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-2366611909216382552 | Latin | Latin - Wikipedia Latin Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Latin ( disambiguation ) . Latin Lingua latīna Latin inscription , in the Colosseum Pronunciation ( laˈtiːna ) Native to Latium Roman Kingdom / Republic / Empire Early modern Europe Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia ( lingua franca ) Vatican City Ethnicity Latins Era Vulgar Latin developed into Romance languages , 6th to 9th centuries ; the formal language continued as the scholarly lingua franca of Catholic countries and medieval Europe and as the liturgical language of the Catholic Church . Language family Indo - European Italic Latino - Faliscan Latin Writing system Latin alphabet Official status Official language in Holy See Sovereign Military Order of Malta Regulated by Antiquity : Roman schools of grammar / rhetoric Today : Pontifical Academy for Latin Language codes ISO 639 - 1 la ISO 639 - 2 lat ISO 639 - 3 lat Glottolog lati1261 Linguasphere 51 - AAB - a Map indicating the greatest extent of the Roman Empire ( c. 117 AD ) and the area governed by Latin speakers ( dark red ) . Many languages other than Latin were spoken within the empire . Range of the Romance languages , the modern descendants of Latin , in Europe . This article contains IPA phonetic symbols . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols instead of Unicode characters . For an introductory guide on IPA symbols , see Help : IPA . Latin ( Latin : lingua latīna , IPA : ( ˈlɪŋɡwa laˈtiːna ) ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo - European languages . The Latin alphabet is derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets , and ultimately from the Phoenician alphabet . Latin was originally spoken in Latium , in the Italian Peninsula . Through the power of the Roman Republic , it became the dominant language , initially in Italy and subsequently throughout the Roman Empire . Vulgar Latin developed into the Romance languages , such as Italian , Portuguese , Spanish , French , and Romanian . Latin and French have contributed many words to the English language . Latin and Ancient Greek roots are used in theology , biology , and medicine . By the late Roman Republic ( 75 BC ) , Old Latin had been standardised into Classical Latin . Vulgar Latin was the colloquial form spoken during the same time and attested in inscriptions and the works of comic playwrights like Plautus and Terence . Late Latin is the written language from the 3rd century , and Medieval Latin the language used from the 9th century to the Renaissance which used Renaissance Latin . Later , Early Modern Latin and Modern Latin evolved . Latin was used as the language of international communication , scholarship , and science until well into the 18th century , when it began to be supplanted by vernaculars . Ecclesiastical Latin remains the official language of the Holy See and the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church . Today , many students , scholars and members of the Catholic clergy speak Latin fluently as a liturgical language . It is taught in primary , secondary and postsecondary educational institutions around the world . Latin is a highly inflected language , with three distinct genders , seven noun cases , four verb conjugations , four verb principal parts , six tenses , three persons , three moods , two voices , two aspects and two numbers . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Old Latin 1.2 Classical Latin 1.3 Vulgar Latin 1.4 Medieval Latin 1.5 Renaissance Latin 1.6 New Latin 1.7 Contemporary Latin 2 Legacy 2.1 Inscriptions 2.2 Literature 2.3 Influence on present - day languages 2.4 Education 2.5 Official status 3 Phonology 3.1 Consonants 3.2 Vowels 3.2. 1 Simple vowels 3.2. 2 Diphthongs 4 Orthography 4.1 Alternate scripts 5 Grammar 5.1 Nouns 5.2 Adjectives 5.2. 1 First - and second - declension adjectives 5.2. 2 Third - declension adjectives 5.2. 3 Participles 5.3 Prepositions 5.4 Verbs 5.4. 1 Deponent verbs 6 Vocabulary 7 Phrases 8 Numbers 9 Example text 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links 13.1 Language tools 13.2 Courses 13.3 Grammar and study 13.4 Phonetics 13.5 Latin language news and audio 13.6 Latin language online communities History ( edit ) Main article : History of Latin The linguistic landscape of Central Italy at the beginning of Roman expansion A number of historical phases of the language have been recognised , each distinguished by subtle differences in vocabulary , usage , spelling , morphology , and syntax . There are no hard and fast rules of classification ; different scholars emphasise different features . As a result , the list has variants , as well as alternative names . In addition to the historical phases , Ecclesiastical Latin refers to the styles used by the writers of the Roman Catholic Church as well as by Protestant scholars from Late Antiquity onward . After the Western Roman Empire fell in 476 , and Germanic kingdoms took its place , the Germanic people adopted Latin as a language more suitable for legal and other formal uses . Old Latin ( edit ) Main article : Old Latin The earliest known form of Latin is Old Latin , which was spoken from the Roman Kingdom to the middle of the Roman Republic period . It is attested both in inscriptions and in some of the earliest extant Latin literary works , such as the comedies of Plautus and Terence . The Latin alphabet was devised from the Etruscan alphabet . The writing later changed from an initial right - to - left or boustrophedon to a left - to - right script . Classical Latin ( edit ) Main article : Classical Latin During the late republic and into the first years of the empire , a new Classical Latin arose , a conscious creation of the orators , poets , historians and other literate men , who wrote the great works of classical literature , which were taught in grammar and rhetoric schools . Today 's instructional grammars trace their roots to such schools , which served as a sort of informal language academy dedicated to maintaining and perpetuating educated speech . Vulgar Latin ( edit ) Main articles : Vulgar Latin and Late Latin Philological analysis of Archaic Latin works , such as those of Plautus , which contain snippets of everyday speech , indicates that a spoken language , Vulgar Latin ( termed sermo vulgi , `` the speech of the masses '' , by Cicero ) , existed concurrently with literate Classical Latin . The informal language was rarely written , so philologists have been left with only individual words and phrases cited by classical authors and those found as graffiti . As it was free to develop on its own , there is no reason to suppose that the speech was uniform either diachronically or geographically . On the contrary , romanised European populations developed their own dialects of the language , which eventually led to the differentiation of Romance languages . The Decline of the Roman Empire meant a deterioration in educational standards that brought about Late Latin , a postclassical stage of the language seen in Christian writings of the time . It was more in line with everyday speech , not only because of a decline in education but also because of a desire to spread the word to the masses . Despite dialectal variation , which is found in any widespread language , the languages of Spain , France , Portugal , and Italy retained a remarkable unity in phonological forms and developments , bolstered by the stabilising influence of their common Christian ( Roman Catholic ) culture . It was not until the Moorish conquest of Spain in 711 cut off communications between the major Romance regions that the languages began to diverge seriously . The Vulgar Latin dialect that would later become Romanian diverged somewhat more from the other varieties , as it was largely cut off from the unifying influences in the western part of the Empire . One key marker of whether a Romance feature was in Vulgar Latin is to compare it with its parallel in Classical Latin . If it was not preferred in Classical Latin , then it most likely came from the undocumented contemporaneous Vulgar Latin . For example , the Romance for `` horse '' ( Italian cavallo , French cheval , Spanish caballo , Portuguese cavalo and Romanian cal ) came from Latin caballus . However , Classical Latin used equus . Therefore caballus was most likely the spoken form . Vulgar Latin began to diverge into distinct languages by the 9th century at the latest , when the earliest extant Romance writings begin to appear . They were , throughout the period , confined to everyday speech , as Medieval Latin was used for writing . Medieval Latin ( edit ) Main article : Medieval Latin The Latin Malmesbury Bible from 1407 . Medieval Latin is the written Latin in use during that portion of the postclassical period when no corresponding Latin vernacular existed . The spoken language had developed into the various incipient Romance languages ; however , in the educated and official world Latin continued without its natural spoken base . Moreover , this Latin spread into lands that had never spoken Latin , such as the Germanic and Slavic nations . It became useful for international communication between the member states of the Holy Roman Empire and its allies . Without the institutions of the Roman empire that had supported its uniformity , medieval Latin lost its linguistic cohesion : for example , in classical Latin sum and eram are used as auxiliary verbs in the perfect and pluperfect passive , which are compound tenses . Medieval Latin might use fui and fueram instead . Furthermore , the meanings of many words have been changed and new vocabularies have been introduced from the vernacular . Identifiable individual styles of classically incorrect Latin prevail . Renaissance Latin ( edit ) Main article : Renaissance Latin Most 15th century printed books ( incunabula ) were in Latin , with the vernacular languages playing only a secondary role . The Renaissance briefly reinforced the position of Latin as a spoken language by its adoption by the Renaissance Humanists . Often led by members of the clergy , they were shocked by the accelerated dismantling of the vestiges of the classical world and the rapid loss of its literature . They strove to preserve what they could and restore Latin to what it had been and introduced the practice of producing revised editions of the literary works that remained by comparing surviving manuscripts . By no later than the 15th century they had replaced Medieval Latin with versions supported by the scholars of the rising universities , who attempted , by scholarship , to discover what the classical language had been . New Latin ( edit ) Main article : New Latin During the Early Modern Age , Latin still was the most important language of culture in Europe . Therefore , until the end of the 17th century the majority of books and almost all diplomatic documents were written in Latin . Afterwards , most diplomatic documents were written in French and later just native or other languages . Contemporary Latin ( edit ) Main article : Contemporary Latin The signs at Wallsend Metro station are in English and Latin as a tribute to Wallsend 's role as one of the outposts of the Roman Empire . The largest organisation that retains Latin in official and quasi-official contexts is the Catholic Church . Latin remains the language of the Roman Rite ; the Tridentine Mass is celebrated in Latin . Although the Mass of Paul VI is usually celebrated in the local vernacular language , it can be and often is said in Latin , in part or whole , especially at multilingual gatherings . It is the official language of the Holy See , the primary language of its public journal , the Acta Apostolicae Sedis , and the working language of the Roman Rota . Vatican City is also home to the world 's only automatic teller machine that gives instructions in Latin . In the pontifical universities postgraduate courses of Canon law are taught in Latin , and papers are written in the same language . In the Anglican Church , after the publication of the Book of Common Prayer of 1559 , a Latin edition was published in 1560 for use at universities such as Oxford and the leading `` public schools '' ( English private academies ) , where the liturgy was still permitted to be conducted in Latin and there have been several Latin translations since . Most recently , a Latin edition of the 1979 USA Anglican Book of Common Prayer has appeared . Some films of ancient settings , such as Sebastiane and The Passion of the Christ , have been made with dialogue in Latin for the sake of realism . Occasionally , Latin dialogue is used because of its association with religion or philosophy , in such film / television series as The Exorcist and Lost ( `` Jughead '' ) . Subtitles are usually shown for the benefit of those who do not understand Latin . There are also songs written with Latin lyrics . The libretto for the opera - oratorio Oedipus rex ( opera ) by Igor Stravinsky is in Latin . Switzerland adopts the country 's Latin short name Helvetia on coins and stamps since there is no room to use all of the nation 's four official languages . For a similar reason , it adopted the international vehicle and internet code CH , which stands for Confoederatio Helvetica , the country 's full Latin name . The polyglot European Union has adopted Latin names in the logos of some of its institutions for the sake of linguistic compromise , an `` ecumenical nationalism '' common to most of the continent and as a sign of the continent 's heritage ( such as the EU Council : Consilium ) Many organizations today have Latin mottos , such as `` Semper paratus '' ( always ready ) , the motto of the United States Coast Guard , and `` Semper fidelis '' ( always faithful ) , the motto of the United States Marine Corps . Several of the states of the United States also have Latin mottos , such as `` Qui transtulit sustinet '' ( `` He who transplanted still sustains '' ) , the state motto of Connecticut ; `` Ad astra per aspera '' ( `` To the stars through hardships '' ) , that of Kansas ; `` Si quaeris peninsulam amoenam , circumspice '' ( `` If you seek a pleasant peninsula , look about you '' ) , that of Michigan ; `` Salus populi suprema lex esto '' ( `` The health of the people should be the highest law '' ) , that of Missouri ; `` Esse quam videri '' ( To be rather than to seem ) , that of North Carolina ; `` Sic semper tyrannis '' ( Thus always for tyrants ) , that of Virginia ; and `` Montani semper liberi '' ( Mountaineers are always free ) , that of West Virginia . Another Latin motto is `` Per ardua ad astra '' ( Through adversity / struggle to the stars ) , the motto of the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) . Some schools adopt Latin mottos , for example Harvard University 's motto is `` Veritas '' meaning ( truth ) . Veritas was the goddess of truth , a daughter of Saturn , and the mother of Virtue . Similarly Canada 's motto `` A mari usque ad mare '' ( from sea to sea ) and most provincial mottos are also in Latin ( British Columbia 's is Splendor Sine Occasu ( splendor without diminishment ) ) . Occasionally , some media outlets broadcast in Latin , which is targeted at enthusiasts . Notable examples include Radio Bremen in Germany , YLE radio in Finland , and Vatican Radio & Television , all of which broadcast news segments and other material in Latin . There are many websites and forums maintained in Latin by enthusiasts . The Latin Wikipedia has more than 100,000 articles written in Latin . Latin is taught in many high schools , especially in Europe and the Americas . It is most common in British public schools and grammar schools , the Italian liceo classico and liceo scientifico , the German Humanistisches Gymnasium and the Dutch gymnasium . In the United States , it is taught in Baltimore City College , Boston Latin Academy , Boston Latin School , Brooklyn Latin School , Central High School of Philadelphia , English High School of Boston , Norwell High School ( Massachusetts ) , Oak Hall School , and many other public and private schools . Legacy ( edit ) The language has been passed down through various forms . Inscriptions ( edit ) Some inscriptions have been published in an internationally agreed , monumental , multivolume series , the `` Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum ( CIL ) '' . Authors and publishers vary , but the format is about the same : volumes detailing inscriptions with a critical apparatus stating the provenance and relevant information . The reading and interpretation of these inscriptions is the subject matter of the field of epigraphy . About 270,000 inscriptions are known . Literature ( edit ) Julius Caesar 's Commentarii de Bello Gallico is one of the most famous classical Latin texts of the Golden Age of Latin . The unvarnished , journalistic style of this patrician general has long been taught as a model of the urbane Latin officially spoken and written in the floruit of the Roman Republic . The works of several hundred ancient authors who wrote in Latin have survived in whole or in part , in substantial works or in fragments to be analyzed in philology . They are in part the subject matter of the field of classics . Their works were published in manuscript form before the invention of printing and are now published in carefully annotated printed editions , such as the Loeb Classical Library , published by Harvard University Press , or the Oxford Classical Texts , published by Oxford University Press . Latin translations of modern literature such as The Hobbit , Treasure Island , Robinson Crusoe , Paddington Bear , Winnie the Pooh , The Adventures of Tintin , Asterix , Harry Potter , Walter the Farting Dog , Le Petit Prince , Max and Moritz , How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! , The Cat in the Hat , and a book of fairy tales , `` fabulae mirabiles , '' are intended to garner popular interest in the language . Additional resources include phrasebooks and resources for rendering everyday phrases and concepts into Latin , such as Meissner 's Latin Phrasebook . Influence on present - day languages ( edit ) The Latin influence in English has been significant at all stages of its insular development . In the Middle Ages , borrowing from Latin occurred from ecclesiastical usage established by Saint Augustine of Canterbury in the 6th century or indirectly after the Norman Conquest , through the Anglo - Norman language . From the 16th to the 18th centuries , English writers cobbled together huge numbers of new words from Latin and Greek words , dubbed `` inkhorn terms '' , as if they had spilled from a pot of ink . Many of these words were used once by the author and then forgotten , but some useful ones survived , such as ' imbibe ' and ' extrapolate ' . Many of the most common polysyllabic English words are of Latin origin through the medium of Old French . Romance words make respectively 59 % , 20 % and 14 % of English , German and Dutch vocabularies . Those figures can rise dramatically when only non-compound and non-derived words are included . The influence of Roman governance and Roman technology on the less - developed nations under Roman dominion led to the adoption of Latin phraseology in some specialized areas , such as science , technology , medicine , and law . For example , the Linnaean system of plant and animal classification was heavily influenced by Historia Naturalis , an encyclopedia of people , places , plants , animals , and things published by Pliny the Elder . Roman medicine , recorded in the works of such physicians as Galen , established that today 's medical terminology would be primarily derived from Latin and Greek words , the Greek being filtered through the Latin . Roman engineering had the same effect on scientific terminology as a whole . Latin law principles have survived partly in a long list of Latin legal terms . A few international auxiliary languages have been heavily influenced by Latin . Interlingua is sometimes considered a simplified , modern version of the language . Latino sine Flexione , popular in the early 20th century , is Latin with its inflections stripped away , among other grammatical changes . One study analyzing the degree of differentiation of Romance languages in comparison to Latin ( comparing phonology , inflection , discourse , syntax , vocabulary , and intonation ) indicated the following percentages ( the higher the percentage , the greater the distance from Latin ) : Sardinian 8 % , Italian 12 % , Spanish 20 % , Romanian 23.5 % , Occitan 25 % , Portuguese 31 % , and French 44 % . Education ( edit ) A multivolume Latin dictionary in the University Library of Graz . Throughout European history , an education in the classics was considered crucial for those who wished to join literate circles . Instruction in Latin is an essential aspect . In today 's world , a large number of Latin students in the US learn from Wheelock 's Latin : The Classic Introductory Latin Course , Based on Ancient Authors . This book , first published in 1956 , was written by Frederic M. Wheelock , who received a PhD from Harvard University . Wheelock 's Latin has become the standard text for many American introductory Latin courses . The Living Latin movement attempts to teach Latin in the same way that living languages are taught , as a means of both spoken and written communication . It is available at the Vatican and at some institutions in the US , such as the University of Kentucky and Iowa State University . The British Cambridge University Press is a major supplier of Latin textbooks for all levels , such as the Cambridge Latin Course series . It has also published a subseries of children 's texts in Latin by Bell & Forte , which recounts the adventures of a mouse called Minimus . Latin and Ancient Greek at Duke University , 2014 . In the United Kingdom , the Classical Association encourages the study of antiquity through various means , such as publications and grants . The University of Cambridge , the Open University , a number of prestigious independent schools , for example Eton , Harrow , Haberdashers ' Aske 's Boys ' School and Via Facilis , a London - based charity , run Latin courses . In the United States and in Canada , the American Classical League supports every effort to further the study of classics . Its subsidiaries include the National Junior Classical League ( with more than 50,000 members ) , which encourages high school students to pursue the study of Latin , and the National Senior Classical League , which encourages students to continue their study of the classics into college . The league also sponsors the National Latin Exam . Classicist Mary Beard wrote in The Times Literary Supplement in 2006 that the reason for learning Latin is because of what was written in it . Official status ( edit ) Latin was or is the official language of European states : Holy See -- used in the diocese , with Italian being the official language of Vatican City Hungary - Latin was the sole official language of the Kingdom of Hungary from the 11th century to the mid 19th century , when it was replaced by Hungarian in 1844 . The best known Latin language poet originating from Hungary was Janus Pannonius . Croatia -- Latin was the official language of Croatian Parliament ( Sabor ) from the 13th to the 19th century ( 1847 ) . The oldest preserved records of the parliamentary sessions ( Congregatio Regni totius Sclavonie generalis ) -- held in Zagreb ( Zagabria ) , Croatia -- date from 19 April 1273 . An extensive Croatian Latin literature exists . Poland , Kingdom of Poland -- officially recognised and widely used between the 10th and 18th centuries , commonly used in foreign relations and popular as a second language among some of the nobility Phonology ( edit ) Main article : Latin spelling and pronunciation The ancient pronunciation of Latin has been reconstructed ; among the data used for reconstruction are explicit statements about pronunciation by ancient authors , misspellings , puns , ancient etymologies , and the spelling of Latin loanwords in other languages . Consonants ( edit ) The consonant phonemes of Classical Latin are shown in the following table : Labial Dental Palatal Velar Glottal plain labial Plosive voiced d ɡ ɡw voiceless p k kw Fricative voiced z voiceless f s h Nasal m n ( ŋ ) Rhotic r Approximant l j w In Old and Classical Latin , the Latin alphabet had no distinction between uppercase and lowercase , and the letters ⟨ JUW ⟩ did not exist . In place of ⟨ JU ⟩ , ⟨ IV ⟩ were used . ⟨ IV ⟩ represented both vowels and consonants . Most of the letterforms were similar to modern uppercase , as can be seen in the inscription from the Colosseum shown at the top of the article . The spelling systems used in Latin dictionaries and modern editions of Latin texts , however , normally use ⟨ iu ⟩ in place of Classical - era ⟨ iv ⟩ . Some systems use ⟨ jv ⟩ for the consonant sounds / jw / except in the combinations ⟨ gu su qu ⟩ for which ⟨ v ⟩ is never used . Some notes concerning the mapping of Latin phonemes to English graphemes are given below : Notes Latin grapheme Latin phone English examples ⟨ c ⟩ , ⟨ k ⟩ ( k ) Always hard as k in sky , never soft as in central , cello , or social ⟨ t ⟩ ( t ) As t in stay , never as t in nation ⟨ s ⟩ ( s ) As s in say , never as s in rise or issue ⟨ g ⟩ ( ɡ ) Always hard as g in good , never soft as g in gem ( ŋ ) Before ⟨ n ⟩ , as ng in sing ⟨ n ⟩ ( n ) As n in man ( ŋ ) Before ⟨ c ⟩ , ⟨ x ⟩ , and ⟨ g ⟩ , as ng in sing ⟨ l ⟩ ( l ) When doubled ⟨ ll ⟩ and before ⟨ i ⟩ , as clear l in link ( l exilis ) ( ɫ ) In all other positions , as dark l in bowl ( l pinguis ) ⟨ qu ⟩ ( kw ) Similar to qu in quick , never as qu in antique ⟨ u ⟩ ( w ) Sometimes at the beginning of a syllable , or after ⟨ g ⟩ and ⟨ s ⟩ , as w in wine , never as v in vine ⟨ i ⟩ ( j ) Sometimes at the beginning of a syllable , as y in yard , never as j in just ( jj ) Doubled between vowels , as yy in toy yacht ⟨ x ⟩ ( ks ) A letter representing ⟨ c ⟩ + ⟨ s ⟩ : as x in English axe , never as x in example In Classical Latin , as in modern Italian , double consonant letters were pronounced as long consonant sounds distinct from short versions of the same consonants . Thus the nn in Classical Latin annus , year , ( and in Italian / anno / ) is pronounced as a doubled / nn / as in English unnamed . ( In English , distinctive consonant length or doubling occurs only at the boundary between two words or morphemes , as in that example . ) Vowels ( edit ) Simple vowels ( edit ) Front Central Back Close iː ɪ ʊ uː Mid eː ɛ ɔ oː Open a aː In Classical Latin , ⟨ U ⟩ did not exist as a letter distinct from V ; the written form ⟨ V ⟩ was used to represent both a vowel and a consonant . ⟨ Y ⟩ was adopted to represent upsilon in loanwords from Greek , but it was pronounced like ⟨ u ⟩ and ⟨ i ⟩ by some speakers . It was also used in native Latin words by confusion with Greek words of similar meaning , such as sylva and ὕλη . Classical Latin distinguished between long and short vowels . Then , long vowels , except for ⟨ I ⟩ , were frequently marked using the apex , which was sometimes similar to an acute accent ⟨ Á É Ó V́ Ý ⟩ . Long / iː / was written using a taller version of ⟨ I ⟩ , called i longa `` long I '' : ⟨ ꟾ ⟩ . In modern texts , long vowels are often indicated by a macron ⟨ ā ē ī ō ū ⟩ , and short vowels are usually unmarked except when it is necessary to distinguish between words , when they are marked with a breve : ⟨ ă ĕ ĭ ŏ ŭ ⟩ . Long vowels in Classical Latin were pronounced with a different quality from short vowels and also were longer . The difference is described in table below : Pronunciation of Latin vowels Latin grapheme Latin phone modern examples ⟨ a ⟩ ( a ) similar to u in cut when short ( aː ) similar to a in father when long ⟨ e ⟩ ( ɛ ) as e in pet when short ( eː ) similar to ey in they when long ⟨ i ⟩ ( ɪ ) as i in sit when short ( iː ) similar to i in machine when long ⟨ o ⟩ ( ɔ ) as o in sort when short ( oː ) similar to o in holy when long ⟨ u ⟩ ( ʊ ) similar to u in put when short ( uː ) similar to u in true when long ⟨ y ⟩ ( ʏ ) as in German Stück when short ( or as short u or i ) ( yː ) as in German früh when long ( or as long u or i ) A vowel letter followed by ⟨ m ⟩ at the end of a word , or a vowel letter followed by ⟨ n ⟩ before ⟨ s ⟩ or ⟨ f ⟩ , represented a long nasal vowel , as in monstrum / mõːstrũː / . Diphthongs ( edit ) Classical Latin had several diphthongs . The two most common were ⟨ ae au ⟩ . ⟨ oe ⟩ was fairly rare , and ⟨ ui eu ei ou ⟩ were very rare , at least in native Latin words . The sequences sometimes did not represent diphthongs . ⟨ ae ⟩ and ⟨ oe ⟩ also represented a sequence of two vowels in different syllables in aēnus ( aˈeː. nʊs ) `` of bronze '' and coēpit ( kɔˈeː. pɪt ) `` began '' , and ⟨ au ui eu ei ou ⟩ represented sequences of two vowels or of a vowel and one of the semivowels / jw / , in cavē ( ˈka. weː ) `` beware ! '' , cuius ( ˈkʊj. jʊs ) `` whose '' , monuī ( ˈmɔn. ʊ. iː ) `` I warned '' , solvī ( ˈsɔɫ. wiː ) `` I released '' , dēlēvī ( deːˈleː. wiː ) `` I destroyed '' , eius ( ˈɛj. jʊs ) `` his '' , and novus ( ˈnɔ. wʊs ) `` new '' . Old Latin had more diphthongs , but most of them changed into long vowels in Classical Latin . The Old Latin diphthong ⟨ ai ⟩ and the sequence ⟨ āī ⟩ became Classical ⟨ ae ⟩. Old Latin ⟨ oi ⟩ and ⟨ ou ⟩ changed to Classical ⟨ ū ⟩ , except in a few words whose ⟨ oi ⟩ became Classical ⟨ oe ⟩ . These two developments sometimes occurred in different words from the same root : for instance , Classical poena `` punishment '' and pūnīre `` to punish '' . Early Old Latin ⟨ ei ⟩ usually changed to Classical ⟨ ī ⟩ . In Vulgar Latin and the Romance languages , ⟨ ae au oe ⟩ merged with ⟨ e ō ē ⟩ . A similar pronunciation also existed during the Classical Latin period for less - educated speakers . Diphthongs classified by beginning sound Front Back Close ui / ui̯ / Mid ei / ei̯ / eu / eu̯ / oe / oe̯ / ou / ou̯ / Open ae / ae̯ / au / au̯ / Orthography ( edit ) Main article : Latin alphabet The Duenos Inscription , from the 6th century BC , is one of the earliest known Old Latin texts . Latin was written in the Latin alphabet , derived from the Old Italic script , which was in turn drawn from the Greek alphabet and ultimately the Phoenician alphabet . This alphabet has continued to be used over the centuries as the script for the Romance , Celtic , Germanic , Baltic , Finnic , and many Slavic languages ( Polish , Slovak , Slovene , Croatian and Czech ) ; and it has been adopted by many languages around the world , including Vietnamese , the Austronesian languages , many Turkic languages , and most languages in sub-Saharan Africa , the Americas , and Oceania , making it by far the world 's single most widely used writing system . The number of letters in the Latin alphabet has varied . When it was first derived from the Etruscan alphabet , it contained only 21 letters . Later , G was added to represent / ɡ / , which had previously been spelled C , and Z ceased to be included in the alphabet , as the language then had no voiced alveolar fricative . The letters Y and Z were later added to represent Greek letters , upsilon and zeta respectively , in Greek loanwords . W was created in the 11th century from VV . It represented / w / in Germanic languages , not Latin , which still uses V for the purpose . J was distinguished from the original I only during the late Middle Ages , as was the letter U from V. Although some Latin dictionaries use J , it is rarely used for Latin text , as it was not used in classical times , but many other languages use it . Classical Latin did not contain sentence punctuation , letter case , or interword spacing , but apices were sometimes used to distinguish length in vowels and the interpunct was used at times to separate words . The first line of Catullus 3 , originally written as LV́GÉTEÓVENERÉSCVPÍDINÉSQVE ( `` Mourn , O Venuses and Cupids '' ) or with interpunct as LV́GÉTE Ó VENERÉS CVPÍDINÉSQVE would be rendered in a modern edition as Lugete , o Veneres Cupidinesque or with macrons Lūgēte , ō Venerēs Cupīdinēsque . A replica of the Old Roman Cursive inspired by the Vindolanda tablets , the oldest surviving handwritten documents in Britain . The Roman cursive script is commonly found on the many wax tablets excavated at sites such as forts , an especially extensive set having been discovered at Vindolanda on Hadrian 's Wall in Britain . Curiously enough , most of the Vindolanda tablets show spaces between words , but spaces were avoided in monumental inscriptions from that era . Alternate scripts ( edit ) Occasionally , Latin has been written in other scripts : The Praeneste fibula is a 7th - century BC pin with an Old Latin inscription written using the Etruscan script . The rear panel of the early 8th - century Franks Casket has an inscription that switches from Old English in Anglo - Saxon runes to Latin in Latin script and to Latin in runes . Grammar ( edit ) Main articles : Latin grammar and Latin syntax Latin is a synthetic , fusional language in the terminology of linguistic typology . In more traditional terminology , it is an inflected language , but typologists are apt to say `` inflecting '' . Words include an objective semantic element and markers specifying the grammatical use of the word . The fusion of root meaning and markers produces very compact sentence elements : amō , `` I love , '' is produced from a semantic element , ama - , `` love , '' to which - ō , a first person singular marker , is suffixed . The grammatical function can be changed by changing the markers : the word is `` inflected '' to express different grammatical functions , but the semantic element does not change . ( Inflection uses affixing and infixing . Affixing is prefixing and suffixing . Latin inflections are never prefixed . ) For example , amābit , `` he or she or it will love '' , is formed from the same stem , amā - , to which a future tense marker , - bi - , is suffixed , and a third person singular marker , - t , is suffixed . There is an inherent ambiguity : - t may denote more than one grammatical category : masculine , feminine , or neuter gender . A major task in understanding Latin phrases and clauses is to clarify such ambiguities by an analysis of context . All natural languages contain ambiguities of one sort or another . The inflections express gender , number , and case in adjectives , nouns , and pronouns , a process called declension . Markers are also attached to fixed stems of verbs , to denote person , number , tense , voice , mood , and aspect , a process called conjugation . Some words are uninflected and undergo neither process , such as adverbs , prepositions , and interjections . Nouns ( edit ) Main article : Latin declension A regular Latin noun belongs to one of five main declensions , a group of nouns with similar inflected forms . The declensions are identified by the genitive singular form of the noun . The first declension , with a predominant ending letter of a , is signified by the genitive singular ending of - ae . The second declension , with a predominant ending letter of o , is signified by the genitive singular ending of - i . The third declension , with a predominant ending letter of i , is signified by the genitive singular ending of - is . The fourth declension , with a predominant ending letter of u , is signified by the genitive singular ending of - ūs . The fifth declension , with a predominant ending letter of e , is signified by the genitive singular ending of - ei . There are seven Latin noun cases , which also apply to adjectives and pronouns and mark a noun 's syntactic role in the sentence by means of inflections . Thus , word order is not as important in Latin as it is in English , which is less inflected . The general structure and word order of a Latin sentence can therefore vary . The cases are as follows : Nominative -- used when the noun is the subject or a predicate nominative . The thing or person acting : the girl ran : puella cucurrit , or cucurrit puella Genitive -- used when the noun is the possessor of or connected with an object : `` the horse of the man '' , or `` the man 's horse '' ; in both instances , the word man would be in the genitive case when it is translated into Latin ) . It also indicates the partitive , in which the material is quantified : `` a group of people '' ; `` a number of gifts '' : people and gifts would be in the genitive case ) . Some nouns are genitive with special verbs and adjectives : The cup is full of wine . Poculum plēnum vīnī est . The master of the slave had beaten him . Dominus servī eum verberāverat . Dative -- used when the noun is the indirect object of the sentence , with special verbs , with certain prepositions , and if it is used as agent , reference , or even possessor : The merchant hands the stola to the woman . Mercātor fēminae stolam trādit . ) Accusative -- used when the noun is the direct object of the subject and as the object of a preposition demonstrating place to which. : The man killed the boy . Vir necāvit puerum . Ablative -- used when the noun demonstrates separation or movement from a source , cause , agent or instrument or when the noun is used as the object of certain prepositions ; adverbial : You walked with the boy . Cum puerō ambulāvistī . Vocative -- used when the noun is used in a direct address . The vocative form of a noun is often the same as the nominative , but exceptions include second - declension nouns ending in - us . The - us becomes an - e in the vocative singular . If it ends in - ius ( such as fīlius ) , the ending is just - ī ( filī ) , as distinct from the nominative plural ( filiī ) in the vocative singular : `` Master ! '' shouted the slave . `` Domine ! '' clāmāvit servus . Locative -- used to indicate a location ( corresponding to the English `` in '' or `` at '' ) . It is far less common than the other six cases of Latin nouns and usually applies to cities and small towns and islands along with a few common nouns , such as the word domus ( house ) . In the singular of the first and second declensions , its form coincides with the genitive ( Roma becomes Romae , `` in Rome '' ) . In the plural of all declensions and the singular of the other declensions , it coincides with the ablative ( Athēnae becomes Athēnīs , `` at Athens '' ) . In the fourth - declension word domus , the locative form , domī ( `` at home '' ) differs from the standard form of all other cases . Latin lacks both definite and indefinite articles so puer currit can mean either `` the boy is running '' or `` a boy is running '' . Adjectives ( edit ) Main article : Latin declension There are two types of regular Latin adjectives : first - and second - declension and third - declension . They are so - called because their forms are similar or identical to first - and second - declension and third - declension nouns , respectively . Latin adjectives also have comparative ( more -- , - er ) and superlative ( most -- , est ) forms . There are also a number of Latin participles . Latin numbers are sometimes declined . See Numbers below . First - and second - declension adjectives ( edit ) First - and second - declension adjectives are declined like first - declension nouns for the feminine forms and like second - declension nouns for the masculine and neuter forms . For example , for mortuus , mortua , mortuum ( dead ) , mortua is declined like a regular first - declension noun ( such as puella ( girl ) ) , mortuus is declined like a regular second - declension masculine noun ( such as dominus ( lord , master ) ) , and mortuum is declined like a regular second - declension neuter noun ( such as auxilium ( help ) ) . First - and second - declension - er adjectives Some first - and second - declension adjectives have an - er as the masculine nominative singular form and are declined like regular first - and second - declension adjectives . Some but not all adjectives keep the e for all of the forms . Third - declension adjectives ( edit ) Third - declension adjectives are mostly declined like normal third - declension nouns , with a few exceptions . In the plural nominative neuter , for example , the ending is - ia ( omnia ( all , everything ) ) , and for third - declension nouns , the plural nominative neuter ending is - a or - ia ( capita ( heads ) , animalia ( animals ) ) They can have one , two or three forms for the masculine , feminine , and neuter nominative singular . Participles ( edit ) Latin participles , like English participles , are formed from a verb . There are a few main types of participles : Present Active Participles , Perfect Passive Participles , Future Active Participles , and Future Passive Participles . Prepositions ( edit ) Latin sometimes uses prepositions , depending on the type of prepositional phrase being used . Prepositions can take two cases for their object : the accusative ( `` apud puerum '' ( with the boy ) , with `` puerum '' being the accusative form of `` puer '' , boy ) and the ablative ( `` sine puero '' ( without the boy ) , `` puero '' being the ablative form of `` puer '' , boy ) . Verbs ( edit ) Main article : Latin conjugation A regular verb in Latin belongs to one of four main conjugations . A conjugation is `` a class of verbs with similar inflected forms . '' The conjugations are identified by the last letter of the verb 's present stem . The present stem can be found by omitting the - re ( - rī in deponent verbs ) ending from the present infinitive form . The infinitive of the first conjugation ends in - ā - re or - ā - ri ( active and passive respectively ) : amāre , `` to love , '' hortārī , `` to exhort '' ; of the second conjugation by - ē - re or - ē - rī : monēre , `` to warn '' , verērī , `` to fear ; '' of the third conjugation by - ere , - ī : dūcere , `` to lead , '' ūtī , `` to use '' ; of the fourth by - ī - re , - ī - rī : audīre , `` to hear , '' experīrī , `` to attempt '' . Irregular verbs may not follow the types or may be marked in a different way . The `` endings '' presented above are not the suffixed infinitive markers . The first letter in each case is the last of the stem so the conjugations are also called a-conjugation , e-conjugation and i - conjugation . The fused infinitive ending is - re or - rī . Third - conjugation stems end in a consonant : the consonant conjugation . Further , there is a subset of the third conjugation , the i - stems , which behave somewhat like the fourth conjugation , as they are both i - stems , one short and the other long . The stem categories descend from Indo - European and can therefore be compared to similar conjugations in other Indo - European languages . There are six general tenses in Latin ( present , imperfect , future , perfect , pluperfect and future perfect ) , three moods ( indicative , imperative and subjunctive , in addition to the infinitive , participle , gerund , gerundive and supine ) , three persons ( first , second and third ) , two numbers ( singular and plural ) , two voices ( active and passive ) and three aspects ( perfective , imperfective , and stative ) . Verbs are described by four principal parts : The first principal part is the first - person singular , present tense , indicative mood , active voice form of the verb . If the verb is impersonal , the first principal part will be in the third - person singular . The second principal part is the present infinitive active . The third principal part is the first - person singular , perfect indicative active form . Like the first principal part , if the verb is impersonal , the third principal part will be in the third - person singular . The fourth principal part is the supine form , or alternatively , the nominative singular , perfect passive participle form of the verb . The fourth principal part can show one gender of the participle or all three genders ( - us for masculine , - a for feminine and - m for neuter ) in the nominative singular . The fourth principal part will be the future participle if the verb can not be made passive . Most modern Latin dictionaries , if they show only one gender , tend to show the masculine ; but many older dictionaries instead show the neuter , as it coincides with the supine . The fourth principal part is sometimes omitted for intransitive verbs , but strictly in Latin , they can be made passive if they are used impersonally , and the supine exists for such verbs . There are six tenses in the Latin language . These are divided into two tense systems : the present system , which is made up of the present , imperfect and future tenses , and the perfect system , which is made up of the perfect , pluperfect and future perfect tenses . Each tense has a set of endings corresponding to the person and number referred to . Subject ( nominative ) pronouns are generally omitted for the first ( I , we ) and second ( you ) persons unless emphasis on the subject is desired . The table below displays the common inflected endings for the indicative mood in the active voice in all six tenses . For the future tense , the first listed endings are for the first and second conjugations , and the second listed endings are for the third and fourth conjugations : Tense 1st - Person Singular 2nd - Person Singular 3rd - Person Singular 1st - Person Plural 2nd - Person Plural 3rd - Person Plural Present - ō / m - s - t - mus - tis - nt Future - bō , - am - bis , - ēs - bit , - et - bimus , - ēmus - bitis , - ētis - bunt , - ent Imperfect - bam - bās - bat - bāmus - bātis - bant Perfect - ī - istī - it - imus - istis - ērunt Future Perfect - erō - eris - erit - erimus - eritis - erint Pluperfect - eram - erās - erat - erāmus - erātis - erant The future perfect endings are identical to the future forms of sum ( with the exception of erint ) and that the pluperfect endings are identical to the imperfect forms of sum . Deponent verbs ( edit ) Some Latin verbs are deponent , causing their forms to be in the passive voice but retain an active meaning : hortor , hortārī , hortātus sum ( to urge ) . Vocabulary ( edit ) As Latin is an Italic language , most of its vocabulary is likewise Italic , ultimately from the ancestral Proto - Indo - European language . However , because of close cultural interaction , the Romans not only adapted the Etruscan alphabet to form the Latin alphabet but also borrowed some Etruscan words into their language , including persona `` mask '' and histrio `` actor '' . Latin also included vocabulary borrowed from Oscan , another Italic language . After the Fall of Tarentum ( 272 BC ) , the Romans began hellenizing , or adopting features of Greek culture , including the borrowing of Greek words , such as camera ( vaulted roof ) , sumbolum ( symbol ) , and balineum ( bath ) . This hellenization led to the addition of `` Y '' and `` Z '' to the alphabet to represent Greek sounds . Subsequently the Romans transplanted Greek art , medicine , science and philosophy to Italy , paying almost any price to entice Greek skilled and educated persons to Rome and sending their youth to be educated in Greece . Thus , many Latin scientific and philosophical words were Greek loanwords or had their meanings expanded by association with Greek words , as ars ( craft ) and τέχνη ( art ) . Because of the Roman Empire 's expansion and subsequent trade with outlying European tribes , the Romans borrowed some northern and central European words , such as beber ( beaver ) , of Germanic origin , and bracae ( breeches ) , of Celtic origin . The specific dialects of Latin across Latin - speaking regions of the former Roman Empire after its fall were influenced by languages specific to the regions . The dialects of Latin evolved into different Romance languages . During and after the adoption of Christianity into Roman society , Christian vocabulary became a part of the language , either from Greek or Hebrew borrowings or as Latin neologisms . Continuing into the Middle Ages , Latin incorporated many more words from surrounding languages , including Old English and other Germanic languages . Over the ages , Latin - speaking populations produced new adjectives , nouns , and verbs by affixing or compounding meaningful segments . For example , the compound adjective , omnipotens , `` all - powerful , '' was produced from the adjectives omnis , `` all '' , and potens , `` powerful '' , by dropping the final s of omnis and concatenating . Often , the concatenation changed the part of speech , and nouns were produced from verb segments or verbs from nouns and adjectives . Phrases ( edit ) The phrases are mentioned with accents to show where stress is placed . In Latin , most words are stressed at the second - last ( penultimate ) syllable , called in Latin paenultima or syllaba paenultima . A few words are stressed at the third - last syllable , called in Latin antepaenultima or syllaba antepaenultima . sálve to one person / salvéte to more than one person - hello áve to one person / avéte to more than one person - greetings vále to one person / valéte to more than one person - goodbye cúra ut váleas - take care exoptátus to male / exoptáta to female , optátus to male / optáta to female , grátus to male / gráta to female , accéptus to male / accépta to female - welcome quómodo váles ? , ut váles ? - how are you ? béne - good amabo te - please béne váleo - I 'm fine mále - bad mále váleo - I 'm not good quáeso ( ( ' kwajso ) / ( ' kwe : so ) ) - please íta , íta est , íta véro , sic , sic est , étiam - yes non , minime - no grátias tíbi , grátias tíbi ágo - thank you mágnas grátias , mágnas grátias ágo - many thanks máximas grátias , máximas grátias ágo , ingéntes grátias ágo - thank you very much accípe sis to one person / accípite sítis to more than one person , libénter - you 're welcome qua aetáte es ? - how old are you ? 25 ánnos nátus to male / 25 ánnos náta to female - 25 years old loquerísne ... - do you speak ... Latíne ? - Latin ? Gráece ? ( ( ' grajke ) / ( ' gre : ke ) ) - Greek ? Ánglice ? ( ( ' aŋlike ) ) - English ? Italiáne ? - Italian ? Gallice ? - French ? Hispánice ? - Spanish ? Lusitánice ? - Portuguese ? Theodísce ? ( ( teo'diske ) ) - German ? Sínice ? - Chinese ? Japónice ? ( ( ja'po : nike ) ) - Japanese ? Coreane ? - Korean ? Arábice ? - Arabic ? Pérsice ? - Persian ? Indice ? - Hindi ? Rússice ? - Russian ? Cambrica ? - Welsh ? úbi latrína est ? - where is the toilet ? ámo te / te ámo - I love you Numbers ( edit ) In ancient times , numbers in Latin were written only with letters . Today , the numbers can be written with the Arabic numbers as well as with Roman numerals . The numbers 1 , 2 and 3 and every whole hundred from 200 to 900 are declined as nouns and adjectives , with some differences . ūnus , ūna , ūnum ( masculine , feminine , neuter ) one duo , duae , duo ( m. , f. , n . ) II two trēs , tria ( m. / f. , n . ) III three quattuor IIII or IV four quīnque V five sex VI six septem VII seven octō VIII eight novem VIIII or IX nine decem X ten quīnquāgintā fifty centum one hundred quīngentī five hundred mīlle one thousand The numbers from 4 to 100 often do not change their endings . Example text ( edit ) Commentarii de Bello Gallico , also called De Bello Gallico ( The Gallic War ) , written by Gaius Julius Caesar , begins with the following passage : Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres , quarum unam incolunt Belgae , aliam Aquitani , tertiam qui ipsorum lingua Celtae , nostra Galli appellantur . Hi omnes lingua , institutis , legibus inter se differunt . Gallos ab Aquitanis Garumna flumen , a Belgis Matrona et Sequana dividit . Horum omnium fortissimi sunt Belgae , propterea quod a cultu atque humanitate provinciae longissime absunt , minimeque ad eos mercatores saepe commeant atque ea quae ad effeminandos animos pertinent important , proximique sunt Germanis , qui trans Rhenum incolunt , quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt . Qua de causa Helvetii quoque reliquos Gallos virtute praecedunt , quod fere cotidianis proeliis cum Germanis contendunt , cum aut suis finibus eos prohibent aut ipsi in eorum finibus bellum gerunt . Eorum una pars , quam Gallos obtinere dictum est , initium capit a flumine Rhodano , continetur Garumna flumine , Oceano , finibus Belgarum ; attingit etiam ab Sequanis et Helvetiis flumen Rhenum ; vergit ad septentriones . Belgae ab extremis Galliae finibus oriuntur ; pertinent ad inferiorem partem fluminis Rheni ; spectant in septentrionem et orientem solem . Aquitania a Garumna flumine ad Pyrenaeos montes et eam partem Oceani quae est ad Hispaniam pertinet ; spectat inter occasum solis et septentriones . See also ( edit ) Ancient Rome portal Language portal Catholicism portal Classical compound Greek and Latin roots in English Hybrid word Latin mnemonics Latin school List of Greek and Latin roots in English List of Latin abbreviations List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names List of Latin phrases List of Latin translations of modern literature List of Latin words with English derivatives List of Latinised names Lorem ipsum Romanization ( cultural ) Toponymy Help : IPA / Latin Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Schools '' . Britannica ( 1911 ed . ) . Jump up ^ Hammarström , Harald ; Forkel , Robert ; Haspelmath , Martin , eds. ( 2017 ) . `` Latin '' . Glottolog 3.0 . Jena , Germany : Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History . Jump up ^ Sandys , John Edwin ( 1910 ) . A companion to Latin studies . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . pp. 811 -- 812 . Jump up ^ Clark 1900 , pp. 1 -- 3 Jump up ^ Hu , Winnie ( 6 October 2008 ) . `` A Dead Language That 's Very Much Alive '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Eskenazi , Mike ( 2 December 2000 ) . `` The New case for Latin '' . TIME . Jump up ^ Diringer 1996 , pp. 533 -- 4 Jump up ^ Collier 's Encyclopedia : With Bibliography and Index . Collier. 1958 - 01 - 01 . p. 412 . In Italy , all alphabets were originally written from right to left ; the oldest Latin inscription , which appears on the lapis niger of the seventh century BC , is in bustrophedon , but all other early Latin inscriptions run from right to left . Jump up ^ Sacks , David ( 2003 ) . Language Visible : Unraveling the Mystery of the Alphabet from A to Z . London : Broadway Books . p. 80 . ISBN 0 - 7679 - 1172 - 5 . Jump up ^ Pope , Mildred K ( 1966 ) . From Latin to modern French with especial consideration of Anglo - Norman ; phonology and morphology . Publications of the University of Manchester , no . 229 . French series , no . 6 . Manchester : Manchester university press . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Monroe , Paul ( 1902 ) . Source book of the history of education for the Greek and Roman period . London , New York : Macmillan & Co. pp. 346 -- 352 . Jump up ^ Herman & Wright 2000 , pp. 17 -- 18 Jump up ^ Herman & Wright 2000 , p. 8 Jump up ^ Pei , Mario ; Gaeng , Paul A. ( 1976 ) . The story of Latin and the Romance languages ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Harper & Row . pp. 76 -- 81 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 013312 - 0 . Jump up ^ Herman & Wright 2000 , pp. 1 -- 3 ^ Jump up to : Elabani , Moe ( 1998 ) . Documents in medieval Latin . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press . pp. 13 -- 15 . ISBN 0 - 472 - 08567 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Incunabula Short Title Catalogue '' . British Library . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Moore , Malcolm ( 28 January 2007 ) . `` Pope 's Latinist pronounces death of a language '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 16 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Liber Precum Publicarum , The Book of Common Prayer in Latin ( 1560 ) . Society of Archbishop Justus , resources , Book of Common Prayer , Latin , 1560 . Retrieved 22 May 2012 '' . Justus.anglican.org . Retrieved 9 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Society of Archbishop Justus , resources , Book of Common Prayer , Latin , 1979 . Retrieved 22 May 2012 '' . Justus.anglican.org . Retrieved 9 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Latein : Nuntii Latini mensis lunii 2010 : Lateinischer Monats rückblick '' ( in Latin ) . Radio Bremen . Retrieved 16 July 2010 . Dymond , Jonny ( 24 October 2006 ) . `` BBC NEWS Europe Finland makes Latin the King '' . BBC Online . Retrieved 29 January 2011 . `` Nuntii Latini '' ( in Latin ) . YLE Radio 1 . Retrieved 17 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Finkenstaedt , Thomas ; Dieter Wolff ( 1973 ) . Ordered Profusion ; studies in dictionaries and the English lexicon. C. Winter . ISBN 3 - 533 - 02253 - 6 . Jump up ^ Uwe Pörksen , German Academy for Language and Literature 's Jahrbuch ( Yearbook ) 2007 ( Wallstein Verlag , Göttingen 2008 , pp. 121 - 130 ) Jump up ^ Loanwords in the World 's Languages : A Comparative Handbook ( PDF ) . Walter de Gruyter. 2009 . p. 370 . Jump up ^ Pei , Mario ( 1949 ) . Story of Language . ISBN 03 - 9700 - 400 - 1 . Jump up ^ LaFleur , Richard A. ( 2011 ) . `` The Official Wheelock 's Latin Series Website '' . The Official Wheelock 's Latin Series Website . Jump up ^ `` University of Cambridge School Classics Project - Latin Course '' . Cambridgescp.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Open University Undergraduate Course - Reading classical Latin '' ... open.ac.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Latin Programme -- Via Facilis '' . Thelatinprogramme.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Beard , Mary ( 10 July 2006 ) . `` Does Latin `` train the brain '' ? `` . The Times Literary Supplement . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . No , you learn Latin because of what was written in it -- and because of the sexual side of life direct access that Latin gives you to a literary tradition that lies at the very heart ( not just at the root ) of Western culture . Jump up ^ Who only knows Latin can go across the whole Poland from one side to the other one just like he was at his own home , just like he was born there . So great happiness ! I wish a traveler in England could travel without knowing any other language than Latin ! , Daniel Defoe , 1728 Jump up ^ Anatol Lieven , The Baltic Revolution : Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania and the Path to Independence , Yale University Press , 1994 , ISBN 0 - 300 - 06078 - 5 , Google Print , p. 48 Jump up ^ Kevin O'Connor , Culture And Customs of the Baltic States , Greenwood Press , 2006 , ISBN 0 - 313 - 33125 - 1 , Google Print , p. 115 Jump up ^ Karin Friedrich et al. , The Other Prussia : Royal Prussia , Poland and Liberty , 1569 -- 1772 , Cambridge University Press , 2000 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 58335 - 7 , Google Print , p. 88 Jump up ^ Karin Friedrich et al. , The Other Prussia : Royal Prussia , Poland and Liberty , 1569 -- 1772 , Cambridge University Press , 2000 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 58335 - 7 , Google Print , p. 88 Jump up ^ Allen 2004 , pp. viii - ix Jump up ^ Sihler , Andrew L. ( 1995 ) . New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 508345 - 3 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Sihler 2008 , p. 174 . Jump up ^ Allen 2004 , pp. 33 -- 34 ^ Jump up to : Allen 2004 , pp. 60 -- 63 Jump up ^ Allen 2004 , pp. 53 -- 55 Jump up ^ Diringer 1996 , pp. 451 , 493 , 530 Jump up ^ Diringer 1996 , p. 536 ^ Jump up to : Diringer 1996 , p. 538 Jump up ^ Diringer 1996 , p. 540 Jump up ^ `` Conjugation '' . Webster 's II new college dictionary . Boston : Houghton Mifflin. 1999 . ^ Jump up to : Wheelock , Frederic M. ( 2011 ) . Wheelock 's Latin ( 7th ed . ) . New York : CollinsReference . ^ Jump up to : Holmes & Schultz 1938 , p. 13 Jump up ^ Sacks , David ( 2003 ) . Language Visible : Unraveling the Mystery of the Alphabet from A to Z . London : Broadway Books . p. 351 . ISBN 0 - 7679 - 1172 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Holmes & Schultz 1938 , p. 14 Jump up ^ Norberg , Dag ; Johnson , Rand H , Translator ( 2004 ) ( 1980 ) . `` Latin at the End of the Imperial Age '' . Manuel pratique de latin médiéval . University of Michigan . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Jenks 1911 , pp. 3 , 46 Jump up ^ Jenks 1911 , pp. 35 , 40 Jump up ^ Ebbe Vilborg - Norstedts svensk - latinska ordbok - Second edition , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Tore Janson - Latin - Kulturen , historien , språket - First edition , 2009 . References ( edit ) Allen , William Sidney ( 2004 ) . Vox Latina -- a Guide to the Pronunciation of Classical Latin ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 22049 - 1 . Baldi , Philip ( 2002 ) . The foundations of Latin . Berlin : Mouton de Gruyter . Bennett , Charles E. ( 1908 ) . Latin Grammar . Chicago : Allyn and Bacon . ISBN 1 - 176 - 19706 - 1 . Buck , Carl Darling ( 1904 ) . A grammar of Oscan and Umbrian , with a collection of inscriptions and a glossary . Boston : Ginn & Company . Clark , Victor Selden ( 1900 ) . Studies in the Latin of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance . Lancaster : The New Era Printing Company . Diringer , David ( 1996 ) ( 1947 ) . The Alphabet -- A Key to the History of Mankind . New Delhi : Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Private Ltd . ISBN 81 - 215 - 0748 - 0 . Herman , József ; Wright , Roger ( Translator ) ( 2000 ) . Vulgar Latin . University Park , PA : Pennsylvania State University Press . ISBN 0 - 271 - 02000 - 8 . Holmes , Urban Tigner ; Schultz , Alexander Herman ( 1938 ) . A History of the French Language . New York : Biblo - Moser . ISBN 0 - 8196 - 0191 - 8 . Janson , Tore ( 2004 ) . A Natural History of Latin . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 926309 - 4 . Jenks , Paul Rockwell ( 1911 ) . A Manual of Latin Word Formation for Secondary Schools . New York : D.C. Heath & Co . Palmer , Frank Robert ( 1984 ) . Grammar ( 2nd ed . ) . Harmondsworth , Middlesex , England ; New York , N.Y. , U.S.A. : Penguin Books . ISBN 81 - 206 - 1306 - 6 . Sihler , Andrew L ( 2008 ) . New comparative grammar of Greek and Latin . New York : Oxford University Press . Vincent , N. ( 1990 ) . `` Latin '' . In Harris , M. ; Vincent , N. The Romance Languages . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 520829 - 3 . Waquet , Françoise ; Howe , John ( Translator ) ( 2003 ) . Latin , or the Empire of a Sign : From the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Centuries . Verso . ISBN 1 - 85984 - 402 - 2 . Wheelock , Frederic ( 2005 ) . Latin : An Introduction ( 6th ed . ) . Collins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 078423 - 7 . Curtius , Ernst ( 2013 ) . European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages . Princeton University . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 15700 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Latin edition of Wikisource , the free library Latin edition of Wikipedia , the free encyclopedia Wikiquote has quotations related to : Latin proverbs Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Latin For a list of words relating to Latin , see the Latin language category of words in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Latin language . Language tools ( edit ) `` Latin Dictionary Headword Search '' . Perseus Hopper . Tufts University . Searches Lewis & Short 's A Latin Dictionary and Lewis 's An Elementary Latin Dictionary . Online results . `` Online Latin Dictionary with conjugator and declension tool '' . Olivetti Media Communication . Search on line Latin - English and English - Latin dictionary with complete declension or conjugation . Online results . `` Latin Word Study Tool '' . Perseus Hopper . Tufts University . Identifies the grammatical functions of words entered . Online results . Aversa , Alan . `` Latin Inflector '' . University of Arizona . Identifies the grammatical functions of all the words in sentences entered , using Perseus . `` Latin Verb Conjugator '' . Verbix . Displays complete conjugations of verbs entered in first - person present singular form . `` Online Latin Verb Conjugator '' . Displays conjugation of verbs entered in their infinitive form . Whittaker , William . `` Words '' . Notre Dame Archives . Archived from the original on 18 June 2006 . Identifies Latin words entered . Translates English words entered . `` Alpheios '' . Alpheios Project . Combines Whittakers Words , Lewis and Short , Bennett 's grammar and inflection tables in a browser addon . Latin Dictionaries at DMOZ Dymock , John ( 1830 ) . A new abridgment of Ainsworth 's Dictionary , English and Latin , for the use of Grammar Schools ( 4th ed . ) . Glasgow : Hutchison & Brookman . `` Classical Language Toolkit '' ( CLTK ) . A Natural Language Processing toolkit for Python offering a variety of functionality for Latin and other classical languages . Courses ( edit ) Latin Lessons ( free online through the Linguistics Research Center at UT Austin ) Free 47 - Lesson Online Latin Course , Learnlangs Learn Latin Grammar , vocabulary and audio Latin Links and Resources , Compiled by Fr . Gary Coulter der Millner , Evan ( 2007 ) . `` Latinum '' . Latin Latin Course on YouTube and audiobooks . Molendinarius . Retrieved 2 February 2012 . Byrne , Carol ( 1999 ) . `` Simplicissimus '' ( PDF ) . The Latin Mass Society of England and Wales . Retrieved 20 April 2011 . ( a course in ecclesiastical Latin ) . Harsch , Ulrich ( 1996 -- 2010 ) . `` Ludus Latinus Cursus linguae latinae '' . Bibliotheca Augustiana ( in Latin ) . Augsburg : University of Applied Sciences . Retrieved 24 June 2010 . Beginners ' Latin on The National Archives ( United Kingdom ) Grammar and study ( edit ) Bennett , Charles E. ( 2005 ) ( 1908 ) . New Latin Grammar ( 2nd ed . ) . Project Gutenberg . ISBN 1 - 176 - 19706 - 1 . Griffin , Robin ( 1992 ) . A student 's Latin Grammar ( 3rd ed . ) . University of Cambridge . ISBN 0 - 521 - 38587 - 3 . Lehmann , Winifred P. ; Slocum , Jonathan ( 2008 ) . `` Latin Online , Series Introduction '' . The University of Texas at Austin . Retrieved 16 September 2009 . Phonetics ( edit ) `` Latin Pronunciation -- a Beginner 's Guide '' . H2G2 , BBC . 2001 . Cui , Ray ( 2005 ) . `` Phonetica Latinae - How to pronounce Latin '' . Ray Cui . Retrieved 25 June 2010 . Latin language news and audio ( edit ) Ephemeris , online Latin newspaper Nuntii Latini , from Finnish YLE Radio 1 News in Latin , Radio Bremen Classics Podcasts in Latin and Ancient Greek , Haverford College Latinum Latin Language course and Latin Language YouTube Index Latin language Online communities ( edit ) Grex Latine Loquentium ( Flock of those Speaking Latin ) Circulus Latinus Interretialis ( Internet Latin Circle ) Latinitas Foundation , at the Vatican Ages of Latin until 75 BC Old Latin 75 BC -- 200 AD Classical Latin 200 -- 900 Late Latin 900 -- 1300 Medieval Latin 1300 -- 1500 Renaissance Latin 1500 -- present New Latin 1900 -- present Contemporary Latin History of Latin Latin literature Vulgar Latin Ecclesiastical Latin Romance languages Latino sine flexione Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum Hiberno - Latin Judeo - Latin Ancient Rome topics Outline Timeline Epochs Foundation Kingdom ( overthrow ) Republic Empire ( Pax Romana Principate Dominate ) Western Empire ( fall historiography of the fall ) Eastern ( Byzantine ) Empire ( decline fall ) Constitution History Kingdom Republic Empire Late Empire Senate Legislative assemblies ( Curiate Centuriate Tribal Plebeian ) Executive magistrates SPQR Government Curia Forum Cursus honorum Collegiality Emperor Legatus Dux Officium Praefectus Vicarius Vigintisexviri Lictor Magister militum Imperator Princeps senatus Pontifex Maximus Augustus Caesar Tetrarch Optimates Populares Province Magistrates Ordinary Tribune Quaestor Aedile Praetor Consul Censor Promagistrate Governor Extraordinary Dictator Magister Equitum Decemviri Consular Tribune Triumvir Rex Interrex Law Twelve Tables Mos maiorum Citizenship Auctoritas Imperium Status Litigation Military Borders Establishment Structure Campaigns Political control Strategy Engineering Frontiers and fortifications ( castra ) Technology Army ( Legion Infantry tactics Personal equipment Siege engines ) Navy ( fleets ) Auxiliaries Decorations and punishments Hippika gymnasia Economy Agriculture Deforestation Commerce Finance Currency Republican currency Imperial currency Technology Abacus Numerals Civil engineering Military engineering Military technology Aqueducts Bridges Circus Concrete Domes Forum Metallurgy Roads Sanitation Thermae Culture Architecture Art Bathing Calendar Clothing Cosmetics Cuisine Hairstyles Education Literature Music Mythology Religion Romanization Sexuality Theatre Wine Society Patricians Plebs Conflict of the Orders Secessio plebis Equites Gens Tribes Naming conventions Demography Women Marriage Adoption Slavery Bagaudae Language ( Latin ) History Alphabet Versions ( Old Classical Vulgar Late Medieval Renaissance New Contemporary Ecclesiastical ) Romance languages Writers Apuleius Caesar Catullus Cicero Ennius Horace Juvenal Livy Lucan Lucretius Martial Ovid Petronius Phaedrus Plautus Pliny the Elder Pliny the Younger Propertius Quintilian Quintus Curtius Rufus Sallust Seneca Statius Suetonius Tacitus Terence Tibullus Marcus Terentius Varro Virgil Vitruvius Major cities Alexandria Antioch Aquileia Berytus Bononia Carthage Constantinopolis Eboracum Leptis Magna Londinium Lutetia Mediolanum Pompeii Ravenna Roma Smyrna Vindobona Volubilis Lists and other topics Wars and battles Generals Legions Emperors Geographers Cities and towns Institutions Laws Consuls Tribunes Distinguished women Nomina Gentes Climate Legacy Fiction / Films Ancient Rome Portal GND : 4114364 - 4 NDL : 00569314 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latin&oldid=802022647 '' Categories : Languages attested from the 7th century BC Latin language Forms of Latin Fusional languages Languages of Andorra Languages of France Languages of Italy Languages of Portugal Languages of Romania Languages of Spain Languages of Vatican City Subject -- object -- verb languages Hidden categories : CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from July 2012 Languages with ISO 639 - 2 code Languages with ISO 639 - 1 code Language articles with unreferenced extinction date Articles containing Latin - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from January 2017 Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikiquote Wikiversity Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Аҧсшәа Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti Arpetan Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bamanankan বাংলা Bân - 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Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 23 September 2017 , at 13 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did latin die out as a language | [
"\n\nLatin\n\n\nLingua latīna\n\n\n\nLatin inscription, in the Colosseum\n\n\n\nPronunciation\n[laˈtiːna]\n\n\nNative to\n\n\n\nLatium\nRoman Kingdom / Republic / Empire\n\n\n\nEarly modern Europe\n\n\n\nArmenian Kingdom of Cilicia (lingua franca)\nVatican City\n\n\n\n\n\nEthnicity\nLatins\n\n\nEra\nVulgar Latin developed into Romance languages, 6th to 9th centuries; the formal language continued as the scholarly lingua franca of Catholic countries and medieval Europe and as the liturgical language of the Catholic Church.\n\n\n\nLanguage family\n\n\nIndo-European\n\nItalic\n\nLatino-Faliscan\n\nLatin\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWriting system\n\nLatin alphabet \n\n\nOfficial status\n\n\n\nOfficial language in\n\n\n\n\nHoly See\nSovereign Military Order of Malta\n\n\n\n\n\nRegulated by\n\n\n\nAntiquity: Roman schools of grammar/rhetoric[1]\nToday: Pontifical Academy for Latin\n\n\n\n\n\nLanguage codes\n\n\nISO 639-1\nla\n\n\nISO 639-2\nlat\n\n\nISO 639-3\nlat\n\n\nGlottolog\nlati1261[2]\n\n\nLinguasphere\n51-AAB-a\n\n\n\nMap indicating the greatest extent of the Roman Empire (c. 117 AD) and the area governed by Latin speakers (dark red). Many languages other than Latin were spoken within the empire.\n\n\n\n\nRange of the Romance languages, the modern descendants of Latin, in Europe.\n\n\n\nThis article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.\n\n",
"\n\nLatin\n\n\nLingua latīna\n\n\n\nLatin inscription, in the Colosseum\n\n\n\nPronunciation\n[laˈtiːna]\n\n\nNative to\n\n\n\nLatium\nRoman Kingdom / Republic / Empire\n\n\n\nEarly modern Europe\n\n\n\nArmenian Kingdom of Cilicia (lingua franca)\nVatican City\n\n\n\n\n\nEthnicity\nLatins\n\n\nEra\nVulgar Latin developed into Romance languages, 6th to 9th centuries; the formal language continued as the scholarly lingua franca of Catholic countries and medieval Europe and as the liturgical language of the Catholic Church.\n\n\n\nLanguage family\n\n\nIndo-European\n\nItalic\n\nLatino-Faliscan\n\nLatin\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWriting system\n\nLatin alphabet \n\n\nOfficial status\n\n\n\nOfficial language in\n\n\n\n\nHoly See\nSovereign Military Order of Malta\n\n\n\n\n\nRegulated by\n\n\n\nAntiquity: Roman schools of grammar/rhetoric[1]\nToday: Pontifical Academy for Latin\n\n\n\n\n\nLanguage codes\n\n\nISO 639-1\nla\n\n\nISO 639-2\nlat\n\n\nISO 639-3\nlat\n\n\nGlottolog\nlati1261[2]\n\n\nLinguasphere\n51-AAB-a\n\n\n\nMap indicating the greatest extent of the Roman Empire (c. 117 AD) and the area governed by Latin speakers (dark red). Many languages other than Latin were spoken within the empire.\n\n\n\n\nRange of the Romance languages, the modern descendants of Latin, in Europe.\n\n\n\nThis article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.\n\n"
] | [
"Vulgar Latin developed into Romance languages, 6th to 9th centuries",
"the formal language continued as the scholarly lingua franca of Catholic countries and medieval Europe and as the liturgical language of the Catholic Church"
] |
9182416338290161610 | Boiling point | Boiling point - wikipedia Boiling point Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the boiling point of liquids . For other uses , see Boiling point ( disambiguation ) . Boiling water The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the pressure surrounding the liquid and the liquid changes into a vapor . The boiling point of a liquid varies depending upon the surrounding environmental pressure . A liquid in a partial vacuum has a lower boiling point than when that liquid is at atmospheric pressure . A liquid at high pressure has a higher boiling point than when that liquid is at atmospheric pressure . For a given pressure , different liquids boil at different temperatures . For example , water boils at 100 ° C ( 212 ° F ) at sea level , but at 93.4 ° C ( 200.1 ° F ) at 2,000 metres ( 6,600 ft ) altitude . The normal boiling point ( also called the atmospheric boiling point or the atmospheric pressure boiling point ) of a liquid is the special case in which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the defined atmospheric pressure at sea level , 1 atmosphere . At that temperature , the vapor pressure of the liquid becomes sufficient to overcome atmospheric pressure and allow bubbles of vapor to form inside the bulk of the liquid . The standard boiling point has been defined by IUPAC since 1982 as the temperature at which boiling occurs under a pressure of 1 bar . The heat of vaporization is the energy required to transform a given quantity ( a mol , kg , pound , etc . ) of a substance from a liquid into a gas at a given pressure ( often atmospheric pressure ) . Liquids may change to a vapor at temperatures below their boiling points through the process of evaporation . Evaporation is a surface phenomenon in which molecules located near the liquid 's edge , not contained by enough liquid pressure on that side , escape into the surroundings as vapor . On the other hand , boiling is a process in which molecules anywhere in the liquid escape , resulting in the formation of vapor bubbles within the liquid . Contents ( hide ) 1 Saturation temperature and pressure 2 Relation between the normal boiling point and the vapor pressure of liquids 3 Properties of the elements 4 Boiling point as a reference property of a pure compound 5 Impurities and mixtures 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Saturation temperature and pressure ( edit ) Play media Demonstration of the lower boiling point of water at lower pressure , achieved by using a vacuum pump . Main article : Vapor -- liquid equilibrium A saturated liquid contains as much thermal energy as it can without boiling ( or conversely a saturated vapor contains as little thermal energy as it can without condensing ) . Saturation temperature means boiling point . The saturation temperature is the temperature for a corresponding saturation pressure at which a liquid boils into its vapor phase . The liquid can be said to be saturated with thermal energy . Any addition of thermal energy results in a phase transition . If the pressure in a system remains constant ( isobaric ) , a vapor at saturation temperature will begin to condense into its liquid phase as thermal energy ( heat ) is removed . Similarly , a liquid at saturation temperature and pressure will boil into its vapor phase as additional thermal energy is applied . The boiling point corresponds to the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the surrounding environmental pressure . Thus , the boiling point is dependent on the pressure . Boiling points may be published with respect to the NIST , USA standard pressure of 101.325 kPa ( or 1 atm ) , or the IUPAC standard pressure of 100.000 kPa . At higher elevations , where the atmospheric pressure is much lower , the boiling point is also lower . The boiling point increases with increased pressure up to the critical point , where the gas and liquid properties become identical . The boiling point can not be increased beyond the critical point . Likewise , the boiling point decreases with decreasing pressure until the triple point is reached . The boiling point can not be reduced below the triple point . If the heat of vaporization and the vapor pressure of a liquid at a certain temperature are known , the boiling point can be calculated by using the Clausius -- Clapeyron equation , thus : T B = ( 1 T 0 − R ln P P 0 Δ H vap ) − 1 , ( \ displaystyle T_ ( \ text ( B ) ) = ( \ Bigg ( ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( T_ ( 0 ) ) ) - ( \ frac ( R \ , \ ln ( \ frac ( P ) ( P_ ( 0 ) ) ) ) ( \ Delta H_ ( \ text ( vap ) ) ) ) ( \ Bigg ) ) ^ ( - 1 ) , ) where : T B ( \ displaystyle T_ ( B ) ) is the boiling point at the pressure of interest , R ( \ displaystyle R ) is the ideal gas constant , P ( \ displaystyle P ) is the vapour pressure of the liquid at the pressure of interest , P 0 ( \ displaystyle P_ ( 0 ) ) is some pressure where the corresponding T 0 ( \ displaystyle T_ ( 0 ) ) is known ( usually data available at 1 atm or 100 kPa ) , Δ H vap ( \ displaystyle \ Delta H_ ( \ text ( vap ) ) ) is the heat of vaporization of the liquid , T 0 ( \ displaystyle T_ ( 0 ) ) is the boiling temperature , ln ( \ displaystyle \ ln ) is the natural logarithm . Saturation pressure is the pressure for a corresponding saturation temperature at which a liquid boils into its vapor phase . Saturation pressure and saturation temperature have a direct relationship : as saturation pressure is increased , so is saturation temperature . If the temperature in a system remains constant ( an isothermal system ) , vapor at saturation pressure and temperature will begin to condense into its liquid phase as the system pressure is increased . Similarly , a liquid at saturation pressure and temperature will tend to flash into its vapor phase as system pressure is decreased . There are two conventions regarding the standard boiling point of water : The normal boiling point is 99.97 ° C ( 211.9 ° F ) at a pressure of 1 atm ( i.e. , 101.325 kPa ) . The IUPAC recommended standard boiling point of water at a standard pressure of 100 kPa ( 1 bar ) is 99.61 ° C ( 211.3 ° F ) . For comparison , on top of Mount Everest , at 8,848 m ( 29,029 ft ) elevation , the pressure is about 34 kPa ( 255 Torr ) and the boiling point of water is 71 ° C ( 160 ° F ) . The Celsius temperature scale was defined until 1954 by two points : 0 ° C being defined by the water freezing point and 100 ° C being defined by the water boiling point at standard atmospheric pressure . Relation between the normal boiling point and the vapor pressure of liquids ( edit ) A log - lin vapor pressure chart for various liquids The higher the vapor pressure of a liquid at a given temperature , the lower the normal boiling point ( i.e. , the boiling point at atmospheric pressure ) of the liquid . The vapor pressure chart to the right has graphs of the vapor pressures versus temperatures for a variety of liquids . As can be seen in the chart , the liquids with the highest vapor pressures have the lowest normal boiling points . For example , at any given temperature , methyl chloride has the highest vapor pressure of any of the liquids in the chart . It also has the lowest normal boiling point ( − 24.2 ° C ) , which is where the vapor pressure curve of methyl chloride ( the blue line ) intersects the horizontal pressure line of one atmosphere ( atm ) of absolute vapor pressure . The critical point of a liquid is the highest temperature ( and pressure ) it will actually boil at . See also Vapour pressure of water . Properties of the elements ( edit ) Further information : List of elements by boiling point The element with the lowest boiling point is helium . Both the boiling points of rhenium and tungsten exceed 5000 K at standard pressure ; because it is difficult to measure extreme temperatures precisely without bias , both have been cited in the literature as having the higher boiling point . Boiling point as a reference Property of a pure compound ( edit ) As can be seen from the above plot of the logarithm of the vapor pressure vs. the temperature for any given pure chemical compound , its normal boiling point can serve as an indication of that compound 's overall volatility . A given pure compound has only one normal boiling point , if any , and a compound 's normal boiling point and melting point can serve as characteristic physical properties for that compound , listed in reference books . The higher a compound 's normal boiling point , the less volatile that compound is overall , and conversely , the lower a compound 's normal boiling point , the more volatile that compound is overall . Some compounds decompose at higher temperatures before reaching their normal boiling point , or sometimes even their melting point . For a stable compound , the boiling point ranges from its triple point to its critical point , depending on the external pressure . Beyond its triple point , a compound 's normal boiling point , if any , is higher than its melting point . Beyond the critical point , a compound 's liquid and vapor phases merge into one phase , which may be called a superheated gas . At any given temperature , if a compound 's normal boiling point is lower , then that compound will generally exist as a gas at atmospheric external pressure . If the compound 's normal boiling point is higher , then that compound can exist as a liquid or solid at that given temperature at atmospheric external pressure , and will so exist in equilibrium with its vapor ( if volatile ) if its vapors are contained . If a compound 's vapors are not contained , then some volatile compounds can eventually evaporate away in spite of their higher boiling points . Boiling points of alkanes , alkenes , ethers , halogenoalkanes , aldehydes , ketones , alcohols and carboxylic acids as a function of molar mass In general , compounds with ionic bonds have high normal boiling points , if they do not decompose before reaching such high temperatures . Many metals have high boiling points , but not all . Very generally -- with other factors being equal -- in compounds with covalently bonded molecules , as the size of the molecule ( or molecular mass ) increases , the normal boiling point increases . When the molecular size becomes that of a macromolecule , polymer , or otherwise very large , the compound often decomposes at high temperature before the boiling point is reached . Another factor that affects the normal boiling point of a compound is the polarity of its molecules . As the polarity of a compound 's molecules increases , its normal boiling point increases , other factors being equal . Closely related is the ability of a molecule to form hydrogen bonds ( in the liquid state ) , which makes it harder for molecules to leave the liquid state and thus increases the normal boiling point of the compound . Simple carboxylic acids dimerize by forming hydrogen bonds between molecules . A minor factor affecting boiling points is the shape of a molecule . Making the shape of a molecule more compact tends to lower the normal boiling point slightly compared to an equivalent molecule with more surface area . Comparison of butane isomer boiling points Common name n - butane isobutane IUPAC name butane 2 - methylpropane Molecular form Boiling point ( ° C ) − 0.5 − 11.7 Comparison of pentane isomer boiling points Common name n - pentane isopentane neopentane IUPAC name pentane 2 - methylbutane 2 , 2 - dimethylpropane Molecular form Boiling point ( ° C ) 36.0 27.7 9.5 Binary boiling point diagram of two hypothetical only weakly interacting components without an azeotrope Most volatile compounds ( anywhere near ambient temperatures ) go through an intermediate liquid phase while warming up from a solid phase to eventually transform to a vapor phase . By comparison to boiling , a sublimation is a physical transformation in which a solid turns directly into vapor , which happens in a few select cases such as with carbon dioxide at atmospheric pressure . For such compounds , a sublimation point is a temperature at which a solid turning directly into vapor has a vapor pressure equal to the external pressure . Impurities and mixtures ( edit ) In the preceding section , boiling points of pure compounds were covered . Vapor pressures and boiling points of substances can be affected by the presence of dissolved impurities ( solutes ) or other miscible compounds , the degree of effect depending on the concentration of the impurities or other compounds . The presence of non-volatile impurities such as salts or compounds of a volatility far lower than the main component compound decreases its mole fraction and the solution 's volatility , and thus raises the normal boiling point in proportion to the concentration of the solutes . This effect is called boiling point elevation . As a common example , salt water boils at a higher temperature than pure water . In other mixtures of miscible compounds ( components ) , there may be two or more components of varying volatility , each having its own pure component boiling point at any given pressure . The presence of other volatile components in a mixture affects the vapor pressures and thus boiling points and dew points of all the components in the mixture . The dew point is a temperature at which a vapor condenses into a liquid . Furthermore , at any given temperature , the composition of the vapor is different from the composition of the liquid in most such cases . In order to illustrate these effects between the volatile components in a mixture , a boiling point diagram is commonly used . Distillation is a process of boiling and ( usually ) condensation which takes advantage of these differences in composition between liquid and vapor phases . See also ( edit ) Boiling points of the elements ( data page ) Boiling - point elevation Critical point ( thermodynamics ) Ebulliometer , a device to accurately measure the boiling point of liquids Joback method ( Estimation of normal boiling points from molecular structure ) Subcooling Superheating Trouton 's constant relating latent heat to boiling point Triple point References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldberg , David E. ( 1988 ) . 3,000 Solved Problems in Chemistry ( 1st ed . ) . McGraw - Hill . section 17.43 , p. 321 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 023684 - 4 . Jump up ^ Theodore , Louis ; Dupont , R. Ryan ; Ganesan , Kumar , eds. ( 1999 ) . Pollution Prevention : The Waste Management Approach to the 21st Century . CRC Press . section 27 , p. 15 . ISBN 1 - 56670 - 495 - 2 . Jump up ^ General Chemistry Glossary Purdue University website page Jump up ^ Reel , Kevin R. ; Fikar , R.M. ; Dumas , P.E. ; Templin , Jay M. & Van Arnum , Patricia ( 2006 ) . AP Chemistry ( REA ) -- The Best Test Prep for the Advanced Placement Exam ( 9th ed . ) . Research & Education Association . section 71 , p. 224 . ISBN 0 - 7386 - 0221 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Cox , J.D. ( 1982 ) . `` Notation for states and processes , significance of the word standard in chemical thermodynamics , and remarks on commonly tabulated forms of thermodynamic functions '' . Pure and Applied Chemistry . 54 ( 6 ) . doi : 10.1351 / pac198254061239 . Jump up ^ Standard Pressure IUPAC defines the `` standard pressure '' as being 10 Pa ( which amounts to 1 bar ) . Jump up ^ Appendix 1 : Property Tables and Charts ( SI Units ) , Scroll down to Table A-5 and read the temperature value of 99.61 ° C at a pressure of 100 kPa ( 1 bar ) . Obtained from McGraw - Hill 's Higher Education website . Jump up ^ West , J.B. ( 1999 ) . `` Barometric pressures on Mt . Everest : New data and physiological significance '' . Journal of Applied Physiology. 86 ( 3 ) : 1062 -- 6 . PMID 10066724 . Jump up ^ Perry , R.H. ; Green , D.W. , eds. ( 1997 ) . Perry 's Chemical Engineers ' Handbook ( 7th ed . ) . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 049841 - 5 . Jump up ^ DeVoe , Howard ( 2000 ) . Thermodynamics and Chemistry ( 1st ed . ) . Prentice - Hall . ISBN 0 - 02 - 328741 - 1 . External links ( edit ) `` Boiling - Point '' . The New Student 's Reference Work . 1914 . ( hide ) States of matter ( list ) State Solid Liquid Gas / Vapor Plasma Low energy Bose -- Einstein condensate Fermionic condensate Degenerate matter Quantum Hall Rydberg matter Strange matter Superfluid Supersolid Photonic matter High energy QCD matter Lattice QCD Quark -- gluon plasma Supercritical fluid Other states Colloid Glass Liquid crystal Quantum spin liquid Magnetically ordered Antiferromagnet Ferrimagnet Ferromagnet String - net liquid Superglass Transitions Boiling Boiling point Condensation Critical line Critical point Crystallization Deposition Evaporation Flash evaporation Freezing Chemical ionization Ionization Lambda point Melting Melting point Recombination Regelation Saturated fluid Sublimation Supercooling Triple point Vaporization Vitrification Quantities Enthalpy of fusion Enthalpy of sublimation Enthalpy of vaporization Latent heat Latent internal energy Trouton 's ratio Volatility Concepts Binodal Compressed fluid Cooling curve Equation of state Leidenfrost effect Macroscopic quantum phenomena Mpemba effect Order and disorder ( physics ) Spinodal Superconductivity Superheated vapor Superheating Thermo - dielectric effect Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boiling_point&oldid=799804546 '' Categories : Temperature Threshold temperatures Gases Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW with an wstitle parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés Asturianu বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių La . lojban . Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو ភាសា ខ្មែរ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 September 2017 , at 23 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the boiling point of water at standard pressure is | [
"The boiling point of a liquid varies depending upon the surrounding environmental pressure. A liquid in a partial vacuum has a lower boiling point than when that liquid is at atmospheric pressure. A liquid at high pressure has a higher boiling point than when that liquid is at atmospheric pressure. For a given pressure, different liquids boil at different temperatures. For example, water boils at 100 °C (212 °F) at sea level, but at 93.4 °C (200.1 °F) at 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) altitude."
