack Morris / Employee ( voice ) Episode : `` Boo Cocky '' 2008 -- 09 Raising the Bar Jerry Kellerman Main role ( 25 episodes ) Rizzoli & Isles Garrett Fairfield Episode : `` Money For Nothing '' Weeds Jack Episode : `` Gentle Puppies '' 2011 -- 14 Franklin & Bash Peter Bash Lead role ( 40 episodes ) 2011 12 Dates of Christmas Miles Movie 2012 Do n't Trust the B -- -- in Apartment 23 Himself Episode : `` A Reunion '' 2013 Men at Work Tim Episode : `` Weekend at PJ 's '' ( uncredited ) 2013 Happy Endings Chase Episodes : `` The Ex Factor '' , `` Un-sabotagable '' 2014 Flipping Out Himself Episode : `` Due Date '' 2014 -- 15 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Jared Briscoe / Paul Winthrop Recurring roles ( 4 episodes ) 2015 Truth Be Told Mitch Main role 2016 Pitch Mike Lawson Main role 2016 Dinner at Tiffani 's Himself Episode : `` Christmas at Tiffani 's '' 2016 Celebrity Name Game Himself 2018 Nobodies Mark - Paul Gosselaar Recurring role ( 3 episodes ) 2019 The Passage Brad Wolgast Main role Awards and nominations ( edit ) Young Artist Award 1989 : Nominated , Best Young Actor in a Cable Family Series -- Good Morning , Miss Bliss 1990 : Nominated , Outstanding Young Ensemble Cast -- Saved by the Bell 1991 : Best Young Actor Starring in an Off - Primetime Series -- Saved by the Bell 1992 : Nominated , Best Young Actor Starring in an Off - Primetime Series -- Saved by the Bell 1993 : Nominated , Best Young Actor Starring in an Off - Primetime Series -- Saved by the Bell References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NLS Other Writings : Say How '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott - Gregory , Sophronia ; Rizzo , Monica ( October 12 , 1998 ) . `` To Bell and Back '' . People . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Luaine ( June 3 , 2011 ) . `` Gosselaar , now all grown up , back on TV '' . The Bulletin . Bend , Oregon . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Parenteel van Nathan Godslaars ( Gosselaar family genealogy ) ; Gosselaar 's paternal grandfather , Aron ( Arie ) Gosselaar , was a Dutch Jew , and Gosselaar 's paternal grandmother , Ida Ferdinanda `` Itty '' Kosel , was German . Jump up ^ `` Hertog Gosselaar '' . Yad Vashem . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Hester Gosselaar '' . Yad Vashem . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Gosselaar , Mark - Paul ( October 15 , 2008 ) . `` Catching up with ... Mark - Paul Gosselaar '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Rohit , Parimal M. ( March 3 , 2011 ) . `` Mark - Paul Gosselaar Discusses Franklin and Bash '' . Santa Monica Mirror . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mark - Paul Gosselaar ... From Outrageous Con Man To Reluctant Icon ! '' . Mark - Paul Gosselaar.net. 2005 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Mark - Paul Gosselaar : Biography '' . TV Guide . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Joanne ; Tomashoff , Craig ( April 16 , 1990 ) . `` Mark - Paul Gosselaar , Teen Star of NBC 's Saved by the Bell Learns That Fame Takes a Toll '' . People . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Godwin , Jennifer ( November 30 , 2009 ) . `` TNT Cancels Mark - Paul Gosselaar 's Raising the Bar '' . E ! News . Jump up ^ Finn , Natalie ( June 8 , 2009 ) . `` Zack Attacks Late Night With Jimmy Fallon '' . E ! News . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Watch a Glorious Saved by the Bell Reunion Courtesy of Jimmy Fallon '' . Time . Retrieved 20 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Fallon assembled the cast of ' Saved by The Bell ' for an epic reunion '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 20 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Fallon reunites most of the ' Saved by the Bell ' cast '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 20 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Understudy , Starring White , Kirk and Gosselaar , Extends '' . Broadway Buzz . November 12 , 2009 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` Franklin & Bash ' Cancelled By TNT After Four Season '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ `` Pitch Cancelled By Fox After One Season ( No Season Two ) '' . TVSeriesFinale . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ingrassia , Lisa ( August 9 , 2009 ) . `` Saved by the Bell '' . People . 76 ( 6 ) . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Mark - Paul Gosselaar , Wife Have a Girl '' . People . May 7 , 2006 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Shira , Dahvi ( June 3 , 2010 ) . `` Mark - Paul Gosselaar and Wife Split '' . People . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Oh , Eunice ( June 25 , 2010 ) . `` Mark - Paul Gosselaar Files for Divorce '' . People . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Leonard , Elizabeth ; Rizzo , Monica ( August 10 , 2011 ) . `` Mark - Paul Gosselaar Is Engaged '' . People . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Messer , Lesley ( July 28 , 2012 ) . `` Mark - Paul Gosselaar Is Married ! '' . People . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Leon , Anya ( September 30 , 2013 ) . `` Mark - Paul Gosselaar Welcomes Son '' . People . Retrieved September 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mark - Paul Gosselaar Welcomes Daughter Lachlyn Hope '' . People . Jump up ^ `` Encino Velodrome : 2005 Far West Championships '' . September 4 , 2005 . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2008 . Retrieved October 13 , 2008 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mark - Paul Gosselaar . Mark - Paul Gosselaar on IMDb Mark - Paul Gosselaar on Twitter Mark - Paul Gosselaar Speaks at Emory 's Class Day BNF : cb139908006 ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0000 3420 6462 LCCN : n91066844 VIAF : 66660542 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark-Paul_Gosselaar&oldid=854964681 '' Categories : 1974 births Living people 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors American child models American male child actors American male film actors American people of German descent American people of Dutch - Jewish descent American people of Dutch - Indonesian descent American male television actors Male actors from Los Angeles Male models from California Barber Pro Series drivers 21st - century American racing drivers Racing drivers from California Sportspeople from Los Angeles People from Panorama City , Los Angeles Models from Los Angeles Hidden categories : Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 August 2018 , at 00 : 17 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played zack morris saved by the bell | [
"Mark-Paul Harry Gosselaar (/ˈɡɒslər/;[1] born March 1, 1974) is an American actor. He is known for his television roles as Zack Morris in Saved by the Bell, Detective John Clark in NYPD Blue, and Peter Bash in Franklin & Bash.\n"
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"Mark-Paul Harry Gosselaar"
] |
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