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"100 °C (212 °F)"
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-8823140374638929088 | Acrosome reaction | Acrosome reaction - wikipedia Acrosome reaction Jump to : navigation , search Acrosome reaction on a Sea Urchin cell During fertilization , a sperm must first fuse with the plasma membrane and then penetrate the female egg in order to fertilize it . Fusing to the egg usually causes little problem , whereas penetrating through the egg 's hard shell or extracellular matrix can present more of a problem to the sperm . Therefore , sperm cells go through a process known as the acrosome reaction which is the reaction that occurs in the acrosome of the sperm as it approaches the egg . The acrosome is a cap - like structure over the anterior half of the sperm 's head . As the sperm approaches the zona pellucida of the egg , which is necessary for initiating the acrosome reaction , the membrane surrounding the acrosome fuses with the plasma membrane of the sperm 's head , exposing the contents of the acrosome . The contents include surface antigens necessary for binding to the egg 's cell membrane , and numerous enzymes which are responsible for breaking through the egg 's tough coating and allowing fertilization to occur . Contents ( hide ) 1 Variations among species 1.1 Echinoderms 1.2 Mammals 2 The process 3 In in vitro fertilization 3.1 Assessment 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Variations among species ( edit ) There are considerable species variations in the morphology and consequences of the acrosome reaction . In several species the trigger for the acrosome reaction has been identified in a layer that surrounds the egg . Echinoderms ( edit ) In some lower animal species a protuberance ( the acrosomal process ) forms at the apex of the sperm head , supported by a core of actin microfilaments . The membrane at the tip of the acrosomal process fuses with the egg 's plasma membrane . In some echinoderms , including starfish and sea urchins , a major portion of the exposed acrosomal content contains a protein that temporarily holds the sperm on the egg 's surface . Mammals ( edit ) In mammals the acrosome reaction releases hyaluronidase and acrosin ; their role in fertilization is not yet clear . The acrosomal reaction does not begin until the sperm comes into contact with the oocyte 's zona pellucida . Upon coming into contact with the zona pellucida , the acrosomal enzymes begin to dissolve and the actin filament comes into contact with the zona pellucida . Once the two meet , a calcium influx occurs , causing a signaling cascade ( need references ) . The cortical granules inside the oocyte then fuse to the outer membrane and a transient fast block reaction occurs . It also alters a patch of pre-existing sperm plasma membrane so that it can fuse with the egg plasma membrane ( need references ) . A sperm penetration assay includes an acrosome reaction test that assesses how well a sperm is able to perform during the fertilization process . Sperm that are unable to properly go through the acrosome reaction will not be able to fertilize an egg . However , this problem only occurs in about 5 % of men that have the test done . This test is rather expensive and provides limited information on a man 's fertility . In other cases , such as in the wood mouse Apodemus sylvaticus , premature acrosome reactions have been found to cause increased motility in aggregates of spermatozoa promoting fertilization . The process ( edit ) The acrosomal reaction normally takes place in the ampulla of the fallopian tube ( site of fertilization ) when the sperm penetrates the secondary oocyte . A few events precede the actual acrosome reaction . The sperm cell acquires a `` hyperactive motility pattern '' by which its flagellum produces vigorous whip - like movements that propel the sperm through the cervical canal and uterine cavity , until it reaches the isthmus of the fallopian tube . The sperm approaches the ovum in the ampulla of the fallopian tube with the help of various mechanisms , including chemotaxis . Glycoproteins on the outer surface of the sperm then bind with glycoproteins on the zona pellucida of the ovum . Sperm that did not initiate the acrosome reaction prior to reaching to the zona pellucida are unable to penetrate the zona pellucida . Since the acrosome reaction has already occurred , sperm are then able to penetrate the zona pellucida due to mechanical action of the tail , not because of the acrosome reaction itself . The first stage is the penetration of corona radiata , by releasing hyaluronidase from the acrosome to digest cumulus cells surrounding the oocyte and exposing acrosin attached to the inner membrane of the sperm . The cumulus cells are embedded in a gel - like substance made primarily of hyaluronic acid , and developed in the ovary with the egg and support it as it grows . It is necessary for the acrosome reaction to occur before the sperm cell reaches the zona pellucida . Acrosin digests the zona pellucida and membrane of the oocyte . Part of the sperm 's cell membrane then fuses with the egg cell 's membrane , and the contents of the head sink into the egg . In the mouse it has been demonstrated that ZP3 , one of the proteins that make up the zona pellucida , binds to a partner molecule ( to the β1 , 4 - galactosyl transferase receptors ) on the sperm . This lock - and - key type mechanism is species - specific and prevents the sperm and egg of different species from fusing . The zona pellucida also releases Ca granules to prevent additional sperm from binding . There is some evidence that this binding is what triggers the acrosome to release the enzymes that allow the sperm to fuse with the egg . It is likely that a similar mechanism occurs in other mammals , but the diversity of zona proteins across species means that the relevant protein and receptor may differ . As the sperm arrive at the egg , it is the egg that chooses the sperm and pulls it towards her . The selected sperm actually tries to swim away from the egg but is tethered to the egg by female hormones . The membrane around the egg literally opens up and swallows the sperm . Upon penetration , if all is occurring normally , the process of egg - activation occurs and the oocyte is said to have become activated . This is thought to be induced by a specific protein phospholipase c zeta . It undergoes its secondary meiotic division , and the two haploid nuclei ( paternal and maternal ) fuse to form a zygote . In order to prevent polyspermy and minimise the possibility of producing a triploid zygote , several changes to the egg 's cell membranes renders them impenetrable shortly after the first sperm enters the egg . The aforementioned process describes the physiologically relevant events . One should however bear in mind that a certain percentage of sperm cells will undergo a spontaneous acrosome reaction without the presence of the ovum . Those cells are not able to fertilise the egg , even if they do reach it later . Other cells will spontaneously shed their acrosome during the process of apoptosis / necrosis . In in vitro fertilization ( edit ) When using intracytoplasmic sperm injection ( ICSI ) for IVF , the implantation rate is higher in oocytes injected with spermatozoa that have undergone acrosome reaction ( ~ 40 % ) vs. those injected with nonreacted spermatozoa ( ~ 10 % ) . The implantation rate is ~ 25 % in when injected with both reacted and nonreacted spermatozoa . The delivery rate per cycle follows the same trend . The acrosome reaction can be stimulated in vitro by substances a sperm cell may encounter naturally such as progesterone or follicular fluid , as well as the more commonly used calcium ionophore A23187 . Assessment ( edit ) Birefringence microscopy , flow cytometry or fluorescence microscopy can be used for assessing the shedding of the acrosome or `` acrosome reaction '' of a sperm sample . Flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy are usually done after staining with a fluoresceinated lectin such as FITC - PNA , FITC - PSA , FITC - ConA , or fluoresceinated antibody such as FITC - CD46 . The antibodies / lectins have a high specificity for different parts of the acrosomal region , and will only bind to a specific site ( acrosomal content / inner / outer membrane ) . If bound to a fluorescent molecule , regions where these probes have bound can be visualised . Sperm cells with artificially induced acrosome reactions may serve as positive controls . For fluorescence microscopy a smear of washed sperm cells are made , airdried , permealized and then stained . Such a slide is then viewed under light of a wavelength that will cause the probe to fluoresce if it is bound to the acrosomal region . At least 200 cells are viewed in an arbitrary fashion and classified as either acrosome intact ( fluorescing bright green ) or acrosome reacted ( no probe present , or only on the equatorial region ) . It is then expressed as a percentage of the counted cells . For assessment with flow cytometry the washed cells are incubated with the chosen probe , ( possibly washed again ) and then sampled in a flow cytometer . After gating the cell population according to forward - and side - scatter the resulting data can be analysed ( E.g. mean fluorescences compared ) . With this technique a probe for viability , like propidium iodide ( PI ) could also be included in order to exclude dead cells from the acrosome assessment , since many sperm cells will spontaneously lose their acrosome when they die . See also ( edit ) Cortical reaction Hamster zona - free ovum test ZP3 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Swiss Virtual Campus . `` Chapter 4 , Fertilization '' . Human Embryology . universities of Fribourg , Lausanne and Bern . Retrieved 18 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Your path to fertility : Acrosome Reaction '' . 2007 . Jump up ^ Moore , Harry ; Dvoráková , Katerina ; Jenkins , Nicholas ; Breed , William ( 2002 ) . `` Exceptional sperm cooperation in the wood mouse '' . Nature . 418 ( 6894 ) : 174 -- 7 . doi : 10.1038 / nature00832 . PMID 12110888 . ^ Jump up to : Inoue , N ; Satouh , Y ; Ikawa , M ; Okabe , M ; Yanagimachi , R ( 2011 ) . `` Acrosome - reacted mouse spermatozoa recovered from the perivitelline space can fertilize other eggs '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 108 ( 50 ) : 20008 -- 11 . Bibcode : 2011PNAS ... 10820008I . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1116965108 . PMC 3250175 . PMID 22084105 . Jump up ^ `` New Theory on How The Aggressive Egg Attracts Sperm '' . Jump up ^ Yeates , Sarah E ; Diamond , Sian E ; Einum , Sigurd ; Emerson , Brent C ; Holt , William V ; Gage , Matthew J. G ( 2013 ) . `` Cryptic Choice of Conspecific Sperm Controlled by the Impact of Ovarian Fluid on Sperm Swimming Behavior '' . Evolution. 67 ( 12 ) : 3523 -- 36 . doi : 10.1111 / evo. 12208 . PMC 3912916 . PMID 24299405 . Lay summary -- ScienceDaily ( August 16 , 2013 ) . ^ Jump up to : Gianaroli , Luca ; Magli , M. Cristina ; Ferraretti , Anna P ; Crippa , Andor ; Lappi , Michela ; Capitani , Serena ; Baccetti , Baccio ( 2010 ) . `` Birefringence characteristics in sperm heads allow for the selection of reacted spermatozoa for intracytoplasmic sperm injection '' . Fertility and Sterility. 93 ( 3 ) : 807 -- 13 . doi : 10.1016 / j. fertnstert. 2008.10. 024 . PMID 19064263 . Jump up ^ Miyazaki , R ; Fukuda , M ; Takeuchi , H ; Itoh , S ; Takada , M ( 2009 ) . `` Flow Cytometry to Evaluate Acrosome - Reacted Sperm '' . Archives of Andrology. 25 ( 3 ) : 243 -- 51 . doi : 10.3109 / 01485019008987613 . PMID 2285347 . Jump up ^ Carver - Ward , J. A ; Moran - Verbeek , I. M ; Hollanders , J.M. G ( 1997 ) . `` Comparative flow cytometric analysis of the human sperm acrosome reaction using CD46 antibody and lectins '' . Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics . 14 ( 2 ) : 111 -- 9 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02765780 . PMC 3454831 . PMID 9048242 . External links ( edit ) Acrosome reaction at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Physiology : 5 / 5ch8 / s5ch8_21 - Essentials of Human Physiology Animation at stanford.edu Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acrosome_reaction&oldid=824055070 '' Categories : Andrology Animal reproductive system Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Қазақша 日本 語 Português Русский Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 February 2018 , at 01 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does the acrosome reaction occur in sperm | [
"During fertilization, a sperm must first fuse with the plasma membrane and then penetrate the female egg in order to fertilize it. Fusing to the egg usually causes little problem, whereas penetrating through the egg's hard shell or extracellular matrix can present more of a problem to the sperm. Therefore, sperm cells go through a process known as the acrosome reaction which is the reaction that occurs in the acrosome of the sperm as it approaches the egg. The acrosome is a cap-like structure over the anterior half of the sperm's head."
] | [
"as it approaches the egg"
] |
-1261129742149484837 | List of Indian Premier League records and statistics | List of Indian Premier League records and statistics - wikipedia List of Indian Premier League records and statistics This is an overall list of statistics and records of the Indian Premier League , a Twenty20 cricket competition based in India . Contents ( hide ) 1 Team records 1.1 Results summary 1.2 Highest totals 1.3 Lowest totals 1.4 Highest successful run chases 1.5 Lowest scores defended 1.6 Largest victories ( by runs ) 2 Batting records 2.1 Most runs 2.2 Highest individual score 2.3 Most sixes ( overall ) 2.4 Most sixes ( innings ) 2.5 Fastest centuries 2.6 Fastest fifties 2.7 Best strike rate 3 Bowling records 3.1 Most wickets 3.2 Best bowling figures in an innings 3.3 Best bowling averages 3.4 Best economy rates 3.5 Most runs conceded in an innings 3.6 Most dot balls bowled 3.7 Most maiden overs bowled 3.8 List of hat - tricks 4 Wicketkeeping and fielding records 4.1 Most dismissals 4.2 Most catches ( fielder ) 5 Miscellaneous records 6 Awards 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References Team records Results summary Team Span Mat Won Lost Tie + W Tie + L NR Win % Titles Mumbai Indians 2008 -- 2018 171 97 73 0 0 57.01 Royal Challengers Bangalore 2008 -- 2018 167 78 84 48.17 0 Kolkata Knight Riders 2008 -- 2018 162 85 75 0 0 53.08 Kings XI Punjab 2008 -- 2018 162 74 86 0 0 46.29 0 Delhi Daredevils 2008 -- 2018 161 67 91 0 42.45 0 Chennai Super Kings 2008 -- 2018 148 90 56 0 61.56 Rajasthan Royals 2008 -- 2018 132 68 60 53.05 Sunrisers Hyderabad 2013 -- 2018 93 51 41 0 0 55.37 Deccan Chargers 2008 -- 2012 75 29 46 0 0 0 38.66 Pune Warriors India 2011 -- 2013 46 12 33 0 0 26.66 0 Rising Pune Supergiants 2016 -- 2017 30 15 15 0 0 0 50.00 0 Gujarat Lions 2016 -- 2017 30 13 16 0 0 45.00 0 Kochi Tuskers Kerala 2011 -- 2011 14 6 8 0 0 0 42.85 0 Note : Defunct Teams Tie + W and Tie + L indicates matches tied and then won or lost by `` Super Over '' The result percentage excludes no results and counts ties ( irrespective of a tiebreaker ) as half a win The total matches does not include matches played for Champions League T20 Source : Cricinfo Last updated : 28 May 2018 Highest totals Score Team Opponent Season 7002264166666666669 ♠ 263 / 5 Royal Challengers Bangalore Pune Warriors India 2013 248 / 3 Royal Challengers Bangalore Gujarat Lions 2016 7002247166666666670 ♠ 246 / 5 Chennai Super Kings Rajasthan Royals 7002245166666666670 ♠ 245 / 6 Kolkata Knight Riders Kings XI Punjab 2018 7002241166666666670 ♠ 240 / 5 Chennai Super Kings Kings XI Punjab 2008 7002235166666666670 ♠ 235 / 1 Royal Challengers Bangalore Mumbai Indians 2015 Full Table on Cricinfo Last updated : 12 May 2018 Lowest totals Score Team Opponent Season 7001680909090909090 ♠ 49 Royal Challengers Bangalore Kolkata Knight Riders 2017 7001680909090909090 ♠ 58 Rajasthan Royals Royal Challengers Bangalore 2009 7001680909090909090 ♠ 66 Delhi Daredevils Mumbai Indians 2017 7001680909090909090 ♠ 67 Delhi Daredevils Kings XI Punjab 2017 7001680909090909090 ♠ 67 Kolkata Knight Riders Mumbai Indians 2008 Full Table on Cricinfo Last updated : 21 May 2017 Highest successful run chases Score Team Opponent Season 217 / 7 Rajasthan Royals Deccan Chargers 2008 214 / 3 Delhi Daredevils Gujarat Lions 2017 211 / 4 Kings XI Punjab Sunrisers Hyderabad 2014 208 / 5 Chennai Super Kings Royal Challengers Bangalore 2012 207 / 5 Chennai Super Kings Royal Challengers Bangalore 2018 Highest chases in IPL Last updated : 21 May 2018 Lowest scores defended Score Team Opponent Opponent score Season 116 / 9 Chennai Super Kings Kings XI Punjab 92 / 8 2009 118 Sunrisers Hyderabad Mumbai Indians 87 2018 119 / 8 Kings XI Punjab Mumbai Indians 116 / 7 2009 Royal Challengers Bangalore Pune Warriors India 108 / 10 2013 120 / 9 Mumbai Indians Pune Warriors India 119 / 6 2012 126 / 8 Royal Challengers Bangalore Chennai Super Kings 112 / 8 2008 Sunrisers Hyderabad Pune Warriors India 104 / 10 2013 Largest victories ( by runs ) Score Team Opponent Season 146 Mumbai Indians Delhi Daredevils 2017 144 Royal Challengers Bangalore Gujarat Lions 2016 140 Kolkata Knight Riders Royal Challengers Bangalore 2008 138 Royal Challengers Bangalore Kings XI Punjab 2015 130 Royal Challengers Bangalore Pune Warriors 2013 largest victories ( runs ) in IPL Last updated : 21 May 2017 Batting records Most runs Batsman Inns Runs Span Suresh Raina ( CSK , GL ) 172 4985 2008 -- 2018 Virat Kohli ( RCB ) 155 4948 2008 -- 2018 Sharma , Rohit Rohit Sharma ( DC , MI ) 168 4493 2008 -- 2018 Gambhir , Gautam Gautam Gambhir ( DD , KKR ) 152 4217 2008 -- 2018 Robin Uthappa ( KKR , MI , PWI , RCB ) 159 4129 2008 -- 2018 Full Table on Cricinfo Last updated : 28 May 2018 Highest individual score Batsman Runs Balls Opp Season Gayle , Chris Chris Gayle ( RCB ) 7002175000000000000 ♠ 175 * 66 PWI 2013 McCullum , Brendon Brendon McCullum ( KKR ) 7002158000000000000 ♠ 158 * 73 RCB 2008 Villiers , AB de AB de Villiers ( RCB ) 7002133000000000000 ♠ 133 * 59 MI 2015 Villiers , AB de AB de Villiers ( RCB ) 7002129000000000000 ♠ 129 * 52 GL 2016 Chris Gayle ( RCB ) 7002128000000000000 ♠ 128 * 62 DD 2012 Full Table on Cricinfo Last updated : 21 May 2017 Most sixes ( overall ) Batsman Inn 6 's Span Chris Gayle ( KKR , RCB , KXIP ) 111 292 2009 -- 2018 AB de Villiers ( DD , RCB ) 129 187 2008 - 2018 MS Dhoni ( CSK , RPS ) 158 186 2008 -- 2018 Suresh Raina ( CSK , GL ) 172 185 2008 -- 2018 Rohit Sharma ( DC , MI ) 168 184 2008 -- 2018 Full Table on Cricinfo Last updated : 28 May 2018 Most sixes ( innings ) Batsman 6 's Opponent Season Chris Gayle ( RCB ) 17 PWI 2013 Brendon McCullum ( KKR ) 13 RCB 2008 Chris Gayle ( RCB ) DD 2012 Chris Gayle ( RCB ) 12 KXIP 2015 AB de Villiers ( RCB ) GL 2016 Full Table on Cricinfo Last updated : 21 May 2017 Fastest centuries See also : List of Indian Premier League centuries Batsman Balls Opp Season Chris Gayle ( RCB ) 30 PWI 2013 Yusuf Pathan ( RR ) 37 MI David Miller ( KXIP ) 38 RCB 2013 Adam Gilchrist ( DC ) 42 MI 2008 AB de Villiers ( RCB ) 43 GL 2016 Full Table on Itsonlycricket Last updated : 21 May 2017 Fastest fifties Batsman Balls Opp Season K.L. Rahul ( KXIP ) 14 DD 2018 Sunil Narine ( KKR ) 15 RCB 2017 Yusuf Pathan ( KKR ) SRH 2014 Suresh Raina ( CSK ) 16 KXIP 2014 Sunil Narine ( KKR ) 17 RCB 2018 Ishan Kishan ( MI ) KKR 2018 Kieron Pollard ( MI ) KKR 2016 Chris Morris ( DD ) GL 2016 Chris Gayle ( RCB ) PWI 2013 Adam Gilchrist ( DC ) DD 2009 Jos Buttler ( RR ) 18 DD 2018 Full Table on IPLT20 Last updated : 8 April 2018 Best strike rate Batsman SR Span Russell , Andre Andre Russell ( DD , KKR ) 177.29 2012 -- 2018 Sunil Narine ( KKR ) 168.81 2012 -- 2018 Chris Morris ( CSK , DD , RR ) 166.66 2013 -- 2018 Rishabh Pant ( DD ) 162.71 2016 -- 2018 Maxwell , Glenn Glenn Maxwell ( DD , KXIP , MI ) 161.13 2012 -- 2018 Minimum balls faced -- 125 Full Table on Cricinfo Last updated : 28 May 2017 Bowling records Most wickets Bowler Inn Wkts Span Malinga , Lasith Lasith Malinga ( MI ) 110 154 2009 -- 2017 Mishra , Amit Amit Mishra ( DC , DD , SRH ) 136 146 2008 -- 2018 Piyush Chawla ( KXIP , KKR ) 143 140 2008 -- 2018 Dwayne Bravo ( CSK , GL , MI ) 119 136 2008 -- 2018 Harbhajan Singh ( MI , CSK ) 146 134 2008 -- 2018 Full Table on Cricinfo Last updated : 28 May 2018 Best bowling figures in an innings Player Ovr BBI Opp Season Sohail Tanvir Sohail Tanvir ( RR ) 4.0 7000706666666666670 ♠ 6 - 14 CSK 2008 Zampa , Adam Adam Zampa ( RPS ) 4.0 7000616666666666670 ♠ 6 - 19 SRH 2016 Kumble , Anil Anil Kumble ( RCB ) 3.1 7000616666666666670 ♠ 5 - 5 RR 2009 Sharma , Ishant Ishant Sharma ( DC ) 3.0 7000607692307692310 ♠ 5 - 12 KTK 2011 Malinga , Lasith Lasith Malinga ( MI ) 3.4 7000607142857142860 ♠ 5 - 13 DD 2011 Full Table on Cricinfo Last updated : 21 May 2017 Best bowling averages Player Mat Average Span Andrew Tye ( KXIP , GL ) 20 16.36 2017 -- 2018 Doug Bollinger ( CSK ) 27 18.72 2010 -- 2012 Mascarenhas , Dimitri Dimitri Mascarenhas ( KXIP , RR ) 13 18.73 2008 -- 2013 Malinga , Lasith Lasith Malinga ( MI ) 110 19.01 2009 -- 2017 Farveez Maharoof ( DC ) 20 19.25 2008 -- 2010 Full Table on Cricinfo Last updated : 28 May 2018 Best economy rates Player Mat Econ Span Narine , Sunil Sunil Narine ( KKR ) 98 6.54 2012 -- 2018 Shaun Pollock ( MI ) 13 6.54 2008 -- 2008 Kumble , Anil Anil Kumble ( RCB ) 42 6.57 2009 -- 2010 Glenn Mcgrath ( DD ) 14 6.61 2008 -- 2008 Muttiah Muralitharan ( CSK , KTK , RCB ) 66 6.67 2008 -- 2014 Full Table on Cricinfo Last updated : 28 May 2018 Most runs conceded in an innings Bowler Overs Wkts Runs Opp Season Basil Thampi ( SRH ) 4.0 0 70 RCB 2018 Ishant Sharma ( SRH ) 4.0 0 66 CSK 2013 Umesh Yadav ( DD ) 4.0 0 65 RCB 2013 Sandeep Sharma ( KXIP ) 4.0 65 SRH 2014 Varun Aaron ( DD ) 4.0 63 CSK 2012 Full Table on Cricinfo Last updated : 28 May 2018 Most dot balls bowled Player Inns Dot Balls Harbhajan Singh 145 1128 Praveen Kumar 119 1075 Lasith Malinga 110 1060 Amit Mishra 136 1027 Piyush Chawla 143 1020 Full Table on IPLT20 Last updated : 28 May 2018 Most maiden overs bowled Player Inns Maidens Praveen Kumar 119 14 Irfan Pathan 101 10 Lasith Malinga 110 8 Sandeep Sharma 68 8 Dhawal Kulkarni 79 7 Dale Steyn 90 7 Full Table on IPLT20 Last updated : 28 May 2018 List of hat - tricks No . Bowler Opp Season Lakshmipathy Balaji ( CSK ) KXIP 2008 Amit Mishra ( DD ) DC 2008 Makhaya Ntini ( CSK ) KKR 2008 Yuvraj Singh ( KXIP ) RCB 2009 5 Rohit Sharma ( DC ) MI 2009 6 Yuvraj Singh ( KXIP ) DC 2009 7 Praveen Kumar ( RCB ) RR 8 Amit Mishra ( DC ) KXIP 2011 9 Ajit Chandila ( RR ) PWI 2012 10 Sunil Narine ( KKR ) KXIP 2013 11 Amit Mishra ( SRH ) PWI 2013 12 Pravin Tambe ( RR ) KKR 2014 13 Shane Watson ( RR ) SRH 2014 14 Axar Patel ( KXIP ) GL 2016 15 Samuel Badree ( RCB ) MI 2017 16 Andrew Tye ( GL ) RPS 2017 17 Jaydev Unadkat ( RPS ) SRH 2017 Hat - tricks in IPL Last updated : 21 May 2017 Wicketkeeping and fielding records Most dismissals Wicket Keeper Dis Ct St Span Karthik , Dinesh Dinesh Karthik ( DD , KXIP , MI , RCB , KKR , GL ) 124 94 30 2008 -- 2018 MS Dhoni ( CSK , RPS ) 116 83 33 2008 -- 2018 Uthappa , Robin Robin Uthappa ( KKR , MI , PWI , RCB ) 90 58 32 2008 -- 2018 Naman Ojha ( DD , RR , SRH ) 75 65 10 2008 -- 2018 Patel , Parthiv Parthiv Patel ( CSK , DC , KTK , MI , RCB , SRH ) 74 60 14 2008 -- 2018 Full Table on Cricinfo Last updated : 28 May 2018 Most catches ( fielder ) Player Ct Span Suresh Raina ( CSK , GL ) 95 2008 -- 2018 Rohit Sharma ( DC , MI ) 79 2008 -- 2018 AB de Villiers ( DD , RCB ) 78 2008 -- 2018 Kieron Pollard ( MI ) 74 2010 -- 2018 Dwayne Bravo ( CSK , MI , Gujarat Lions ) 69 2008 -- 2018 Full Table on Cricinfo Last updated : 28 May 2018 Miscellaneous records See also : List of Indian Premier League captains Records Player / Team Stats Season / Span Team Most wins Mumbai Indians 97 ( 2008 -- 2018 ) Most defeats Delhi Daredevils 91 ( 2008 -- 2018 ) Highest win % Chennai Super Kings 61.56 ( 2008 -- 2018 ) Largest victory ( runs ) Mumbai Indians v Delhi Daredevils 146 2017 Most consecutive wins ( season ) Kolkata Knight Riders 9 2014 Most consecutive wins ( overall ) Kolkata Knight Riders 10 ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Most consecutive defeats ( season ) Delhi Daredevils Pune Warriors 9 2014 2012 Most consecutive defeats ( overall ) Delhi Daredevils Pune Warriors 11 ( 2014 -- 2015 ) ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Batting Most 100s Chris Gayle ( KKR , RCB , KXIP ) 6 ( 2008 -- 2018 ) Most 50s David Warner ( DD , SRH ) 36 ( 2009 -- 2017 ) Highest Partnership Virat Kohli ( RCB ) AB de Villiers ( RCB ) 229 2016 Most ducks Harbhajan Singh ( MI ) 13 ( 2008 -- 2018 ) Bowling Most 4 wicket hauls Sunil Narine ( KKR ) 6 ( 2012 -- 2018 ) Most 5 wicket hauls James Faulkner ( KXIP , PWI , RR ) ( 2011 -- 2017 ) Most hat - tricks Amit Mishra ( DC , DD , SRH ) ( 2008 -- 2018 ) Other Miscellaneous Most matches Suresh Raina ( CSK , GL ) 176 ( 2008 -- 2018 ) Most matches as captain MS Dhoni ( CSK , RPS ) 159 ( 2008 -- 2018 ) Most man of the matches Chris Gayle ( KKR , RCB , KXIP ) 20 ( 2008 -- 2018 ) Most matches as umpire Sundaram Ravi 97 ( 2009 -- 2018 ) ☢ Last updated : 28 May 2018 Awards Main article : List of Indian Premier League Awards See also List of Chennai Super Kings records List of Kolkata Knight Riders records List of Rajasthan Royals records List of Sunrisers Hyderabad records Notes Jump up ^ This is also the highest innings total by any team in a T20 match . References ^ Jump up to : `` List of Hat - tricks in IPL '' . 14 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Result summary '' . ESPNCricinfo . Retrieved 23 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cricket Records Records Indian Premier League Largest victories ESPN Cricinfo '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 7 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Records -- Twenty20 matches -- Team records -- Most consecutive wins -- ESPN Cricinfo '' . Cricinfo . Jump up ^ `` Records -- Twenty20 matches -- Team records -- Most consecutive defeats -- ESPN Cricinfo '' . Cricinfo . Jump up ^ `` Most Hundreds in IPL '' . ESPNCricinfo . Retrieved 23 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Most fifties '' . ESPNCricinfo . Retrieved 23 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Highest Partnership '' . ESPNCricinfo . Retrieved 10 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most ducks '' . ESPNCricinfo . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Most four - wickets - in - an - innings ( and over ) '' . ESPNCricinfo . Retrieved 23 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Most Four Wickets Innings '' . IPLT20 . Retrieved 11 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most five - wickets - in - an - innings '' . ESPNCricinfo . Retrieved 23 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Most matches '' . ESPNCricinfo . Retrieved 23 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Most matches as captain '' . ESPNCricinfo . Retrieved 23 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man of the matches '' . Sportskeeda . Retrieved 11 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Most matches as an umpire '' . ESPNCricinfo . Retrieved 23 May 2014 . hide Indian Premier League Seasons 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Finals 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Participating teams Chennai Super Kings Delhi Daredevils Kings XI Punjab Kolkata Knight Riders Mumbai Indians Rajasthan Royals Royal Challengers Bangalore Sunrisers Hyderabad Defunct teams Deccan Chargers Gujarat Lions Kochi Tuskers Kerala Pune Warriors India Rising Pune Supergiant Auctions 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Statistics and records Team Series Batting Bowling Wicketkeeping and fielding Partnership Miscellaneous Lists Current squads Seasons Awards Venues Players Captains Umpires Centuries Five - wicket hauls Controversies 2012 spot - fixing case 2013 spot - fixing and betting case Related topics Champions League Twenty20 Lalit Modi Icon player Book Portal Commons WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Indian_Premier_League_records_and_statistics&oldid=843588635 '' Categories : Indian Premier League Lists of Indian cricket records and statistics Indian Premier League lists Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Articles with hCards Use dmy dates from May 2011 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 03 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who has hit most sixes in ipl tournaments | [
"\n\nBatsman\nInn\n6's\nSpan\n\n\n Chris Gayle (KKR, RCB, KXIP)\n111\n292\n2009–2018\n\n\n AB de Villiers (DD, RCB)\n129\n187\n2008-2018\n\n\n MS Dhoni (CSK, RPS)\n158\n186\n2008–2018\n\n\n Suresh Raina (CSK, GL)\n172\n185\n2008–2018\n\n\n Rohit Sharma (DC, MI)\n168\n184\n2008–2018\n\n"
] | [
"Chris Gayle"
] |
6657560518250280310 | Pearl Jam | Pearl Jam - wikipedia Pearl Jam Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the band . For the band 's eponymous album , see Pearl Jam ( album ) . Pearl Jam Pearl Jam performing in 2012 . From left to right : McCready , Ament , Cameron , Vedder and Gossard . Background information Also known as Mookie Blaylock Origin Seattle , Washington , U.S. Genres Alternative rock grunge hard rock Years active 1990 -- present Labels Monkeywrench Universal Music Group Epic Associated acts Green River Soundgarden Mother Love Bone Temple of the Dog Skin Yard Brad Hovercraft Three Fish Wellwater Conspiracy Mad Season Neil Young RNDM Website pearljam.com Members Eddie Vedder Mike McCready Stone Gossard Jeff Ament Matt Cameron Past members Dave Krusen Matt Chamberlain Dave Abbruzzese Jack Irons Pearl Jam is an American rock band formed in Seattle , Washington , in 1990 . Since its inception , the band 's line - up has consisted of Eddie Vedder ( lead vocals ) , Mike McCready ( lead guitar ) , Stone Gossard ( rhythm guitar ) and Jeff Ament ( bass ) . The band 's fifth member is drummer Matt Cameron ( also of Soundgarden ) , who has been with the band since 1998 . Boom Gaspar ( piano ) has also been a session / touring member with the band since 2002 . Drummers Dave Krusen , Matt Chamberlain , Dave Abbruzzese and Jack Irons are former members of the band . Formed after the demise of Gossard and Ament 's previous band , Mother Love Bone , Pearl Jam broke into the mainstream with its debut album , Ten , in 1991 . One of the key bands in the grunge movement of the early 1990s , over the course of the band 's career , its members became noted for their refusal to adhere to traditional music industry practices , including refusing to make proper music videos or give interviews , and engaging in a much - publicized boycott of Ticketmaster . In 2006 , Rolling Stone described the band as having `` spent much of the past decade deliberately tearing apart their own fame . '' To date , the band has sold nearly 32 million records in the United States and an estimated 60 million worldwide . Pearl Jam has outlasted and outsold many of its contemporaries from the alternative rock breakthrough of the early 1990s , and is considered one of the most influential bands of that decade . Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic referred to Pearl Jam as `` the most popular American rock & roll band of the ' 90s '' . Pearl Jam was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on April 7 , 2017 , in its first year of eligibility . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Formation and early years ( 1984 -- 1990 ) 1.2 Ten and the grunge explosion ( 1991 -- 1992 ) 1.3 Vs. , Vitalogy and dealing with success ( 1993 -- 1995 ) 1.4 No Code and Yield ( 1996 -- 1999 ) 1.5 Binaural and the Roskilde tragedy ( 2000 -- 2001 ) 1.6 Riot Act ( 2002 -- 2005 ) 1.7 Move to J Records and Pearl Jam ( 2006 -- 2008 ) 1.8 Reissues and Backspacer ( 2009 -- 2012 ) 1.9 Lightning Bolt ( 2013 -- 2017 ) 1.10 Eleventh studio album ( 2018 -- present ) 2 Musical style and influences 3 Legacy 4 Campaigning and activism 5 Band members 5.1 Timeline 6 Discography 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) Formation and early years ( 1984 -- 1990 ) ( edit ) Stone Gossard and Jeff Ament were members of pioneering grunge band Green River during the mid-1980s . Green River toured and recorded to moderate success but disbanded in 1987 due to a stylistic division between the pair and bandmates Mark Arm and Steve Turner . In late 1987 , Gossard and Ament began playing with Malfunkshun vocalist Andrew Wood , eventually organizing the band Mother Love Bone . In 1988 and 1989 , the band recorded and toured to increasing interest and found the support of the PolyGram record label , which signed the band in early 1989 . Mother Love Bone 's debut album , Apple , was released in July 1990 , four months after Wood died of a heroin overdose . Ament and Gossard were devastated by the death of Wood and the resulting demise of Mother Love Bone . Gossard spent his time afterwards writing material that was harder - edged than what he had been doing previously . After a few months , Gossard started practicing with fellow Seattle guitarist Mike McCready , whose band , Shadow , had broken up ; McCready in turn encouraged Gossard to reconnect with Ament . After practicing for a while , the trio sent out a five - song demo tape in order to find a singer and a drummer . They gave former Red Hot Chili Peppers drummer Jack Irons the demo to see if he would be interested in joining the band and to distribute the demo to anyone he felt might fit the lead vocal position . Irons passed on the invitation but gave the demo to his basketball friend , San Diego , California singer Eddie Vedder . Vedder was the lead vocalist for a San Diego band , Bad Radio , and worked part - time at a gas station . He listened to the tape shortly before going surfing , where lyrics came to him . He then recorded the vocals to three of the songs ( `` Alive '' , `` Once '' , and `` Footsteps '' ) in what he later described as a `` mini-opera '' entitled Momma - Son . Vedder sent the tape with his vocals back to the three Seattle musicians , who were impressed enough to fly Vedder up to Seattle for an audition . Within a week , Vedder had joined the band . With the addition of Dave Krusen on drums , the band took the name Mookie Blaylock , in reference to the then - active basketball player Mookie Blaylock . The band played its first official show at the Off Ramp Café in Seattle on October 22 , 1990 . They opened for Alice in Chains at the Moore Theatre in Seattle on December 22 , 1990 , and served as the opening act for the band 's Facelift tour in 1991 . Mookie Blaylock soon signed to Epic Records and renamed themselves Pearl Jam . In an early promotional interview , Vedder said that the name `` Pearl Jam '' was a reference to his great - grandmother Pearl , who was married to a Native American and had a special recipe for peyote - laced jam . In a 2006 Rolling Stone cover story however , Vedder admitted that this story was `` total bullshit '' , even though he indeed had a great - grandma named Pearl . Ament and McCready explained that Ament came up with `` pearl '' , and that the band later settled on `` Pearl Jam '' after attending a concert by Neil Young , in which he extended his songs as improvisations of 15 -- 20 minutes in length . Ten and the grunge explosion ( 1991 -- 1992 ) ( edit ) Pearl Jam entered Seattle 's London Bridge Studios in March 1991 to record its debut album , Ten . McCready said that `` Ten was mostly Stone and Jeff ; me and Eddie were along for the ride at that time . '' Krusen left the band in May 1991 after checking himself into rehabilitation ; he was replaced by Matt Chamberlain , who had previously played with Edie Brickell & New Bohemians . After playing only a handful of shows , one of which was filmed for the `` Alive '' video , Chamberlain left to join the Saturday Night Live band . Chamberlain suggested Dave Abbruzzese as his replacement . Abbruzzese joined the group and played the rest of Pearl Jam 's live shows supporting Ten . Released on August 27 , 1991 , Ten ( named after Mookie Blaylock 's jersey number ) contained eleven tracks dealing with dark subjects like depression , suicide , loneliness , and murder . Ten 's musical style , influenced by classic rock , combined an `` expansive harmonic vocabulary '' with an anthemic sound . The album was slow to sell , but by the second half of 1992 it became a breakthrough success , being certified gold and reaching number two on the Billboard charts . Ten produced the hit singles `` Alive '' , `` Even Flow '' , and `` Jeremy '' . Originally interpreted as an anthem by many , Vedder later revealed that `` Alive '' tells the semi-autobiographical tale of a son discovering that his father is actually his stepfather , while his mother 's grief turns her to sexually embrace her son , who strongly resembles the biological father . The song `` Jeremy '' and its accompanying video were inspired by a true story in which a high school student shot himself in front of his classmates . Ten stayed on the Billboard charts for nearly five years , and has gone on to become one of the highest - selling rock records ever , going 13x platinum . With the success of Ten , Pearl Jam became a key member of the Seattle grunge explosion , along with Alice in Chains , Nirvana , and Soundgarden . The band was criticized in the music press ; British music magazine NME said that Pearl Jam was `` trying to steal money from young alternative kids ' pockets . '' Nirvana 's Kurt Cobain angrily attacked Pearl Jam , claiming the band were commercial sellouts , and argued Ten was not a true alternative album because it had so many prominent guitar leads . Cobain later reconciled with Vedder , and they reportedly were on amicable terms before Cobain 's death in 1994 . Pearl Jam toured relentlessly in support of Ten . Ament stated that `` essentially Ten was just an excuse to tour , '' adding , `` We told the record company , ' We know we can be a great band , so let 's just get the opportunity to get out and play . ' '' The band 's manager , Kelly Curtis , stated , `` Once people came and saw them live , this lightbulb would go on . Doing their first tour , you kind of knew it was happening and there was no stopping it . '' Early on in Pearl Jam 's career , the band became known for its intense live performances . Looking back at this time , Vedder said that `` playing music and then getting a shot at making a record and at having an audience and stuff , it 's just like an untamed force ... But it did n't come from jock mentality . It came from just being let out of the gates . '' In 1992 , Pearl Jam made television appearances on Saturday Night Live and MTV Unplugged and took a slot on that summer 's Lollapalooza tour with Ministry , Red Hot Chili Peppers , and Soundgarden , among others . The band contributed two songs to the soundtrack of the 1992 Cameron Crowe film Singles : `` State of Love and Trust '' and `` Breath '' . Ament , Gossard and Vedder appeared in Singles under the name `` Citizen Dick '' ; their parts were filmed when Pearl Jam was known as Mookie Blaylock . Vs. , Vitalogy and dealing with success ( 1993 -- 1995 ) ( edit ) The band members grew uncomfortable with their success , with much of the burden of Pearl Jam 's popularity falling on frontman Vedder . While Pearl Jam received four awards at the 1993 MTV Video Music Awards for its video for `` Jeremy '' , including Video of the Year and Best Group Video , the band refused to make a video for `` Black '' in spite of pressure from the label . This action began a trend of the band refusing to make videos for its songs . Vedder felt that the concept of music videos robbed listeners from creating their own interpretations of the song , stating that `` Before music videos first came out , you 'd listen to a song with headphones on , sitting in a beanbag chair with your eyes closed , and you 'd come up with your own visions , these things that came from within . Then all of a sudden , sometimes even the very first time you heard a song , it was with these visual images attached , and it robbed you of any form of self - expression . '' `` Ten years from now , '' Ament said , `` I do n't want people to remember our songs as videos . '' Pearl Jam headed into the studio in early 1993 facing the challenge of following up the commercial success of its debut . McCready said , `` The band was blown up pretty big and everything was pretty crazy . '' Released on October 19 , 1993 , Pearl Jam 's second album , Vs. , sold 950,378 copies in its first week of release and outperformed all other entries in the Billboard top ten that week combined . The album set the record for most copies of an album sold in its first week of release , which it held until broken by Garth Brooks ' 1998 album , Double Live . Vs. included the singles `` Go '' , `` Daughter '' , `` Animal '' , and `` Dissident '' . Paul Evans of Rolling Stone said , `` Few American bands have arrived more clearly talented than this one did with Ten ; and Vs. tops even that debut . '' He added , `` Like Jim Morrison and Pete Townshend , Vedder makes a forte of his psychological - mythic explorations ... As guitarists Stone Gossard and Mike McCready paint dense and slashing backdrops , he invites us into a drama of experiment and strife . '' The band decided , beginning with the release of Vs. , to scale back its commercial efforts . The members declined to produce any more music videos after the massive success of `` Jeremy '' and opted for fewer interviews and television appearances . Industry insiders compared Pearl Jam 's tour that year to the touring habits of Led Zeppelin , in that the band `` ignored the press and took its music directly to the fans . '' During the Vs. Tour , the band set a cap on ticket prices in an attempt to thwart scalpers . By 1994 , Pearl Jam was `` fighting on all fronts '' , as its manager described the band at the time . Reporter Chuck Philips broke a series of stories showing that Ticketmaster was gouging Pearl Jam 's customers . Pearl Jam was outraged when , after it played a pair of charity benefit shows in Chicago , Illinois , it discovered that ticket vendor Ticketmaster had added a service charge to the tickets . Pearl Jam was committed to keeping their concert ticket prices down but Fred Rosen of Ticketmaster refused to waive the service charge . Since Ticketmaster controlled most major venues , the band was forced to create from scratch its own outdoor stadiums in rural areas in order to perform . Pearl Jam 's efforts to organize a tour without the ticket giant collapsed which Pearl Jam said was evidence of Ticketmaster 's monopoly . An analysis of journalist Chuck Philips investigative series in a well known legal monograph concluded that it was hard to imagine a legitimate reason for Ticketmaster 's exclusive contracts with venues and contracts which covered such a lengthy period of time . The authors said , `` The pervasiveness of Ticketmaster 's exclusive agreements , coupled with their excessive duration and the manner in which they are procured , supported a finding that Ticketmaster had engaged in anticompetitive conduct under section 2 of the Sherman Act . '' The United States Department of Justice was investigating the company 's practices at the time and asked the band to create a memorandum of its experiences with the company . Band members Gossard and Ament testified at a subcommittee investigation on June 30 , 1994 in Washington , D.C. Pearl Jam alleged that Ticketmaster used anti-competitive and monopolistic practices to gouge fans . After Pearl Jam 's testimony before Congress , Congressman Dingell ( D - Mich . ) wrote a bill requiring full disclosure to prevent Ticketmaster from burying escalating service fees . Pearl Jam 's manager said he was gratified that Congress recognized the problem as a national issue . The band eventually canceled its 1994 summer tour in protest . After the Justice Department dropped the case , Pearl Jam continued to boycott Ticketmaster , refusing to play venues that had contracts with the company . The band tried to work around Ticketmaster 's exclusive contracts by hosting charities and benefits at major venues , because the exclusive contracts often contained a clause allowing charity event promoters to sell their own tickets . Music critic Jim DeRogatis noted that along with the Ticketmaster debacle , `` the band has refused to release singles or make videos ; it has demanded that its albums be released on vinyl ; and it wants to be more like its ' 60s heroes , The Who , releasing two or three albums a year . '' He also stated that sources said that most of the band 's third album Vitalogy was completed by early 1994 , but that either a forced delay by Epic or the battle with Ticketmaster were to blame for the delay . Pearl Jam wrote and recorded while touring behind Vs. and the majority of the tracks for Vitalogy were recorded during breaks on the tour . Tensions within the band had dramatically increased by this time . Producer Brendan O'Brien said , `` Vitalogy was a little strained . I 'm being polite -- there was some imploding going on . '' After Pearl Jam finished the recording of Vitalogy , drummer Dave Abbruzzese was fired . The band cited political differences between Abbruzzese and the other members ; for example , Abbruzzese disagreed with the Ticketmaster boycott . He was replaced by Jack Irons , a close friend of Vedder and the former and original drummer of the Red Hot Chili Peppers . Irons made his debut with the band at Neil Young 's 1994 Bridge School Benefit , but he was not officially announced as the band 's new drummer until its 1995 Self - Pollution satellite radio broadcast , a four - and - a-half - hour - long pirate broadcast out of Seattle which was available to any radio stations that wanted to carry it . Vitalogy was released first on November 22 , 1994 on vinyl and then two weeks later on December 6 , 1994 on CD and cassette . The CD became the second - fastest - selling in history , with more than 877,000 units sold in its first week . Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic said that `` thanks to its stripped - down , lean production , Vitalogy stands as Pearl Jam 's most original and uncompromising album . '' Many of the songs on the album appear to be inspired by the pressures of fame . The song `` Spin the Black Circle '' , an homage to vinyl records , won a Grammy Award in 1996 for Best Hard Rock Performance . Vitalogy also included the songs `` Not for You '' , `` Corduroy '' , `` Better Man '' , and `` Immortality '' . `` Better Man '' ( sample ) , a song originally written and performed by Vedder while in Bad Radio , reached number one on the Billboard Mainstream Rock chart , spending a total of eight weeks there . Considered a `` blatantly great pop song '' by producer Brendan O'Brien , Pearl Jam was reluctant to record it and had initially rejected it from Vs. due to its accessibility . The band continued its boycott against Ticketmaster during its 1995 tour for Vitalogy , but was surprised that virtually no other bands joined in . Pearl Jam 's initiative to play only at non-Ticketmaster venues effectively , with a few exceptions , prevented it from playing shows in the United States for the next three years . Ament later said , `` We were so hardheaded about the 1995 tour . Had to prove we could tour on our own , and it pretty much killed us , killed our career . '' In the same year Pearl Jam backed Neil Young , whom the band had noted as an influence , on his album Mirror Ball . Contractual obligations prevented the use of the band 's name anywhere on the album , but the members were all credited individually in the album 's liner notes . Two songs from the sessions were left off Mirror Ball : `` I Got Id '' and `` Long Road '' . These two tracks were released separately by Pearl Jam in the form of the 1995 EP , Merkin Ball . No Code and Yield ( 1996 -- 1999 ) ( edit ) Following the round of touring for Vitalogy , the band went into the studio to record its follow - up , No Code . Vedder said , `` Making No Code was all about gaining perspective . '' Released in 1996 , No Code was seen as a deliberate break from the band 's sound since Ten , favoring experimental ballads and noisy garage rockers . David Browne of Entertainment Weekly stated that `` No Code displays a wider range of moods and instrumentation than on any previous Pearl Jam album . '' The lyrical themes on the album deal with issues of self - examination , with Ament stating , `` In some ways , it 's like the band 's story . It 's about growing up . '' Although the album debuted at number one on the Billboard charts , it quickly fell down the charts . No Code included the singles `` Who You Are '' ( sample ( help info ) ) , `` Hail , Hail '' , and `` Off He Goes '' . As with Vitalogy , very little touring was done to promote No Code because of the band 's refusal to play in Ticketmaster 's venue areas . A European tour took place in the fall of 1996 . Gossard stated that there was `` a lot of stress associated with trying to tour at that time '' and that `` it was growing more and more difficult to be excited about being part of the band . '' Lead guitarist Mike McCready in Columbia , Maryland on September 18 , 1998 Following the short tour for No Code , the band went into the studio in 1997 to record its follow - up . The sessions for the band 's fifth album represented more of a team effort between all members of the group , with Ament stating that `` everybody really got a little bit of their say on the record ... because of that , everybody feels like they 're an integral part of the band . '' On February 3 , 1998 , Pearl Jam released its fifth album , Yield . The album was cited as a return to the band 's early , straightforward rock sound . Tom Sinclair of Entertainment Weekly stated that the band has `` turned in an intermittently affecting album that veers between fiery garage rock and rootsy , acoustic - based ruminations . Perhaps mindful of their position as the last alt - rock ambassadors with any degree of clout , they 've come up with their most cohesive album since their 1991 debut , Ten . '' Lyrically , Yield continued with the more contemplative type of writing found on No Code , with Vedder saying , `` What was rage in the past has become reflection . '' Yield debuted at number two on the Billboard charts , but like No Code soon began dropping down the charts . It included the singles `` Given to Fly '' and `` Wishlist '' . The band hired comic book artist Todd McFarlane to create an animated video for the song `` Do the Evolution '' from the album , its first music video since 1992 . A documentary detailing the making of Yield , Single Video Theory , was released on VHS and DVD later that year . In April 1998 , Pearl Jam once again changed drummers . Jack Irons left the band due to dissatisfaction with touring and was replaced with former Soundgarden drummer Matt Cameron on an initially temporary basis , but he soon became a permanent replacement for Irons . Pearl Jam 's 1998 Yield Tour in North America marked the band 's return to full - scale touring . The band 's anti-trust lawsuit against Ticketmaster had proven to be unsuccessful and hindered live tours . Many fans had complained about the difficulty in obtaining tickets and the use of non-Ticketmaster venues , which were judged to be out - of - the - way and impersonal . For this tour and future tours , Pearl Jam once again began using Ticketmaster in order to `` better accommodate concertgoers . '' The 1998 summer tour was a big success , and after it was completed the band released Live on Two Legs , a live album which featured select performances from the tour . In 1998 , Pearl Jam recorded `` Last Kiss '' , a cover of a 1960s ballad made famous by J. Frank Wilson and the Cavaliers . It was recorded during a soundcheck and released on the band 's 1998 fan club Christmas single . The following year , the cover was put into heavy rotation across the country . By popular demand , the cover was released to the public as a single in 1999 , with all of the proceeds going to the aid of refugees of the Kosovo War . The band also decided to include the song on the 1999 charity compilation album , No Boundaries : A Benefit for the Kosovar Refugees . `` Last Kiss '' peaked at number two on the Billboard charts and became the band 's highest - charting single . Binaural and the Roskilde tragedy ( 2000 -- 2001 ) ( edit ) Following its full - scale tour in support of Yield , the band took a short break , but then reconvened toward the end of 1999 and commenced work on a new album . On May 16 , 2000 , Pearl Jam released its sixth studio album , Binaural . It was drummer Matt Cameron 's studio recording debut with the band . The title is a reference to the binaural recording techniques that were utilized on several tracks by producer Tchad Blake , known for his use of the technique . Binaural was the first album since the band 's debut not produced by Brendan O'Brien , although O'Brien was called in later to remix several tracks . Gossard stated that the band members `` were ready for a change . '' Jon Pareles of Rolling Stone said , `` Apparently as tired of grunge as everyone except Creed fans , Pearl Jam delve elsewhere . '' He added , `` The album reflects both Pearl Jam 's longstanding curse of self - importance and a renewed willingness to be experimental or just plain odd . '' The album is lyrically darker than the band 's previous album Yield , with Gossard describing the lyrics as `` pretty sombre . '' Binaural included the singles `` Nothing as It Seems '' ( sample ( help info ) ) , one of the songs featuring binaural recording , and `` Light Years '' . The album sold just over 700,000 copies and became the first Pearl Jam studio album to fail to reach platinum status . Pearl Jam in Columbia , Maryland on September 4 , 2000 Pearl Jam decided to record every show on its 2000 Binaural Tour professionally , after noting the desire of fans to own a copy of the shows they attended and the popularity of bootleg recordings . The band had been open in the past about allowing fans to make amateur recordings , and these `` official bootlegs '' were an attempt to provide a more affordable and better quality product for fans . Pearl Jam originally intended to release them to only fan club members , but the band 's record contract prevented it from doing so . Pearl Jam released all of the albums in record stores as well as through its fan club . The band released 72 live albums in 2000 and 2001 , and twice set a record for most albums to debut in the Billboard 200 at the same time . Pearl Jam 's 2000 European tour ended in tragedy on June 30 , with an accident at the Roskilde Festival in Denmark . Nine fans were crushed underfoot and suffocated to death as the crowd rushed to the front . After numerous requests for the crowd to step back , the band stopped playing and tried to calm the crowd when the musicians realized what was happening , but it was already too late . The two remaining dates of the tour were canceled and members of the band contemplated retiring after this event . A month after the European tour concluded , the band embarked on its two - leg 2000 North American tour . On performing after the Roskilde tragedy , Vedder said that `` playing , facing crowds , being together -- it enabled us to start processing it . '' On October 22 , 2000 , the band played the MGM Grand in Las Vegas , celebrating the tenth anniversary of its first live performance as a band . Vedder took the opportunity to thank the many people who had helped the band come together and make it to ten years . He noted that `` I would never do this accepting a Grammy or something . '' After concluding the Binaural Tour , the band released Touring Band 2000 the following year . The DVD featured select performances from the North American legs of the tour . Following the events of the September 11 , 2001 terrorist attacks , Vedder and McCready were joined by Neil Young to perform the song `` Long Road '' from the Merkin Ball EP at the America : A Tribute to Heroes benefit concert . The concert , which aired on September 21 , 2001 , raised money for the victims and their families . Riot Act ( 2002 -- 2005 ) ( edit ) Pearl Jam commenced work on a new album following a year - long break after its full - scale tour in support of Binaural . McCready described the recording environment as `` a pretty positive one '' and `` very intense and spiritual . '' Regarding the time period when the lyrics were being written , Vedder said , `` There 's been a lot of mortality ... It 's a weird time to be writing . Roskilde changed the shape of us as people , and our filter for seeing the world changed . '' Pearl Jam released its seventh album , Riot Act , on November 12 , 2002 . It included the singles `` I Am Mine '' and `` Save You '' . The album featured a much more folk - based and experimental sound , evident in the presence of B3 organist Boom Gaspar on songs such as `` Love Boat Captain '' . Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic said `` Riot Act is the album that Pearl Jam has been wanting to make since Vitalogy -- a muscular art rock record , one that still hits hard but that is filled with ragged edges and odd detours . '' The track entitled `` Arc '' was recorded as a vocal tribute to the nine people who died at the Roskilde Festival in June 2000 . Vedder only performed this song nine times on the 2003 tour , and the band left the track off all released bootlegs . In 2003 , the band embarked on its Riot Act Tour , which included tours in Australia and North America . The band continued its official bootleg program , making every concert from the tour available in CD form through its official website . A total of six bootlegs were made available in record stores : Perth , Tokyo , State College , Pennsylvania , two shows from Madison Square Garden , and Mansfield , Massachusetts . At many shows during the 2003 North American tour , Vedder performed Riot Act 's `` Bu $ hleaguer '' , a commentary on President George W. Bush , with a rubber mask of Bush , wearing it at the beginning of the song and then hanging it on a mic stand to allow him to sing . The band made news when it was reported that several fans left after Vedder had `` impaled '' the Bush mask on his mic stand at the band 's Denver , Colorado show . In June 2003 , Pearl Jam announced it was officially leaving Epic Records following the end of its contract with the label . The band stated it had `` no interest '' in signing with another label . The band 's first release without a label was the single for `` Man of the Hour '' , in partnership with Amazon.com . Director Tim Burton approached Pearl Jam to request an original song for the soundtrack of his new film , Big Fish . After screening an early print of the film , Pearl Jam recorded the song for him . `` Man of the Hour '' , which was later nominated for a Golden Globe Award , can be heard in the closing credits of Big Fish . The band released Lost Dogs , a two - disc collection of rarities and B - sides , and Live at the Garden , a DVD featuring the band 's July 8 , 2003 concert at Madison Square Garden through Epic Records in November 2003 . In 2004 , Pearl Jam released the live album , Live at Benaroya Hall , through a one - album deal with BMG. 2004 marked the first time that Pearl Jam licensed a song for usage in a television show ; a snippet of the song `` Yellow Ledbetter '' was used in the final episode of the television series Friends . Later that year , Epic released rearviewmirror ( Greatest Hits 1991 -- 2003 ) , a Pearl Jam greatest hits collection spanning 1991 to 2003 . This release marked the end of Pearl Jam 's contractual agreement with Epic Records . Pearl Jam played a show at Easy Street Records in Seattle in April 2005 ; recordings from the show were compiled for the Live at Easy Street album and released exclusively to independent record stores in June 2006 . The band embarked on a Canadian cross-country tour in September 2005 , kicking off the tour with a fundraising concert in Missoula , Montana for Democratic politician Jon Tester , then playing the Gorge Amphitheater before crossing into Canada . After touring Canada , Pearl Jam proceeded to open a Rolling Stones concert in Pittsburgh , then played two shows at the Borgata casino in Atlantic City , New Jersey , before closing the tour with a concert in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . The official bootlegs for the band 's 2005 shows were distributed via Pearl Jam 's official website in MP3 form . Pearl Jam also played a benefit concert to raise money for Hurricane Katrina relief on October 5 , 2005 , at the House of Blues in Chicago , Illinois . On November 22 , 2005 , Pearl Jam began its first Latin American tour . Move to J Records and Pearl Jam ( 2006 -- 2008 ) ( edit ) Frontman Eddie Vedder in Pistoia , Italy on September 20 , 2006 The work for Pearl Jam 's follow - up to Riot Act began after its appearance on the 2004 Vote for Change tour . The time period between the two albums was the longest gap between Pearl Jam 's studio albums to date and the new album was its first release for a new label . Clive Davis announced in February 2006 that Pearl Jam had signed with his label , J Records , which like Epic , is part of Sony Music Entertainment ( then known as Sony BMG ) , though J has since folded into RCA Records . The band 's eighth studio album , Pearl Jam , was released on May 2 , 2006 . A number of critics cited Pearl Jam as a return to the band 's early sound , and McCready compared the new material to Vs. in a 2005 interview . Ament said , `` The band playing in a room -- that came across . There 's a kind of immediacy to the record , and that 's what we were going for . '' Chris Willman of Entertainment Weekly said that `` in a world full of boys sent to do a man 's job of rocking , Pearl Jam can still pull off gravitas . '' Current socio - political issues in the United States are addressed on the album . `` World Wide Suicide '' , a song criticizing the Iraq War and U.S. foreign policy , was released as a single and topped the Billboard Modern Rock chart ; it was Pearl Jam 's first number one on that chart since `` Who You Are '' in 1996 , and first number one on any chart in the United States since 1998 when `` Given to Fly '' reached number one on the Mainstream Rock chart . Pearl Jam also included the singles `` Life Wasted '' and `` Gone '' . To support Pearl Jam , the band embarked on its 2006 world tour . It toured North America , Australia and notably Europe ; Pearl Jam had not toured the continent for six years . The North American tour included three two - night stands opening for Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers . The band served as the headliners for the Leeds and Reading festivals , despite having vowed to never play at a festival again after Roskilde . Vedder started both concerts with an emotional plea to the crowd to look after each other . He commented during the Leeds set that the band 's decision to play a festival for the first time after Roskilde had nothing to do with `` guts '' but with trust in the audience . In 2007 , Pearl Jam recorded a cover of The Who 's `` Love , Reign o'er Me '' for the Mike Binder film , Reign Over Me ; it was later made available as a music download on the iTunes Music Store . The band embarked on a 13 - date European tour , and headlined Lollapalooza in Grant Park , on August 5 , 2007 . The band released a CD box set in June 2007 , entitled Live at the Gorge 05 / 06 , that documents its shows at The Gorge Amphitheatre , and in September 2007 a concert DVD , entitled Immagine in Cornice , which documents the band 's Italian shows from its 2006 tour was released . In June 2008 , Pearl Jam performed as the headline act at the Bonnaroo Music Festival . The Bonnaroo appearance took place amidst a twelve - date tour in the Eastern United States . In July 2008 , the band performed at the VH1 tribute to The Who alongside Foo Fighters , Incubus and The Flaming Lips . In the days prior to Election Day 2008 , Pearl Jam digitally released through its official website a free documentary film , entitled Vote for Change ? 2004 , which follows the band 's time spent on the 2004 Vote for Change tour . Reissues and Backspacer ( 2009 -- 2012 ) ( edit ) In March 2009 , Ten was reissued in four editions , featuring such extras as a remastering and remix of the entire album by Brendan O'Brien , a DVD of the band 's 1992 appearance on MTV Unplugged , and an LP of its concert of September 20 , 1992 at Magnuson Park in Seattle . It was the first reissue in a planned re-release of Pearl Jam 's entire catalog that led up to the band 's 20th anniversary in 2011 . A Pearl Jam retrospective film directed by Cameron Crowe titled Pearl Jam Twenty was also planned to coincide with the anniversary . In 2011 , Vs. and Vitalogy were reissued in the spring time in deluxe form . Pearl Jam began work for the follow - up to Pearl Jam in early 2008 . In 2009 , the band began to build on instrumental and demo tracks written during 2008 . The band 's ninth studio album , Backspacer , was its first to be produced by Brendan O'Brien since Yield . Backspacer debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard music charts , the band 's first album to do so since No Code in 1996 , and has sold 635,000 copies as of July 2013 , according to Nielsen SoundScan . The music on the record features a sound influenced by pop and new wave . Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic said that `` prior to Backspacer , Pearl Jam would n't or could n't have made music this unfettered , unapologetically assured , casual , and , yes , fun . '' Regarding the lyrics , Vedder said , `` I 've tried , over the years , to be hopeful in the lyrics , and I think that 's going to be easier now . '' `` The Fixer '' was chosen as the album 's first single . Pearl Jam did not re-sign its record deal with J Records , and the band released the album through its own label Monkeywrench Records in the United States and through Universal Music Group internationally . Pearl Jam reached a deal with Target to be the exclusive big - box store retailer for the album in the United States . The album also saw release through the band 's official website , independent record stores , online retailers , and iTunes . In an interview in September 2009 McCready revealed that Pearl Jam was scheduled to finish the Backspacer outtakes within six months , and told San Diego radio station KBZT that the band may release an EP in 2010 consisting of those songs , while Vedder instead suggested that the songs may be used for the band 's next studio album . In August 2009 , Pearl Jam headlined the Virgin Festival , the Outside Lands Music and Arts Festival , and played five shows in Europe and three in North America . In October 2009 , Pearl Jam headlined the Austin City Limits Music Festival . Later in October on Halloween night , the band played in what was the last performance at the Philadelphia Spectrum . An additional leg consisting of a tour of Oceania took place afterwards . In May 2010 , the band embarked on a month - long tour starting with the New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival . The tour headed to the East Coast and ended May 21 , 2010 at Madison Square Garden in New York . A European tour took place in June and July 2010 , where the band performed in Northern Ireland for the first time at the Odyssey Arena in Belfast . In late October 2010 , Pearl Jam performed at the 24th Annual Bridge School Benefit Concert at the Shoreline Amphitheater in Mountain View , California . A live album , titled Live on Ten Legs , was released on January 17 , 2011 . It is a compilation of live tracks from their 2003 to 2010 world tours , and is a follow - up to Live on Two Legs , which consisted of songs recorded during their 1998 North American tour . In March 2011 , bassist Jeff Ament told Billboard that the band had 25 songs and they 'd be heading into the studio in April to begin recording the follow - up to Backspacer . On May 16 , 2011 , the band confirmed that they would play the Labor Day weekend at the Alpine Valley Music Theatre , East Troy , Wisconsin , followed by ten shows in Canada . On September 8 , 2011 , the band released a new song titled `` Olé '' . On November 18 , the band released Toronto 9.11. 11 -- a free live album available through the launch of Google Music . On November 21 , 2011 , as part of their PJ20 World Tour , Pearl Jam visited Costa Rica for the first time to a 30,000 crowd of fans at the National Stadium . The following month , the band announced a tour of Europe , which started in June 2012 . Lightning Bolt ( 2013 -- 2017 ) ( edit ) Pearl Jam onstage at Madison Square Garden on May 2 , 2016 On July 11 , 2013 , the band announced that their tenth studio album Lightning Bolt would be released internationally on October 14 , 2013 and on the next day in the United States , along with releasing the first single `` Mind Your Manners '' . The band played a two - leg tour in North America during October and November , followed by headlining the Big Day Out festival in Australia and New Zealand in 2014 . The second single , `` Sirens '' , was released on September 18 , 2013 . After selling 166,000 copies in its first week , Lightning Bolt became Pearl Jam 's fifth album to reach number one on the Billboard 200 . At the 57th Annual Grammy Awards in February 2015 , the album won the award for Best Recording Package . In November 2015 the band played a nine - date tour of Latin America . In January 2016 , the band announced a tour of the United States and Canada , including appearances at the New Orleans Jazz Festival and Bonnaroo . In April 2017 , Pearl Jam was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . At the ceremony they were inducted by comedian David Letterman . In August 2017 , the band announced the release of the live album and concert film Let 's Play Two , from the band 's shows at Wrigley Field the previous year . Eleventh studio album ( 2018 -- present ) ( edit ) The band are touring in 2018 , including shows at the Lollapalooza festivals in Chile , Argentina and Brazil . The band will also play two special homeless charity shows in their hometown of Seattle . Prior to the first shows in South America , Pearl Jam released a new song , `` Ca n't Deny Me '' , which is taken from their forthcoming album . Musical style and influences ( edit ) `` Given to Fly '' A sample of `` Given to Fly '' from Yield ( 1998 ) , a hard rock song which features Vedder 's distinctive baritone vocals and McCready 's prominent lead guitar throughout . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Compared with the other grunge bands of the early 1990s , Pearl Jam 's style is noticeably less heavy and harkens back to the classic rock music of the 1970s . Pearl Jam has cited many punk rock and classic rock bands as influences , including The Who , Led Zeppelin , Neil Young , Kiss and the Ramones . Pearl Jam 's success has been attributed to its sound , which fuses `` the riff - heavy stadium rock of the ' 70s with the grit and anger of ' 80s post-punk , without ever neglecting hooks and choruses . '' Gossard 's rhythm guitar style is known for its sense of beat and groove , while McCready 's lead guitar style , influenced by artists such as Jimi Hendrix , has been described as `` feel - oriented '' and `` rootsy . '' Pearl Jam has broadened its musical range with subsequent releases . As he had more influence on the band 's sound , Vedder sought to make the band 's musical output less catchy . He said , `` I felt that with more popularity , we were going to be crushed , our heads were going to pop like grapes . '' By 1994 's Vitalogy , the band began to incorporate more punk influences into its music . The band 's 1996 album , No Code , was a deliberate break from the musical style of Ten . The songs on the album featured elements of garage rock , worldbeat , and experimentalism . After Yield in 1998 , which was somewhat of a return to the straightforward rock approach of the band 's early work , they dabbled with experimental art rock on the Binaural album of 2000 , and with folk rock elements on the 2002 Riot Act album . The band 's 2006 album , Pearl Jam , was cited as a return to their early sound . Their 2009 album , Backspacer , contains elements of pop and new wave . Critic Jim DeRogatis describes Vedder 's vocals as a `` Jim Morrison - like vocal growl . '' Greg Prato of AllMusic said , `` With his hard - hitting and often confessional lyrical style and Jim Morrison-esque baritone , Vedder also became one of the most copied lead singers in all of rock . '' Vedder 's lyrical topics range from personal ( `` Alive '' , `` Better Man '' ) to social and political concerns ( `` Even Flow '' , `` World Wide Suicide '' ) . His lyrics have often invoked the use of storytelling and have included themes of freedom , individualism , and sympathy for troubled individuals . When the band started , Gossard and McCready were clearly designated as rhythm and lead guitarists , respectively . The dynamic began to change when Vedder started to play more rhythm guitar during the Vitalogy era . McCready said in 2006 , `` Even though there are three guitars , I think there 's maybe more room now . Stone will pull back and play a two - note line and Ed will do a power chord thing , and I fit into all that . '' Legacy ( edit ) While Nirvana had brought grunge to the mainstream in the early 1990s with Nevermind , Pearl Jam 's debut Ten outsold it in the United States , and the band became `` the most popular American rock & roll band of the ' 90s '' according to AllMusic . Pearl Jam has been described as `` modern rock radio 's most influential stylists -- the workmanlike midtempo chug of songs like `` Alive '' and `` Even Flow '' just melodic enough to get moshers singing along . '' The band inspired and influenced a number of bands , ranging from Silverchair to Puddle of Mudd and The Strokes . The band has also been credited for inspiring the indie rock scene of 90s - era urban Pakistan , that has since evolved into a rich rock music culture in the country . Pearl Jam has been praised for its rejection of rock star excess and its insistence on backing causes it believes in . Music critic Jim DeRogatis said in the aftermath of the band 's battle with Ticketmaster that it `` proved that a rock band which is n't comprised of greed heads can play stadiums and not milk the audience for every last dime ... it indicated that idealism in rock ' n ' roll is not the sole province of those ' 60s bands enshrined in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . '' Eric Weisbard of Spin said in 2001 , `` The group that was once accused of being synthetic grunge now seem as organic and principled a rock band as exists . '' In a 2005 USA Today reader 's poll , Pearl Jam was voted the greatest American rock band of all time . In April 2006 , Pearl Jam was awarded the prize for `` Best Live Act '' in Esquire 's Esky Music Awards . The blurb called Pearl Jam `` the rare superstars who still play as though each show could be their last . '' Pearl Jam 's fanbase following has been compared to that of the Grateful Dead 's , with Rolling Stone magazine stating that Pearl Jam `` toured incessantly and became one of rock 's great arena acts , attracting a fanatical , Grateful Dead - like cult following with marathon , true - believer shows in the vanishing spirit of Bruce Springsteen , the Who and U2 . '' When asked about Pearl Jam 's legacy in a 2000 interview , Vedder said , `` I think at some point along the way we began feeling we wanted to give people something to believe in because we all had bands that gave that to us when we needed something to believe in . That was the big challenge for us after the first record and the response to it . The goal immediately became how do we continue to be musicians and grow and survive in view of all this ... The answers were n't always easy , but I think we found a way . '' Campaigning and activism ( edit ) Throughout its career , Pearl Jam has promoted wider social and political issues , from pro-choice sentiments to opposition to George W. Bush 's presidency . Vedder acts as the band 's spokesman on these issues . The band has promoted an array of causes , including awareness of Crohn 's disease , which Mike McCready suffers from , Ticketmaster venue monopolization and the environment and wildlife protection , among others . Guitarist Stone Gossard has been active in environmental pursuits , and has been an advocate of Pearl Jam 's carbon neutral policy , offsetting the band 's environmental impact . Vedder has advocated for the release of the West Memphis 3 for years and Damien Echols , a member of the three , shares a writing credit for the song `` Army Reserve '' ( from Pearl Jam ) . The band , and especially frontman Eddie Vedder , have been vocal supporters of the pro-choice movement . In 1992 , Spin printed an article by Vedder , entitled `` Reclamation '' , which detailed his views on abortion . In an MTV Unplugged concert the same year , Vedder stood on a stool and wrote `` PRO-CHOICE ! '' on his arm in protest when the band performed the song `` Porch '' . The band are members of a number of pro-choice organizations , including Choice USA and Voters for Choice . As members of Rock the Vote and Vote for Change , the band has encouraged voter registration and participation in United States elections . Vedder was outspoken in support of Green Party presidential candidate Ralph Nader in 2000 , and Pearl Jam played a series of concerts on the Vote for Change tour in October 2004 , supporting the candidacy of John Kerry for U.S. President . In a Rolling Stone feature showcasing the Vote for Change tour 's performers , Vedder told the magazine , `` I supported Ralph Nader in 2000 , but it 's a time of crisis . We have to get a new administration in . '' Vedder sometimes comments on politics between songs , often to criticize U.S. foreign policy , and a number of his songs , including `` Bu $ hleaguer '' and `` World Wide Suicide '' , are openly critical of the Bush administration . At Lollapalooza 2007 , Vedder spoke out against BP Amoco dumping effluent in Lake Michigan , and at the end of `` Daughter '' , he sang the lyrics `` George Bush leave this world alone / George Bush find yourself another home '' . In the beginning of the second encore Vedder invited Iraq war veteran Tomas Young , the subject of the documentary Body of War , onto the stage to urge an end to the war . Young in turn introduced Ben Harper , who contributed vocals to `` No More '' and `` Rockin ' in the Free World '' . The band later discovered that some of the Bush - related lyrics were excised from the AT&T webcast of the event , and questioned whether that constitutes censorship . AT&T later apologized and blamed the censorship on contractor Davie Brown Entertainment . Pearl Jam has performed numerous benefit concerts in aid of charities . For example , the band headlined a Seattle concert in 2001 to support the United Nations ' efforts to combat world hunger . The band added a date at the Chicago House of Blues to its 2005 tour to help the victims of Hurricane Katrina ; the concert proceeds were donated to Habitat for Humanity , the American Red Cross and the Jazz Foundation of America . In 2011 , Pearl Jam was named 2011 Planet Defenders by Rock The Earth for their environmental activism and their large - scale efforts to decrease their own carbon emissions . Band members ( edit ) Current members Eddie Vedder -- lead vocals , rhythm guitar ( 1990 -- present ) Mike McCready -- lead guitar , backing vocals ( 1990 -- present ) Stone Gossard -- rhythm guitar , backing vocals ( 1990 -- present ) Jeff Ament -- bass , backing vocals ( 1990 -- present ) Matt Cameron -- drums , percussion , backing vocals ( 1998 -- present ) Former members Dave Krusen -- drums , percussion ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Matt Chamberlain -- drums , percussion ( 1991 ) Dave Abbruzzese -- drums , percussion ( 1991 -- 1994 ) Jack Irons -- drums , percussion , backing vocals ( 1994 -- 1998 ) Session / touring members Boom Gaspar -- piano , keyboard , organ ( 2002 -- present ) Timeline ( edit ) Discography ( edit ) Main article : Pearl Jam discography Ten ( 1991 ) Vs. ( 1993 ) Vitalogy ( 1994 ) No Code ( 1996 ) Yield ( 1998 ) Binaural ( 2000 ) Riot Act ( 2002 ) Pearl Jam ( 2006 ) Backspacer ( 2009 ) Lightning Bolt ( 2013 ) See also ( edit ) List of alternative rock artists List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. alternative rock chart List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Mainstream Rock chart List of awards and nominations received by Pearl Jam List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hiatt , Brian ( June 16 , 2006 ) . `` The Second Coming of Pearl Jam '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2007 . Retrieved June 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Artists '' . RIAA . Retrieved February 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Steuer , Eric ( May 19 , 2006 ) . `` Pearl Jam Releases Its First Music Video In Eight Years Under a Creative Commons License '' . CreativeCommons.com . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2007 . Retrieved July 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Lampert , Eva ( March 2 , 2006 ) . `` Self - Titled Pearl Jam Album Gets Release Date '' . Chart Attack . Retrieved August 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Lost Dogs Overview '' . Allmusic . Retrieved June 22 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Pearl Jam > Biography '' . Allmusic . Retrieved June 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Greene , Andy ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` Pearl Jam , Joan Baez , Tupac Lead Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 2017 Class '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Azerrad , Michael . Our Band Could Be Your Life . Little Brown and Company , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 316 - 78753 - 1 , pg. 422 Jump up ^ Friend , Lonn M. ( July 1992 ) . `` Heroes ... and Heroin '' . RIP . Retrieved June 22 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Crowe , Cameron ( October 28 , 1993 ) . `` Five Against the World '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2007 . Retrieved June 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wall , Mick . `` Alive '' . 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Jump up ^ `` Incubus Performs on VH1 's Rock Honors : The Who Show '' . VH1 Blog . June 13 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2008 . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam : Vote for Change ? 2004 Tour Film -- Documentary Coming Soon ! Host an Election - Eve Screening in Your Town '' . Pearljam.com . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2008 . Retrieved October 25 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Hay , Travis ( December 10 , 2008 ) . `` Pearl Jam 's Ten gets the deluxe treatment with four reissues next year '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2008 . Retrieved December 10 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Happy PJ20 Ten Club ! '' . pearljam.com . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2014 . Retrieved January 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McCready , Mike ( March 27 , 2009 ) . `` Ron and Don Show : 3 - 27 - 09 5 : 00 pm - 6 : 00 pm '' . 97.3 KIRO , Seattle , Washington . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2009 . 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Jump up ^ Van Schagen , Sarah ( July 21 , 2006 ) . `` '' Jam Session '' -- Interview with Stone Gossard `` . grist.org . Retrieved November 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Echols contributes to new Pearl Jam album '' . wm3.org . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved July 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Vedder , Eddie . `` Reclamation '' . Spin . November 1992 . Jump up ^ Talvi , Silja J.A. ( September 26 , 2000 ) . `` Vedder on Nader : The better man '' . Salon.com . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2007 . Retrieved September 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Voices for Change '' . Rolling Stone . October 14 , 2004 . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2007 . Retrieved September 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam Close Out Last Night at Lollapalooza '' . NME . August 7 , 2007 . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2009 . Retrieved April 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Warren , Dan ( August 6 , 2007 ) . `` Lollapalooza 2007 '' . Hybrid Magazine . Retrieved August 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jon Healey ( August 8 , 2007 ) . `` AT&T drops Pearl Jam 's call '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gross , Grant ( August 9 , 2007 ) . `` AT&T Says It Did n't Censor Pearl Jam '' . IDG News Service . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved August 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Schumacher - Rasmussen , Eric ( August 7 , 2001 ) . `` Pearl Jam To Play For Charity '' . MTV . Retrieved July 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Jonathan ( September 14 , 2005 ) . `` Pearl Jam , The Roots Plan Katrina Benefits '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam Is Announced as 2011 Planet Defenders on Earth Day '' . UpVenue. April 23 , 2011 . Retrieved April 23 , 2011 . Further reading ( edit ) Clark , Martin . Pearl Jam & Eddie Vedder : None Too Fragile ( 2005 ) . ISBN 0 - 85965 - 371 - 4 Jones , Allan . Pearl Jam -- The Illustrated Story , A Melody Maker Book ( 1995 ) . ISBN 0 - 7935 - 4035 - 6 Neely , Kim . Five Against One : The Pearl Jam Story ( 1998 ) . ISBN 0 - 14 - 027642 - 4 Prato , Greg . Grunge is Dead : The Oral History of Seattle Rock Music ( 2009 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55022 - 877 - 9 Wall , Mick . Pearl Jam ( 1996 ) . ISBN 1 - 886894 - 33 - 7 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pearl Jam . Official website Pearl Jam at AllMusic Links to related articles Pearl Jam Jeff Ament Matt Cameron Stone Gossard Mike McCready Eddie Vedder Additional personnel Boom Gaspar Former members Dave Abbruzzese Matt Chamberlain Jack Irons Dave Krusen Studio albums Ten Vs . Vitalogy No Code Yield Binaural Riot Act Pearl Jam Backspacer Lightning Bolt Live albums Live on Two Legs Official Bootlegs Live at Benaroya Hall Live in NYC 12 / 31 / 92 Live at Easy Street Live at the Gorge 05 / 06 Live at Lollapalooza 2007 Live on Ten Legs Pearl Jam Twenty 9.11. 2011 Toronto , Canada Let 's Play Two Compilations Lost Dogs Rearviewmirror ( Greatest Hits 1991 -- 2003 ) Pearl Jam Twenty Extended plays Merkin Ball Videos Single Video Theory Touring Band 2000 Live at the Showbox Live at the Garden Vote for Change ? 2004 Immagine in Cornice Pearl Jam Twenty Let 's Play Two Singles `` Alive '' `` Even Flow '' `` Jeremy '' `` Oceans '' `` Go '' `` Daughter '' `` Animal '' `` Dissident '' `` Spin the Black Circle '' `` Not for You '' `` Immortality '' `` I Got Id '' `` Who You Are '' `` Hail , Hail '' `` Off He Goes '' `` Given to Fly '' `` Wishlist '' `` Nothing as It Seems '' `` Light Years '' `` I Am Mine '' `` Save You '' `` Love Boat Captain '' `` Man of the Hour '' `` World Wide Suicide '' `` Life Wasted '' `` Gone '' `` The Fixer '' `` Just Breathe '' `` Amongst the Waves '' `` Crown of Thorns '' `` Mind Your Manners '' `` Sirens '' `` Ca n't Deny Me '' Other songs `` Once '' `` Black '' `` Porch '' `` State of Love and Trust '' `` Breath '' `` Elderly Woman Behind the Counter in a Small Town '' `` Glorified G '' `` W.M.A. `` Rearviewmirror '' `` Yellow Ledbetter '' `` Tremor Christ '' `` Better Man '' `` Nothingman '' `` Corduroy '' `` I Got Id '' `` Red Mosquito '' `` In Hiding '' `` Do the Evolution '' `` Grievance '' `` Thumbing My Way '' `` You Are '' `` 1⁄2 Full '' `` Brother '' Tours Mookie Blaylock 1991 United States Tour 1991 United States Tour Ten Tour Lollapalooza 1992 1993 European and North American Tour Vs. Tour Vitalogy Tour No Code Tour Yield Tour Binaural Tour Riot Act Tour Vote for Change 2005 North American and Latin American Tour 2006 World Tour 2007 European Tour 2008 United States Tour Backspacer Tour Pearl Jam Twenty Tour 2012 Tour Lightning Bolt Tour 2015 Latin America Tour 2016 North America Tour 2018 Tour Related articles Articles Discography Band members Awards and nominations Monkeywrench Records Pearl Jam Radio Bands Green River Soundgarden Bad Radio Mother Love Bone Temple of the Dog Brad Hater Wellwater Conspiracy Hovercraft Mad Season Red Hot Chili Peppers Three Fish The Rockfords RNDM Albums Mirror Ball Bayleaf Into the Wild Tone Ukulele Songs Water on the Road Moonlander Book Temple of the Dog Jeff Ament Matt Cameron Chris Cornell Stone Gossard Mike McCready Eddie Vedder Studio albums Temple of the Dog Singles `` Hunger Strike '' `` Say Hello 2 Heaven '' `` Pushin Forward Back '' Related articles Green River Soundgarden Skin Yard Bad Radio Mother Love Bone Pearl Jam Hater Audioslave Mother Love Bone Jeff Ament Bruce Fairweather Greg Gilmore Stone Gossard Andrew Wood Studio albums Apple Extended plays Shine Compilations Mother Love Bone Video albums The Love Bone Earth Affair Songs `` Chloe Dancer / Crown of Thorns '' Related artists 10 Minute Warning Brad Green River Love Battery Malfunkshun Pearl Jam Skin Yard Temple of the Dog Three Fish Brad Shawn Smith Stone Gossard Regan Hagar Keith Lowe Happy Chichester Jeremy Toback Mike Berg Studio albums Shame Interiors Welcome to Discovery Park Best Friends ? United We Stand Compilations Brad vs Satchel Related bands Malfunkshun Green River Mother Love Bone Temple of the Dog Pearl Jam Satchel Pigeonhed Mad Season Barrett Martin Mike McCready John Baker Saunders Layne Staley Additional personnel Mark Lanegan Skerik Studio albums Above Videos Live at The Moore Singles `` River of Deceit '' `` I Do n't Know Anything '' `` Long Gone Day '' Related articles Articles Grunge Bands Sleze Skin Yard Alice N ' Chains Screaming Trees Alice in Chains Temple of the Dog Pearl Jam Tuatara The Rockfords Labels Columbia Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Class of 2017 Performers Joan Baez Electric Light Orchestra Journey Pearl Jam Tupac Shakur Yes Award for Musical Excellence Nile Rodgers BNF : cb13943534c ( data ) GND : 1241053 - 6 ISNI : 0000 0001 2342 6109 LCCN : n92004930 MusicBrainz : 83b9cbe7 - 9857 - 49e2 - ab8e - b57b01038103 SUDOC : 078532779 VIAF : 147921427 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pearl_Jam&oldid=843611108 '' Categories : Pearl Jam Alternative rock groups from Washington ( state ) Grunge musical groups Hard rock musical groups from Washington ( state ) Epic Records artists J Records artists Universal Music Group artists Grammy Award winners Musical groups established in 1990 1990 establishments in Washington ( state ) Musical groups from Seattle Musical quintets Musical groups from Washington ( state ) Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from September 2017 Articles with hCards Articles with hAudio microformats Featured articles Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deitsch Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 51 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 08 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | rock band formed in seattle in 1990 jam | [
"Pearl Jam is an American rock band formed in Seattle, Washington, in 1990. Since its inception, the band's line-up has consisted of Eddie Vedder (lead vocals), Mike McCready (lead guitar), Stone Gossard (rhythm guitar) and Jeff Ament (bass). The band's fifth member is drummer Matt Cameron (also of Soundgarden), who has been with the band since 1998. Boom Gaspar (piano) has also been a session/touring member with the band since 2002. Drummers Dave Krusen, Matt Chamberlain, Dave Abbruzzese and Jack Irons are former members of the band."
] | [
"Pearl Jam"
] |
-5173081108073039566 | We Wish You a Merry Christmas | We wish you a Merry Christmas - wikipedia We wish you a Merry Christmas Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see We Wish You a Merry Christmas ( disambiguation ) . We Wish You a Merry Christmas Genre Christmas Language English Instrumental version of Kevin MacLeod `` We Wish You a Merry Christmas '' is a popular English Christmas carol from the West Country of England . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origin 2 Lyrics 2.1 Version 1 2.2 Version 3 2.3 Version 4 3 See also 4 References History ( edit ) The Bristol - based composer , conductor and organist Arthur Warrell is responsible for the popularity of the carol . Warrell arranged the tune for his own University of Bristol Madrigal Singers , and performed it with them in concert on December 6 , 1935 . That same year , his elaborate four - part arrangement was published by Oxford University Press , under the title `` A Merry Christmas : West Country traditional song '' . Warrell 's arrangement is notable for using `` I '' instead of `` we '' in the words ; the first line is `` I wish you a Merry Christmas '' . It was subsequently republished in the collection Carols for Choirs ( 1961 ) , and remains widely performed . The earlier history of the carol is unclear . It is absent from the collections of West - countrymen Davies Gilbert ( 1822 and 1823 ) and William Sandys ( 1833 ) , as well as from the great anthologies of Sylvester ( 1861 ) and Husk ( 1864 ) . It is also missing from The Oxford Book of Carols ( 1928 ) . In the comprehensive New Oxford Book of Carols ( 1992 ) , editors Hugh Keyte and Andrew Parrott describe it as `` English traditional '' and `` ( t ) he remnant of an envoie much used by wassailers and other luck visitors '' ; no source or date is given . Origin ( edit ) The greeting `` a merry Christmas and a happy New Year '' is recorded from the early eighteenth century . The English custom of performing inside or outside homes in return for food and drink is illustrated in the short story The Christmas Mummers ( 1858 ) by Charlotte Yonge , in which a group of boys run to a farmer 's door and sing : I wish you a merry Christmas And a happy New Year , A pantryful of good roast - beef , And barrels full of beer . After they are allowed in and perform a Mummers play , the boys are served beer by the farmer 's maid . Another example is recorded in 1883 , from the villages of Burford , Church Stretton and Worthen in the English county of Shropshire : I wish you a merry Christmas , a happy New Year , A pocket full of money , and a cellar full of beer ; A good fat pig to last you all the year . Please to give me a New Year 's gift . The origin of this Christmas carol lies in the English tradition wherein wealthy people of the community gave Christmas treats to the carolers on Christmas Eve , such as `` figgy pudding '' that was very much like modern - day Christmas puddings . A variety of nineteenth - century sources state that , in the West Country of England , `` figgy pudding '' referred to a raisin or plum pudding , not necessarily one containing figs . Lyrics ( edit ) We wish you a merry Christmas , We wish you a merry Christmas , We wish you a merry Christmas And a happy New Year . Good tidings we bring To you and your kin ; We wish you a merry Christmas And a happy New Year ! Oh , bring us some figgy pudding , Oh , bring us some figgy pudding , Oh , bring us some figgy pudding , And bring it right here . Good tidings we bring To you and your kin ; We wish you a merry Christmas And a happy New Year ! We wo n't go till we get some , We wo n't go till we get some , We wo n't go till we get some , So bring it right here . Good tidings we bring To you and your kin ; We wish you a merry Christmas And a happy New Year ! We all like our figgy pudding , We all like our figgy pudding , We all like our figgy pudding , With all its good cheers Good tidings we bring To you and your kin We wish you a merry Christmas And a happy New Year . We wish you a merry Christmas We wish you a merry Christmas We wish you a merry Christmas And a happy New Year ! Version 1 ( edit ) Chorus : We wish you a Merry Christmas We wish you a Merry Christmas We wish you a Merry Christmas And a Happy New Year ! Good tidings we bring To you and your kin We wish you a Merry Christmas And a Happy New Year ! We wish you a Merry Christmas We wish you a Merry Christmas We wish you a Merry Christmas And a Happy New Year ! ( Some versions use `` glad tidings '' instead of `` good tidings '' ) Now bring us some figgy pudding , Now bring us some figgy pudding , Now bring us some figgy pudding , And bring some out here REFRAIN For we all like figgy pudding , We all like figgy pudding , For we all like figgy pudding , So bring some out here REFRAIN And we wo n't go until we 've got some We wo n't go until we 've got some We wo n't go until we 've got some So bring some out here REFRAIN Version 3 ( edit ) We wish you a Merry Christmas We wish you a Merry Christmas We wish you a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year . REFRAIN Good tidings we bring for you and your kin , Good tidings for Christmas and a Happy New Year . Oh bring us some figgy pudding ( x3 ) and bring it right here . REFRAIN And we wo n't go until we 've got some ( x3 ) so bring some out here . REFRAIN It 's a season for music ( x3 ) and a time of good Cheer . REFRAIN Version 4 ( edit ) We wish you a Merry Christmas We wish you a Merry Christmas We wish you a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year . REFRAIN Good tidings to you , where ever you are Good Tidings at Christmas and a Happy New Year ( The first line of the refrain can also be rendered as `` Good tidings we bring , to you of good cheer '' ) Now bring us some figgy pudding Now bring us some figgy pudding Now bring us some figgy pudding and bring it right here REFRAIN now bring some tea and breakfast now bring some tea and breakfast now bring some tea and breakfast and bring it right here REFRAIN Christmas time is coming , Christmas time is coming Christmas time is coming It soon will be here REFRAIN See also ( edit ) List of Christmas carols Christmas carol Christmas music References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Arthur Sydney Warrell , born Farmborough , 1883 , died Bristol , 1939 . Served as organist and choirmaster and several Bristol churches . Subsequently , taught music at Bristol University and founded the Bristol University Choir , Orchestra , and Madrigal Singers . See Humphreys , Maggie ; Robert Evans ( 1997 ) . Dictionary of Composers for the Church in Great Britain and Ireland . London : Mansell . p. 351 . ISBN 0 - 7201 - 2330 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Music and Drama '' . Western Daily Press and Bristol Mirror . Bristol . 154 ( 25,920 ) : 4 . 1935 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ Warrell , Arthur ( arr . ) ( 1935 ) . A Merry Christmas . London : Oxford University Press . ISBN 019340530X . Jump up ^ In the Carols for Choirs reprint , but not in the 1935 original , the option of replacing `` I wish you a Merry Christmas '' by the more common `` We wish you a Merry Christmas '' is given Jump up ^ Gilbert , Davies ( 1822 ) . Some ancient Christmas Carols , with the Tunes to which they were formerly sung in the West of England ( PDF ) . London : J. Nichols and Son . Jump up ^ Sandys , William ( 1833 ) . Christmas Carols , Ancient and Modern . London : Richard Beckley . Jump up ^ Sylvester , Joshua ( ed . ) ( 1861 ) . A Garland of Christmas Carols , Ancient and Modern . London : John Camden Hotten . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Husk , William Henry ( ed . ) Songs of the Nativity , London : John Camden Hotten , 1864 . Jump up ^ Keyte , Hugh ; Parrott , Andrew , eds. ( 1992 ) . The New Oxford Book of Carols . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 529 . Jump up ^ `` a merry X'mas and a happy New Year '' , letter of Samuel Goodman dated December 20th 1710 , in Letters to Fort St. George : vol . xii ( 1711 ) . Madras : Government Press . 1931 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Yonge , Charlotte ( 1858 ) . The Christmas Mummers . London : Mozley . p. 87 . Jump up ^ Yonge , Charlotte ( 1858 ) . The Christmas Mummers . London : Mozley . p. 93 . Jump up ^ Burne , Charlotte Sophia ( ed . ) ( 1883 ) . Shropshire Folk - Lore . London : Trübner & Co. p. 317 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Brech , Lewis ( 2010 ) . `` Storybook Advent Carols Collection Songbook '' . p. 48 . Couples Company , Inc , Jump up ^ Lester , Meera ( 2007 ) . `` Why Does Santa Wear Red ? : And 100 Other Christmas Curiosities Unwrapped '' p. 146 . Adams Media , Jump up ^ `` We Wish You a Merry Christmas ! - Christmas Songs of England '' . Retrieved December 11 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` A ' figgy pudding ' ; a pudding with raisins in it ; a plum pudding '' , from `` Devonshire and Cornwall Vocabulary '' , The Monthly Magazine vol. 29 / 6 , no . 199 , June 1 , 1810 . p. 435 Jump up ^ `` Plum - pudding and plum - cake are universally called figgy pudding and figgy cake in Devonshire '' , from Lady , A ( 1837 ) . A dialogue in the Devonshire dialect , by a lady : to which is added a glossary , by J.F. Palmer . London : Longman , Rees , Orme , Brown , Green , and Longman . p. 46 . Jump up ^ `` Figgy Pudding ... the ordinary name for plum - pudding . Also a baked batter pudding with raisins in it '' , Elworthy , Frederic Thomas ( 1875 ) . The Dialect of West Somerset . London : Trübner & Co. p. 252 . Jump up ^ e.g. , http://michaelkravchuk.com/free-lead-sheet-merry-christmas/ ; accessed 2015 - 12 - 09 Christmas Christmas Eve Children 's Day Boxing Day Nochebuena Saint Nicholas Day St. Stephen 's Day Sol Invictus Yule In Christianity Biblical Magi Adoration of the Magi Adoration of the Shepherds Advent Angel Gabriel Annunciation Annunciation to the shepherds Baptism of the Lord Bethlehem Christingle Christmastide Epiphany Herod the Great Jesus Joseph Mary Massacre of the Innocents flight into Egypt Nativity Fast Nativity of Jesus in art in later culture Nativity scene Saint Nicholas Star of Bethlehem Twelfth Night In folklore Badalisc La Befana Belsnickel Caganer Christkind Ded Moroz Elves Father Christmas Grýla Jack Frost Joulupukki Knecht Ruprecht Korvatunturi Krampus Mikulás Miner 's figure Mrs. Claus Nisse / Tomte North Pole Old Man Winter Olentzero Père Fouettard Père Noël Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Saint Lucy Santa 's reindeer Santa 's workshop Sinterklaas Tió de Nadal Vertep Yule Cat Yule Lads Zwarte Piet Gift - bringers Saint Nicholas Santa Claus List of Christmas gift - bringers by country Traditions Advent calendar Advent candle Advent wreath Boar 's Head Feast Candle arches Cards Carols by Candlelight Cavalcade of Magi Crackers Decorations Events and celebrations Feast of the Seven Fishes Flying Santa Google Santa Tracker Hampers Las Posadas Letters Lights Lord of Misrule Markets Meals and feasts Moravian star Nine Lessons and Carols NORAD Tracks Santa Nutcrackers dolls Ornaments Parades list Piñatas Pyramids Räuchermann Seals Secret Santa Spanbaum Stamps Stockings Tree Twelve Days Wassailing Windows Yule Goat Yule log By country Australia and New Zealand Denmark Germany Hawaii Hungary Iceland Indonesia Ireland Mexico Norway Philippines Poland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Sweden Ukraine Music Carols list Hit singles UK Hit singles US Music books Carols for Choirs The Oxford Book of Carols The New Oxford Book of Carols Piae Cantiones Other media Films Poetry `` Old Santeclaus with Much Delight '' `` A Visit from St. Nicholas '' Television specials Yule Log In modern society Advent Conspiracy Black Friday ( partying ) Black Friday ( shopping ) Bronner 's Christmas Wonderland Christmas club Christmas creep Christmas Day ( Trading ) Act 2004 Christmas Lectures Christmas Mountains Christmas truce Controversies Cyber Monday Economics Giving Tuesday El Gordo Holiday season In July In August Leon Day NBA games NFL games Puritan New England American Civil War Post-War United States Running of the Santas SantaCon Santa 's Candy Castle Small Business Saturday Super Saturday Virginia O'Hanlon White Christmas Winter festivals WWE Tribute to the Troops Xmas Food and drink Dinner Joulupöytä Julebord Kūčios Réveillon Twelve - dish supper Smörgåsbord Wigilia Sweets bûche de Noël Cake Candy cane Cookies Fruitcake Gingerbread Kourabiedes Melomakarono Mince pie Pavlova Pecan pie Pumpkin pie Pudding Rosca de reyes Szaloncukor Turrón Soup Menudo Sauce Cranberry sauce Beverages Apple cider Champurrado Eggnog Mulled wine Smoking Bishop Ponche crema Dumpling Hallaca Tamale Meat Ham Roast goose Romeritos Turkey Stuffing Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=We_Wish_You_a_Merry_Christmas&oldid=821614306 '' Categories : Christmas carols 16th - century songs 16th century in England Christmas in England Christmas songs English songs British songs Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Deutsch Diné bizaad Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 January 2018 , at 15 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what type of pudding do the carolers sing about in 'we wish you a merry christmas' | [
"\n2\nOh, bring us some figgy pudding,\nOh, bring us some figgy pudding,\nOh, bring us some figgy pudding,\nAnd bring it right here.\nGood tidings we bring\nTo you and your kin;\nWe wish you a merry Christmas\nAnd a happy New Year!\n"
] | [
"figgy"
] |
629298519598308310 | Australia at the 2018 Winter Olympics | Australia at the 2018 Winter Olympics - Wikipedia Australia at the 2018 Winter Olympics Jump to : navigation , search Australia at the 2018 Winter Olympics Flag of Australia IOC code AUS NOC Australian Olympic Committee Website www.olympics.com.au in Pyeongchang , South Korea 9 -- 25 February 2018 Competitors 50 in 10 sports Flag bearer Scotty James ( Opening ) Jarryd Hughes ( Closing ) Medals Ranked 23rd Gold 0 Silver Bronze Total Winter Olympics appearances ( overview ) 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Australia competed at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang , South Korea , from 9 to 25 February 2018 , with 50 competitors in 10 sports . They won three medals in total , two silver and one bronze , ranking 23rd in the medal table . Contents ( hide ) 1 Medalists 2 Competitors 3 Alpine skiing 4 Bobsleigh 5 Cross-country skiing 6 Figure skating 7 Freestyle skiing 8 Luge 9 Short track speed skating 10 Skeleton 11 Snowboarding 12 Speed skating 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Medalists ( edit ) Medal Name Sport Event Date 02 ! Silver Graham , Matt Matt Graham Freestyle skiing Men 's moguls 000000002018 - 02 - 12 - 0000 12 February 02 ! Silver Hughes , Jarryd Jarryd Hughes Snowboarding Men 's snowboard cross 000000002018 - 02 - 15 - 0000 15 February 03 ! Bronze James , Scott Scott James Snowboarding Men 's half pipe 000000002018 - 02 - 14 - 0000 14 February Competitors ( edit ) The following is the list of number of competitors participating at the Games per sport / discipline . A team of 45 athletes ( including Russell Henshaw and Belle Brockhoff , subject to medical clearance ) was announced by the Australian Olympic Committee on 25 January 2018 . A further five athletes were added on 26 January 2018 after the reallocation of quota spots was finalised . Rohan Chapman - Davies was added to the team on 29 January after Russia handed back their men 's quota place in mogul skiing . Sport Men Women Total Alpine skiing Bobsleigh 0 Cross country skiing 6 Figure skating Freestyle skiing 6 10 16 Luge 0 Short track speed skating Skeleton Snowboarding 7 11 Speed skating 0 Total 28 22 50 Alpine skiing ( edit ) Main articles : Alpine skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics and Alpine skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Qualification Athlete Event Run 1 Run 2 Total Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Dominic Demschar Men 's giant slalom 1 : 13.21 37 1 : 13.54 33 2 : 26.75 33 Men 's slalom DNF Harry Laidlaw Men 's giant slalom DSQ Greta Small Women 's combined DNF Women 's downhill N / A 1 : 42.07 20 Women 's super-G N / A 1 : 24.09 31 Bobsleigh ( edit ) Main articles : Bobsleigh at the 2018 Winter Olympics and Bobsleigh at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Qualification Athlete Event Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Run 4 Total Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Lucas Mata * David Mari Two - man 49.88 22 50.04 21 49.87 22 Eliminated 2 : 29.79 22 Lucas Mata * David Mari Lachlan Reidy Hayden Smith Four - man 49.72 22 49.91 23 50.07 27 Eliminated 2 : 29.70 25 * -- Denotes the driver of each sled Cross-country skiing ( edit ) Main articles : Cross-country skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics and Cross-country skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Qualification Distance Athlete Event Classical Freestyle Final Time Rank Time Rank Time Deficit Rank Phillip Bellingham Men 's 15 km freestyle N / A 38 : 36.2 + 4 : 52.3 77 Men 's 50 km classical N / A 2 : 30 : 39.7 + 22 : 17.6 56 Callum Watson Men 's 15 km freestyle N / A 37 : 53.9 + 4 : 10.0 70 Men 's 30 km skiathlon 44 : 47.7 62 39 : 56.0 58 1 : 25 : 15.4 + 8 : 55.4 58 Men 's 50 km classical N / A 2 : 33 : 28.6 + 25 : 06.5 58 Barbara Jezeršek Women 's 10 km freestyle N / A 27 : 42.5 + 2 : 42.0 33 Women 's 15 km skiathlon 23 : 34.0 43 20 : 33.6 28 44 : 39.3 + 3 : 54.4 39 Aimee Watson Women 's 10 km freestyle N / A 29 : 41.4 + 4 : 40.9 68 Jessica Yeaton Women 's 10 km freestyle N / A 28 : 09.6 + 3 : 09.1 41 Women 's 15 km skiathlon 23 : 45.2 50 21 : 20.1 47 45 : 44.8 + 4 : 59.9 50 Women 's 30 km classical N / A 1 : 40.54. 8 + 18.37. 2 42 Sprint Athlete Event Qualification Quarterfinal Semifinal Final Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Phillip Bellingham Men 's sprint 3 : 31.54 65 Did not advance Phillip Bellingham Callum Watson Men 's team sprint N / A 17 : 38.36 24 Did not advance Aimee Watson Women 's sprint 3 : 44.87 58 Did not advance Casey Wright 3 : 49.80 63 Did not advance Jessica Yeaton 3 : 33.01 48 Did not advance Barbara Jezeršek Jessica Yeaton Women 's team sprint N / A 17 : 20.38 14 Did not advance Figure Skating ( edit ) Main articles : Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics and Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Qualification Australia qualified one male figure skater , based on its placement at the 2017 World Figure Skating Championships in Helsinki , Finland . They additionally qualified one female skater as well as an entry in pairs skating through the 2017 CS Nebelhorn Trophy . Athlete Event SP / OD FS / FD Total Points Rank Points Rank Points Rank Brendan Kerry Men 's singles 83.06 16 Q 150.75 21 233.81 20 Kailani Craine Ladies ' singles 56.77 16 Q 111.84 16 168.61 17 Katia Alexandrovskaya / Harley Windsor Pairs 61.55 18 Did not advance Freestyle skiing ( edit ) Main articles : Freestyle skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics and Freestyle skiing at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Qualification Aerials Athlete Event Qualification Final Jump 1 Jump 2 Jump 1 Jump 2 Jump 3 Points Rank Points Rank Points Rank Points Rank Points Rank David Morris Men 's aerials 112.83 15 124.89 2 Q 111.95 10 Did not advance Lydia Lassila Women 's aerials 66.27 18 63.45 14 Did not advance Laura Peel 64.86 19 89.46 3 Q 85.05 9 Q 85.65 3 Q 55.34 5 Danielle Scott 93.76 5 QF Bye 57.01 12 Did not advance Samantha Wells 54.28 22 58.27 17 Did not advance Moguls Athlete Event Qualification Final Run 1 Run 2 Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Time Total Rank Time Total Rank Time Total Rank Time Total Rank Time Total Rank Rohan Chapman - Davies Men 's moguls 26.07 73.96 17 27.52 67.94 12 Did not advance Matt Graham 24.47 77.28 9 Q Bye 24.89 81.39 2 Q 25.18 80.01 4 Q 24.85 82.57 02 ! Brodie Summers DNS DNS Did not advance James Matheson 26.33 72.27 23 27.44 74.61 10 Q 26.33 75.98 14 Did not advance Madii Himbury Women 's moguls 31.45 69.49 15 31.44 69.36 10 Q 31.03 68.19 20 Did not advance Jakara Anthony 30.52 69.49 14 31.69 73.35 3 Q 30.46 76.81 4 Q 30.48 76.45 5 Q 30.94 75.35 Britteny Cox 28.94 76.78 7 Q Bye 29.19 75.79 5 Q 28.99 78.28 2 Q 28.29 75.08 5 Claudia Gueli 31.17 68.68 17 38.35 35.19 13 Did not advance Ski cross Athlete Event Seeding Round of 16 Quarterfinal Semifinal Final Time Rank Position Position Position Position Rank Anton Grimus Men 's ski cross 1 : 40.80 30 Did not advance Sami Kennedy - Sim Women 's ski cross 1 : 14.97 9 2 Q 1 Q 3 FB 8 Slopestyle Athlete Event Qualification Final Run 1 Run 2 Best Rank Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Best Rank Russ Henshaw Men 's slopestyle 72.60 64.00 72.60 19 Did not advance Luge ( edit ) Main articles : Luge at the 2018 Winter Olympics and Luge at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Qualification Based on the results from the World Cups during the 2017 -- 18 Luge World Cup season , Australia qualified 1 sled . Athlete Event Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Run 4 Total Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Alexander Ferlazzo Men 's singles 48.073 16 48.587 27 49.351 36 Eliminated 2 : 26.011 28 Short track speed skating ( edit ) Main articles : Short track speed skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics and Short track speed skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Qualification Athlete Event Heat Quarterfinal Semifinal Final Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Andy Jung Men 's 500 m 1 : 03.137 Did not advance Men 's 1500 m 2 : 16.995 4 Q N / A 2 : 11.183 5 Did not advance Deanna Lockett Women 's 1000 m PEN Did not advance Women 's 1500 m 2 : 28.996 2 Q N / A 3 : 01.928 6 Did not advance Skeleton ( edit ) Main articles : Skeleton at the 2018 Winter Olympics and Skeleton at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Qualification Athlete Event Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Run 4 Total Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank John Farrow Men 's 51.64 21 51.31 18 51.40 20 51.53 16 3 : 25.88 19 Jaclyn Narracott Women 's 52.53 15 52.76 16 52.62 17 52.82 17 3 : 30.73 16 Snowboarding ( edit ) Main articles : Snowboarding at the 2018 Winter Olympics and Snowboarding at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Qualification Freestyle Athlete Event Qualification Final Run 1 Run 2 Best Rank Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Best Rank Kent Callister Men 's halfpipe 66.75 77.00 77.00 12 Q 20.00 62.00 56.75 62.00 10 Scott James 89.00 96.75 96.75 2 Q 92.00 81.75 40.25 92.00 03 ! Nathan Johnstone 62.25 10.25 62.25 22 Did not advance Emily Arthur Women 's halfpipe 30.25 66.50 66.50 8 Q 48.25 9.25 25.00 48.25 11 Holly Crawford 57.50 20.00 57.50 13 Did not advance Jessica Rich Women 's big air 73.50 74.25 74.25 13 Did not advance Tess Coady selected in team but did not compete due to injury in training prior to the competition . Snowboard cross Athlete Event Seeding 1 / 8 final Quarterfinal Semifinal Final Run 1 Run 2 Best Seed Time Rank Time Rank Position Position Position Position Rank Cam Bolton Men 's snowboard cross 1 : 14.35 12 Bye 1 : 14.35 12 2 Q 3 Q 4 FB 10 Jarryd Hughes 1 : 15.69 28 1 : 13.73 1 : 13.73 25 1 Q 2 Q 2 FA 02 ! Adam Lambert 1 : 14.94 22 Bye 1 : 14.94 22 Did not advance Alex Pullin 1 : 14.76 20 Bye 1 : 14.76 20 2 Q 2 Q 1 FA 6 6 Belle Brockhoff Women 's snowboard cross 1 : 20.34 10 Bye 1 : 20.34 10 N / A 3 Q DNF FB 5 11 Speed skating ( edit ) Main articles : Speed skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics and Speed skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Qualification Athlete Event Final Time Rank Daniel Greig Men 's 500 m 35.22 21 Men 's 1000 m 1 : 09.99 22 See also ( edit ) Australia at the 2017 Asian Winter Games Australia at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Australia at the 2018 Winter Paralympics References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Opening Ceremony Flagbearers - Olympic Winter Games , PyeongChang 2018 '' ( PDF ) . olympic.org . International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) . 9 February 2018 . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 Australian Olympic Team '' ( PDF ) . Australian Olympic Committee website . Retrieved 25 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Five added to PyeongChang 2018 Team '' . Australian Olympic Committee website . Retrieved 26 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chapman - Davies added to Olympic Team after surprise call up '' . Australia Olympic Committee website . Retrieved 29 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Figure Skating Quota places for the XXIII Olympic Winter Games 2018 '' . www.isu.org/ . International Skating Union . 4 April 2017 . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ISU communication 2119 '' . www.isu.org/ . International Skating Union . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Figure Skaters named on the 2018 Australian Winter Olympic Team '' . Australian Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ranking list '' ( PDF ) . fil-luge.org . Retrieved 19 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage snowboard star Tess Coady struck by injury in warm - up and out of slopestyle event '' . News.com.au. 11 February 2018 . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . External links ( edit ) Australian Olympic Committee 2018 Winter Olympics site Nations at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang , South Korea Africa Eritrea Ghana Kenya Madagascar Morocco Nigeria South Africa Togo Americas Argentina Bermuda Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Ecuador Jamaica Mexico Puerto Rico United States Asia China East Timor Hong Kong India Iran Japan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Lebanon Malaysia Mongolia North Korea Pakistan Philippines Singapore South Korea Chinese Taipei Thailand Uzbekistan Europe Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Great Britain Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Oceania Australia New Zealand Tonga Other Korea Olympic Athletes from Russia Australia at the Olympics Summer Olympic Games 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Winter Olympic Games 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Intercalated Games 1906 Australia and New Zealand participated together as Australasia during the 1908 and 1912 Summer Olympics . Australia hosted the 1956 and 2000 Summer Olympics ← 2018 in Australia → Governor - General -- Sir Peter Cosgrove Prime Minister -- Malcolm Turnbull Chief Justice -- Susan Kiefel Politics and elections Incumbents National Party of Australia leadership election South Australian state election Tasmanian state election Batman by - election Cottesloe state by - election Perth by - election Victorian state election People and culture Deaths Television Film Honours Australia Day Honours Special Honours Sports competitions Commonwealth Games Australian Open Cricket team in South Africa ball - tampering scandal Australia at multi-sport events Commonwealth Games Winter Olympics Winter Paralympics Summer Youth Olympics Big Bash League Women 's Australian Grand Prix Establishments and developments Australian Cycling Academy -- Ride Sunshine Coast Australian Space Agency The Bend Motorsport Park Electoral district of Badcoe Electoral district of Black Electoral district of Gibson Marshall Ministry Melbourne 400 NRL Touch Premiership NRL Women 's The Bend SuperSprint World Series Rugby Disasters Cyclone Kelvin Broome flood Cyclone Marcus Bushfire season Tathra bushfire 2018 in Australia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australia_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics&oldid=833038907 '' Categories : Nations at the 2018 Winter Olympics Australia at the Winter Olympics by year 2018 in Australian sport Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from February 2018 Use Australian English from February 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 10 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did australia come in the winter olympics 2018 | [
"Australia competed at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea, from 9 to 25 February 2018, with 50 competitors in 10 sports. They won three medals in total, two silver and one bronze, ranking 23rd in the medal table."
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-5025628132461170856 | 2010 NBA Finals | 2010 NBA Finals - wikipedia 2010 NBA Finals 2010 NBA Finals Team Coach Wins Los Angeles Lakers Phil Jackson Boston Celtics Doc Rivers Dates June 3 -- 17 MVP Kobe Bryant ( Los Angeles Lakers ) Television ABC ( U.S. ) TSN ( Canada ) Announcers Mike Breen , Mark Jackson and Jeff Van Gundy Radio network ESPN Announcers Jim Durham , Hubie Brown and Jack Ramsay Referees Game 1 : Joey Crawford , Joe DeRosa , Derrick Stafford Game 2 : Monty McCutchen , Mike Callahan , Ken Mauer Game 3 : Dan Crawford , Bill Kennedy , Bennett Salvatore Game 4 : Scott Foster , Eddie F. Rush , Greg Willard Game 5 : Joey Crawford , Mike Callahan , Derrick Stafford Game 6 : Monty McCutchen , Joe DeRosa , Ken Mauer Game 7 Joey Crawford , Dan Crawford , Scott Foster Hall of Famers Celtics : Ray Allen ( 2018 ) Coaches : Phil Jackson ( 2007 ) Eastern Finals Celtics defeated Magic , 4 -- 2 Western Finals Lakers defeated Suns , 4 -- 2 < 2009 NBA Finals 2011 > The 2010 NBA Finals was the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) 's championship series for the 2009 -- 10 season . The best - of - seven playoff was contested between the Western Conference champion Los Angeles Lakers ( who were also defending NBA champions ) , and the Eastern Conference champion Boston Celtics . The Lakers defeated the Celtics , four games to three , to win the franchise 's 16th NBA championship . The 64th edition of the championship series was played between June 3 and June 17 , was broadcast on ABC , and was watched by an average of 18.1 million people . The Celtics earned their berth into the playoffs by winning the Atlantic Division . The Lakers won the Pacific Division to earn their berth . The Celtics reached the NBA Finals by defeating the Miami Heat in the best - of - seven Eastern Conference First Round , the Cleveland Cavaliers in the best - of - seven Eastern Conference Semifinals , and defending Eastern conference champion Orlando Magic in the best - of - seven Eastern Conference Finals . The Lakers reached the NBA Finals by defeating the Oklahoma City Thunder in the best - of - seven Western Conference First Round , the Utah Jazz in the best - of - seven Western Conference Semifinals , and the Phoenix Suns in the best - of - seven Western Conference Finals . The NBA Finals were scheduled in the Major League Baseball World Series 2 -- 3 -- 2 seven game format , with the Lakers possessing home - court advantage as a reward for finishing with better regular season record than the Celtics . Repeated baskets from starters Kobe Bryant , Pau Gasol , and Ron Artest brought the Lakers close to victory in Game 1 . A record breaking performance from Ray Allen 's eight three - point baskets ensured the Celtics a Game 2 triumph . Derek Fisher 's 11 points in the fourth quarter helped the Lakers win Game 3 . The Celtics won Game 4 ; it did n't hurt that they netted an excellent performance in baskets by the team 's reserves , while Paul Pierce led the team to a Game 5 win with 27 points on 57 % shooting from the floor . The Lakers avoided elimination by winning a decisive Game 6 with 24 points contributed by their bench . Although they trailed the Celtics by 13 points early in the third quarter , the Lakers rallied and won their second consecutive championship by taking over an exciting Game 7 aided by late contributions on offense by Pau Gasol and Artest and rebounding . Bryant was named Most Valuable Player of the Finals for his second consecutive trophy . This was the first NBA Finals to go the full seven games since 2005 and only the fourth since the NBA Finals returned to a 2 -- 3 -- 2 format in 1985 . Los Angeles added its eleventh title in that city to go with its five in Minneapolis to move a step closer to the Celtics ' league - leading seventeen championships and gain revenge for their defeat Lexington coats close to Lakersgo back to song Augustin 2008 . Contents 1 Series summary 2 Background 2.1 2010 NBA Playoffs 2.2 Regular - season series 2.3 Boston Celtics 2.4 Los Angeles Lakers 3 Game summaries 3.1 Game 1 3.2 Game 2 3.3 Game 3 3.4 Game 4 3.5 Game 5 3.6 Game 6 3.7 Game 7 4 Statistics 5 Rosters 5.1 Los Angeles Lakers 5.2 Boston Celtics 6 Player statistics 7 Broadcasting 8 Impact and aftermath 8.1 Lakers 8.2 Celtics 9 References 10 External links Series summary ( edit ) Game Date Home Team Result Road Team Game 1 Thursday , June 3 Los Angeles Lakers 102 -- 89 ( 1 -- 0 ) Boston Celtics Game 2 Sunday , June 6 Los Angeles Lakers 94 -- 103 ( 1 -- 1 ) Boston Celtics Game 3 Tuesday , June 8 Boston Celtics 84 -- 91 ( 1 -- 2 ) Los Angeles Lakers Game 4 Thursday , June 10 Boston Celtics 96 -- 89 ( 2 -- 2 ) Los Angeles Lakers Game 5 Sunday , June 13 Boston Celtics 92 -- 86 ( 3 -- 2 ) Los Angeles Lakers Game 6 Tuesday , June 15 Los Angeles Lakers 89 -- 67 ( 3 -- 3 ) Boston Celtics Game 7 Thursday , June 17 Los Angeles Lakers 83 -- 79 ( 4 -- 3 ) Boston Celtics The Lakers had won the previous season 's NBA Finals against the Orlando Magic for the franchise 's 15th championship . The Celtics won their previous NBA Finals appearance against the Lakers in 2008 . This was the 12th Finals played between the two rival teams . The Celtics won nine of their previous 11 Finals meetings against the Lakers , winning in 1959 , 1962 , 1963 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1984 , and 2008 , while the Lakers won in 1985 and 1987 . Background ( edit ) 2010 NBA Playoffs ( edit ) Main article : 2010 NBA Playoffs Los Angeles Lakers ( Western Conference champion ) Boston Celtics ( Eastern Conference champion ) # Western Conference Team PCT GB c - Los Angeles Lakers 57 25 . 695 -- y - Dallas Mavericks 55 27 . 671 x-Phoenix Suns 54 28 . 659 y - Denver Nuggets 53 29 . 646 5 x-Utah Jazz 53 29 . 646 6 x-Portland Trail Blazers 50 32 . 610 7 7 x-San Antonio Spurs 50 32 . 610 7 8 x-Oklahoma City Thunder 50 32 . 610 7 9 Houston Rockets 42 40 . 512 15 10 Memphis Grizzlies 40 42 . 488 17 11 New Orleans Hornets 37 45 . 451 20 12 Los Angeles Clippers 29 53 . 354 28 13 Golden State Warriors 26 56 . 317 31 14 Sacramento Kings 25 57 . 305 32 15 Minnesota Timberwolves 15 67 . 183 42 1st seed in the West , 3rd best league record Regular season # Eastern Conference Team PCT GB z - Cleveland Cavaliers 61 21 . 744 -- y - Orlando Magic 59 23 . 720 x-Atlanta Hawks 53 29 . 646 8 y - Boston Celtics 50 32 . 610 11 5 x-Miami Heat 47 35 . 573 14 6 x-Milwaukee Bucks 46 36 . 561 15 7 x-Charlotte Bobcats 44 38 . 537 17 8 x-Chicago Bulls 41 41 . 500 20 9 Toronto Raptors 40 42 . 488 21 10 Indiana Pacers 32 50 . 390 29 11 New York Knicks 29 53 . 354 32 12 Detroit Pistons 27 55 . 329 34 13 Philadelphia 76ers 27 55 . 329 34 14 Washington Wizards 26 56 . 317 35 15 New Jersey Nets 12 70 . 146 49 4th seed in the East , 12th best league record Defeated the ( 8 ) Oklahoma City Thunder , 4 -- 2 First Round Defeated the ( 5 ) Miami Heat , 4 -- 1 Defeated the ( 5 ) Utah Jazz , 4 -- 0 Conference Semifinals Defeated the ( 1 ) Cleveland Cavaliers , 4 -- 2 Defeated the ( 3 ) Phoenix Suns , 4 -- 2 Conference Finals Defeated the ( 2 ) Orlando Magic , 4 -- 2 Regular - season series ( edit ) The regular season series was split , with each team winning on the opponent 's court by only a point : January 31 , 2010 Recap Los Angeles Lakers 90 , Boston Celtics 89 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts February 18 , 2010 Recap Boston Celtics 87 , Los Angeles Lakers 86 Staples Center , Los Angeles , California Boston Celtics ( edit ) Main article : 2009 -- 10 Boston Celtics season The Celtics finished the regular season as the Atlantic Division champion with a 50 -- 32 record . As the No. 4 seed in the Eastern Conference , they eliminated the No. 5 seeded Miami Heat in five games during the first round in the playoffs . Then in the conference semifinals , Boston defeated the Cleveland Cavaliers in six games , the earliest that a top seed has been eliminated since the Dallas Mavericks ' first round loss to the Golden State Warriors in 2007 . In the Eastern Conference finals , the Celtics went on to eliminate the Orlando Magic in six games . In reaching the Finals the Boston Celtics became the first team in NBA history to do so with a better regular season road record than home . Also , the Boston Celtics became the second team in NBA history to reach the NBA Finals after beating the team with the best record , Cleveland Cavaliers , and team with second - best record in the league , Orlando Magic , after the Houston Rockets did it in their championship season of 1995 . Los Angeles Lakers ( edit ) Main article : 2009 -- 10 Los Angeles Lakers season After the Lakers won the Finals in the preceding year , the team management wasted no time in making changes to the roster . Their most notable offseason player change was when Trevor Ariza departed to the Houston Rockets and was replaced by free agent Ron Artest . Longtime assistant coach and former head coach Kurt Rambis left the organization to pursue a head coaching opportunity with the Minnesota Timberwolves . The Lakers finished the regular season as the Pacific Division champion , compiling a 57 -- 25 record . On February 1 , Kobe Bryant moved past Jerry West into 14th place on the NBA 's career scoring list . He also surpassed West to become the Lakers franchise scoring leader . As the No. 1 seed in the Western Conference , they eliminated the No. 8 seeded Oklahoma City Thunder in six games during the Western Conference First Round Playoffs , with the final game ending when Kobe Bryant missed a jumper but Pau Gasol grabbed the offensive rebound and made a layup to clinch the win . Then in the Western Conference Semifinals , Los Angeles swept the Utah Jazz in four games , earning their right to play in their third straight Western Conference Final . In the Western Conference Finals against the Phoenix Suns , the Lakers won both of their first two games at home , but proceeded to lose the next two in Phoenix both by 9 points . In Game 5 , Ron Artest made an off balance layup to beat the buzzer off a Kobe Bryant miss to give the Lakers the victory . The Lakers then proceeded to beat the Suns on their home floor in Game 6 led by Kobe Bryant 's 37 points . The Game 6 victory gave the Lakers their 31st NBA Finals appearance in franchise history . The team also earned their third straight appearance in the Finals , the last team to do so being the Los Angeles Lakers themselves ( during the three - peat of 2000 -- 2002 ) . Game summaries ( edit ) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( August 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) All times are in Eastern Daylight Time ( UTC − 4 ) . Game 1 ( edit ) ABC June 3 9 : 00 p.m. ET Recap Video highlights on YouTube Boston Celtics 89 , Los Angeles Lakers 102 Scoring by quarter : 21 -- 26 , 20 -- 24 , 23 -- 34 , 25 -- 18 Pts : Paul Pierce 24 Rebs : Paul Pierce 9 Asts : Rajon Rondo 8 Pts : Kobe Bryant 30 Rebs : Pau Gasol 14 Asts : Kobe Bryant 6 L.A. Lakers leads series , 1 -- 0 Staples Center , Los Angeles , California Attendance : 18,997 Referees : No. 17 Joey Crawford No. 14 Joe DeRosa No. 9 Derrick Stafford Both teams started strong , playing a close game for most of the 1st quarter until a 7 -- 2 Los Angeles run inspired by bench players Jordan Farmar and Shannon Brown to end the quarter . Boston again started the 2nd quarter strong . However , Los Angeles managed to extend the lead 50 -- 41 at the end of the first half with another run led by Ron Artest and Pau Gasol . More of the same came in the 3rd quarter , as Los Angeles matched nearly all of Boston 's attempts to get back in the game . To end the 3rd quarter , Los Angeles went on a 15 -- 4 run to give L.A. a 20 - point lead going into the 4th quarter . While the Celtics would try to get back into the game with Nate Robinson and 2008 Finals MVP Paul Pierce , they never got closer than 11 points . The game was capped off with a three - pointer by Kobe Bryant with 3.6 seconds left , securing his 10th 30 - point game in his last 11 . Boston was outplayed by Los Angeles in nearly every statistical category , most notably in rebounding ( 31 -- 42 ) and second - chance points ( 0 -- 16 ) . Much of the Celtics ' performance came from Kevin Garnett , who finished with 16 points ( on 16 shots ) and 2 rebounds . Ray Allen , who was hampered by foul trouble , finished with 12 points and 5 personal fouls . Game 2 ( edit ) ABC June 6 8 : 00 p.m. ET Recap Video highlights on YouTube Boston Celtics 103 , Los Angeles Lakers 94 Scoring by quarter : 29 -- 22 , 25 -- 26 , 18 -- 24 , 31 -- 22 Pts : Ray Allen 32 Rebs : Rajon Rondo 12 Asts : Rajon Rondo 10 Pts : Pau Gasol 25 Rebs : Pau Gasol 8 Asts : Kobe Bryant 6 Series tied , 1 -- 1 Staples Center , Los Angeles , California Attendance : 18,997 Referees : No. 13 Monty McCutchen No. 24 Mike Callahan No. 41 Ken Mauer Boston came out much more aggressively to begin game 2 . Los Angeles fought back ( Pau Gasol had nine points in the quarter ) and managed to reduce Boston 's lead to seven points at the end of the 1st quarter . In the 2nd quarter , Ray Allen hit an impressive five three - pointers ( only missing once ) to add to the two that he hit in the first quarter . This explosive offensive output pushed Boston forward and allowed them to lead by as many as 14 points . Kobe Bryant and Los Angeles put up a quick 7 -- 0 run to end the first half to cut it to a 54 -- 48 Boston lead . Foul trouble plagued players of both squads , with many players having three fouls going into the break . The Lakers would continue their attack and managed to take the lead 57 -- 56 early in the 3rd . Both teams fought hard , leading to the 72 -- 72 tie going into the 4th . The final quarter was dominated by the Celtics , though , as Rajon Rondo 's 10 points in the quarter helped tie the series 1 -- 1 . Rondo finished with an impressive triple - double of 19 points , 12 rebounds and 10 assists , and Allen hit eight of 11 three - pointers to secure the NBA Finals record . The last Finals series to be tied at 1 -- 1 after two games was the 2004 NBA Finals which involved the Lakers and the Detroit Pistons . Game 3 ( edit ) ABC June 8 9 : 00 p.m. ET Recap Video highlights on YouTube Los Angeles Lakers 91 , Boston Celtics 84 Scoring by quarter : 26 -- 17 , 26 -- 23 , 15 -- 21 , 24 -- 23 Pts : Kobe Bryant 29 Rebs : Bynum , Gasol 10 each Asts : Bryant , Gasol 4 each Pts : Kevin Garnett 25 Rebs : Kendrick Perkins 11 Asts : Rajon Rondo 8 L.A. Lakers leads series , 2 -- 1 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts Attendance : 18,624 Referees : No. 43 Dan Crawford No. 55 Bill Kennedy No. 15 Bennett Salvatore Derek Fisher scored 11 of his 16 points in the fourth quarter to ensure the Lakers a Game 3 win . Prior to the start of the game , singer Monica performed the national anthem . Kevin Garnett scored the first six points of the game to give the Celtics a 6 -- 0 lead and eventually helped the team to a seven - point lead ( 12 -- 5 ) early in the first quarter . Following the first full timeout of the game , the Lakers scored 13 straight points thanks in part to free throws by Kobe Bryant and Pau Gasol . After the score was tied at 16 -- 16 , the Lakers outscored the Celtics 10 -- 1 for the remainder of the first quarter . The Lakers ' 32 -- 8 run continued well into the second quarter when Bryant completed a free throw after being fouled by forward Glen `` Big Baby '' Davis en route to making a layup 43 seconds into the game . Further helping to widen the gap was Shannon Brown who made a 20 - foot jumper from a Lamar Odom assist . Odom , Farmar , and Bynum also made shots to widen the score to 17 points above Boston . The Celtics would soon create their own comeback with an 11 -- 4 run before the Lakers called for a full timeout . Bryant made jumper on a Gasol assist while Pierce shot another three - pointer on a Rondo assist . The final two minutes of the first half ended in a shootout both Celtics and Lakers starters resulting in a 52 -- 40 Los Angeles lead . The first few minutes of the second half proved to be a slow start for both teams as Boston piled 2 -- 8 shooting while Los Angeles posted 2 -- 11 shooting before the first full timeout . Gasol made a 20 - foot jumper to give the Lakers their first points of the third quarter ; Garnett responded by a 20 - foot jumper . Shortly after making his third shot from beyond - the - arc , Pierce received his fourth foul sending him to the bench . Odom , who replaced a limping Bynum , also earned two fouls of his own in addition to bad passing . The Celtics soon took advantage of the Lakers problems when Davis , Tony Allen , and Rasheed Wallace managed to successfully hit several critical shots to end the quarter on a six - point deficit . The Celtics continued their momentum into the fourth quarter eventually pulling to within one point after two minutes . After coming off the bench to replace a struggling Gasol in the fourth quarter , Derek Fisher made a 12 - foot jumper in what would be another of his finest postseason performances in his career . He then made four consecutive shots to give the Lakers a 78 -- 73 lead before earning a foul on Ray Allen . With 1 : 40 left in the game , Bryant made his lone shot of the quarter despite posting 25 points in the first three periods combined . Foul troubles for both Garnett and Pierce hurt the Celtics chances of closing the gap with the Lakers . Pierce made one final layup with five seconds left in the game , but the Lakers edged the Celtics with a 91 -- 84 victory to take a 2 -- 1 lead in the series . Bryant was the leading scorer of the game with 29 points ; Garnett 's 25 points bested all other Celtics players for Game 3 . Derek Fisher scored 11 of his 16 points in the fourth quarter . Compared to his record eight three - point field goals in Game 2 , Ray Allen went a near - record 0 -- 13 in field goals for this game . Game 4 ( edit ) ABC June 10 9 : 00 p.m. ET Recap Video highlights on YouTube Los Angeles Lakers 89 , Boston Celtics 96 Scoring by quarter : 16 -- 19 , 29 -- 23 , 17 -- 18 , 27 -- 36 Pts : Kobe Bryant 33 Rebs : Artest , Odom 7 each Asts : Artest , Gasol 3 each Pts : Paul Pierce 19 Rebs : Kendrick Perkins 7 Asts : Paul Pierce 5 Series tied , 2 -- 2 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts Attendance : 18,624 Referees : No. 48 Scott Foster No. 32 Eddie F. Rush No. 57 Greg Willard After the first quarter , the Celtics held a 19 -- 16 lead ; Paul Pierce scored eight points in the quarter for Boston , while Pau Gasol had eight points for Los Angeles . The Lakers rebounded to take a three - point lead entering halftime . Los Angeles maintained a two - point lead following the third quarter , in which Kobe Bryant made three three - point baskets . Early in the fourth quarter , the Celtics went on a run that gave them control of the game ; with a lineup that featured four reserves , Boston outscored the Lakers 13 -- 2 over nearly half the quarter . The Celtics held an 11 - point lead with 3 : 57 remaining , but the Lakers mounted a late comeback bid behind Bryant , who posted 10 of the final 12 points for Los Angeles . Three free throws with 1 : 08 remaining pulled the Lakers within 92 -- 86 , and they had an opportunity to get closer in the final minute ; however , a Bryant pass was stolen by Rondo , who subsequently made a layup to extend the Celtics ' lead . Pierce led Boston with 19 points in the game . The Celtics benefitted from strong bench play , as their reserves doubled the scoring of the Lakers ' backups . Davis scored 18 points ( nine in the fourth quarter ) and Nate Robinson added 12 . For the Lakers , Bryant and Gasol , with 33 and 21 points respectively , accounted for most of the team 's scoring . Andrew Bynum was unable to play in the second half because of a knee injury . Game 5 ( edit ) ABC June 13 8 : 00 p.m. ET Recap Video highlights on YouTube Los Angeles Lakers 86 , Boston Celtics 92 Scoring by quarter : 20 -- 22 , 19 -- 23 , 26 -- 28 , 21 -- 19 Pts : Kobe Bryant 38 Rebs : Pau Gasol 12 Asts : Kobe Bryant 4 Pts : Paul Pierce 27 Rebs : Kevin Garnett 10 Asts : Rajon Rondo 8 Boston leads series , 3 -- 2 TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts Attendance : 18,624 Referees : No. 17 Joey Crawford No. 24 Mike Callahan No. 9 Derrick Stafford Boston started the game with a 6 -- 0 run , and ended the first quarter leading by 2 on a strong performance by Paul Pierce . After a short Laker run , the Celtics pushed the lead to 6 by the end of the half , with Pierce shooting 7 -- 10 , scoring 15 points , despite the Celtics only getting to the free - throw line six times . Pierce 's three - pointer pushed the Celtics ' lead to double digits , 50 -- 39 , early in the third quarter , but the Lakers chipped away at that lead to bring it down to 8 , as the Celtics went into the fourth quarter attempting to maintain a 73 -- 65 advantage . With the Celtics leading by 12 with less than three minutes to play , seven straight free throws by the Lakers cut the lead to 87 -- 82 with a little over 40 seconds in the game . On an inbounds play , Garnett lobbed the ball to Pierce , who , while falling out of bounds , hurled it toward a streaking Rondo , who laid it up and in , essentially icing the game with a 7 - point lead with 35 seconds to play . Garnett chipped in with 18 points and 10 rebounds . Rondo played well , shooting 9 -- 12 from the floor for 18 points , 8 assists and 5 rebounds . The game featured a 38 - point performance by Bryant ( hitting numerous shots in the 3rd quarter ) , being the only Lakers player to score over 12 points and one of only two in double figures . Pierce , on the other hand , would dominate the game with 27 points on 57 % shooting from the floor . Game 6 ( edit ) ABC June 15 9 : 00 p.m. ET Recap Video highlights on YouTube Boston Celtics 67 , Los Angeles Lakers 89 Scoring by quarter : 18 -- 28 , 13 -- 23 , 20 -- 25 , 16 -- 13 Pts : Ray Allen 19 Rebs : Glen Davis 9 Asts : Rajon Rondo 6 Pts : Kobe Bryant 26 Rebs : Pau Gasol 13 Asts : Pau Gasol 9 Series tied , 3 -- 3 Staples Center , Los Angeles , California Attendance : 18,997 Referees : No. 13 Monty McCutchen No. 14 Joe DeRosa No. 41 Ken Mauer The Lakers returned to Los Angeles with a 3 -- 2 deficit in the series . This was an elimination game for them , and the Celtics were one game away from the championship . Boston starting center Kendrick Perkins suffered a serious knee injury in the first quarter , rendering the Celtics more vulnerable on defense and rebounding . The desperate Lakers opened up a massive lead , peaking at 27 . The Lakers ' bench had outscored Boston 's bench 24 -- 0 entering the fourth quarter . It was later revealed that Perkins tore both his PCL and MCL , and he was ruled out for Game 7 . His Lakers counterpart , Andrew Bynum left the game early in the third quarter due to swelling in his knee from a torn meniscus . He , however , was not ruled out for Game 7 . Game 7 ( edit ) ABC June 17 9 : 05 p.m. ET Recap Video highlights on YouTube Boston Celtics 79 , Los Angeles Lakers 83 Scoring by quarter : 23 -- 14 , 17 -- 20 , 17 -- 19 , 22 -- 30 Pts : Paul Pierce 18 Rebs : Paul Pierce 10 Asts : Rajon Rondo 10 Pts : Kobe Bryant 23 Rebs : Pau Gasol 18 Asts : Pau Gasol 4 L.A. Lakers wins NBA Finals , 4 -- 3 Staples Center , Los Angeles , California Attendance : 18,997 Referees : No. 17 Joey Crawford No. 43 Dan Crawford No. 48 Scott Foster Lakers forward Ron Artest ( now Metta World Peace ) made a critical three - point field goal late in the fourth quarter to give the Lakers a six - point lead . This game was the first Game 7 in an NBA Finals since 2005 five years earlier . Christina Aguilera sang the national anthem for the second straight game . Derek Fisher was the first player to post up points on the board via a three - point field goal on a Pau Gasol assist . Rasheed Wallace answered back with an 8 - foot jumper . Both the Celtics and Lakers kept the game close early in the first quarter with each team holding a one - point lead . Suddenly , the Lakers offense began to falter with starters missing field goals and easy layups . The Celtics utilized their opponents struggles to widen their lead . After the team 's first full timeout , the Celtics managed to outscore the Lakers 6 -- 1 , with Davis scoring four points on questionable calls . Boston held the Lakers to only 14 points and took a 23 -- 14 lead ending the first quarter . At the start of the second quarter , the Lakers got back in the game by scoring 11 straight points to take a two - point lead over Boston . The lead proved to be brief , however , as Rajon Rondo and Kevin Garnett scored two - pointers to regain control of the game . Nevertheless , the Lakers continued to score points , with Ron Artest hitting 3 of his 4 free throws in the quarter to maintain a four - point deficit . Before the second quarter concluded , Paul Pierce sunk a pair of free throws to end the first half with a 40 -- 34 Celtics lead . The Celtics opened the second half going on a 9 -- 2 run which widened their lead over the Lakers by as much as 13 points , 49 -- 36 . The turning point for the Lakers however arrived after the team took a twenty - second timeout . Bryant made a running jumper on a Lamar Odom assist in what would turn out to be a 6 -- 2 run by the Lakers cutting their deficit to six points behind Boston . Pierce then scored hit a three - pointer to restore the lead to nine . As the third quarter drew to a close , the Lakers continued their momentum as Bryant completed a 4 - foot jumper while Gasol hit two free throws . Lakers reserve Lamar Odom made a tip shot to make the score 57 -- 53 at the end of the quarter . The Lakers ' fortunes rode high midway through the fourth quarter as Fisher sunk a three - point field goal from 26 - feet to tie the game at 64 . Despite having a poor night offensively , Bryant hit two free throws and followed through with a 17 - foot shot to give the Lakers a 68 -- 64 lead , the team 's first lead since early in the second quarter . Gasol hit two more free throws on a Garnett foul to extend that margin to six . The Celtics would not give up , however , as with Lakers leading by 6 with a minute - and - a-half remaining , Wallace hit a three - pointer to cut the Lakers ' lead to 76 -- 73 . Although Artest exhibited shooting difficulties throughout the game , he answered in spectacular fashion by sinking a three - point goal to restore his team 's lead back to six with a minute remaining in the game . It would prove to be the lethal blow for the Celtics . The Celtic offense suffered heavily in the fourth quarter as four key players ( Garnett , Davis , Pierce , and Wallace ) earned four or more personal fouls . Wallace would later depart from the game after fouling out . After Artest 's three , Allen would respond with a three - pointer of his own to cut the Lakers ' lead to three again . In the ensuing play , Bryant attempted a three , but the three missed . Fortunately for the Lakers , Gasol was there to get the crucial offensive rebound . Gasol then passed the ball to Bryant , who was then fouled by Wallace , fouling him out . Bryant attained two more free throws on Wallace 's foul to extend the lead to five , 81 -- 76 . After a Celtic timeout , Allen attempted a three - pointer but he missed it . Rondo grabbed the offensive rebound and hit a three - pointer to bring the Celtics within two , 81 -- 79 . However , the Celtics were forced to foul Sasha Vujačić , consequently enabling the Laker guard to complete two free throws and help his team take a four - point lead , 83 -- 79 , over Boston . With 11.7 seconds left in the game , Rondo made one last - ditch effort to revive the Celtics ' hopes by attempting a three - pointer . The ball missed the basket enabling Gasol to make a defensive rebound . Gasol passed the ball to Odom who quickly threw it to the opposite end of the court as the buzzer sounded . Bryant chased after the ball and rallied the Staples Center crowd in celebration of the Lakers ' 83 -- 79 triumph over the Celtics . Bryant , who was named the Finals Most Valuable Player for the second straight season , scored 10 of his game - high 23 points in the fourth quarter . Pierce led the Celtics with 18 points and ten rebounds , but he shot 5 -- 15 from the field . The Lakers had 23 offensive rebounds and out - rebounded the Celtics , 53 -- 40 . Gasol had 18 rebounds and Bryant added 15 . Los Angeles shot 37 free throws to Boston 's 17 . After the game , Lakers head coach Phil Jackson hailed Artest , who scored 20 points in Game 7 including his last - second three - pointer , as the `` Most Valuable Player '' of the game . Statistics ( edit ) High Average Los Angeles Lakers Boston Celtics Los Angeles Lakers Boston Celtics Player Total Player Total Player Avg . Player Avg . Points Kobe Bryant 38 Ray Allen 32 Kobe Bryant 28.6 Paul Pierce 18.0 Rebounds Pau Gasol 18 Rajon Rondo 12 Pau Gasol 11.6 Rajon Rondo 6.3 Assists Pau Gasol 9 Rajon Rondo 10 Kobe Bryant 3.9 Rajon Rondo 7.6 Steals Ron Artest 5 Kevin Garnett 5 Kobe Bryant 2.1 Rajon Rondo 1.6 Blocks Andrew Bynum 7 Kevin Garnett Pau Gasol 2.6 Kevin Garnett 1.3 Rosters ( edit ) Los Angeles Lakers ( edit ) 2009 -- 10 Los Angeles Lakers roster Players Coaches Pos . No . Name Height Weight DOB ( YYYY - MM - DD ) From 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 Artest , Ron 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 260 lb ( 118 kg ) St. John 's 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Brown , Shannon 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 210 lb ( 95 kg ) Michigan State G / F 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 Bryant , Kobe ( C ) 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 205 lb ( 93 kg ) Lower Merion HS ( PA ) 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Bynum , Andrew 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 285 lb ( 129 kg ) St. Joseph HS ( NJ ) 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Farmar , Jordan 7000187960000000000 ♠ 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) 180 lb ( 82 kg ) UCLA 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Fisher , Derek 7000185420000000000 ♠ 6 ft 1 in ( 1.85 m ) 210 lb ( 95 kg ) Little Rock F / C 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 Gasol , Pau 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 250 lb ( 113 kg ) Spain 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 Ilunga - Mbenga , Didier 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 255 lb ( 116 kg ) Belgium 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Morrison , Adam 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 205 lb ( 93 kg ) Gonzaga 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Odom , Lamar 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 230 lb ( 104 kg ) Rhode Island F / C 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Powell , Josh 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 240 lb ( 109 kg ) North Carolina State 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 Vujačić , Sasha 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 205 lb ( 93 kg ) Slovenia 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Walton , Luke 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 235 lb ( 107 kg ) Arizona Head coach Phil Jackson ( North Dakota ) Assistant coach ( es ) Frank Hamblen ( Syracuse ) Brian Shaw ( UC Santa Barbara ) Kareem Abdul - Jabbar ( UCLA ) Craig Hodges ( Long Beach State ) Jim Cleamons ( Ohio State ) Legend ( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended Injured Roster Transactions Last transaction : 2009 - 10 - 26 Boston Celtics ( edit ) 2009 -- 10 Boston Celtics roster Players Coaches Pos . No . Name Height Weight DOB ( YYYY - MM - DD ) From 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 Allen , Ray 7000195580000000000 ♠ 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 205 lb ( 93 kg ) Connecticut G / F 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 Allen , Tony 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 213 lb ( 97 kg ) Oklahoma State G / F 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Daniels , Marquis 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 200 lb ( 91 kg ) Auburn F / C 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Davis , Glen 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 289 lb ( 131 kg ) LSU G / F 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 Finley , Michael 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 225 lb ( 102 kg ) Wisconsin 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 Gaffney , Tony 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 205 lb ( 93 kg ) Massachusetts F / C 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Garnett , Kevin 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 253 lb ( 115 kg ) Farragut 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 Lafayette , Oliver 7000187960000000000 ♠ 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) 190 lb ( 86 kg ) Houston 7001430000000000000 ♠ 43 Perkins , Kendrick 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 280 lb ( 127 kg ) CJOHS G / F 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 Pierce , Paul ( C ) 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 235 lb ( 107 kg ) Kansas 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Robinson , Nate 7000175260000000000 ♠ 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) 180 lb ( 82 kg ) Washington 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Rondo , Rajon 7000185420000000000 ♠ 6 ft 1 in ( 1.85 m ) 171 lb ( 78 kg ) Kentucky 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 Scalabrine , Brian 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 235 lb ( 107 kg ) Southern California F / C 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 Wallace , Rasheed 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 230 lb ( 104 kg ) North Carolina F / C 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Williams , Shelden 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 250 lb ( 113 kg ) Duke Head coach Doc Rivers ( Marquette ) Assistant coach ( es ) Armond Hill ( Princeton ) Kevin Eastman ( Richmond ) Clifford Ray ( Oklahoma ) Tom Thibodeau ( Salem State ) Mike Longabardi ( Frostburg State ) Legend ( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended Injured Roster Transactions Last transaction : 2010 - 04 - 14 Player statistics ( edit ) Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field - goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field - goal percentage FT % Free - throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Los Angeles Lakers Player GP GS MPG FG % 3FG % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG Ron Artest 7 7 35.9 . 361 . 344 . 550 4.6 1.3 1.4 0.6 10.6 Shannon Brown 7 0 12.1 . 450 . 000 1.000 0.9 0.4 0.0 0.1 3.0 Kobe Bryant 7 7 41.2 . 405 . 319 . 883 8.0 3.9 2.1 0.7 28.6 Andrew Bynum 7 7 24.9 . 452 . 000 . 700 5.1 0.0 0.1 1.3 7.4 Jordan Farmar 7 0 12.6 . 321 . 200 . 500 1.1 0.9 1.1 0.0 3.0 Derek Fisher 7 7 30.6 . 420 . 200 . 941 3.0 2.0 0.9 0.0 8.6 Pau Gasol 7 7 41.9 . 478 . 000 . 721 11.6 3.7 0.7 2.6 18.6 D.J. Mbenga 0 2.7 . 000 . 000 . 000 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Lamar Odom 7 0 27.4 . 489 . 100 . 545 6.6 1.3 0.6 0.6 7.6 Josh Powell 0 4.1 . 000 . 000 . 000 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sasha Vujačić 7 0 7.4 . 375 . 400 . 833 1.0 0.7 0.3 0.0 3.0 Luke Walton 0 7.8 . 333 . 000 . 000 0.5 0.8 0.0 0.5 0.5 Boston Celtics Player GP GS MPG FG % 3FG % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG Ray Allen 7 7 39.4 . 367 . 293 . 960 2.7 1.7 0.7 0.0 14.6 Tony Allen 7 0 14.7 . 333 . 000 . 857 1.0 0.4 1.0 0.7 3.1 Marquis Daniels 0 2.2 . 500 1.000 1.000 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.5 Glen Davis 7 0 20.6 . 462 . 000 . 688 5.6 0.4 0.9 0.4 6.7 Michael Finley 0 2.6 . 000 . 000 . 000 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Kevin Garnett 7 7 31.7 . 511 . 000 . 895 5.6 3.0 1.4 1.3 15.3 Kendrick Perkins 6 6 23.5 . 571 . 000 . 647 5.8 1.0 0.2 0.0 5.8 Paul Pierce 7 7 39.8 . 439 . 400 . 865 5.3 3.0 0.7 0.9 18.0 Nate Robinson 7 0 10.1 . 400 . 333 1.000 1.1 1.9 0.1 0.0 4.9 Rajon Rondo 7 7 38.8 . 454 . 333 . 263 6.3 7.6 1.6 0.3 13.6 Brian Scalabrine 0 0.9 . 000 . 000 . 000 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Rasheed Wallace 7 20.6 . 366 . 238 1.000 4.6 0.9 0.4 0.7 5.3 Shelden Williams 0 9.2 . 000 . 000 . 000 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Broadcasting ( edit ) For the eighth consecutive year in the United States , ABC televised the Finals . Mike Breen , Mark Jackson and Jeff Van Gundy provided commentary for the games . The Finals was also broadcast on ESPN Radio , with Jim Durham , Hubie Brown and Jack Ramsay calling the action . Game 1 was watched by 14.1 million viewers , the most watched Finals opening game since 2004 . The viewership for the opening game resulted in a ratings percentage of 8.6 % of households in the United States . Game 7 had the highest average number of viewers with 28.2 million , since 1998 when 35.9 million watched the Chicago Bulls defeat the Utah Jazz in Game 6 of that year 's Finals . The average number of viewers of 18.1 million , was the highest since 2001 . The flagship radio stations of the respective teams broadcast all Series games with their local announcers . In Los Angeles , KSPN carried the Lakers ' English - language broadcasts , with Spero Dedes and Mychal Thompson announcing , while KWKW aired the team 's Spanish broadcasts . In Boston , WEEI carried the Celtics ' English broadcasts with Sean Grande and Cedric Maxwell announcing . Game Ratings ( households ) Share ( households ) American audience ( in millions ) 8.6 14 14.1 9.2 15 15.5 9.6 16 16.0 9.9 18 16.4 5 10.8 18 18.2 6 10.4 18 18.0 7 18.2 27 28.2 Impact and aftermath ( edit ) Lakers head coach Phil Jackson earned his 11th title , further extending his record for most championships earned by either an NBA coach or any coach / manager in a major North American professional sports league . It was also his 13th title , as he had won two as a player with the Knicks in 1970 and 1973 . Bryant won his second consecutive NBA Finals MVP Award . He later said that this championship win was the `` sweetest '' because it was against the longtime , storied rivals and was the toughest series by far . Furthermore , Lakers forward Luke Walton and his father Hall of Famer Bill Walton became the only ( as of 2011 ) father and son to both have won multiple NBA championships Bill in 1977 and 1986 and Luke in 2009 and 2010 . Lastly , this would become Kobe Bryant 's final championship . As of the 2017 -- 18 season , this remains the last NBA Finals appearance for either the Celtics or the Lakers . Lakers ( edit ) Derek Fisher during the victory parade . The series win brought the Lakers ' franchise NBA championship total to 16 , second only to the Celtics ' 17 championships . This also marked the 11th title for the team since moving from Minneapolis in 1960 , and it was the franchise 's fifth Finals win in eleven seasons . Notably , this was the Lakers ' first Game 7 win over the Celtics in Finals history , Boston had won all previous matchups . Moreover , the Lakers were now 3 -- 9 against Boston since the two teams first competed against each other in the 1959 NBA Finals . President Barack Obama meets with the 2010 NBA champion Los Angeles Lakers at the THEARC Boys and Girls Club in Washington , D.C. On June 21 , a victory parade took place for the Lakers . Unlike like previous years , however , there was no pep rally that followed after the end of the parade due to both security and financial reasons . The team was transported around on an open - air float equipped with loudspeakers enabling the players to talk to the spectators . The parade began at 11 a.m local time at Staples Center , turned east on Chick Heart Court , turned south onto Figueroa Street , then east onto Jefferson Boulevard before entering beneath Interstate 110 . The parade concluded at the intersection of Jefferson Boulevard and Grand Avenue near the University of Southern California 's Galen Center . Occasionally , Ron Artest led the crowd in chanting `` Boston sucks ! '' Over 65,000 people were estimated to have attended the parade . Most of the 2009 -- 10 Lakers team were on hand to receive their championship rings before the start of the season opener against the Houston Rockets on October 26 . They also visited U.S. president Barack Obama at the THEARC Boys and Girls Club in Washington , DC. in December 2010 , presenting him with a banner declaring the Lakers as 2009 -- 10 NBA World Champions . In November , Time Capsule Press published a book entitled Journey to the Ring : Behind the Scenes with the 2010 NBA Champions Lakers . The book , written by coach Jackson , featured various photographs from sports photographer Andrew D. Bernstein chronicling the Lakers 2009 -- 10 season en route to their triumph against the Celtics . The following season , Lakers again won 57 games , but were unable to earn the top seed this time . Nevertheless , they won the Pacific Division title for the fourth straight year . In the playoffs , however , they were swept in the Conference Semifinals by the eventual champions Dallas Mavericks . Head coach Phil Jackson , who already announced the season was to be his last , subsequently retired . It was the first time Jackson had been swept in a playoff series as coach . The Lakers as a team would decline in the years following Jackson 's retirement . In the 2011 -- 12 season , the Lakers under head coach Mike Brown made the playoffs with a 41 -- 25 record , but lost to the Thunder in the conference semifinals . The following offseason , the Lakers added perennial All - Stars Dwight Howard and Steve Nash , but they only managed a 45 -- 37 mark , and were swept by the San Antonio Spurs in the first round . The Lakers then missed the playoffs for the first time since 2005 , with Kobe Bryant playing only six games due to injuries . The Lakers would continue to decline to a franchise - worst 17 -- 65 in 2015 -- 16 , and as of the 2017 -- 18 season have not returned to the postseason . Bryant retired from the NBA in 2016 after 20 seasons with the Lakers . Celtics ( edit ) Peter May of ESPN Boston attributed Boston 's loss in the Finals to the lack of rebounding , especially in the last two games . The Celtics made key changes in the offseason , bringing in Shaquille O'Neal , a former Laker , and Jermaine O'Neal . The Celtics were at the top of the Eastern Conference during the All - Star break , but after trading Kendrick Perkins to the Oklahoma City Thunder , they sputtered to the third seed , yet still winning the Atlantic Division with 56 wins . In the playoffs , however , the Celtics could n't flick the switch this time , losing in the Conference Semifinals in five games to the eventual Eastern Conference champions Miami Heat , who added LeBron James and Chris Bosh to join Dwyane Wade . After another playoff loss to the Heat in the 2012 Eastern Conference Finals , this time in seven games , the Celtics began to rebuild . Ray Allen departed for the Heat in 2012 , eventually winning another championship in 2013 , while Paul Pierce and Kevin Garnett were traded to the Brooklyn Nets the following offseason . Also in the 2013 offseason , Doc Rivers took over as the Los Angeles Clippers head coach , and the last remaining piece of the `` Big Four '' , Rajon Rondo , was traded to the Dallas Mavericks early in the 2014 -- 15 season . Pierce would later sign with the Washington Wizards during the 2014 offseason . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Head , Jabber ( May 30 , 2010 ) . `` Lakers - Celtics Finals ' Preview : ' All That ' BUT Still The Usual ' All This ' '' . Bleacherreport.com . Retrieved April 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Flint , Joe ( June 18 , 2010 ) . `` Lakers - Celtics Game 7 draws almost 30 million viewers '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 29 , 2011 . 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Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 19 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) 2010 NBA Finals at ESPN 2010 NBA Finals at Basketball Reference NBA Finals Champions O'Brien Trophy Most Valuable Player Award Brown Trophy Championship ring Broadcasters Game sevens Droughts Streaks TV ratings 1940s 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Los Angeles Lakers 2009 -- 10 NBA champions 2 Fisher 4 Walton 5 Farmar 6 Morrison 7 Odom 12 Brown 16 Gasol 17 Bynum 18 Vujačić 21 Powell 24 Bryant ( Finals MVP ) 28 Mbenga 37 Artest Head coach Jackson Assistant coaches Hamblen Shaw Abdul - Jabbar Hodges Cleamons Person Regular season Playoffs Los Angeles Lakers Founded in 1947 Played in Minneapolis ( 1947 -- 1960 ) Based in Los Angeles , California Franchise Franchise Team history All - time roster Draft history Records Head coaches Seasons Current season Arenas Minneapolis Auditorium Minneapolis Armory Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena The Forum Staples Center G League affiliate South Bay Lakers Administration Jeanie , Jim , and Johnny Buss ( majority owners ) Anschutz Entertainment Group ( minority owner ) Ed Roski Jr. ( minority owner ) Patrick Soon - Shiong ( minority owner ) Magic Johnson ( President of Basketball Operations ) Rob Pelinka ( General manager ) Luke Walton ( Head coach ) Retired numbers 8 13 22 24 25 32 33 34 42 44 52 Chick Hearn ( Microphone ) Minneapolis Lakers Hall of Famers Mikan Mikkelsen Martin Lovellette Pollard Coach Kundla NBA Championships ( 16 ) 1949 1950 1952 1953 1954 1972 1980 1982 1985 1988 2000 2001 2002 2009 Western Conference Championships ( 31 ) 1949 1950 1952 1953 1954 1959 1962 1963 1965 1966 1968 1969 1970 1972 1973 1980 1982 1984 1985 1988 1989 1991 2000 2001 2002 2008 2009 Rivalries Boston Celtics Detroit Pistons Los Angeles Clippers San Antonio Spurs Culture and lore Jack Kent Cooke Jerry Buss Showtime Chick Hearn Shaq -- Kobe feud Lawrence Tanter Jack Nicholson `` I Love L.A. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what did kobe average in the 2010 finals | [
"\n\n\nCategory\nHigh\nAverage\n\n\nLos Angeles Lakers\nBoston Celtics\nLos Angeles Lakers\nBoston Celtics\n\n\nPlayer\nTotal\nPlayer\nTotal\nPlayer\nAvg.\nPlayer\nAvg.\n\n\nPoints\n\nKobe Bryant\n38\nRay Allen\n32\n\nKobe Bryant\n28.6\nPaul Pierce\n18.0\n\n\nRebounds\n\nPau Gasol\n18\nRajon Rondo\n12\n\nPau Gasol\n11.6\nRajon Rondo\n6.3\n\n\nAssists\n\nPau Gasol\n9\nRajon Rondo\n10\n\nKobe Bryant\n3.9\nRajon Rondo\n7.6\n\n\nSteals\n\nRon Artest\n5\nKevin Garnett\n5\n\nKobe Bryant\n2.1\nRajon Rondo\n1.6\n\n\nBlocks\n\nAndrew Bynum\n7\nKevin Garnett\n4\n\nPau Gasol\n2.6\nKevin Garnett\n1.3\n"
] | [
"28.6"
] |
-7412084565860542376 | Battle of the Coral Sea | Battle of the Coral Sea - wikipedia Battle of the Coral Sea This article is about the battle . For the film , see Battle of the Coral Sea ( film ) . Battle of the Coral Sea Part of the Pacific Theater of World War II The American aircraft carrier USS Lexington explodes on 8 May 1942 , several hours after being damaged by a Japanese carrier air attack . Date 4 -- 8 May 1942 Location Coral Sea , between Australia , New Guinea , and the Solomon Islands Result Tactical Japanese victory Strategic Allied victory Belligerents United States Australia Japan Commanders and leaders Chester W. Nimitz Frank J. Fletcher Thomas C. Kinkaid Aubrey Fitch George Brett Douglas MacArthur John Crace Isoroku Yamamoto Shigeyoshi Inoue Takeo Takagi Kiyohide Shima Aritomo Gotō Chūichi Hara Sadamichi Kajioka Strength 2 fleet aircraft carriers , 9 cruisers , 13 destroyers , 2 oilers , 1 seaplane tender , 128 carrier aircraft . 2 fleet aircraft carriers , 1 light carrier , 9 cruisers , 15 destroyers , 5 minesweepers , 2 minelayers , 2 submarine chasers , 3 gunboats , 1 oil tanker , 1 seaplane tender , 12 transports , 127 carrier aircraft . Casualties and losses 1 fleet carrier scuttled , 1 destroyer sunk , 1 oiler sunk , 1 fleet carrier damaged , 69 aircraft destroyed . 656 killed 1 light carrier sunk , 1 destroyer sunk , 3 small warships sunk , 1 fleet carrier damaged , 1 destroyer damaged , 1 smaller warship damaged , 1 transport damaged , 92 aircraft destroyed . 966 killed Japanese offensives , 1940 -- 1942 French Indochina Thailand Malaya Borneo Pearl Harbor Hong Kong Philippines Guam Wake Dutch East Indies New Guinea Singapore Burma Australia Indian Ocean Solomons Coral Sea North America Pacific War Central Pacific Hawaii Marshalls - Gilberts raids Doolittle Raid Coral Sea Midway RY Solomons Gilberts & Marshalls Marianas & Palau Volcano & Ryukyu Truk Southeast Asia Indochina ( 1940 ) Indian Ocean ( 1940 -- 45 ) Philippines 1941 -- 42 Franco - Thai War Thailand Dutch East Indies Malaya Hong Kong Singapore Indochina ( 1945 ) Malacca Strait Jurist Tiderace Zipper Strategic bombing ( 1944 -- 45 ) Burma Burma ( 1941 -- 42 ) Burma ( 1942 -- 43 ) Burma ( 1944 ) Burma ( 1944 -- 45 ) Southwest Pacific Dutch East Indies 1941 -- 42 Portuguese Timor Australia New Guinea Philippines 1944 -- 45 Borneo 1945 North America Ellwood Aleutian Islands Estevan Point Lighthouse Fort Stevens Lookout Air Raids Fire balloon Project Hula PX Japan Air raids Mariana Islands Volcano & Ryukyu Is Tokyo Starvation Naval bombardments Yokosuka Sagami Bay Kure Downfall Hiroshima & Nagasaki Kurils Karafuto Japanese surrender Manchuria Kantokuen Manchuria ( 1945 ) Mutanchiang Sakhalin Island Kuril Islands Shumshu Second Sino - Japanese War New Guinea campaign 1942 Japanese seizure of Rabaul Japanese seizure of Lae and Salamaua Coral Sea Kokoda Track Milne Bay Goodenough Island Recapture of Buna -- Gona Lilliput 1943 Wau Bismarck Sea I - Go Recapture of Lae and Salamaua Cartwheel Finisterres Huon Peninsula Bougainville New Britain Reduction of Rabaul 1944 -- 45 Admiralties Emirau Take Ichi Hollandia Aitape Wakde Lone Tree Hill Biak Noemfoor Driniumor Sansapor Morotai Aitape -- Wewak The Battle of the Coral Sea , fought from 4 to 8 May 1942 , was a major naval battle between the Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) and naval and air forces from the United States and Australia , taking place in the Pacific Theatre of World War II . The battle is historically significant as the first action in which aircraft carriers engaged each other , as well as the first in which neither side 's ships sighted or fired directly upon the other . In an attempt to strengthen their defensive position in the South Pacific , the Japanese decided to invade and occupy Port Moresby ( in New Guinea ) and Tulagi ( in the southeastern Solomon Islands ) . The plan to accomplish this was called Operation MO , and involved several major units of Japan 's Combined Fleet . These included two fleet carriers and a light carrier to provide air cover for the invasion forces . It was under the overall command of Japanese Admiral Shigeyoshi Inoue . The U.S. learned of the Japanese plan through signals intelligence , and sent two United States Navy carrier task forces and a joint Australian - U.S. cruiser force to oppose the offensive . These were under the overall command of U.S. Admiral Frank J. Fletcher . On 3 -- 4 May , Japanese forces successfully invaded and occupied Tulagi , although several of their supporting warships were sunk or damaged in surprise attacks by aircraft from the U.S. fleet carrier Yorktown . Now aware of the presence of U.S. carriers in the area , the Japanese fleet carriers advanced towards the Coral Sea with the intention of locating and destroying the Allied naval forces . Beginning on 7 May , the carrier forces from the two sides engaged in airstrikes over two consecutive days . On the first day , the U.S. sank the Japanese light carrier Shōhō ; meanwhile , the Japanese sank a U.S. destroyer and heavily damaged a fleet oiler ( which was later scuttled ) . The next day , the Japanese fleet carrier Shōkaku was heavily damaged , the U.S. fleet carrier Lexington critically damaged ( and later scuttled ) , and Yorktown damaged . With both sides having suffered heavy losses in aircraft and carriers damaged or sunk , the two forces disengaged and retired from the battle area . Because of the loss of carrier air cover , Inoue recalled the Port Moresby invasion fleet , intending to try again later . Although a tactical victory for the Japanese in terms of ships sunk , the battle would prove to be a strategic victory for the Allies for several reasons . The battle marked the first time since the start of the war that a major Japanese advance had been checked by the Allies . More importantly , the Japanese fleet carriers Shōkaku and Zuikaku -- the former damaged and the latter with a depleted aircraft complement -- were unable to participate in the Battle of Midway the following month , while Yorktown did participate , ensuring a rough parity in aircraft between the two adversaries and contributing significantly to the U.S. victory in that battle . The severe losses in carriers at Midway prevented the Japanese from reattempting to invade Port Moresby from the ocean and helped prompt their ill - fated land offensive over the Kokoda trail . Two months later , the Allies took advantage of Japan 's resulting strategic vulnerability in the South Pacific and launched the Guadalcanal Campaign ; this , along with the New Guinea Campaign , eventually broke Japanese defenses in the South Pacific and was a significant contributing factor to Japan 's ultimate surrender in World War II . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Japanese expansion 1.2 Allied response 2 Battle 2.1 Prelude 2.2 Tulagi 2.3 Air searches and decisions 2.4 Carrier battle , first day 2.4. 1 Morning strikes 2.4. 2 Afternoon operations 2.5 Carrier battle , second day 2.5. 1 Attack on the Japanese carriers 2.5. 2 Attack on the U.S. carriers 2.5. 3 Recovery , reassessment and retreat 3 Aftermath 4 Significance 4.1 New type of naval warfare 4.2 Tactical and strategic implications 4.3 Midway 4.4 Situation in the South Pacific 5 Films 6 Documentaries 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Notes 8.2 Bibliography 8.3 Print 8.4 Online 9 Further reading 10 External links Background ( edit ) Japanese expansion ( edit ) On 7 December 1941 , using aircraft carriers , Japan attacked the U.S. Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor , Hawaii . The attack destroyed or crippled most of the Pacific Fleet 's battleships and brought the United States into the war . In launching this war , Japanese leaders sought to neutralize the U.S. fleet , seize territory rich in natural resources , and obtain strategic military bases to defend their far - flung empire . At the same time that they were attacking Pearl Harbor , the Japanese attacked Malaya , causing the United Kingdom , Australia , and New Zealand to join the United States in the war against Japan . In the words of the Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) Combined Fleet 's `` Secret Order Number One '' , dated 1 November 1941 , the goals of the initial Japanese campaigns in the impending war were to `` ( eject ) British and American strength from the Netherlands Indies and the Philippines , ( and ) to establish a policy of autonomous self - sufficiency and economic independence . '' Japanese advances in the Southwest Pacific from December 1941 to April 1942 To support these goals , during the first few months of 1942 , besides Malaya , Japanese forces attacked and successfully took control of the Philippines , Singapore , the Dutch East Indies , Wake Island , New Britain , the Gilbert Islands and Guam , inflicting heavy losses on opposing Allied land , naval and air forces . Japan planned to use these conquered territories to establish a perimeter defense for its empire from which it expected to employ attritional tactics to defeat or exhaust any Allied counterattacks . Shortly after the war began , Japan 's Naval General Staff recommended an invasion of Northern Australia to prevent Australia from being used as a base to threaten Japan 's perimeter defences in the South Pacific . The Imperial Japanese Army ( IJA ) rejected the recommendation , stating that it did not have the forces or shipping capacity available to conduct such an operation . At the same time , Vice Admiral Shigeyoshi Inoue , commander of the IJN 's Fourth Fleet ( also called the South Seas Force ) which consisted of most of the naval units in the South Pacific area , advocated the occupation of Tulagi in the southeastern Solomon Islands and Port Moresby in New Guinea , which would put Northern Australia within range of Japanese land - based aircraft . Inoue believed the capture and control of these locations would provide greater security and defensive depth for the major Japanese base at Rabaul on New Britain . The navy 's general staff and the IJA accepted Inoue 's proposal and promoted further operations , using these locations as supporting bases , to seize New Caledonia , Fiji , and Samoa and thereby cut the supply and communication lines between Australia and the United States . In April 1942 , the army and navy developed a plan that was titled Operation MO . The plan called for Port Moresby to be invaded from the sea and secured by 10 May . The plan also included the seizure of Tulagi on 2 -- 3 May , where the navy would establish a seaplane base for potential air operations against Allied territories and forces in the South Pacific and to provide a base for reconnaissance aircraft . Upon the completion of MO , the navy planned to initiate Operation RY , using ships released from MO , to seize Nauru and Ocean Island for their phosphate deposits on 15 May . Further operations against Fiji , Samoa and New Caledonia ( Operation FS ) were to be planned once MO and RY were completed . Because of a damaging air attack by Allied land - and carrier - based aircraft on Japanese naval forces invading the Lae - Salamaua area in New Guinea in March , Inoue requested Japan 's Combined Fleet send carriers to provide air cover for MO . Inoue was especially worried about Allied bombers stationed at air bases in Townsville and Cooktown , Australia , beyond the range of his own bombers , based at Rabaul and Lae . Shigeyoshi Inoue , commander of the Fourth Fleet of the Imperial Japanese Navy Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto , commander of the Combined Fleet , was concurrently planning an operation for June that he hoped would lure the U.S. Navy 's carriers , none of which had been damaged in the Pearl Harbor attack , into a decisive showdown in the central Pacific near Midway Atoll . In the meantime Yamamoto detached some of his large warships , including two fleet carriers , a light carrier , a cruiser division , and two destroyer divisions , to support MO , and placed Inoue in charge of the naval portion of the operation . Allied response ( edit ) Unknown to the Japanese , the U.S. Navy , led by the Communication Security Section of the Office of Naval Communications , had for several years enjoyed some success with penetrating Japanese communication ciphers and codes . By March 1942 , the U.S. was able to decipher up to 15 % of the IJN 's Ro or Naval Codebook D code ( called `` JN - 25B '' by the U.S. ) , which was used by the IJN for approximately half of its communications . By the end of April , the U.S. was reading up to 85 % of the signals broadcast in the Ro code . In March 1942 , the U.S. first noticed mention of the MO operation in intercepted messages . On 5 April , the U.S. intercepted an IJN message directing a carrier and other large warships to proceed to Inoue 's area of operations . On 13 April , the British deciphered an IJN message informing Inoue that the Fifth Carrier Division , consisting of the fleet carriers Shōkaku and Zuikaku , was en route to his command from Formosa via the main IJN base at Truk . The British passed the message to the U.S. , along with their conclusion that Port Moresby was the likely target of MO . Frank Jack Fletcher , commander of U.S. Task Force 17 Admiral Chester W. Nimitz , the new commander of U.S. forces in the Central Pacific , and his staff discussed the deciphered messages and agreed that the Japanese were likely initiating a major operation in the Southwest Pacific in early May with Port Moresby as the probable target . The Allies regarded Port Moresby as a key base for a planned counteroffensive , under General Douglas MacArthur , against Japanese forces in the South West Pacific area . Nimitz 's staff also concluded that the Japanese operation might include carrier raids on Allied bases in Samoa and at Suva . Nimitz , after consultation with Admiral Ernest King , Commander in Chief of the United States Fleet , decided to contest the Japanese operation by sending all four of the Pacific Fleet 's available aircraft carriers to the Coral Sea . By 27 April , further signals intelligence confirmed most of the details and targets of the MO and RY plans . On 29 April , Nimitz issued orders that sent his four carriers and their supporting warships towards the Coral Sea . Task Force 17 ( TF 17 ) , commanded by Rear Admiral Fletcher and consisting of the carrier Yorktown , escorted by three cruisers and four destroyers and supported by a replenishment group of two oilers and two destroyers , was already in the South Pacific , having departed Tongatabu on 27 April en route to the Coral Sea . TF 11 , commanded by Rear Admiral Aubrey Fitch and consisting of the carrier Lexington with two cruisers and five destroyers , was between Fiji and New Caledonia . TF 16 , commanded by Vice Admiral William F. Halsey and including the carriers Enterprise and Hornet , had just returned to Pearl Harbor from the Doolittle Raid in the central Pacific . TF16 immediately departed but would not reach the South Pacific in time to participate in the battle . Nimitz placed Fletcher in command of Allied naval forces in the South Pacific area until Halsey arrived with TF 16 . Although the Coral Sea area was under MacArthur 's command , Fletcher and Halsey were directed to continue to report to Nimitz while in the Coral Sea area , not to MacArthur . Based on intercepted radio traffic from TF 16 as it returned to Pearl Harbor , the Japanese assumed that all but one of the U.S. Navy 's carriers were in the central Pacific . The Japanese did not know the location of the remaining carrier , but did not expect a U.S. carrier response to MO until the operation was well under way . Battle ( edit ) Prelude ( edit ) Further information : Battle of the Coral Sea order of battle During late April , the Japanese submarines Ro - 33 and Ro - 34 reconnoitered the area where landings were planned . The submarines investigated Rossel Island and the Deboyne Group anchorage in the Louisiade Archipelago , Jomard Channel , and the route to Port Moresby from the east . They did not sight any Allied ships in the area and returned to Rabaul on 23 and 24 April respectively . The Japanese Port Moresby Invasion Force , commanded by Rear Admiral Kōsō Abe , included 11 transport ships carrying about 5,000 soldiers from the IJA 's South Seas Detachment plus approximately 500 troops from the 3rd Kure Special Naval Landing Force ( SNLF ) . Escorting the transports was the Port Moresby Attack Force with one light cruiser and six destroyers under the command of Rear Admiral Sadamichi Kajioka . Abe 's ships departed Rabaul for the 840 nmi ( 970 mi ; 1,560 km ) trip to Port Moresby on 4 May and were joined by Kajioka 's force the next day . The ships , proceeding at 8 kn ( 9.2 mph ; 15 km / h ) , planned to transit the Jomard Channel in the Louisiades to pass around the southern tip of New Guinea to arrive at Port Moresby by 10 May . The Allied garrison at Port Moresby numbered around 5,333 men , but only half of these were infantry and all were badly equipped and undertrained . Map of the battle , 3 -- 9 May , showing the movements of most of the major forces involved Leading the invasion of Tulagi was the Tulagi Invasion Force , commanded by Rear Admiral Kiyohide Shima , consisting of two minelayers , two destroyers , six minesweepers , two subchasers and a transport ship carrying about 400 troops from the 3rd Kure SNLF . Supporting the Tulagi force was the Covering Group with the light carrier Shōhō , four heavy cruisers , and one destroyer , commanded by Rear Admiral Aritomo Gotō . A separate Cover Force ( sometimes referred to as the Support Group ) , commanded by Rear Admiral Kuninori Marumo and consisting of two light cruisers , the seaplane tender Kamikawa Maru and three gunboats , joined the Covering Group in providing distant protection for the Tulagi invasion . Once Tulagi was secured on 3 or 4 May , the Covering Group and Cover Force were to reposition to help screen the Port Moresby invasion . Inoue directed the MO operation from the cruiser Kashima , with which he arrived at Rabaul from Truk on 4 May . Gotō 's force left Truk on 28 April , cut through the Solomons between Bougainville and Choiseul and took station near New Georgia Island . Marumo 's support group sortied from New Ireland on 29 April headed for Thousand Ships Bay , Santa Isabel Island , to establish a seaplane base on 2 May to support the Tulagi assault . Shima 's invasion force departed Rabaul on 30 April . The Carrier Strike Force , with the carriers Zuikaku and Shōkaku , two heavy cruisers , and six destroyers , sortied from Truk on 1 May . The strike force was commanded by Vice Admiral Takeo Takagi ( flag on cruiser Myōkō ) , with Rear Admiral Chūichi Hara , on Zuikaku , in tactical command of the carrier air forces . The Carrier Strike Force was to proceed down the eastern side of the Solomon Islands and enter the Coral Sea south of Guadalcanal . Once in the Coral Sea , the carriers were to provide air cover for the invasion forces , eliminate Allied air power at Port Moresby , and intercept and destroy any Allied naval forces which entered the Coral Sea in response . En route to the Coral Sea , Takagi 's carriers were to deliver nine Zero fighter aircraft to Rabaul . Bad weather during two attempts to make the delivery on 2 -- 3 May compelled the aircraft to return to the carriers , stationed 240 nmi ( 280 mi ; 440 km ) from Rabaul , and one of the Zeros was forced to ditch in the sea . In order to try to keep to the MO timetable , Takagi was forced to abandon the delivery mission after the second attempt and direct his force towards the Solomon Islands to refuel . To give advance warning of the approach of any Allied naval forces , the Japanese sent submarines I - 22 , I - 24 , I - 28 and I - 29 to form a scouting line in the ocean about 450 nmi ( 520 mi ; 830 km ) southwest of Guadalcanal . Fletcher 's forces had entered the Coral Sea area before the submarines took station , and the Japanese were therefore unaware of their presence . Another submarine , I - 21 , which was sent to scout around Nouméa , was attacked by Yorktown aircraft on 2 May . The submarine took no damage and apparently did not realize that it had been attacked by carrier aircraft . Ro - 33 and Ro - 34 were also deployed in an attempt to blockade Port Moresby , arriving off the town on 5 May . Neither submarine engaged any ships during the battle . Yorktown conducts aircraft operations in the Pacific sometime before the battle . A fleet oiler is in the near background . On the morning of 1 May , TF 17 and TF 11 united about 300 nmi ( 350 mi ; 560 km ) northwest of New Caledonia ( 16 ° 16 ′ S 162 ° 20 ′ E / 16.267 ° S 162.333 ° E / - 16.267 ; 162.333 ) . Fletcher immediately detached TF11 to refuel from the oiler Tippecanoe , while TF 17 refueled from Neosho . TF 17 completed refueling the next day , but TF 11 reported that they would not be finished fueling until 4 May . Fletcher elected to take TF 17 northwest towards the Louisiades and ordered TF 11 to meet TF 44 , which was en route from Sydney and Nouméa , on 4 May once refueling was complete . TF 44 was a joint Australia -- U.S. warship force under MacArthur 's command , led by Australian Rear Admiral John Crace and made up of the cruisers HMAS Australia , Hobart , and USS Chicago , along with three destroyers . Once it completed refueling TF 11 , Tippecanoe departed the Coral Sea to deliver its remaining fuel to Allied ships at Efate . Tulagi ( edit ) Further information : Invasion of Tulagi ( May 1942 ) Early on 3 May , Shima 's force arrived off Tulagi and began disembarking the naval troops to occupy the island . Tulagi was undefended : the small garrison of Australian commandos and a Royal Australian Air Force reconnaissance unit evacuated just before Shima 's arrival . The Japanese forces immediately began construction of a seaplane and communications base . Aircraft from Shōhō covered the landings until early afternoon , when Gotō 's force turned towards Bougainville to refuel in preparation to support the landings at Port Moresby . At 17 : 00 on 3 May , Fletcher was notified that the Japanese Tulagi invasion force had been sighted the day before , approaching the southern Solomons . Unknown to Fletcher , TF 11 completed refueling that morning ahead of schedule and was only 60 nmi ( 69 mi ; 110 km ) east of TF 17 , but was unable to communicate its status because of Fletcher 's orders to maintain radio silence . TF 17 changed course and proceeded at 27 kn ( 31 mph ; 50 km / h ) towards Guadalcanal to launch airstrikes against the Japanese forces at Tulagi the next morning . On 4 May , from a position 100 nmi ( 120 mi ; 190 km ) south of Guadalcanal ( 11 ° 10 ′ S 158 ° 49 ′ E / 11.167 ° S 158.817 ° E / - 11.167 ; 158.817 ) , a total of 60 aircraft from TF 17 launched three consecutive strikes against Shima 's forces off Tulagi . Yorktown 's aircraft surprised Shima 's ships and sank the destroyer Kikuzuki ( 09 ° 07 ′ S 160 ° 12 ′ E / 9.117 ° S 160.200 ° E / - 9.117 ; 160.200 ) and three of the minesweepers , damaged four other ships , and destroyed four seaplanes which were supporting the landings . The U.S. lost one torpedo bomber and two fighters in the strikes , but all of the aircrew were eventually rescued . After recovering its aircraft late in the evening of 4 May , TF 17 retired towards the south . In spite of the damage suffered in the carrier strikes , the Japanese continued construction of the seaplane base and began flying reconnaissance missions from Tulagi by 6 May . Takagi 's Carrier Striking Force was refueling 350 nmi ( 400 mi ; 650 km ) north of Tulagi when it received word of Fletcher 's strike on 4 May . Takagi terminated refueling , headed southeast , and sent scout planes to search east of the Solomons , believing that the U.S. carriers were in that area . Since no Allied ships were in that area , the search planes found nothing . Air searches and decisions ( edit ) At 08 : 16 on 5 May , TF 17 rendezvoused with TF 11 and TF 44 at a predetermined point 320 nmi ( 370 mi ; 590 km ) south of Guadalcanal ( 15 ° S 160 ° E / 15 ° S 160 ° E / - 15 ; 160 ) . At about the same time , four Grumman F4F Wildcat fighters from Yorktown intercepted a Kawanishi H6K reconnaissance flying boat from the Yokohama Air Group of the 25th Air Flotilla based at the Shortland Islands and shot it down 11 nmi ( 13 mi ; 20 km ) from TF 11 . The aircraft failed to send a report before it crashed , but when it did n't return to base the Japanese correctly assumed that it had been shot down by carrier aircraft . A message from Pearl Harbor notified Fletcher that radio intelligence deduced the Japanese planned to land their troops at Port Moresby on 10 May and their fleet carriers would likely be operating close to the invasion convoy . Armed with this information , Fletcher directed TF 17 to refuel from Neosho . After the refueling was completed on 6 May , he planned to take his forces north towards the Louisiades and do battle on 7 May . Zuikaku crewmen service aircraft on the carrier 's flight deck on 5 May In the meantime , Takagi 's carrier force steamed down the east side of the Solomons throughout the day on 5 May , turned west to pass south of San Cristobal ( Makira ) , and entered the Coral Sea after transiting between Guadalcanal and Rennell Island in the early morning hours of 6 May . Takagi commenced refueling his ships 180 nmi ( 210 mi ; 330 km ) west of Tulagi in preparation for the carrier battle he expected would take place the next day . On 6 May , Fletcher absorbed TF 11 and TF 44 into TF 17 . Believing the Japanese carriers were still well to the north near Bougainville , Fletcher continued to refuel . Reconnaissance patrols conducted from the U.S. carriers throughout the day failed to locate any of the Japanese naval forces , because they were located just beyond scouting range . At 10 : 00 , a Kawanishi reconnaissance flying boat from Tulagi sighted TF 17 and notified its headquarters . Takagi received the report at 10 : 50 . At that time , Takagi 's force was about 300 nmi ( 350 mi ; 560 km ) north of Fletcher , near the maximum range for his carrier aircraft . Takagi , whose ships were still refueling , was not yet ready to engage in battle . He concluded , based on the sighting report , TF 17 was heading south and increasing the range . Furthermore , Fletcher 's ships were under a large , low - hanging overcast which Takagi and Hara felt would make it difficult for their aircraft to find the U.S. carriers . Takagi detached his two carriers with two destroyers under Hara 's command to head towards TF 17 at 20 kn ( 23 mph ; 37 km / h ) in order to be in position to attack at first light the next day while the rest of his ships completed refueling . U.S. B - 17 bombers based in Australia and staging through Port Moresby attacked the approaching Port Moresby invasion forces , including Gotō 's warships , several times during the day on 6 May without success . MacArthur 's headquarters radioed Fletcher with reports of the attacks and the locations of the Japanese invasion forces . MacArthur 's fliers ' reports of seeing a carrier ( Shōhō ) about 425 nmi ( 489 mi ; 787 km ) northwest of TF17 further convinced Fletcher fleet carriers were accompanying the invasion force . Animated map of the battle , 6 -- 8 May At 18 : 00 , TF 17 completed fueling and Fletcher detached Neosho with a destroyer , Sims , to take station further south at a prearranged rendezvous ( 16 ° S 158 ° E / 16 ° S 158 ° E / - 16 ; 158 ) . TF 17 then turned to head northwest towards Rossel Island in the Louisiades . Unbeknownst to the two adversaries , their carriers were only 70 nmi ( 130 km ) away from each other by 20 : 00 that night . At 20 : 00 ( 13 ° 20 ′ S 157 ° 40 ′ E / 13.333 ° S 157.667 ° E / - 13.333 ; 157.667 ) , Hara reversed course to meet Takagi who completed refueling and was now heading in Hara 's direction . Late on 6 May or early on 7 May , Kamikawa Maru set up a seaplane base in the Deboyne Islands in order to help provide air support for the invasion forces as they approached Port Moresby . The rest of Marumo 's Cover Force then took station near the D'Entrecasteaux Islands to help screen Abe 's oncoming convoy . Carrier battle , first day ( edit ) Morning strikes ( edit ) At 06 : 25 on 7 May , TF 17 was 115 nmi ( 132 mi ; 213 km ) south of Rossel Island ( 13 ° 20 ′ S 154 ° 21 ′ E / 13.333 ° S 154.350 ° E / - 13.333 ; 154.350 ) . At this time , Fletcher sent Crace 's cruiser force , now designated Task Group 17.3 ( TG 17.3 ) , to block the Jomard Passage . Fletcher understood that Crace would be operating without air cover since TF 17 's carriers would be busy trying to locate and attack the Japanese carriers . Detaching Crace reduced the anti-aircraft defenses for Fletcher 's carriers . Nevertheless , Fletcher decided the risk was necessary to ensure the Japanese invasion forces could not slip through to Port Moresby while he engaged the carriers . Believing Takagi 's carrier force was somewhere north of him , in the vicinity of the Louisiades , beginning at 06 : 19 , Fletcher directed Yorktown to send 10 Douglas SBD Dauntless dive bombers as scouts to search that area . Hara in turn believed Fletcher was south of him and advised Takagi to send the aircraft to search that area . Takagi , approximately 300 nmi ( 350 mi ; 560 km ) east of Fletcher ( 13 ° 12 ′ S 158 ° 05 ′ E / 13.200 ° S 158.083 ° E / - 13.200 ; 158.083 ) , launched 12 Nakajima B5Ns at 06 : 00 to scout for TF 17 . Around the same time , Gotō 's cruisers Kinugasa and Furutaka launched four Kawanishi E7K2 Type 94 floatplanes to search southeast of the Louisiades . Augmenting their search were several floatplanes from Deboyne , four Kawanishi H6Ks from Tulagi , and three Mitsubishi G4M bombers from Rabaul . Each side readied the rest of its carrier attack aircraft to launch immediately once the enemy was located . Japanese carrier dive bombers head towards the reported position of U.S. carriers on 7 May . At 07 : 22 one of Takagi 's carrier scouts , from Shōkaku , reported U.S. ships bearing 182 ° ( just west of due south ) , 163 nmi ( 188 mi ; 302 km ) from Takagi . At 07 : 45 , the scout confirmed that it had located `` one carrier , one cruiser , and three destroyers '' . Another Shōkaku scout aircraft quickly confirmed the sighting . The Shōkaku aircraft actually sighted and misidentified the oiler Neosho and destroyer Sims , which had earlier been detailed away from the fleet to a southern rendezvous point . Believing that he had located the U.S. carriers , Hara , with Takagi 's concurrence , immediately launched all of his available aircraft . A total of 78 aircraft -- 18 Zero fighters , 36 Aichi D3A dive bombers , and 24 torpedo aircraft -- began launching from Shōkaku and Zuikaku at 08 : 00 and were on their way by 08 : 15 towards the reported sighting . At 08 : 20 , one of the Furutaka aircraft found Fletcher 's carriers and immediately reported it to Inoue 's headquarters at Rabaul , which passed the report on to Takagi . The sighting was confirmed by a Kinugasa floatplane at 08 : 30 . Takagi and Hara , confused by the conflicting sighting reports they were receiving , decided to continue with the strike on the ships to their south , but turned their carriers towards the northwest to close the distance with Furutaka 's reported contact . Takagi and Hara considered that the conflicting reports might mean that the U.S. carrier forces were operating in two separate groups . At 08 : 15 , a Yorktown SBD piloted by John L. Nielsen sighted Gotō 's force screening the invasion convoy . Nielsen , making an error in his coded message , reported the sighting as `` two carriers and four heavy cruisers '' at 10 ° 3 ′ S 152 ° 27 ′ E / 10.050 ° S 152.450 ° E / - 10.050 ; 152.450 , 225 nmi ( 259 mi ; 417 km ) northwest of TF17 . Fletcher concluded that the Japanese main carrier force was located and ordered the launch of all available carrier aircraft to attack . By 10 : 13 , the U.S. strike of 93 aircraft -- 18 Grumman F4F Wildcats , 53 Douglas SBD Dauntless dive bombers , and 22 Douglas TBD Devastator torpedo bombers -- was on its way . At 10 : 19 , Nielsen landed and discovered his coding error . Although Gotō 's force included the light carrier Shōhō , Nielsen thought that he saw two cruisers and four destroyers and thus the main fleet . At 10 : 12 , Fletcher received a report of an aircraft carrier , ten transports , and 16 warships 30 nmi ( 35 mi ; 56 km ) south of Nielsen 's sighting at 10 ° 35 ′ S 152 ° 36 ′ E / 10.583 ° S 152.600 ° E / - 10.583 ; 152.600 . The B - 17s actually saw the same thing as Nielsen : Shōhō , Gotō 's cruisers , plus the Port Moresby Invasion Force . Believing that the B - 17 's sighting was the main Japanese carrier force ( which was in fact well to the east ) , Fletcher directed the airborne strike force towards this target . Neosho ( upper center ) is left burning and slowly sinking at the completion of the Japanese dive bombing attack . At 09 : 15 , Takagi 's strike force reached its target area , sighted Neosho and Sims , and searched in vain for the U.S. carriers . Finally , at 10 : 51 Shōkaku scout aircrews realized they were mistaken in their identification of the oiler and destroyer as aircraft carriers . Takagi now realized the U.S. carriers were between him and the invasion convoy , placing the invasion forces in extreme danger . Takagi ordered his aircraft to immediately attack Neosho and Sims and then return to their carriers as quickly as possible . At 11 : 15 , the torpedo bombers and fighters abandoned the mission and headed back towards the carriers with their ordnance while the 36 dive bombers attacked the two U.S. ships . Four dive bombers attacked Sims and the rest dived on Neosho . The destroyer was hit by three bombs , broke in half , and sank immediately , killing all but 14 of her 192 - man crew . Neosho was hit by seven bombs . One of the dive bombers , hit by anti-aircraft fire , crashed into the oiler . Heavily damaged and without power , Neosho was left drifting and slowly sinking ( 16 ° 09 ′ S 158 ° 03 ′ E / 16.150 ° S 158.050 ° E / - 16.150 ; 158.050 ) . Before losing power , Neosho was able to notify Fletcher by radio that she was under attack and in trouble , but garbled any further details as to just who or what was attacking her and gave wrong coordinates ( 16 ° 25 ′ S 157 ° 31 ′ E / 16.417 ° S 157.517 ° E / - 16.417 ; 157.517 ) for its position . The U.S. strike aircraft sighted Shōhō a short distance northeast of Misima Island at 10 : 40 and deployed to attack . The Japanese carrier was protected by six Zeros and two Mitsubishi A5M fighters flying combat air patrol ( CAP ) , as the rest of the carrier 's aircraft were being prepared below decks for a strike against the U.S. carriers . Gotō 's cruisers surrounded the carrier in a diamond formation , 3,000 -- 5,000 yd ( 2,700 -- 4,600 m ) off each of Shōhō 's corners . Shōhō is bombed and torpedoed by U.S. carrier aircraft . Attacking first , Lexington 's air group , led by Commander William B. Ault , hit Shōhō with two 1,000 lb ( 450 kg ) bombs and five torpedoes , causing severe damage . At 11 : 00 , Yorktown 's air group attacked the burning and now almost stationary carrier , scoring with up to 11 more 1,000 lb ( 450 kg ) bombs and at least two torpedoes . Torn apart , Shōhō sank at 11 : 35 ( 10 ° 29 ′ S 152 ° 55 ′ E / 10.483 ° S 152.917 ° E / - 10.483 ; 152.917 ) . Fearing more air attacks , Gotō withdrew his warships to the north , but sent the destroyer Sazanami back at 14 : 00 to rescue survivors . Only 203 of the carrier 's 834 - man crew were recovered . Three U.S. aircraft were lost in the attack : two SBDs from Lexington and one from Yorktown . All of Shōhō 's aircraft complement of 18 was lost , but three of the CAP fighter pilots were able to ditch at Deboyne and survived . At 12 : 10 , using a prearranged message to signal TF 17 on the success of the mission , Lexington SBD pilot and squadron commander Robert E. Dixon radioed `` Scratch one flat top ! Signed Bob . '' Afternoon operations ( edit ) The U.S. aircraft returned and landed on their carriers by 13 : 38 . By 14 : 20 , the aircraft were rearmed and ready to launch against the Port Moresby Invasion Force or Gotō 's cruisers . Fletcher was concerned that the locations of the rest of the Japanese fleet carriers were still unknown . He was informed that Allied intelligence sources believed that up to four Japanese carriers might be supporting the MO operation . Fletcher concluded that by the time his scout aircraft found the remaining carriers it would be too late in the day to mount a strike . Thus , Fletcher decided to hold off on another strike this day and remain concealed under the thick overcast with fighters ready in defense . Fletcher turned TF 17 southwest . Apprised of the loss of Shōhō , Inoue ordered the invasion convoy to temporarily withdraw to the north and ordered Takagi , at this time located 225 nmi ( 259 mi ; 417 km ) east of TF 17 , to destroy the U.S. carrier forces . As the invasion convoy reversed course , it was bombed by eight U.S. Army B - 17s , but was not damaged . Gotō and Kajioka were told to assemble their ships south of Rossel Island for a night surface battle if the U.S. ships came within range . At 12 : 40 , a Deboyne - based seaplane sighted and reported Crace 's detached cruiser and destroyer force on a bearing of 175 ° , 78 nmi ( 90 mi ; 144 km ) from Deboyne . At 13 : 15 , an aircraft from Rabaul sighted Crace 's force but submitted an erroneous report , stating the force contained two carriers and was located , bearing 205 ° , 115 nmi ( 213 km ) from Deboyne . Based on these reports , Takagi , who was still awaiting the return of all of his aircraft from attacking Neosho , turned his carriers due west at 13 : 30 and advised Inoue at 15 : 00 that the U.S. carriers were at least 430 nmi ( 490 mi ; 800 km ) west of his location and that he would therefore be unable to attack them that day . HMAS Australia ( center ) and TG17. 3 under air attack on 7 May Inoue 's staff directed two groups of attack aircraft from Rabaul , already airborne since that morning , towards Crace 's reported position . The first group included 12 torpedo - armed G4M bombers and the second group comprised 19 Mitsubishi G3M land attack aircraft armed with bombs . Both groups found and attacked Crace 's ships at 14 : 30 and claimed to have sunk a `` California - type '' battleship and damaged another battleship and cruiser . In reality , Crace 's ships were undamaged and shot down four G4Ms . A short time later , three U.S. Army B - 17s mistakenly bombed Crace , but caused no damage . Crace at 15 : 26 radioed Fletcher he could not complete his mission without air support . Crace retired southward to a position about 220 nmi ( 250 mi ; 410 km ) southeast of Port Moresby to increase the range from Japanese carrier - or land - based aircraft while remaining close enough to intercept any Japanese naval forces advancing beyond the Louisiades through either the Jomard Passage or the China Strait . Crace 's ships were low on fuel , and as Fletcher was maintaining radio silence ( and had not informed him in advance ) , Crace had no idea of Fletcher 's location , status , or intentions . Shortly after 15 : 00 , Zuikaku monitored a message from a Deboyne - based reconnaissance aircraft reporting ( incorrectly ) Crace 's force altered course to 120 ° true ( southeast ) . Takagi 's staff assumed the aircraft was shadowing Fletcher 's carriers and determined if the Allied ships held that course , they would be within striking range shortly before nightfall . Takagi and Hara were determined to attack immediately with a select group of aircraft , minus fighter escort , even though it meant the strike would return after dark . To try to confirm the location of the U.S. carriers , at 15 : 15 Hara sent a flight of eight torpedo bombers as scouts to sweep 200 nmi ( 230 mi ; 370 km ) westward . About that same time , the dive bombers returned from their attack on Neosho and landed . Six of the weary dive bomber pilots were told they would be immediately departing on another mission . Choosing his most experienced crews , at 16 : 15 Hara launched 12 dive bombers and 15 torpedo planes with orders to fly on a heading of 277 ° to 280 nmi ( 320 mi ; 520 km ) . The eight scout aircraft reached the end of their 200 nmi ( 230 mi ; 370 km ) search leg and turned back without seeing Fletcher 's ships . At 17 : 47 , TF 17 -- operating under thick overcast 200 nmi ( 230 mi ; 370 km ) west of Takagi -- detected the Japanese strike on radar heading in their direction , turned southeast into the wind , and vectored 11 CAP Wildcats , including one piloted by James H. Flatley , to intercept . Taking the Japanese formation by surprise , the Wildcats shot down seven torpedo bombers and one dive bomber , and heavily damaged another torpedo bomber ( which later crashed ) , at a cost of three Wildcats lost . Having taken heavy losses in the attack , which also scattered their formations , the Japanese strike leaders canceled the mission after conferring by radio . The Japanese aircraft all jettisoned their ordnance and reversed course to return to their carriers . The sun set at 18 : 30 . Several of the Japanese dive bombers encountered the U.S. carriers in the darkness , around 19 : 00 , and briefly confused as to their identity , circled in preparation for landing before anti-aircraft fire from TF 17 's destroyers drove them away . By 20 : 00 , TF 17 and Takagi were about 100 nmi ( 120 mi ; 190 km ) apart . Takagi turned on his warships ' searchlights to help guide the 18 surviving aircraft back and all were recovered by 22 : 00 . In the meantime , at 15 : 18 and 17 : 18 Neosho was able to radio TF 17 she was drifting northwest in a sinking condition . Neosho 's 17 : 18 report gave wrong coordinates , which hampered subsequent U.S. rescue efforts to locate the oiler . More significantly , the news informed Fletcher his only nearby available fuel supply was gone . As nightfall ended aircraft operations for the day , Fletcher ordered TF 17 to head west and prepared to launch a 360 ° search at first light . Crace also turned west to stay within striking range of the Louisiades . Inoue directed Takagi to make sure he destroyed the U.S. carriers the next day , and postponed the Port Moresby landings to 12 May . Takagi elected to take his carriers 120 nmi ( 140 mi ; 220 km ) north during the night so he could concentrate his morning search to the west and south and ensure that his carriers could provide better protection for the invasion convoy . Gotō and Kajioka were unable to position and coordinate their ships in time to attempt a night attack on the Allied warships . Both sides expected to find each other early the next day , and spent the night preparing their strike aircraft for the anticipated battle as their exhausted aircrews attempted to get a few hours ' sleep . In 1972 , U.S. Vice Admiral H.S. Duckworth , after reading Japanese records of the battle , commented , `` Without a doubt , May 7 , 1942 , vicinity of Coral Sea , was the most confused battle area in world history . '' Hara later told Yamamoto 's chief of staff , Admiral Matome Ugaki , he was so frustrated with the `` poor luck '' the Japanese experienced on 7 May that he felt like quitting the navy . Carrier battle , second day ( edit ) Attack on the Japanese carriers ( edit ) Under overcast skies , an A6M Zero fighter leads the air group launch off the deck of Shōkaku the morning of 8 May . At 06 : 15 on 8 May , from a position 100 nmi ( 120 mi ; 190 km ) east of Rossel Island ( 10 ° 25 ′ S 154 ° 5 ′ E / 10.417 ° S 154.083 ° E / - 10.417 ; 154.083 ) , Hara launched seven torpedo bombers to search the area bearing 140 -- 230 ° , out to 250 nmi ( 290 mi ; 460 km ) from the Japanese carriers . Assisting in the search were three Kawanishi H6Ks from Tulagi and four G4M bombers from Rabaul . At 07 : 00 , the carrier striking force turned to the southwest and was joined by two of Gotō 's cruisers , Kinugasa and Furutaka , for additional screening support . The invasion convoy , Gotō , and Kajioka steered towards a rendezvous point 40 nmi ( 46 mi ; 74 km ) east of Woodlark Island to await the outcome of the carrier battle . During the night , the warm frontal zone with low clouds which had helped hide the U.S. carriers on 7 May moved north and east and now covered the Japanese carriers , limiting visibility to between 2 and 15 nmi ( 2.3 and 17.3 mi ; 3.7 and 27.8 km ) . At 06 : 35 , TF 17 -- operating under Fitch 's tactical control and positioned 180 nmi ( 210 mi ; 330 km ) southeast of the Lousiades , launched 18 SBDs to conduct a 360 ° search out to 200 nmi ( 230 mi ; 370 km ) . The skies over the U.S. carriers were mostly clear , with 17 nmi ( 20 mi ; 31 km ) visibility . At 08 : 20 , a Lexington SBD piloted by Joseph G. Smith spotted the Japanese carriers through a hole in the clouds and notified TF 17 . Two minutes later , a Shōkaku search plane commanded by Kenzō Kanno sighted TF 17 and notified Hara . The two forces were about 210 nmi ( 240 mi ; 390 km ) apart . Both sides raced to launch their strike aircraft . Yorktown ( foreground ) and Lexington turn to launch under clear skies on 8 May . At 09 : 15 , the Japanese carriers launched a combined strike of 18 fighters , 33 dive bombers , and 18 torpedo planes , commanded by Lieutenant Commander Kakuichi Takahashi . The U.S. carriers each launched a separate strike . Yorktown 's group consisted of six fighters , 24 dive bombers , and nine torpedo planes and was on its way by 09 : 15 . Lexington 's group of nine fighters , 15 dive bombers , and 12 torpedo planes was off at 09 : 25 . Both the U.S. and Japanese carrier warship forces turned to head directly for each other 's location at high speed in order to shorten the distance their aircraft would have to fly on their return legs . Yorktown 's dive bombers , led by William O. Burch , reached the Japanese carriers at 10 : 32 , and paused to allow the slower torpedo squadron to arrive so that they could conduct a simultaneous attack . At this time , Shōkaku and Zuikaku were about 10,000 yd ( 9,100 m ) apart , with Zuikaku hidden under a rain squall of low - hanging clouds . The two carriers were protected by 16 CAP Zero fighters . The Yorktown dive bombers commenced their attacks at 10 : 57 on Shōkaku and hit the radically maneuvering carrier with two 1,000 lb ( 450 kg ) bombs , tearing open the forecastle and causing heavy damage to the carrier 's flight and hangar decks . The Yorktown torpedo planes missed with all of their ordnance . Two U.S. dive bombers and two CAP Zeros were shot down during the attack . Shōkaku , at high speed and turning hard , has suffered bomb strikes and is afire . Lexington 's aircraft arrived and attacked at 11 : 30 . Two dive bombers attacked Shōkaku , hitting the carrier with one 1,000 lb ( 450 kg ) bomb , causing further damage . Two other dive bombers dove on Zuikaku , missing with their bombs . The rest of Lexington 's dive bombers were unable to find the Japanese carriers in the heavy clouds . Lexington 's TBDs missed Shōkaku with all 11 of their torpedoes . The 13 CAP Zeros on patrol at this time shot down three Wildcats . With her flight deck heavily damaged and 223 of her crew killed or wounded , Shōkaku was unable to conduct further aircraft operations . Her captain , Takatsugu Jōjima , requested permission from Takagi and Hara to withdraw from the battle , to which Takagi agreed . At 12 : 10 , Shōkaku , accompanied by two destroyers , retired to the northeast . Attack on the U.S. carriers ( edit ) At 10 : 55 , Lexington 's CXAM - 1 radar detected the inbound Japanese aircraft at a range of 68 nmi ( 78 mi ; 126 km ) and vectored nine Wildcats to intercept . Expecting the Japanese torpedo bombers to be at a much lower altitude than they actually were , six of the Wildcats were stationed too low , and thus missed the Japanese aircraft as they passed by overhead . Because of the heavy losses in aircraft suffered the night before , the Japanese could not execute a full torpedo attack on both carriers . Lieutenant Commander Shigekazu Shimazaki , commanding the Japanese torpedo planes , sent 14 to attack Lexington and four to attack Yorktown . A Wildcat shot down one and 8 patrolling Yorktown SBDs destroyed three more as the Japanese torpedo planes descended to take attack position . Four SBDs were shot down by Zeros escorting the torpedo planes . Lexington ( center right ) , afire and under heavy attack , in a photograph taken from a Japanese aircraft The Japanese attack began at 11 : 13 as the carriers , stationed 3,000 yd ( 2,700 m ) apart , and their escorts opened fire with anti-aircraft guns . The four torpedo planes which attacked Yorktown all missed . The remaining torpedo planes successfully employed a pincer attack on Lexington , which had a much larger turning radius than Yorktown , and , at 11 : 20 , hit her with two Type 91 torpedoes . The first torpedo buckled the port aviation gasoline stowage tanks . Undetected , gasoline vapors spread into surrounding compartments . The second torpedo ruptured the port water main , reducing water pressure to the three forward firerooms and forcing the associated boilers to be shut down . The ship could still make 24 kn ( 28 mph ; 44 km / h ) with her remaining boilers . Four of the Japanese torpedo planes were shot down by anti-aircraft fire . The 33 Japanese dive bombers circled to attack from upwind , and thus did not begin their dives from 14,000 ft ( 4,300 m ) until three to four minutes after the torpedo planes began their attacks . The 19 Shōkaku dive bombers , under Takahashi , lined up on Lexington while the remaining 14 , directed by Tamotsu Ema , targeted Yorktown . Escorting Zeros shielded Takahashi 's aircraft from four Lexington CAP Wildcats which attempted to intervene , but two Wildcats circling above Yorktown were able to disrupt Ema 's formation . Takahashi 's bombers damaged Lexington with two bomb hits and several near misses , causing fires which were contained by 12 : 33 . At 11 : 27 , Yorktown was hit in the centre of her flight deck by a single 250 kg ( 550 lb ) , semi-armour - piercing bomb which penetrated four decks before exploding , causing severe structural damage to an aviation storage room and killing or seriously wounding 66 men . Up to 12 near misses damaged Yorktown 's hull below the waterline . Two of the dive bombers were shot down by a CAP Wildcat during the attack . Tamotsu Ema , leader of the Zuikaku dive bombers that damaged Yorktown As the Japanese aircraft completed their attacks and began to withdraw , believing that they inflicted fatal damage to both carriers , they ran a gauntlet of CAP Wildcats and SBDs . In the ensuing aerial duels , three SBDs and three Wildcats for the U.S. , and three torpedo bombers , one dive bomber , and one Zero for the Japanese were downed . By 12 : 00 , the U.S. and Japanese strike groups were on their way back to their respective carriers . During their return , aircraft from the two adversaries passed each other in the air , resulting in more air - to - air altercations . Kanno 's and Takahashi 's aircraft were shot down , killing both of them . Recovery , reassessment and retreat ( edit ) The strike forces , with many damaged aircraft , reached and landed on their respective carriers between 12 : 50 and 14 : 30 . In spite of damage , Yorktown and Lexington were both able to recover aircraft from their returning air groups . During recovery operations , for various reasons the U.S. lost an additional five SBDs , two TBDs , and a Wildcat , and the Japanese lost two Zeros , five dive bombers , and one torpedo plane . Forty - six of the original 69 aircraft from the Japanese strike force returned from the mission and landed on Zuikaku . Of these , three more Zeros , four dive bombers and five torpedo planes were judged damaged beyond repair and were immediately jettisoned into the sea . As TF 17 recovered its aircraft , Fletcher assessed the situation . The returning aviators reported they heavily damaged one carrier , but that another had escaped damage . Fletcher noted that both his carriers were hurt and that his air groups had suffered high fighter losses . Fuel was also a concern due to the loss of Neosho . At 14 : 22 , Fitch notified Fletcher that he had reports of two undamaged Japanese carriers and that this was supported by radio intercepts . Believing that he faced overwhelming Japanese carrier superiority , Fletcher elected to withdraw TF17 from the battle . Fletcher radioed MacArthur the approximate position of the Japanese carriers and suggested that he attack with his land - based bombers . Around 14 : 30 , Hara informed Takagi that only 24 Zeros , eight dive bombers , and four torpedo planes from the carriers were currently operational . Takagi was worried about his ships ' fuel levels ; his cruisers were at 50 % and some of his destroyers were as low as 20 % . At 15 : 00 , Takagi notified Inoue his fliers had sunk two U.S. carriers -- Yorktown and a `` Saratoga - class '' -- but heavy losses in aircraft meant he could not continue to provide air cover for the invasion . Inoue , whose reconnaissance aircraft sighted Crace 's ships earlier that day , recalled the invasion convoy to Rabaul , postponed MO to 3 July , and ordered his forces to assemble northeast of the Solomons to begin the RY operation . Zuikaku and her escorts turned towards Rabaul while Shōkaku headed for Japan . Lexington , burning and abandoned Aboard Lexington , damage control parties put out the fires and restored her to operational condition , but at 12 : 47 , sparks from unattended electric motors ignited gasoline fumes near the ship 's central control station . The resulting explosion killed 25 men and started a large fire . Around 14 : 42 , another large explosion occurred , starting a second severe fire . A third explosion occurred at 15 : 25 and at 15 : 38 the ship 's crew reported the fires as uncontrollable . Lexington 's crew began abandoning ship at 17 : 07 . After the carrier 's survivors were rescued , including Admiral Fitch and the ship 's captain , Frederick C. Sherman , at 19 : 15 the destroyer Phelps fired five torpedoes into the burning ship , which sank in 2,400 fathoms at 19 : 52 ( 15 ° 15 ′ S 155 ° 35 ′ E / 15.250 ° S 155.583 ° E / - 15.250 ; 155.583 ) . Two hundred and sixteen of the carrier 's 2,951 - man crew went down with the ship , along with 36 aircraft . Phelps and the other assisting warships left immediately to rejoin Yorktown and her escorts , which departed at 16 : 01 , and TF17 retired to the southwest . Later that evening , MacArthur informed Fletcher that eight of his B - 17s had attacked the invasion convoy and that it was retiring to the northwest . That evening , Crace detached Hobart , which was critically low on fuel , and the destroyer Walke , which was having engine trouble , to proceed to Townsville . Crace overheard radio reports saying the enemy invasion convoy had turned back , but , unaware Fletcher had withdrawn , he remained on patrol with the rest of TG17. 3 in the Coral Sea in case the Japanese invasion force resumed its advance towards Port Moresby . Aftermath ( edit ) On 9 May , TF 17 altered course to the east and proceeded out of the Coral Sea via a route south of New Caledonia . Nimitz ordered Fletcher to return Yorktown to Pearl Harbor as soon as possible after refueling at Tongatabu . During the day , U.S. Army bombers attacked Deboyne and Kamikawa Maru , inflicting unknown damage . In the meantime , having heard nothing from Fletcher , Crace deduced that TF17 had departed the area . At 01 : 00 on 10 May , hearing no further reports of Japanese ships advancing towards Port Moresby , Crace turned towards Australia and arrived at Cid Harbor , 130 nmi ( 150 mi ; 240 km ) south of Townsville , on 11 May . At 22 : 00 on 8 May , Yamamoto ordered Inoue to turn his forces around , destroy the remaining Allied warships , and complete the invasion of Port Moresby . Inoue did not cancel the recall of the invasion convoy , but ordered Takagi and Gotō to pursue the remaining Allied warship forces in the Coral Sea . Critically low on fuel , Takagi 's warships spent most of 9 May refueling from the fleet oiler Tōhō Maru . Late in the evening of 9 May , Takagi and Gotō headed southeast , then southwest into the Coral Sea . Seaplanes from Deboyne assisted Takagi in searching for TF 17 on the morning of 10 May . Fletcher and Crace were already well on their way out of the area . At 13 : 00 on 10 May , Takagi concluded that the enemy was gone and decided to turn back towards Rabaul . Yamamoto concurred with Takagi 's decision and ordered Zuikaku to return to Japan to replenish her air groups . At the same time , Kamikawa Maru packed up and departed Deboyne . At noon on 11 May , a U.S. Navy PBY on patrol from Nouméa sighted the drifting Neosho ( 15 ° 35 ′ S 155 ° 36 ′ E / 15.583 ° S 155.600 ° E / - 15.583 ; 155.600 ) . The U.S. destroyer Henley responded and rescued 109 Neosho and 14 Sims survivors later that day , then scuttled the tanker with gunfire . On 10 May , Operation RY commenced . After the operation 's flagship , minelayer Okinoshima , was sunk by the U.S. submarine S - 42 on 12 May ( 05 ° 06 ′ S 153 ° 48 ′ E / 5.100 ° S 153.800 ° E / - 5.100 ; 153.800 ) , the landings were postponed until 17 May . In the meantime , Halsey 's TF 16 reached the South Pacific near Efate and , on 13 May , headed north to contest the Japanese approach to Nauru and Ocean Island . On 14 May , Nimitz , having obtained intelligence concerning the Combined Fleet 's upcoming operation against Midway , ordered Halsey to make sure that Japanese scout aircraft sighted his ships the next day , after which he was to return to Pearl Harbor immediately . At 10 : 15 on 15 May , a Kawanishi reconnaissance aircraft from Tulagi sighted TF 16 445 nmi ( 512 mi ; 824 km ) east of the Solomons . Halsey 's feint worked . Fearing a carrier air attack on his exposed invasion forces , Inoue immediately canceled RY and ordered his ships back to Rabaul and Truk . On 19 May , TF 16 -- which returned to the Efate area to refuel -- turned towards Pearl Harbor and arrived there on 26 May . Yorktown reached Pearl the following day . Bomb damage to Shōkaku 's bow and forward flight deck Shōkaku reached Kure , Japan , on 17 May , almost capsizing en route during a storm due to her battle damage . Zuikaku arrived at Kure on 21 May , having made a brief stop at Truk on 15 May . Acting on signals intelligence , the U.S. placed eight submarines along the projected route of the carriers ' return paths to Japan , but the submarines were not able to make any attacks . Japan 's Naval General Staff estimated that it would take two to three months to repair Shōkaku and replenish the carriers ' air groups . Thus , both carriers would be unable to participate in Yamamoto 's upcoming Midway operation . The two carriers rejoined the Combined Fleet on 14 July and were key participants in subsequent carrier battles against U.S. forces . The five I - class submarines supporting the MO operation were retasked to support an attack on Sydney Harbour three weeks later as part of a campaign to disrupt Allied supply lines . En route to Truk the submarine I - 28 was torpedoed on 17 May by the U.S. submarine Tautog and sunk with all hands . Significance ( edit ) New Type of Naval warfare ( edit ) The battle was the first naval engagement in history in which the participating ships never sighted or fired directly at each other . Instead , manned aircraft acted as the offensive artillery for the ships involved . Thus , the respective commanders were participating in a new type of warfare , carrier - versus - carrier , with which neither had any experience . In H.P. Willmot 's words , the commanders `` had to contend with uncertain and poor communications in situations in which the area of battle had grown far beyond that prescribed by past experience but in which speeds had increased to an even greater extent , thereby compressing decision - making time . '' Because of the greater speed with which decisions were required , the Japanese were at a disadvantage as Inoue was too far away at Rabaul to effectively direct his naval forces in real time , in contrast to Fletcher who was on - scene with his carriers . The Japanese admirals involved were often slow to communicate important information to one another . Research has examined how commanders ' choices affected the battle 's outcome . Two studies used mathematical models to estimate the impact of various alternatives . For example , suppose the U.S. carriers had chosen to sail separately ( though still nearby ) , rather than together . The models indicated the Americans would have suffered slightly less total damage , with one ship sunk but the other unharmed . However , the battle 's overall outcome would have been similar . By contrast , suppose one side had located its opponent early enough to launch a first strike , so that only the opponent 's survivors could have struck back . The modeling suggested striking first would have provided a decisive advantage , even more beneficial than having an extra carrier . The experienced Japanese carrier aircrews performed better than those of the U.S. , achieving greater results with an equivalent number of aircraft . The Japanese attack on the U.S. carriers on 8 May was better coordinated than the U.S. attack on the Japanese carriers . The Japanese suffered much higher losses to their carrier aircrews , losing ninety aircrew killed in the battle compared with thirty - five for the U.S. side . Japan 's cadre of highly skilled carrier aircrews with which it began the war were , in effect , irreplaceable because of an institutionalised limitation in its training programs and the absence of a pool of experienced reserves or advanced training programs for new airmen . Coral Sea started a trend which resulted in the irreparable attrition of Japan 's veteran carrier aircrews by the end of October 1942 . The U.S. did not perform as expected , but they learned from their mistakes in the battle and made improvements to their carrier tactics and equipment , including fighter tactics , strike coordination , torpedo bombers and defensive strategies , such as anti-aircraft artillery , which contributed to better results in later battles . Radar gave the U.S. a limited advantage in this battle , but its value to the U.S. Navy increased over time as the technology improved and the Allies learned how to employ it more effectively . Following the loss of Lexington , improved methods for containing aviation fuel and better damage control procedures were implemented by the U.S. Coordination between the Allied land - based air forces and the U.S. Navy was poor during this battle , but this too would improve over time . A 13 May 1942 editorial cartoon from the Japanese English - language newspaper Japan Times & Advertiser depicts a dejected Uncle Sam joining John Bull in erecting grave markers for Allied ships which Japan had sunk , or claimed to have sunk , at Coral Sea and elsewhere . Japanese and U.S. carriers faced off against each other again in the battles of Midway , the Eastern Solomons , and the Santa Cruz Islands in 1942 , and the Philippine Sea in 1944 . Each of these battles was strategically significant , to varying degrees , in deciding the course and ultimate outcome of the Pacific War . Tactical and strategic implications ( edit ) Both sides publicly claimed victory after the battle . In terms of ships lost , the Japanese won a tactical victory by sinking a U.S. fleet carrier , an oiler , and a destroyer -- 41,826 long tons ( 42,497 t ) -- versus a light carrier , a destroyer , and several smaller warships -- 19,000 long tons ( 19,000 t ) -- sunk by the U.S. side . Lexington represented , at that time , 25 % of U.S. carrier strength in the Pacific . The Japanese public was informed of the victory with overstatement of the U.S. damage and understatement of their own . In strategic terms , the Allies won because the seaborne invasion of Port Moresby was averted , lessening the threat to the supply lines between the U.S. and Australia . Although the withdrawal of Yorktown from the Coral Sea conceded the field , the Japanese were forced to abandon the operation that had initiated the Battle of Coral Sea in the first place . The battle marked the first time that a Japanese invasion force was turned back without achieving its objective , which greatly lifted the morale of the Allies after a series of defeats by the Japanese during the initial six months of the Pacific Theatre . Port Moresby was vital to Allied strategy and its garrison could well have been overwhelmed by the experienced Japanese invasion troops . The U.S. Navy also exaggerated the damage it inflicted , which was to cause the press to treat its reports of Midway with more caution . The results of the battle had a substantial effect on the strategic planning of both sides . Without a hold in New Guinea , the subsequent Allied advance , arduous though it was , would have been more difficult . For the Japanese , who focused on the tactical results , the battle was seen as merely a temporary setback . The results of the battle confirmed the low opinion held by the Japanese of U.S. fighting capability and supported their overconfident belief that future carrier operations against the U.S. were assured of success . Midway ( edit ) One of the most significant effects of the Coral Sea battle was the loss of Shōkaku and Zuikaku to Yamamoto for his planned battle in the air with the U.S. carriers at Midway ( Shōhō was to have been employed at Midway in a tactical role supporting the Japanese invasion ground forces ) . The Japanese believed that they sank two carriers in the Coral Sea , but this still left at least two more U.S. Navy carriers , Enterprise and Hornet , which could help defend Midway . The aircraft complement of the U.S. carriers was larger than that of their Japanese counterparts , which , when combined with the land - based aircraft at Midway , meant that the Combined Fleet no longer enjoyed a significant numerical aircraft superiority over the U.S. Navy for the impending battle . In fact , the U.S. would have three carriers to oppose Yamamoto at Midway , because , despite the damage the ship suffered during the Coral Sea battle , Yorktown was able to return to Hawaii . Although estimates were that the damage would take two weeks to repair , Yorktown put to sea only 48 hours after entering drydock at Pearl Harbor , which meant that she was available for the next confrontation with the Japanese . At Midway , Yorktown 's aircraft played crucial roles in sinking two Japanese fleet carriers . Yorktown also absorbed both Japanese aerial counterattacks at Midway which otherwise would have been directed at Enterprise and Hornet . Yorktown in drydock at Pearl Harbor on 29 May 1942 , shortly before departing for Midway In contrast to the strenuous efforts by the U.S. to employ the maximum forces available for Midway , the Japanese apparently did not even consider trying to include Zuikaku in the operation . No effort appears to have been made to combine the surviving Shōkaku aircrews with Zuikaku 's air groups or to quickly provide Zuikaku with replacement aircraft so she could participate with the rest of the Combined Fleet at Midway . Shōkaku herself was unable to conduct further aircraft operations , with her flight deck heavily damaged , and she required almost three months of repair in Japan . Historians H.P. Willmott , Jonathan Parshall , and Anthony Tully believe Yamamoto made a significant strategic error in his decision to support MO with strategic assets . Since Yamamoto had decided the decisive battle with the U.S. was to take place at Midway , he should not have diverted any of his important assets , especially fleet carriers , to a secondary operation like MO . Yamamoto 's decision meant Japanese naval forces were weakened just enough at both the Coral Sea and Midway battles to allow the Allies to defeat them in detail . Willmott adds , if either operation was important enough to commit fleet carriers , then all of the Japanese carriers should have been committed to each in order to ensure success . By committing crucial assets to MO , Yamamoto made the more important Midway operation dependent on the secondary operation 's success . Moreover , Yamamoto apparently missed the other implications of the Coral Sea battle : the unexpected appearance of U.S. carriers in exactly the right place and time to effectively contest the Japanese , and U.S. Navy carrier aircrews demonstrating sufficient skill and determination to do significant damage to the Japanese carrier forces . These would be repeated at Midway , and as a result , Japan lost four fleet carriers , the core of her naval offensive forces , and thereby lost the strategic initiative in the Pacific War . Parshall and Tully point out that , due to U.S. industrial strength , once Japan lost its numerical superiority in carrier forces as a result of Midway , Japan could never regain it . Parshall and Tully add , `` The Battle of the Coral Sea had provided the first hints that the Japanese high - water mark had been reached , but it was the Battle of Midway that put up the sign for all to see . '' Situation in the south Pacific ( edit ) The Australians and U.S. forces in Australia were initially disappointed with the outcome of the Battle of the Coral Sea , fearing the MO operation was the precursor to an invasion of the Australian mainland and the setback to Japan was only temporary . In a meeting held in late May , the Australian Advisory War Council described the battle 's result as `` rather disappointing '' given that the Allies had advance notice of Japanese intentions . General MacArthur provided Australian Prime Minister John Curtin with his assessment of the battle , stating that `` all the elements that have produced disaster in the Western Pacific since the beginning of the war '' were still present as Japanese forces could strike anywhere if supported by major elements of the IJN . Australian troops defending the approach to Port Moresby along the Kokoda Track in September 1942 Because of the severe losses in carriers at Midway , the Japanese were unable to support another attempt to invade Port Moresby from the sea , forcing Japan to try to take Port Moresby by land . Japan began its land offensive towards Port Moresby along the Kokoda Track on 21 July from Buna and Gona . By then , the Allies had reinforced New Guinea with additional troops ( primarily Australian ) starting with the Australian 14th Brigade which embarked at Townsville on 15 May . The added forces slowed , then eventually halted the Japanese advance towards Port Moresby in September 1942 , and defeated an attempt by the Japanese to overpower an Allied base at Milne Bay . In the meantime , the Allies learned in July that the Japanese had begun building an airfield on Guadalcanal . Operating from this base the Japanese would threaten the shipping supply routes to Australia . To prevent this from occurring , the U.S. chose Tulagi and nearby Guadalcanal as the target of their first offensive . The failure of the Japanese to take Port Moresby , and their defeat at Midway , had the effect of dangling their base at Tulagi and Guadalcanal without effective protection from other Japanese bases . Tulagi and Guadalcanal were four hours flying time from Rabaul , the nearest large Japanese base . Three months later , on 7 August 1942 , 11,000 United States Marines landed on Guadalcanal , and 3,000 U.S. Marines landed on Tulagi and nearby islands . The Japanese troops on Tulagi and nearby islands were outnumbered and killed almost to the last man in the Battle of Tulagi and Gavutu -- Tanambogo and the U.S. Marines on Guadalcanal captured an airfield under construction by the Japanese . Thus began the Guadalcanal and Solomon Islands campaigns that resulted in a series of attritional , combined - arms battles between Allied and Japanese forces over the next year which , in tandem with the New Guinea campaign , eventually neutralized Japanese defenses in the South Pacific , inflicted irreparable losses on the Japanese military -- especially its navy -- and contributed significantly to the Allies ' eventual victory over Japan . The delay in the advance of Japanese forces also allowed the Marine Corps to land on Funafuti on 2 October 1942 , with a Naval Construction Battalion ( Seabees ) building airfields on three of the atolls of Tuvalu from which USAAF B - 24 Liberator bombers of the Seventh Air Force operated . The atolls of Tuvalu acted as a staging post during the preparation for the Battle of Tarawa and the Battle of Makin that commenced on 20 November 1943 , which was the implementation of Operation Galvanic . Films ( edit ) Battle of the Coral Sea ( 1959 ) Documentaries ( edit ) Crusade in the Pacific , Episode 5 : The Navy Holds : 1942 ( 13m : 30s - 19 : 37 ) , a segment of an episode from a TV documentary series aired originally in 1951 and made from the theatrical releases of Movietone News in 1942 . War in the Pacific , Part I : The Pacific in Eruption , an episode from another documentary but made from the same Movietone News newsreels of 1942 . Also available in DVD format . Battle of the Coral Sea -- Lest We Forget , online documentary released in 2010 . See also ( edit ) List of World War II battles List of orders of battle # World War II United States Navy in World War II Imperial Japanese Navy in World War II References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ US carrier aircraft numbers by ship the morning of 7 May : Lexington - 35 Douglas SBD Dauntless dive bombers , 12 Douglas TBD Devastator torpedo bombers , 19 Grumman F4F - 3 Wildcat fighters ; Yorktown - 35 SBD , 10 TBD , 17 F4F - 3 ( Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , p. 190 ) . Jump up ^ The smaller warships included 5 minesweepers , 2 minelayers , 2 subchasers , and 3 gunboats . Japanese carrier aircraft numbers by ship : Shōkaku - 21 Aichi D3A Type 99 `` kanbaku '' dive bombers , 19 Nakajima B5N Type 97 `` kankō '' torpedo bombers , 18 A6M2 Zero fighters ; Zuikaku - 21 kankō , 22 kanbaku , 20 Zeros ; Shōhō - 6 kankō , 4 Mitsubishi A5M Type 96 fighters , 8 Zeros ( Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , p. 188 ; Millot , p. 154 . ) Cressman ( p. 93 ) states Shōhō carried 13 fighters without specifying how many of which type . Lundstrom 's numbers are used in this article . Jump up ^ Wilmott ( 1983 ) , p. 286 ; Crave , p. 449 ; Gillison , pp. 518 -- 519 . Yorktown lost 16 and Lexington lost 51 aircraft , including 33 SBDs , 13 TBDs , and 21 F4Fs . One Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) PBY maritime patrol aircraft was lost on 4 May and another on 6 May ( Gillison ) . One B - 17 from the 40th Reconnaissance Squadron returning from a bombing mission ran out of fuel on 7 May and crashed and was destroyed . That loss is not recorded in the total aircraft lost . ( Salecker , p. 181 ) . Jump up ^ Carrier aircrew deaths were : Yorktown - 14 , Lexington - 21 . Warship crew deaths were : Lexington - 216 , Yorktown - 40 , Sims - 178 , Neosho - 175 , and Chicago - 2 ( Phillips ; ONI , pp. 25 -- 45 ) . The crews of the two RAAF PBYs totalled about 10 men . Jump up ^ Lundstrom , Guadalcanal Campaign , p. 92 ; Wilmott ( 1983 ) , p. 286 ; Millot , p. 160 . Breakdown of carrier aircraft losses : 19 Zeros , 19 kanbaku , and 31 kankō . Millot adds that 2 Kawanishi H6K maritime patrol , 5 Mitsubishi G4M ( Type 1 ) bombers , 3 smaller seaplanes , and 87 carrier aircraft were destroyed . Jump up ^ Breakdown of deaths : Carrier aircrew - 90 , Shōhō - 631 , Shōkaku - 108 , Tulagi invasion force - 87 , and approximately 50 killed in the destroyed H6K , Type 1 , and smaller seaplanes ( Peattie , pp. 174 -- 175 ; Gill , p. 44 ; Tully , `` IJN Shoho '' and `` IJN Shokaku '' ) . Jump up ^ Parker , p. 3 ; see also Millot , pp. 12 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Murray , pp. 169 -- 195 ; Willmott ( 1982 ) , p. 435 ; Willmott ( 2002 ) , pp. 3 -- 8 ; Millot , pp. 12 -- 13 ; Henry , p. 14 ; Morison , p. 6 . Jump up ^ United States Army Center of Military History ( USACMH ) ( Vol II ) , p. 127 ; Parker , p. 5 ; Frank , pp. 21 -- 22 ; Willmott ( 1983 ) , pp. 52 -- 53 , Willmott ( 2002 ) , pp. 10 -- 13 ; Hayashi , pp. 42 -- 43 ; Dull , p. 122 -- 125 ; Millot , pp. 24 -- 27 ; D'Albas , pp. 92 -- 93 ; Henry , pp. 14 -- 15 ; Morison , p. 10 ; Parshall , pp. 27 -- 29 . The Senshi Sōshō does not mention Inoue 's role in the decision to invade Port Moresby , only stating it was a product of an agreement between the IJN and IJA in January 1942 ( Bullard , p. 49 ) . Jump up ^ Gill , p. 39 , Hoyt , pp. 8 -- 9 ; Willmott ( 1983 ) , p. 84 ; Willmott ( 2002 ) , pp. 12 -- 13 & 16 -- 17 ; Hayashi , pp. 42 -- 43 & 50 -- 51 ; Dull , pp. 122 -- 125 ; Millot , pp. 27 -- 31 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , p. 138 ; Bullard , p. 50 ; Parshall , pp. 27 -- 29 & 31 -- 32 . The IJA and IJN agreed to wait until the planned operation to occupy Midway and the Aleutians was completed before attacking Fiji and Samoa ( Hayashi , p. 50 ) . The Senshi Sōshō states IJN troops were also to seize Samarai Island to secure the China Strait through the Louisiades ( Bullard , p. 56 ) . Jump up ^ Jersey , p. 57 , Willmott ( 2002 ) , pp. 16 -- 17 , Dull , pp. 122 -- 124 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , pp. 121 -- 122 ; D'Albas , p. 94 ; Morison , p. 11 ; Parshall , pp. 57 -- 59 . The carrier Kaga was originally assigned to the MO operation . but was replaced by the 5th Carrier Division on 12 April after Inoue complained that one fleet carrier was not sufficient ( Lundstrom and Parshall ) . Jump up ^ Parker , pp. 20 -- 22 ; Willmott , ( 2002 ) , pp. 21 -- 22 ; Parshall , p. 60 . For unknown reasons , the IJN postponed making their scheduled change of the Ro code from 1 April to 1 to 27 May 1942 ( Wilmott , pp. 21 -- 22 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , p. 119 ) . The U.S. operated Fleet Radio Units in Washington , D.C. , Pearl Harbor and , with the Australians , at Melbourne ( Prados , pp. 300 -- 303 ) . Jump up ^ Prados , p. 301 Jump up ^ Parker , p. 24 ; Prados , pp. 302 -- 303 ; Hoyt , p. 7 ; Willmott ( 2002 ) , pp. 22 -- 25 ; Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , p. 167 ; Cressman , p. 83 ; Millot , pp. 31 -- 32 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , pp. 121 -- 122 , 125 , & 128 -- 129 ; Henry , pp. 14 -- 15 ; Holmes , pp. 69 -- 72 ; Morison , pp. 11 -- 13 ; Parshall , pp. 60 -- 61 ; Crave , p. 447 . The British radio interception station was at Colombo on Ceylon ( Lundstrom ) . The U.S. mistakenly believed ( in part due to erroneous transliteration of the characters of her name ) that Shōhō was a previously unknown fleet carrier , Ryūkaku , with 84 aircraft ( Holmes , p. 70 ) . A Japanese prisoner captured at the Battle of Midway informed the US of the correct reading of the carrier 's kanji and identified her as actually a light carrier ( Lundstrom and Morison , p. 11 ) . The Japanese apparently had not developed cipher codes for several of the islands in the Louisiade Archipelago and thus transmitted the island names in Katakana in the clear , making it easier for the U.S. to decipher the meaning of the messages ( Holmes , p. 65 ) . According to Parker ( pp. 22 -- 23 ) , MacArthur refused to believe the radio intelligence forecasts of the MO operation and did not acknowledge that the Japanese were attempting to invade Port Moresby until his reconnaissance aircraft actually sighted Japanese ships approaching the Louisiades and New Guinea in the first week of May . Jump up ^ Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , pp. 135 -- 153 , 163 -- 167 , Willmott ( 2002 ) , pp. 25 -- 26 ; Hoyt , pp. 15 -- 19 ; Cressman , pp. 83 -- 84 ; Millot , pp. 32 -- 34 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , pp. 126 -- 127 ; Henry , p. 15 . Lexington returned to Pearl Harbor on 26 March 1942 after operating in the Coral Sea with Yorktown and departed on 15 April to deliver 14 United States Marine Corps Brewster F2A fighters and pilots to Palmyra Atoll . After the delivery , on 18 April , TF 11 was ordered to head for Fiji and then towards New Caledonia to rendezvous with TF 17 ( Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , pp. 135 & 163 -- 166 ) . Halsey was to take command of all three task forces once TF 16 arrived in the Coral Sea area ( Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , p. 167 ) . TF 17 consisted of Yorktown , cruisers Astoria , Chester , and Portland , plus the destroyers Hammann , Anderson , Perkins , Morris , Russell , and Sims and oilers Neosho and Tippecanoe . Yorktown 's captain was Elliott Buckmaster . TF11 included the cruisers Minneapolis and New Orleans plus destroyers Phelps , Dewey , Aylwin , and Monaghan ( Wilmott 1983 , p. 189 ) . TF 16 departed Pearl Harbor on 30 April ( Lundstrom ) . Jump up ^ Willmott 1983 , pp. 185 -- 186 Jump up ^ Willmott ( 2002 ) , pp. 25 -- 26 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , p. 139 ; Spector , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Hashimoto ( 1954 ) , p. 54 ; Hackett and Kingsepp `` RO - 33 '' and `` RO - 34 '' . Jump up ^ Bullard , p. 65 , Hoyt , p. 8 , Dull , pp. 124 -- 125 ; D'Albas , p. 110 ; Gill , p. 42 ; Jersey , p. 58 ; Hayashi , pp. 50 -- 51 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , p. 138 ; Cressman , p. 93 ; D'Albas , p. 94 ; Bullard , p. 147 ; Rottman , p 84 . The South Seas Detachment was commanded by Major General Tomitarō Horii ( United States Army Center of Military History ( USACMH ) ( Vol 1 ) , p. 47 ) . Rottman states that the South Seas Detachment included 4,886 total troops including the 55th Infantry Group and 144th Infantry Regiment from the 55th Division , 47th Field Anti-Aircraft Battalion , and attached medical and water supply support units . Senshi Sōshō only lists nine transports by name ( Bullard , pp. 56 -- 57 ) . Jump up ^ McCarthy , pp. 82 , 112 ; Willmott ( 1983 ) , p. 143 . McCarthy does not give exact numbers , but states that 1,000 troops , including an infantry battalion , were at Port Moresby in December 1941 and that two more battalions arrived the next month . Willmott ( p. 143 ) states that 4,250 troops were delivered on 3 January 1942 , bringing the Port Moresby garrison to three infantry battalions , one field artillery battalion , and a battery of anti-aircraft guns . Jump up ^ USACMH ( Vol 1 ) , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Jersey , pp. 58 -- 60 ; Dull , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Millot , p. 37 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Hoyt , p. 7 , Dull , pp. 124 -- 125 ; Wilmott ( 2002 ) , p. 38 ; Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , p. 188 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , p. 143 . One of Shōhō 's Zeros ditched in the ocean on 2 May and the pilot , Tamura Shunichi , was killed . Lundstrom ( 2006 ) states that the seaplane base on Santa Isabel was at Thousand Ships Bay , not Rekata Bay ( p. 138 ) as reported in other sources . Jump up ^ Tully , `` IJN Shokaku '' ; Gill , pp. 40 -- 41 ; Dull , pp. 124 -- 125 ; Millot , pp. 31 & 150 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , p. 138 & 145 ; D'Albas , p. 94 ; Gillison , p. 526 ; Willmott ( 1983 ) , pp. 210 -- 211 . The Carrier Strike Force was originally tasked with conducting surprise air raids on Allied air bases at Coen , Cooktown , and Townsville , Australia , but the raids were later cancelled by Inoue as Takagi 's carriers approached the Solomons ( Lundstrom ) . Jump up ^ Wilmott ( 2002 ) , p. 38 -- 39 ; Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , p. 187 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , pp. 140 -- 145 . The nine Zeros were intended for the Tainan Air Group based at Vunakanau Airfield . Seven Nakajima B5N torpedo bombers accompanied the Zeros to return the pilots back to the carriers . The sources do not say whether the pilot in the ditched Zero was recovered . Jump up ^ Gill , p. 40 ; Wilmott ( 2002 ) , p. 39 ; Cressman , pp. 84 -- 86 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , pp. 139 & 144 ; Hashimoto ( 1954 ) , p. 54 ; Morison , p. 22 ; Hackett and Kingsepp `` RO - 33 '' and `` RO - 34 '' . Fletcher detached destroyers Anderson and Sims to look for the submarine . The two ships returned the next morning ( 3 May ) without making contact with the submarine ( Lundstrom 2006 , p. 144 ) . I - 27 , along with I - 21 , was assigned to scout around Nouméa during the MO operation ( Hackett , `` IJN Submarine I - 28 '' ) . Jump up ^ Morison , p. 20 Jump up ^ Office of Naval Intelligence ( ONL ) , p. 3 ; Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , p. 167 ; Cressman , p. 84 ; Woolridge , p. 37 ; Millot , pp. 41 -- 43 ; Pelvin ; Dull , p. 126 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , pp. 141 -- 144 . TF44 's destroyers were Perkins , Walke , and Farragut . Chicago and Perkins sortied from Nouméa , with the rest coming from Australia . TF44 was formerly known as the ANZAC Squadron and was assigned to MacArthur 's command , under US Rear Admiral Herbert Fairfax Leary ( Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , p. 133 ; Morison , p. 15 ; Gill , p. 34 ) . Crace was senior in time in rank to Fletcher , but the Australian Commonwealth Naval Board assented to a request from King that Allied naval carrier forces in the area operate under the command of a US flag officer ( Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , p. 133 ) . The two oilers carried a total of 153,000 barrels ( 24,300 m ) . TF11 and TF17 together burned about 11,400 barrels per day ( 1,810 m / d ) at normal cruising speed ( 15 kn ( 17 mph ; 28 km / h ) ) ( Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , p. 135 ) . The destroyer Worden accompanied Tippecanoe to Efate ( ONI , p. 11 ) . Jump up ^ Jersey , p. 60 ; Wilmott ( 2002 ) , p. 38 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , pp. 144 -- 145 ; D'Albas , pp. 95 -- 96 ; Hata , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , p. 168 ; Dull , pp. 126 -- 127 ; Jersey , p. 62 ; Cressman , p. 86 ; Gill , p. 43 ; Hoyt , p. 20 ; Parker , p. 27 ; Millot , pp. 43 -- 45 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , pp. 144 -- 146 . The order to maintain radio silence was to help conceal the presence of the forces from the enemy . Cressman states that Shima 's force was sighted by Australia - based US Army aircraft from Darwin , Glencurry , and Townsville ( Cressman , p. 84 ) , but Lundstrom says that the sighting was most likely by a coastwatcher in the Solomons . Morison ( p. 24 ) speculates that Fitch should have tried to inform Fletcher of his status via an aircraft - delivered message . Jump up ^ Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , pp. 146 -- 149 ; Brown , p. 62 , Hoyt , pp. 21 -- 31 ; Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , p. 168 -- 178 ; Jersey , p. 63 ; Cressman , p. 87 -- 94 ; Millot , pp. 45 -- 51 ; Dull , pp. 127 -- 128 ; Morison , pp. 25 -- 28 ; Nevitt , `` IJN Kikuzuki '' ; Hackett , `` IJN Seaplane Tender Kiyokawa Maru '' . Yorktown 's operational aircraft for this day 's action consisted of 18 F4F - 3 Wildcat fighters , 30 SBD - 3 dive bombers , and 12 TBD - 1 torpedo planes ( Lundstrom and Cressman ) . Jump up ^ Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , p. 147 ; D'Albas , p. 96 . US Army and RAAF aircraft sighted Gotō 's ships several times during 4 May . Gillison ( p. 518 ) states that an RAAF PBY , commanded by Flying Officer Nomran , which was shadowing Gotō , reported that it was under attack and disappeared . Jump up ^ Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , p. 178 -- 179 ; Wilmott ( 2002 ) , pp. 40 -- 41 ; Hoyt , p. 33 ; Cressman , pp. 93 -- 94 ; Woolridge , p. 37 ; Millot , pp. 51 -- 52 ; Dull , p. 128 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , p. 150 ; D'Albas , p. 96 ; Morison , pp. 28 -- 29 . Cressman states that the Kawanishi was from Tulagi but Lundstrom says that it was one of three flying from the Shortlands along with six from Tulagi ( Lundstrom 2006 , p. 150 ) . D'Albas says it was from Rabaul . Jump up ^ Wilmott ( 2002 ) , pp. 40 -- 41 ; Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , pp. 178 -- 179 ; Hoyt , p. 34 ; Cressman , pp. 94 -- 95 ; Hoehling , p. 39 ; Millot , pp. 52 -- 53 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , pp. 150 -- 153 . During the fueling , Yorktown transferred seven crewmembers with reassignment orders to Neosho . Four of them subsequently perished in the attack on the tanker ( Cressman , p. 94 -- 95 ) . Jump up ^ Wilmott ( 2002 ) , pp. 41 -- 42 ; Hoyt , pp. 33 -- 34 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , p. 139 ; Dull , pp. 127 -- 128 ; Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , p. 181 ; Cressman , p. 93 ; Millot , pp. 51 -- 53 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , pp. 147 & 152 -- 153 ; D'Albas , p. 96 ; Morison , p. 29 . Gotō refueled his cruisers from the oiler Irō near the Shortland Islands on 5 May ( Morison , p. 29 ) . Also this day , Inoue shifted the four I - class submarines deployed in the Coral Sea to a point 150 nmi ( 170 mi ; 280 km ) northeast of Australia . None of the four would be a factor in the battle ( Lundstrom 2006 , p. 150 ) . Since Takagi transited the Solomons during the night , the Nouméa - based US Navy PBYs did not sight him ( Lundstrom ) . Takagi 's oiler was Tōhō Maru ( Lundstrom ) . Jump up ^ Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , pp. 179 -- 181 ; Hoyt , p. 37 ; Cressman , pp. 84 & 94 -- 95 ; Millot , pp. 54 -- 55 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , p. 155 ; Morison , pp. 29 -- 31 . Fitch 's command was called Task Group 17.5 and included four destroyers as well as the carriers ; Grace 's command was redesignated as Task Group 17.3 , and the rest of the cruisers and destroyers ( Minneapolis , New Orleans , Astoria , Chester , Portland and five destroyers from Captain Alexander R. Early 's Destroyer Squadron One ) were designated Task Group 17.2 under Rear Admiral Thomas C. Kinkaid ( Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , p. 137 ) . Jump up ^ Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , pp. 181 -- 182 ; Hoyt , p. 35 ; Dull , p. 130 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , pp. 155 -- 156 . Jump up ^ Chicago Sun - Times newspaper article , 18 ( ? ) June 1942 , Chicagoan B - 17 pilot , William B. Campbell ( sic ) Actually William Haddock Campbell , Army Air Force B - 17 pilot . Reported out of Melbourne , Australia . Jump up ^ The B17s were from the 40th Reconnaissance Squadron . Salecker p. 179 ; Hoyt , p. 35 ; Millot , p. 55 ; Dull , p. 130 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , pp. 155 -- 157 ; D'Albas , p. 97 ; Morison , pp. 31 -- 32 ; Gillison , p. 519 . Three B - 17s from Port Moresby attacked Gōto 's ships at 10 : 30 ( Dull and Lundstrom , 2006 ) . Gotō 's ships were stationed about 90 nmi ( 100 mi ; 170 km ) northeast of Deboyne ( D'Albas ) to screen the left flank of Abe 's and Kajioka 's ships . Hackett ( `` HIJMS Furutaka '' ) states four B - 17s attacked Gotō 's cruisers as they refueled at the Shortlands , causing no damage . Shōhō provided a combat air patrol over the invasion convoy until sundown ( Morison , p. 32 ) . The B - 17s were from the 19th Bombardment Group ( Morison , p. 31 ) . Crave ( p. 448 ) and Gillison ( p. 523 ) state MacArthur 's reconnaissance B - 17s and B - 25s from the 90th Bombardment Squadron provided Fletcher with sightings of the Japanese invasion forces , including Gotō 's , on 4 -- 5 May but the US Navy , for unexplained reasons , has no record of having received these sighting reports . Gillison states that an RAAF reconnaissance PBY , commanded by Squadron Leader G.E. Hemsworth , was lost to enemy action near the Louisiades on 6 May . Jump up ^ Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , pp. 181 -- 182 ; Hoyt , p. 37 ; Cressman , pp. 94 -- 95 ; Millot , p 56 . Neosho was supposed to shuttle between two prearranged rendezvous points , `` Rye '' ( 16 ° S 158 ° E / 16 ° S 158 ° E / - 16 ; 158 ) and `` Corn '' ( 15 ° S 160 ° E / 15 ° S 160 ° E / - 15 ; 160 ) to be available to provide additional fuel to TF17 as needed ( Cressman , p. 94 and Morison , p. 33 ) . Jump up ^ Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , p. 181 ; Hoyt , p. 35 ; Millot , p. 57 ; Dull , p. 130 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , pp. 154 & 157 ; Bullard , p. 62 ; Morison , pp. 31 -- 32 . Lundstrom states there was another ship with Kamikawa Maru which helped set up the Deboyne base but does not identify the ship ( Lundstrom 2006 , p. 154 ) . Jump up ^ Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , pp. 189 -- 190 & 206 -- 209 ; Hoyt , pp. 51 -- 52 ; Cressman , p. 94 ; Millot , pp. 62 -- 63 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , pp. 161 -- 162 ; Henry , p. 50 ; Morison , p. 37 . At this time , TG17. 3 consisted of cruisers Chicago , Australia , and Hobart and destroyers Walke , Perkins , and Farragut . Farragut was detached from TF17 's screen ( Millot and Morison ) . Jump up ^ Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , pp. 189 -- 190 ; Hoyt , pp. 37 -- 38 & 53 ; Millot , pp. 57 -- 58 & 63 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , pp. 159 & 165 -- 166 ; Morison , pp. 33 -- 34 . At this time TF17 had 128 and Takagi 111 operational aircraft ( Lundstrom 2006 , p. 159 ) . Also this day , Inoue ordered the four I - class submarines to deploy further south to intercept any Allied ships returning to Australia following the impending battle ( Lundstrom 2006 , p. 159 ) . Jump up ^ Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , p. 190 ; Cressman , p. 95 ; Dull , p. 130 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , pp. 190 -- 191 ; Hoyt , p. 38 ; Cressman , p. 95 ; Millot , pp. 58 -- 59 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , p. 166 . Shigekazu Shimazaki led Zuikaku 's torpedo bombers in this attack . Jump up ^ Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , pp. 192 -- 193 ; Cressman , p. 95 ; Millot , p. 59 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , pp. 166 -- 167 ; Werneth , p. 67 . Cressman reports that a scout SBD piloted by John L. Nielsen shot down an Aichi E13A from Deboyne , killing its crew including plane commander Eiichi Ogata . Another SBD , piloted by Lavell M. Bigelow , destroyed an E13 from Furutaka commanded by Chuichi Matsumoto . Jump up ^ Bullard , p. 63 Jump up ^ Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , p. 193 ; Hoyt , p. 53 ; Cressman , p. 95 ; Dull , p. 131 ; Millot , pp. 66 -- 69 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , pp. 163 -- 164 ; Henry , p. 54 ; Morison , p. 40 . The SBD 's coding system was a board with pegs and holes to allow for rapid transmission of coded ship types . In Nielsen 's case , the board was apparently not aligned properly ( Cressman ) . Many of the sources are not completely clear on who exactly Nielsen spotted . Dull says he spotted the `` Close Cover Force '' . Gotō 's unit was called the `` Distant Cover Force '' or `` Covering Group '' and Marumo 's was called the `` Cover Force '' or `` Support Group '' . Millot and Morison state that Nielsen sighted `` Marushige 's '' cruisers , not Gotō 's . Marushige is presumably Marumo 's cruiser force . Lundstrom ( 2006 ) states that Nielsen sighted Gotō . Jump up ^ Salecker , pp. 179 -- 180 ; Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , pp. 193 -- 196 ; Hoyt , pp. 53 -- 54 ; Cressman , pp. 95 -- 96 ; Millot , pp. 66 -- 69 ; Dull , pp. 131 -- 132 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , pp. 165 -- 167 ; Henry , p. 54 ; Morison , pp. 40 -- 41 . Lundstrom says the B - 17 sighting was 30 mi ( 30 mi ; 48 km ) from the cruisers but Cressman says 60 nmi ( 69 mi ; 110 km ) . USACMH ( Vol 1 ) ( p. 47 ) states that 10 B - 17s were involved . At 11 : 00 , TF17 's combat air patrol ( CAP ) shot down a Kawanishi Type 97 from Tulagi ( Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , pp. 196 -- 197 , Lundstrom 2006 , p. 168 ) . Ten F4Fs , 28 SBDs , and 12 TBDs were from Lexington and eight F4F , 25 SBD , and 10 TBD were from Yorktown ( Cressman and Lundstrom 2006 ) . The Kinugasa floatplane reported the launch of the US strike force ( Lundstrom 2006 , p. 167 ) . The three B - 17s , after making their sighting report , bombed the Kamikawa Maru at Deboyne but caused only minor damage ( Lundstrom 2006 , p. 166 ) . Jump up ^ A Shōkaku torpedo plane which ditched at Indispensable Reefs on 7 May 1942 , photographed on 9 June Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , pp. 205 -- 206 ; Hoyt , pp. 38 -- 39 ; Cressman , p. 95 ; Millot , pp. 60 -- 61 ; Dull , pp. 130 -- 131 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , p. 167 . The two Shōkaku scout aircraft , which lingered over the target area trying to assist the strike force in locating the U.S. ships , did not have sufficient fuel to return to their carrier and ditched on the Indispensable Reefs ( see photo at right ) . The two crews were rescued by a Japanese destroyer , perhaps Ariake ( Cressman , p. 92 ) , on 7 May . Ariake sighted the two unrecovered Yorktown airmen from the Tulagi strike floating off Guadalcanal , but did not attempt to capture or kill them ( Cressman , p. 92 ) . Jump up ^ ONI , p. 19 ; Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , pp. 205 -- 206 ; Hoyt , pp. 38 -- 50 , 71 , 218 & 221 ; Cressman , p. 95 ; Hoehling , p. 43 ; Millot , pp. 60 -- 62 & 71 ; Dull , pp. 130 -- 131 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , pp. 164 -- 167 ; Morison , pp. 34 -- 35 . Several sources , including Hoyt , Millot , and Morison state that Neosho was attacked first by one , then three or more horizontal bombers around 09 : 05 before the main Japanese strike . Several Japanese torpedo aircraft dropped target designators near the oiler while the main strike force approached ( Lundstrom 2006 , p. 167 ) . The dive bomber which crashed into Neosho was piloted by Petty Officer Second Class Shigeo Ishizuka with Petty Officer Third Class Masayoshi Kawazoe as the rear gunner / observer ( Werneth , p. 66 ) . Both were killed . Sixteen survivors from Sims were taken aboard Neosho , but one died soon after and another died after rescue four days later . The captain of Sims , Willford Hyman , was killed in the attack . One of Neosho 's crewmen , Oscar V. Peterson , was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his efforts to save the ship in spite of severe and ultimately fatal injuries suffered during the attack . At the time of the attack , Neosho 's crew numbered 288 officers and men . Twenty are known to have died in the attack . A post-attack muster counted 110 personnel . The remaining 158 crewmen ( including four officers ) panicked and abandoned ship during or shortly after the attack . Of the men who abandoned ship , only four were eventually recovered ; the rest died or vanished ( ONI , pp. 48 -- 53 ; Phillips , Hoyt , p. 130 & 192 -- 193 ; Morison , pp. 35 -- 37 ) . Jump up ^ Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , pp. 197 -- 198 ( says 1,500 yd ( 1,400 m ) for the cruisers with Shōhō ) ; Hoyt , pp. 54 -- 55 ; Cressman , pp. 96 -- 97 ; Millot , p. 69 ; Dull , p. 132 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , pp. 168 -- 169 ; Henry , pp. 54 -- 56 . Shōhō was preparing a strike of five torpedo planes and three Zeros belowdecks when the U.S. attack occurred . Three fighters - one Zero and two Type - 96s - were aloft at the beginning of the attack , and three more - all Zeros - were launched as the attack commenced . Senshi Sōshō , Japan 's War Ministry 's official history , apparently specifies that Gotō 's cruisers were 3,000 to 5,000 yards ( 2,743 to 4,572 m ) away in order to warn the carrier of incoming aircraft , not to provide anti-aircraft support ( Lundstrom 2006 , p. 169 and a privately made sketch from the Senshi Sōsho ) . Japanese carrier defense doctrine at that time relied on maneuvering and fighter defenses to avoid air attack instead of concentrated anti-aircraft fire from escorting warships ( Lundstrom ) . Jump up ^ Chart of bomb and torpedo hits on Shōhō Brown , p. 62 , Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , pp. 198 -- 206 ; Hoyt , pp. 55 -- 61 ; Tully , `` IJN Shoho '' ; Cressman , pp. 96 -- 98 ; Millot , pp. 69 -- 71 ; Dull , p. 132 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , pp. 168 -- 169 ; Hata , p. 59 ; Morison , pp. 41 -- 42 ; Willmott ( 2002 ) , p. 43 ; United States Strategic Bombing Survey , p. 57 . Two of the downed SBD crews , one each from Lexington and Yorktown , were rescued . The lost pilot was VS - 2 's executive officer , Edward H. Allen . Dixon 's phrase was quoted by Chicago Tribune war correspondent Stanley Johnston in a June 1942 article and subsequently requoted in most accounts of the Pacific War . Lexington 's commanding officer , Captain Frederick C. Sherman , credited Dixon , commanding officer of squadron VS - 2 , with coining the word `` flattop '' which became standard slang for an aircraft carrier . Of the 203 Shōhō crewmen rescued , 72 were wounded . Shōhō 's captain , Izawa Ishinosuke , survived . Sazanami was Shōhō 's plane guard destroyer . One Zero and two Type 96 fighters were shot down during the attack . The remaining three Zeros ditched at Deboyne . One of these was flown by Kenjiro Nōtomi , commander of Shōhō 's fighter group ( Lundstrom ) . Jump up ^ ONI , p. 17 ; Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , pp. 206 -- 207 ; Hoyt , p. 61 ; Cressman , pp. 96 -- 97 ; Millot , pp. 71 -- 72 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , p. 170 . US intelligence personnel at Pearl Harbor and with TF17 believed that Japanese carriers Kaga and Kasuga Maru ( Taiyō ) might also be involved with the MO operation ( Lundstrom 2006 , pp. 196 -- 197 ) . According to Prados ( p. 309 ) , the Japanese carriers ' aircraft homing signals were detected by Yorktown 's radio intelligence unit , led by Lieutenant Forrest R. Baird . Baird later stated that he pinpointed the location of Takagi 's carriers , but Fletcher disbelieved the intelligence after learning that Lexington 's unit , led by Lieutenant Commander Ransom Fullinwider , had not detected the homing signals ( Prados ) . Jump up ^ Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , pp. 207 -- 208 ; Dull , p. 132 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , p. 169 ; Gillison , p. 519 . Jump up ^ Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , pp. 207 -- 208 ; Hoyt , p. 65 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , p. 175 . Lieutenant Hideo Minematsu , commander of the Deboyne seaplane base , studied all the day 's sighting reports and worked out the true positions of Crace 's and Fletcher 's ships and notified his headquarters at 14 : 49 . Inoue 's staff appears to have ignored Minematsu 's report ( Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , p. 208 ) . Jump up ^ Salecker , pp. 180 -- 181 ; Gill , pp. 49 -- 50 ; Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , pp. 208 -- 209 ; Hoyt , pp. 66 -- 69 ; Tagaya , pp. 40 -- 41 ; Millot , pp. 63 -- 66 ; Pelvin ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , pp. 159 & 171 -- 174 ; Morison , pp. 38 -- 39 . The Type 1s , armed with Type 91 torpedoes , were from the IJN 's 4th Air Group ( 4th Kōkūtai ) and launched from Vunakanau airfield , Rabaul , at 09 : 15 escorted by 11 Zeros from the Tainan Air Group based at Lae , New Guinea ( Lundstrom 2006 , p. 171 ) . Perhaps low on fuel , the Zeros turned back to Lae shortly before the bombers attacked Crace 's ships . The Type 96s , each armed with a pair of 250 kg ( 550 lb ) bombs , were from the IJN 's Genzan Air Group and were originally assigned to bomb Port Moresby . All were operating as part of the 25th Air Flotilla under the command of Sadayoshi Yamada at Rabaul ( Millot ) . One of the destroyed Type 1s was commanded by the formation leader , Lieutenant Kuniharu Kobayashi , who was killed . In addition to the four shot down at sea , one Type 1 crash - landed at Lae with serious damage and another ditched in the water at Deboyne with one dead crewman ( Tagaya ) . Two crewmen in Chicago were killed and five wounded in the Japanese air attack ( Hoyt , p. 68 ) . According to Hoyt ( p. 69 ) and Morison ( pp. 20 & 39 ) , MacArthur 's air commander , Lieutenant General George Brett , later flatly denied any of his B - 17s could have attacked Crace and prohibited further discussion of the incident . Millot and Gill incorrectly state the bombers were B - 26s from the 19th Bomb Group based at Townsville , Australia . The three B - 17s were led by Captain John A. Roberts ( Lundstrom 2006 , p. 172 ) . Gillison ( p. 520 ) states MacArthur 's fliers were not informed until after the battle was over that Allied warships were operating in the Coral Sea area . Salecker states that the B - 17s attacked because they misidentified the Japanese bombers as U.S. B - 25 or B - 26 bombers . One of the three B - 17s ran out of fuel on its return to base and was destroyed in the resulting crash , but the crew bailed - out and survived ( Salecker , p. 181 ) . Jump up ^ Gill , pp. 50 -- 51 ; Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , pp. 208 -- 209 ; Hoyt , pp. 66 -- 69 ; Tagaya , pp. 40 -- 41 ; Millot , pp. 63 -- 66 ; Pelvin ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , pp. 159 & 171 -- 174 ; Morison , pp. 38 -- 39 . Crace later said of his situation at sunset on 7 May , `` I had received no information from ( Fletcher ) regarding his position , his intentions or what had been achieved during the day '' ( Lundstrom 2006 , p. 174 ; Gill , p. 50 ) . Jump up ^ Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , p. 209 ; Hoyt , pp. 61 -- 62 ; Millot , p. 74 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , p. 175 . The aircraft which made this report was probably an Aoba floatplane staging through Deboyne . The report was incorrect ; neither Crace nor Fletcher was heading southeast at that time ( Lundstrom 2006 , p. 175 ) . Jump up ^ Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , p. 209 ; Hoyt , pp. 61 -- 62 ; Millot , pp. 74 -- 75 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , pp. 175 -- 176 . Two of the dive bombers returning from hitting Neosho crashed while attempting to land , but the crews apparently survived . Lieutenant Tamotsu Ema , commander of Zuikaku 's dive bomber squadron , was one of the pilots selected for the evening strike mission . Jump up ^ Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , pp. 209 -- 212 ; Hoyt , pp. 62 -- 63 ; Cressman , pp. 99 -- 100 ; Woolridge , pp. 38 -- 39 ; Millot , p. 75 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , pp. 176 -- 177 . Five of the downed torpedo bombers were from Zuikaku and the other two were from Shōkaku , as was the damaged torpedo plane . The dive bomber was from Zuikaku . The dead Japanese aircrews included the commanding officer of Zuikaku 's torpedo bomber squadron , Lieutenant Yoshiaki Tsubota , and two division leaders , Lieutenants Yoshito Murakami ( Zuikaku ) and Tsutomu Hagiwara ( Shokaku ) . The pilot of the damaged torpedo bomber was killed , so the middle - seat observer took over the controls and ditched near Shōkaku ; both he and the rear gunner were killed . Two of the Wildcat pilots , Paul G. Baker from VF - 2 on Lexington and Leslie L.B. Knox from VF - 42 on Yorktown , were killed in action . Another CAP Wildcat , piloted by John Drayton Baker from Yorktown 's VF - 42 , was apparently unable to locate TF - 17 in the deepening gloom after the action and vanished without a trace ( Lundstrom and Cressman ) . William Wolfe Wileman was one of the Wildcat pilots who survived the action . Jump up ^ Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , pp. 214 -- 218 ; Hoyt , pp. 63 -- 64 ; Cressman , pp. 100 -- 101 ; Woolridge , p. 39 ; Hoehling , pp. 45 -- 47 ; Millot , pp. 75 -- 76 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , pp. 176 -- 180 . Cressman says that some of the Japanese carrier aircraft did not land until after 23 : 00 . Hoehling and Woolridge report that up to eight Japanese aircraft may have lined up to land on the US carriers after sunset , but Lundstrom and Cressman explain that the number of aircraft was probably fewer than that . Millot states the postwar belief that 11 more Japanese aircraft were lost while landing on their carriers , but Lundstrom , citing Japanese sources , disagrees , stating that the 18 surviving aircraft all returned safely . In addition to his carriers ' lights , Takagi 's cruisers and destroyers illuminated the two carriers with their searchlights ( Lundstrom 2006 , p. 178 ) . Jump up ^ Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , pp. 173 -- 174 . Tippecanoe was sent to Efate to give her remaining fuel to the ships of a supply convoy . One other oiler , E.J. Henry , was at Suva and therefore several days away from the Nouméa area ( Lundstrom 2006 , p. 173 ) . Jump up ^ Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , pp. 219 -- 220 ; Hoyt , pp. 64 & 77 ; Cressman , p. 101 ; Hoehling , p. 47 ; Millot , pp. 78 -- 79 ; Dull , p. 132 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , pp. 171 & 180 -- 182 . Jump up ^ Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , pp. 219 -- 220 ; Cressman , p. 101 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , pp. 180 -- 182 . Fletcher contemplated launching a carrier nocturnal attack or sending his cruisers and destroyers after Takagi 's ships during the night , but decided it would be better to preserve his forces for battle the next day ( ONI , p. 19 ; Cressman , p. 101 and Lundstrom 2006 , pp. 179 -- 180 ) . During the night , three Japanese Type 97 aircraft armed with torpedoes hunted Crace but failed to locate him ( Lundstrom 2006 , p. 182 ) . Jump up ^ Chihaya , p. 128 Jump up ^ Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , pp. 219 -- 221 ; Millot , pp. 72 & 80 ; Dull , p. 132 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , pp. 181 & 186 ; Morison , p. 46 . The carrier search aircraft included four from Shōkaku and three from Zuikaku . The floatplanes at Deboyne patrolled the area directly south of the Louisiades . Furutaka and Kinugasa joined the striking force at 07 : 50 . After the previous day 's losses , the striking force at this time consisted of 96 operational aircraft : 38 fighters , 33 dive bombers , and 25 torpedo bombers ( Lundstrom 2006 , p. 186 ) . Jump up ^ Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , pp. 221 -- 222 ; Hoyt , p. 75 ; Cressman , p. 103 ; Woolridge , p. 48 ; Millot , pp. 82 -- 83 & 87 ; Dull , p. 132 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , pp. 181 -- 184 . Twelve SBDs were assigned to the northern search area where the Japanese carriers were expected to be . The six SBDs assigned to the southern sector were to fly out only 125 nautical miles ( 232 km ) and then assume close - in anti-submarine patrol duty upon their return to TF17 . At this time operational aircraft strength for TF17 was 117 , including 31 fighters , 65 dive bombers , and 21 torpedo planes ( Lundstrom 2006 , p. 183 ) Eight SBDs were assigned as close - in anti-submarine patrol , and 16 fighters , eight from each ship , to the CAP ( Lundstrom 2006 , p. 183 ) . Around 01 : 10 , Fletcher detached the destroyer Monaghan to try to find out what happened to Neosho . Monaghan searched throughout the day , but , basing her search on the erroneous coordinates in the tanker 's last message , was unable to locate her and returned to TF17 that evening . While separated from TF17 , Monaghan sent several messages to Nimitz and MacArthur , to allow TF17 to maintain radio silence ( Cressman , p. 103 ; Hoyt , p. 127 ; Lundstrom 2006 , p. 181 ) . Fitch was not actually notified by Fletcher he was in tactical control of the carriers until 09 : 08 ( Lundstrom 2006 , p. 186 ) . According to Parker ( p. 29 ) , Fletcher was informed early on 8 May his Fleet Radio Unit located Japanese carriers northeast of his position . Jump up ^ Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , pp. 222 -- 225 ; Hoyt , pp. 76 -- 77 ; Cressman , p. 103 ; Woolridge , pp. 40 -- 41 ; Hoehling , pp. 52 -- 53 ; Millot , pp. 81 -- 85 ; Dull , pp. 132 -- 133 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , pp. 185 -- 187 ; Morison , pp. 48 -- 49 . Kanno , a warrant officer , was the middle - seat observer on a plane piloted by Petty Officer First Class Tsuguo Gotō . The radioman was Petty Officer Second Class Seijirō Kishida ( Werneth , p. 67 ) . Radio interception analysts in TF17 copied Kanno 's messages and alerted Fletcher his carrier 's location was known to the Japanese . Smith 's report mistakenly placed the Japanese carriers 45 nmi ( 52 mi ; 83 km ) south of their actual position . An SBD piloted by Robert E. Dixon took over for Smith and stayed on station near the Japanese carriers to help guide in the U.S. strike until 10 : 45 ( Morison ) . Jump up ^ Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , pp. 224 -- 227 & 243 -- 246 ; Hoyt , pp. 79 & 89 ; Cressman , p. 104 ; Millot , p. 85 ; Dull , pp. 132 -- 133 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , pp. 186 -- 187 ; Morison , p. 49 . An odd number of fighters took part in Lexington 's attack because one of VF - 2 's Wildcats , piloted by Doc Sellstrom , was damaged during launch preparations and was forced to stay behind . TF17 recovered its returning scout aircraft between 09 : 20 and 10 : 50 , and launched 10 SBDs for anti-submarine patrol at 10 : 12 . The Japanese strike force included nine fighters , 19 dive bombers , and 10 torpedo planes from Shōkaku and nine fighters , 14 dive bombers , and 8 torpedo planes from Zuikaku . The fighters were Type 0s , the dive bombers were Type 99 kanbaku , and the torpedo planes were Type 97 kankō . Takahashi was in one of Shōkaku 's kanbaku . By heading south , Takagi unwittingly moved his carriers into the range of the U.S. TBD torpedo planes , which otherwise would have been forced to turn back without participating in the attack ( Lunstrom 2006 , p. 187 ) . Shortly after 10 : 00 , two Yorktown CAP Wildcats shot down a Japanese Type 97 scout aircraft ( Lundstrom 2006 , p. 187 ) . Jump up ^ Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , pp. 228 -- 231 ; Hoyt , pp. 79 -- 84 ; Cressman , pp. 104 -- 106 ; Hoehling , p. 62 ; Millot , pp. 87 -- 88 & 91 ; Dull , p. 133 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , pp. 192 -- 195 ; D'Albas , p. 105 ; Hata , pp. 42 -- 43 . The second hit was scored by SBD pilot John James Powers , who was shot down by a CAP Zero and killed during his dive . Tetsuzō Iwamoto was one of the CAP pilots airborne at the time , flying from Zuikaku . Another VB - 5 SBD , crewed by Davis Chafee and John A. Kasselman , was shot down by a CAP Zero during the attack . During Yorktown 's attack , a CAP Zero flown by Takeo Miyazawa was shot down by a Wildcat piloted by William S. Woolen , and a CAP Zero flown by Hisashi Ichinose was shot down by a Wildcat piloted by Elbert Scott McCuskey . Lundstrom states that both Zeros were from Shokaku . Hata states that Miyazawa was a member of Shōkaku 's fighter group and that he died after shooting down a US torpedo plane and then deliberately crashing his Zero into another ( Hata , p. 42 ) , although no TBDs were actually lost . Also flying in the Japanese CAP were future aces Yoshinao Kodaira and Kenji Okabe ( Hata , pp. 286 & 329 ) . Aces Yoshimi Minami and Sadamu Komachi were members of Shōkaku 's fighter group at this time ( Hata , p. 265 & 281 ) but Hata does not say if they were with the CAP or the strike escort . Lundstrom states the former , detailing how Minami narrowly escaped being shot down by Woollen . Jump up ^ Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , pp. 236 -- 243 ; Hoyt , pp. 84 -- 85 ; Cressman , p. 106 ; Hoehling , pp. 63 -- 65 ; Millot , pp. 88 -- 92 ; Dull , p. 133 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , pp. 195 & 559 ; D'Albas , p. 106 . One of Lexington 's bomber pilots was Harry Brinkley Bass , although his group was unable to locate the carriers . The three Wildcat pilots killed , from VF - 2 squadron , were Richard S. Bull , Dale W. Peterson , and Richard M. Rowell ( Lundstrom ) . The Japanese CAP claimed to have shot down 24 US aircraft ( Hata , p. 48 ) . Jump up ^ Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , pp. 242 -- 243 ; Hoyt , p. 86 ; Cressman , p. 106 ; Millot , pp. 91 -- 92 ; Parshall , p. 63 ; Dull , p. 133 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , p. 195 ; Tully , `` IJN Shokaku '' ( Tully reports only 40 wounded ) . Shōkaku 's total losses were 108 killed and 114 wounded . The Japanese CAP fighter pilots claimed to have shot down 39 US aircraft during the attack , at a cost of two Zeros destroyed and two damaged . Actual US losses in the attack were two SBDs ( from Yorktown ) and three Wildcats ( from Lexington ) . More US aircraft were lost during the subsequent return to their carriers . The destroyers which accompanied Shōkaku 's retirement were Ushio and Yūgure ( Tully ) . Jump up ^ Macintyre , Donald , Captain , RN . `` Shipborne Radar '' , in United States Naval Institute Proceedings , September 1967 , p. 73 ; Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , pp. 245 -- 246 ; Hoyt , p. 92 ; Cressman , pp. 107 -- 108 ; Millot , pp. 93 -- 94 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , pp. 188 -- 189 . Five of the Wildcats were from Lexington and four were from Yorktown . The Wildcats were at altitudes between 2,500 and 8,000 ft ( 760 and 2,440 m ) when the Japanese aircraft , stacked between 10,000 and 13,000 ft ( 3,000 and 4,000 m ) , flew by . Kanno paused during his return to Shōkaku to lead the Japanese strike formation to within 35 nmi ( 40 mi ; 65 km ) of the U.S. carriers even though he was low on fuel . Jump up ^ Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , pp. 246 -- 251 ; Hoyt , p. 93 ; Cressman , p. 108 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , p. 189 . The crews of the four SBDs , totalling eight airmen , were all killed ( The crewmen 's names are given in Cressman , p. 108 . One was Samuel Underhill ) . The four torpedo planes sent after Yorktown were from Zuikaku . Two of the Zero escorts from Shōkaku were piloted by aces Ichirō Yamamoto and Masao Sasakibara ( Hata , pp. 314 , 317 ) . Jump up ^ Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , pp. 251 -- 254 ; Hoyt , pp. 93 -- 98 & 113 -- 117 ; Cressman , p. 109 ; Woolridge , p. 42 ; Hoehling , pp. 67 -- 81 & 97 -- 98 ; Millot , pp. 94 -- 96 ; Dull , pp. 133 -- 134 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , pp. 188 -- 190 . Screening Yorktown were cruisers Astoria , Portland , and Chester and destroyers Russell , Hammann , and Aylwin . Protecting Lexington were the cruisers Minneapolis and New Orleans and the destroyers Dewey , Morris , Anderson , and Phelps . Some participants thought Lexington might have been hit by as many as five torpedoes ( Woolridge , p. 42 and Lundstrom 2006 , p. 191 ) . Two torpedo planes switched targets from Lexington to Minneapolis but missed ( Lundstrom 2006 , p. 191 ) . Jump up ^ Damage to Lexington 5 - inch ( 130 mm ) gun gallery ONI , pp. 55 -- 56 ; Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , pp. 254 -- 259 ; Hoyt , pp. 98 -- 103 & 117 -- 122 ; Cressman , pp. 110 -- 114 : Hoehling , pp. 81 -- 95 & 110 -- 116 ; Millot , pp. 97 -- 98 ; Dull , p. 134 ; Lundstrom , pp. 189 -- 191 ; D'Albas , p. 107 . The four Lexington Wildcats were from VF - 2 Squadron 's 3rd Division under Lieutenant Fred Borries , Jr . The two Yorktown Wildcats were piloted by Vincent F. McCormack and Walter A. Haas from VF - 42 's 3rd Division . After losing their leader over Lexington , the last two Shōkaku dive bombers switched to attack Yorktown at the last minute . One of these was shot down by Albert O. Vorse ( Lundstrom 2006 , p. 191 ) . Hoyt states that the bomb hit on Yorktown seriously wounded 26 men , several of whom ( Hoyt does not specify the exact number ) died later from their injuries . One of those killed by the bomb hit on Yorktown was Milton Ernest Ricketts . Three of Yorktown 's boilers were shut down due to a flareback , but were back on line within 30 minutes ( Cressman , p. 113 ) . One bomb that hit Lexington wiped out a battery of United States Marine Corps anti-aircraft machine guns , killing six men ( Hoehling , p. 82 ) . Another did heavy damage to a 5 - inch ( 130 mm ) gun battery and wiped out its entire crew ( Hoehling , pp. 90 -- 92 , see image at right , Lundstrom 2006 , p. 191 ) . Jump up ^ Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , pp. 259 -- 271 ; Cressman , pp. 106 & 114 -- 115 ; Hoehling , pp. 100 -- 101 , Dull , p. 134 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , p. 192 . William E. Hall was one of the SBD pilots who aggressively pursued the Japanese aircraft after they completed their attacks . A damaged SBD piloted by Roy O. Hale attempted to land on Lexington but was shot down by friendly anti-aircraft fire from the carrier and its escorts , killing Hale and his rear gunner ( Lundstrom and Hoehling ) . Another damaged SBD bounced off Lexington 's flight deck into the ocean , but its pilot , Frank R. McDonald , and rear gunner were rescued ( Lundstrom and Hoehling ) . An SBD from VS - 2 and two from VB - 2 ( Lexington ) shot down the three Japanese torpedo planes , two from Shōkaku . The Japanese dive bomber was shot down by Walt Haas from Yorktown 's VF - 42 . Two Wildcats from VF - 2 ( Lexington ) piloted by Clark Franklin Rinehart and Newton H. Mason disappeared and their fates are unknown . A VF - 42 ( Yorktown ) Wildcat piloted by Richard G. Crommelin was shot down by a Zero but Crommelin , unharmed , was rescued by the destroyer Phelps . A damaged Zero piloted by Shigeru Okura from Zuikaku ditched at Deboyne and Okura survived . A total of three Wildcats ( two from VF - 2 and one from VF - 42 ) and six SBDs were lost defending TF17 from the Japanese strike . Kanno was killed by VF - 42 pilots Bill Woolen and John P. Adams . Takahashi was killed by VF - 42 's Bill Leonard ( Lundstrom ) . Lexington SBD pilot Joshua G. Cantor - Stone was also killed that day . Jump up ^ Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , pp. 270 -- 278 ; Cressman , pp. 115 -- 117 ; Hoyt , pp. 144 -- 147 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , pp. 193 -- 195 . A VF - 2 Wildcat piloted by Howard F. Clark was unable to find TF17 and disappeared without a trace . A TBD piloted by Leonard W. Thornhill ditched 20 nmi ( 23 mi ; 37 km ) from TF17 ; he and his rear gunner , seen entering their life raft , were not recovered , even though Fletcher sent the destroyer Dewey to look for them . William B. Ault , SBD pilot and commander of Lexington 's air group , and another Lexington SBD piloted by John D. Wingfield from VS - 2 , were unable to find TF17 and disappeared . Ault 's last transmission was , `` From CLAG . OK , so long people . We got a 1000 pound hit on the flat top . '' ( Lundstrom , p. 277 ) . Another SBD piloted by Harry Wood ditched on Rossel Island and he and his rear gunner were later rescued . One Shōkaku Zero , piloted by Yukuo Hanzawa , successfully crash landed on Shōkaku ( Hata , pp. 42 -- 43 ) . Nineteen Lexington aircraft were recovered by Yorktown ( Millot , p. 100 ) . Parshall ( p. 417 ) states that many of the jettisoned Japanese aircraft were not necessarily unserviceable , but were jettisoned to make way for less damaged aircraft because of a lack of sufficient deck - handling speed and skill by Zuikaku 's crew . Jump up ^ ONI , p. 39 ; Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , pp. 274 -- 277 ; Cressman , p. 116 ; Hoyt , p. 133 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , pp. 193 -- 196 ; Spector , p. 162 . Fletcher initially proposed sending the damaged Lexington to port for repairs and transferring that ship 's aircraft to Yorktown to continue the battle , but Fitch 's 14 : 22 message changed his mind . Separate US aircraft , both carrier and land - based , had apparently sighted Zuikaku twice but were unaware that this was the same carrier ( Hoyt , p. 133 ) . Jump up ^ Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , p. 278 ; Hoyt , pp. 132 -- 133 ; Millot , p. 106 ; Dull , p. 134 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , pp. 195 -- 196 ; D'Albas , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , pp. 273 -- 282 ; Cressman , p. 117 ; Hoehling , pp. 121 -- 197 ; Hoyt , pp. 134 -- 150 & 153 -- 168 ; Millot , pp. 99 -- 103 ; Dull , p. 134 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , pp. 193 & 196 -- 199 ; Morison pp. 57 -- 60 ; Crave , pp. 449 -- 450 ; Gillison , p. 519 . As the fires raged on Lexington , several of her aircrews requested to fly their aircraft to Yorktown , but Sherman refused ( Lundstrom 2006 , p. 560 ) . The names of those killed from Lexington 's crew , including from the air squadrons , are recorded in Hoehling , pp. 201 -- 205 . One of those killed was Howard R. Healy . Hoyt , Millot , and Morison give the coordinates of the sinking as 15 ° 12 ′ S 155 ° 27 ′ E / 15.200 ° S 155.450 ° E / - 15.200 ; 155.450 . Assisting Lexington during her travails were Minneapolis , New Orleans , Phelps , Morris , Hammann , and Anderson . Portland , Morris , and Phelps were the last to leave Lexington 's final location ( Lundstrom 2006 , pp. 197 , 204 ) . Gillison ( p. 519 ) states that eight B - 26 bombers from Townsville sortied to attack Inoue 's forces but were unable to locate the Japanese ships . Jump up ^ Gill , pp. 52 -- 53 ; Pelvin ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , p. 198 . Jump up ^ Gill , p. 53 ; Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , pp. 283 -- 4 ; Millot , p. 105 ; Cressman , pp. 117 -- 8 ; Hoyt , pp. 170 -- 3 ; Pelvin . On 9 May , Yorktown counted 35 operational aircraft : 15 fighters , 16 dive bombers , and seven torpedo planes ( Lundstrom 2006 , pp. 200 & 204 ) . Fletcher stationed Russell and Aylwin 20 nmi ( 23 mi ; 37 km ) astern as radar pickets to warn of any Japanese pursuit ( Lundstrom 2006 , p. 204 ) . On 9 May , a Yorktown SBD on scout patrol sighted what it thought was a Japanese carrier 175 nmi ( 201 mi ; 324 km ) from TF17 . Yorktown dispatched a strike force of four SBDs , which could not locate the target . It was later determined the scout probably sighted the Lihou Reef and Cays ( Lundstrom 2006 , pp. 205 -- 6 ) . Fourteen US Army B - 17s from Townsville also responded to the erroneous report . During the false alarm , an SBD crashed in the sea ; the crew was rescued . On 11 May , Fletcher dispatched cruisers Minneapolis , New Orleans , and Astoria with three destroyers under Kinkaid to rendezvous with Halsey 's TF16 near Efate after a brief stop at Nouméa ( Lundstrom 2006 , p. 205 ) . Gillison ( p. 527 ) reports that Japanese float fighters from Deboyne attacked and seriously damaged an RAAF reconnaissance PBY , from 11th Squadron , commanded by Flying Officer Miller , on 9 May . Jump up ^ Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , pp. 284 -- 90 ; Millot , pp. 106 -- 7 ; Cressman , p. 118 ; Hoyt , p. 171 ; Dull , p. 134 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , pp. 200 & 206 -- 7 ; Chihaya , pp. 124 -- 5 . The invasion convoy returned to Rabaul on 10 May . Takagi intended to complete the delivery of the Tainan Zeros to Rabaul and then provide air support for the RY operation before Yamamoto ordered the ship back to Japan . After further repairs to battle - damaged aircraft , on 9 May Zuikaku counted 24 fighters , 13 dive bombers , and eight torpedo planes operational . Takagi 's scout aircraft sighted the drifting Neosho on 10 May , but Takagi decided the tanker was not worth another strike ( Lundstrom 2006 , p. 207 ) . Takagi completed delivery of the Zeros to Rabaul after turning back on 10 May . Matome Ugaki , Yamamoto 's chief of staff , stated that he initiated and sent the order in Yamamoto 's name to Takagi to pursue the Allied ships ( Chihaya , p. 124 ) . Four US Army B - 25 bombers attacked Japanese floatplanes moored at Deboyne on 10 May , but apparently caused no damage . The bombers did not see Kamikawa Maru present ( Gillison , p. 527 ) . Jump up ^ ONI , p. 52 ; Millot , p. 108 ; Morison , pp. 35 -- 7 . The PBY was from Tangier 's air group . The US destroyer Helm recovered four more Neosho crewmen from a drifting raft ( Morison coords : 15 ° 25 ′ S 154 ° 56 ′ E / 15.417 ° S 154.933 ° E / - 15.417 ; 154.933 ; ONI coords : 15 ° 16 ′ S 155 ° 07 ′ E / 15.267 ° S 155.117 ° E / - 15.267 ; 155.117 ) on 14 May , the sole survivors of the group which abandoned ship in panic on 7 May ( ONI , p. 53 ; Millot , p. 108 and Morison , p. 36 ) . Hoyt incorrectly says that it was U.S. destroyer Phelps who recovered the final four survivors ( Hoyt , pp. 192 -- 3 ) . Two more Neosho crewmembers died on 13 May aboard Henley from their injuries ( Hoyt ) and one of the four rescued from the ocean by Helm died soon after rescue ( Morison , p. 36 ) . Jump up ^ `` Neosho II ( AO - 23 ) '' . www.history.navy.mil . Naval History and Heritage Command . Retrieved 4 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown , p. 63 , Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , pp. 285 -- 296 & 313 -- 315 ; Millot , p. 107 ; Cressman , p. 120 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , pp. 208 -- 211 & 216 ; Chihaya , pp. 126 -- 127 ; Morison , pp. 61 -- 62 . The RY invasion force included one light cruiser , one minelayer , two destroyers , and two transports ( Lundstrom ) . Takagi 's cruisers and destroyers provided distant cover to the north . Ocean and Nauru were later occupied by the Japanese without opposition on 25 -- 26 August and held until the end of the war ( Millot and Morison ) . Yorktown refueled from an Australian armed merchant cruiser HMAS Kanimbla at Tongatabu on 16 May , and then -- along with her escorts -- from the oiler USS Kanawha on 18 May ( Lundstrom 2006 , pp. 207 & 216 ) . The initial U.S. intelligence on Yamamoto 's upcoming operation indicated an attack on Oahu , but around 17 May , Midway emerged as the probable target ( Lundstrom 2006 , pp. 208 & 212 ) . Jump up ^ Tully , `` IJN Shokaku '' ; Hackett , `` HIJMS Submarine I - 28 '' ; Parshall , p. 10 ; Lundstrom , Pearl Harbor to Midway , pp. 298 -- 299 ; Blair , pp. 230 -- 233 ; Tully , `` Shōkaku '' and `` Zuikaku '' ; Pelvin ; Gillison , p. 531 . Shōkaku almost capsized because she had to steam at high speed during the trip to Japan to avoid attacks from the U.S. submarines . The high speed caused her to take on water through her damaged bow . Four submarines -- Gar , Greenling , Tautog , and Grampus -- were stationed off Truk , and four more -- Drum , Grenadier , Triton , and Pollack -- between Truk and Japan . Triton sighted a carrier , believed to be Shōkaku , at 6,700 yd ( 6,100 m ) but was unable to close and attack ( Holmes , p. 74 ; Blair , pp. 230 -- 233 ) . Tully states Shōkaku was joined by destroyers Kuroshio , Oyashio , and Hayashio on 12 May in the Philippine Sea and Ushio and Yūgure were released to escort Zuikaku from Truk . Jump up ^ Willmott 2002 , pp. 37 -- 38 Jump up ^ Willmott ( 2002 ) , pp. 37 -- 38 ; Millot , pp. 114 & 117 -- 118 ; Dull , p. 135 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , p. 135 ; D'Albas , p. 101 ; Ito , p. 48 ; Morison , pp. 63 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Michael ( 2018 ) , `` Alternative endings to the first aircraft carrier battle '' , The Conversation , retrieved 6 May 2018 Jump up ^ Armstrong , Michael ( 2014 ) , `` The salvo combat model with a sequential exchange of fire '' , Journal of the Operational Research Society , 65 ( 10 ) : 1593 -- 1601 , retrieved 6 May 2018 Jump up ^ Armstrong , Michael ; Powell , Michael ( 2005 ) , `` A stochastic salvo model analysis of the Battle of the Coral Sea '' , Military Operations Research , 10 ( 4 ) : 27 -- 38 , retrieved 6 May 2018 Jump up ^ Wilmott ( 1983 ) , pp. 286 -- 287 & 515 ; Millot , pp. 109 -- 111 & 160 ; Cressman , pp. 118 -- 119 ; Dull , p. 135 ; Stille , pp. 74 -- 76 ; Peattie , pp. 174 -- 175 . Jump up ^ ONI , pp. 46 -- 47 ; Millot , pp. 113 -- 115 & 118 ; Dull , p. 135 ; Stille , pp. 48 -- 51 ; Parshall , p. 407 . A Yorktown crewman , Machinist Oscar W. Myers , noted that an aviation gasoline fire on the hangar deck contributed to Lexington 's demise . Myers developed a solution , soon implemented in all US carriers , of draining the fuel pipes after use and filling the pipes with carbon dioxide to prevent such fires from taking place again ( Parshall , p. 407 ) . Jump up ^ Crave , p. 451 ; Gillison , pp. 523 -- 524 . According to Gillison , the poor coordination between Fletcher and MacArthur contributed to the friendly fire incident against Crace on 7 May . Jump up ^ D'Albas , p. 102 ; Stille , pp. 4 -- 5 & 72 -- 78 . The US Navy later named a Midway - class aircraft carrier USS Coral Sea after the battle . Jump up ^ Millot , pp. 109 -- 11 ; Dull , pp. 134 -- 5 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , p. 203 ; D'Albas , p. 109 ; Stille , p. 72 ; Morison , p. 63 . The Japanese thought they sank Lexington 's sister ship , Saratoga . Jump up ^ Edwin P. Hoyt , Japan 's War , pp. 283 -- 4 ISBN 0 - 07 - 030612 - 5 Jump up ^ Wilmott ( 1983 ) , pp. 286 -- 7 & 515 ; Millot , pp. 109 -- 11 & 160 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , p. 203 ; D'Albas , p. 109 ; Stille , p. 72 ; Morison , p. 63 . Jump up ^ William L. O'Neill , A Democracy At War : America 's Fight At Home and Abroad in World War II , p. 119 ISBN 0 - 02 - 923678 - 9 Jump up ^ William L. O'Neill , A Democracy At War : America 's Fight At Home and Abroad in World War II , p. 125 ISBN 0 - 02 - 923678 - 9 Jump up ^ Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , p. 203 ; D'Albas , p. 109 ; Stille , p. 72 ; Morison , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Willmott 1983 , p. 118 Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Dwight ( 26 May 2012 ) . `` Battle of Midway : Repairing the Yorktown After the Battle of the Coral Sea '' . Defense Media Network . Faircount Media Group . Retrieved 21 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Parshall , pp. 63 -- 67 , Millot , p. 118 ; Dull , p. 135 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , p. 203 , Ito , pp. 48 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Parshall , pp. 63 -- 67 Jump up ^ Willmott ( 1982 ) , pp. 459 -- 460 ; Parshall , pp. 58 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Parshall , pp. 63 -- 67 , 58 -- 59 & 430 ; Ito , p. 59 ; Lundstrom ( 2006 ) , p. 222 . Jump up ^ Gill , pp. 55 -- 56 ; Frame , p. 57 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , p. 111 Jump up ^ USACMH ( Vol II ) , pp. 138 -- 139 ; Frame , p. 56 ; Bullard , pp. 87 & 94 ; McDonald , p. 77 ; Willmott ( 2002 ) , pp. 98 -- 99 , 104 -- 105 , 113 -- 114 , 117 -- 119 . Jump up ^ Frank , p. 17 & 194 -- 213 ; Willmott ( 2002 ) , pp. 90 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Frank , p. 51 Jump up ^ Frank , p. 61 -- 62 & 79 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Frank , p. 428 -- 92 ; Dull , p. 245 -- 69 ; Willmott ( 2002 ) , pp. xiii -- xvii , 158 & 167 ; Parshall , p. xx . Jump up ^ Dyer , George C. `` Chapter 16 : To the Central Pacific and Tarawa , August 1943 -- Background to GALVANIC '' . The Amphibians Came to Conquer : The Story of Admiral Richmond Kelly Turner . p. 622 . Retrieved 3 September 2010 . Bibliography ( edit ) Print ( edit ) Blair , Clay , Jr. ( 1976 ) . Silent Victory : The U.S. Submarine War Against Japan . New York : Bantam Books . ASIN B001KRLOAC . Brown , David ( 1990 ) . Warship Losses of World War Two . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 55750 - 914 - X . Chihaya , Masataka ( translation ) ( 1991 ) . Fading Victory : The Diary of Admiral Matome Ugaki , 1941 -- 1945 . Gordon W. Prange ( forward ) , Donald M. Goldstein ( editor ) , Katherine V. Dillon ( editor ) . Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania : University of Pittsburgh Press . ISBN 0 - 8229 - 3665 - 8 . Cressman , Robert ( 2000 ) . That Gallant Ship U.S.S. Yorktown ( CV - 5 ) ( 4th printing ed . ) . Missoula , Montana : Pictorial Histories Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 933126 - 57 - 3 . D'Albas , Andrieu ( 1965 ) . Death of a Navy : Japanese Naval Action in World War II . Devin - Adair Pub . ISBN 0 - 8159 - 5302 - X . Dull , Paul S. ( 1978 ) . A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy , 1941 -- 1945 . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 0 - 87021 - 097 - 1 . Frame , Tom ( 1992 ) . Pacific Partners : A History of Australian - American Naval Relations . Sydney : Hodder & Stoughton . ISBN 0 - 340 - 56685 - X . Frank , Richard ( 1990 ) . Guadalcanal : The Definitive Account of the Landmark Battle . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 394 - 58875 - 4 . Hashimoto , Mochitsura ( 1954 ) . Sunk : The Story of the Japanese Submarine Fleet 1942 -- 1945 . Colegrave , E.H.M. ( translator ) . London : Cassell and Company . ASIN B000QSM3L0 . Hata , Ikuhiko ; Izawa , Yasuho ( 1975 ) . Japanese Naval Aces and Fighter Units in World War II . Don Cyril Gorham ( translator ) ( 1989 translated ed . ) . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 0 - 87021 - 315 - 6 . Hayashi , Saburo ( 1959 ) . Kogun : The Japanese Army in the Pacific War . Marine Corps Association . ASIN B000ID3YRK . Henry , Chris ( 2003 ) . The Battle of the Coral Sea . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 59114 - 033 - 1 . Hoehling , A.A. ( 1971 ) . The Lexington Goes Down . Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey : Prentice - Hall , Inc . ISBN 0 - 13 - 535252 - 5 . Holmes , W.J. ( 1979 ) . Double - edged Secrets : U.S. Naval Intelligence Operations in the Pacific During World War II . Annapolis , Maryland : Blue Jacket Books / Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 55750 - 324 - 9 . Hoyt , Edwin Palmer ( 2003 ) . Blue Skies and Blood : The Battle of the Coral Sea . I Books . ISBN 0 - 7434 - 5835 - 4 . Ito , Masanori ( 1956 ) . The End of the Imperial Japanese Navy ( 1962 translated ed . ) . Jove Books . ISBN 0 - 515 - 08682 - 7 . Jersey , Stanley Coleman ( 2008 ) . Hell 's Islands : The Untold Story of Guadalcanal . College Station , Texas : Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 1 - 58544 - 616 - 5 . Lundstrom , John B. ( 2006 ) . Black Shoe Carrier Admiral : Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea , Midway , and Guadalcanal . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 59114 - 475 - 2 . Lundstrom , John B. ( 2005 ) . First Team and the Guadalcanal Campaign : Naval Fighter Combat from August to November 1942 ( New ed . ) . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 59114 - 472 - 8 . Lundstrom , John B. ( 2005 ) . The First Team : Pacific Naval Air Combat from Pearl Harbor to Midway ( New ed . ) . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 59114 - 471 - X . McDonald , Neil ; Peter Brune ( 2005 ) . 200 Shots : Damien Parer and George Silk with the Australians at War in New Guinea . Allen & Unwin Academic . ISBN 1 - 74114 - 631 - 3 . Millot , Bernard ( 1974 ) . The Battle of the Coral Sea . S.V. Whitley ( Translator ) . Great Britain : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 0 - 87021 - 909 - X . Morison , Samuel Eliot ( 1949 ) . Coral Sea , Midway and Submarine Actions , May 1942 -- August 1942 , vol. 4 of History of United States Naval Operations in World War II ( reissue 2001 ed . ) . Champaign , Illinois : University of Illinois Press . ISBN 0 - 252 - 06995 - 1 . Parshall , Jonathan ; Tully , Anthony ( 2005 ) . Shattered Sword : The Untold Story of the Battle of Midway . Dulles , Virginia : Potomac Books . ISBN 1 - 57488 - 923 - 0 . Peattie , Mark R. ( 1999 ) . Sunburst : The Rise of Japanese Naval Air Power 1909 -- 1941 . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 59114 - 664 - X . Prados , John ( 1995 ) . Combined Fleet Decoded : The Secret History of American Intelligence and the Japanese Navy in World War II . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 679 - 43701 - 0 . Rottman , Gordon L. ( 2005 ) . Japanese Army in World War II : Conquest of the Pacific 1941 -- 42 . Oxford : Osprey . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 789 - 1 . Salecker , Gene Eric ( 2001 ) . Fortress Against the Sun : The B - 17 Flying Fortress in the Pacific . United States : Da Capo Press . ISBN 1 - 58097 - 049 - 4 . Spector , Ronald H. ( 1985 ) . Eagle Against the Sun : The American War with Japan . New York : The Free Press . ISBN 0 - 02 - 930360 - 5 . Stille , Mark ( 2007 ) . USN Carriers vs IJN Carriers : The Pacific 1942 . New York : Osprey . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 248 - 6 . Tagaya , Osamu ( 2001 ) . Mitsubishi Type 1 Rikko ' Betty ' Units of World War 2 . New York : Osprey . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 082 - 7 . Werneth , Ron ( 2008 ) . Beyond Pearl Harbor : The Untold Stories of Japan 's Naval Airmen . Atglen , Pennsylvania : Schiffer Military History . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7643 - 2932 - 6 . Willmott , H.P. ( 1982 ) . Empires in the Balance : Japanese and Allied Pacific Strategies to April 1942 . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 0 - 87021 - 535 - 3 . Willmott , H.P. ( 1983 ) . The Barrier and the Javelin : Japanese and Allied Pacific Strategies February to June 1942 . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 0 - 87021 - 535 - 3 . Willmott , H.P. ( 2002 ) . The War with Japan : The Period of Balance , May 1942 -- October 1943 . Wilmington , Delaware : Scholarly Resources Inc . ISBN 0 - 8420 - 5032 - 9 . Woolridge , E.T. ( Editor ) ( 1993 ) . Carrier Warfare in the Pacific : An Oral History Collection . John B. Connally ( Forward ) . Washington D.C. and London : Smithsonian Institution Press . ISBN 1 - 56098 - 264 - 0 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Online ( edit ) Bullard , Steven ( translator ) ( 2007 ) . Japanese army operations in the South Pacific Area New Britain and Papua campaigns , 1942 -- 43 . Senshi Sōshō ( translated excerpts ) . Canberra : Australian War Memorial . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9751904 - 8 - 7 . Archived from the original on 9 April 2009 . Retrieved 1 May 2009 . Cagney , James ( 2009 ) . `` Animated Map of the Battle of the Coral Sea '' . HistoryAnimated.com . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . Crave , Wesley Frank ; James Lea Cate ( 1947 ) . Volume I : Plans and Early Operations , January 1939 to August 1942 . The Army Air Forces in World War II . Washington DC : ( United States ) Office of Air Force History . Archived from the original on 21 April 2009 . Retrieved 1 May 2009 . Gill , G. Hermon ( 1968 ) . Volume II -- Royal Australian Navy , 1942 -- 1945 . Australia in the War of 1939 -- 1945 , Series 2 : Navy . Canberra : Australian War Memorial . Retrieved 20 November 2006 . Gillison , Douglas ( 1962 ) . `` Chapter 26 -- Coral Sea and Midway '' . Volume I -- Royal Australian Air Force , 1939 -- 1942 . Australia in the War of 1939 -- 1945 , Series 3 : Air . Canberra : Australian War Memorial . Archived from the original on 25 May 2009 . Retrieved 13 April 2009 . Hackett , Bob ; Sander Kingsepp ( 2003 ) . `` HIJMS Furutaka : Tabular Record of Movement '' . Junyokan ! . Combinedfleet.com . Archived from the original on 1 May 2009 . Retrieved 10 May 2009 . Hackett , Bob ; Sander Kingsepp ( 2003 ) . `` HIJMS Submarine I - 28 : Tabular Record of Movement '' . Sensuikan ! . Combinedfleet.com . Archived from the original on 13 May 2009 . Retrieved 10 May 2009 . Hackett , Bob ; Sander Kingsepp ( 2003 ) . `` HIJMS Submarine RO - 33 : Tabular Record of Movement '' . Sensuikan ! . Combinedfleet.com . Retrieved 10 May 2009 . Hackett , Bob ; Sander Kingsepp ( 2003 ) . `` HIJMS Submarine RO - 34 : Tabular Record of Movement '' . Sensuikan ! . Combinedfleet.com . Retrieved 10 May 2009 . Hackett , Bob ; Sander Kingsepp ; Allan Alsleben ; Peter Cundall ( 1998 -- 2007 ) . `` IJN Seaplane Tender Kiyokawa Maru : Tabular Record of Movement '' . Tokusetsu Suijoki - Bokan ! . Combinedfleet.com . Archived from the original on 10 March 2009 . Retrieved 20 February 2009 . McCarthy , Dudley ( 1959 ) . Volume V -- South -- West Pacific Area -- First Year : Kokoda to Wau . Australia in the War of 1939 -- 1945 , Series 1 : Army . Canberra : Australian War Memorial . Retrieved 2 November 2006 . Nevitt , Allyn ( 1998 ) . `` IJN Kikuzuki : Tabular Record of Movement '' . Long Lancers . Combinedfleet.com . Retrieved 20 February 2009 . Office of Naval Intelligence ( 1943 ) . `` The Battle of the Coral Sea '' . Combat Narrative . Publications Branch , Office of Naval Intelligence , United States Navy . Archived from the original on 24 December 2006 . Retrieved 20 November 2006 . Parker , Frederick D. `` Part One : The Battle of the Coral Sea '' . A Priceless Advantage : U.S. Navy Communications Intelligence and the Battles of Coral Sea , Midway , and the Aleutians . National Security Agency , Central Security Service . Archived from the original on 13 November 2006 . Retrieved 20 November 2006 . Pelvin , Ric . `` Battle of the Coral Sea '' . Encyclopedia . Australian War Memorial . Archived from the original on 19 October 2006 . Retrieved 20 November 2006 . Phillips , John S. ( 25 May 1942 ) . `` U.S.S. Neosho Detail : Engagement of U.S.S. NEOSHO with Japanese Aircraft on May 7 , 1942 ; Subsequent Loss of U.S.S. NEOSHO ; Search for Survivors '' ( Memorandum ) . United States Navy . Archived from the original on 4 October 2008 . Retrieved 6 November 2008 . ( Primary source ) Tully , Anthony P. ( 1999 ) . `` IJN Shoho : Tabular Record of Movement '' . Kido Butai . Combinedfleet.com . Retrieved 20 February 2009 . Tully , Anthony P. ( 1999 ) . `` IJN Shokaku : Tabular Record of Movement '' . Kido Butai . Combinedfleet.com . Archived from the original on 20 February 2009 . Retrieved 20 February 2009 . Tully , Anthony P. ( 1999 ) . `` IJN Zuikaku : Tabular Record of Movement '' . Kido Butai . Combinedfleet.com . Archived from the original on 21 February 2009 . Retrieved 20 February 2009 . United States Army Center of Military History . `` The Campaigns of MacArthur in the Pacific , Volume I '' . Reports of General MacArthur . Retrieved 8 December 2006 . United States Army Center of Military History . `` Japanese Operations in the Southwest Pacific Area , Volume II -- Part I '' . Reports of General MacArthur . Retrieved 8 December 2006 . United States Strategic Bombing Survey ( Pacific ) -- Naval Analysis Division ( 1946 ) . `` Chapter 4 : The Battle of the Coral Sea '' . The Campaigns of the Pacific War . United States Government Printing Office . Archived from the original on 18 November 2006 . Retrieved 20 November 2006 . Further reading ( edit ) Ainsworth , D.L. ( 8 July 1942 ) . `` Destroyers , Pacific Fleet : Sinking of the U.S.S. SIMS ( DD - 409 ) by Japanese Bombers in the Coral Sea on May 7 , 1942 '' ( Memorandum ) . United States Navy . Archived from the original on 4 October 2008 . Retrieved 6 November 2008 . ( Primary source ) Australian War Memorial ( n.d. ) . `` Coral Sea '' ( Bibliography of Japanese - language sources ) . Australia - Japan Research Project . Retrieved 6 November 2008 . Brett , J.H. , Jr. ( 10 May 1942 ) . `` Task Force 11 Report '' . United States Navy . Archived from the original on 4 October 2008 . Retrieved 6 November 2008 . ( Primary source ) Buckmaster , Elliott ( 16 May 1942 ) . `` U.S.S. Yorktown , Air Operations of Yorktown Air Group against Japanese Forces in the vicinity of the Louisiade Archipelago on May 8 , 1942 ( Preliminary ) '' ( Memorandum ) . United States Navy . Archived from the original on 4 October 2008 . Retrieved 6 November 2008 . ( Primary source ) Buckmaster , Elliott ( 25 May 1942 ) . `` Action Report : USS Yorktown ( CV - 5 ) , Report of Action of Yorktown and Yorktown Air Group on May 8 , 1942 '' ( Memorandum ) . United States Navy . Archived from the original on 4 October 2008 . Retrieved 6 November 2008 . ( Primary source ) Cagney , James ( 2005 ) . `` The Battle of The Coral Sea , May 3 -- 8 , 1942 '' . Pacific War Animated . Retrieved 12 May 2012 . Coulthard - Clark , Chris ( 1991 ) . Action Stations Coral Sea : The Australian Commander 's Story . Australia : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 0 - 04 - 442251 - 2 . Dicken , Robert James ( 18 May 1942 ) . `` Personal observations of SIMS No. 409 disaster '' ( Memorandum ) . United States Navy . Archived from the original on 4 October 2008 . Retrieved 6 November 2008 . ( Primary source ) Drea , Edward J. ( 1991 ) . MacArthur 's Ultra : Codebreaking and the War Against Japan . Lawrence , Kansas : University of Kansas Press . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0576 - 2 . Generous , William Thomas , Jr. , ( 2003 ) . Sweet Pea at War : A History of USS Portland ( CA - 33 ) . University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 0 - 8131 - 2286 - 4 . Greene , Jack ( 1995 ) . The Midway Campaign . Pennsylvania : Combined Books . ISBN 0 - 938289 - 11 - X . Johnston , Stanley ( 1942 ) . Queen of the Flat - tops ( The USS Lexington and the Coral Sea Battle , With Pictures ) . E.P. Dutton & Co. , Inc . ASIN B000QJ1VSU . Ledet , Michel ( 2006 ) . Samourai Sur Porte - Avions ( in French ) . Lela Presse . ISBN 2 - 914017 - 32 - 4 . Ludlum , Stuart D. ( 1997 ) . They Turned the War Around at Coral Sea and Midway : Going to War with Yorktown 's Air Group Five . Merriam Press . ISBN 1 - 57638 - 085 - 8 . Lundstrom , John B. ( 1977 ) . First South Pacific Campaign . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 0 - 87021 - 185 - 4 . Nelson , Hank . `` Report on Historical Sources on Australia and Japan at war in Papua and New Guinea , 1942 -- 45 '' . Retrieved 13 December 2006 . Nowack , H.F. ( 15 May 1942 ) . `` USS Lexington ( CV2 ) , Action Report '' ( Memorandum ) . United States Navy . Archived from the original on 11 October 2008 . Retrieved 6 November 2008 . ( Primary source ) Regan , Stephen D. ( 1994 ) . In Bitter Tempest : The Biography of Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher . Ames , Iowa : Iowa State Press . ISBN 0 - 8138 - 0778 - 6 . Sinclair , Don ( 1997 ) . Cooktown at War : A Record of Activities in Cooktown During World War II . Cooktown and District Historical Society . Smith , Douglas V. ( 2006 ) . Carrier Battles : Command Decision in Harm 's Way . US Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 59114 - 794 - 8 . Smith , W.W. ( 17 May 1942 ) . `` United States Pacific Fleet : Task Unit Seventeen Two Two , Action Report '' ( Memorandum ) . United States Navy . Retrieved 6 May 2009 . ( Primary source ) United States Naval Historical Center ( 2000 ) . `` Battle of the Coral Sea , 7 -- 8 May 1942 '' . Online Library of Selected Images : EVENTS -- World War II in the Pacific . Archived from the original on 26 June 2004 . Retrieved 20 November 2006 . United States Navy ( 8 May 1942 ) . `` Preliminary Report , U.S.S. Lexington , Loss in Action '' . United States Navy . Archived from the original on 4 October 2008 . Retrieved 6 November 2008 . ( Primary source ) United States Navy ( n.d. ) . `` The Course to Midway '' . United States Navy . Archived from the original on 21 October 2008 . Retrieved 6 November 2008 . United States Strategic Bombing Survey ( Pacific ) , Naval Analysis Division ( 19 October 1945 ) . `` Interrogation Nav No. 10 , USSBS No. 53 : Solomon Islands Operations and Battle of Coral Sea ( Interrogation of : Captain Yamaoka , M. , IJN ) '' . Interrogations of Japanese Officials . United States . Retrieved 6 November 2008 . ( Primary source ) United States Strategic Bombing Survey ( Pacific ) , Naval Analysis Division ( 17 October 1945 ) . `` Interrogation Nav No. 8 , USSBS No. 46 : Coral Sea Battle , 7 -- 8 May 1942 , Battle of Eastern Solomons ( Interrogations of : Commander Sekino , H. , and Commander Okumiya , Masatake , IJN ) '' . Interrogations of Japanese Officials . United States . Retrieved 6 November 2008 . 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8 LCCN : sh85032537 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea&oldid=850321192 '' Categories : Naval battles of World War II involving Japan Naval battles of World War II involving the United States Naval battles of World War II involving Australia South West Pacific theatre of World War II Naval aviation operations and battles Military history of Japan during World War II Coral Sea Conflicts in 1942 May 1942 events 1942 in Australia Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2018 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 03 : 52 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the battle of the coral sea start and end | [
"The Battle of the Coral Sea, fought from 4 to 8 May 1942, was a major naval battle between the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) and naval and air forces from the United States and Australia, taking place in the Pacific Theatre of World War II. The battle is historically significant as the first action in which aircraft carriers engaged each other, as well as the first in which neither side's ships sighted or fired directly upon the other.\n"
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"from 4 to 8 May 1942"
] |
-3961747980561258386 | March on Washington Movement | March on Washington Movement - wikipedia March on Washington Movement African - American topics History ( timeline ) ( show ) Atlantic slave trade African - American history Slavery in the United States History in agriculture African - American business history African - American military history Jim Crow laws Great Migration Redlining Second Great Migration Post-Civil War reform movements Civil rights movement Origins of the civil rights movement Civil rights movement Black Power movement Post -- civil rights era New Great Migration Culture ( show ) Studies Art Business history Black conductors Black mecca Black schools Black colleges and universities Juneteenth Kwanzaa Literature Museums Music Neighborhoods Religion ( show ) Black church Black theology Nation of Islam Political movements ( show ) Afrocentrism Black Power Anarchism Capitalism Conservatism Leftism Nationalism Populism Black Panther Party Garveyism Pan-Africanism Back - to - Africa movement Civic / economic groups ( show ) Rights organizations National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) National Urban League ( NUL ) Association for the Study of African American Life and History ( ASALH ) United Negro College Fund ( UNCF ) Thurgood Marshall College Fund National Black Chamber of Commerce ( NBCC ) National Pan-Hellenic Council ( NPHC ) National Council of Negro Women ( NCNW ) TransAfrica Forum Sports ( show ) Negro league baseball Athletic associations and conferences Central ( CIAA ) Southern ( SIAC ) Mid-Eastern ( MEAC ) Southwestern ( SWAC ) Ethnic subdivisions ( show ) Americo - Liberians Black Indians ( Seminoles ) Black Southerners Gullah Igbo Languages ( show ) English ( American ) ( African American ) Gullah ( Afro - Seminole Creole ) Louisiana Creole French Diaspora ( show ) Nova Scotia Liberia Sierra Leone France Lists ( show ) African Americans African - American firsts First mayors US state firsts Landmark African - American legislation African American - related topics Topics related to Black and African people Category : African - American society African American portal The March on Washington Movement ( MOWM ) , 1941 -- 1946 , organized by activists A. Philip Randolph and Bayard Rustin as a tool to produce a mass march on Washington , D.C. , was designed to pressure the U.S. government into desegregating the armed forces and providing fair working opportunities for African Americans . When President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802 in 1941 , prohibiting discrimination in the defense industry under contract to federal agencies , Randolph and collaborators called off the march . Randolph continued to promote non-violent actions to advance goals for African Americans . Future civil rights leader Martin Luther King , Jr. and other younger men were strongly influenced by Randolph and his ideals and methods . Contents 1 Background 1.1 State of the nation 1.2 Purpose of the march 2 Leadership 2.1 Women in the movement 3 Chronology 4 Media effect 5 Communist appeal 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Notes 7.2 Bibliography 8 External links Background ( edit ) State of the nation ( edit ) In the lead - up to the United States ' entry into World War II , African Americans resented calls to `` defend democracy '' against Nazi racism while having to deal with discrimination in all sectors of life and business in the United States , especially the South , where they had been disenfranchised since the turn of the century and oppressed by Jim Crow laws . By the fall of 1940 , the American economy was emerging from the Depression . The defense boom benefited whites , but black workers were denied opportunities because of widespread racial discrimination in employment . Some government training programs excluded blacks based on their being refused entry to defense industries , and many skilled black workers with proper training were unable to gain employment . In 1940 the president of the North American Aviation Co. was quoted as saying , `` While we are in complete sympathy with the Negro , it is against company policy to employ them as aircraft workers or mechanics ... regardless of their training ... There will be some jobs as janitors for Negroes . '' It was in this climate that activists began to develop the March on Washington Movement . Purpose of the March ( edit ) The March on Washington Movement was an attempt to pressure the United States government and President Franklin D. Roosevelt into establishing policy and protections against employment discrimination as the nation prepared for war . A. Philip Randolph was the driving force behind the movement , with allies from the NAACP and other civil rights organizations . He had formed and led the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters beginning in 1925 . His leadership in the March on Washington Movement , in which organizing middle and lower class members would be so important , was based on his strong experience in grassroots and union organizing . Randolph 's independence from white sources of power was shown when he said of the movement , `` If it costs money to finance a march on Washington , let Negroes pay for it . If any sacrifices are made for Negro rights in national defense , let Negroes make them ... '' Leadership ( edit ) Randolph 's leadership and strategy defined the nature of the March on Washington Movement . His reliance on grassroots activism and African - American media and organizations was influenced by his childhood . His father was an African Methodist Episcopal ( AME ) preacher , and Randolph heard numerous parishioners complain about the state of race relations and discrimination . He and his brother were privately tutored , and raised to believe that they were `` as intellectually competent as any white '' . On September 26 , 1942 , after the MOWM had succeeded in gaining an Executive Order against discrimination in industry , Randolph reiterated that the fight would continue despite these gains . He said , `` Unless this war sound the death knell to the old Anglo - American empire systems , the hapless story of which is one of exploitation for the profit and power of a monopoly - capitalist economy , it will have been fought in vain . '' Women in the Movement ( edit ) The Women 's Auxiliary was a group of mostly wives and relatives of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters . They were active within the MOWM primarily in fundraising and community efforts , as well as working broadly to promote ideas of `` concepts of black manhood , female respectability , and class consciousness . '' Chronology ( edit ) Early lobbying efforts to desegregate the military previous to 1941 did not persuade President Roosevelt to take action . On September 27 , 1940 , the first delegation composed of A. Philip Randolph , Walter White ( NAACP ) , and T. Arnold Hill ( National Urban League ) , met with President Roosevelt and his top officials . The delegation presented a memorandum demanding immediate integration of all blacks in the armed services . The White House issued a statement saying , `` The policy of the War Department is not to intermingle colored and white enlisted personnel in the same regimental organizations . '' The armed forces were not integrated until 1948 , under President Harry S. Truman . Concerned that traditional meetings were not effective , on January 25 , 1941 , A. Philip Randolph officially proposed a March on Washington to `` highlight the issue . '' In the following months , chapters of the MOWM began to organize for a mass march scheduled for July first of that year . During the spring , organizers estimated they could attract 100,000 marchers for the event . A week before the march was to take place , Mayor Fiorello La Guardia of New York City met with MOWM leadership to inform them of the president 's intentions to issue an executive order establishing the first Fair Employment Practices Committee ( FEPC ) that would prohibit discrimination in federal vocational and training programs . Before the order was signed , the MOWM demanded also that it included a provision for desegregation of war industries . Roosevelt agreed and issued Executive Order 8802 , which prohibited discrimination in federal vocational and training programs , and in employment in defense industries contracting with the government . Given this major victory , Randolph agreed to cancel the march . He continued the March on Washington Movement as a way to maintain an organization that could track and lobby for progress , and hold the FEPC to its mission . The MOWM continued rallies throughout the summer on these issues , but the high water mark had passed . The movement 's continued call for nonviolent civil disobedience alienated some black organizations , such as the NAACP , whose leaders withdrew some support . Although organized to bring about the 1941 march on Washington , the MOWM operated until 1947 ; its representatives collaborated with other groups to continue pressure on the federal government . In 1943 Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9346 , which expanded coverage of the FEPC to federal agencies beyond those in defense . Randolph continued to promote non-violent actions to advance goals for African Americans . Future civil rights leader Martin Luther King , Jr. and other younger men were strongly influenced by his methods . Media effect ( edit ) While mainstream media had a role in reporting on the movement , African - American media outlets covered it most thoroughly . Early in the spring of 1941 , black newspapers expressed skepticism of the movement 's ambitious goals to attract tens of thousands of marchers . The Chicago Defender worried whether even `` 2,000 Negroes would march '' . Their tone changed , however , as the date of the march approached . By May , black newspapers reported on growing support for the march ; The Amsterdam News of New York City ran the front page headline : `` 100,000 in March to Capitol . '' If it was simply a tactic of bluffing , the same tactic was shared by black press as a whole . The Chicago Defender by that time reported `` 50,000 preparing for a March for jobs and justice '' . Communist appeal ( edit ) The MOWM had an uneasy relationship with communist organizations in the U.S. Communists supported the idea of a proletariat uprising but `` they constantly drew a line between the ' job - march ' and its ' war - mongering leadership . ' '' Randolph used various tactics to avoid having communists be part of the March on Washington Movement , as he knew it caused difficulties in gaining support for the larger goals of African Americans . He restricted membership to African Americans ; although black Communists might participate , only a small percentage of the disciplined Communist party members were black . See also ( edit ) Social movements BlackPast.org References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Simkin 1997 . Jump up ^ Garfinkel 1969 . Jump up ^ Pfeffer 1990 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Garfinkel 1969 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Miller 2005 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Garfinkel 1969 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Pfeffer 1990 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Randolph 1942 . Jump up ^ Chateauvert 1998 . Jump up ^ Garfinkel 1969 , p. 34 . ^ Jump up to : Kindig . Jump up ^ Garfinkel 1969 , p. 61 . ^ Jump up to : Garfinkel 1969 , pp. 57 - 58 . ^ Jump up to : Garfinkel 1969 , p. 48 . Bibliography ( edit ) Chateauvert , Melinda ( 1998 ) . Marching together : women of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters . Urbana - Champaign , IL : University of Illinois Press . ISBN 0252066367 . OCLC 36252874 . Retrieved Oct 14 , 2014 . Garfinkel , Herbert ( 1969 ) . When Negroes March : The March on Washington Movement in the Organizational Politics for FEPC . New York : Atheneum . ISBN 0252066367 . OCLC 23078 . Kindig , Jessie . `` March on Washington Movement ( 1941 -- 1947 ) '' . blackpast.org . Online Encyclopedia of Significant People and Places in African American History . Retrieved Oct 14 , 2014 . Lucander , David . Winning the War for Democracy : The March on Washington Movement , 1941 - 1946 ( University of Illinois Press ; 2014 ) 320 pages Miller , Calvin Craig ( 2005 ) . A. Philip Randolph and the African American labor movement . Greensboro , N.C. : Morgan Reynolds Pub . ISBN 1931798508 . OCLC 57010183 . Pfeffer , Paula ( 1990 ) . A. Philip Randolph , Pioneer of the Civil Rights Movement . Baton Rouge , LA. : Louisiana State University Press . OCLC 47008060 . Randolph , A. Philip ( September 26 , 1942 ) . `` The March on Washington Movement : Excerpts from keynote address to the Policy Conference of the March on Washington Movement '' . http://www.umd.edu . University of Maryland . Archived from the original on Sep 27 , 2013 . External link in website = ( help ) ( A. Philip Randolph 's Speech ) Simkin , John ( September 1997 ) . `` March on Washington in 1941 '' . http://spartacus-educational.com . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2014 . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . External link in website = ( help ) External links ( edit ) MOWM Call and program ( A. Philip Randolph 's Speech ) `` March on Washington Movement ( 1941 -- 1947 ) '' at the Online Encyclopedia of Significant People and Places in African American History ( Blackpast.org ) Civil rights movement Notable events ( timeline ) Prior to 1954 Lynching in the United States Murder of Harry and Harriette Moore 1954 -- 1959 Brown v. Board of Education Bolling v. Sharpe Briggs v. Elliott Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County Gebhart v. Belton White America , Inc . Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company Emmett Till Montgomery bus boycott Browder v. Gayle Tallahassee bus boycott Mansfield school desegregation 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom `` Give Us the Ballot '' Royal Ice Cream sit - in Little Rock Nine National Guard blockade Civil Rights Act of 1957 Kissing Case Biloxi wade - ins 1960 -- 1963 Greensboro sit - ins Nashville sit - ins Sit - in movement Civil Rights Act of 1960 Gomillion v. Lightfoot Boynton v. Virginia Rock Hill sit - ins Robert F. Kennedy 's Law Day Address Freedom Rides attacks Garner v. Louisiana Albany Movement University of Chicago sit - ins `` Second Emancipation Proclamation '' Meredith enrollment , Ole Miss riot `` Segregation now , segregation forever '' Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 1963 Birmingham campaign Letter from Birmingham Jail Children 's Crusade Birmingham riot 16th Street Baptist Church bombing John F. Kennedy 's Report to the American People on Civil Rights March on Washington `` I Have a Dream '' St. Augustine movement 1964 -- 1968 Twenty - fourth Amendment Bloody Tuesday Freedom Summer workers ' murders Civil Rights Act of 1964 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches `` How Long , Not Long '' Voting Rights Act of 1965 Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections March Against Fear White House Conference on Civil Rights Chicago Freedom Movement / Chicago open housing movement Memphis sanitation strike King assassination funeral riots Poor People 's Campaign Civil Rights Act of 1968 Green v. County School Board of New Kent County Activist groups Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights Atlanta Student Movement Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Committee on Appeal for Human Rights Council for United Civil Rights Leadership Dallas County Voters League Deacons for Defense and Justice Georgia Council on Human Relations Highlander Folk School Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights Montgomery Improvement Association Nashville Student Movement NAACP Youth Council Northern Student Movement National Council of Negro Women National Urban League Operation Breadbasket Regional Council of Negro Leadership Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Southern Regional Council Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) The Freedom Singers Wednesdays in Mississippi Women 's Political Council Activists Ralph Abernathy Victoria Gray Adams Zev Aelony Mathew Ahmann William G. Anderson Gwendolyn Armstrong Arnold Aronson Ella Baker Marion Barry Daisy Bates Harry Belafonte James Bevel Claude Black Gloria Blackwell Randolph Blackwell Unita Blackwell Ezell Blair Jr . Joanne Bland Julian Bond Joseph E. Boone William Holmes Borders Amelia Boynton Raylawni Branch Ruby Bridges Aurelia Browder H. Rap Brown Guy Carawan Stokely Carmichael Johnnie Carr James Chaney J.L. Chestnut Colia Lafayette Clark Ramsey Clark Septima Clark Xernona Clayton Eldridge Cleaver Kathleen Cleaver Charles E. Cobb Jr . Annie Lee Cooper Dorothy Cotton Claudette Colvin Vernon Dahmer Jonathan Daniels Joseph DeLaine Dave Dennis Annie Devine Patricia Stephens Due Joseph Ellwanger Charles Evers Medgar Evers Myrlie Evers - Williams Chuck Fager James Farmer Walter Fauntroy James Forman Marie Foster Golden Frinks Andrew Goodman Fred Gray Jack Greenberg Dick Gregory Lawrence Guyot Prathia Hall Fannie Lou Hamer William E. Harbour Vincent Harding Dorothy Height Lola Hendricks Aaron Henry Oliver Hill Donald L. Hollowell James Hood Myles Horton Zilphia Horton T.R.M. Howard Ruby Hurley Jesse Jackson Jimmie Lee Jackson Richie Jean Jackson T.J. Jemison Esau Jenkins Barbara Rose Johns Vernon Johns Frank Minis Johnson Clarence Jones J. Charles Jones Matthew Jones Vernon Jordan Tom Kahn Clyde Kennard A.D. King C.B. King Coretta Scott King Martin Luther King Jr . Martin Luther King Sr . Bernard Lafayette James Lawson Bernard Lee Sanford R. Leigh Jim Letherer Stanley Levison John Lewis Viola Liuzzo Z. Alexander Looby Joseph Lowery Clara Luper Malcolm X Mae Mallory Vivian Malone Thurgood Marshall Benjamin Mays Franklin McCain Charles McDew Ralph McGill Floyd McKissick Joseph McNeil James Meredith William Ming Jack Minnis Amzie Moore Douglas E. Moore Harriette Moore Harry T. Moore William Lewis Moore Irene Morgan Bob Moses William Moyer Elijah Muhammad Diane Nash Charles Neblett Edgar Nixon Jack O'Dell James Orange Rosa Parks James Peck Charles Person Homer Plessy Adam Clayton Powell Jr . Fay Bellamy Powell Al Raby Lincoln Ragsdale A. Philip Randolph George Raymond Jr . Bernice Johnson Reagon Cordell Reagon James Reeb Frederick D. Reese Gloria Richardson David Richmond Bernice Robinson Jo Ann Robinson Bayard Rustin Bernie Sanders Michael Schwerner Cleveland Sellers Charles Sherrod Alexander D. Shimkin Fred Shuttlesworth Modjeska Monteith Simkins Glenn E. Smiley A. Maceo Smith Kelly Miller Smith Mary Louise Smith Maxine Smith Ruby Doris Smith - Robinson Charles Kenzie Steele Hank Thomas Dorothy Tillman A.P. Tureaud Hartman Turnbow Albert Turner C.T. Vivian Wyatt Tee Walker Hollis Watkins Walter Francis White Roy Wilkins Hosea Williams Kale Williams Robert F. Williams Andrew Young Whitney Young Sammy Younge Jr . James Zwerg Influences Nonviolence Padayatra Sermon on the Mount Mahatma Gandhi Ahimsa Satyagraha The Kingdom of God Is Within You Frederick Douglass W.E.B. Du Bois Mary McLeod Bethune Related Jim Crow laws Plessy v. Ferguson Separate but equal Buchanan v. Warley Hocutt v. Wilson Sweatt v. Painter Heart of Atlanta Motel , Inc. v. United States Katzenbach v. McClung Loving v. Virginia Fifth Circuit Four Brown Chapel Holt Street Baptist Church Edmund Pettus Bridge March on Washington Movement African - American churches attacked Journey of Reconciliation Freedom Songs `` Kumbaya '' `` Keep Your Eyes on the Prize '' `` Oh , Freedom '' `` This Little Light of Mine '' `` We Shall Not Be Moved '' `` We Shall Overcome '' Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam `` Beyond Vietnam : A Time to Break Silence '' Watts riots Voter Education Project 1960s counterculture In popular culture King Memorial Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument Freedom Riders National Monument Civil Rights Memorial The New Jim Crow ( 2010 ) Noted historians Taylor Branch Clayborne Carson John Dittmer Michael Eric Dyson Chuck Fager Adam Fairclough David Garrow David Halberstam Vincent Harding Steven F. Lawson Doug McAdam Diane McWhorter Charles M. Payne Timothy Tyson Akinyele Umoja Movement photographers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=March_on_Washington_Movement&oldid=844928623 '' Categories : African - American history between emancipation and the Civil Rights Movement Civil rights organizations African - American organizations Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 CS1 errors : external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Català Español Français Italiano Latina Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 8 June 2018 , at 04 : 31 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who organized a march on washington to protest discrimination on july 1 1941 | [
"The March on Washington Movement (MOWM), 1941–1946, organized by activists A. Philip Randolph and Bayard Rustin[1] as a tool to produce a mass march on Washington, D.C., was designed to pressure the U.S. government into desegregating the armed forces and providing fair working opportunities for African Americans. When President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802 in 1941, prohibiting discrimination in the defense industry under contract to federal agencies, Randolph and collaborators called off the march.\n",
"The March on Washington Movement (MOWM), 1941–1946, organized by activists A. Philip Randolph and Bayard Rustin[1] as a tool to produce a mass march on Washington, D.C., was designed to pressure the U.S. government into desegregating the armed forces and providing fair working opportunities for African Americans. When President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802 in 1941, prohibiting discrimination in the defense industry under contract to federal agencies, Randolph and collaborators called off the march.\n"
] | [
"A. Philip Randolph",
"Bayard Rustin"
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3942589005618937458 | List of Gotham characters | List of Gotham characters - wikipedia List of Gotham characters Jump to : navigation , search Main and recurring characters of Gotham ( Season 1 ) . From left to right in the upper row : James Gordon , Harvey Bullock , Bruce Wayne , Selina Kyle , Sarah Essen , Barbara Kean , and Alfred Pennyworth . From left to right in the lower row : Oswald Cobblepot , Fish Mooney , Carmine Falcone , Edward Nygma , Ivy Pepper , Renee Montoya , and Crispus Allen . Gotham is an American crime television series developed by Bruno Heller , based on characters appearing in and published by DC Comics in their Batman franchise , primarily those of James Gordon and Bruce Wayne . The series premiered in the United States on September 22 , 2014 on Fox television network . The series stars Ben McKenzie as the young Gordon while Heller executive produces along with Danny Cannon , who also directed the pilot . As originally conceived , the series would have served as a straightforward story of Gordon 's early days on the Gotham City Police Department , but the idea evolved , not only to include the Wayne 's `` transformation '' into Batman , but also to explore the origin stories of several of his villains , such as Penguin , Riddler , Catwoman , and several others . The following is a list of characters who have appeared in the television series . Many are named after ( or based on ) DC Comics characters . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Main characters 3 Recurring characters 3.1 Introduced in Season 1 3.2 Introduced in Season 2 3.3 Introduced in Season 3 3.4 Introduced in Season 4 4 Guest characters 4.1 Introduced in Season 1 4.2 Introduced in Season 2 4.3 Introduced in Season 3 4.4 Introduced in Season 4 5 References Overview ( edit ) = Main cast ( credited ) = Recurring cast ( 4 + ) = Guest cast ( 1 - 3 ) Portrayed by Character First appearance Seasons Main characters Ben McKenzie James Gordon `` Pilot '' Main Donal Logue Harvey Bullock Main David Mazouz Bruce Wayne Main Zabryna Guevara Sarah Essen Main Does not appear Sean Pertwee Alfred Pennyworth Main Robin Lord Taylor Oswald Cobblepot / Penguin Main Erin Richards Barbara Kean Main Camren Bicondova Selina Kyle / Cat Main Cory Michael Smith Edward Nygma / Riddler Main Victoria Cartagena Renee Montoya Main Does not appear Andrew Stewart - Jones Crispus Allen Main Does not appear John Doman Carmine Falcone Main Guest Recurring Guest Jada Pinkett Smith Fish Mooney Main Guest Recurring Does not appear Drew Powell Butch Gilzean / Cyrus Gold / Solomon Grundy Recurring Main Clare Foley Ivy `` Pamela '' Pepper Recurring Guest Does not appear Maggie Geha `` Burn the Witch '' Does not appear Main Guest Peyton List `` Pieces of a Broken Mirror '' Does not appear Recurring Nicholas D'Agosto Harvey Dent `` Harvey Dent '' Guest Main Does not appear Morena Baccarin Leslie Thompkins `` Rogues ' Gallery '' Recurring Main Chris Chalk Lucius Fox `` The Anvil or the Hammer '' Guest Main James Frain Theo Galavan / Azrael `` Damned If You Do ... '' Does not appear Main Does not appear Jessica Lucas Tabitha Galavan / Tigress Does not appear Main Michael Chiklis Nathaniel Barnes / The Executioner `` Strike Force '' Does not appear Main Does not appear Benedict Samuel Jervis Tetch `` Look into My Eyes '' Does not appear Main Guest Alexander Siddig Ra 's al Ghul `` Heavydirtysoul '' Does not appear Guest Main Crystal Reed Sofia Falcone `` They Who Hide Behind Masks '' Does not appear Main Recurring characters Richard Kind Aubrey James `` Pilot '' Recurring Guest Does not appear Carol Kane Gertrude Kapelput `` Selina Kyle '' Recurring Does not appear David Zayas Sal Maroni `` The Balloonman '' Recurring Does not appear J.W. Cortes Alvarez `` Arkham Recurring Guest Mackenzie Leigh Liza Recurring Does not appear Chelsea Spack Kristen Kringle `` Spirit of the Goat '' Recurring Guest Does not appear Alex Corrado Gabe `` Penguin 's Umbrella '' Recurring Does not appear Anthony Carrigan Victor Zsasz Recurring Guest Recurring Peter Scolari Commissioner Loeb `` What the Little Bird Told Him '' Recurring Guest Does not appear Cameron Monaghan Jerome Valeska `` The Blind Fortune Teller '' Guest Recurring Stink Fisher Aaron Helzinger `` Damned If You Do ... '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Lucas Salvagno Sal Martinez `` Strike Force '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Ian Quinlan Carl Pinkney Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Natalie Alyn Lind Silver St. Cloud Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Ron Rifkin Father Creel `` Scarification '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Michelle Veintimilla Bridgit Pike / Firefly Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Guest Camila Perez `` The Primal Riddle '' Does not appear Guest Tonya Pinkins Ethel Peabody `` Worse Than a Crime '' Does not appear Recurring Guest Does not appear Nathan Darrow Victor Fries / Mr. Freeze Does not appear Recurring Guest BD Wong Hugo Strange `` Mr. Freeze '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear David Mazouz Subject 514A `` Transference '' Does not appear Guest Recurring Does not appear Leslie Hendrix Kathryn Monroe `` Better to Reign in Hell ... '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear James Carpinello Mario Falcone Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Jamie Chung Valerie Vale Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Chelsea Spack Isabella `` Follow the White Rabbit '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Flora Diaz Campos `` The Executioner '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Raymond J. Barry Shaman / Sensei `` These Delicate and Dark Obsessions '' Does not appear Recurring Does not appear Andrew Sellon Mr. Penn `` Pax Penguina '' Does not appear Recurring Kelcy Griffin Vanessa Harper `` They Who Hide Behind Masks '' Does not appear Recurring Marina Benedict Cherry `` The Blade 's Path '' Does not appear Recurring Michael Cerveris Lazlo Valentin / Professor Pyg `` Hog Day Afternoon '' Does not appear Recurring Christopher Convery Martin `` Stop Hitting Yourself '' Does not appear Recurring Main characters ( edit ) Character Actor Season appearances Starring Recurring Guest James Gordon Ben McKenzie 1 -- present -- -- Ben McKenzie James Gordon is a war veteran and homicide detective at the Gotham City Police Department in its 1st Grade working to find the man who killed Bruce Wayne 's parents and battling the corruption of Gotham City 's Police Department . His father was Gotham City 's District Attorney before his death in a car accident when Gordon was 13 years old . In September 2013 , it was reported that Fox was developing a TV series centered on James Gordon 's early days as a police detective and the origin stories of various Batman villains . In February 2014 , McKenzie was cast as the lead character . When describing his character in an interview , McKenzie stated that Gordon `` is a truly honest man . The last honest man in a city full of crooked people . He 's not an anti-hero , he 's a true hero -- but he will have to compromise . McKenzie did not audition for the role . Heller , with whom he had worked before , wrote the role for McKenzie , who described the character as `` an old - fashioned hero in an age of anti-heroes . A throwback . Jim 's a lawman , that restricts him in some ways . But also means he can become powerful within the system and change things for the better '' . After the conflict with Hugo Strange at Arkham Asylum , Gordon left Gotham to find Leslie Thompkins , who had left Gotham . However , Gordon later discovered that she was in a new relationship with Mario Calvi , discouraging him from pursuing her . Six months later , Gordon is working as a bounty hunter , forming an uneasy alliance with reporter Valerie Vale . After experiencing a hallucination of his father , Gordon decides to rejoin the department . After Mario is infected by Alice Tetch 's poisonous blood , Mario manipulates Lee into turning against Gordon . Before Mario can kill Lee , Gordon kills him in self - defense . This destroys any relationship Jim or Lee ever had . As his career goes on , Jim finds out his father and Uncle Frank were members of the Court of Owls . After Frank reveals he killed Gordon 's father to prevent him from spreading info about the Court , Frank commits suicide , but not before telling Gordon that he must join the Court . Gordon takes the blame for Frank 's death and meets with the Court . After saving some of his fellow police officers and some of Oswald Cobblepot 's men from Professor Pyg , Jim Gordon is promoted to captain by Mayor Burke . Harvey Bullock Donal Logue 1 -- present -- -- Donal Logue Harvey Bullock is a detective who is Gordon 's loyal partner and ally . Bullock is a seemingly corrupt and brutish detective who has gradually become loyal to Jim Gordon . At the beginning of the second season , Bullock resigns from the police force but rejoins following the Maniax attack on the GCPD . After Gordon is framed for the murder of Carl Pinkney , Bullock enlists Carmine Falcone to help break Jim out of prison . After Captain Barnes is hospitalized after an attack by Azrael , Harvey is declared the de facto Captain until further notice and is trusted by Jim to protect Gotham after new threats emerge while he is away . Six months later , Harvey is working with Barnes to protect Gotham and while Jim refuses to return to the department , Harvey vows to never turn his back on him . When Nathaniel Barnes gets infected with the Alice Tetch virus and is remanded to Arkham Asylum , Harvey becomes the acting captain . In light of being promoted to captain by Mayor Burke after saving some police officers and some of Oswald Cobblepot 's men from Professor Pyg 's trap , Gordon reluctantly relieves Bullock of his position of acting captain . Bruce Wayne David Mazouz 1 -- present -- -- David Mazouz Bruce Wayne is the orphaned son of Thomas and Martha Wayne , who is under the care of Alfred Pennyworth . Traumatised by the murder of his parents , which he witnessed , Bruce has been doing his part to find the identity of his parents ' killer , while showing concern of some illegal activities performed by members of his father 's company . Bruce displays a fervent tendency to train himself as investigator and combatant but is still navigating the remainder of his childhood with Alfred 's guidance . After he is kidnapped by the Court , Bruce finds himself in a dungeon surrounded by snowy mountains . Meeting a Shaman there , Bruce begins his combat training . After breaking free from Ra 's al Ghul 's control , Bruce makes plans to protect Gotham City . In later life , Bruce will go on to fight crime in his adulthood as the masked vigilante Batman . Oswald Cobblepot / The Penguin Robin Lord Taylor 1 -- present -- -- Robin Lord Taylor Oswald Cobblepot is a cunning , well - spoken criminal `` snitch . '' He starts out as an attendant for Fish Mooney at her nightclub , and early on displays a sadistic , violent streak despite his small size . After he is discovered to be an informant for the GCPD , he is brutally beaten , leaving him with an odd way of walking furthering his nickname `` Penguin '' . He escapes an attempt on his life , collaborating with Don Falcone when Gordon deliberately misfires at the pier where Oswald has been sent for execution . After a stint in the Maroni crime family as a restaurant manager , he convinces Maroni of his loyalty , even setting up a robbery by some actors in which he feigns heroism to show his devotion . He later kills the three actors with poisoned cannolis and presumably keeps the stolen cash they had on them . Oswald later assumes Mooney 's position in the Falcone crime family when Mooney 's plot against the Don is uncovered . At the end of season one , Oswald is Gotham City 's sole remaining mob boss , with all of his rivals either dead , missing , or having fled Gotham . Theo Galavan and Tabitha kidnap his mother , forcing him to help them . After they kill her , Oswald swears revenge and is later wounded during an attack on an event where Theo is holding his victory party for his election . After recuperating at Edward Nygma 's place , he and Gabe follow Theo Galavan 's henchmen where they save Jim Gordon from him . After the battle against the Saint Dumas , Oswald knocks out Nathaniel Barnes and convinces Gordon that Theo may never be convicted and must be killed . He and Jim then take Galavan to an isolated area , and Oswald mercilessly beats Galavan for killing his mother , before Gordon finishes Theo off with a gunshot . After Theo 's death , Oswald 's men abandon him , and he is later found and arrested by the GCPD . After telling Barnes he 's `` insane , '' Oswald is taken to Arkham Asylum , where he meets Hugo Strange . After noticing and asking a fellow inmate at Arkham , he later finds out that he is to be experimented on . Following some experiments , Oswald is released from Arkham . He later meets his biological father Elijah Van Dahl when at his mother 's grave . After his step - family murders Elijah to gain the family 's fortune , Oswald awakens from his condition and slaughters his step - family in vengeance . After finding out that Azrael happens to be the resurrected Theo Galavan , Oswald and Butch kill Galavan with an RPG . After finding out about Hugo Strange 's experiments , Oswald , Butch , and his gang knock down the bus supposedly containing Strange , but a shocked Oswald is knocked out by a resurrected Fish Mooney , prompting Butch and the gang to flee . The third season of Gotham explores Oswald 's continued struggle against the monsters , a final confrontation with Fish Mooney , and his rise and fall as Mayor of Gotham . After working with Edward Nygma to get into office , Oswald develops romantic feelings for him , resulting in consequences within the political and criminal worlds of the city . After his downfall , Oswald forms an alliance with Ivy Pepper and exacts revenge on those who betrayed him . Upon establishing the Pax Penguina where criminals can get a license from him to commit a crime , Oswald Cobblepot has his encounter with Sofia Falcone . After figuring out Sofia 's plot , Oswald ends up in a gang war with her . Barbara Kean Erin Richards 1 -- present -- -- Erin Richards Barbara Kean is the daughter of a wealthy couple and the owner of an art gallery , Barbara Kean is the ex-fiancée of James Gordon and the ex-lover of Renee Montoya . After a hiatus from Gordon following attempts on her life by the Maroni and Falcone crime families . Barbara has stayed with Renee Montoya and her parents before planning to rekindle her relationship with James Gordon . Barbara even befriends Selina Kyle and Ivy Pepper when they took refuge in James Gordon 's penthouse . After finding out that Gordon had moved on to a relationship with Leslie Tompkins , Barbara later had a romantic encounter with the wealthy Jason Lennon , the serial killer known as the Ogre . She was severely traumatized after she was kidnapped by Lennon and forced to murder her own parents . The Ogre 's malevolent insanity appears to live on in her psyche . When she attempted to kill Leslie during an informal counseling session , the latter rendered her unconscious . She was incarcerated in Arkham Asylum until she is among those sprung from Arkham Asylum by Tabitha Galavan on her brother Theo 's orders . A convoluted and failed attempt on Gordon 's life at Gotham Cathedral occurs when Barbara wears the wedding dress she had originally ordered for their wedding and has Arkham escapees as priest and witnesses . During an apparent last attempt to kill Gordon , Barbara falls out a window and is grabbed by Gordon . She lets go and falls , ending up in the hospital and put into some sort of induced coma before being transferred to Arkham Asylum 's medical wing . When news of James Gordon being found guilty and being sentenced to 40 years at Blackgate Penitentiary is heard on Arkham Asylum 's radio , Barbara awakens from her coma . A nurse notices this and shouts for someone to get Hugo Strange . Hugo Strange later releases Barbara from Arkham so that he can study her . After helping Gordon get info about who contracted the hit on Thomas Wayne and Martha Wayne , Barbara found her way to where Butch Gilzean and Tabitha Galavan were residing . Butch later kicks Barbara out . She later exposes `` Gordon '' at the Police Station as being an imposter when visiting the Police Station , thus causing Harvey Bullock and Alfred Pennyworth to quickly realise the real Gordon alongside Bruce Wayne and Lucius Fox were being held at Arkham Asylum . Six months later , Barbara and Tabitha have opened Sirens Nightclub , and while she and Barbara are shown to be in a romantic relationship , she still harbours some feelings for Gordon . After Barbara learns that Penguin has romantic feeling for Nygma , she informs Nygma of this after correctly deducing that Penguin killed Nygma 's girlfriend Isabella 's . Afterwards , Nygma forms a partnership with Barbara , Tabitha , and Butch to destroy everything Penguin loves . After Nygma shoots Penguin in the harbour docks , Barbara is hired by Jim to interrogate a worker in the dock to find info of a Court weapon . Before they can get more info , Barbara and Tabitha are attacked by Talon , who kills their henchmen , although Barbara and Tabitha managed to escape . As the chaos caused by the Alice Tetch Virus comes to a close , Barbara ( apparently ) kills Butch , having heard his and Tabitha 's plans to betray her . During a fight against Tabitha at her safe house , Barbara ends up being electrocuted to death . She later returns to life upon Ra 's al Ghul bathing her in the Lazarus Pit as she tries to get Tabitha Galavan and Selina Kyle to work for her in an arms race against Cobblepot while targeting an embalming knife . At the time when Ra 's al Ghul was in Blackgate , he transferred some energy for Barbara Kean to use at a later date . After the incident with the Speed Demonz biker gang , Oswald Cobblepot sends Barbara Kean , Tabitha Galavan , and Selina Kyle to the Narrows to bring him Edward Nygma . When Firefly crashes the fight between Tabitha Galavan and Solomon Grundy , Barbara Kean shoots Cherry after Leslie Thompkins disabled Firefly . Barbara Kean then declares to the crowd that they are defecting from Cobblepot 's services . After abducting Sofia while thinking that she is on Cobblepot 's side , Barbara learns that Sofia is against Cobblepot while seeing that she was right about her claim when Victor Zsasz uses a rocket launcher to destroy her lair . Afterwards , Barbara , Tabitha , and Selina side with Sofia in her war against Cobblepot . The energy that Ra 's al Ghul placed in Barbara Kean turned out to be a beacon for the rest of the League of Shadows as they arrive at The Sirens club . Sarah Essen Zabryna Guevara 1 -- 2 -- -- Zabryna Guevara Sarah Essen is the Captain of the Gotham City Police Department 's homicide squad and the boss of James Gordon and Harvey Bullock . She is an honest cop that wants to do something about the rampant corruption in her department , but fears for her family 's safety . Following Gillian Loeb 's resignation , Sarah Essen is sworn in as the new police commissioner . She is later killed by Jerome Valeska during the Maniax 's raid on the Gotham City Police Department . Alfred Pennyworth Sean Pertwee 1 -- present -- -- Sean Pertwee Alfred Pennyworth , an ex-Special Air Service operative , is the butler and legal guardian of Bruce Wayne . Though technically Bruce 's legal guardian , Alfred is still more willing to go along with Bruce 's whims of investigating leads to the murder of his parents . Alfred is teaching Bruce basic self - defense . At one point , he even let Bruce use his father 's watch as improvised brass knuckles to beat up Thomas Elliot for insulting the late Waynes . He often helps Bruce and Jim with certain situations . Although he still looks after Bruce , Alfred allows him to go his own way sometimes . During the chaos caused by the Alice Tetch Virus outbreak , Bruce stabs Alfred and then uses the Lazarus Pit 's waters to cauterise the wound as Alfred recuperates in the hospital . Following the incident where Bruce ended up having to stab Ra 's al Ghul with the embalming knife , Alfred works to get Bruce back to normal when he starts partying with his friends from school . Selina `` Cat '' Kyle Camren Bicondova 1 -- present -- -- Camren Bicondova Selina Kyle is a young street orphan and skilled thief who was a childhood friend of Bridget Pike . Since witnessing the murders of Thomas and Martha Wayne while memorizing what the murderer looked like without the mask , Cat has been lingering around the borders of Wayne Manor which leads to her befriending Bruce Wayne . Cat also has connections with Ivy Pepper and later befriends Barbara Kean . During the gang war between Carmine Falcone and Sal Maroni , Selina is among the street children recruited into Fish Mooney 's gang . When it came to Oswald Cobblepot 's fight with Fish Mooney , Selina disappeared during the conflict . She later appears as part of Cobblepot 's gang and develops a rivalry with Silver St. Cloud for the affection of Bruce . Selina later helps Bruce to expose Silver and find a hint to who killed his parents while also helping to rescue Bruce from the Order of St. Dumas . She allowed Bruce to live on the streets with her for a while until Gordon ended up on the lam and played a part in Edward Nygma 's arrest . When Bruce decided to go back home , Selina to storm out in anger . Selina later infiltrated Arkham Asylum to find Hugo Strange 's experiments and a newly reformed Pike , calling herself Firefly , after being told about her survival by Bruce . Selina later asks to be Firefly 's servant and is released later from Arkham after freeing Gordon , Bruce , and Lucius . Selina is later shown to have re-aligned with Fish Mooney following her revival . When one of Fish Mooney 's minions catches Ivy , Selina tries to intervene which led to her witnessing Fish Mooney 's minion Marv touching Ivy prior to her falling into the river . After being unable to get Bruce 's help to find Ivy , Selina is approached by James Gordon if she knows any info about Alice Tetch . She did tell him that she was a one - time member of Fish Mooney 's latest gang before she parted ways with her . Later on , she encounters Subject 514A who was posing as Bruce Wayne . While suspicious about Bruce Wayne 's look - a-like , Selina decides to go out to dinner with him . Eventually , after 514A saves Selina after she fails to rob a bar , she sees 514A 's scars and realizes he is n't Bruce . 514A explains the situation , and Selina tells him he 's more normal than Bruce . With that , 514A kisses Selina and the two part ways . Later , while Selina is stealing wallets at the Penguin 's party , she encounters an older Ivy , though she does n't recognize her . After Bruce confesses his feelings for her , Selina kisses him . Once Ivy reveals herself , Selina is shocked and unclear of whether she and Bruce are in a relationship or not . After trying to help Bruce and Alfred break into a Court building , they are assisted by Selina 's long - lost mother . Although Selina 's mother seems to want to reconnect with her daughter , Selina later discovers that her mother only returned to extort money from Bruce Wayne . Selina then tearfully tells her mother to never return to Gotham . Selina gets mad at Bruce once she finds out he kept it from her . Later , however , Selina and Bruce show some signs of reconciling . Upon her latest encounter with Subject 514A and being surprised that Bruce is not in Gotham City , Selina tries to warn Alfred only to be pushed out the window by 514A . The stray cats then swarm over her body . Her body was found by the police and was taken to the hospital . Thanks to Ivy Pepper 's plants , Selina recovered and plans to go to Wayne Manor to get revenge on Subject 514A . Even though she and Alfred fail to defeat Subject 514A , Selina was n't interested in helping Alfred find Bruce . After her friendship with Bruce is strained during the chaos caused by Alice Tetch Virus and Alfred getting stabbed , Selina meets up with Tabitha Galavan where she tests her talents on Tabitha 's whip upon telling Tabitha that she is `` done just surviving '' . Eventually , Selina and Tabitha work for a revived Barbara Kean after she made amends with them even when Barbara aligns herself with Sofia Falcone . Edward Nygma / Riddler Cory Michael Smith 1 -- present -- -- Cory Michael Smith Edward Nygma is a forensics operative who works for the Gotham City Police Department and often presents his information in riddles . He initially starts off as an awkward but intelligent man with an unrequited crush on archivist Kristen Kringle , but over the course of the show , transforms into a murderous and manipulative criminal . After being constantly mistreated by his fellow co-workers ( except Bullock and Gordon , who tolerate him ) , Nygma murdered a fellow officer , Tom , who was also Kringle 's abusive boyfriend causing a mental breakdown that results in a second personality . He succeeded in becoming Kristen 's boyfriend , however he was dumped after he told Kristen about having killed her abusive ex-boyfriend , Tom . When Edward tries to stop her from calling the police , he accidentally chokes her to death . Edward starts to give in to his narcissistic dark side . While burying her body in the woods , a passerby approaches and interferes . Nygma kills him as well and has to bury both bodies . After helping Cobblepot recuperate , Nygma allows Cobblepot to live with him while helping to heal Gordon after he was beaten up by Theo Galavan . Nygma later figures out Gordon 's hand in Theo Galavan 's death and orchestrates his arrest by framing him for the death of Carl Pinkney . During the confrontation with Gordon at the spot where Kristin Kringle was buried , Nygma 's plot was exposed thanks to Gordon 's plan by getting him to confess his actions with Nathaniel Barnes and the other police officers nearby . Nygma is arrested by the police and remanded to Arkham Asylum . After he investigates and finds out who Hugo Strange is and his experiments , Nygma escapes but is caught and recaptured after a brief encounter with Selina . He later aids Hugo Strange in interrogating Bruce Wayne and Lucius Fox but was re-incarcerated afterwards . Six months later , Penguin has him declared sane and has him released from Arkham Asylum so that he can help Penguin become mayor . Later , Nygma buys back the money that Butch was bribing people with in order to vote for Penguin . However , Penguin still wins regardless , proving Nygma 's point that the people of Gotham loved Penguin anyway . Later , Nygma meets and becomes infatuated with a woman striking the resemblance to Kringle and also likes riddles , Isabella . After forming a relationship with Isabella , Penguin orders Gabriel to cut the brakes off of Isabella 's car , killing her . After Nygma is informed by Barbara of Penguin 's romantic feelings for him , Nygma discovers that Penguin indeed killed Isabella . Later , Nygma forms a partnership with Barbara , Tabitha , and Butch to destroy everything Penguin loves . After breaking his sanity and destroying his reputation , Nygma shoots Penguin in the harbour docks , although Penguin claims to love Nygma still . Nygma later starts a killing spree of those who ca n't solve his riddles and even gets Lucius Fox involved . Taking pills that cause him to have tormenting hallucinations of Penguin , Nygma admits that he ca n't do everything without Penguin . Later , Nygma throws the pills away , and finally embraces his new role as `` The Riddler . '' In order to get the Court of Owls to reveal themselves , Riddler takes Mayor Aubrey James captive . Meeting with Gordon at the police station , Riddler agrees to Gordon 's terms to accompany him . When on a road , Riddler agrees to go along with Kathryn and the Talon after Kathryn referenced the fact that Hugo Strange left Riddler 's `` who actually runs Gotham '' question . As the Talon loads Nygma into the car , Kathryn tells Gordon that they 'll find a use for Riddler before departing . Nygma later discovered that Oswald Cobblepot is his neighbouring prisoner . Both of them work together to escape from their prison . At the conclusion of the chaos caused by the Alice Tetch Virus , Oswald outsmarts Riddler and has Victor Fries use his freeze gun on him . Oswald then plans to use Riddler 's frozen body as the centerpiece of his Iceberg Lounge and as a reminder to never let love be his downfall again . Riddler is later freed by a woman named Myrtle Jenkins who tries to get him back to good health and remember the classic riddles . After hitting Myrtle with the riddle book for children , Riddler leaves her apartment and heads out to plan revenge on Oswald Cobblepot . Due to his brain still recovering from the ice , Riddler was unable to do his usual riddles on Oswald Cobblepot who ended up sparing Riddler from Victor Fries . Riddler later encountered Butch Gilzean in his new form of Solomon Grundy . As they work to recover their minds , they go to Cherry 's fight club where Riddler persuades Cherry to let him fight there . When Selina Kyle manages to catch Edward Nygma while Barbara Kean and Tabitha Galavan were busy with their side - agendas , Leslie Thompkins suggested a `` Code of the Narrows '' to pit the champions of both sides against each other for the fate of Edward Nygma . When Firefly crashes the fight to finish the job that Oswald Cobblepot gave her , Riddler witnessed Leslie disabling Firefly and Barbara shooting Cherry . While Solomon Grundy was having his wounds tended to , Nygma suggests to Leslie that she takes the position that Cherry had . Leslie later figures out that Nygma 's error of not doing his usual problems was a psychological error . The Riddler persona soon returns to cause problems for Nygma and he eventually resorts to attempting suicide by hanging before opting to return to Arkham . As he contemplates signing the papers , a delighted Penguin reveals that he sent a letter to him hoping the Riddler would read it and Nygma would return to Arkham . He adds that he can truly see who he is and finally calls him Riddler . Fish Mooney Jada Pinkett Smith Jada Pinkett Smith Fish Mooney is a former nightclub owner and mobster who led a gang under Don Falcone and was the former boss of Oswald Cobblepot . She operated in Gotham City 's red - light district despite the heavy presence of the Italian Mafia . Mooney sometimes provides information to Detective Bullock , who has a sweet spot for her . Mooney has secret plans to overthrow Falcone , whom she hates for his otherwise unspecified role in Fish 's own mother 's death , makes her as the main antagonist of season 1 . Her plan involved hiring a girl named Liza to seduce Falcone and secretly blowing up Falcone 's money supply . After her plans to overthrow Falcone are exposed by Oswald Cobblepot , who has been blackmailing Liza to get information about both Falcone and Mooney , Don Falcone strangles Liza to death and has Mooney and Butch Gilzean was taken prisoner while the remnants ended up on Oswald Cobblepot 's side . After escaping from Falcone 's men , Mooney tries to leave Gotham City by water and is captured by the minions of the Dollmaker . Mooney was eventually able to escape with some of her fellow prisoners . She returned to Gotham City during the gang war between Falcone and Maroni and formed her gang from street children , including Selina Kyle . Mooney was pushed off of a building into the ocean in a battle with the Penguin , which seemingly killed her . In the second season 's fall finale , Fish 's body is seen at Indian Hill , a scientific division of Wayne Enterprises that secretly performs illegal experiments . Fish is eventually revived in the second season finale while augmented with the help of cuttlefish DNA , being the only one of Hugo Strange 's patients have her memories intact for unknown reasons . The side - effects of the revival gave Mooney the ability to take control of anyone that comes in contact with her . She manages to escape from Arkham and knocks out a shocked Penguin on the street . With some of the Indian Hill escapees on her side as members of her latest gang and even realigning herself with Selina Kyle , Fish Mooney begins raiding every pharmacy for drugs . After learning from Ethel Peabody about the new cells being rejected by her body and that Hugo Strange would fix her , Fish Mooney has her fellow escapee Marv steal her youth . Then Fish Mooney plans to find Hugo Strange in order to get him to make more monsters for her gang . When Fish Mooney 's follower Nancy catches Ivy Pepper , Selina tries to vouch for her only for Fish Mooney to sic Marv on her . Fish Mooney was successful at freeing Hugo Strange . Because of what Mooney said to him , Cobblepot decides not to kill her and allows her to leave with Hugo Strange while telling her not to return . Fish Mooney later returned to Gotham City with some armed men where she saves Cobblepot from Riddler , Barbara Kean , Tabitha Galavan , and Butch Gilzean . She then makes off with Cobblepot where she forgives him and mends her relationship with Cobblepot . After obtaining a fleeing Hugo Strange , Fish Mooney has him take her , Oswald Cobblepot , Victor Fries , and Bridgit Pike to the slaughterhouse where the antidotes to Alice Tetch 's blood is . During a fight between Fish Mooney 's followers , James Gordon , and the League of Assassins ' ninjas , Fish Mooney is accidentally stabbed by James Gordon . When Cobblepot tells Mooney that they 'll get her some help , Mooney turns her down stating that this would happen and for Cobblepot to either take control of Gotham City or burn it to the ground as she dies again . Renee Montoya Victoria Cartagena -- -- Renee Montoya is a detective in the Major Crimes Unit of the Gotham City Police Department who is dedicated to fighting police corruption . She initially believed that Jim had actually murdered Oswald Cobblepot and was obsessed with arresting him , mostly due to her past relationship with Barbara Kean mixing with her sense of duty , until it was shown that Cobblepot was still alive . She later occasionally assists him in fighting Gotham 's corruption after she and Crispus saved Jim from being killed by Victor Zsasz . Renee was revealed to have had a relationship with Barbara Kean . Crispus Allen Andrew Stewart - Jones -- -- Crispus Allen is a detective in the Major Crimes Unit of the Gotham City Police Department who is Renee Montoya 's partner . He was with Renee when she was looking for clues to see if Jim Gordon had actually killed Oswald Cobblepot or not . Crispus later occasionally assists Gordon in fighting Gotham 's corruption after he and Renee save Jim from being killed by Victor Zsasz . Carmine Falcone John Doman 2 , 4 John Doman Carmine Falcone is the Don of the Falcone Crime Family and businessman who is the father of Mario Calvi . He is Fish Mooney 's superior and has specific members of both the Gotham City government and the Gotham City Police Department on his payroll ( examples being Commissioner Gillian B. Loeb and Mayor Aubrey James ) as well as having connections with the Court of Owls . While heading a traditional Cosa Nostra family , Carmine also controls a series of various other criminal organizations in Gotham City including the Triads , the Irish Mob , and Russian Mob as well as other Gotham City gangs such as Fish Mooney 's gang . Upon first encountering Gordon after preventing Fish Mooney 's men from killing him and Bullock , he at first dismisses his idealism as naive . His hold on Gotham City is challenged by the rival Maroni family and his allies such as Fish Mooney and the Russian Mob . Several of his caporegimes like Jimmy Saviano have also shown signs of treachery . Following the end of his mob war with the late Sal Maroni and Fish Mooney , Falcone retired and leaves Gotham . Before leaving , he reveals that he used to be friends with Gordon 's father prior to being in the mob and gives Gordon a knife that had belonged to Gordon 's father and parts on good terms stating that it is time for some real law and order in Gotham . Falcone later returned to help Harvey Bullock get Jim Gordon out of Blackgate Penitentiary with help from his contacts from within the prison . Upon Leslie and Mario returning to Gotham City , he gives his approval to Mario for his relationship to Leslie . He also wanted to throw an engagement party for them and was shown to be angered at the Court of Owls for targeting Mario when it later turns out that he was infected with Alice Tetch 's poisonous blood . While he was displeased that Gordon gunned down Mario in self - defense , Leslie talked Falcone into calling off Victor Zsasz 's hit on Gordon knowing that Mario would 've ended up like Nathaniel Barnes did . Carmine later reluctantly helped Gordon by giving him the information on the person who had him hire a lawyer for the drunk driver that caused the car accident that killed Peter Gordon . Upon heading down to Florida , Gordon tries to get Carmine Falcone to help in the war against Oswald Cobblepot . Carmine declines due to the fact that he is dying and that being in warmer climates would help him but agrees to let his daughter Sofia go in his place . Hearing reports of Sofia 's ruthless pursuit of Gotham , Falcone arrives to take her home , telling her she has failed their family and is endangering the family reputation to get revenge for her brother 's death . Before he can take her , Falcone is shot and killed by a group of gunmen . Sofia is wounded but later reveals that she is responsible for her father 's murder . Leslie Thompkins Morena Baccarin 2 -- present -- Morena Baccarin Leslie Thompkins is a physician at Arkham Asylum who works in the female ward . After enlisting as a medical examiner at Gotham City Police Department , she enters into a relationship with James Gordon . Proving herself an observant and energetic partner at the GCPD , she often persists in trying to keep actively involved as a means to further Jim 's work , making him uncomfortable with potentially endangering her as with Barbara following Cobblepot 's return . She is later revealed to be pregnant and Jim proposes to her after Theo Galavan 's death . At the time when Gordon was incarcerated at Blackgate , he learned from Harvey that Leslie miscarried and that she went south . When Gordon tracks down Leslie outside of Gotham City in order to repair their relationship . However , he discovers that she is engaged to Mario Calvi , the son of the former crime lord Carmine Falcone . However , Gordon made peace with it by the time Leslie returned to Gotham with Mario . Gordon and Leslie reconciled after Gordon gave his best wishes to Mario . She and Valerie Vale were eventually kidnapped by Jervis Tetch as part of his revenge against Jim Gordon . Tetch then forced Gordon to choose between Lee or Valerie being killed , and after Gordon chooses Lee to be killed , Tetch shoots Valerie instead . It is implied that Gordon knew Tetch would shoot Valerie instead of Lee ; as he is still in love with the latter . It is also implied that Lee is still in love with Gordon , despite her being in engaged to Mario Calvi . However , after Mario is infected by the Tetch Virus and shot dead by Gordon , she begins to grow hostile towards Gordon due to grief and rage ( mainly because Leslie is unwilling / refuses to accept the truth ; that Mario tried to kill her when he was infected by Alice Tetch 's blood ) by doing everything she can to make Gordon uncomfortable . Due to Gordon refusing to tell her about what 's happening in Gotham out of fear that the Court of Owls will take action , Leslie resigns from the police department . She later takes a sample of Alice Tetch 's blood that Hugo Strange gave James Gordon and injects herself with it . She was eventually cured along with Gordon . She then left Gotham , leaving behind a note saying that while she 's not sure if Gotham deserves to be saved , Leslie does have hope that Gordon would save the city before reaffirming her love for him . Leslie later appeared at Cherry 's fight club working as its doctor when she is called to tend to the burns on Solomon Grundy . She does agree to a partnership with Edward Nygma in order to help her side - job . At the time when Barbara Kean , Tabitha Galavan , and Selina Kyle arrived at Cherry 's fight club to look for Edward Nygma , Leslie was approached by Barbara Kean where Leslie is not pleased with her appearance . She also stated that she does n't know who Jim is . When Selina Kyle manages to catch Edward Nygma while Barbara Kean and Tabitha Galavan were busy with their side - agendas , Leslie Thompkins suggested a `` Code of the Narrows '' to pit the champions of both sides against each other for the fate of Edward Nygma . When Firefly crashes the fight to finish the job that Oswald Cobblepot gave her , Riddler witnessed Leslie disabling Firefly and Barbara shooting Cherry . While Solomon Grundy was having his wounds tended to , Nygma suggests to Leslie that she takes the position that Cherry had . Leslie takes that suggestion and her first decree was `` drinks on the house '' . Leslie later solves some issues with the inhabitants of the Narrows like dealing with competitive street businesses and even uses mixed medicines and an antidote to get Sampson out of the southern parts of the Narrows . Theo Galavan / Azrael James Frain -- -- James Frain Theo Galavan is a charismatic billionaire industrialist whose sister is Tabitha Galavan and whose step - niece is Silver St. Cloud , both of whom do his bidding . He is the main antagonist of first half of season 2 Rise of the Villains , who 's responsible for creating chaos and violence in Gotham City , as part of his master plan to finally carry out a centuries - old vendetta . Galavan 's family , originally called the Dumas family , were one of Gotham City 's most prominent families and said to have built Gotham City . But the family was ruined financially and socially by the Wayne family after an act of violence was perpetrated by a member of the Dumas family against a member of the Wayne family many years earlier . Those Dumas who remained in Gotham changed their surname to Galavan . Theo starts his campaign by orchestrating the abduction of Mayor Aubrey James . As the Chairman of the Gotham Chamber of Commerce , he oversaw Gillian Loeb 's resignation as police commissioner and Sarah Essen being sworn in as the new police commissioner . Using Zaardon the Soul Reaper , Theo has Tabitha spring Jerome Valeska , Barbara Kean , Aaron Helzinger , Richard Sionis , Robert Greenwood , and Arnold Dobkins from Arkham Asylum to assist him . Sionis was the only one who declined and he had Tabitha kill him to serve as a warning to the others . Theo poses as a caring father figure to Bruce Wayne after ostensibly saving him from Jerome Valeska during a hostage crisis . With Mayor James still missing and Deputy Mayor Harrison Kane dead , Theo then exhorts Oswald Cobblepot into targeting the mayoral candidates by holding Oswald 's mother Gertrud hostage while acting like he missed Galavan . While Oswald was successful at killing Janice Caulfield , Victor Zsasz fails at kidnapping Randall Hobbs who drops out of the race . As the only remaining candidate , Theo wins the election , but his true goal is to avenge the Dumas family against the Wayne family . After Tabitha killed Gertrud , Oswald swore revenge on Theo which led to a fight between Cobblepot 's group and the police which ended with Oswald getting wounded and Gordon getting suspicious . He is later arrested by Jim Gordon after Mayor James is found alive following Barbara Kean ending up hospitalized . While Gordon and Barnes were searching Galavan 's apartment , they did find a cassock behind one of the paintings where they assumed that Galavan had some religious connections . While awaiting trial , Theo reprimanded Tabitha for acting out against his orders and states that his next plan is in motion . When it came to the trial , Mayor James testifies in court that it was Oswald Cobblepot who abducted him . The judge drops the case against Theo whose henchmen , posing as police officers , abduct Gordon while he was being taken out of the courthouse . With Gordon in his clutches , Galavan stated that the Order of St Dumas protected his family and that his real surname is Dumas . Galavan toys with Gordon but quickly overpowers him , using some martial arts skills which Theo not previously displayed . He orders his henchmen to kill Gordon slowly and leaves to claim Bruce Wayne 's life . During the final battle at Galavan 's tower , Tabitha tells Theo he has lost and she is going to look out for herself , saving Silver and Bruce Wayne , as Gordon and Penguin come to the rescue , albeit for very different reasons . Gordon and Cobblepot take him to an isolated place outside Gotham where Cobblepot beats him mercilessly until Gordon stops him and shoots Galavan dead . Cobblepot puts an umbrella in the corpse 's mouth to make it look like that he killed Galavan . Galavan 's body is then taken to the underground Indian Hill facility . As Patient 44 , he is successfully resurrected by the Indian Hill facility 's doctors but the shock of the process scrambled his memories . Strange , inspired by Nygma , misleads Galavan to believe himself to be the order 's legendary knight Azrael before sending him after Gordon . When it came to the fight at the Gotham City Police Department , Theo was unmasked upon his helm being knocked off by Nathaniel Barnes . He manages to use the broken part of the fake Sword of Sin to stab Nathaniel Barnes . As he makes his escape , his face was shown to the reporters as Oswald Cobblepot , Tabitha Galavan , and Bruce Wayne sees it on the news . Theo then began to look for the real Sword of Sin where he confronted Gordon and Bullock at a crypt which ends with Tabitha ending up hospitalised . During the fight with Gordon and Bruce Wayne at Wayne Manor , Azrael is eventually confronted by Cobblepot and then blasted by an RPG wielded by Butch Gilzean , end his life once and for all ; His body become shreds before police can get a DNA variation . Tabitha Galavan / The Tigress Jessica Lucas 2 -- present -- -- Jessica Lucas Tabitha Galavan is Theo Galavan 's whip - wielding , violent , loyal sister and the step - aunt of Silver St. Cloud . She serves as her brother 's henchwoman and lead enforcer who gets pleasure from causing mayhem even when it comes to making sure that none of the criminal activities is traced back to her brother , with whom she enjoys an unhealthy relationship . She always wears a cover over her nose and mouth to avoid being identified . She even develops a relationship with Barbara Kean and found a way to reprogram Butch Gilzean to serve Theo . During the fight between Gordon and Kean , Tabitha was shot in the shoulder and managed to escape . When it comes to the battle between Oswald Cobbleport 's group and the Order of St. Dumas , Tabitha turns against Theo telling him he has lost and that she needs to look out for herself as she escapes with Silver . Four weeks later , Tabitha visits Butch Gilzean and becomes his partner while starting a relationship with her . After the warrior Azrael is revealed to be the resurrected Theo Galavan , Tabitha teams up with Gordon and Bullock to find him . After helping Theo regain some of his memory , Theo remembers his mission and stabs Tabitha , resulting in her being hospitalised . Six weeks after the Indian Hill incident , Tabitha and Barbara started a club called Sirens Nightclub . After Butch was exposed by Edward Nygma as the leader of the new Red Hood leader , Tabitha broke him out of the prison transport bus and took him to a safe house . After Barbara killed Butch Gilzean , Tabitha fought Barbara at her safe house which ended with Barbara getting electrocuted . Later on , she is approached by Selina Kyle where she states to Tabitha that she is done surviving . Before they begin to work together , Tabitha does allow Selina to test her abilities with her whip . Tabitha and Selina end up aligning with a revived Barbara . At the time when Barbara , Tabitha , and Selina were sent to Cherry 's fight club to find Edward Nygma , Tabitha found Butch Gilzean having transformed into Solomon Grundy where he barely remembers her . When Leslie Thompkins calls for the `` Code of the Narrows '' upon Selina apprehending Nygma , Tabitha ( referred to as The Tigress ) is paired up against Solomon Grundy where the fight does n't go well . Firefly crashes the fight to finish the job that Oswald Cobblepot gave her . Tabitha then witnessed Leslie disabling Firefly and Barbara shooting Cherry . Tabitha , Barbara , and Selina later abduct Sofia Falcone upon thinking that she was friends with Cobblepot until she states that she is against Cobblepot . After Victor Zsasz destroys Barbara 's club , Tabitha was present when Barbara sides with Sofia Falcone . Lucius Fox Chris Chalk 2 -- present -- Lucius Fox is a junior executive and tech genius at Wayne Enterprises who in the shadow of the company 's corrupt activities emerges as a moral beacon for Bruce Wayne as he attempts to help him uphold the legacy of his parents , Thomas and Martha Wayne . ) Fox was an ally to the Wayne family and one of the few people to know the Waynes were not as corrupt as they had to pretend to be to Wayne Enterprises ' board of directors . He first appeared in `` The Anvil and the Hammer '' where he entered Sid Bunderslaw 's office at the time of Bruce Wayne 's unexpected visit . Before allowing Bruce to leave Wayne Enterprises , Fox warns Bruce that his father was a very guarded man . Fox later encountered Alfred at a bar . Alfred convinced Fox to help Bruce Wayne repair a computer that Alfred had wrecked . After Bruce is kidnapped by Theo Galavan , Lucius finishes fixing the computer hard drive and does his part to help the Gotham City Police Department locate Bruce Wayne . He later helps identify `` The Philosopher '' , the man who ordered the Waynes to be killed . He and Bruce are later kidnapped by Hugo Strange but are freed by Selina Kyle afterwards . Lucius later leaves Wayne Enterprises and becomes a science expert at the Gotham City Police Department . Butch Gilzean / Cyrus Gold / Solomon Grundy Drew Powell 2 -- present -- Drew Powell Born Cyrus Gold , Butch Gilzean is Fish Mooney 's right - hand man and mob enforcer who is the uncle of Sonny Gilzean . Victor Zsasz brainwashed Butch into obeying Oswald Cobblepot 's every command . To infiltrate Theo Galavan 's group , Cobblepot cut off Gilzean 's left hand so that Gilzean would win sympathy from the Galavans , who gave Gilzean a new mallet - shaped left hand and other attachments . Tabitha later freed Gilzean from Cobblepot 's control . Four weeks following the death of Theo Galavan , Butch Gilzean rose to power and started a relationship with Tabitha Galavan . After Azrael was revealed to be the resurrected Theo Galavan , Butch and Penguin killed Theo with an RPG . Butch and his gang later accompanied Oswald into going after Hugo Strange . After a resurrected Fish Mooney knocked out Penguin on the street , Butch and his gang fled . During the man - hunt for Fish Mooney , Gilzean supports Penguin 's campaign by paying people to vote for him . He starts to get suspicious with Edward Nygma during his campaign . He realizes that Nygma bought back the money , but Penguin wins regardless , which causes Butch to feel left out while Penguin and Nygma start to work together more . Butch starts being the benefactor of a second version of the Red Hood gang and kills them so he can win back Penguin 's approval , but Nygma later exposes him . While being transported on a prison bus , Tabitha breaks him out and takes him to a safe house . After Isabella was murdered , Nygma put the clues together and claims to Mayor Cobblepot that Butch killed her in revenge on both of them . As the chaos caused by the Alice Tetch Virus is winding down , Butch and Tabitha plan to dispose of Barbara Kean . During the confrontation , Barbara shoots Butch in the head . His body is reviewed by doctors and his birth name is revealed as Cyrus Gold . When his body is dumped into Slaughter Swamp by the hospital 's orderlies , chemicals associated with Indian Hill revived Cyrus Gold while regenerating his hand . The transformation also gave him super-strength while also making him have a fear of fire . He makes his way to Gotham City and runs into Riddler who asks for his help remembering who he is . After getting a burn from one of the men he earlier attacked , Riddler takes him to Cherry 's nightclub to enter him in a fight where Cherry has her latest doctor Leslie Thompkins tend to his burn . Solomon Grundy manages to win most of his death matches . During his fight with Mr. Murder Face , Solomon Grundy started experiencing fragments of memories of his life as Butch Gilzean upon being hit in the head . At the time when Barbara Kean , Tabitha Galavan , and Selina Kyle arrived at Cherry 's fight club to find Edward Nygma , Tabitha encountered Solomon Grundy where he does n't remember him . When Leslie Thompkins calls for the `` Code of the Narrows '' upon Selina apprehending Nygma , Tabitha is paired up against Solomon Grundy where the fight does n't go well . Firefly crashes the fight to finish the job that Oswald Cobblepot gave her . Solomon Grundy prepares to attack only to be frightened by Firefly 's fire attacks . After Firefly was disabled by Leslie Thompkins and Barbara Kean shot Cherry , Solomon Grundy 's injuries were tended to by Leslie . Harvey Dent Nicholas D'Agosto -- Nicholas D'Agosto Harvey Dent is a `` handsome , warm and engaging '' Assistant District Attorney . He works with Gordon to find the man who killed Thomas and Martha Wayne . Harvey Dent was the prosecutor at Theo Galavan 's trial where Aubrey James fearfully told him that Oswald Cobblepot was the one who abducted him and not Theo Galavan . Along with Captain Nathaniel Barnes , Harvey later questioned Jim about his role in Theo 's death . When Gordon has been framed for the death of Carl Pinkney and sentenced to Blackgate Penitentiary , the news reporter stated that Harvey Dent could not be reached for a comment . After Warden Carlson Grey moved Gordon into Blackgate Penitentiary 's F - Wing , Bullock calls up Dent telling him what happened and to do everything he can to get Gordon out like either a transfer to another prison , a retrial , or reopening the case . Nathaniel Barnes / The Executioner Michael Chiklis 2 -- 3 -- -- Michael Chiklis A tough , no - nonsense martinet of a police captain at Gotham City Police Department after the death of Sarah Essen , he serves a strong ally to James Gordon , but will one day become Gordon 's enemy . Unafraid to make such enemies , Barnes is a strict `` law and order zealot '' . He first appeared where he dismisses Officers Pollard , Guthrie , Coulson , Drowler , Brooks and Hightower , and Detective Perez for corruption , bribery , drug abuse , racketeering , and extortion . Nathaniel promotes Gordon to his second - in - command as they start a Strike Team made up of the graduates from the Gotham City Police Academy . In `` Rise of the Villains : A Bitter Pill to Swallow '' , it was revealed that Nathaniel once served in the United States Marine Corps . After Gordon becomes a fugitive for punching Theo Galavan in court after being found innocent , Barnes attempts to arrest Gordon after the battle with the Order of Saint Dumas but is knocked out by Cobblepot . After Cobblepot was apprehended and backed up Gordon 's claim , Barnes told Gordon not to make a fool out of him . When Jim was framed for the murder of Carl Pinkney at the hands of Edward Nygma , Barnes believed that Jim committed the crime and the judge sentenced him to Blackgate Penitentiary . After Jim was proven innocent and Nygma was arrested upon the police being in the listening distance of Nygma 's confession , Barnes apologised and told Jim he owed him a favour . He also gave Jim the remaining Wayne files and Lee 's number . During Azrael 's attack on the Gotham City Police Department , Barnes fought Azrael on the roof which led to Azrael 's mask coming off and Barnes getting stabbed by Azrael . This led to Barnes being hospitalised . While still recuperating , Nathaniel initiates a manhunt for Fish Mooney and the Indian Hill escapees , which ends with Fish and Strange fleeing Gotham and the rest of the minions being burned to death by an angry mob . Later , Barnes is infected with Alice Tetch 's poisonous blood that dropped onto him . He then goes on a vigilante spree killing criminals until he is subjected by James Gordon and remanded to Arkham Asylum while in a straitjacket . While incarcerated at Arkham , Barnes keeps screaming `` Guilty ! '' . Leslie Thompkins later talks to Nathaniel Barnes about the blood he is infected with that also infected Mario Calvic . Barnes calls it a gift and states that when he gets out of Arkham , he is going to bathe the corruption of Gotham City in blood starting with Jim Gordon 's blood . Barnes is taken to a private lab owned by the Court of Owls where Kathryn had Hugo Strange extract Alice Tetch 's poisonous blood from him . After James Gordon used Penguin to interfere with the Court of Owls ' plans to use the weaponized blood on a Daughters of Gotham event , Kathryn cuts a deal with Nathaniel Barnes to dispose of Gordon . With a special outfit and an axe - tipped glove , Nathaniel Barnes targets James Gordon . During the fight at the Gotham City Police Department , Nathaniel Barnes beheads Kathryn and has his left hand shot off by James Gordon . Even though Barnes was detained , Alvarez told Gordon and Bullock that Barnes escaped from the Arkham Asylum transport upon killing the three guards . Ivy `` Pamela '' Pepper Clare Foley -- 2 -- 3 Maggie Geha -- Peyton List -- -- Ivy is a young vegan girl who is the abused daughter of Mario Pepper ( who was framed for the Wayne murders ) . She enjoys tending to her plants . After her mother committed suicide by cutting her wrists sometime after her father 's death , Ivy escaped from the juvenile hall ( which was part of Mayor Aubrey James ' plan for street kids ) and lives on the streets while maintaining contact with Selina Kyle . Like Selina Kyle , Ivy Pepper has befriended Barbara Kean . Ivy later works for Sonny Gilzean where she grows his `` magic mushrooms '' to sell on the streets . After an encounter with a Bruce Wayne look - a-like , Ivy gets caught by Fish Mooney 's minion Nancy while trying to warn Selina . After Selina fails to vouch for her , Ivy is then chased by Fish Mooney 's minion Marv . After being briefly touched by Marv , Ivy falls into the drain pipe and is swept away by the current . The effects of Marv 's brief touch causes Ivy to turn into an adult enough to outgrow her clothes by the time she awakens on the shore of the river . She later obtains the clothes belonging to the ex-wife of the man who found her where she knocked out offscreen for neglecting his plants . At some point , Ivy takes refuge in an abandoned house that has a greenhouse . After Oswald Cobblepot was shot by Edward Nygma , Ivy Pepper nurses him back to good health and helps to dispose of Gabe and those who came with them by having them buried in her garden of moving plants . Ivy then persuades Oswald Cobblepot to let her help in his plans to get revenge on Edward Nygma by stating that they will need an army of freaks . The two of them managed to get Victor Fries and Bridgit Pike on their side . Upon hearing what happened to Selina Kyle , Ivy Pepper uses her special perfume to control the nurses into bringing plants into Selina 's room . When Selina finally was awoken , Ivy was against her plan to go to Wayne Manor . Following the chaos caused by the Alice Tetch Virus , Ivy Pepper assists Oswald Cobblepot in the development of the Iceberg Lounge . She starts to feel neglected and goes to an apothecary where she consumes some chemicals held in the owner 's safe . This gives her the ability to be more connected to plant life and the scratches she does causes anyone hit by them to grow poison ivy in their system . Jervis Tetch Benedict Samuel -- A talented hypnotist teetering on the edge of madness . He arrives in Gotham with an unwavering desire to find his sister Alice , a young woman who went missing in the city years ago . It is heavily implied that Jervis has sexual feelings for his sister . After hypnotizing a doctor during a show at the Sirens , he has him kill his wife and then himself in order to get his residence . Jervis approaches James Gordon to help find Alice . Following his hypnosis on Barbara Kean during another show at The Sirens , Gordon visits him again where he starts to ask about Alice 's condition . Jervis ends up hypnotising → him . Before he can have Gordon jump off the roof of The Sirens , Jervis is attacked by Alice who does n't want to go with him with the resulting fight snapping Gordon out of his hypnosis . After Jervis escapes , Alice is handcuffed by Gordon . Alice later reveals that Jervis controlled most of Alice when they were kids , and put thoughts in her head that `` no brother should have '' . Later , Tetch hires the wrestlers known as the `` Tweedle Brothers '' to break Alice out of the GCPD . While Jervis , Dumfree , and Deever made off with Alice , the other two Tweeds were killed and the youngest of them was placed in police custody . Jervis then dressed Alice in the Alice costume from `` Alice in Wonderland '' and tries to have a tea party with her and the two remaining Tweedle Brothers , telling Alice that she is the only thing in his life keeping him from going mad . Gordon and Harvey arrive and a fight ensues . When Alice tries to escape , she accidentally falls on a pipe , impaling her . A devastated Tetch flees the scene . Jervis Tetch later uses the Red Queen plant on Jim Gordon to incapacitate him . Then he crashes the Gotham City Founders ' Dinner presided over by Mayor Oswald Cobblepot in order to make them drink the tainted water . His plans are thwarted by the Gotham City Police Department as Jervis starts to see some of his sister in Nathaniel Barnes due to him being infected with her blood . Jervis , Dumfree Tweed , and Deever Tweed are arrested and remanded to Arkham Asylum . Jervis Tetch later witnessed the Court of Owls obtaining Nathaniel Barnes . Leslie Thompkins later visited Jervis at Arkham Asylum to know if he infected Mario Calvi . Jervis stated that he did it after seeing how Gordon look at her the day he wounded Valerie Vale and states that she 's to blame for Mario 's suffering . The transport carrying Jervis Tetch was later intercepted by Butch Gilzean and Tabitha Galavan so that Barbara Kean can hold him for ransom . After being freed by Gordon , Jervis was drained of some of his blood with the part the blood came from being patched up . It was later mentioned by Harvey Bullock that the doctors patched Jervis back up and had him shipped back to Arkham Asylum . Ra 's al Ghul Alexander Siddig -- Alexander Siddig Ra 's al Ghul is the enigmatic person behind the Court of Owls ' activities and leader of the League of Shadows . With a past shrouded in mystery , the powerful supervillain uses cunning and deception to lay waste to his foes . His identity is foreshadowed upon the death of Shaman who works for Ra 's al Ghul . When Bruce Wayne meets Ra 's al Ghul in the bowels of the Yuyan Building , Ra 's al Ghul mentioned that he wanted Bruce to be his heir and does a final test where he wants him to kill Alfred Pennyworth . After Bruce stabs Alfred , he angrily tries to attack Ra 's al Ghul who gets away where he advises to Bruce to use the Lazarus Pit 's waters to heal Alfred . Siddig was promoted to a series regular for season 4 . During this time , it is revealed that he had revived Barbara Kean through the Lazarus Pit and is seeking a specific embalming knife . After killing Niles Winthrop and later Alex Winthrop in front of Bruce and Gordon , Ra 's al Ghul surrenders and is remanded to Blackgate Penitentiary to await trial . While also transferring some of his energy to a visiting Barbara , Ra 's al Ghul also had some of his men infiltrate Blackgate Penitentiary by posing as the prison guards . After doing a threat to Bruce Wayne to return to bother him when he starts a family , Bruce reluctantly uses the embalming knife on Ra 's al Ghul which reduces him to a skeleton just as Gordon and Alfred arrive . Gordon came up with a cover story that Ra 's al Ghul 's men infiltrated the prison and made off with him . Sofia Falcone Crystal Reed -- -- Crystal Reed The only daughter of Carmine Falcone and the sister of Mario Calvi . She is a strong , intelligent and calculating woman who has run the Falcone operation in the south for the past 10 years and is returning to Gotham to help Gordon take down the Penguin . Reed was promoted to a series regular for season 4 . At the time when James Gordon visits Carmine Falcone to ask for his help in dealing with Oswald Cobblepot , Sofia wanted to take over her father 's business to which Carmine would n't let her . She ends up secretly following Gordon back to Gotham City to do so anyway . Sofia started by meeting with Mayor Burke and the zoning commissioner where she established the Falcone Home and School for Orphans . Following Professor Pyg 's attack , Cobblepot had the Dentist torture her where Sofia did a bluff that fooled the Dentist into releasing her . She is then abducted by Barbara Kean , Tabitha Galavan , and Selina Kyle where they think she is allies with Cobblepot . Sofia tells them that she is against Cobblepot and her point is proven when Victor Zsasz shows up outside of Barbara 's lair with a rocket launcher that destroys the lair . Following the confrontation with Cobblepot , Sofia persuades Barbara 's group to ally with her . During a gunfight with Gordon when targeting Arthur Penn , Sofia is shot by Leslie Thompkins enough to put her in a coma . Recurring characters ( edit ) Introduced in Season 1 ( edit ) Aubrey James ( portrayed by Richard Kind ) -- The Mayor of Gotham City who is in Carmine Falcone 's pocket and is also revealed to do what the Court of Owls says . Superficially congenial , he is indifferent and contemptuous of most of Gotham 's citizens and ruthless towards anyone who would endanger his political standing and criminal associations . Following Falcone 's retirement , James is later held captive by Theo Galavan in an elaborate scheme of Galavan 's in order for Galavan to become the new mayor . Sometime later , James is found at a safehouse in China Docks which leads to Galavan 's arrest . At Galavan 's trial , James fearfully testified that Galavan did not abduct him but rather that Oswald Cobblepot was responsible . James later assisted Nathaniel Barnes at a press conference where they state that they have no knowledge if Wayne Enterprises is connected with Indian Hill . At another press conference , James stated that the elected Gotham City Officials have been running Gotham City since Theo Galavan 's death and want him to be reinstated as the Mayor of Gotham City . Oswald Cobblepot crashes the press conference stating that he challenges James for that role after driving out the `` abominations '' that plagued their city . Later , Oswald is elected as the new mayor of Gotham . When Oswald goes missing , a news report states that the elected Gotham City Officials have reinstated Aubrey James . He was briefly held hostage by Riddler in order to get the Court of Owls ' identity out of him . During the chaos caused by the Alice Tetch Virus , it was mentioned that Mayor Aubrey James has called in the National Guard to help . Sometime later , Aubrey James is succeeded by Burke . Gertrud Kapelput ( portrayed by Carol Kane ) -- The overly possessive , heavily - accented mother of Oswald Cobblepot . In her earlier life , she was the cook for Elijah Van Dahl 's parents where they fell in love which Elijah 's parents disapproved . Even though Elijah stood up to his parents , Gertrud was already gone and she later gave birth to Oswald . She and her son share an unusually close bond . Gertrud is responsible for Oswald 's desires to move up in the world , claiming it 's his birthright . She is later held captive by Theo Galavan so that Penguin could help him in his goals . Although Oswald Cobblepot persuades Theo to have his mother freed in exchange that he continues to work for him , Gertrud is stabbed in the back by Tabitha Galavan . Before dying from her wounds , Gertrud learns more about Oswald 's activities and still considers her son a good boy . Sal Maroni ( portrayed by David Zayas ) -- The Don of the Maroni Crime Family and owner of Bamonte 's Restaurant who is a rival of Carmine Falcone . Unlike Falcone , he is much younger and more ambitious . His territory includes Gotham City 's Little Italy district as well as the waterfront . Sal also controls Gotham City 's drug trade , unions , operations on the waterfront , and gun smuggling . During the gang war between the Falcone and Maroni crime families , Sal Maroni is killed by Fish Mooney after he makes sexist remarks towards her . His business then fell into the Penguin 's control . Frankie Carbone ( portrayed by Danny Mastrogiorgio ) -- The chief enforcer and a made man in the Maroni Crime Family . He is later killed by Oswald Cobblepot , Gabriel , and an unnamed former Maroni crime family member who is on Oswald 's side . Liza ( portrayed by Makenzie Leigh ) -- A singer who has applied for an opening at Fish Mooney 's nightclub and subsequently became an agent for Mooney to seduce Don Carmine Falcone . She is subsequently blackmailed by Oswald Cobblepot . Upon Mooney faking Liza 's kidnapping , Liza is later strangled to death by Falcone in front of Mooney and Gilzean after Oswald tells Falcone the whole story . Alvarez ( portrayed by J.W. Cortes ) -- A detective of the Gotham City Police Department . During the chaos caused by the Alice Tetch Virus , Alvarez got infected and started shooting his fellow police officers until he was knocked out by Lucius Fox . He was later among those cured . Kristen Kringle ( portrayed by Chelsea Spack ) -- An archivist at Gotham City Police Department to whom Edward Nygma is attracted . When she finds out that Edward murdered her ex-boyfriend Tom , she threatens to call the police on Edward and he accidentally chokes her to death . Initially grief - stricken , the darker side of his personality soon emerges . Victor Zsasz ( portrayed by Anthony Carrigan ) -- A sadistic hitman who is loyal to Carmine Falcone and is assisted by a number of female associates . He carves a tally mark into his skin for every person he kills . Following Carmine Falcone 's retirement , Zsasz becomes loyal to Cobblepot . Zsasz is later hired by Falcone to kill Gordon after the death of Falcone 's son Mario and attempts to kill him twice before the job is cancelled by Falcone at the persuasion of Leslie . Three months following the chaos caused by the Alice Tetch Virus , Victor Zsasz works with Cobblepot to make sure that the specific criminals in Gotham City have specific licenses to commit crimes and to dispose of anyone that gets in Cobblepot 's way . Gabriel ( portrayed by Alex Corrado ) -- A thug who works as Oswald Cobblepot 's bodyguard . He previously worked as a bodyguard for Frankie Carbone as a member of the Maroni crime family until he assisted Oswald and another operative into killing him during the attack on Nikolai 's warehouse . After that , he began to follow Oswald 's every command , he was always seems loyal to Oswald , but secretly , he followed him only out of fear . After Oswald 's life was saved by Ivy Pepper , Gabriel and those with him tried to have him planned for an auction where he 'll be killed off only for Ivy to use her perfume on them which led to those who came with Gabriel to end up killed . Upon admitting the truth that he followed Oswald out of fear when under the control of Ivy 's perfume , Oswald angrily stabbed Gabriel to death and buried him in Ivy 's plants him alongside those who came with him . Gillian B. Loeb ( portrayed by Peter Scolari ) -- The corrupt Commissioner of the Gotham City Police Department who is allied with Carmine Falcone until he switches to being an ally to Sal Maroni by the end of the season . He is initially Jim Gordon 's enemy and even has him fired after he stopped Zaardon the Soul Reaper . After Jim does a favor for Oswald Cobblepot , he and Victor Zsasz force Loeb at gunpoint to resign from the Gotham City Police Department . Loeb does that enabling Sarah Essen to be sworn in as the new commissioner . At the time when Jim Gordon was incarcerated at Blackgate Penitentiary , Warden Carlson Grey tells Gordon that ex-Commissioner Loeb says `` hi '' . Jonathan Crane / The Scarecrow ( portrayed by Charlie Tahan ) -- The teenage son of Gerald Crane . Gerald later forced his son to take a fear - inducing hallucinogen to wipe away his ability to feel fear . Jonathan now struggles constantly with fear and helplessness as well as frightening images of living scarecrow monsters . After facing his fears in the clutches of Grady Harris and Merton , Jonathan Crane becomes Scarecrow and begins his revenge on the GCPD for the loss of his father . Following a fight with James Gordon in Arkham Asylum , Scarecrow gets away . Jerome Valeska ( portrayed by Cameron Monaghan ) -- The psychopathic son of the circus snake dancer Lila Valeska and the blind fortune teller Paul Cicero . After confessing to the murder of his mother , Jerome laughs maniacally after telling of her abusive nature and calling it a joke . He is later freed from the Asylum by Tabitha Galavan in Season 2 to help form the Maniax . With help from Tabitha , Jerome killed his father who had predicted that Jerome would leave behind a legacy of death and madness . At the start of a hostage crisis at the Gotham Children 's Hospital Gala , Jerome ( who was posing as a magician with Barbara Kean as his assistant ) murdered Deputy Mayor Harrison Kane in front of the other attendees . When Bruce Wayne 's life was threatened , Jerome is killed by Theo Galavan as part of his plot to make himself look like a hero . Cicero 's vision comes true when some people who saw the televised hostage crisis suffered a mental breakdown where some of them start to imitate Jerome 's murderous actions . Former Indian Hill scientist Dwight Pollard conducts experiments with the goal of resurrecting Jerome . When it seemed that the project was a failure and Dwight cuts off Jerome 's face to pose as him , Jerome comes back to life in the autopsy room where he holds Leslie at gunpoint while recapping what happened the day he died . Upon seeing Dwight with his face , Jerome poses as a police officer and makes off with Dwight following his defeat . Upon stapling his face back on , Jerome uses the equipment from the stolen Channel 9 news to broadcast his message to his followers . He then sets off the explosives that kills Dwight and blows up the power company enough to cause a blackout in Gotham City . Jerome then leads some of his men to Wayne Manor to abduct Bruce Wayne where Jerome takes him to a carnival that he took over . When the Gotham City Police Department raided the park , Jerome followed Bruce into the House of Mirrors and was defeated by him in combat . Upon catching up to Bruce outside , Jerome is defeated by Gordon and his face is reattached before being sent back to Arkham Asylum . While showrunners have repeatedly stated that Valeska is only a precursor to the Joker , Monaghan notes that his portrayal of Jerome was influenced by the comic book character . Tommy Bones ( portrayed by James Andrew O'Connor ) -- A made man and hitman for the Maroni crime family who just got out of prison . During the gang war between the Falcone Crime Family and the Maroni Crime Family , Tommy was injured in a gunfight with Gordon . He is later seen to be a member of Oswald Cobblepot 's crime syndicate . As part of Edward Nygma 's plot to break Mayor Oswald Cobblepot 's mind , Tabitha holds Tommy at gunpoint in order to issue a threat to Mayor Cobblepot . Afterwards , Tommy is killed by Tabitha . Introduced in Season 2 ( edit ) Silver St. Cloud ( portrayed by Natalie Alyn Lind ) -- The mannerly niece of Theo Galavan and Tabitha Galavan who serves as a love interest to Bruce Wayne , despite having dark intentions . She was orphaned at a young age and her father was Theo 's stepbrother . Theo then forced her to show fake affection for Bruce . After Theo abducts Bruce Wayne , he has Silver work to get Bruce to admit his love to her before the Order of St. Dumas can begin their ritual . During the fight against the Order of St. Dumas , Silver flees with Tabitha . Bridgit Pike / Firefly ( portrayed by Michelle Veintimilla in Season 2 and 4 , Camila Perez in Season 3 ) -- Bridgit Pike is the quasi `` stepsister '' of Joe , Cale , and Evan Pike . She was a childhood friend of Selina Kyle and had once met Ivy Pepper . Bridgit . was forced by her stepbrothers to join the family business and was abused by them . After much abuse , Bridgit eventually snapped , burning Joe and Cale to death , and beginning a vigilante spree . In a confrontation with the GCPD , her entire body was severely scarred from the burns sustained from her tank leaking from a bullet shot caused by one of the police officers . She was then taken to the underground Indian Hill facility as the scientists believe she is immune to fire as it was mentioned in a discussion between two orderlies that protective clothing was `` fused '' to her . Selina Kyle later encountered Pike at the Indian Hill facility where she has no memory of Selina , calls herself Firefly , and is sporting a new outfit . Strange brainwashed Bridget into thinking she was a fire goddess . She then accepted Selina as her servant , after being convinced all `` deities '' need one . During the Indian Hill conflict , she got into a fight with Victor Fries and Strange accidentally got caught in their crossfire . Oswald Cobblepot and Ivy Pepper later find her working at a factory . After learning about Ivy Pepper 's encounter with Marv and some persuasion , Bridgit Pike agrees to help Oswald and Ivy where she starts by throwing hot coal into her abusive boss ' face . Though she is still at odds with Victor Fries . Bridgit Pike was with Penguin when they interfered in the Court of Owls ' plans to use the weaponized version of Alice Tetch 's blood on a Daughters of Gotham event where Bridgit Pike burned the Talon present . Later that night , she was knocked out by a Talon that was sent to abduct Penguin . Bridgit Pike later assisted Fish Mooney into obtaining the earlier antidotes for the Alice Tetch Virus and fighting the ninjas from the League of Shadows at the time when the chaos caused by the Alice Tetch Virus was caused . After Fish Mooney was accidentally killed by James Gordon , she and Victor Fries disappeared before the police arrived . Firefly was later sent by Oswald Cobblepot to do away with Edward Nygma in the event that Barbara Kean , Tabitha Galavan , and Selina Kyle failed to bring Ngyma to him . She crashed the fight between Solomon Grundy and Tabitha at Cherry 's fight club where her fire attacks struck fear into Solomon Grundy . Leslie Thompkins disabled Firefly by shooting her flamethrower tank which sent her flying into a wall . Veintimilla returned to the role with the season 4 episode `` Mandatory Brunch Meeting '' . Father Creel ( portrayed by Ron Rifkin ) -- A priest who is a high - ranking member of the religious sect of the Dumas family that left Gotham City with connections with Theo Galavan . Galavan met up with Father Creel and gives him the knife that was used by Jonathan Wayne to cut off Caleb Dumas ' right hand . Creel tells Galavan that the rest of the religious sect is en route to Gotham City . Father Creel later welcomes his brothers when they arrive in Gotham City . During the fight between Oswald Cobblepot 's group and the Order of St. Dumas to free Bruce Wayne , Father Creel is killed by Harvey Bullock . Hugo Strange ( portrayed by BD Wong ) -- Obsessed with understanding and manipulating the human mind , Hugo Strange is a young professor and Chief of Psychiatry at Arkham Asylum who is connected to the asylum 's creation and uses it for his personal experiments on patients , which often results in the worsening of their mental conditions . He is the main antagonist of second half of season 2 Wrath of the Villains , for his involvement with the secret underground Indian Hill facility owned by Wayne Enterprises that performs inhumane medical experiments on super-powered beings , later revealed to have been an overseer of the abandoned Pinewood program that Thomas Wayne started years ago . After Thomas disapproved of the project , Strange contracted Patrick Malone to kill the Waynes to keep his continued project a secret . While his scientists use experimental reprogramming on Oswald Cobblepot , Strange manages to win Victor Fries 's assistance in his experiments of reviving corpses of recently killed criminals . After having Victor kill a former Pinewood patient named Karen Jennings in an attempt to conceal his involvement , Strange manages to fully resurrect Theo Galavan and reinvents him into Azrael to have him kill Gordon . Later , Strange shredded all his documents to avoid suspicion from the GCPD . Strange then managed to resurrect Fish Mooney , also giving her the ability to get people to do her bidding just by making contact . In the final battle at the Indian Hill facility , Hugo Strange was caught in the crossfire between Victor Fries and Bridgit Pike only to be resuscitated by Gordon . After the bomb was deactivated , Hugo Strange was arrested by the police . Six months later , Fish freed Strange from his cell to help find a cure for her disease . When Strange said he could n't do it , Penguin allowed the two of them to flee Gotham , telling them to never come back . Kathryn alter brought Hugo Strange back to Gotham City so that he can extract Alice Tetch 's poisonous blood from Nathaniel Barnes into weaponizing it . Gordon and Bullock later found the secret lab where he was working . After tranquilizing the test subject , Hugo Strange gave them the research on the weaponized blood and a sample that he secretly kept from the Court of Owls in exchange that they do n't arrest him and cause the Court of Owls to go ahead with their plans . After telling Alfred about the Court of Owls plans , Hugo Strange tried to leave Gotham City only to be intercepted by Fish Mooney 's men in order to find the earlier antidotes for the Alice Tetch Virus which he kept at a slaughterhouse as he also still promised Fish Mooney an army of monsters . They did run into some resistance from the League of Shadows ' ninjas . After Fish Mooney was accidentally killed by James Gordon , Strange was arrested again by the police . Though he did agreed to help in the development of the antidotes . Ethel Peabody ( portrayed by Tonya Pinkins ) -- A scientist and assistant of Hugo Strange who works at the Indian Hill facility and Arkham Asylum . Fish approached her for a cure , but she did n't have any way of making one . She is then killed by Strange 's experiment Marv after he turns her old . Victor Fries / Mr. Freeze ( portrayed by Nathan Darrow ) -- One of Gotham 's preeminent cryogenics engineers . Bruno Heller has stated that Victor will be a tragic character . He started abducting people for his experiments to find the right coolant combination that would enable him to freeze his wife Nora until he found a cure for her illness . After Nora was brought in by the police , Victor turns himself over to the police . One of the frozen people successfully revived as it proved that A16 worked as Victor works to save Nora . Upon the police converging on his house , Victor turned the chemicals on himself after it was discovered that Nora switched the cryogenic chemicals . Although Hugo Strange claimed that Victor died in the infirmary , he was actually placed in the Indian Hill facility within a special refrigerated cell at - 20 degrees as the result of his attempted suicide . Hugo also states that he modified Victor Fries ' suit to keep him alive in temperatures above subzero temperatures so that Victor can help Hugo with his project with dead bodies . Victor was later sent by Strange to kill former Pinewood patient Karen Jennings . After being questioned by Gordon , Strange claimed that Fries was cremated . During the Indian Hill conflict , Victor Fries ends up in a fight against Firefly which ended when Hugo Strange got caught in the crossfire of their elemental attacks . Oswald Cobblepot and Ivy Pepper later find Victor Fries in a frigid location . As a way to persuade Victor to help , Oswald and Ivy returned his special suit that was held in Wayne Enterprises . Though he is still at odds with Bridgit Pike . Victor Fries later assisted Fish Mooney into obtaining the earlier antidotes for the Alice Tetch Virus and fighting the ninjas from the League of Shadows at the time when the chaos caused by the Alice Tetch Virus was caused . After Fish Mooney was accidentally killed by James Gordon , he and Bridgit disappeared from the scene before police arrived . After the chaos caused by the Alice Tetch Virus had ended , Oswald Cobblepot had Victor Fries use his freeze gun on Riddler . Oswald Cobblepot later called in Victor Fries to refreeze Edward Nygma when he was freed from the ice . As Edward Nygma was not acting like his usual way , Cobblepot had to spare Nygma from being frozen by Victor Fries again . `` Subject 514A '' ( portrayed by David Mazouz ) -- An unnamed look - a-like clone of Bruce with longer hair and a mark over his right eyebrow that is one of the experiments that escaped from the Indian Hill bus . He later had an encounter with Ivy Pepper who ran from him while he asked who Bruce Wayne is . After meeting Bruce Wayne and Alfred Pennyworth , Subject 514A started to mimic Bruce 's voice and start to resemble him . He took Selina out for dinner and helped her escape after she failed to rob a bank . Selina eventually realized that 514A was n't Bruce , and after 514A explained the situation , revealing that all he ever wanted was a friend . Selina told him that he 's more normal then he thinks , and while saying goodbye , 514A kisses Selina . 514A is later approached by Kathryn of the Court of Owls who states that she is one of her `` parents . '' He is then loaded into Kathryn 's car by Talon . Following Jerome 's defeat , 514A has had his scars `` erased '' by the Court of Owls as they make their plans to `` save '' Gotham City . After having Bruce Wayne sent to the Shaman and posing as him , 514A reports to Kathryn that the nosebleeds he 's been having has been happening more as Kathryn predicts that 514A will be dead by the time Bruce Wayne returns . When he is unable to persuade Selina Kyle into leaving town and she threatened to inform Alfred , Subject 514A pushed her out the window . Selina later recovered and attacked 514A with Alfred joining the fight causing 514A to defeat them and leave Wayne Manor . Introduced in Season 3 ( edit ) Valerie Vale ( portrayed by Jamie Chung ) -- A journalist for the Gotham Gazette , and the aunt of Vicki Vale . She briefly serves as Jim Gordon 's love interest , but after she got kidnapped and shot by Jervis Tetch , she realized Gordon was still in love with Lee and broke up with him . Mario Calvi ( portrayed by James Carpinello ) -- The son of Carmine Falcone who is an expert doctor and the fiancee of Leslie Thompkins . While he was n't born with the Falcone name and served as a disappointment to the family business , he did bring honor to the Falcone family . He is later revealed to have Alice Tetch 's blood in him which enhances his jealousy . When he tries to stab Leslie at Carmine Falcone 's lakehouse , Gordon shoots him dead in self - defense to save Leslie . Court of Owls -- A secret society that existed in Gotham for centuries , formed by members of Gotham 's wealthiest families , and the main antagonists of season 3 . They are with connections to Indian Hill with plans to `` save '' Gotham City from its corruption . They have been known to tell specific people like Carmine Falcone and Aubrey James what to do . Before they planning to release Tetch - Virus and wipe out Gotham 's crimes once again , all members of the court has been executed by Talons on Shaman 's order , as punishment for murdering Thomas and Martha Wayne without his permission , leaving the court officially defunct . Kathryn Monroe ( portrayed by Kit Flanagan in Season Two , Leslie Hendrix in Season Three ) -- A white - haired spokeswoman of the Court of Owls , a high - ranking member that Hugo Strange and Ethel Peabody answer to . When she has Talon bring Bruce to her , Bruce recognizes her as someone he 's seen at the Wayne Enterprises parties . Due to a deal Bruce reluctantly had to agree to where he would n't do any more investigating . Kathryn has the Court operative return Bruce to Wayne Manor while stating that he wo n't see her again . Kathryn and Talon later encountered Subject 514A stating that she is one of his `` parents '' and has him loaded into her car . After being apprehended by the Gotham City Police Department , Kathryn tries to get Nathaniel Barnes to stop his rampage there and retreat only for her to be beheaded by Barnes . Frank Gordon ( portrayed by James Remar ) -- The estranged uncle of Jim Gordon and brother of Peter Gordon who returns to the city after Peter died 25 years ago . He is a member of the Court of Owls where he possesses the same ring as Peter did . After Jim managed to stop the chaos caused by Jerome Valeska 's resurrection Frank appears at Jim 's apartment for the first time in years . After Jim learns about his uncle 's involvement with his father 's death and that the Court of Owls has a weapon from Indian Hill held at Dock 9C that they planned to use on Gotham City , Frank tells Jim to play along with Kathryn and then commits suicide by shooting himself in the head . The Talons ( Various Actors ) -- A group of masked deadly assassins that loyal to the Court of Owls . They are all well - trained , following every commands , and willing to sacrifice their life to protect the court . Sensei / Shaman ( portrayed by Raymond J. Barry ) -- A mysterious figure , associate of the Court of Owls , and servant of Ra 's al Ghul who enters Bruce Wayne 's life with the stated intention of unlocking the potential of his own mind . Bruce Wayne first meets him in a mountainous temple after being placed there by the Court of Owls . Shaman works to help Bruce get out of the alley in his mind and shape him to be a `` protector of Gotham City . '' In a call with Kathryn , it is stated by Shaman that he is leading Gotham into his claim to shape his destiny . In a flashback , it was revealed that Shaman respected Thomas and Martha Wayne enough to have an unnamed Court of Owls member killed for carrying out the murder . It was also revealed that he was behind the part of the Talons ' mental training . Upon forcing Bruce Wayne 's hand to push the detonator to the bomb containing the weaponized version of Alice Tetch 's poisonous blood , Shaman is shot by Alfred Pennyworth . Before dying of his wounds , Shaman tells Bruce to go to the Yuyan Building and `` seek out the Demon 's Head '' as his last request . Introduced in Season 4 ( edit ) Cherry ( portrayed by Marina Benedict ) -- The owner of a fight club in The Narrows . Riddler approaches her to let Solomon Grundy take part in the fight club . First , Cherry has her latest doctor Leslie Thompkins tend to Solomon Grundy 's burn . After Leslie disabled Firefly , Cherry revealed that she tipped off Oswald Cobblepot and is shot in the head by Barbara Kean . Lazlo Valentin / Professor Pyg ( portrayed by Michael Cerveris ) -- Lazlo Valentin is a pig - masked killer who targets dirty cops and other `` greedy pigs '' of Gotham City . After killing some corrupt police officers , Professor Pyg moved on to Phase 2 of his plan that involved harvesting the organs of dead less fortunate people that he poisoned and cooking them into the meat pies he made for a charity event at the Falcone Home and School for Orphans . During his fight with Jim Gordon , Professor Pyg was defeated by Gordon and was arrested by the police . While incarcerated at Arkham Asylum , Gordon gets a clue about his true identity and his surgeries where he was previously arrested down south in his unalterted state . After tricking a guard into coming into his cell , Professor Pyg kills the guard , leaves a message in blood for Gordon , and escapes . Martin ( portrayed by Christopher Convery ) - A mute boy at the Falcone Home and School for Orphans who `` speaks '' by writing things on the blank pad hanging around his neck . Oswald Cobblepot takes a liking to the boy as he gives him some life advice . After faking his death following his caputre at the hands of Sofia Falcone and Barbara Kean , Cobblepot says goodbye to Martin as Victor Zsasz takes Martin to somewhere safe and far from Gotham City . Guest characters ( edit ) Introduced in Season 1 ( edit ) Thomas Wayne ( portrayed by Grayson McCouch ) -- The CEO of Wayne Enterprises who is the husband of Martha Wayne and the father of Bruce Wayne . He and his wife murdered by a masked assailant after a phony mugging . Their deaths motivate James Gordon into finding the man responsible . In `` The Anvil or the Hammer '' , it is revealed by Sid Bunderslaw that Thomas Wayne and his father had kept quiet about the illegal activities at Wayne Enterprises . In `` Pinewood '' , it 's revealed that Thomas started the program known as Pinewood , but after Hugo Strange took over , Thomas tried to shut it down , resulting in Strange hiring Patrick Malone to kill the Waynes . Martha Wayne ( portrayed by Brette Taylor ) -- The wife of Thomas Wayne and the mother of Bruce Wayne . She and Thomas were killed by a masked assailant after he mugged them . Patrick `` Matches '' Malone ( portrayed by Danny Schoch in the first appearance , Michael Bowen in the second appearance ) -- A philosophical hitman - for - hire who is one of Gotham City 's deadliest murderers . He is the masked man in shiny shoes who killed Thomas and Martha Wayne in front of Bruce Wayne and a nearby Selina Kyle . This has led Detective James Gordon into finding him in order to bring him to justice . Under torture by an operative of Bruce Wayne , Silver St. Cloud revealed the identity of the killer to be Patrick Malone . When Bruce Wayne finally confronts Patrick with his suspicions , Patrick stated that he was tired of doing bad things while barely recalling if he killed Bruce 's parents and Bruce decides not to kill Patrick . Using the gun that Bruce left behind , Patrick committed suicide by the time James Gordon caught up with Bruce . Gordon and Bullock were left wondering who could 've hired Malone to kill Thomas and Martha Wayne . It 's later revealed that Hugo Strange contracted him to kill the Waynes on behalf of the Court of Owls . Patti ( portrayed by Lili Taylor ) -- A female minion of Dollmaker who alongside Doug oversaw the child trafficking ring that involved abducting street kids and shipping them overseas to Dollmaker . Their plot was foiled by the Gotham City Police Department . Doug ( portrayed by Frank Whaley ) -- A minion of Dollmaker who alongside Patti oversaw the child trafficking ring that involved abducting street kids and shipping them overseas to Dollmaker . Their plot was foiled by the Gotham City Police Department . Mackey ( portrayed by Kyle Massey ) -- A street kid who knows Selina Kyle . It was him who informed James Gordon and Harvey Bullock about Patti and Doug 's child trafficking plot as he had evaded capture . Harvey Bullock and Alfred Pennyworth later talk with Mackey about where Selina Kyle might be heading after she and Bruce fled during Copperhead 's attack on Wayne Manor . Upon being bribed by Alfred Pennyworth , Mackey told Harvey and Alfred that Selina will head to her fence and suggests they speak to Fish Mooney about where to find Selina 's fence . Balloonman / Davis Lamond ( portrayed by Dan Bakkedahl ) -- A social worker for Gotham Juvenile Services who secretly operates as a vigilante that murders corrupt people by attaching them to weather balloons causing them to float to the Earth 's atmosphere . His targets include Ronald Danzer ( a businessman who scammed countless people in a ponzi scheme ) , Lt. Bill Cranston of the GCPD ( who was prone to violence ) , and Cardinal Quinn ( who committed accounts of child molestation ) . He was defeated by Gordon and Bullock and loaded into the ambulance before he can make plans to target Mayor Aubrey James for the plans he made for Gotham 's street children . Hitman ( portrayed by Hakeem Kae - Kazim ) -- An unidentified hitman - for - hire who stole the identity of Richard Gladwell upon murdering him . Using Richard 's trademark telescopic weapon , the hitman was responsible for killing Councilman Ron Jenkins and his aide on Sal Maroni 's orders . Then he burned Councilman Zeller alive on the Arkham Asylum grounds under Carmine Falcone 's orders . Before he can kill Aubrey James on Sal Maroni 's orders , the hitman was gunned down by James Gordon and Harvey Bullock . Lou ( portrayed by James Georgiades ) -- The manager of Bamonte 's Restaurant who is a good friend of Sal Maroni and was the one who hired Oswald Cobblepot to work as the restaurant 's new dishwasher . He is later killed by robbers that were secretly hired by Cobblepot . Molly Mathis ( portrayed by Sharon Washington ) -- A middle management worker at Wayne Enterprises who is part of the illegal activities done by some of the company 's members . She also oversees the pharmaceutical company WellZyn which is a subsidiary of Wayne Enterprises . Stan Potolsky ( portrayed by Daniel London ) -- A biochemist that formerly worked at WellZyn and created the drug known as Viper ( a prototype version of Venom ) . During a confrontation between James Gordon and Harvey Bullock , Stan Potolsky tipped them off about Warehouse 39 before committing suicide by falling off the roof . Nikolai ( portrayed by Jeremy Davidson ) -- The leader of the Russian mafia in Gotham City that is under Carmine Falcone 's power . He secretly worked with Fish Mooney in plans to overthrow Falcone . Nikolai is later killed by Oswald Cobblepot during the Maroni Crime Family 's raid on his hideout . Dix ( portrayed by Dan Hedaya ) -- A former homicide detective and partner of Harvey Bullock who was crippled in the line of duty by Randall Milkie . Dr. Marks ( portrayed by Susan Misner ) -- A hypnotherapist who hypnotized Randall Milkie and Raymond Earl into becoming the `` Spirit of the Goat '' to kill people in the belief that negative re-enforcement would act as therapy for Gotham . She was shot in the leg and arrested by Harvey Bullock . Raymond Earl / The Goat ( portrayed by Christopher James Baker ) -- One of the few people to have been hypnotized by Dr. Marks into becoming a serial killer known as `` the Goat '' as part of a conspiracy . Earl believes that he is the embodiment of `` the Spirit of the Goat '' and that it compels him to murder the daughters of wealthy citizens of Gotham City . Richard Sionis / The Mask ( portrayed by Todd Stashwick ) -- The corrupt CEO of Sionis Investments who owns parts of Gotham City . He secretly ran an underground fight club while wearing a black mask before he was publicly exposed in a struggle with James Gordon and arrested by the police . He ended up incarcerated at Arkham Asylum . Richard is sprung from Arkham by Theo Galavan 's henchmen to serve him . Sionis declined the offer and is whip - strangled and repeatedly stabbed to death by Tabitha Galavan . This was part of Theo 's warning to the other freed Arkham inmates about the fate of those who do n't want to serve the Galavans . Tommy Elliot ( portrayed by Cole Vallis in Season 1 , Gordon Winarick in Season 4 ) -- During Bruce Wayne 's brief time as a student at a school , fellow student Tommy Elliot bullied and teased Wayne . When Tommy was confronted by Wayne outside his house , Bruce later beats up Tommy Elliot with his late father 's watch wrapped around his fist . Ian Hargrove ( portrayed by Leslie Odom Jr . ) -- An insane bombmaker who was originally incarcerated at Blackgate Penitentiary . While being transferred to a mental hospital , the prison van he was in was intercepted by the Russian Mob led by Gregor Kasyanov where they threatened him to make bombs in exchange that his brother John does n't become their target . Upon ending up in police custody when most of the Russian Mob present were killed by a bomb that was set off by Butch Gilzean , Ian Hargrove was among the patients of the recently - opened Arkham Asylum . Gregor Kasyanov ( portrayed by Steve Cirbus ) -- A lieutenant in the Russian Mob who later succeeded Nikolai upon his death . In retaliation to Nikolai 's death , Gregor Kasyanov had Ian Hargrove 's medical hospital transport intercepted so that he can have Ian make bombs for him in exchange that they do n't do away with his brother John . With these bombs , Gregor and his men hit Falcone 's money supply with the funds being blown up by Butch Gilzean and leaving the surviving Russians in police custody . Gregor was among the Russians that were caught in that explosion . Larissa Diaz / Copperhead ( portrayed by Lesley - Ann Brandt ) -- A contorting assassin hired by an as - yet - unknown person to kill witnesses to the Wayne murders . Jimmy Saviano ( portrayed by John Enos III ) -- The underboss of the Falcone crime family who is a childhood friend of Butch Gilzean . He is later killed by Butch Gilzean over a bad deal . Gerry Lang ( portrayed by Isiah Whitlock Jr . ) -- The strict director of Arkham Asylum when it reopened . He oversaw Jim Gordon after Mayor Aubrey James reassigned him to guard duty at Arkham Asylum . Gerry was later killed by Jack Buchinsky and Aaron Danzig when he stumbled onto their escape plot . He was later succeed by Hugo Strange . Electrocutioner / Jack Buchinsky ( portrayed by Christopher Heyerdahl ) -- A former mafia bank robber who uses electricity - based weapons and technology in his vendetta against Sal Maroni . Following his arrest , he passes himself off as an inmate of Arkham Asylum under the alias `` Jack Gruber '' in which he experiments on other inmates with electroconvulsive therapy . He escapes from Arkham Asylum with his ideal prototype of a factotum named Aaron Danzig after killing two guards and the asylum 's director Gerry Lang . Buchinsky is later recaptured in a struggle with James Gordon after he uses liquid to short out Buchinsky 's gear during his attack on the Gotham City Police Department . Dorothy Duncan ( portrayed by Allyce Beasley ) -- An Arkham Asylum patient who posed as a nurse . She was trampled to death by the inmates amongst the chaos caused by Jack Buchinsky . Aaron Danzig ( portrayed by Kevin McCormick ) -- An Arkham Asylum inmate on whom Jack Buchinsky experimented . He later escaped with him to assist in his revenge on Sal Maroni . Both of them are defeated by James Gordon . Everett Kean ( portrayed by Richard Poe ) - The wealthy father of Barbara Kean . He and his wife are killed when Ogre forced Barbara to murder them at their update home . Mrs. Kean ( portrayed by Richard Poe and Caroline Lagerfelt ) -- The unnamed wealthy mother of Barbara Kean . She and her husband are killed when the Ogre forced Barbara to murder them at their upstate home . Arnold Flass ( portrayed by Dash Mihok ) -- A corrupt narcotics detective in Gotham City Police Department who has an interest in Kristen Kringle and openly mocks Edward Nygma . Flass has ties to organized crime and the drug trade in Gotham City . He is later arrested by Gordon , Essen , and Alvarez for killing Leon Winkler , a witness to a drug - related murder . Due to his hold over Harvey Bullock , Loeb later has Flass exonerated and reinstated . After Gordon discovered the actions of Loeb 's daughter Miriam , he used her as leverage to get Bullock 's file from Loeb and to have Flass tried for his crimes . Dr. Guerra ( portrayed by Philip Hernandez ) -- The medical examiner at Gotham City Police Department . Nygma later framed him for stealing body parts which led to his suspension . Gerald Crane ( portrayed by Julian Sands ) -- A serial killer posing as `` Todd '' , a member of a support group for people with severe phobias . Crane kidnaps members of the support group and extracts their adrenal glands while exposing them to their greatest fear before killing them . Crane uses the adrenal glands to create a fear - inducing toxin that he uses to eradicate his own fear . Crane is later killed in a gunfight with James Gordon and Harvey Bullock . Scottie Mullen ( portrayed by Maria Thayer ) -- A counselor for people suffering with phobias . She was kidnapped by Gerald Crane , who tried to drown her in Lemmars Park ( Where she almost drowned as a child , which caused her phobia for swimming pools ) . Once they arrived , Jim Gordon chased after Gerald while Harvey rescued Scottie . She later became Harvey 's fiancee and Harvey eventually quit the GCPD . After Harvey rejoined the GCPD , Scottie changed her mind about the marriage . John Grayson ( portrayed by Robert Gorrie ) -- A member of the Flying Graysons at Haly 's Circus who gets engaged to Mary Lloyd after a dispute is resolved between their two families . Mary Lloyd ( portrayed by Abbi Snee ) -- A performer at Haly 's Circus who is the fiancé and sometimes rival of John Grayson . She gets engaged to John after a dispute between the Flying Graysons and the Lloyds are settled . Paul Cicero ( portrayed by Mark Margolis ) - A blind fortune teller at Haly 's Circus and the biological father of Jerome Valeska . After leaving Haly 's Circus , Paul is later killed by Jerome and Tabitha Galavan . Red Hood Gang -- The Red Hood Gang was a gang of bank robbers . Their leader always wore a red hood . Most of the time , other members of the team would turn against him after the crime . While most of the members were either killed by each other or during a shootout with the police , the red hood was claimed by an unnamed person while the police officers still at the crime scene were n't looking . A second version of the Red Hood Gang was formed by Butch Gilzean in order to crash Mayor Oswald Cobblepot 's events . To avoid Cobblepot finding out that he was behind the Red Hood Gang , Gilzean kills the entire Red Hood Gang upon Cobblepot and Nygma 's arrival . Gus Floyd ( portrayed by Michael Goldsmith ) -- A member of the first Red Hood Gang , Gus Floyd stole money from banks and gave to the poor . Under the belief that his red hood protected him from danger , Floyd proclaimed that whoever wore the red hood should lead the gang . Floyd was subsequently murdered by Clyde Destro , who stole his hood . Clyde Destro ( portrayed by Jonny Coyne ) -- A member of the first Red Hood Gang . He was a baker who joined the group after he was denied a loan from different banks . Clyde became the Red Hood after killing Gus Floyd . He was later shot by Trope who took the red hood before James Gordon and Harvey Bullock arrived . As Clyde was found wounded on the ground , the denied loans they found was a clue to the Red Hood Gang 's next target . According to the `` Gotham Chronicle '' website , Clyde survived the gun wound and is in police custody . Trope ( portrayed by Peter Brensinger ) -- A member of the first Red Hood Gang . He was the third person to become the Red Hood upon claiming it from Clyde Destro . During the Red Hood Gang 's next heist , Trope and the remaining gun members were gunned down by the police . Regan ( portrayed by Kevin T. Collins ) -- A member of the first Red Hood Gang . He was killed in a gun fight with the police . Haskins ( portrayed by Peter Albrink ) -- A member of the first Red Hood Gang . He was killed in a gun fight with the police . Unidentified Red Hood Gang Leader ( portrayed by Michael Stoyanov ) -- The unnamed leader of the second Red Hood Gang . He and his fellow Red Hood Gang members were killed by Butch Gilzean . Francis Dulmacher / The Dollmaker ( portrayed by Colm Feore ) -- Dr. Francis Dulmacher is a European mad scientist with little moral code who is the mastermind behind the abductions of people for the purpose of harvesting their organs for his surgical experiments and for his underground organ trade business . The Dollmaker 's experiments include the making of dolls out of human flesh , although he claims to have the means to resurrect the dead . After Fish Mooney started her escape attempt from the island , Fish 's allies beat Dulmacher down . Thomas Schmidt ( portrayed by Elliot Villar ) -- A guard that works for Dollmaker . He is charged with guarding the Dollmaker 's prisoners . Office Manager ( portrayed by Jeffrey Combs ) -- He is the unnamed office manager working for Dollmaker at his island facility to oversee the harvesting of body parts from the Dollmaker 's prisoners . After Mooney ripped out her eye and destroyed it to avoid being used for parts like the other prisoners , Dollmaker demoted him for his failure and punished him by disassembling his body and reassembling it with different female body parts . The former office manager 's fate was Dollmaker 's way of showing Mooney how anyone who fails him can still be of use . Reginald `` Reggie '' Payne ( portrayed by David O'Hara ) -- An old comrade of Alfred 's from the Special Air Service who is secretly working for the Board of directors of Wayne Enterprises ( namely Molly Mathis and Sid Bunderslaw ) as a private investigator . When Alfred stumbled upon Reginald doing something suspicious by the board where Bruce was doing his investigation , Reginald got surprised and stabbed Alfred which caused him to be hospitalized after Reginald fled . After telling Bruce Wayne that Sid Bunderslaw was behind the investigation with Bruce hesitant to push Reginald out the window while getting his drugs that was hanging outside the window , Reginald was pushed out of the window to his death by Selina Kyle to keep him from telling Sid Bunderslaw about Bruce 's suspicions of him . Miriam Loeb ( portrayed by Nicholle Tom ) -- The mentally - disturbed daughter of Gillian Loeb who in her earlier life had killed her mother because she disrupted her `` performance . '' Loeb covered up her daughter 's actions to make it look like an accident and had her placed in the attic of a house he owned that is inhabited by Jude and Marge who work for Loeb . When Gordon and Bullock discovered her and learned of her past , Gordon used this as leverage on Loeb where he wants Bullock 's file and Arnold Flass tried for his crimes in exchange that Miriam does n't end up in Arkham Asylum . Loeb had to go along with the deal . Sid Bunderslaw ( portrayed by Michael Potts ) -- The Director of Physical Operations at Wayne Enterprises who is a conspirator with Molly Mathis . He and Mathis hired Reggie Payne to break into Wayne Manor and find out how much Bruce Wayne knows about their criminal activity . Sid Bunderslaw is later abducted by Oswald Cobblepot on Theo Galavan 's behalf where Tabitha rips out one of his eyes so that it can be used for the Pike Brothers ' heist on a building owned by Wayne Enterprises . Jason Lennon / The Ogre ( portrayed by Milo Ventimiglia ) -- A young , wealthy and seductive serial killer known as Jason Lennon lures women and subjects them to `` tests '' as he searches for the perfect mate . He then murders the women once they fail to meet his impossible standards . His birth name is Jason Skolimsky where he is the son of Jacob Solimsky . Despite having killed at least a dozen women , no one on the GCPD pursued him after he murdered the wife of one detective and threatened to do the same to the loved one ( s ) of any policeman who attempted to catch him . After James Gordon pursued him , Lennon sought out Barbara Kean to kill her but was unable to do so after he became obsessed with her and came to believe she was the `` perfect mate '' for whom he had been ostensibly searching . After being tracked down , Jason is shot dead by James Gordon . However , his insanity lives on in the traumatized Barbara whom he forced to murder her own parents . Jacob Skolimski ( portrayed by Daniel Davis ) -- A butler for Constance van Groot who is the father of Jason . After Jason killed Constance for not making her his official son , Jacob attempted to commit suicide by hanging only to be stopped by James Gordon and Harvey Bullock . Jacob cooperated with the Gordon and Bullock and told them about Jason 's past . Introduced in Season 2 ( edit ) Zaardon the Soul Reaper ( portrayed by David Fierro ) -- A mentally - ill amateur supervillain who was placed in Arkham Asylum after assaulting innocent civilians and being defeated by James Gordon . He was actually used by his employer Theo Galavan as part of the Arkham Asylum breakout where his body expired upon emitting liquid knock - out gas from his mouth that knocked out everyone else in the room . Robert Greenwood ( portrayed by Dustin Ybarra ) -- A homicidal cannibal incarcerated in Arkham Asylum under the charges of murdering and eating over a dozen women . He along with several other inmates escaped the asylum with the aid of Tabitha Galavan to form Theo Galavan 's Maniax . During the ambush on the Gotham City Police Department , Greenwood was killed by Jerome Valeska after he said something that Jerome wanted to say . Aaron Helzinger ( portrayed by Stink Fisher ) -- A villainous muscular aggressive man with limited brain function who was incarcerated at Arkham Asylum for murdering his family with his bare hands until he escaped the asylum with the help of Tabitha Galavan to form Theo Galavan 's Maniax . While the other Maniax were attacking the Gotham City Police Department , Aaron accompanied Barbara Kean into ambushing Gordon where he managed to beat him up . At some point following Theo Galavan 's death , Aaron was recaptured and re-incarcerated at Arkham Asylum . When Hugo Strange puts Oswald Cobblepot through the `` ice cream '' therapy in Arkham Asylum 's cafeteria , Aaron attacked Oswald out of anger that nobody was offered any ice cream . Upon not seeing Oswald back , Hugo sent the guards to break up the attack . Oswald was later thrown in the same room with a chained - up Aaron so that Hugo can see if Oswald would kill him . Hugo sees that he did not kill Aaron and declares that Oswald is sane . Aaron is later brought to Theo Galavan by Hugo Strange as Theo hits him with the chest containing the recently - forged Sword of Sin . Arnold Dobkins ( portrayed by Will Brill ) -- A rapist who was incarcerated at Arkham Asylum . He was one of the many inmates to have been broken out of the asylum by Tabitha Galavan to form Theo Galavan 's Maniax . During a massacre attempt on a bus filled with cheerleaders from Gotham City High School , Dobkins was subdued by Gordon and sniped by Tabitha to keep him from telling the Gotham City Police Department about Theo 's involvement . Harrison Kane ( portrayed by Norm Lewis ) -- The deputy mayor of Gotham City that worked under Mayor Aubrey James . During a fundraiser event at Gotham Children 's Hospital , Harrison Kane was killed onstage by Jerome Valeska disguised as a magician at the start of the hostage crisis . GCPD Strike Force -- A strike force team of the Gotham City Police Department that was founded by Captain Nathaniel Barnes and consisting of graduates from the Gotham City Police Academy . Josie Mac ( portrayed by Paulina Singer ) -- One of the several young police trainees to join Captain Nathaniel Barnes ' strike force . Harvey later mentions to have been assigned to each Josie to shoot better . Luke Garrett ( portrayed by Lenny Platt ) -- One of the several young police trainees to join Captain Nathaniel Barnes ' strike force . He gets burned by Firefly during her fight with Gordon and Bullock where he later died in the hospital . Sal Martinez ( portrayed by Lucas Salvagno ) -- One of the several young police trainees to join Captain Nathaniel Barnes ' strike force . He is later killed by Tabitha Galavan when he tried to arrest her during the fight between Oswald Cobblepot 's gang and the Gotham City Police Department . Carl Pinkney ( portrayed by Ian Quinlan ) -- One of the several young police trainees to join Captain Nathaniel Barnes ' strike force . He is killed by Edward Nygma using a crowbar on him to frame Gordon for the murder . Pike Brothers -- The Pike Brothers are a group of arsonists that were loyal to Fish Mooney . They are nicknamed the `` Firebugs of the Narrows '' and their force their stepsister Bridgit to do their dirty work in exchange for a roof over her head . Joe Pike ( portrayed by Leo Fitzpatrick ) -- The leader of the Pike Brothers and the abusive stepbrother of Bridgit Pike . He is later burned to death by Firefly where he dies by the time Gordon and Bullock arrive . Cale Pike ( portrayed by Ari McKay Wilford ) -- Member of the Pike Brothers and the abusive stepbrother of Bridgit Pike . He is later burned to death by Firefly . Evan Pike ( portrayed by Noah Robbins ) -- Member of the Pike Brothers and the abusive stepbrother of Bridget Pike . While buying napalm at the Merc for the Pike Brothers ' latest heist , Evan was cornered by James Gordon and Nathaniel Barnes where their shooting of him set off the napalm that he was going to smuggle out resulting in Evan 's body getting blown up . Evan 's death caused Joe and Cale to drag Bridgit into their heist . The Lady ( portrayed by Michelle Gomez ) -- The unnamed leader of an organization of assassins with a bar serving as a front for their secret hideout . Tabitha Galavan once enlisted her to have her assassins kill Jim Gordon . After most of her clients were killed by Jim Gordon and Nathaniel Barnes , The Lady had gone out of business . Barbara later helps Jim get info from The Lady that it was `` The Philosopher '' that contracted the hit on Thomas Wayne and Martha Wayne . Eduardo Flamingo ( portrayed by Raúl Castillo ) -- One of Gotham City 's most dangerous assassins , the Flamingo is a spiked - chain wielding cannibal who sees killing as an artform . He is hired by `` The Lady '' on Tabitha 's behalf to kill Gordon , but fails and is arrested . Despite the efforts of the nearby police officers at the Gotham City Police Department , Eduardo kills Officer Katherine Parks by biting into her before he is put behind bars . Tom `` The Knife '' ( portrayed by Tommy Flanagan ) -- A dangerous hitman who uses a humorous stylish facade to cover up his murderous tendencies . He and his men were secretly hired by Bruce Wayne and Selina Kyle to extract the name of the man who killed Thomas and Martha Wayne by pretending to kidnap Bruce and abducting Silver St. Cloud and `` interrogating '' them separately . The pressure leads Silver to reveal the name `` M. Malone '' as the killer of Thomas and Martha Wayne . Nora Fries ( portrayed by Kristen Hager ) -- The wife of Victor Fries who is stricken with a worsening illness . When the police trace the pharmaceutical order for Nora Fries ' prescription , the police take Nora into their custody moments after she found the frozen humans Victor has been experimenting with . She told Gordon and Bullock that Victor did the abductions in order to keep her from dying . Before Victor tried to freeze her , Nora committed suicide by switching the cryogenic chemicals with an earlier batch that failed . Terence `` Cupcake '' Shaw ( portrayed by Jamar Greene ) -- The former partner of Patrick `` Matches '' Malone until he was incarcerated upon Patrick ratting him out . After spending 10 years in prison , he became the leader of the Mutants and established a fight area where Alfred had to fight him in order to get an idea on how to find Patrick . After being defeated by Alfred , Terence tells Alfred to speak with Jeri . Jeri ( portrayed by Lori Petty ) -- The flamboyant and enigmatic hostess of an underground club where mass murder and art are celebrated in equal measure . She has been an acquaintance with Patrick `` Matches '' Malone and Terrence `` Cupcake '' Shaw . Jeri tells Bruce where he can find Patrick and then provides a diversion to keep James Gordon from interfering . This gets her arrested when the police arrive where she is forced to tell where Bruce went to . Elijah Van Dahl ( portrayed by Paul Reubens ) -- The father of Oswald Cobblepot , the ex-lover of Gertrud Kapelpot , the husband of Grace Van Dahl , and the stepfather of Charles Van Dahl and Sasha Van Dahl . When Gertrud used to work as a cook for Elijah 's parents , he and Gertrud fell in love in secret . Elijah first met Oswald where he was visiting Gertrud 's grave . He then took Oswald to his house where he meets his stepmother and stepsiblings as Elijah does a toast to their family . While having dinner with his family , Elijah told Oswald that he is his only blood relative . He later tells Oswald that he has a hole medical condition and is not interested in what bad transgressions Oswald has been through despite the claims of Grace , Charles , and Sasha . Elijah later dies from poisoned wine that Grace , Charles , and Sasha poisoned , intending to poison Oswald . His death is later avenged by Oswald . Riddler later hired Basil Karlo to masquerade as part of a plot to break Oswald 's sanity . It should also be noted that Paul Reubens also portrayed `` Tucker Cobblepot '' who also was the biological father of Penguin in the comics and the 1992 film Batman Returns . Sonny Gilzean ( portrayed by Paul Pilcz ) -- The nephew of Butch Gilzean . After he caught Bruce and Selina trying to steal from him , Sonny violently beat Bruce . In retaliation , Bruce subjected Sonny to a worse beating before escaping with Selina . Bruce later fought Sonny and his friends again where they were attacking Selina . This time , Bruce fights them off . Grace Van Dahl ( portrayed by Melinda Clarke ) -- Superficially , a cultured hostess and socialite who is the wife of Elijah Van Dahl , the mother of Charles Van Dahl and Sasha Van Dahl , and the stepmother of Oswald Cobblepot . In reality , she is desperate for money and power where she comes up with devious plots to get them . Grace was a former diner waitress who first met Elijah at the diner and gave her refuge . She had secretly been switching his heart medicine with breath mints , to inherit his money . Following Elijah 's death , Grace allowed Oswald to remain with her as a servant . Upon figuring out that Grace had a hand in his father 's untimely death , Oswald takes his revenge on Grace by killing her after tricking her into eating a roast he made from her dead children . Her head is later used as a centerpiece of the Van Dahl household . Charles Van Dahl ( portrayed by Justin Mark ) -- The son of Grace Van Dahl , the brother of Sasha Van Dahl , the stepson of Elijah Van Dahl and the stepbrother of Oswald Cobblepot . Charles appears to have a good heart ( even once complimenting Oswald 's cooking ) , but is easily pressured by his mother into doing her bidding . He is later killed by Oswald offscreen and cooked into a roast . Sasha Van Dahl ( portrayed by Kaley Ronayne ) -- The daughter of Grace Van Dahl , sister of Charles Van Dahl , stepdaughter of Elijah Van Dahl and the stepsister of Oswald Cobblepot . She is later killed by Oswald offscreen and cooked into a roast . Carlson Grey ( portrayed by Ned Bellamy ) -- The corrupt prison warden of Blackgate Penitentiary who is good friends with Gillian Loeb . Wilson Bishop ( portrayed by Marc Damon Johnson ) -- A prison guard that James Gordon befriended during his time a Blackgate Penitentiary . Peter `` Puck '' Davies ( portrayed by Peter Park Kendall ) -- A young man incarcerated at Blackgate Penitentiary . After Puck tries to defend Gordon from other inmates , he gets beaten in return . He later reveals that his younger sister was rescued by Gordon from Dollmaker 's minions and that he was sent to prison after trying to steal a car to meet his girlfriend . Looking at Gordon as a hero , Gordon later comes to break Puck out of prison . After that was done , Puck later dies peacefully from his injuries . Scale Skin Man ( portrayed by Radu Spinghel ) -- An unidentified man with scaly skin who is one of Indian Hill 's experiments . After escaping from the Indian Hill bus with the other experiments , the Scale Skin Man joined up with Fish Mooney 's gang . Basil Karlo ( portrayed by Brian McManamon ) -- A deceased actor who was revived by Hugo Strange and Ethel Peabody at the Indian Hill facility . Thanks to the octopus DNA , he can now stretch his face . Hugo Strange used him to pose as Jim Gordon until his ruse was exposed by Barbara Kean . Basil spoke poorly about Leslie , which Jim would never do , prompting a slap to his face that revealed its stretching abilities . Basil later appeared to help Edward Nygma in his plot to break Oswald Cobblepot 's sanity . Introduced in Season 3 ( edit ) Ridgeback Monster ( portrayed by Michael Montgomery ) -- A humanoid with ridge - like bony plates on his head and back that is one of the experiments that escaped from the Indian Hill bus . During his fight with James Gordon , the Ridgeback Monster was struck down by an approaching truck . Nathaniel Barnes stated that his men are still `` picking up the pieces '' of the monster . Marv ( portrayed by Victor Pagan ) -- A male who is one of the Indian Hill experiments that escaped from the Indian Hill bus and joined up with Fish Mooney 's gang . His touch is described to be a reverse effect of the Fountain of Youth where anyone he touches turns old and dies . Marv was responsible for killing Ethel Peabody and briefly touched Ivy Pepper enough to age her to a teenager . During Oswald Cobblepot 's confrontation with Fish Mooney at the place where Hugo Strange was incarcerated , Cobblepot told Marv to take his leave from the area . Nancy ( portrayed by Bianca Rutigliano ) -- A mouth mask - wearing female who is one of the Indian Hill experiments that escaped from the Indian Hill bus . She later appeared as a member of Fish Mooney 's gang . Nancy is later killed by an angry mob amassed by Penguin with her body later being burned in the bonfire . Sid ( portrayed by Michael Lorz ) -- A white - haired male with super-speed who is one of the Indian Hill experiments that escaped from the Indian Hill bus and joined up with Fish Mooney 's gang . Sid is later killed by an angry mob amassed by Penguin with his body later being burned in the bonfire . Alice Tetch ( portrayed by Naian Gonzalez Norvind ) -- Jervis Tetch 's sister who has a virus in her blood stream due to being experimented on by Professor Strange . She was freed from Strange 's laboratory at Indian Hill and briefly resided with Fish Mooney before the two went their separate ways . Jervis hired Gordon to find Alice . When Jervis attempted to hypnotise Gordon into suicide by walking off the roof of The Sirens , Alice intervened where she did n't want to go with Jervis enough to try to shoot him . While Jervis escapes , Alice is handcuffed by Gordon . After being abducted by Jervis and the Deevers , Alice 's blood is harvested by Jervis . During Gordon and Bullock 's fight with Jervis and the remaining two Deevers , Alice tries to escape from her brother and accidentally falls on a pipe , impaling her . Though one of her blood samples on the pipe fell onto Nathaniel Barnes . Jervis later stole Alice 's body from the morgue and harvested her blood where he planned to use it alongside the Red Queen plant to put in the drinks at the Gotham City Founders ' Dinner . The Terrible Tweeds -- A group of five wrestlers that were hypnotized into doing Jervis Tetch 's bidding . While Dumfree and Deever helped Jervis to abduct Alice from police custody , two unnamed members were killed during the fight with the police while the third one was apprehended . Dumfree Tweed ( portrayed by Adam Petchel ) -- A member of the Terrible Tweeds and the brother of Deever Tweed . After being hypnotized , he and Deever helped Jervis to take off Alice Tetch out of the GCPD . Following Alice 's suicide , Dumfree and Deever escape with Jervis after the police arrive . After an attempt to hijack the Gotham City Founders ' Dinner , Dumfree , Deever , and Jervis are arrested by the GCPD and are remanded to Arkham Asylum . Deever Tweed ( portrayed by Happy Anderson ) -- A member of the Terrible Tweeds and the brother of Dumfree Tweed . After being hypnotized , he and Dumfree helped Jervis to take off Alice Tetch out of the GCPD . Following Alice 's suicide , Deever and Dumfree escape with Jervis after the police arrive . After an attempt to hijack the Gotham City Founders ' Dinner , Deever , Dumfree , and Jervis are arrested by the GCPD and are remanded to Arkham Asylum . Isabella ( portrayed by Chelsea Spack ) -- A woman who resembles Kristin Kringle . She works as a librarian at the Main Public Library and becomes infatuated with Edward Nygma . Gabe later cuts the brakes to Isabella 's car which leads to her death upon her car impacting a train . This later leads Nygma to suspect that Butch Gilzean orchestrated the accident in revenge on himself and Mayor Oswald Cobblepot . Peter Gordon ( portrayed by Michael Park ) -- The father of James Gordon and brother of Frank Gordon . He is a former district attorney who was killed in a car crash caused by a drunk driver who was actually hired by Frank Gordon in order to keep him from exposing the Court of Owls . Upon being exposed to the Red Queen plant by Jervis Tetch , Gordon went through the psychedelic trip which ended with him encountering his father . What Peter told his son was enough to get him to rejoin the Gotham City Police Department . Frank confirmed that Peter was a member of the Court of Owls before he saw through their lies and the car crash was orchestrated by them . Whisper Gang -- A group of smugglers that are against the Court of Owls . Luka Volk ( portrayed by Costa Ronin ) -- The leader of the Whisper Gang and brother of Jacob . He is subsequently killed by Talon . Jacob Volk ( portrayed by Julien Seredowych ) -- A member of the Whisper Gang and brother of Luka . He is subsequently killed by Talon . Maria Kyle ( portrayed by Ivana Milicevic ) -- The estranged mother of Selina Kyle . She shows up in person following Bruce Wayne , Alfred Pennyworth , and Selina Kyle 's fight with Talon , helping them overpower the assassin and escape with their lives . She apparently wants to reconnect with her daughter after having abandoned her eleven years ago , and is revealed to owe a debt of $200,000 to a criminal named Cole Clemons . She also strikes up a small friendship with Alfred , who appeared to have been attracted to her much in the same way Bruce is attracted to Selina . Bruce offers to pay Maria the money , but Maria is later revealed to have been in a con with Cole , plotting to use Selina 's relationship with Bruce to get money without truly wanting to reconnect with her daughter at all . Confronting them at their hotel , and furious at being deceived and unwanted by her own mother , Selina tells her mother and Cole to never come back to Gotham . Dwight Pollard ( portrayed by David Dastmalchian ) -- A former Indian Hill scientist and morgue worker who experimented on dead corpses . He is revealed to have Jerome Valeska 's corpse alongside the other corpses . Following what appeared to be a failed revival of Jerome , Dwight cuts off Jerome 's face and poses as him to lead Jerome 's followers into taking Channel 9 hostage . Despite being defeated by Gordon , Jerome makes off with him where he staples his face back on . After broadcasting to his followers using stolen Channel 9 equipment , Jerome uses explosives to kill Dwight which also blew up the power company enough to plunge Gotham City into a blackout . Gus ( portrayed by Kaipo Schwab ) -- A former post office worker that helped Dwight Pollard in his experiments . Upon being tipped off about Gordon and the police coming by Dwight 's mole Andrew Dove , Gus tells Dwight about this and suggests that they abandon the project only for Gus to be shocked by an electrical wire held by Dwight . Cole Clemons ( portrayed by P.J. Marshall ) -- A criminal that Maria Kyle is associated with . Introduced in Season 4 ( edit ) Arthur Penn ( portrayed by Andrew Sellon ) - An accountant that works for Oswald Cobblepot . He originally worked for Carmine Falcone before working for Cobblepot and then Sofia Falcone . Burke ( portrayed by Larry Pine ) - The Mayor of Gotham City who succeeds Aubrey James . He and the unnamed police commissioner had to agree with Oswald Cobblepot on the crime license pitch . After Jim Gordon saved some police officers and some of Cobblepot 's men from Professor Pyg 's trap , Mayor Burke promoted Gordon to police captain at Sofia Falcone 's suggestion . Vanessa Harper ( voiced by Kelcy Griffin ) - A detective that transferred to Jim Gordon and Harvey Bullock 's precinct from the 3 - 5 . Anubis ( portrayed by Anthony Rodriguez ) - A feral member of the League of Shadows with a dog - like personality who is the group 's tracker . He and the Hunter were sent by Ra 's al Ghul to go after Alex Winthrop when he had the embalming knife that Ra 's al Ghul sought out . During the fight at the museum , Gordon threw a bone out the window which Anubis followed . The Hunter ( portrayed by Owen Harn ) - An unnamed hunter and member of the League of Shadows that speaks a foreign language and is Anubis ' handler . He and Anubis were sent by Ra 's al Ghul to go after Alex Winthrop when he had the embalming knife that Ra 's al Ghul sought out . During the fight at the museum . the Hunter was stabbed by Gordon using a rib bone . Niles Winthrop ( portrayed by Dakin Matthews ) - The curator of the Gotham Natural History Museum whom Bruce comes in contact with when researching an ancient embalming knife . He was killed by Ra 's al Ghul who was looking for the embalming knife . Alex Winthrop ( portrayed by Benjamin Stockham ) -- The grandson of Niles Winthrop whose parents are traveling . He goes on the run from Ra 's al Ghul 's men following his grandfather 's murder . During Bruce and Gordon 's fight with some of the League of Shadows ' minions , Alex is killed by Ra 's al Ghul who slits his neck . Headhunter ( portrayed by Kyle Vincent Terry ) - A friend of Victor Zsasz who became a replacement security counsel for Oswald Cobblepot while Victor Zsasz was out of town . Following a disastrous mission to apprehend Professor Pyg , Headhunter was stabbed twice by Cobblepot when he commented that Gordon was right about his claim on Professor Pyg . After getting out of the hospital , Headhunter accompanies Victor Zsasz into targeting Cobblepot and then Arthur Penn . Sampson ( portrayed by Stu `` Large '' Riley ) - A gangster operating in the Narrows . After having trashed her clinic , Leslie slipped a poison in his drink and gave him the antidote in exchange that he leaves the Narrows . When Sofia Falcone gets tired of waiting for Leslie to get a 30 % from the Narrows for her , she allies with Sampson to overthrow Leslie . After putting Sofia in a coma , Leslie got her revenge on Sampson by having him beaten up before striking his hand with a hammer . The Dentist ( portrayed by D. Baron Buddy Bolton ) - A dental - themed torture specialist . Griffin Krank ( portrayed by Thomas Lyons ) - A toymaker in the Narrows and owner of a toy store called Krank Toys and Models who was hired by Edward Nygma 's Riddler side to kill Leslie Thompkins with his toy - like weapons . When Edward Nygma confronted Griffin about the attempt on Leslie 's life and learned that his Riddler side went rogue , Griffin was shot by James Gordon . Cosmo Krank ( portrayed by Chris Perfetti ) - The son of Griffin Krank who works in his father 's toy store . Zachary Trumble ( portrayed by John Treacy Egan ) - The brother of Lila Veleska and the uncle of Jerome and Jeremiah Valeska . He owned a diner in Gotham City . Following the escape of Jerome , Jonathan Crane , and Jervis Tetch , Jerome confronted Zachary about Jeremiah 's last known address . Zachary told Jerome , and was killed by him . Xander Wilde ( portrayed by Cameron Monaghan ) - Born Jeremiah Valeska , Xander Wilde is the twin brother of Jerome Valeska , the son of Lila Valeska and Paul Cicero , and the nephew of Zachary Trumble . He was smuggled away from him by Zachary and placed at St. Ignatius where he became an engineering prodigy . One of the projects he worked on was the construction of Wayne Plaza back when Thomas Wayne was alive . While still weary of Jerome , Xander had a labyrinth - type hideaway built underground on Annesley Drive which is past Buxton by the old rock quarry while having his assistant Ecco act as his proxy . During the confrontation at Xander 's lair , Jerome could n't kill him right now due to Gordon and Bullock being in the building . Afterwards , Gordon has Harper place Xander in protective custody . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 8 , 2014 ) . `` Ben McKenzie To Star As Detective James Gordon In Fox 's Batman Series ' Gotham ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 24 , 2013 ) . `` Fox Nabs Gotham City Origin Drama About Commissioner Gordon From Bruno Heller & Warner Bros. TV With Series Commitment '' . Deadline.com . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( February 8 , 2014 ) . `` Ben McKenzie To Star As James Gordon in Fox 's Batman Series ' Gotham ' '' . Deadline.com . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` Ben McKenzie ' Gotham ' interview '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McKenzie , Ben ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` I am actor Ben McKenzie . You might know me as Jim Gordon on GOTHAM , AMAA ! '' . Reddit . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( February 12 , 2014 ) . `` Donal Logue Cast as Harvey Bullock in Gotham '' . IGN . j2 Global . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( February 12 , 2014 ) . `` Donal Logue Joins Fox 's Batman Prequel ' Gotham ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fox 's Batman Prequel ' Gotham ' Casts Its Young Bruce Wayne , Catwoman '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . March 4 , 2014 . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Radish , Christina ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` David Mazouz Talks Playing Bruce Wayne On Gotham '' . Collider . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Maglio , Tony ( March 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Gotham ' Finds Its Bruce Wayne in `` Touch '' Star David Mazouz `` . The Wrap . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Marechal , AJ ( February 11 , 2014 ) . `` Fox 's ' Gotham ' Casts Classic ' Batman ' Characters the Penguin , Alfred Pennyworth '' . Variety . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ( GTH - 101 ) `` Pilot '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ episode `` Red Hood '' ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( May 12 , 2014 ) . `` Fox 's ' Gotham ' Promotes Three to Series Regular '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Jada Pinkett Smith To Play Villain In Fox 's Batman Drama ' Gotham ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ; Ausiello , Michael ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` Jada Pinkett Smith Sets Gotham Return '' . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( August 21 , 2014 ) . `` Gotham : `` Pilot '' Review `` . IGN . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hughes , William . `` Morena Baccarin joins Gotham as Dr. Leslie Thompkins '' . The A.V. Club . The Onion . Retrieved October 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` Gotham Promotes Morena Baccarin to Series Regular in Season 2 '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nellie Andreeva . `` ' Gotham ' Casts James Frain As Regular , Will Play New Villain & Tigress ' Brother '' . deadline.com . ^ Jump up to : Samantha Highfill . `` The Goldbergs ' star joins Gotham as Silver St. Cloud '' . ew.com . Jump up ^ Matt Webb Mitovich . `` Exclusive Gotham Season 2 Casts Jessica Lucas as the Bullwhip - Cracking Tigress '' . tvline.com . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 6 , 2015 ) . `` Chris Chalk Cast As Lucius Fox On ' Gotham ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( May 29 , 2015 ) . `` Gotham Season 2 : Chris Chalk Upped to Series Regular , as Lucius Fox '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva . `` ' Gotham ' Promotes Drew Powell To Regular In Season 2 '' . deadline.com . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( October 2 , 2014 ) . `` Gotham Scoop : Nicholas D'Agosto Joins Fox Drama as Harvey Dent '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Gotham ' Season 2 will make Harvey Dent a regular '' . November 13 , 2014 . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Debra Birnbaum . `` Michael Chiklis Joins Cast of ' Gotham ' '' . variety.com . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Gotham Recasting ( Spoiler ) in Season 3 '' . TV Line . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Gotham ' Recasts Poison Ivy for Season 3 '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Gotham Producer on Those Joker Rumors and Why Poison Ivy is Ivy Pepper '' . IGN . Jump up ^ `` Teen Runaway Spotted at `` the Flea '' `` . Gotham Chronicle ( viral site ) . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Burlingame , Russ ( April 5 , 2015 ) . `` Gotham To Introduce Clayface , Mr. Freeze and Mad Hatter in Season Two '' . Comic Book.com . Jump up ^ DC Entertainment ( October 19 , 2015 ) . `` Fish Mooney Returns to Gotham ? - # DCTV '' . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Walking Dead Alum Joins Gotham Season 3 as Mad Hatter '' . TV Line . Jump up ^ `` ' Gotham ' first look : Meet Benedict Samuel 's Mad Hatter -- exclusive '' . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Gotham Casts Big Bad Ra 's al Ghul With Deep Space Nine 's Alexander Siddig '' . TV Line . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` Gotham Season 4 Cast Photo Reveals Haunting Skyline of Villains and Heroes '' . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gotham Season 4 - Crystal Reed Cast as Sofia Falcone '' . Deadline . July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Raftery , Liz ( July 3 , 2014 ) . `` Gotham Adds Carol Kane , Kyle Massey '' . TV Guide . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ben Kendrick . `` ' Gotham ' NYCC Panel : When We Will See Victor Zsasz & Harvey Dent '' . Screen Rant . Jump up ^ `` Bustle '' . bustle.com . Jump up ^ `` The # DCTV Secrets of GOTHAM : Episode 15 -- `` The Scarecrow '' `` . DC Comics . Jump up ^ Gerding , Stephen ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Gotham Debuts First Look at Scarecrow 's Comics - Accurate Costume '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Gotham : `` The Scarecrow '' `` . avclub.com . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gotham : Ben McKenzie , Robin Lord Taylor , Bruno Heller Season 2 Interview - Comic - Con 2015 '' . IGN . Jump up ^ `` Gotham Launching Season 2 Firefly Arc ( and There 's a Cool Casting Twist ) '' . TV Line . Jump up ^ https://tvmoviefix.com/gotham-season-4-episode-17-mandatory-brunch-meeting-recap-review-spoilers/ ^ Jump up to : `` Gotham : What to expect from Hugo Strange and Mr. Freeze '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jim Vejvoda . `` Gotham Showrunner : Professor Hugo Strange and How Arkham Asylum Came to Be Part of Season One '' . ign.com . ^ Jump up to : IGN . `` John Stephens Interview at WonderCon 2015 '' . ign.com . Jump up ^ Siegel , Lucas ( October 30 , 2015 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : BD Wong Cast as Professor Hugo Strange on Gotham '' . COmicbook.com . Jump up ^ `` ( GTH - 212 ) `` Rise of the Villains : Mr. Freeze '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ( GTH - 211 ) `` Rise of the Villains : `` Worse Than A Crime '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gotham Season Two Premiere Date & Synopsis Released '' . comicbook.com . June 25 , 2015 . Retrieved July 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Michael Ausiello . `` Gotham Scoop : Mr. Freeze to Be Played by House of Cards ' Nathan Darrow '' . TVLine . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` Gotham Casts Once Upon a Time 's Jamie Chung as Valerie Vale '' . TV Line . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 24 , 2016 ) . `` Gotham Casts Mob Scion Mario Falcone '' . TV Line . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Derek ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` Dexter alum James Remar joins Gotham as Jim 's uncle '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gotham ' Casts Raymond J. Barry ; Tembi Locke Joins ' Animal Kingdom ' '' . Deadline . ^ Jump up to : Webb Mitovich , Matt ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Gotham Season 4 Adds Prison Break Baddie , Casts Buddy for Bruce '' . TV Line . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gotham Season 4 Will Introduce Professor Pyg '' . Screen Rant . July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( September 1 , 2017 ) . `` Gotham Casts Fringe 's Michael Cerveris as DC Comics Baddie Professor Pyg '' . TV Line . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Lucas ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Gotham Casts Michael Bowen as Matches Malone '' . Comic Book . Jump up ^ `` The # DCTV Secrets of GOTHAM : Episode 10 -- `` Lovecraft '' `` . DC Comics . Jump up ^ Jamie Lovett . `` Gotham : First Look At Copperhead '' . Comicbook.com . Jump up ^ `` Copperhead Debuts on Fox 's Gotham Fall Finale ( Exclusive Photos ) '' . TheWrap . ^ Jump up to : Cairns , Bryan ( January 19 , 2015 ) . `` HEYERDAHL CRANKS UP THE VOLTAGE AS `` GOTHAM 'S '' ELECTROCUTIONER `` . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gotham Chronicle -- '' . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Colm Feore Cast In ' Gotham ' As The Dollmaker '' . Deadline.com . January 26 , 2015 . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Matt 's Inside Line : Scoop on Arrow , Once , NCIS , The 100 , Vampire Diaries , Gotham , Bones , H50 , Castle and More '' . TVLine . December 17 , 2014 . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` GOTHAM Killer Characters '' . Gotham ( verified official YouTube page ) . April 13 , 2015 . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Season 1 Episode 19 `` Beasts of Prey '' Jump up ^ Garcia , James ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` Harvey Dent And The Dollmaker Arrive In New Gotham Images '' . wegotthiscovered.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Phegley , Keil ( February 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Gotham ' Recap : ' Red Hood ' Delivers Eye - Popping Madness At Last '' . spinoff.comicbookresources.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Milo Ventimiglia to Visit ' Gotham ' for Grisly Guest Arc '' . Variety . February 4 , 2015 . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` GOTHAM The Ogre '' . Gotham ( official YouTube page ) . April 7 , 2015 . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Madman Terrorizes Downtown '' . gothamchronicle.com . Jump up ^ `` ' Gotham ' Season 2 : Dustin Ybarra is Arkham cannibal Robert Greenwood '' . Zap2it . June 26 , 2015 . Retrieved July 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gotham official verified account . `` GOTHAM - The Maniax Red Band Trailer '' . youtube.com . Jump up ^ Jay Jayson . `` Official Synopsis For The First Episode Of Gotham Season 2 '' . comicbook.com . Jump up ^ `` News / Spoiler Chat : Scoop on The Walking Dead , Teen Wolf , The Good Wife , Homeland , Arrow and More ! '' . E ! Online . June 16 , 2015 . Retrieved July 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ N / A. `` GOTHAM 09 / 21 / 15 8pm '' . fox.com . Jump up ^ Jay Jayson . `` Gotham Seaon ( sic ) 2 Episode 2 Sneak Preview : Knock , Knock '' . comicbook.com . Jump up ^ `` ( GTH - 204 ) `` Rise of the Villains : Strike Force '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gotham Season 2 News : New Characters Revealed '' . Den of Geek . Jump up ^ `` Michelle Veintimilla Cast As Firefly In Gotham Season 2 '' . Bleeding Cool . Jump up ^ `` ( GTH - 209 ) `` Rise of the Villains : A Bitter Pill to Swallow '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Gotham ' Casts ' Looking ' Alum as DC Comics Villain ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie A. ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` Tommy Flanagan To Play The Knife On Gotham '' . ComicBook.com . Jump up ^ Hayner , Chris A. ( October 30 , 2015 ) . `` ' Gotham ' Casts ' Being Human ' Star as Nora Fries -- Wife of Me . Freeze '' . Zap2it . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` ' Gotham ' Casts Orange is the New Black Star for ' Enigmatic ' Guest Role '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Bentley , Jean ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` Gotham Is Staging an Epic O.C. Reunion -- Gotham City , Here We Come '' . E Online . Jump up ^ Jayson , Jay ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Brian McManamon Cast As Basil Karlo AKA Clayface In Gotham '' . Comc Book.com . Jump up ^ `` Brian McManamon on Twitter '' . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Montgomery on Twitter '' . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrity Sightings in New York City - July 7 , 2016 '' . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Naian Gonzalez Norvind Cast As Mad Hatter 's Sister Alice on Gotham '' . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gotham Season 3 Details ; Mad Hatter & More Villains Confirmed '' . May 23 , 2016 . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` Fox 's Gotham Casts Banshee Badass Ivana Milicevic as Selina 's Mother '' . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Gotham Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Selina Kyle '' `` The Balloonman '' `` Arkham '' `` Viper '' `` Spirit of the Goat '' `` Penguin 's Umbrella '' `` The Mask '' `` Harvey Dent '' `` Lovecraft '' `` Rogues ' Gallery '' `` What the Little Bird Told Him '' `` Welcome Back , Jim Gordon '' `` The Fearsome Dr. Crane '' `` The Scarecrow '' `` The Blind Fortune Teller '' `` Red Hood '' `` Everyone Has a Cobblepot '' `` Beasts of Prey '' `` Under the Knife '' `` The Anvil or the Hammer '' `` All Happy Families Are Alike '' Season 2 Rise of the Villains `` Damned If You Do ... '' `` Knock , Knock '' `` The Last Laugh '' `` Strike Force '' `` Scarification '' `` By Fire '' `` Mommy 's Little Monster '' `` Tonight 's the Night '' `` A Bitter Pill to Swallow '' `` The Son of Gotham '' `` Worse Than a Crime '' Wrath of the Villains `` Mr. Freeze '' `` A Dead Man Feels No Cold '' `` This Ball of Mud and Meanness '' `` Mad Grey Dawn '' `` Prisoners '' `` Into the Woods '' `` Pinewood '' `` Azrael '' `` Unleashed '' `` A Legion of Horribles '' `` Transference '' Season 3 Mad City `` Better to Reign in Hell ... '' `` Burn the Witch '' `` Look into My Eyes '' `` New Day Rising '' `` Anything for You '' `` Follow the White Rabbit '' `` Red Queen '' `` Blood Rush '' `` The Executioner '' `` Time Bomb '' `` Beware the Green - Eyed Monster '' `` Ghosts '' `` Smile Like You Mean It '' `` The Gentle Art of Making Enemies '' Heroes Rise `` How the Riddler Got His Name '' `` These Delicate and Dark Obsessions '' `` The Primal Riddle '' `` Light the Wick '' `` All Will Be Judged '' `` Pretty Hate Machine '' `` Destiny Calling '' `` Heavydirtysoul '' Season 4 A Dark Knight `` Pax Penguina '' `` The Fear Reaper '' `` They Who Hide Behind Masks '' `` The Demon 's Head '' `` The Blade 's Path '' `` Hog Day Afternoon '' `` A Day in the Narrows '' `` Stop Hitting Yourself '' `` Let Them Eat Pie '' `` Things That Go Boom '' `` Queen Takes Knight '' `` Pieces of a Broken Mirror '' `` A Beautiful Darkness '' `` Reunion '' `` The Sinking Ship The Grand Applause '' `` One of My Three Soups '' Characters James Gordon Bruce Wayne Fish Mooney Oswald Cobblepot Batman characters Batman family By secret identity Batman Robin Catwoman Batwoman Batgirl Huntress Nightwing Flamebird Oracle Spoiler Red Robin Red Hood Batwing Black Bat Bluebird By public identity Bruce Wayne Dick Grayson Selena Kyle Kathy Kane Bette Kane Barbara Gordon Helena Wayne Jason Todd Helena Bertinelli Tim Drake Stephanie Brown Cassandra Cain Kate Kane Damian Wayne Supporting characters Main supporting Alfred Pennyworth Julie Madison Martha Wayne Thomas Wayne Vicki Vale Knight Squire Dark Ranger Ace the Bat - Hound Leslie Thompkins Silver St. Cloud Lucius Fox Orpheus Nightrunner Bat - Cow GCPD contacts James `` Jim '' Gordon Harvey Bullock Sarah Essen Maggie Sawyer Renee Montoya Crispus Allen Neutral characters Mayors of Gotham City Hamilton Hill Professor Carter Nichols Bat - Mite Arnold John Flass Gillian B. Loeb Azrael The Sacred Order of Saint Dumas Superhero allies Superman Wonder Woman Green Arrow Green Lantern Flash Aquaman Cyborg Martian Manhunter Hawkgirl Shazam Justice League Adversaries Central rogues gallery Bane Black Mask Black Spider Blockbuster Calendar Man Catman Catwoman Clayface Deadshot Deathstroke Firefly Harley Quinn Hugo Strange Hush Joker KGBeast Killer Croc Killer Moth Mad Hatter Man - Bat Maxie Zeus Mr. Freeze Penguin Poison Ivy Ra 's al Ghul Riddler Scarecrow Solomon Grundy Talia al Ghul Two - Face Ventriloquist Victor Zsasz Mad scientists Crime Doctor Doctor Death Dollmaker Jeremiah Arkham Professor Milo Professor Pyg Mobsters and crime lords Alberto Falcone Carmine Falcone Mario Falcone Sofia Falcone Gigante Joe Chill Lew Moxon Rupert Thorne Sal Maroni Squid Tony Zucco Rivals and vigilantes Anarky Lady Shiva Lock - Up Red Hood Recurring antagonists Amygdala Anthony Lupus Cavalier Clock King Cluemaster Composite Superman Copperhead Cornelius Stirk Crazy Quilt David Cain Deacon Blackfire Doctor Double X Doctor Phosphorus Electrocutioner Emperor Blackgate Film Freak Firebug Flamingo Gearhead Gentleman Ghost Gorilla Boss Great White Shark Humpty Dumpty Joker 's Daughter Key King Snake Kite Man Kobra Mister Toad Monk Nightslayer Nocturna Nyssa Raatko Orca Owlman Phosphorus Rex Planet Master Prometheus Rag Doll Ratcatcher Reaper Sensei Signalman Simon Hurt Snowman Spellbinder Tally Man Ten - Eyed Man Tiger Shark Tweedledum and Tweedledee Wrath Zebra - Man Hostile organizations Circus of Strange Court of Owls League of Assassins Terrible Trio Alternative versions Batman Earth - Two Batman of Zur - En - Arrh Owlman The Dark Knight Returns Terry McGinnis Batzarro Robin Earth - Two Carrie Kelley Alternative versions of Barbara Gordon Alternative versions of Joker Affiliated teams Batmen of All Nations Birds of Prey Justice League World 's Finest Team Outsiders Other media Gotham Bruce Wayne James Gordon Fish Mooney Oswald Cobblepot Other Batman enemies in other media Egghead Roland Daggett Andrea Beaumont Blight Rachel Dawes Batman franchise media Live - action television Batman episodes Legends of the Superheroes OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Return to the Batcave : The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Gotham episodes season 3 characters Live - action serials and films Batman ( 1943 ) Batman and Robin Batman ( 1966 ) 1989 -- 1997 film series Batman ( 1989 ) Batman Returns Batman Forever Batman & Robin The Dark Knight Trilogy Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises DC Extended Universe Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Suicide Squad Justice League Animated television Featuring Batman The Adventures of Batman The Batman / Superman Hour The Batman / Tarzan Adventure Hour The New Adventures of Batman Batman : The Animated Series episodes The New Batman Adventures Batman Beyond episodes The Batman episodes Batman : The Brave and the Bold episodes Beware the Batman episodes With other heroes Super Friends episodes Justice League episodes Justice League Unlimited episodes Young Justice episodes Justice League Action episodes Animated films Featuring Batman Mask of the Phantasm SubZero Return of the Joker Mystery of the Batwoman The Batman vs. Dracula Gotham Knight Under the Red Hood Year One The Dark Knight Returns DC Super Heroes Unite Son of Batman Assault on Arkham Batman vs. Robin Bad Blood The Killing Joke Return of the Caped Crusaders The Lego Batman Movie Batman and Harley Quinn Batman vs. Two - Face Scooby - Doo ! & Batman : The Brave and the Bold Gotham by Gaslight Batman Ninja With Justice League Justice League : The New Frontier Superman / Batman : Public Enemies Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths Superman / Batman : Apocalypse Justice League : Doom Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox JLA Adventures : Trapped in Time Justice League : War The Lego Movie Justice League : Throne of Atlantis Batman Unlimited : Animal Instincts Justice League : Gods and Monsters Batman Unlimited : Monster Mayhem Justice League vs. Teen Titans Batman Unlimited : Mechs vs. Mutants With Justice League Dark Justice League Dark Animated shorts Chase Me Strange Days Novels Dead White Fear Itself Inferno The Ultimate Evil Enemies & Allies Wayne of Gotham Enemies in other media Joker Bane Catwoman Other characters in other media Robin Barbara Gordon Related topics Batman & Bill Bruce Wayne ( unproduced series ) Batkid Begins Batman action figures Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Bat phone Bat - Manga ! : The Secret History of Batman in Japan List of Batman films cast members List of Batman television series cast members List of Batman video games List of Batman children 's books Batman music Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Gotham_characters&oldid=835699211 '' Categories : Lists of American television series characters Lists of DC Comics television characters Lists of drama television characters Lists of action television characters Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2015 Comics navigational boxes purge Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 07 : 31 . 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"\n\nCharacter\nActor\nSeason appearances\n\n\nStarring\nRecurring\nGuest\n\n\n\n\n\nJames Gordon\nBen McKenzie\n1–present\n–\n–\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBen McKenzie\n\n\nJames Gordon is a war veteran and homicide detective at the Gotham City Police Department in its 1st Grade working to find the man who killed Bruce Wayne's parents and battling the corruption of Gotham City's Police Department.[1] His father was Gotham City's District Attorney before his death in a car accident when Gordon was 13 years old.\nIn September 2013, it was reported that Fox was developing a TV series centered on James Gordon's early days as a police detective and the origin stories of various Batman villains. In February 2014, McKenzie was cast as the lead character. When describing his character in an interview, McKenzie stated that Gordon \"is a truly honest man. The last honest man in a city full of crooked people. He's not an anti-hero, he’s a true hero – but he will have to compromise. McKenzie did not audition for the role. Heller, with whom he had worked before, wrote the role for McKenzie, who described the character as \"an old-fashioned hero in an age of anti-heroes. A throwback. Jim's a lawman, that restricts him in some ways. But also means he can become powerful within the system and change things for the better\".[2][3][4]\nAfter the conflict with Hugo Strange at Arkham Asylum, Gordon left Gotham to find Leslie Thompkins, who had left Gotham.[5] However, Gordon later discovered that she was in a new relationship with Mario Calvi, discouraging him from pursuing her.\nSix months later, Gordon is working as a bounty hunter, forming an uneasy alliance with reporter Valerie Vale. After experiencing a hallucination of his father, Gordon decides to rejoin the department. After Mario is infected by Alice Tetch's poisonous blood, Mario manipulates Lee into turning against Gordon. Before Mario can kill Lee, Gordon kills him in self-defense. This destroys any relationship Jim or Lee ever had. As his career goes on, Jim finds out his father and Uncle Frank were members of the Court of Owls. After Frank reveals he killed Gordon's father to prevent him from spreading info about the Court, Frank commits suicide, but not before telling Gordon that he must join the Court. Gordon takes the blame for Frank's death and meets with the Court.\nAfter saving some of his fellow police officers and some of Oswald Cobblepot's men from Professor Pyg, Jim Gordon is promoted to captain by Mayor Burke.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHarvey Bullock\nDonal Logue\n1–present\n–\n–\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDonal Logue\n\n\nHarvey Bullock is a detective who is Gordon's loyal partner and ally. Bullock is a seemingly corrupt and brutish detective who has gradually become loyal to Jim Gordon.[6]\nAt the beginning of the second season, Bullock resigns from the police force but rejoins following the Maniax attack on the GCPD. After Gordon is framed for the murder of Carl Pinkney, Bullock enlists Carmine Falcone to help break Jim out of prison. After Captain Barnes is hospitalized after an attack by Azrael, Harvey is declared the de facto Captain until further notice and is trusted by Jim to protect Gotham after new threats emerge while he is away.[7]\nSix months later, Harvey is working with Barnes to protect Gotham and while Jim refuses to return to the department, Harvey vows to never turn his back on him. When Nathaniel Barnes gets infected with the Alice Tetch virus and is remanded to Arkham Asylum, Harvey becomes the acting captain.\nIn light of being promoted to captain by Mayor Burke after saving some police officers and some of Oswald Cobblepot's men from Professor Pyg's trap, Gordon reluctantly relieves Bullock of his position of acting captain.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBruce Wayne\nDavid Mazouz\n1–present\n–\n–\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDavid Mazouz\n\n\nBruce Wayne is the orphaned son of Thomas and Martha Wayne, who is under the care of Alfred Pennyworth. Traumatised by the murder of his parents, which he witnessed, Bruce has been doing his part to find the identity of his parents' killer, while showing concern of some illegal activities performed by members of his father's company.[8][9]\nBruce displays a fervent tendency to train himself as investigator and combatant but is still navigating the remainder of his childhood with Alfred's guidance.\nAfter he is kidnapped by the Court, Bruce finds himself in a dungeon surrounded by snowy mountains. Meeting a Shaman there, Bruce begins his combat training. After breaking free from Ra's al Ghul's control, Bruce makes plans to protect Gotham City.\nIn later life, Bruce will go on to fight crime in his adulthood as the masked vigilante Batman.[10]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nOswald Cobblepot / The Penguin\nRobin Lord Taylor\n1–present\n–\n–\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRobin Lord Taylor\n\n\nOswald Cobblepot is a cunning, well-spoken criminal \"snitch.\" He starts out as an attendant for Fish Mooney at her nightclub, and early on displays a sadistic, violent streak despite his small size. After he is discovered to be an informant for the GCPD, he is brutally beaten, leaving him with an odd way of walking furthering his nickname \"Penguin\". He escapes an attempt on his life, collaborating with Don Falcone when Gordon deliberately misfires at the pier where Oswald has been sent for execution. After a stint in the Maroni crime family as a restaurant manager, he convinces Maroni of his loyalty, even setting up a robbery by some actors in which he feigns heroism to show his devotion. He later kills the three actors with poisoned cannolis and presumably keeps the stolen cash they had on them. Oswald later assumes Mooney's position in the Falcone crime family when Mooney's plot against the Don is uncovered. At the end of season one, Oswald is Gotham City's sole remaining mob boss, with all of his rivals either dead, missing, or having fled Gotham.[11][12]\nTheo Galavan and Tabitha kidnap his mother, forcing him to help them. After they kill her, Oswald swears revenge and is later wounded during an attack on an event where Theo is holding his victory party for his election. After recuperating at Edward Nygma's place, he and Gabe follow Theo Galavan's henchmen where they save Jim Gordon from him. After the battle against the Saint Dumas, Oswald knocks out Nathaniel Barnes and convinces Gordon that Theo may never be convicted and must be killed. He and Jim then take Galavan to an isolated area, and Oswald mercilessly beats Galavan for killing his mother, before Gordon finishes Theo off with a gunshot.\nAfter Theo's death, Oswald's men abandon him, and he is later found and arrested by the GCPD. After telling Barnes he's \"insane,\" Oswald is taken to Arkham Asylum, where he meets Hugo Strange. After noticing and asking a fellow inmate at Arkham, he later finds out that he is to be experimented on. Following some experiments, Oswald is released from Arkham. He later meets his biological father Elijah Van Dahl when at his mother's grave. After his step-family murders Elijah to gain the family's fortune, Oswald awakens from his condition and slaughters his step-family in vengeance. After finding out that Azrael happens to be the resurrected Theo Galavan, Oswald and Butch kill Galavan with an RPG. After finding out about Hugo Strange's experiments, Oswald, Butch, and his gang knock down the bus supposedly containing Strange, but a shocked Oswald is knocked out by a resurrected Fish Mooney, prompting Butch and the gang to flee.\nThe third season of Gotham explores Oswald's continued struggle against the monsters, a final confrontation with Fish Mooney, and his rise and fall as Mayor of Gotham. After working with Edward Nygma to get into office, Oswald develops romantic feelings for him, resulting in consequences within the political and criminal worlds of the city. After his downfall, Oswald forms an alliance with Ivy Pepper and exacts revenge on those who betrayed him.\nUpon establishing the Pax Penguina where criminals can get a license from him to commit a crime, Oswald Cobblepot has his encounter with Sofia Falcone. After figuring out Sofia's plot, Oswald ends up in a gang war with her.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBarbara Kean\nErin Richards\n1–present\n–\n–\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nErin Richards\n\n\nBarbara Kean is the daughter of a wealthy couple and the owner of an art gallery, Barbara Kean is the ex-fiancée of James Gordon and the ex-lover of Renee Montoya.[11] After a hiatus from Gordon following attempts on her life by the Maroni and Falcone crime families. Barbara has stayed with Renee Montoya and her parents before planning to rekindle her relationship with James Gordon. Barbara even befriends Selina Kyle and Ivy Pepper when they took refuge in James Gordon's penthouse. After finding out that Gordon had moved on to a relationship with Leslie Tompkins, Barbara later had a romantic encounter with the wealthy Jason Lennon, the serial killer known as the Ogre. She was severely traumatized after she was kidnapped by Lennon and forced to murder her own parents. The Ogre's malevolent insanity appears to live on in her psyche. When she attempted to kill Leslie during an informal counseling session, the latter rendered her unconscious.\nShe was incarcerated in Arkham Asylum until she is among those sprung from Arkham Asylum by Tabitha Galavan on her brother Theo's orders. A convoluted and failed attempt on Gordon's life at Gotham Cathedral occurs when Barbara wears the wedding dress she had originally ordered for their wedding and has Arkham escapees as priest and witnesses. During an apparent last attempt to kill Gordon, Barbara falls out a window and is grabbed by Gordon. She lets go and falls, ending up in the hospital and put into some sort of induced coma before being transferred to Arkham Asylum's medical wing. When news of James Gordon being found guilty and being sentenced to 40 years at Blackgate Penitentiary is heard on Arkham Asylum's radio, Barbara awakens from her coma. A nurse notices this and shouts for someone to get Hugo Strange. Hugo Strange later releases Barbara from Arkham so that he can study her. After helping Gordon get info about who contracted the hit on Thomas Wayne and Martha Wayne, Barbara found her way to where Butch Gilzean and Tabitha Galavan were residing. Butch later kicks Barbara out. She later exposes \"Gordon\" at the Police Station as being an imposter when visiting the Police Station, thus causing Harvey Bullock and Alfred Pennyworth to quickly realise the real Gordon alongside Bruce Wayne and Lucius Fox were being held at Arkham Asylum.\nSix months later, Barbara and Tabitha have opened Sirens Nightclub, and while she and Barbara are shown to be in a romantic relationship, she still harbours some feelings for Gordon. After Barbara learns that Penguin has romantic feeling for Nygma, she informs Nygma of this after correctly deducing that Penguin killed Nygma's girlfriend Isabella's. Afterwards, Nygma forms a partnership with Barbara, Tabitha, and Butch to destroy everything Penguin loves. After Nygma shoots Penguin in the harbour docks, Barbara is hired by Jim to interrogate a worker in the dock to find info of a Court weapon. Before they can get more info, Barbara and Tabitha are attacked by Talon, who kills their henchmen, although Barbara and Tabitha managed to escape.\nAs the chaos caused by the Alice Tetch Virus comes to a close, Barbara (apparently) kills Butch, having heard his and Tabitha's plans to betray her. During a fight against Tabitha at her safe house, Barbara ends up being electrocuted to death.\nShe later returns to life upon Ra's al Ghul bathing her in the Lazarus Pit as she tries to get Tabitha Galavan and Selina Kyle to work for her in an arms race against Cobblepot while targeting an embalming knife. At the time when Ra's al Ghul was in Blackgate, he transferred some energy for Barbara Kean to use at a later date.\nAfter the incident with the Speed Demonz biker gang, Oswald Cobblepot sends Barbara Kean, Tabitha Galavan, and Selina Kyle to the Narrows to bring him Edward Nygma. When Firefly crashes the fight between Tabitha Galavan and Solomon Grundy, Barbara Kean shoots Cherry after Leslie Thompkins disabled Firefly. Barbara Kean then declares to the crowd that they are defecting from Cobblepot's services. After abducting Sofia while thinking that she is on Cobblepot's side, Barbara learns that Sofia is against Cobblepot while seeing that she was right about her claim when Victor Zsasz uses a rocket launcher to destroy her lair. Afterwards, Barbara, Tabitha, and Selina side with Sofia in her war against Cobblepot.\nThe energy that Ra's al Ghul placed in Barbara Kean turned out to be a beacon for the rest of the League of Shadows as they arrive at The Sirens club.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSarah Essen\nZabryna Guevara\n1–2\n–\n–\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nZabryna Guevara\n\n\nSarah Essen is the Captain of the Gotham City Police Department's homicide squad and the boss of James Gordon and Harvey Bullock.[11] She is an honest cop that wants to do something about the rampant corruption in her department, but fears for her family's safety.\nFollowing Gillian Loeb's resignation, Sarah Essen is sworn in as the new police commissioner. She is later killed by Jerome Valeska during the Maniax's raid on the Gotham City Police Department.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAlfred Pennyworth\nSean Pertwee\n1–present\n–\n–\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSean Pertwee\n\n\nAlfred Pennyworth, an ex-Special Air Service operative, is the butler and legal guardian of Bruce Wayne.[11][13] Though technically Bruce's legal guardian, Alfred is still more willing to go along with Bruce's whims of investigating leads to the murder of his parents. Alfred is teaching Bruce basic self-defense.\nAt one point, he even let Bruce use his father's watch as improvised brass knuckles to beat up Thomas Elliot for insulting the late Waynes. He often helps Bruce and Jim with certain situations. Although he still looks after Bruce, Alfred allows him to go his own way sometimes.\nDuring the chaos caused by the Alice Tetch Virus outbreak, Bruce stabs Alfred and then uses the Lazarus Pit's waters to cauterise the wound as Alfred recuperates in the hospital.\nFollowing the incident where Bruce ended up having to stab Ra's al Ghul with the embalming knife, Alfred works to get Bruce back to normal when he starts partying with his friends from school.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSelina \"Cat\" Kyle\nCamren Bicondova\n1–present\n–\n–\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCamren Bicondova\n\n\nSelina Kyle is a young street orphan and skilled thief who was a childhood friend of Bridget Pike. Since witnessing the murders of Thomas and Martha Wayne while memorizing what the murderer looked like without the mask, Cat has been lingering around the borders of Wayne Manor which leads to her befriending Bruce Wayne. Cat also has connections with Ivy Pepper and later befriends Barbara Kean. During the gang war between Carmine Falcone and Sal Maroni, Selina is among the street children recruited into Fish Mooney's gang. When it came to Oswald Cobblepot's fight with Fish Mooney, Selina disappeared during the conflict.\nShe later appears as part of Cobblepot's gang and develops a rivalry with Silver St. Cloud for the affection of Bruce. Selina later helps Bruce to expose Silver and find a hint to who killed his parents while also helping to rescue Bruce from the Order of St. Dumas. She allowed Bruce to live on the streets with her for a while until Gordon ended up on the lam and played a part in Edward Nygma's arrest. When Bruce decided to go back home, Selina to storm out in anger. Selina later infiltrated Arkham Asylum to find Hugo Strange's experiments and a newly reformed Pike, calling herself Firefly, after being told about her survival by Bruce. Selina later asks to be Firefly's servant and is released later from Arkham after freeing Gordon, Bruce, and Lucius.\nSelina is later shown to have re-aligned with Fish Mooney following her revival. When one of Fish Mooney's minions catches Ivy, Selina tries to intervene which led to her witnessing Fish Mooney's minion Marv touching Ivy prior to her falling into the river.\nAfter being unable to get Bruce's help to find Ivy, Selina is approached by James Gordon if she knows any info about Alice Tetch. She did tell him that she was a one-time member of Fish Mooney's latest gang before she parted ways with her. Later on, she encounters Subject 514A who was posing as Bruce Wayne. While suspicious about Bruce Wayne's look-a-like, Selina decides to go out to dinner with him. Eventually, after 514A saves Selina after she fails to rob a bar, she sees 514A's scars and realizes he isn't Bruce. 514A explains the situation, and Selina tells him he's more normal than Bruce. With that, 514A kisses Selina and the two part ways. Later, while Selina is stealing wallets at the Penguin's party, she encounters an older Ivy, though she doesn't recognize her. After Bruce confesses his feelings for her, Selina kisses him. Once Ivy reveals herself, Selina is shocked and unclear of whether she and Bruce are in a relationship or not. After trying to help Bruce and Alfred break into a Court building, they are assisted by Selina's long-lost mother. Although Selina's mother seems to want to reconnect with her daughter, Selina later discovers that her mother only returned to extort money from Bruce Wayne. Selina then tearfully tells her mother to never return to Gotham. Selina gets mad at Bruce once she finds out he kept it from her. Later, however, Selina and Bruce show some signs of reconciling.\nUpon her latest encounter with Subject 514A and being surprised that Bruce is not in Gotham City, Selina tries to warn Alfred only to be pushed out the window by 514A. The stray cats then swarm over her body. Her body was found by the police and was taken to the hospital. Thanks to Ivy Pepper's plants, Selina recovered and plans to go to Wayne Manor to get revenge on Subject 514A. Even though she and Alfred fail to defeat Subject 514A, Selina wasn't interested in helping Alfred find Bruce.\nAfter her friendship with Bruce is strained during the chaos caused by Alice Tetch Virus and Alfred getting stabbed, Selina meets up with Tabitha Galavan where she tests her talents on Tabitha's whip upon telling Tabitha that she is \"done just surviving\". Eventually, Selina and Tabitha work for a revived Barbara Kean after she made amends with them even when Barbara aligns herself with Sofia Falcone.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEdward Nygma / Riddler\nCory Michael Smith\n1–present\n–\n–\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCory Michael Smith\n\n\nEdward Nygma is a forensics operative who works for the Gotham City Police Department and often presents his information in riddles. He initially starts off as an awkward but intelligent man with an unrequited crush on archivist Kristen Kringle, but over the course of the show, transforms into a murderous and manipulative criminal. After being constantly mistreated by his fellow co-workers (except Bullock and Gordon, who tolerate him), Nygma murdered a fellow officer, Tom, who was also Kringle's abusive boyfriend causing a mental breakdown that results in a second personality.[14] He succeeded in becoming Kristen's boyfriend, however he was dumped after he told Kristen about having killed her abusive ex-boyfriend, Tom. When Edward tries to stop her from calling the police, he accidentally chokes her to death. Edward starts to give in to his narcissistic dark side. While burying her body in the woods, a passerby approaches and interferes. Nygma kills him as well and has to bury both bodies. After helping Cobblepot recuperate, Nygma allows Cobblepot to live with him while helping to heal Gordon after he was beaten up by Theo Galavan.\nNygma later figures out Gordon's hand in Theo Galavan's death and orchestrates his arrest by framing him for the death of Carl Pinkney. During the confrontation with Gordon at the spot where Kristin Kringle was buried, Nygma's plot was exposed thanks to Gordon's plan by getting him to confess his actions with Nathaniel Barnes and the other police officers nearby. Nygma is arrested by the police and remanded to Arkham Asylum. After he investigates and finds out who Hugo Strange is and his experiments, Nygma escapes but is caught and recaptured after a brief encounter with Selina. He later aids Hugo Strange in interrogating Bruce Wayne and Lucius Fox but was re-incarcerated afterwards.\nSix months later, Penguin has him declared sane and has him released from Arkham Asylum so that he can help Penguin become mayor. Later, Nygma buys back the money that Butch was bribing people with in order to vote for Penguin. However, Penguin still wins regardless, proving Nygma's point that the people of Gotham loved Penguin anyway. Later, Nygma meets and becomes infatuated with a woman striking the resemblance to Kringle and also likes riddles, Isabella. After forming a relationship with Isabella, Penguin orders Gabriel to cut the brakes off of Isabella's car, killing her. After Nygma is informed by Barbara of Penguin's romantic feelings for him, Nygma discovers that Penguin indeed killed Isabella. Later, Nygma forms a partnership with Barbara, Tabitha, and Butch to destroy everything Penguin loves. After breaking his sanity and destroying his reputation, Nygma shoots Penguin in the harbour docks, although Penguin claims to love Nygma still. Nygma later starts a killing spree of those who can't solve his riddles and even gets Lucius Fox involved. Taking pills that cause him to have tormenting hallucinations of Penguin, Nygma admits that he can't do everything without Penguin. Later, Nygma throws the pills away, and finally embraces his new role as \"The Riddler.\"\nIn order to get the Court of Owls to reveal themselves, Riddler takes Mayor Aubrey James captive. Meeting with Gordon at the police station, Riddler agrees to Gordon's terms to accompany him. When on a road, Riddler agrees to go along with Kathryn and the Talon after Kathryn referenced the fact that Hugo Strange left Riddler's \"who actually runs Gotham\" question. As the Talon loads Nygma into the car, Kathryn tells Gordon that they'll find a use for Riddler before departing. Nygma later discovered that Oswald Cobblepot is his neighbouring prisoner. Both of them work together to escape from their prison.\nAt the conclusion of the chaos caused by the Alice Tetch Virus, Oswald outsmarts Riddler and has Victor Fries use his freeze gun on him. Oswald then plans to use Riddler's frozen body as the centerpiece of his Iceberg Lounge and as a reminder to never let love be his downfall again.\nRiddler is later freed by a woman named Myrtle Jenkins who tries to get him back to good health and remember the classic riddles. After hitting Myrtle with the riddle book for children, Riddler leaves her apartment and heads out to plan revenge on Oswald Cobblepot. Due to his brain still recovering from the ice, Riddler was unable to do his usual riddles on Oswald Cobblepot who ended up sparing Riddler from Victor Fries. Riddler later encountered Butch Gilzean in his new form of Solomon Grundy. As they work to recover their minds, they go to Cherry's fight club where Riddler persuades Cherry to let him fight there.\nWhen Selina Kyle manages to catch Edward Nygma while Barbara Kean and Tabitha Galavan were busy with their side-agendas, Leslie Thompkins suggested a \"Code of the Narrows\" to pit the champions of both sides against each other for the fate of Edward Nygma. When Firefly crashes the fight to finish the job that Oswald Cobblepot gave her, Riddler witnessed Leslie disabling Firefly and Barbara shooting Cherry. While Solomon Grundy was having his wounds tended to, Nygma suggests to Leslie that she takes the position that Cherry had. Leslie later figures out that Nygma's error of not doing his usual problems was a psychological error.\nThe Riddler persona soon returns to cause problems for Nygma and he eventually resorts to attempting suicide by hanging before opting to return to Arkham. As he contemplates signing the papers, a delighted Penguin reveals that he sent a letter to him hoping the Riddler would read it and Nygma would return to Arkham. He adds that he can truly see who he is and finally calls him Riddler.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFish Mooney\nJada Pinkett Smith\n1\n3\n2\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJada Pinkett Smith\n\n\nFish Mooney is a former nightclub owner and mobster who led a gang under Don Falcone and was the former boss of Oswald Cobblepot. She operated in Gotham City's red-light district despite the heavy presence of the Italian Mafia. Mooney sometimes provides information to Detective Bullock, who has a sweet spot for her. Mooney has secret plans to overthrow Falcone, whom she hates for his otherwise unspecified role in Fish's own mother's death, makes her as the main antagonist of season 1. Her plan involved hiring a girl named Liza to seduce Falcone and secretly blowing up Falcone's money supply.[15] After her plans to overthrow Falcone are exposed by Oswald Cobblepot, who has been blackmailing Liza to get information about both Falcone and Mooney, Don Falcone strangles Liza to death and has Mooney and Butch Gilzean was taken prisoner while the remnants ended up on Oswald Cobblepot's side. After escaping from Falcone's men, Mooney tries to leave Gotham City by water and is captured by the minions of the Dollmaker. Mooney was eventually able to escape with some of her fellow prisoners. She returned to Gotham City during the gang war between Falcone and Maroni and formed her gang from street children, including Selina Kyle. Mooney was pushed off of a building into the ocean in a battle with the Penguin, which seemingly killed her.\nIn the second season's fall finale, Fish's body is seen at Indian Hill, a scientific division of Wayne Enterprises that secretly performs illegal experiments. Fish is eventually revived in the second season finale while augmented with the help of cuttlefish DNA, being the only one of Hugo Strange's patients have her memories intact for unknown reasons. The side-effects of the revival gave Mooney the ability to take control of anyone that comes in contact with her. She manages to escape from Arkham and knocks out a shocked Penguin on the street.[16]\nWith some of the Indian Hill escapees on her side as members of her latest gang and even realigning herself with Selina Kyle, Fish Mooney begins raiding every pharmacy for drugs. After learning from Ethel Peabody about the new cells being rejected by her body and that Hugo Strange would fix her, Fish Mooney has her fellow escapee Marv steal her youth. Then Fish Mooney plans to find Hugo Strange in order to get him to make more monsters for her gang. When Fish Mooney's follower Nancy catches Ivy Pepper, Selina tries to vouch for her only for Fish Mooney to sic Marv on her.\nFish Mooney was successful at freeing Hugo Strange. Because of what Mooney said to him, Cobblepot decides not to kill her and allows her to leave with Hugo Strange while telling her not to return.\nFish Mooney later returned to Gotham City with some armed men where she saves Cobblepot from Riddler, Barbara Kean, Tabitha Galavan, and Butch Gilzean. She then makes off with Cobblepot where she forgives him and mends her relationship with Cobblepot.\nAfter obtaining a fleeing Hugo Strange, Fish Mooney has him take her, Oswald Cobblepot, Victor Fries, and Bridgit Pike to the slaughterhouse where the antidotes to Alice Tetch's blood is. During a fight between Fish Mooney's followers, James Gordon, and the League of Assassins' ninjas, Fish Mooney is accidentally stabbed by James Gordon. When Cobblepot tells Mooney that they'll get her some help, Mooney turns her down stating that this would happen and for Cobblepot to either take control of Gotham City or burn it to the ground as she dies again.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRenee Montoya\nVictoria Cartagena\n1\n–\n–\n\n\n\nRenee Montoya is a detective in the Major Crimes Unit of the Gotham City Police Department who is dedicated to fighting police corruption. She initially believed that Jim had actually murdered Oswald Cobblepot and was obsessed with arresting him, mostly due to her past relationship with Barbara Kean mixing with her sense of duty, until it was shown that Cobblepot was still alive. She later occasionally assists him in fighting Gotham's corruption after she and Crispus saved Jim from being killed by Victor Zsasz. Renee was revealed to have had a relationship with Barbara Kean.[14]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCrispus Allen\nAndrew Stewart-Jones\n1\n–\n–\n\n\n\nCrispus Allen is a detective in the Major Crimes Unit of the Gotham City Police Department who is Renee Montoya's partner. He was with Renee when she was looking for clues to see if Jim Gordon had actually killed Oswald Cobblepot or not. Crispus later occasionally assists Gordon in fighting Gotham's corruption after he and Renee save Jim from being killed by Victor Zsasz.[14]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCarmine Falcone\nJohn Doman\n1\n3\n2, 4\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJohn Doman\n\n\nCarmine Falcone is the Don of the Falcone Crime Family and businessman who is the father of Mario Calvi. He is Fish Mooney's superior and has specific members of both the Gotham City government and the Gotham City Police Department on his payroll (examples being Commissioner Gillian B. Loeb and Mayor Aubrey James) as well as having connections with the Court of Owls. While heading a traditional Cosa Nostra family, Carmine also controls a series of various other criminal organizations in Gotham City including the Triads, the Irish Mob, and Russian Mob as well as other Gotham City gangs such as Fish Mooney's gang.\nUpon first encountering Gordon after preventing Fish Mooney's men from killing him and Bullock, he at first dismisses his idealism as naive. His hold on Gotham City is challenged by the rival Maroni family and his allies such as Fish Mooney and the Russian Mob. Several of his caporegimes like Jimmy Saviano have also shown signs of treachery. Following the end of his mob war with the late Sal Maroni and Fish Mooney, Falcone retired and leaves Gotham. Before leaving, he reveals that he used to be friends with Gordon's father prior to being in the mob and gives Gordon a knife that had belonged to Gordon's father and parts on good terms stating that it is time for some real law and order in Gotham.[17]\nFalcone later returned to help Harvey Bullock get Jim Gordon out of Blackgate Penitentiary with help from his contacts from within the prison.\nUpon Leslie and Mario returning to Gotham City, he gives his approval to Mario for his relationship to Leslie. He also wanted to throw an engagement party for them and was shown to be angered at the Court of Owls for targeting Mario when it later turns out that he was infected with Alice Tetch's poisonous blood. While he was displeased that Gordon gunned down Mario in self-defense, Leslie talked Falcone into calling off Victor Zsasz's hit on Gordon knowing that Mario would've ended up like Nathaniel Barnes did. Carmine later reluctantly helped Gordon by giving him the information on the person who had him hire a lawyer for the drunk driver that caused the car accident that killed Peter Gordon.\nUpon heading down to Florida, Gordon tries to get Carmine Falcone to help in the war against Oswald Cobblepot. Carmine declines due to the fact that he is dying and that being in warmer climates would help him but agrees to let his daughter Sofia go in his place. Hearing reports of Sofia's ruthless pursuit of Gotham, Falcone arrives to take her home, telling her she has failed their family and is endangering the family reputation to get revenge for her brother's death. Before he can take her, Falcone is shot and killed by a group of gunmen. Sofia is wounded but later reveals that she is responsible for her father's murder.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLeslie Thompkins\nMorena Baccarin\n2–present\n1\n–\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMorena Baccarin\n\n\nLeslie Thompkins is a physician at Arkham Asylum who works in the female ward. After enlisting as a medical examiner at Gotham City Police Department, she enters into a relationship with James Gordon.[18][19] Proving herself an observant and energetic partner at the GCPD, she often persists in trying to keep actively involved as a means to further Jim's work, making him uncomfortable with potentially endangering her as with Barbara following Cobblepot's return. She is later revealed to be pregnant and Jim proposes to her after Theo Galavan's death. At the time when Gordon was incarcerated at Blackgate, he learned from Harvey that Leslie miscarried and that she went south.\nWhen Gordon tracks down Leslie outside of Gotham City in order to repair their relationship. However, he discovers that she is engaged to Mario Calvi, the son of the former crime lord Carmine Falcone. However, Gordon made peace with it by the time Leslie returned to Gotham with Mario. Gordon and Leslie reconciled after Gordon gave his best wishes to Mario. She and Valerie Vale were eventually kidnapped by Jervis Tetch as part of his revenge against Jim Gordon. Tetch then forced Gordon to choose between Lee or Valerie being killed, and after Gordon chooses Lee to be killed, Tetch shoots Valerie instead. It is implied that Gordon knew Tetch would shoot Valerie instead of Lee; as he is still in love with the latter. It is also implied that Lee is still in love with Gordon, despite her being in engaged to Mario Calvi. However, after Mario is infected by the Tetch Virus and shot dead by Gordon, she begins to grow hostile towards Gordon due to grief and rage (mainly because Leslie is unwilling/refuses to accept the truth; that Mario tried to kill her when he was infected by Alice Tetch's blood) by doing everything she can to make Gordon uncomfortable.\nDue to Gordon refusing to tell her about what's happening in Gotham out of fear that the Court of Owls will take action, Leslie resigns from the police department. She later takes a sample of Alice Tetch's blood that Hugo Strange gave James Gordon and injects herself with it. She was eventually cured along with Gordon. She then left Gotham, leaving behind a note saying that while she's not sure if Gotham deserves to be saved, Leslie does have hope that Gordon would save the city before reaffirming her love for him.\nLeslie later appeared at Cherry's fight club working as its doctor when she is called to tend to the burns on Solomon Grundy. She does agree to a partnership with Edward Nygma in order to help her side-job. At the time when Barbara Kean, Tabitha Galavan, and Selina Kyle arrived at Cherry's fight club to look for Edward Nygma, Leslie was approached by Barbara Kean where Leslie is not pleased with her appearance. She also stated that she doesn't know who Jim is. When Selina Kyle manages to catch Edward Nygma while Barbara Kean and Tabitha Galavan were busy with their side-agendas, Leslie Thompkins suggested a \"Code of the Narrows\" to pit the champions of both sides against each other for the fate of Edward Nygma. When Firefly crashes the fight to finish the job that Oswald Cobblepot gave her, Riddler witnessed Leslie disabling Firefly and Barbara shooting Cherry. While Solomon Grundy was having his wounds tended to, Nygma suggests to Leslie that she takes the position that Cherry had. Leslie takes that suggestion and her first decree was \"drinks on the house\".\nLeslie later solves some issues with the inhabitants of the Narrows like dealing with competitive street businesses and even uses mixed medicines and an antidote to get Sampson out of the southern parts of the Narrows.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Theo Galavan / Azrael\nJames Frain\n2\n–\n–\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJames Frain\n\n\nTheo Galavan is a charismatic billionaire industrialist whose sister is Tabitha Galavan and whose step-niece is Silver St. Cloud, both of whom do his bidding.[20][21] He is the main antagonist of first half of season 2 Rise of the Villains, who's responsible for creating chaos and violence in Gotham City, as part of his master plan to finally carry out a centuries-old vendetta. Galavan's family, originally called the Dumas family, were one of Gotham City's most prominent families and said to have built Gotham City. But the family was ruined financially and socially by the Wayne family after an act of violence was perpetrated by a member of the Dumas family against a member of the Wayne family many years earlier. Those Dumas who remained in Gotham changed their surname to Galavan.\nTheo starts his campaign by orchestrating the abduction of Mayor Aubrey James. As the Chairman of the Gotham Chamber of Commerce, he oversaw Gillian Loeb's resignation as police commissioner and Sarah Essen being sworn in as the new police commissioner. Using Zaardon the Soul Reaper, Theo has Tabitha spring Jerome Valeska, Barbara Kean, Aaron Helzinger, Richard Sionis, Robert Greenwood, and Arnold Dobkins from Arkham Asylum to assist him. Sionis was the only one who declined and he had Tabitha kill him to serve as a warning to the others. Theo poses as a caring father figure to Bruce Wayne after ostensibly saving him from Jerome Valeska during a hostage crisis. With Mayor James still missing and Deputy Mayor Harrison Kane dead, Theo then exhorts Oswald Cobblepot into targeting the mayoral candidates by holding Oswald's mother Gertrud hostage while acting like he missed Galavan. While Oswald was successful at killing Janice Caulfield, Victor Zsasz fails at kidnapping Randall Hobbs who drops out of the race. As the only remaining candidate, Theo wins the election, but his true goal is to avenge the Dumas family against the Wayne family. After Tabitha killed Gertrud, Oswald swore revenge on Theo which led to a fight between Cobblepot's group and the police which ended with Oswald getting wounded and Gordon getting suspicious. He is later arrested by Jim Gordon after Mayor James is found alive following Barbara Kean ending up hospitalized. While Gordon and Barnes were searching Galavan's apartment, they did find a cassock behind one of the paintings where they assumed that Galavan had some religious connections. While awaiting trial, Theo reprimanded Tabitha for acting out against his orders and states that his next plan is in motion.\nWhen it came to the trial, Mayor James testifies in court that it was Oswald Cobblepot who abducted him. The judge drops the case against Theo whose henchmen, posing as police officers, abduct Gordon while he was being taken out of the courthouse. With Gordon in his clutches, Galavan stated that the Order of St Dumas protected his family and that his real surname is Dumas. Galavan toys with Gordon but quickly overpowers him, using some martial arts skills which Theo not previously displayed. He orders his henchmen to kill Gordon slowly and leaves to claim Bruce Wayne's life. During the final battle at Galavan's tower, Tabitha tells Theo he has lost and she is going to look out for herself, saving Silver and Bruce Wayne, as Gordon and Penguin come to the rescue, albeit for very different reasons. Gordon and Cobblepot take him to an isolated place outside Gotham where Cobblepot beats him mercilessly until Gordon stops him and shoots Galavan dead. Cobblepot puts an umbrella in the corpse's mouth to make it look like that he killed Galavan. Galavan's body is then taken to the underground Indian Hill facility.\nAs Patient 44, he is successfully resurrected by the Indian Hill facility's doctors but the shock of the process scrambled his memories. Strange, inspired by Nygma, misleads Galavan to believe himself to be the order's legendary knight Azrael before sending him after Gordon. When it came to the fight at the Gotham City Police Department, Theo was unmasked upon his helm being knocked off by Nathaniel Barnes. He manages to use the broken part of the fake Sword of Sin to stab Nathaniel Barnes. As he makes his escape, his face was shown to the reporters as Oswald Cobblepot, Tabitha Galavan, and Bruce Wayne sees it on the news. Theo then began to look for the real Sword of Sin where he confronted Gordon and Bullock at a crypt which ends with Tabitha ending up hospitalised. During the fight with Gordon and Bruce Wayne at Wayne Manor, Azrael is eventually confronted by Cobblepot and then blasted by an RPG wielded by Butch Gilzean, end his life once and for all; His body become shreds before police can get a DNA variation.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTabitha Galavan / The Tigress\nJessica Lucas\n2–present\n–\n–\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJessica Lucas\n\n\nTabitha Galavan is Theo Galavan's whip-wielding, violent, loyal sister and the step-aunt of Silver St. Cloud.[20][22] She serves as her brother's henchwoman and lead enforcer who gets pleasure from causing mayhem even when it comes to making sure that none of the criminal activities is traced back to her brother, with whom she enjoys an unhealthy relationship. She always wears a cover over her nose and mouth to avoid being identified. She even develops a relationship with Barbara Kean and found a way to reprogram Butch Gilzean to serve Theo. During the fight between Gordon and Kean, Tabitha was shot in the shoulder and managed to escape. When it comes to the battle between Oswald Cobbleport's group and the Order of St. Dumas, Tabitha turns against Theo telling him he has lost and that she needs to look out for herself as she escapes with Silver.\nFour weeks later, Tabitha visits Butch Gilzean and becomes his partner while starting a relationship with her. After the warrior Azrael is revealed to be the resurrected Theo Galavan, Tabitha teams up with Gordon and Bullock to find him. After helping Theo regain some of his memory, Theo remembers his mission and stabs Tabitha, resulting in her being hospitalised.\nSix weeks after the Indian Hill incident, Tabitha and Barbara started a club called Sirens Nightclub. After Butch was exposed by Edward Nygma as the leader of the new Red Hood leader, Tabitha broke him out of the prison transport bus and took him to a safe house.\nAfter Barbara killed Butch Gilzean, Tabitha fought Barbara at her safe house which ended with Barbara getting electrocuted. Later on, she is approached by Selina Kyle where she states to Tabitha that she is done surviving. Before they begin to work together, Tabitha does allow Selina to test her abilities with her whip.\nTabitha and Selina end up aligning with a revived Barbara. At the time when Barbara, Tabitha, and Selina were sent to Cherry's fight club to find Edward Nygma, Tabitha found Butch Gilzean having transformed into Solomon Grundy where he barely remembers her. When Leslie Thompkins calls for the \"Code of the Narrows\" upon Selina apprehending Nygma, Tabitha (referred to as The Tigress) is paired up against Solomon Grundy where the fight doesn't go well. Firefly crashes the fight to finish the job that Oswald Cobblepot gave her. Tabitha then witnessed Leslie disabling Firefly and Barbara shooting Cherry. Tabitha, Barbara, and Selina later abduct Sofia Falcone upon thinking that she was friends with Cobblepot until she states that she is against Cobblepot. After Victor Zsasz destroys Barbara's club, Tabitha was present when Barbara sides with Sofia Falcone.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLucius Fox\nChris Chalk\n2–present\n–\n1\n\n\nLucius Fox is a junior executive and tech genius at Wayne Enterprises who in the shadow of the company's corrupt activities emerges as a moral beacon for Bruce Wayne as he attempts to help him uphold the legacy of his parents, Thomas and Martha Wayne.)[23][24] Fox was an ally to the Wayne family and one of the few people to know the Waynes were not as corrupt as they had to pretend to be to Wayne Enterprises' board of directors. He first appeared in \"The Anvil and the Hammer\" where he entered Sid Bunderslaw's office at the time of Bruce Wayne's unexpected visit. Before allowing Bruce to leave Wayne Enterprises, Fox warns Bruce that his father was a very guarded man.\nFox later encountered Alfred at a bar. Alfred convinced Fox to help Bruce Wayne repair a computer that Alfred had wrecked. After Bruce is kidnapped by Theo Galavan, Lucius finishes fixing the computer hard drive and does his part to help the Gotham City Police Department locate Bruce Wayne. He later helps identify \"The Philosopher\", the man who ordered the Waynes to be killed. He and Bruce are later kidnapped by Hugo Strange but are freed by Selina Kyle afterwards.\nLucius later leaves Wayne Enterprises and becomes a science expert at the Gotham City Police Department.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nButch Gilzean / Cyrus Gold / Solomon Grundy\nDrew Powell\n2–present\n1\n–\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDrew Powell\n\n\nBorn Cyrus Gold, Butch Gilzean is Fish Mooney's right-hand man and mob enforcer who is the uncle of Sonny Gilzean.[25] Victor Zsasz brainwashed Butch into obeying Oswald Cobblepot's every command.\nTo infiltrate Theo Galavan's group, Cobblepot cut off Gilzean's left hand so that Gilzean would win sympathy from the Galavans, who gave Gilzean a new mallet-shaped left hand and other attachments. Tabitha later freed Gilzean from Cobblepot's control.\nFour weeks following the death of Theo Galavan, Butch Gilzean rose to power and started a relationship with Tabitha Galavan. After Azrael was revealed to be the resurrected Theo Galavan, Butch and Penguin killed Theo with an RPG. Butch and his gang later accompanied Oswald into going after Hugo Strange. After a resurrected Fish Mooney knocked out Penguin on the street, Butch and his gang fled.\nDuring the man-hunt for Fish Mooney, Gilzean supports Penguin's campaign by paying people to vote for him. He starts to get suspicious with Edward Nygma during his campaign. He realizes that Nygma bought back the money, but Penguin wins regardless, which causes Butch to feel left out while Penguin and Nygma start to work together more. Butch starts being the benefactor of a second version of the Red Hood gang and kills them so he can win back Penguin's approval, but Nygma later exposes him. While being transported on a prison bus, Tabitha breaks him out and takes him to a safe house.\nAfter Isabella was murdered, Nygma put the clues together and claims to Mayor Cobblepot that Butch killed her in revenge on both of them.\nAs the chaos caused by the Alice Tetch Virus is winding down, Butch and Tabitha plan to dispose of Barbara Kean. During the confrontation, Barbara shoots Butch in the head. His body is reviewed by doctors and his birth name is revealed as Cyrus Gold.\nWhen his body is dumped into Slaughter Swamp by the hospital's orderlies, chemicals associated with Indian Hill revived Cyrus Gold while regenerating his hand. The transformation also gave him super-strength while also making him have a fear of fire. He makes his way to Gotham City and runs into Riddler who asks for his help remembering who he is. After getting a burn from one of the men he earlier attacked, Riddler takes him to Cherry's nightclub to enter him in a fight where Cherry has her latest doctor Leslie Thompkins tend to his burn. Solomon Grundy manages to win most of his death matches.\nDuring his fight with Mr. Murder Face, Solomon Grundy started experiencing fragments of memories of his life as Butch Gilzean upon being hit in the head. At the time when Barbara Kean, Tabitha Galavan, and Selina Kyle arrived at Cherry's fight club to find Edward Nygma, Tabitha encountered Solomon Grundy where he doesn't remember him. When Leslie Thompkins calls for the \"Code of the Narrows\" upon Selina apprehending Nygma, Tabitha is paired up against Solomon Grundy where the fight doesn't go well. Firefly crashes the fight to finish the job that Oswald Cobblepot gave her. Solomon Grundy prepares to attack only to be frightened by Firefly's fire attacks. After Firefly was disabled by Leslie Thompkins and Barbara Kean shot Cherry, Solomon Grundy's injuries were tended to by Leslie.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHarvey Dent\nNicholas D'Agosto\n2\n1\n–\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNicholas D'Agosto\n\n\nHarvey Dent is a \"handsome, warm and engaging\" Assistant District Attorney.[26][27] He works with Gordon to find the man who killed Thomas and Martha Wayne.\nHarvey Dent was the prosecutor at Theo Galavan's trial where Aubrey James fearfully told him that Oswald Cobblepot was the one who abducted him and not Theo Galavan.\nAlong with Captain Nathaniel Barnes, Harvey later questioned Jim about his role in Theo's death.\nWhen Gordon has been framed for the death of Carl Pinkney and sentenced to Blackgate Penitentiary, the news reporter stated that Harvey Dent could not be reached for a comment. After Warden Carlson Grey moved Gordon into Blackgate Penitentiary's F-Wing, Bullock calls up Dent telling him what happened and to do everything he can to get Gordon out like either a transfer to another prison, a retrial, or reopening the case.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Nathaniel Barnes / The Executioner\nMichael Chiklis\n2–3\n–\n–\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMichael Chiklis\n\n\nA tough, no-nonsense martinet of a police captain at Gotham City Police Department after the death of Sarah Essen, he serves a strong ally to James Gordon, but will one day become Gordon's enemy.[28] Unafraid to make such enemies, Barnes is a strict \"law and order zealot\". He first appeared where he dismisses Officers Pollard, Guthrie, Coulson, Drowler, Brooks and Hightower, and Detective Perez for corruption, bribery, drug abuse, racketeering, and extortion. Nathaniel promotes Gordon to his second-in-command as they start a Strike Team made up of the graduates from the Gotham City Police Academy.\nIn \"Rise of the Villains: A Bitter Pill to Swallow\", it was revealed that Nathaniel once served in the United States Marine Corps. After Gordon becomes a fugitive for punching Theo Galavan in court after being found innocent, Barnes attempts to arrest Gordon after the battle with the Order of Saint Dumas but is knocked out by Cobblepot.\nAfter Cobblepot was apprehended and backed up Gordon's claim, Barnes told Gordon not to make a fool out of him. When Jim was framed for the murder of Carl Pinkney at the hands of Edward Nygma, Barnes believed that Jim committed the crime and the judge sentenced him to Blackgate Penitentiary. After Jim was proven innocent and Nygma was arrested upon the police being in the listening distance of Nygma's confession, Barnes apologised and told Jim he owed him a favour. He also gave Jim the remaining Wayne files and Lee's number. During Azrael's attack on the Gotham City Police Department, Barnes fought Azrael on the roof which led to Azrael's mask coming off and Barnes getting stabbed by Azrael. This led to Barnes being hospitalised.\nWhile still recuperating, Nathaniel initiates a manhunt for Fish Mooney and the Indian Hill escapees, which ends with Fish and Strange fleeing Gotham and the rest of the minions being burned to death by an angry mob.\nLater, Barnes is infected with Alice Tetch's poisonous blood that dropped onto him. He then goes on a vigilante spree killing criminals until he is subjected by James Gordon and remanded to Arkham Asylum while in a straitjacket. While incarcerated at Arkham, Barnes keeps screaming \"Guilty!\".\nLeslie Thompkins later talks to Nathaniel Barnes about the blood he is infected with that also infected Mario Calvic. Barnes calls it a gift and states that when he gets out of Arkham, he is going to bathe the corruption of Gotham City in blood starting with Jim Gordon's blood.\nBarnes is taken to a private lab owned by the Court of Owls where Kathryn had Hugo Strange extract Alice Tetch's poisonous blood from him. After James Gordon used Penguin to interfere with the Court of Owls' plans to use the weaponized blood on a Daughters of Gotham event, Kathryn cuts a deal with Nathaniel Barnes to dispose of Gordon. With a special outfit and an axe-tipped glove, Nathaniel Barnes targets James Gordon. During the fight at the Gotham City Police Department, Nathaniel Barnes beheads Kathryn and has his left hand shot off by James Gordon. Even though Barnes was detained, Alvarez told Gordon and Bullock that Barnes escaped from the Arkham Asylum transport upon killing the three guards.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIvy \"Pamela\" Pepper\nClare Foley\n–\n1\n2–3\n\n\nMaggie Geha[29][30]\n3\n–\n4\n\n\nPeyton List\n–\n4\n–\n\n\n\nIvy is a young vegan girl who is the abused daughter of Mario Pepper (who was framed for the Wayne murders).[31][32] She enjoys tending to her plants.\nAfter her mother committed suicide by cutting her wrists sometime after her father's death, Ivy escaped from the juvenile hall (which was part of Mayor Aubrey James' plan for street kids) and lives on the streets while maintaining contact with Selina Kyle. Like Selina Kyle, Ivy Pepper has befriended Barbara Kean.\nIvy later works for Sonny Gilzean where she grows his \"magic mushrooms\" to sell on the streets.\nAfter an encounter with a Bruce Wayne look-a-like, Ivy gets caught by Fish Mooney's minion Nancy while trying to warn Selina. After Selina fails to vouch for her, Ivy is then chased by Fish Mooney's minion Marv. After being briefly touched by Marv, Ivy falls into the drain pipe and is swept away by the current.\nThe effects of Marv's brief touch causes Ivy to turn into an adult enough to outgrow her clothes by the time she awakens on the shore of the river. She later obtains the clothes belonging to the ex-wife of the man who found her where she knocked out offscreen for neglecting his plants.\nAt some point, Ivy takes refuge in an abandoned house that has a greenhouse. After Oswald Cobblepot was shot by Edward Nygma, Ivy Pepper nurses him back to good health and helps to dispose of Gabe and those who came with them by having them buried in her garden of moving plants. Ivy then persuades Oswald Cobblepot to let her help in his plans to get revenge on Edward Nygma by stating that they will need an army of freaks. The two of them managed to get Victor Fries and Bridgit Pike on their side. Upon hearing what happened to Selina Kyle, Ivy Pepper uses her special perfume to control the nurses into bringing plants into Selina's room. When Selina finally was awoken, Ivy was against her plan to go to Wayne Manor.\nFollowing the chaos caused by the Alice Tetch Virus, Ivy Pepper assists Oswald Cobblepot in the development of the Iceberg Lounge. She starts to feel neglected and goes to an apothecary where she consumes some chemicals held in the owner's safe. This gives her the ability to be more connected to plant life and the scratches she does causes anyone hit by them to grow poison ivy in their system.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJervis Tetch\nBenedict Samuel\n3\n4\n–\n\n\nA talented hypnotist teetering on the edge of madness. He arrives in Gotham with an unwavering desire to find his sister Alice, a young woman who went missing in the city years ago.[33][34][35][36] It is heavily implied that Jervis has sexual feelings for his sister.\nAfter hypnotizing a doctor during a show at the Sirens, he has him kill his wife and then himself in order to get his residence. Jervis approaches James Gordon to help find Alice. Following his hypnosis on Barbara Kean during another show at The Sirens, Gordon visits him again where he starts to ask about Alice's condition. Jervis ends up hypnotising→ him. Before he can have Gordon jump off the roof of The Sirens, Jervis is attacked by Alice who doesn't want to go with him with the resulting fight snapping Gordon out of his hypnosis. After Jervis escapes, Alice is handcuffed by Gordon. Alice later reveals that Jervis controlled most of Alice when they were kids, and put thoughts in her head that \"no brother should have\".\nLater, Tetch hires the wrestlers known as the \"Tweedle Brothers\" to break Alice out of the GCPD. While Jervis, Dumfree, and Deever made off with Alice, the other two Tweeds were killed and the youngest of them was placed in police custody. Jervis then dressed Alice in the Alice costume from \"Alice in Wonderland\" and tries to have a tea party with her and the two remaining Tweedle Brothers, telling Alice that she is the only thing in his life keeping him from going mad. Gordon and Harvey arrive and a fight ensues. When Alice tries to escape, she accidentally falls on a pipe, impaling her. A devastated Tetch flees the scene.\nJervis Tetch later uses the Red Queen plant on Jim Gordon to incapacitate him. Then he crashes the Gotham City Founders' Dinner presided over by Mayor Oswald Cobblepot in order to make them drink the tainted water. His plans are thwarted by the Gotham City Police Department as Jervis starts to see some of his sister in Nathaniel Barnes due to him being infected with her blood. Jervis, Dumfree Tweed, and Deever Tweed are arrested and remanded to Arkham Asylum.\nJervis Tetch later witnessed the Court of Owls obtaining Nathaniel Barnes. Leslie Thompkins later visited Jervis at Arkham Asylum to know if he infected Mario Calvi. Jervis stated that he did it after seeing how Gordon look at her the day he wounded Valerie Vale and states that she's to blame for Mario's suffering.\nThe transport carrying Jervis Tetch was later intercepted by Butch Gilzean and Tabitha Galavan so that Barbara Kean can hold him for ransom. After being freed by Gordon, Jervis was drained of some of his blood with the part the blood came from being patched up. It was later mentioned by Harvey Bullock that the doctors patched Jervis back up and had him shipped back to Arkham Asylum.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRa's al Ghul\nAlexander Siddig\n4\n–\n3\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAlexander Siddig\n\n\nRa's al Ghul is the enigmatic person behind the Court of Owls' activities and leader of the League of Shadows.[37] With a past shrouded in mystery, the powerful supervillain uses cunning and deception to lay waste to his foes. His identity is foreshadowed upon the death of Shaman who works for Ra's al Ghul. When Bruce Wayne meets Ra's al Ghul in the bowels of the Yuyan Building, Ra's al Ghul mentioned that he wanted Bruce to be his heir and does a final test where he wants him to kill Alfred Pennyworth. After Bruce stabs Alfred, he angrily tries to attack Ra's al Ghul who gets away where he advises to Bruce to use the Lazarus Pit's waters to heal Alfred.\nSiddig was promoted to a series regular for season 4.[38] During this time, it is revealed that he had revived Barbara Kean through the Lazarus Pit and is seeking a specific embalming knife.\nAfter killing Niles Winthrop and later Alex Winthrop in front of Bruce and Gordon, Ra's al Ghul surrenders and is remanded to Blackgate Penitentiary to await trial. While also transferring some of his energy to a visiting Barbara, Ra's al Ghul also had some of his men infiltrate Blackgate Penitentiary by posing as the prison guards. After doing a threat to Bruce Wayne to return to bother him when he starts a family, Bruce reluctantly uses the embalming knife on Ra's al Ghul which reduces him to a skeleton just as Gordon and Alfred arrive. Gordon came up with a cover story that Ra's al Ghul's men infiltrated the prison and made off with him.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSofia Falcone\nCrystal Reed\n4\n–\n–\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCrystal Reed\n\n\nThe only daughter of Carmine Falcone and the sister of Mario Calvi. She is a strong, intelligent and calculating woman who has run the Falcone operation in the south for the past 10 years and is returning to Gotham to help Gordon take down the Penguin.[39]\nReed was promoted to a series regular for season 4.[38] At the time when James Gordon visits Carmine Falcone to ask for his help in dealing with Oswald Cobblepot, Sofia wanted to take over her father's business to which Carmine wouldn't let her. She ends up secretly following Gordon back to Gotham City to do so anyway.\nSofia started by meeting with Mayor Burke and the zoning commissioner where she established the Falcone Home and School for Orphans.\nFollowing Professor Pyg's attack, Cobblepot had the Dentist torture her where Sofia did a bluff that fooled the Dentist into releasing her. She is then abducted by Barbara Kean, Tabitha Galavan, and Selina Kyle where they think she is allies with Cobblepot. Sofia tells them that she is against Cobblepot and her point is proven when Victor Zsasz shows up outside of Barbara's lair with a rocket launcher that destroys the lair. Following the confrontation with Cobblepot, Sofia persuades Barbara's group to ally with her.\nDuring a gunfight with Gordon when targeting Arthur Penn, Sofia is shot by Leslie Thompkins enough to put her in a coma.\n\n\n"
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-5043209848522860228 | Extreme points of Earth | Extreme points of Earth - wikipedia Extreme points of Earth Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of extreme points of Earth , the geographical locations that are farther north or south than , higher or lower in elevation than , or farthest inland or out to sea from , any other locations on the landmasses , continents or countries . For other lists of extreme points on Earth , including places that hold temperature and weather records , see Extremes on Earth , Lists of extreme points , and List of weather records . Contents ( hide ) 1 Earth 1.1 Latitude and longitude 1.2 Elevation 1.2. 1 Highest points 1.2. 1.1 Highest points attainable by transportation 1.2. 1.2 Highest geographical features 1.2. 2 Lowest points 1.2. 2.1 Lowest artificial points 1.2. 2.2 Lowest natural points 1.2. 2.3 Lowest points attainable by transportation 1.2. 2.4 Lowest cities 1.3 Remoteness 1.3. 1 Poles of inaccessibility 1.3. 1.1 Continental 1.3. 1.2 Oceanic 1.3. 2 Other places considered the most remote 1.3. 3 Farthest - apart cities 1.4 Center 1.5 Longest straight lines between two points 1.5. 1 Along constant latitude 1.5. 2 Along constant longitude 1.5. 3 Along any geodesic 2 By region 2.1 Afro - Eurasia 2.2 The Americas 2.3 Oceania 2.4 Antarctica 2.5 Arctic 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References Earth ( edit ) Latitude and longitude ( edit ) The northernmost point on Earth is the Geographic North Pole , in the Arctic Ocean . The northernmost point on land is the northern tip of Kaffeklubben Island , north of Greenland ( 83 ° 40 ′ N 29 ° 50 ′ W / 83.667 ° N 29.833 ° W / 83.667 ; - 29.833 ( northernmost point on land ) ) , which lies slightly north of Cape Morris Jesup , Greenland ( 83 ° 38 ′ N 32 ° 40 ′ W / 83.633 ° N 32.667 ° W / 83.633 ; - 32.667 ( Cape Morris Jesup ) ) . Various shifting gravel bars lie farther north , the most famous being Oodaaq . The southernmost point on Earth and the southernmost point on land is the geographic South Pole , which is on the continent of Antarctica . The southernmost point of water is a bay on the Filchner - Ronne Ice Shelf along the coast of Antarctica ( 83 ° S 59 ° W / 83 ° S 59 ° W / - 83 ; - 59 ) about 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) south of Berkner Island , the southernmost island in the world . The southernmost point of ocean is located on the Gould Coast ( 84 ° 30 ′ S 150 ° 0 ′ W / 84.500 ° S 150.000 ° W / - 84.500 ; - 150.000 ( southernmost point of ocean ) ) ; the southernmost point of open ocean is also part of the Ross Sea , namely the Bay of Whales at 78 ° 30 'S , at the edge of the Ross Ice Shelf . The westernmost and easternmost points on Earth , based on the east - west standard for describing longitude , can be found anywhere along the 180th meridian in Siberia ( including Wrangel Island ) , Antarctica , or the three islands of Fiji through which the 180th meridian passes ( Vanua Levu 's eastern peninsula , the middle of Taveuni , and the western part of Rabi Island ) . Using the path of the International Date Line instead , the westernmost point on land is Attu Island , Alaska , and the easternmost point on land is Caroline Island , Kiribati . Elevation ( edit ) See also : List of elevation extremes by region , List of elevation extremes by country , and Extremes on Earth Highest points ( edit ) Chimborazo , Ecuador The highest point on the Earth 's surface measured from sea level is the summit of Mount Everest on the border of Nepal and China . While measurements of its height vary slightly , the elevation of its peak is usually given as 8,848 m ( 29,029 feet ) above sea level . It was first reached by Sir Edmund Hillary of New Zealand and Sherpa of Nepal Tenzing Norgay in 1953 ( with speculation that it may have been reached in 1924 ) . The point farthest from the Earth 's center is the summit of Chimborazo in Ecuador , at 6,384.4 kilometres ( 3,967.1 mi ) from the center of the earth ( the peak 's elevation in relation to sea level is 6,263.47 m ( 20,549 ft ) ) . This is because the Earth is an oblate spheroid rather than a perfect sphere : it is wider at the equator and narrower between the poles . Therefore , the summit of Chimborazo , which is near the equator , is farther away from the center of the Earth than the summit of Mount Everest ( the summit of Mount Everest is 2,168 m ( 7,112.9 feet ) closer , at 6,382.3 km ( 3,965.8 miles ) to the Earth 's center ) . Peru 's Huascarán contends closely with Chimborazo , the difference in the mountains ' heights being just 23 m ( 75 feet ) . Highest points attainable by transportation ( edit ) The highest point accessible ... ... by land vehicle is an altitude of 6,688 metres ( 21,942 ft ) on Ojos del Salado in Chile , which was reached by the Chilean duo of Gonzalo Bravo G. and Eduardo Canales Moya on 21 April 2007 with a modified Suzuki Samurai , setting the high - altitude record for a four - wheeled vehicle . ... by road ( dead end ) is on a mining road to the summit of Aucanquilcha in Chile , which reaches an elevation of 6,176 m ( 20,262 feet ) . It was once usable by 20 - tonne mining trucks . The road is no longer usable. 21 ° 12 ′ 50 '' S 68 ° 28 ′ 30 '' W / 21.214 ° S 68.475 ° W / - 21.214 ; - 68.475 ... by road ( mountain pass ) is disputed ; there are a number of competing claims for this title due to the definition of `` motorable pass '' ( i.e. a surfaced road or one simply passable by a vehicle ) : The highest asphalted road crosses Tibet 's Semo La pass at 5,565 m ( 18,258 feet ) . It is used by trucks and buses regularly . The Ticlio pass , on the Central Road of Peru , is the highest surfaced road in the Americas , at an elevation of 4,818 m ( 15,807 feet ) . The highest unsurfaced road is claimed by several different roads . All are unsurfaced or gravel roads including the barely passable road to Umling La , 17 kilometres ( 11 mi ) west of Demchok in Ladakh , India , which reaches 5,800 m ( 19,029 feet ) ( `` 19,300 feet '' according to a Border Roads Organisation sign there that recognizes it as the `` World 's Highest Motorable Pass '' ) , and Mana Pass , between India and Tibet , which is crossed by a gravel road reaching 5,610 m ( 18,406 feet ) . The heavily trafficked Khardung La in Ladakh lies at 5,359 m ( 17,582 feet ) . A possibly motorable gravel road crosses Marsimik La in Ladakh at 5,582 m ( 18,314 feet ) . ... by train is Tanggula Pass , located on the Qinghai -- Tibet ( Qingzang ) Railway in the Tanggula Mountains of Qinghai / Tibet , China , at 5,072 m ( 16,640 feet ) . The Tanggula railway station is the world 's highest railway station at 5,068 m ( 16,627 feet ) . Before the Qingzang Railway was built , the highest railway ran between Lima and Huancayo in Peru , reaching 4,829 m ( 15,843 feet ) at Ticlio . ... by oceangoing vessel is a segment of the Rhine -- Main -- Danube Canal between the Hilpoltstein and Bachhausen locks in Bavaria , Germany . The locks artificially raise the surface level of the water in the canal to 406 m ( 1,332 feet ) above mean sea level , higher than any other lock system in the world , making it the highest point currently accessible by oceangoing commercial watercraft . La Rinconada , Peru The highest commercial airport is Daocheng Yading Airport , Sichuan , China , at 4,411 m ( 14,472 feet ) . The proposed Nagqu Dagring Airport in Tibet , China , if built , will be 25 m ( 82 feet ) higher at 4,436 m ( 14,554 feet ) . The highest helipad is Sonam , Siachen Glacier , India , at a height of 6,400 m ( 20,997 feet ) above sea level . The highest permanent human settlement is La Rinconada , Peru , 5,100 m ( 16,732 feet ) , in the Peruvian Andes . The farthest road from the Earth 's center is the Road to Carrel Hut in the Ecuadorian Andes , at an elevation of 4,850 m ( 15,912 feet ) above sea level and a distance of 6,382.9 km ( 3,966 miles ) from the center of the Earth . Highest geographical features ( edit ) The highest volcano is Ojos del Salado on the Argentina -- Chile border . It has the highest summit , 6,893 m ( 22,615 feet ) , of any volcano on Earth . The highest natural lake is an unnamed crater lake on Ojos del Salado at 6,390 m ( 20,965 feet ) , on the Argentina side . Another candidate is Lhagba Pool on the northeast slopes of Mount Everest , Tibet , China , at an elevation of 6,368 m ( 20,892 feet ) . The highest navigable lake is Lake Titicaca , on the border of Bolivia and Peru in the Andes , at 3,812 m ( 12,507 feet ) . The highest glacier is the Khumbu Glacier on the southwest slopes of Mount Everest in Nepal , beginning on the west side of Lhotse at an elevation of 7,600 to 8,000 m ( 24,900 to 26,200 feet ) . The highest river is disputed ; one candidate from many possibilities is the Ating Ho , which flows into the Aong Tso ( Hagung Tso ) , a large lake in Tibet , China , and has an elevation of about 6,100 m ( 20,013 feet ) at its source at 32 ° 49 ′ 30 '' N 81 ° 03 ′ 45 '' E / 32.82500 ° N 81.06250 ° E / 32.82500 ; 81.06250 ( Ating Ho ( source ) ) . A very large and high river is the Yarlung Tsangpo or upper Brahmaputra River in Tibet , China , whose main stem , the Maquan River , has its source at about 6,020 m ( 19,751 feet ) above sea level at 30 ° 48 ′ 59 '' N 82 ° 42 ′ 45 '' E / 30.81639 ° N 82.71250 ° E / 30.81639 ; 82.71250 ( Maquan River ( source ) ) . Above these elevations , there are no constantly flowing rivers since the temperature is almost always below freezing . The highest island is one of a number of islands in the Orba Co lake in Tibet , China , at an elevation of 5,209 m ( 17,090 feet ) . Lowest points ( edit ) Lowest artificial points ( edit ) The lowest point underground ever reached was 12,262 m ( 40,230 feet ) deep ( SG - 3 at Kola superdeep borehole ) . The lowest human - sized point underground is 3,900 m ( 12,800 feet ) below ground at the TauTona Mine , Carletonville , South Africa . The lowest ( from sea level ) artificially made point with open sky may be the Hambach surface mine , Germany , which reaches a depth of 293 m ( 961 feet ) below sea level . The lowest ( from surface ) artificially made point with open sky may be the Bingham Canyon open - pit mine , Salt Lake City , United States , at a depth of 1,200 m ( 3,900 feet ) below surface level . The lowest point underwater is the 10,685 m ( 35,056 feet ) - deep ( as measured from the subsea wellhead ) oil and gas well drilled on the Tiber Oil Field in the Gulf of Mexico . The wellhead of this well was an additional 1,259 m ( 4,131 feet ) underwater for a total distance of 11,944 m ( 39,186 feet ) as measured from sea level. 28 ° 44 ′ 12 '' N 88 ° 23 ′ 13 '' W / 28.736667 ° N 88.386944 ° W / 28.736667 ; - 88.386944 Lowest natural points ( edit ) See also : List of places on land with elevations below sea level The lowest known point is Challenger Deep , at the bottom of the Mariana Trench , 11,034 m ( 36,201 feet ) below sea level . Only three humans have reached the bottom of the trench : Jacques Piccard and U.S. Navy Lieutenant Don Walsh in 1960 aboard the bathyscaphe Trieste , and filmmaker James Cameron in 2012 aboard Deepsea Challenger . The lowest point underground is more than 2,000 m ( 6,600 feet ) under the Earth 's surface . For example , the altitude difference between the entrance and the deepest explored point ( the maximum depth ) of the Krubera Cave in Georgia is 2,191 ± 20 m ( 7,188 ± 66 feet ) . In 2012 , Ukrainian cave diver Gennadiy Samokhin reached the lowest point , breaking the world record . The lowest point on land not covered by liquid water is the valley under the Byrd Glacier in Antarctica , which reaches 2,780 m ( 9,121 feet ) below sea level . It is , however , covered by a thick layer of ice . The shore of the Dead Sea in Israel The lowest point on dry land is the shore of the Dead Sea , shared by Jordan , Palestine , and Israel , 418 m ( 1,371 feet ) below sea level . The point closest to the Earth 's center on the Earth 's surface ( interpreted as a natural surface of the land or sea that is accessible by a person ) is the surface of the Arctic Ocean at the Geographic North Pole ( 6,356.77 km or 3,950 miles ) . The closest point on the ground ( interpreted as a land surface or sea floor ) is the bottom of the Litke Deep , the deepest point of the Arctic Ocean , which is 6,351.61 km ( 3,947 miles ) from the center of the Earth . By comparison , the bottom of the deepest oceanic trench in the world , the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean , is 14.7 km ( 9 miles ) further from the center of the Earth . Lowest points attainable by transportation ( edit ) The lowest point accessible ... ... by road , excluding roads in mines , is any of the roads beside the Dead Sea in Israel and Jordan , which are the lowest on Earth at 418 m ( 1,371 feet ) below sea level . The lowest undersea road tunnel is the Eiksund Tunnel , Norway , at 287 m ( 942 feet ) below sea level . ... by train , excluding tracks inside South African gold mines , which can be several thousand metres below sea level , is located in Japan 's Seikan Tunnel , at 240 m ( 787 feet ) below sea level . By comparison , the Channel Tunnel between England and France reaches a depth of 75 m ( 246 feet ) below sea level . The lowest railway station is Yoshioka - kaitei , at 150 m ( 492 feet ) below sea level . The lowest railway not inside a tunnel is 71 m ( 233 feet ) below sea level , on the line connecting Yuma , Arizona , and Palm Springs , California , in the United States . The lowest airfield is Bar Yehuda Airfield ( MTZ ) , near Masada , Israel , at 378 m ( 1,240 feet ) below sea level . The lowest commercial airport is Atyrau Airport ( GUW ) , near Atyrau , Kazakhstan , at 22 m ( 72 feet ) below sea level . Lowest cities ( edit ) Baku is located 28 metres ( 92 ft ) below sea level , which makes it the lowest lying national capital in the world and also the largest city in the world located below sea level . Remoteness ( edit ) Poles of Inaccessibility ( edit ) Main article : Pole of inaccessibility Each continent has its own continental pole of inaccessibility , defined as the place on the continent that is farthest from any ocean . Similarly , each ocean has its own oceanic pole of inaccessibility , defined as the place in the ocean that is farthest from any land . Continental ( edit ) The most distant point from an ocean is the Eurasian Pole of Inaccessibility ( or `` EPIA '' ) 46 ° 17 ′ N 86 ° 40 ′ E / 46.283 ° N 86.667 ° E / 46.283 ; 86.667 ( Continental Pole of Inaccessibility ) , in China 's Xinjiang region near the Kazakhstan border . Calculations have suggested that this point , located in the Dzoosotoyn Elisen Desert , is 2,645 km ( 1,644 miles ) from the nearest coastline . The nearest settlement to the EPIA is Suluk at 46 ° 15 ′ N 86 ° 50 ′ E / 46.250 ° N 86.833 ° E / 46.250 ; 86.833 ( Suluk ) , about 11 km ( 6.8 miles ) to the east . A recent study suggests that the historical calculation of the EPIA failed to recognize the point where the Gulf of Ob joins the Arctic Ocean , and proposes instead that varying definitions of coastline could result in other locations for the EPIA : EPIA1 , somewhere between 44 ° 17 ′ N 82 ° 11 ′ E / 44.283 ° N 82.183 ° E / 44.283 ; 82.183 ( EPIA1. 1 ) and 44 ° 29 ′ N 82 ° 19 ′ E / 44.483 ° N 82.317 ° E / 44.483 ; 82.317 ( EPIA1. 2 ) , is about 2,510 ± 10 kilometres ( 1,559.6 ± 6.2 mi ) from the nearest ocean . EPIA2 , somewhere between 45 ° 17 ′ N 88 ° 08 ′ E / 45.283 ° N 88.133 ° E / 45.283 ; 88.133 ( EPIA2. 1 ) and 45 ° 28 ′ N 88 ° 14 ′ E / 45.467 ° N 88.233 ° E / 45.467 ; 88.233 ( EPIA2. 2 ) , is about 2,514 ± 7 kilometres ( 1,562.1 ± 4.3 mi ) from the nearest ocean . If adopted , this would place the final EPIA roughly 130 km ( 81 miles ) closer to the ocean than the point that is currently agreed upon . Coincidentally , EPIA1 ( or EPIA2 ) and the most remote of the Oceanic Pole of Inaccessibility ( specifically , the point in the South Pacific Ocean that is farthest from land ) are similarly remote ; EPIA1 is less than 200 km ( 120 miles ) closer to the ocean than the Oceanic Pole of Inaccessibility is to land . The continental poles of inaccessibility for the other continents are as follows : Africa : 5 ° 39 ′ N 26 ° 10 ′ E / 5.65 ° N 26.17 ° E / 5.65 ; 26.17 ( Continental Pole of Inaccessibility of Africa ) , close to the tripoint of the Central African Republic , South Sudan and the Democratic Republic of the Congo Australia : either 23 ° 2 ′ S 132 ° 10 ′ E / 23.033 ° S 132.167 ° E / - 23.033 ; 132.167 ( Australian Pole of Inaccessibility ) , or 23 ° 10 ′ S 132 ° 16 ′ E / 23.17 ° S 132.27 ° E / - 23.17 ; 132.27 ( Continental Pole of Inaccessibility of Australia ) , near Papunya , Northern Territory North America : 43 ° 22 ′ N 101 ° 58 ′ W / 43.36 ° N 101.97 ° W / 43.36 ; - 101.97 ( Pole of Inaccessibility North America ) , between Kyle and Allen , South Dakota , United States South America : 14 ° 03 ′ S 56 ° 51 ′ W / 14.05 ° S 56.85 ° W / - 14.05 ; - 56.85 ( Continental Pole of Inaccessibility in South America ) , near Arenápolis , Mato Grosso , Brazil Oceanic ( edit ) The most distant point from land is the Pacific pole of inaccessibility ( also called `` Point Nemo '' ) , which lies in the South Pacific Ocean at 48 ° 52.6 ′ S 123 ° 23.6 ′ W / 48.8767 ° S 123.3933 ° W / - 48.8767 ; - 123.3933 ( Point Nemo ) , approximately 2,688 km ( 1,670 mi ) from the nearest land ( equidistant from Ducie Island in the Pitcairn Islands to the north , Motu Nui off Rapa Nui to the northeast , and Maher Island off Siple Island near Marie Byrd Land , Antarctica , to the south ) . Other places considered the most remote ( edit ) Bouvet Island The most remote island is Bouvet Island , a small , uninhabited island in the South Atlantic Ocean that is a dependency of Norway . It lies at coordinates 54 ° 26 ′ S 3 ° 24 ′ E / 54.433 ° S 3.400 ° E / - 54.433 ; 3.400 ( most remote island ) . The nearest land is the uninhabited Queen Maud Land , Antarctica , over 1,600 km ( 994 mi ) to the south . The nearest inhabited lands are Tristan da Cunha , 2,260 km ( 1,404 mi ) away , and the coast of South Africa , 2,580 km ( 1,603 mi ) away . The title for most remote inhabited island or archipelago ( the farthest away from any other permanently inhabited place ) depends on how the question is interpreted . If the south Atlantic island Tristan da Cunha ( population about 300 ) and its dependency Gough Island ( with a small staffed research post ) , which are 399 km ( 248 mi ) from each other , are considered part of the same archipelago , or if Gough Island is not counted because it has no permanent residents , then Tristan da Cunha is the world 's most remote inhabited island / archipelago : the main island , also called Tristan da Cunha , is 2,434 km ( 1,512 mi ) from the island Saint Helena , 2,816 km ( 1,750 mi ) from South Africa , and 3,360 km ( 2,090 miles ) from South America . It is 1,845 km ( 1,146 mi ) away from uninhabited Bouvet Island . However , if Gough and Tristan da Cunha are considered separately , they disqualify each other , and the most remote inhabited island is Easter Island in the South Pacific Ocean , which lies 2,075 kilometres ( 1,289 mi ) from Pitcairn Island ( about 50 residents in 2013 ) , 2,606 km ( 1,619 mi ) from Rikitea on the island of Mangareva ( the nearest town with a population over 500 ) , and 3,512 kilometres ( 2,182 mi ) from the coast of Chile ( the nearest continental point ) . The Kerguelen Islands in the southern Indian Ocean are another contender , lying 1,340 kilometres ( 830 mi ) from the small Alfred Faure scientific station in Île de la Possession , but otherwise more than 3,300 kilometres ( 2,100 mi ) from the coast of Madagascar ( the nearest permanently inhabited place ) , 450 km ( 280 mi ) northwest of uninhabited Heard Island and McDonald Islands , and 1,440 km ( 890 mi ) from the non-permanent scientific station located in Île Amsterdam . The most remote city ... ... with a population in excess of one million from the nearest city with a population in excess of one million is Auckland , New Zealand . The nearest city of comparable size or greater is Sydney , Australia , 2,168.9 kilometres ( 1,347.7 mi ) away . ... with a population in excess of one million from the nearest city with a population above 100,000 is Perth , Australia , located 2,138 kilometres ( 1,328 mi ) away from Adelaide , Australia . ... with a population in excess of 100,000 from the nearest city of at least that population is Honolulu , Hawaii , United States . The nearest city of comparable size or greater is Daly City , California , a suburb of San Francisco , 3,850 km ( 2,390 miles ) away . ... that is a national capital from the nearest national capital is a tie between Wellington , New Zealand , and Canberra , Australia , which are 2,326 km ( 1,445 mi ) apart from each other . The most remote airport in the world from another airport is Mataveri International Airport ( IPC ) on Easter Island , which has a single runway for military and public use . It is located 2,603 km ( 1,617 mi ) from Totegegie Airport ( GMR ; very few flights ) in the Gambier Islands , French Polynesia and 3,759 km ( 2,336 mi ) from Santiago , Chile ( SCL ; a fairly large airport ) . In comparison , the airport at the Amundsen -- Scott South Pole Station ( NZSP ) is not very remote at all , being located only 1,355 kilometres ( 842 mi ) from Williams Field ( NZWD ) near Ross Island . Farthest - apart cities ( edit ) The pairs of cities ( with a population over 100,000 ) with the greatest distance between them are : Rosario , Argentina to Xinghua , China : 19,996 km ( 12,425 mi ) Lu'an , China to Río Cuarto , Argentina : 19,994 km ( 12,424 mi ) Cuenca , Ecuador to Subang Jaya , Malaysia : 19,989 km ( 12,421 mi ) Salamanca , Spain to Lower Hutt , New Zealand : 19,961 km ( 12,403 mi ) Marbella , Spain to Auckland , New Zealand : 19,960 km ( 12,403 mi ) Center ( edit ) Since the Earth is a spheroid , its centre ( the core ) is thousands of kilometres beneath its crust . On the surface , the center of the standard geographic model as viewed on a traditional world map is the point 0 ° , 0 ° ( the coordinates of zero degrees latitude by zero degrees longitude ) , which is located in the Atlantic Ocean approximately 614 km ( 382 miles ) south of Accra , Ghana , in the Gulf of Guinea , at the intersection of the Equator and the Prime Meridian . However , the selection for the Prime Meridian as the 0 ° longitude meridian is culturally and historically dependent and therefore arbitrary . The center of population , the place to which there is the shortest average route for every individual human being in the world , could also be considered a `` center of the world '' . This point is located in the north of the Indian subcontinent , although the precise location has never been calculated and is constantly shifting due to changes in the distribution of the human population across the planet . Longest straight lines between two points ( edit ) Along constant latitude ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The longest continuous east - west distance on land is 10,726 km ( 6,665 miles ) along the latitude 48 ° 24'53 `` N , from the coast of France ( 48 ° 24 ′ 53 '' N 4 ° 47 ′ 44 '' W / 48.41472 ° N 4.79556 ° W / 48.41472 ; - 4.79556 ) through Central Europe , Ukraine , Russia , Kazakhstan , Mongolia and China , to a point on the east coast of Russia ( 48 ° 24 ′ 53 '' N 140 ° 6 ′ 3 '' E / 48.41472 ° N 140.10083 ° E / 48.41472 ; 140.10083 ) . The longest continuous east - west distance on land including permanent ice shelf is 7,958 km ( 4,945 miles ) along the latitude 78 ° 35 'S ; this is the minimum extent of the Ross Ice Shelf , Antarctica and is subject to change . The longest continuous east - west distance at sea is 22,471 km ( 13,963 miles ) along the latitude 55 ° 59 'S , south of Cape Horn , South America . The longest in the northern hemisphere is 4,435 km ( 2,756 miles ) along the latitude 83 ° 40'N , north of Kaffeklubben Island , Greenland . The longest continuous east - west distance at sea between two continents is 15,409 km ( 9,575 miles ) along the latitude 18 ° 39'12 `` N , from the coast of Hainan , China ( 18 ° 39 ′ 12 '' N 110 ° 15 ′ 9 '' E / 18.65333 ° N 110.25250 ° E / 18.65333 ; 110.25250 ) across the Pacific Ocean to the coast of Michoacán , Mexico ( 18 ° 39 ′ 12 '' N 103 ° 42 ′ 6 '' W / 18.65333 ° N 103.70167 ° W / 18.65333 ; - 103.70167 ) . Along constant longitude ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The longest continuous north - south distance on land is 7,590 km ( 4,720 miles ) along the meridian 99 ° 1'30 `` E , from the northern tip of Siberia in the Russian Federation ( 76 ° 13 ′ 6 '' N 99 ° 1 ′ 30 '' E / 76.21833 ° N 99.02500 ° E / 76.21833 ; 99.02500 ) , through Mongolia , China , and Myanmar , to a point on the south coast of Thailand ( 7 ° 53 ′ 24 '' N 99 ° 1 ′ 30 '' E / 7.89000 ° N 99.02500 ° E / 7.89000 ; 99.02500 ) . The longest in Africa is 7,417 km ( 4,609 miles ) along the meridian 20 ° 12'E , from the north coast of Libya ( 32 ° 19 ′ 0 '' N 20 ° 12 ′ 0 '' E / 32.31667 ° N 20.20000 ° E / 32.31667 ; 20.20000 ) , through Chad , Central African Republic , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Angola , Namibia , and Botswana , to the south coast of South Africa ( 34 ° 41 ′ 30 '' N 20 ° 12 ′ 0 '' E / 34.69167 ° N 20.20000 ° E / 34.69167 ; 20.20000 ) . The longest in South America is 7,098 km ( 4,410 miles ) along the meridian 70 ° 2'W , from the north coast of Venezuela ( 11 ° 30 ′ 30 '' N 70 ° 2 ′ 0 '' W / 11.50833 ° N 70.03333 ° W / 11.50833 ; - 70.03333 ) , through Colombia , Ecuador , Peru , and Chile , to the southern tip of Argentina ( 52 ° 33 ′ 30 '' S 70 ° 2 ′ 0 '' W / 52.55833 ° S 70.03333 ° W / - 52.55833 ; - 70.03333 ) . The longest in North America is 5,813 km ( 3,612 miles ) along the meridian 97 ° 52'30 `` W , from northern Canada ( 68 ° 21 ′ 0 '' N 97 ° 52 ′ 30 '' W / 68.35000 ° N 97.87500 ° W / 68.35000 ; - 97.87500 ) , through the United States , to southern Mexico ( 16 ° 1 ′ 0 '' N 97 ° 52 ′ 30 '' W / 16.01667 ° N 97.87500 ° W / 16.01667 ; - 97.87500 ) . The longest continuous north - south distance at sea is 15,986 km ( 9,933 miles ) along the meridian 34 ° 45'45 `` W , from the coast of Eastern Greenland ( 66 ° 23 ′ 45 '' N 34 ° 45 ′ 45 '' W / 66.39583 ° N 34.76250 ° W / 66.39583 ; - 34.76250 ) across the Atlantic Ocean to the Filchner - Ronne Ice Shelf , on the coast of Antarctica ( 77 ° 37 ′ 0 '' S 34 ° 45 ′ 45 '' W / 77.61667 ° S 34.76250 ° W / - 77.61667 ; - 34.76250 ) . The longest in the Pacific Ocean is 15,883 km ( 9,869 miles ) along the meridian 172 ° 8'30 `` W , from the coast of Siberia ( 64 ° 45 ′ 0 '' N 172 ° 8 ′ 30 '' W / 64.75000 ° N 172.14167 ° W / 64.75000 ; - 172.14167 ) to the Ross Ice Shelf in Antarctica ( 78 ° 20 ′ 0 '' S 172 ° 8 ′ 30 '' W / 78.33333 ° S 172.14167 ° W / - 78.33333 ; - 172.14167 ) . The meridian that crosses the greatest total distance on land ( disregarding intervening bodies of water ) is still to be determined . It is likely located in the vicinity of 22 ° E , which is the longest integer meridian that fits that criterion , crossing a total of 13,035 km ( 8,100 miles ) of land through Europe ( 3,370 km ( 2,090 miles ) ) , Africa ( 7,458 km ( 4,634 miles ) ) , and Antarctica ( 2,207 km ( 1,371 miles ) ) . More than 65 % of the meridian 's length is located on land . The meridian that crosses Giza Great Pyramid ( 31 ° 08'3.69 `` E ) is 855 km ( 531 miles ) shorter . The next six longest integer meridians by total distance over land are , in order : 23 ° E : 12,953 km ( 8,049 miles ) through Europe ( 3,325 km ( 2,066 miles ) ) , Africa ( 7,415 km ( 4,607 miles ) ) , and Antarctica ( 2,214 km ( 1,376 miles ) ) 27 ° E : 12,943 km ( 8,042 miles ) through Europe ( 3,254 km ( 2,022 miles ) ) , Asia ( 246 km ( 153 miles ) ) , Africa ( 7,223 km ( 4,488 miles ) ) , and Antarctica ( 2,221 km ( 1,380 miles ) ) 25 ° E : 12,875 km ( 8,000 miles ) through Europe ( 3,344 km ( 2,078 miles ) ) , Africa ( 7,327 km ( 4,553 miles ) ) , and Antarctica ( 2,204 km ( 1,370 miles ) ) 26 ° E : 12,858 km ( 7,990 miles ) through Europe ( 3,404 km ( 2,115 miles ) ) , Africa ( 7,258 km ( 4,510 miles ) ) , and Antarctica ( 2,196 km ( 1,365 miles ) ) 24 ° E : 12,794 km ( 7,950 miles ) through Europe ( 3,263 km ( 2,028 miles ) ) , Africa ( 7,346 km ( 4,565 miles ) ) , and Antarctica ( 2,185 km ( 1,358 miles ) ) 28 ° E : 12,778 km ( 7,940 miles ) through Europe ( 3,039 km ( 1,888 miles ) ) , Asia ( 388 km ( 241 miles ) ) , and Africa ( 7,117 km ( 4,422 miles ) ) Along any geodesic ( edit ) These are the longest straight lines that can be drawn between any two points on the surface of the Earth and remain exclusively over land or water ; the points need not lie on the same latitude or longitude . The longest continuous straight - line distance in any direction on land is 13,573 km ( 8,434 miles ) , along a line that begins on the West African coast near Greenville , Liberia ( 5 ° 2 ′ 51.59 '' N 9 ° 7 ′ 23.26 '' W / 5.0476639 ° N 9.1231278 ° W / 5.0476639 ; - 9.1231278 ) , goes across the Suez Canal , and ends at the top of a peninsula approximately 100 km ( 62 miles ) northeast of Wenzhou , China 28 ° 17 ′ 7.68 '' N 121 ° 38 ′ 17.31 '' E / 28.2854667 ° N 121.6381417 ° E / 28.2854667 ; 121.6381417 . The longest continuous straight - line land distance solely within continental Africa is 8,402 km ( 5,221 miles ) , along a line that begins just east of Tangier , Morocco and ends 100 km ( 62 miles ) east of Port Elizabeth , South Africa . This line passes through Morocco , Algeria , Mali , Niger , Nigeria , Cameroon , Equatorial Guinea , Gabon , Republic of the Congo , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Angola , Namibia , Botswana and South Africa . The longest continuous straight - line land distance solely within continental Asia is 10,152 km ( 6,308 miles ) , along a line that begins on the Indian coast near Kanyakumari and ends at the Bering Sea coast of the Chukchi Peninsula in Russia . This line passes through India , Nepal , China , Mongolia and Russia . The longest continuous straight - line land distance solely within continental Europe ( defining the Ural Mountains as the border between Europe and Asia ) is 5,325 km ( 3,309 miles ) , along a line that begins at Cape St. Vincent , Portugal and ends at the Urals , near the town of Perm , Russia . This line passes through Portugal , Spain , France , Germany , Poland , Lithuania , Belarus and Russia . The longest continuous straight - line land distance solely within continental Australia is 4,053 km ( 2,518 miles ) , along a line that begins at the southern end of Cape Range National Park in Western Australia and ends at the town of Byron Bay in New South Wales . There are several possible candidates for the longest continuous straight - line distance in any direction at sea , as there are many possible ways to travel along a great circle for more than the antipodic length of 19,840 km ( 12,330 miles ) . Some good examples of such routes would be : From the south coast of Balochistan province somewhere near Port of Karachi , Pakistan ( 25 ° 25 ′ N 66 ° 25 ′ E / 25.417 ° N 66.417 ° E / 25.417 ; 66.417 ) across the Arabian Sea , southwest through the Indian Ocean , near Comoros , passing Namaete Canyon , near the South African coast , across the South Atlantic Ocean , then west across Cape Horn , then northwest across the Pacific Ocean , near Easter Island , passing the antipodal point near Amlia island , through the South Bering Sea and ending somewhere on the northeast coast of Kamchatka , near Ossora ( 59 ° 38 ′ N 163 ° 24 ′ E / 59.633 ° N 163.400 ° E / 59.633 ; 163.400 ) . This route is 32,040 km ( 19,910 miles ) long . From the south coast of Hormozgan province , Iran ( 25 ° 35 ′ N 58 ° 22 ′ E / 25.583 ° N 58.367 ° E / 25.583 ; 58.367 ) across the Gulf of Oman , southeast across the Arabian Sea , passing south of Australia and New Zealand , near the Antarctic coast , then northeast across the South Pacific Ocean , passing the antipodal point and ending on the southwest coast of Mexico somewhere near Ciudad Lázaro Cárdenas ( 17 ° 57 ′ N 101 ° 57 ′ W / 17.950 ° N 101.950 ° W / 17.950 ; - 101.950 ) . This route is 25,267 km ( 15,700 miles ) long . From Invercargill , New Zealand ( 46 ° 37 ′ S 168 ° 59 ′ E / 46.617 ° S 168.983 ° E / - 46.617 ; 168.983 ) across Cape Horn , then off the coast of Brazil close to Recife , passing north of Cape Verde , passing the antipodal point and ending somewhere on the southwest coast of Ireland ( 52 ° 09 ′ N 6 ° 34 ′ W / 52.150 ° N 6.567 ° W / 52.150 ; - 6.567 ) . This route is 20,701 km ( 12,863 miles ) long . By region ( edit ) Afro - Eurasia ( edit ) Extreme points of Afro - Eurasia Extreme points of Africa Extreme points of Algeria Extreme points of Angola Extreme points of Benin Extreme points of Botswana Extreme points of Burkina Faso Extreme points of Burundi Extreme points of Cameroon Extreme points of Cape Verde Extreme points of Central African Republic Extreme points of Chad Extreme points of Comoros Extreme points of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Extreme points of the Republic of Congo Extreme points of Côte d'Ivoire Extreme points of Djibouti Extreme points of Egypt Extreme points of Equatorial Guinea Extreme points of Eritrea Extreme points of Ethiopia Extreme points of Gabon Extreme points of the Gambia Extreme points of Ghana Extreme points of Guinea Extreme points of Guinea - Bissau Extreme points of Kenya Extreme points of Lesotho Extreme points of Liberia Extreme points of Libya Extreme points of Madagascar Extreme points of Malawi Extreme points of Mali Extreme points of Mauritania Extreme points of Mauritius Extreme points of Morocco Extreme points of Mozambique Extreme points of Namibia Extreme points of Niger Extreme points of Nigeria Extreme points of Rwanda Extreme points of São Tomé and Príncipe Extreme points of Senegal Extreme points of Seychelles Extreme points of Sierra Leone Extreme points of Somalia Extreme points of South Africa Extreme points of Sudan Extreme points of South Sudan Extreme points of Swaziland Extreme points of Tanzania Extreme points of Togo Extreme points of Tunisia Extreme points of Uganda Extreme points of Western Sahara Extreme points of Zambia Extreme points of Zimbabwe Extreme points of Eurasia Extreme points of Asia Extreme points of Afghanistan Extreme points of Armenia Extreme points of Azerbaijan Extreme points of Bangladesh Extreme points of Bhutan Extreme points of Cambodia Extreme points of China Extreme points of Georgia Extreme points of India Extreme points of Indonesia Extreme points of Iran Extreme points of Israel Extreme points of Japan Extreme points of Jordan Extreme points of Kazakhstan Extreme points of Kyrgyzstan Extreme points of Laos Extreme points of the Maldives Extreme points of Mongolia Extreme points of Myanmar Extreme points of Nepal Extreme points of North Korea Extreme points of Pakistan Extreme points of the Philippines Extreme points of Russia Extreme points of Singapore Extreme points of South Korea Extreme points of Sri Lanka Extreme points of Taiwan Extreme points of Tajikistan Extreme points of Thailand Extreme points of Turkey Extreme points of Turkmenistan Extreme points of Uzbekistan Extreme points of Vietnam Extreme points of Europe Extreme points of the European Union Extreme points of Albania Extreme points of Andorra Extreme points of Austria Extreme points of Belarus Extreme points of Belgium Extreme points of Bosnia and Herzegovina Extreme points of Bulgaria Extreme points of Croatia Extreme points of the Czech Republic Extreme points of Denmark Extreme points of Estonia Extreme points of Finland Extreme points of France Extreme points of Germany Extreme points of Greece Extreme points of Hungary Extreme points of Iceland Extreme points of Ireland Extreme points of Italy Extreme points of Kosovo Extreme points of Latvia Extreme points of Liechtenstein Extreme points of Lithuania Extreme points of Luxembourg Extreme points of Macedonia Extreme points of Malta Extreme points of Moldova Extreme points of Monaco Extreme points of Montenegro Extreme points of the Netherlands Extreme points of Norway Extreme points of Poland Extreme points of Portugal Extreme points of Romania Extreme points of Russia Extreme points of San Marino Extreme points of Serbia Extreme points of Slovakia Extreme points of Slovenia Extreme points of Spain Extreme points of Sweden Extreme points of Switzerland Extreme points of Ukraine Extreme points of the United Kingdom Extreme points of Vatican City The Americas ( edit ) Extreme points of the 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Several cultures have marked points as Land 's End or the End of the World Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ A 1995 realignment of the International Date Line moved all of Kiribati to the Asian side of the Date Line , causing Caroline Island to be the easternmost . However , if the previous Date Line were followed , the easternmost point would be Tafahi Niuatoputapu , in the Tonga Islands chain . Jump up ^ The elevation given here was established by a GPS survey in February 2016 . The survey was carried out by a team from the French Research Institute for Development , working in cooperation with the Ecuadorian Military Geographic Institute . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gould Coast US Geographic Survey . Jump up ^ `` Bay of Whales - former bay , Antarctica '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ `` Highest Mountain in the World '' . geology.com . Jump up ^ `` Chimborazo , el volcán de Ecuador más alto que el Everest ( si se mide desde el centro de la Tierra ) '' . BBC Mundo. 7 April 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Loren ( April 1987 ) . `` The High Andes '' . National Geographic . National Geographic Society . 171 ( 4 ) : 422 -- 460 . ( includes description and photos of Aucanquilcha summit road and mine ) Jump up ^ Assumpció Térmens ( 2006 - 03 - 20 ) . `` ICC -- Semo Khardung '' ( PDF ) . viewfinderpanoramas.org . Institut Cartogràfic de Catalunya . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Battle for the Highest Motorable Road '' . Motoroids . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Bennett , Suzy ( October 2003 ) . `` Destination Guides -- World 's highest railway , Peru -- Wanderlust Travel Magazine '' . Wanderlust Magazine . Retrieved 10 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Ben Blanchard ( 16 September 2013 ) . `` China opens world 's highest civilian airport '' . Reuters . Retrieved 16 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Siachen : The world 's highest cold war '' . CNN . 20 May 2002 . Retrieved 2 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Carrel refuge '' . summitpost.org . Jump up ^ `` Andes Website -- Information about Ojos del Salado volcano , a high mountain in South America and the world 's highest volcano '' . Retrieved 18 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Highest Lake in the World '' . Retrieved 7 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ASTER measurement of supraglacial lakes in the Mount Everest region of the Himalaya : The main Khumbu Glacier is about 17 km long with elevations ranging from 4900m at the terminus to 7600m at the source ... The 7600m to 8000m elevations are also depicted on numerous detailed topographic maps '' . Retrieved 24 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Mystery of World 's highest river and largest Canyon '' . Archived from the original on 21 September 2007 . Retrieved 7 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Island Superlatives '' . Retrieved 7 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` TauTona , Anglo Gold -- Mining Technology '' . SPG Media Group PLC . 1 January 2009 . Retrieved 2 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Transocean 's Ultra-Deepwater Semisubmersible Rig Deepwater Horizon Drills World 's Deepest Oil and Gas Well '' . Transocean . Archived from the original on 26 April 2010 . Retrieved 7 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Challenger Deep -- the Mariana Trench '' . Retrieved 30 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Klimchouck , Alexander . `` The deepest cave in the world ( Krubera Cave ) became 6 m deeper '' . speleogenesis.info . Retrieved 10 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` News Story -- Bedmap2 gives scientists a more detailed view of Antarctica 's landmass '' . News Story -- Bedmap2 gives scientists a more detailed view of Antarctica 's landmass . NERC BASS. 8 March 2013 . Retrieved 1 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Garcia - Castellanos , Daniel ; Lombardo , Umberto ( 2007 ) . `` Poles of Inaccessibility : A Calculation Algorithm for the Remotest Places on Earth '' ( PDF ) . Scottish Geographical Journal . Informa UK . 123 ( 3 ) : 227 -- 233 . doi : 10.1080 / 14702540801897809 . ISSN 1470 - 2541 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Centre of Australia , States and Territories Archived 22 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , Geoscience Australia Jump up ^ `` Where is Point Nemo ? '' . NOAA . Retrieved 20 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Draft Logic -- Google Maps Distance Calculator , accessed 4 September 2011 Jump up ^ `` Flight Distance from Perth , Australia to Adelaide , Australia '' . travelmath.com . Jump up ^ `` The Most Isolated Cities of the World '' . cityextremes.com . Jump up ^ `` Great Circle Mapper '' . gcmap.com . Jump up ^ `` Discover The Furthest City On Earth From Wherever You Live '' . furthestcity.com . Jump up ^ `` What 's the Farthest City and Country from Rosario , Argentina ? '' . furthestcity.com . Jump up ^ `` What 's the Farthest City and Country from Liu'an , Anhui , China ? '' . furthestcity.com . Jump up ^ `` What 's the Farthest City and Country from Cuenca , Ecuador ? '' . furthestcity.com . Jump up ^ `` What 's the Farthest City and Country from Salamanca , Spain ? '' . furthestcity.com . Jump up ^ `` What 's the Farthest City and Country from Marbella , Spain ? '' . furthestcity.com . Jump up ^ ( Map from gcmap ) Jump up ^ ( Map from gcmap ) Jump up ^ ( Map from gcmap ) Jump up ^ ( Map from gcmap ) Records World record Category : World records Guinness World Records Limca Book of Records Unique World Records Asia Book of Records People Heaviest Oldest Tallest Shortest Sporting records Chess Cricket Test One Day International Twenty20 International Cycling FIBA Basketball World Cup records FIFA World Cup records Formula One motorsport constructors drivers Juggling World Rally Championship Speed skating Figure skating Swimming Athletics : World records progressions Olympic records National records In Australia : List of NRL records List of AFL records In the US : NBA Regular season Post-season NFL individual team NHL individual team MLB MLS Track and field In India : ISL records National records Japan Palestinian territories Philippines Motion records Speed Air Transcontinental Land speed record Railed Production car Motorcycle land - speed record Production motorcycle Wheel - driven British Water speed record Underwater Sailing Sound barrier Speed of light Distance Flight distance record Flight altitude record Ocean depth record Flight endurance record Boundary of space Other Spaceflight records FAI records Man - made objects Tallest structures Category on tallest structures Physical phenomena Solar System Extremes Extremes on Earth Extreme points of Earth List of weather records Organisms List of longest - living organisms Smallest organisms Largest organisms Earth - related topics History Age of the Earth Evolutionary history of life Faint young Sun paradox Formation and evolution of the Solar System Future of Earth Geologic time scale Geological history of Earth History of Earth Timeline of evolution Geography Geology Clairaut 's theorem Continents Earthquake Equatorial bulge Extremes on Earth Geology of solar terrestrial planets Geophysics Plate tectonics Structure of the Earth Time zones Ecology Earth Day Global warming Human impact on the environment Imaging Apple Maps Baidu Maps Bhuvan Bing Maps Global Map Google Earth Google Maps MapmyIndia NASA World Wind Here OpenStreetMap Wikimapia Remote sensing Yahoo ! Maps Yandex Maps Arts Culture Society Earth in culture Earth in science fiction Etymology of the word `` Earth '' History of the world International law Landscape painting List of countries World economy Other topics Biosphere Earth 's orbit Earth trojan The ecliptic Flag of Earth Gravity Magnetic field The Moon Claimed moons of Earth 2006 RH120 Kordylewski cloud Solar System Earth 's location in the Universe Theia Earth sciences portal Solar System portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Extreme_points_of_Earth&oldid=833669622 '' Categories : Extreme points of Earth Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from September 2016 Articles needing additional references from January 2008 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Articles needing additional references from August 2012 All articles with links needing disambiguation Articles with links needing disambiguation from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Italiano Lietuvių Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Polski සිංහල Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 April 2018 , at 21 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the northern most point of land on earth | [
"\nThe northernmost point on Earth is the Geographic North Pole, in the Arctic Ocean.\n\nThe northernmost point on land is the northern tip of Kaffeklubben Island, north of Greenland (83°40′N 29°50′W / 83.667°N 29.833°W / 83.667; -29.833 (northernmost point on land)), which lies slightly north of Cape Morris Jesup, Greenland (83°38′N 32°40′W / 83.633°N 32.667°W / 83.633; -32.667 (Cape Morris Jesup)). Various shifting gravel bars lie farther north, the most famous being Oodaaq.\n\n\nThe southernmost point on Earth and the southernmost point on land is the geographic South Pole, which is on the continent of Antarctica.\n\nThe southernmost point of water[further explanation needed] is a bay on the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf along the coast of Antarctica (83°S 59°W / 83°S 59°W / -83; -59) about 100 kilometres (62 mi) south of Berkner Island, the southernmost island in the world. The southernmost point of ocean is located on the Gould Coast (84°30′S 150°0′W / 84.500°S 150.000°W / -84.500; -150.000 (southernmost point of ocean));[1] the southernmost point of open ocean is also part of the Ross Sea, namely the Bay of Whales at 78°30'S, at the edge of the Ross Ice Shelf.[2]\n\n\nThe westernmost and easternmost points on Earth, based on the east-west standard for describing longitude, can be found anywhere along the 180th meridian in Siberia (including Wrangel Island), Antarctica, or the three islands of Fiji through which the 180th meridian passes (Vanua Levu's eastern peninsula, the middle of Taveuni, and the western part of Rabi Island).\n\nUsing the path of the International Date Line instead, the westernmost point on land is Attu Island, Alaska, and the easternmost point on land is Caroline Island, Kiribati.[note 1]\n\n\n"
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"the northern tip of Kaffeklubben Island, north of Greenland (83°40′N 29°50′W / 83.667°N 29.833°W / 83.667; -29.833 (northernmost point on land))"
] |
1771423421440183071 | Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom | Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom - wikipedia Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom 2018 American science fiction adventure film Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Theatrical release poster Directed by J.A. Bayona Produced by Frank Marshall Patrick Crowley Belén Atienza Written by Derek Connolly Colin Trevorrow Based on Characters by Michael Crichton Starring Chris Pratt Bryce Dallas Howard Rafe Spall Justice Smith Daniella Pineda James Cromwell Toby Jones Ted Levine B.D. Wong Isabella Sermon Geraldine Chaplin Jeff Goldblum Music by Michael Giacchino Cinematography Óscar Faura Edited by Bernat Vilaplana Production companies Universal Pictures Amblin Entertainment The Kennedy / Marshall Company Legendary Pictures Perfect World Pictures Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date May 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 21 ) ( WiZink Center ) June 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) ( United States ) Running time 128 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $170 -- 187 million Box office $1.276 billion Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom is a 2018 American science fiction adventure film and the sequel to Jurassic World ( 2015 ) . Directed by J.A. Bayona , it is the fifth installment of the Jurassic Park film series , as well as the second installment of a planned Jurassic World trilogy . Derek Connolly and Jurassic World director Colin Trevorrow both returned as writers , with Trevorrow and original Jurassic Park director Steven Spielberg acting as executive producers . Set on the fictional Central American island of Isla Nublar , off the Pacific coast of Costa Rica , it follows Owen Grady and Claire Dearing as they rescue the remaining dinosaurs on the island before a volcanic eruption destroys it . Chris Pratt , Bryce Dallas Howard , B.D. Wong , and Jeff Goldblum reprise their roles from previous films in the series , with Rafe Spall , Justice Smith , Daniella Pineda , James Cromwell , Toby Jones , Ted Levine , Isabella Sermon , and Geraldine Chaplin joining the cast . Filming took place from February to July 2017 in the United Kingdom and Hawaii . Produced and distributed by Universal Pictures , Fallen Kingdom premiered in Madrid on May 21 , 2018 , and was released internationally in early June 2018 and in the United States on June 22 , 2018 . The film has grossed over $1.2 billion worldwide , making it the third Jurassic film to pass the mark , the third highest - grossing film of 2018 and the 13th highest - grossing film of all time . It received mixed reviews from critics , who praised Pratt 's performance , Bayona 's direction , the visuals , and the `` surprisingly dark moments '' , although many criticized the screenplay and lack of innovation , with some suggesting the series has run its course . An untitled sequel is set to be released on June 11 , 2021 , with Trevorrow returning to direct . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Writing 3.4 Casting 3.5 Filming 3.6 Creatures on screen 4 Marketing 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 United States and Canada 6.1. 2 Outside North America 6.2 Critical response 7 Sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot Shortly after the events of Jurassic World , a small team of mercenaries arrives on the abandoned Isla Nublar to collect DNA from the remains of the Indominus rex at the bottom of the park 's lagoon . After successfully collecting a bone fragment , the team 's survivors barely escape the island following attacks by the Mosasaurus and Tyrannosaurus rex . Three years later in 2018 , a U.S. Senate hearing in Washington , D.C. debates whether Isla Nublar 's dinosaurs should be saved from an impending volcanic eruption . Mathematician Dr. Ian Malcolm testifies that the dinosaurs should be allowed to perish to correct John Hammond 's mistake of cloning them . Meanwhile , Jurassic World 's former operations manager Claire Dearing has established the Dinosaur Protection Group to save the animals . After the Senate rules against rescuing the dinosaurs , Hammond 's former partner , Benjamin Lockwood , summons Claire to his Northern California estate . Lockwood and his aide , Eli Mills , reveal a plan to relocate the dinosaurs to a new island sanctuary . Claire is needed to help reactivate the park 's dinosaur tracking system to locate the animals , particularly Blue , the last living Velociraptor . Although they are estranged , Claire recruits Jurassic World 's former Velociraptor trainer and Blue 's alpha , Owen Grady , to help capture her . On Isla Nublar , Claire and former park technician Franklin Webb get the tracking system online . Owen , paleo - veterinarian Zia Rodriguez , and a mercenary team led by Ken Wheatley search for Blue . Upon finding her , the encounter escalates , resulting in a mercenary shooting Blue and Wheatley tranquilizing Owen . The mercenaries take Zia so she can treat Blue 's injury . Their ship departs for the U.S. mainland as the animals left behind die in the eruption . Claire , Franklin , and Owen sneak aboard in time and assist Zia in transfusing Blue with Tyrannosaurus blood . The group now realize the captured dinosaurs were never being transported to a new island and are for another purpose . Back at the estate , Lockwood 's orphaned pre-teen granddaughter Maisie overhears Mills and auctioneer Gunnar Eversol secretly planning to auction the captured dinosaurs on the black market . They will also unveil the Indoraptor , a new genetically - engineered dinosaur created by geneticist Dr. Henry Wu using Indominus rex and Velociraptor DNA . Wu wants Blue 's DNA to create an enhanced Indoraptor , unaware that Blue 's blood is contaminated . After Maisie informs Lockwood about the auction , he confronts Mills , who murders him . Maisie is later revealed to have been cloned from Lockwood 's deceased daughter and is the reason John Hammond , who opposed human cloning , ended their partnership . The dinosaurs are transported to Lockwood 's estate and caged . Zia and Franklin evade capture , but Owen and Claire are apprehended and confined . Owen incites a Stygimoloch into breaking open their cell . They find Maisie who leads them to the auction where the Indoraptor is being sold despite Wu 's protests that it is a prototype . Owen disrupts the proceedings by luring the Stygimoloch into the room . In the ensuing chaos , Wheatley tranquilizes the Indoraptor to extract a tooth as a trophy , but it feigns sedation and escapes , killing him , Eversol , and others . The Indoraptor hunts Owen , Claire , and Maisie throughout the mansion . Zia releases Blue , who attacks the Indoraptor , causing it to fall through a glass roof to its death . When a hydrogen cyanide gas leak threatens the caged animals , Maisie is unable to let them die and frees them despite Owen 's warning . Mills is killed and the Indominus bone destroyed by the Tyrannosaurus . Owen , Claire , Maisie , Zia , and Franklin safely get away , while Blue and the other dinosaurs escape . In a new U.S. Senate hearing , Dr. Malcolm declares the beginning of a Neo-Jurassic Age where humans and dinosaurs must learn to coexist . The closing scenes show the freed dinosaurs roaming wilderness and outer urban areas . Cast Main article : List of Jurassic Park characters Chris Pratt as Owen Grady : A Navy veteran and former Velociraptor handler for Jurassic World . Bryce Dallas Howard as Claire Dearing : Jurassic World 's former operations manager , now a dinosaur - rights activist , who has founded the Dinosaur Protection Group at San Francisco to save the surviving dinosaurs from Isla Nublar . Rafe Spall as Eli Mills : Lockwood 's ambitious assistant who recruits Owen and Claire to rescue the dinosaurs . Speaking of his character 's actions over the course of the film , Spall noted that , `` Ambition is such a powerful emotion , you can get wrapped up in it and end up doing things in order to succeed . This character believes he is doing right . He has been entrusted with pushing Lockwood 's fortune into the future and making it survive after he dies . Mills feels he is simply doing what he was asked to do . '' Justice Smith as Franklin Webb : A former IT technician for Jurassic World who is now the Dinosaur Protection Group 's systems analyst and hacker . Daniella Pineda as Zia Rodriguez : A former Marine who is now the Dinosaur Protection Group 's paleoveterinarian . James Cromwell as Sir Benjamin Lockwood : John Hammond 's former partner in developing the technology to clone dinosaurs . Toby Jones as Gunnar Eversol : An auctioneer host at Lockwood Estate who sells the Isla Nublar dinosaurs for profit . In an interview , Jones likened his character to that of `` a rogue arms dealer ; he sees profits in selling these creatures as weapons . He is totally morally neutral about whatever he is selling . He is only interested in whether or not it will make him a profit . '' Ted Levine as Ken Wheatley : A seasoned mercenary who commands the rescue operation on Isla Nublar . B.D. Wong as Henry Wu : The former head geneticist of both Jurassic World and the original Jurassic Park . Speaking of his character 's actions , Wong stated : `` I do think he 's motivated by his love for science and his own ego , which is well supported by his massive achievements ... I think he turns a blind eye to the human suffering that comes as a result because he thinks he 's looking at some bigger picture . '' Isabella Sermon as Maisie Lockwood : Lockwood 's juvenile granddaughter and legal ward following her parents ' deaths . Geraldine Chaplin as Iris : The Lockwood Estate housekeeper , Maisie 's nanny , and protector of the Lockwood family 's secrets . Jeff Goldblum as Ian Malcolm : An expert in chaos theory who once consulted for InGen 's Jurassic Park . In a podcast interview , Goldblum revealed of his role `` It 's small ... who knows , they may cut me out entirely ! But if I stay in , I 'll be a sprig of parsley or a little garnish , hopefully with some impact ! '' Director Bayona confirmed that Goldblum 's role is simply a cameo , stating , `` He does n't have a major role in the action but it 's definitely a very meaningful one in terms of the story . '' Peter Jason as Senator Sherwood : A Senator who is among those who debate about saving the dinosaurs on Isla Nublar . Production Development During early conversations on the 2015 film Jurassic World , executive producer Steven Spielberg told director Colin Trevorrow that he was interested in having several more films made . In April 2014 , Trevorrow announced that sequels had been discussed : `` We wanted to create something that would be a little bit less arbitrary and episodic , and something that could potentially arc into a series that would feel like a complete story . '' Trevorrow said Chris Pratt and Omar Sy might reprise their roles for the next few films and said he would direct the film if asked . Trevorrow later told Spielberg that he would only focus on directing one film in the series . In May 2015 , Trevorrow announced that he would not direct another film in the series : `` I would be involved in some way , but not as director . '' Trevorrow felt that different directors could bring different qualities to future films . Pratt had been signed for future films in the series , as was Ty Simpkins , who portrayed Gray in Jurassic World . On June 3 , 2015 , Trevorrow stated that Jurassic World left many story possibilities open : `` I really like the idea that this group of geneticists are n't the only people who can make a dinosaur ( ... ) when you think of the differences between Apple and PC -- the minute something goes open - source , there are all kinds of entities and interests that may be able to utilize that technology . '' On June 8 , 2015 , Jurassic World producer Frank Marshall met with Trevorrow and Universal Pictures to discuss a sequel . Later that month , Trevorrow did not deny that the film could involve `` dinosaur soldiers '' and said the series is `` not always gon na be about a Jurassic Park '' , saying he felt that future films could explore the idea of dinosaurs and humans co-existing . Trevorrow also hinted that the next film may not involve the Jurassic World theme park and said he would be interested in seeing a Jurassic Park film made by one of several Spanish horror film directors , whose names he did not mention . Pre-production On July 23 , 2015 , Universal announced that a fifth film had been scheduled for a June 22 , 2018 , release date in the U.S. It was also announced that Trevorrow would write the script with his writing partner Derek Connolly , as they did for Jurassic World ; that the film would be produced by Frank Marshall ; and that Spielberg and Trevorrow would act as executive producers . Universal also said that Chris Pratt and Bryce Dallas Howard would reprise their roles from the previous film . At the time of the film 's announcement , Trevorrow said the series `` is n't always going to be limited to theme parks '' and confirmed that the film would not involve `` a bunch of dinosaurs chasing people on an island '' stating , `` That 'll get old real fast . '' Trevorrow also spoke of the film 's possible open - source storyline : `` It 's almost like InGen is Mac , but what if PC gets their hands on it ? What if there are 15 different entities around the world who can make a dinosaur ? '' In August 2015 , Howard said that the script was being written , and it was announced that the film would be released in the UK two weeks early , on June 7 , 2018 . Later that year , B.D. Wong said he `` would be happy to return '' as Dr. Henry Wu , while Howard announced that filming would begin in 2017 . Howard also said she would be interested in seeing characters from earlier Jurassic Park films return for the fifth film , saying , `` I could see versions of the film where a lot of the characters come back . '' By October 2015 , director J.A. Bayona was being considered to direct the film , although he chose instead to direct the World War Z sequel , a project to which he had already signed on . In January 2016 , it was reported that Bayona could still be a candidate to direct the film after he dropped out of the World War Z sequel due to other commitments . In March 2016 , London was being scouted as a possible filming location and setting for the film , and it was subsequently announced that filming would take place at a UK studio . On April 14 , 2016 , actor Jeff Goldblum said he had no plans to appear in the film as his character Ian Malcolm , although he said he was open to the possibility . On April 18 , 2016 , Bayona was announced as the film 's director , with Belén Atienza and Patrick Crowley joining Marshall as producers . Spielberg , Marshall , and Kathleen Kennedy had been impressed by Bayona 's 2012 film , The Impossible , and initially considered having him direct Jurassic World , but he declined as he felt there was not enough time for production . Trevorrow wanted Bayona to direct the film after seeing his 2007 horror film , The Orphanage . Before Bayona was hired , he met with Trevorrow and became enthused with the project after being shown the script 's second half , which would play out like a haunted house film . After Bayona was hired , Trevorrow said about the film , `` We 're moving it into new territory . J.A. Bayona is an incredible director and I know he 'll push the boundaries of what a ' Jurassic ' movie is . I think it 's important that we take risks . A franchise must evolve or perish . '' Trevorrow and Bayona worked closely throughout the film 's production . In June 2016 , actor Sam Neill was asked if he would return to the series as Dr. Alan Grant and responded , `` You never say never , but I think it 's moved on . It 's different times . '' The film , under the working title of Ancient Futures , was in full pre-production as of July 2016 , with storyboards being designed . Andy Nicholson was hired as the film 's production designer and spent four weeks with Bayona in Barcelona , discussing reference pictures and background details , as well as Bayona 's ideas for the Lockwood mansion . Production was scheduled to begin in Hawaii in February 2017 . Wales was also confirmed as a filming location , including Brecon Beacons and Penbryn . Trevorrow stated that Hawaii would be used as a primary filming location , while U.K. shooting would be limited to studios , without the story taking place there . Trevorrow also said that the film would feature many dinosaurs that were not seen in previous films and denied that the film 's story would involve militarized dinosaurs , which would only be mentioned in the film . For the film 's second half in which dinosaurs are transported by boat to the mainland , Ecuador and Peru had both been scouted as possible filming locations and settings , while Marshall thought that Cabo San Lucas would be ideal , but such locations ultimately did not work for the film 's story . Although the film was partially shot in England , Spielberg felt that the country was too far from the fictional Isla Nublar to be used as the in - film setting during the second half , as he and the producers did not want the film to focus too much time on a boat . Crowley stated , `` Rather than making it a movie about traveling on a boat , which is not very exciting , you needed to get to the place . '' In September 2016 , Bayona confirmed that the film would be the second chapter in a planned Jurassic World trilogy . Later that year , Marshall said that Wong was `` probably going to come back , '' while Jurassic World composer Michael Giacchino confirmed that he would return to compose the fifth film . Óscar Faura was announced as the film 's cinematographer at the end of the year . Writing Although Spielberg was heavily involved in the development of ideas for Jurassic World , he had Trevorrow and Connolly devise their own ideas for the sequel , while retaining final approval on the project . In June 2015 , approximately two weeks after the theatrical release of Jurassic World , Trevorrow embarked on a road trip from Los Angeles back to his home state of Vermont . Connolly agreed to accompany Trevorrow on the trip so they could discuss a basic set of ideas that Trevorrow had for the film . During their eight - day trip , the writers began work on the script and devised the basic story . Trevorrow said the film 's story was inspired by a quote from Dr. Alan Grant in the first film : `` Dinosaurs and man , two species separated by 65 million years of evolution , have suddenly been thrown back into the mix together . How can we possibly have the slightest idea of what to expect ? '' Trevorrow also said that the story was heavily inspired by the idea that , `` A mistake made a long time ago just ca n't be undone . '' The film is also based on concepts from Michael Crichton 's novel Jurassic Park ( 1990 ) and its sequel The Lost World ( 1995 ) , and includes dialogue from the first novel . Isla Nublar 's volcano was an idea that existed in the first novel , and the writers chose to incorporate the idea into the film 's plot . Trevorrow compared the destruction of Isla Nublar to `` the burning down of a church or a temple , '' stating , `` I honestly think it 's like killing off a character in a way , and if you 're going to do that , as long as you approach it with the proper respect and acknowledgement that you understand how indelible and permanent what you 're doing is , then hopefully people will have an emotional response but they wo n't hate you for it . '' The idea to include a `` silent partner '' of John Hammond was also inspired by the Jurassic Park novel . Although the character of Benjamin Lockwood was not featured in the novel , the book depicts the early years leading up to the cloning of dinosaurs , which made Trevorrow realize that there would have been many people involved in such a project , convincing him that someone like Lockwood would be among those people . In his initial film treatment , Trevorrow had included story elements that Marshall and Crowley considered excessive for a single film , as the producers felt it was also important to include details about Owen and Claire 's lives after the events of Jurassic World . Although the original ending was the same as the final film , Trevorrow had wanted to include more details about the integration of dinosaurs into the world , before choosing to remove such details to keep the story focused . For the script 's structure , Trevorrow said he had been inspired by Spielberg 's 2015 film Bridge of Spies , in which two seemingly unrelated stories `` collide in the middle , and move on together . '' Trevorrow was also inspired by the 1975 film Three Days of the Condor , stating , `` It 's one of those places where you think you know what the score is , and then everything changes , and then suddenly you do n't know who to trust . '' Having directed Jurassic World , Trevorrow became familiar with how animatronics worked and wrote scenes into the sequel in a way that would allow for their use , as animatronics are incapable of certain actions such as running . Regarding the idea of human cloning , Trevorrow stated that `` we 're so much closer to cloning humans than we are to cloning dinosaurs . It felt like far less of a leap to me than dinosaurs do . ( ... ) To have a character who has such deep love and has felt such loss and the inability to go on , I think is something we all feel . So the idea that you might be able to bring someone back in that way is emotionally grounded in a very universal idea . '' Trevorrow also stated that he was interested in `` the larger impact '' of genetic power , including its emotional impact and its potential human impact , while further stating `` we knew that we did n't want to continue to make movies about the dangers of messing with science . We want to tell a story about where we are now , which is that we have messed with science , we have fundamentally altered our world and now we 're dealing with the consequences . '' Trevorrow was nervous about how audiences would react to the story 's human cloning aspect , an idea that was supported by Spielberg , who was excited about the questions that such an idea could raise in the film 's sequel . Because of criticism regarding the death of Zara in the previous film , Trevorrow stated that for Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom , `` We made sure that every death was earned . Everybody deserves their death in this movie , a lesson learned . In 2018 everyone earns it . Horrible people . '' After Bayona was hired , he began reading all of Crichton 's novels -- including Jurassic Park and The Lost World -- for inspiration and `` to try to immerse myself in Crichton 's mind . '' Trevorrow and Connolly began working with Bayona in July 2016 , to perfect the script to the director 's liking . Trevorrow stated that the film would be more `` suspenseful and scary '' than its predecessor : `` It 's just the way it 's designed ; it 's the way the story plays out . I knew I wanted Bayona to direct it long before anyone ever heard that it was a possibility , so the whole thing was just built around his skillset . '' Trevorrow later described the film as `` The Impossible meets The Orphanage with dinosaurs . '' Bayona stated that with the first half of the film set on an island , `` you have what you expect from a Jurassic movie , '' while the second half `` moves to a totally different environment that feels more suspenseful , darker , claustrophobic , and even has this kind of gothic element , which I love . '' Bayona 's concept of gothic suspense for the film was influenced by Alfred Hitchcock films , and he compared the film to The Empire Strikes Back and Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan , which were both considered darker than their predecessors . Trevorrow said the film 's dinosaurs would be `` a parable of the treatment animals receive today : the abuse , medical experimentation , pets , having wild animals in zoos like prisons , the use the military has made of them , animals as weapons . '' The idea of weaponized dinosaurs came from Spielberg . Trevorrow said that with the film 's dinosaur auction , `` The worst instincts of mankind are revealed . The first film was very clearly about corporate greed . This is just about human greed . '' The film includes ideas previously featured in a rejected 2004 draft for Jurassic Park IV ( later Jurassic World ) , presented in the same structure : a return to Isla Nublar followed by a second half set in a large Gothic building on the mainland . The idea of a dinosaur auction was also present in the rejected draft , which Trevorrow had read while writing the first Jurassic World film . Bayona had his own ideas incorporated into the script while essentially retaining the same original story devised by Trevorrow and Connolly . The film 's underwater opening sequence was already in Trevorrow and Connolly 's script , and Bayona asked Trevorrow to push for it to become a bigger scene with a larger set . Among Trevorrow 's ideas was to include Jeff Goldblum 's character of Ian Malcolm , who appeared in the franchise 's earlier films . Trevorrow and Goldblum discussed dialogue ideas for Malcolm , and Trevorrow stated that he used a lot of dialogue from Crichton 's Jurassic Park novel for the character . Marshall stated that Trevorrow wrote Malcolm as `` the ' Uh oh , danger , I told you so ' kind of character , '' and Trevorrow said about the character , `` I saw him as kind of Al Gore . He 's got a beard now , and he 's like , ' I told all of you this was going to be a disaster , and sure enough it is . ' '' Bayona and Trevorrow ultimately removed certain moments from the script that they felt would be better for the sequel , which was expected to depict dinosaurs having spread around the world . Casting In October 2016 , casting was underway for the role of a nine - year - old girl . Approximately 2,500 girls were interviewed for the role , which ultimately went to Isabella Sermon , marking her film debut . By November 2016 , Tom Holland -- who previously starred in The Impossible -- had discussed having a possible role in the film , but he did not believe he would be available for filming because of scheduling conflicts . Toby Jones , Rafe Spall , and Justice Smith were cast at the end of the year . Daniella Pineda , Ted Levine and James Cromwell were cast in early 2017 , while Wong confirmed his return as Dr. Henry Wu . To maintain secrecy , the Ancient Futures title was used in the casting phase . During auditions , references to dinosaurs were replaced with animals such as lions and grizzly bears . To convince the studio that Pineda was right for the role of Zia , Bayona had her demonstrate that she could perform comedy and drama scenes , as well as improvisation . Pineda auditioned a total of seven times before receiving the role . She auditioned for Bayona , Atienza , and Crowley , and did not meet the cast until she arrived in England for filming . In March 2017 , Bayona announced that Geraldine Chaplin , who had roles in each of his previous films , had joined the cast . The next month , it was announced that Jeff Goldblum would be reprising his role as Dr. Ian Malcolm from the first two films . Bayona considered Malcolm a `` great character ! '' while Marshall said , `` The world has changed a lot since Ian Malcolm went to Jurassic Park and we need his point of view now more than ever . He told us about chaos theory , he was right . '' Filming Filming began at Langley Business Centre in Slough , England , on February 23 , 2017 . Scenes shot at the business center included Claire 's Dinosaur Protection Group office , Owen training his baby raptors , and Owen and Claire attempting to retrieve blood from the sedated T. rex . A majority of filming in England took place at Pinewood Studios . Because of its large sound stages , Pinewood Studios was considered perfect for the film 's many interior scenes . After filming concluded in England , production moved to Hawaii , which was used as a primary filming location . Scenes shot in Hawaii were set on Isla Nublar , the fictional island featured in the first and fourth films . Scenes were also expected to be shot at Brecon Beacons National Park in Wales . The film was shot in CinemaScope , and is the first entry in the Jurassic Park series that is presented in a 2.40 : 1 aspect ratio . The film crew used Arri Alexa 65 cameras throughout the duration of filming . Several scenes were shot to reference various films including From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) and Dracula ( 1979 ) , as well as Spielberg 's films Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) and E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) . Spielberg was shown scenes from the film during production and he offered his opinions to Bayona . During filming and in between takes , Bayona used an iPod to play different types of music on set to inspire the actors during certain scenes , as he had done for his previous films . Bayona also played sound effects from previous films in the series , including a T. rex roar that he sometimes used to get a natural reaction from the actors . In particular , Bayona played unexpected sounds and loud music to scare Smith for certain scenes , as his character is portrayed as easily frightened . Prior to being filmed , Bayona and Pratt discussed each scene involving the character of Owen , and many of Pratt 's ideas were added into the film . Speaking about Levine 's character , Bayona said , `` He came with this idea of creating this kind of military man . He just wanted to portray the most hateable character possible . ( ... ) And he was so creative on set , trying to give ideas , bringing story notes to make this character more and more hateable . '' The film includes several indirect references to U.S. president Donald Trump , including an idea from Trevorrow in which a news ticker states that the `` U.S. president '' has questioned the `` existence of dinosaurs in the first place . '' Jones was allowed to decide his character 's appearance , which included a wig similar to Trump 's hairstyle . An unscripted moment that was left in the film involves Levine 's character referring to Pineda 's character Zia as a `` nasty woman '' , a line that was previously made famous by Trump . In April 2017 , scenes were filmed at East Berkshire College in Berkshire , England , and at Loch Long in Argyll and Bute , Scotland . Also that month , filming took place at Hartland Park -- formerly the Pyestock jet engine test site -- in Fleet , Hampshire , England , where the film 's opening sequence was shot . The scene was filmed through the night and involved helicopters , rain machines , and lightning simulators to depict a thunderstorm . Bayona described the opening scene as a `` massive action piece '' that resembled the prologues used in James Bond films . Scenes were filmed on sets at Hawley Common , also in Hampshire , where the exterior of Lockwood 's mansion was built , as well as a mainland loading dock where the dinosaurs are brought . The exterior of the ship that transports Isla Nublar 's dinosaurs to the mainland was created entirely through computer - generated effects by Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) , which worked on the previous films . The ship 's interior was constructed by Nicholson and his team as a large set at Pinewood Studios , and after filming , the set was rebuilt to depict the large rooftop of the Lockwood Estate . The exterior of the Cragside country house in Northumberland , England , along with its coniferous surrounding , was used to depict the Lockwood Estate exterior . The film crew took plate shots of Cragside and used a computer to combine the shots with footage filmed on set to create the exterior of the Lockwood Estate . No actors were involved in the Cragside shoot . Nicholson previsualized each of the sets that he and his team built to ensure they would be large enough for the intended scenes , stating , `` Someone can tell you a Velociraptor is X-feet long , but until you see it in the space , you ca n't appreciate what that means in terms of your set and the action that needs to take place within it . '' The interior of the multi-floor Lockwood Estate was built entirely on sound stages at Pinewood Studios . The estate set included Eli Mills ' office , Dr. Wu 's large underground laboratory , an underground dinosaur containment facility , separate bedrooms belonging to Benjamin and Maisie Lockwood , and a large library with dinosaur skeletons and artifacts . When filming was completed in the Lockwood library , the set was redecorated and converted into the estate 's underground garage , where the dinosaur auction takes place . Pratt stated that the film involved significantly more stunts than its predecessor . An improvised fist fight scene , between Owen and several men during the dinosaur auction , was added late in filming . It was the first such scene to be featured in the film series , and was filmed in a single continuous shot with the use of a dolly track . On May 10 , 2017 , it was reported that scenes were being filmed at Rock Barracks military base , near Woodbridge , Suffolk . On May 24 , 2017 , scenes were shot at Hampshire 's Blackbushe Airport , which stood in as an American airfield . Filming in the United Kingdom concluded on June 10 , 2017 . Up to that point , Trevorrow was present as an on - set writer for each day of production so he could aid Bayona with any possible script changes . Goldblum shot his scenes in a single day at Pinewood Studios , during the last day of filming in the United Kingdom . Jones also filmed his scenes on large sets at Pinewood Studios . Filming in Hawaii was underway as of June 13 , 2017 , and lasted more than 25 days , with locations that included Dillingham Airfield and Pua'ena Point . On June 21 , 2017 , filming began at Heʻeia Kea Small Boat Harbor in Heʻeia , Hawaii , which served as Isla Nublar 's shipping dock . More than half of the harbor was closed for filming , which required the use of smoke machines . Scenes were scheduled to be shot at the harbor throughout the end of the month . Filming also took place in a nearby Heʻeia jungle for scenes in which Owen searches for and locates Blue . As a reference to the first Jurassic Park film , the scene between Owen and Blue includes an overturned Ford Explorer , previously featured in the original film as a Jurassic Park tour vehicle . Trevorrow had initially considered including the vehicle in a scene in Jurassic World , before settling on the original Jurassic Park visitor center instead . On June 22 , 2017 , the film 's official title was announced as Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom . At the time , filming was underway at Kualoa Ranch on the Hawaiian island of Oahu . Filming at Kualoa Ranch included the exterior set for a radio tower bunker . In Hawaii , scenes in which characters are running were filmed with the use of the Edge Arm , a stabilized camera that was attached to a crane , which was mounted to a truck that drove alongside the actors . The specialized camera allowed for scenes to be shot steadily despite the truck driving over rough terrain . The film includes a scene on Isla Nublar in which Claire and Franklin are riding in a ball - shaped Jurassic World Gyrosphere ride to evade dinosaurs . The scene was shot at Kualoa Ranch and in England , and Bayona described it as one of the film 's biggest challenges . In Hawaii , the Edge Arm was used to film the actors riding in the Gyrosphere as it was hauled on a trailer to simulate its movement . In England , an outdoor roller coaster track with a 40 - foot drop was constructed for the Gyrosphere , which Howard and Smith rode in to shoot a scene in which the ride plummets off a cliff and into the water surrounding Isla Nublar . Although this portion of the scene could have been shot with the use of a green screen , Bayona wanted the actors to have genuine fear for the scene . The final portion of the scene was shot at Pinewood Studios , where a large indoor tank was constructed and filled with water to depict the submerged ride as Owen tries to break it open and rescue Claire and Franklin . Bayona wanted this portion of the scene to have the appearance of a single continuous shot ; to achieve this , the scene was filmed in five different takes that were merged to make it seem like a single shot . Pratt was aided by a diving instructor for the scene , which also involved Howard and Smith underwater . Filming in the tank lasted five days , and required 85 crew members . The scene in the tank was primarily shot by a second unit crew , as Bayona was busy directing scenes on other soundstages . David Vickery and his team at ILM created the volcanic special effects and consulted volcanologists for research . According to Vickery , the team inquired `` how a volcano of this type might erupt '' and also requested information about `` the various stages of lava and pyroclastic flow . We are speeding it up a bit for the sake of our film , but it is definitely all based on real science . '' All of the lava in the film was created through digital effects , although one scene used cat litter set on fire as a stand - in on set , so the actors would know where to react . The scene was set in an Isla Nublar bunker as lava begins dripping from the roof . The litter had been soaked in flammable liquid , and was dropped from 12 different nozzles above the set . The Main Street section of the Jurassic World theme park was rebuilt on Police Beach in Hawaii for a scene in which Owen and Claire return to the island . The set had previously been built in Louisiana for filming of the previous Jurassic World , but was dismantled after filming concluded . For the sequel , Nicholson had part of the Main Street practically built , although the park 's visitor center could not be constructed in its entirety because of its large size . Unbuilt portions of the park were created by ILM using digital set extensions . Main Street was the largest set built in Hawaii , and required more than three months to complete . Many of the same prop makers returned to recreate the Main Street set , which then had to be aged to give the appearance of abandonment . On July 7 , 2017 , filming took place at Oahu 's Hālona Blowhole , where Pratt , Howard and Smith shot scenes on a beach . Filming concluded on July 8 , 2017 , after shooting was completed at Hālona Blowhole . Bayona said that making the film was the biggest challenge of his life . The original cut of the film was approximately two hours and 45 minutes , which the filmmakers considered too long . The film was trimmed to two hours and eight minutes for the final cut . One scene that was removed from the film would reveal the character of Zia to be a lesbian , an idea that came from Bayona and Trevorrow , who chose to cut it out for runtime reasons . Creatures on screen See also : List of cloned animals in the Jurassic Park series The film 's dinosaurs were created through a combination of animatronics and computer - generated imagery ( CGI ) . Special effects artist Neal Scanlan served as the film 's creature effects creative supervisor , while Vickery and Alex Wuttke served as visual effects supervisors . Scanlan worked on the animatronic dinosaurs , while Vickery and his ILM team created versions of the dinosaurs through CGI . ILM animators in Vancouver worked on dinosaur stampede scenes , while ILM 's London studio created the remaining creature scenes . Approximately 52 ILM animators worked on the film . Scanlan worked closely with Bayona and Vickery to create the creatures , and Vickery and ILM did extensive research to accurately create and depict the dinosaurs , which included consulting with paleontologists . The ILM team also referred to elephants and rhinos to determine how the dinosaurs should move and behave . Dinosaur expert John Hankla , of the Denver Museum of Nature and Science , served as an advisor on the film . After reading fan thoughts on dinosaurs and speaking with children , Bayona realized that dinosaur textures and colors were frequently brought up , and stated , `` I thought that was the area where I could play with . They feel somehow a little bit more exotic and richer in this movie . '' New research had also suggested that real dinosaurs were more colorful and brighter than previously thought . The film features more dinosaurs than any previous film in the series , as Bayona wanted to include several new dinosaurs not previously seen in earlier films , including Allosaurus , Baryonyx , Carnotaurus , Sinoceratops , Stygimoloch , and the fictional Indoraptor . Baryonyx and Carnotaurus were among the creatures created through CGI . Dilophosaurus was in the film 's original cut , but was removed . The film features more animatronic dinosaurs than any previous sequel , and the animatronics used were more technologically advanced than in the previous films . Five animatronic dinosaurs were created for the film , whereas the previous film only featured one . More animatronics were used because the film features closer interaction between humans and dinosaurs than its predecessor , including a scene in which Howard rode atop the sedated T. rex . Bayona stated that animatronics `` are very helpful on set , especially for the actors so they have something to perform against . There 's an extra excitement if they can act in front of something real . '' Scanlan stated that animatronics were not best for every scene : `` In some ways it will have an impact on your shooting schedule ; you have to take time to film with an animatronic . In the balance , we ask ourselves if it is economically and artistically more valuable to do it that way , or as a post-production effect . Once we have looked at each particular case , with the director and the VFX supervisor we decide whether -- because of the environment or the circumstances -- it is the right way to go practically . '' Scanlan spent more than eight months at Pinewood Studios to work on the creatures before and during filming , with a crew of approximately 35 people . Scanlan 's team created functional animatronic models of the T. rex , the Indoraptor and Blue , while ILM worked on CGI versions of the creatures . The T. rex was one of the first animatronic creatures needed for filming , in the form of a full - scale head and shoulders . ILM sent Scanlan a model of the T. rex from its appearance in Jurassic World , and Scanlan used it to create a full - scale 3D print of the T. rex head and shoulders . The life - sized T. rex animatronic was controlled through joysticks , with the ability to breathe and move its head . The T. rex animatronic was used for a scene in which the sedated creature is inside a cage while Owen and Claire attempt to retrieve blood from it . The beginning shots in the scene were created using only the animatronic , while the ending shots solely used CGI , with the middle portion of the scene using a combination of the two methods . Within the film 's story , the T. rex is portrayed as the same individual featured in previous films . Trevorrow said , `` We 've been following this same character since the beginning ; she 's the same T. rex that was in Jurassic Park and in Jurassic World . She is iconic -- not just because she 's a T. rex , but because she 's this T. rex . '' The Blue animatronic was created to lay down on an operating table , depicting the animal in an injured state while the character of Zia operates on the creature . Up to 12 puppeteers , hidden under the operating table , were needed to control the animatronic during filming . The scene was shot twice , with and without the Blue animatronic , and the two versions were later combined for a seamless effect . In creating Blue through CGI , the animators referred to the animal 's appearance in the previous film . According to Vickery , Blue 's movements were designed to resemble a dog : `` You look at the way Blue cocks her head and looks up at you . It 's exactly like a dog . You 're trying to sort of connect the dinosaur with things that you understand as a human . '' The Indoraptor was primarily created through CGI , while a practical head , neck , shoulders , foot and arm were created for close - up shots . For some scenes , an inflatable dinosaur was operated by two puppeteers as a Indoraptor stand - in on set , while a CGI version of the creature would be added in later . The Indoraptor was designed to have long human - like arms , and the creature is depicted as a quadruped and biped , with a height of approximately 10 feet tall while standing on two legs . The Indoraptor 's black color was chosen as Bayona wanted the creature to have the appearance of a black shadow , stating that `` it 's very terrifying when you see the Indoraptor in the dark because you can only see the eyes and the teeth . '' Scanlan 's team also made puppeteering aids , rod puppets , and several prop dinosaurs , all created in coordination with Vickery to ensure a consistent result between the practical effects and CGI . Animal motions that could not be perfected with puppetry , such as blinking , were instead created with computer technology . Among the puppeteer dinosaurs were baby velociraptors , which were used for a scene with Pratt , while the final , wider shots of the scene used two - wheeled , remote - controlled toys to stand - in for the baby raptors on set . The toys included a spring which gave them the ability to jump , and the feature was used to get a genuinely startled reaction from Pratt . Although motion capture was used in the previous film to depict velociraptors , ILM determined after several tests that the technology would not be adequate for depicting dinosaurs in Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom , and the team chose instead to use key frame animation done for the previous films . However , some motion capture was done as a form of previsualization to aid Bayona . ILM used key framing to create scenes involving a large number of dinosaurs , and referred to high - speed photography of horses racing for aid in creating such scenes . The fight scene between Blue and the Indoraptor , set in Maisie 's bedroom , was designed in London and key framed by ILM . Jance Rubinchik , animation supervisor for ILM , stated that the fight was the `` trickiest sequence '' because of the lack of previsualization . According to Bayona , a Brachiosaurus that is shown dying in the volcanic eruption is meant to be the same individual that is first seen in the original Jurassic Park . The Brachiosaurus in the new film was created using the same animations from the 1993 film . The dinosaur 's death was the last shot on the entire film to be finished ; Bayona and the post-production team stayed up through the night to perfect the scene 's colors and composition , shortly before the film 's release . For advice on veterinary procedures and animatronic movements , the filmmakers sought a veterinary surgeon who had experience with African wildlife . Jonathan Cranston , a Gloucestershire veterinary surgeon , was recommended for the position because of his experience with wildlife in South Africa . Cranston advised Bayona and the producers on how to choreograph several scenes to accurately depict complex veterinarian procedures that involved the dinosaurs . Cranston also worked closely with Pratt , Howard , Pineda and Smith to teach them how to perform such procedures . Additionally , Cranston advised the puppeteers on creating subtle and authentic animal movements , and also worked with Bayona on two scenes . Cranston was on set for 12 days , primarily at Pinewood Studios . Marketing A six - second clip from the film was released on November 22 , 2017 . The first trailer was teased for release on November 30 , 2017 , but this was later confirmed to be incorrect . Several teaser trailers and a behind - the - scenes featurette of the film were released in early December 2017 , prior to the release of a full - length trailer on December 7 . That month , Universal launched a website for the Dinosaur Protection Group that ultimately included miscellaneous information about the group and its effort to save the island 's dinosaurs , as well as a video featuring Howard , Pineda and Smith as their characters . The website was created by Timothy Glover and Jack Anthony Ewins , who previously created the Masrani Global website for Jurassic World . A second trailer aired during Super Bowl LII on February 4 , 2018 . A 30 - second teaser trailer was released on April 13 , 2018 , announcing the release of a third full trailer on April 18 . Several of the trailers and commercials for the film included scenes from the ending that depict the Tyrannosaurus rex and the Mosasaurus now loose in the world , which frustrated Trevorrow , who preferred not to show such scenes prior to the film 's release . Universal spent $185 million on partners for a global marketing campaign , more than double the cost of the previous film 's partner program . The campaign included nine partners which aired television commercials and sold products to promote the film . The partners were Dairy Queen , Doritos , Dr Pepper , Ferrero SpA , Jeep , Juicy Fruit , Kellogg 's , M&M 's , and Skittles . The global marketing campaign consisted of 1.3 billion items to promote the film , including 100 million boxes of Kellogg 's products and 15 million packages of Kinder Joy candy by Ferrero . Dairy Queen , a returning partner from the previous film , sold `` Jurassic Chomp '' ice cream desserts in collectable cups , while Doritos and Dr Pepper marketed versions of their products that featured images of the film 's dinosaurs . For Super Bowl LII , Trevorrow directed a Jeep commercial starring Goldblum and featuring a T. rex . Within 24 hours of its release , the commercial received 39.7 million online views , which was more than any film trailer that was watched online following its Super Bowl LII television debut . Universal also teamed up with Amazon for a marketing stunt in which a large dinosaur - sized box was driven around Los Angeles on a truck to promote the film . Licensing partners included Mattel , Lego , and Funko , all of which created toys based on the film . Mattel produced a variety of toys , including dinosaurs and action figures , as well as Barbie dolls featuring the likeness of Pratt and Howard as their characters . A mobile app titled Jurassic World Facts was released as a tie - in to Mattel 's dinosaur toys , which included symbols that could be scanned to collect facts about each creature . Lego is expected to release 13 Lego sets based on the film . A video game , Jurassic World Evolution , was released simultaneously with the film . A two - part virtual reality miniseries titled Jurassic World : Blue was released for Oculus VR headsets as a film tie - in . It was created by Felix & Paul Studios and Industrial Light and Magic , and features Blue on Isla Nublar at the time of the volcanic eruption . A website and campaign for `` Extinction Now ! '' , the antithesis to the Dinosaur Protection Group , was created by Trevorrow , Glover and Ewins , and was launched shortly before the film 's release . The campaign included a found - footage clip of a Tyrannosaurus loose in San Diego , a reference to The Lost World : Jurassic Park . Release Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom had its premiere at the WiZink Center in Madrid , Spain , on May 21 , 2018 . The international theatrical release began on June 6 , with the film being released in Singapore and Malaysia on June 7 , in the United Kingdom , India , Italy , South Korea and Angola on June 8 , and in Pakistan on June 16 , 2018 . The film was released in the United States on June 22 , 2018 . Home Media Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom is scheduled for digital release on September 4 , 2018 and Blu - ray , DVD , Blu - ray 3D and 4K Blu - ray on September 18 , 2018 . Reception Box Office As of August 12 , 2018 , Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom has grossed $409.6 million in the United States and Canada and $866.8 million in other territories for a total worldwide gross of $1.276 billion , against a production budget in the range of $170 -- 187 million . The film crossed the $1 billion mark on July 5 , 2018 , becoming the 35th film all - time to make the milestone , and seventh for Universal . It also made Universal the second studio ( behind Disney ) to have at least two films in three different franchises make $1 billion worldwide , alongside The Fast and the Furious and Despicable Me . United States and Canada In December 2017 , a survey from Fandango indicated that Fallen Kingdom was one of the most anticipated films of 2018 . Initial projections three weeks before its release had the film grossing between $130 -- 150 million in its opening weekend in the United States and Canada , with BoxOffice magazine estimating a total of $325 -- 380 million for its final domestic gross . By the week of its release , the low - end of projections had reached $135 million . It was released on June 22 , 2018 , in 4,475 theaters ( the second - widest release ever behind Despicable Me 3 ) grossing $58.7 million on its opening day , the second - highest of the franchise and 28th - best on record . The film grossed $15.3 million from Thursday night previews at 3,600 theaters , down from the $18.5 million grossed by Jurassic World . It ended up debuting to $148 million , the 20th - best opening weekend of all - time and second highest for Universal . It also marked the first time two films opened to over $100 million in back - to - back weekends , following the Incredibles 2 's $182.7 million debut the week before . In its second weekend the film made $60 million , a drop of 59 % and less than the $105.8 million made by Jurassic World in its sophomore weekend , and in its third weekend made $28.3 million . Outside north america Overseas , the film was released in 48 countries between June 6 and June 8 , 2018 , including France , Germany , South Korea , the United Kingdom , Italy , Russia , and Spain , and was projected to gross $130 -- 145 million in its opening weekend . It made $20.2 million on its first day , including $1.4 million in France and $1 million in Indonesia . In South Korea , it grossed $9.7 million ( ₩ 10.3 billion ) and sold over 1 million tickets , setting opening day records for both ( beating The Mummy 's ₩ 7.4 billion and Avengers : Infinity War 's 980,000 , respectively ) . It went on to have an international debut of $151.1 million , including $8 million from IMAX screenings . Its largest opening markets were South Korea ( $27.2 million ) , the UK ( $19.9 million ) , France ( $10 million ) , Spain ( $9.5 million ) and Germany ( $9.1 million ) . In China , the film was released on June 15 and made $34.4 million ( ¥ 220 million ) on its opening day , nearly double the first day total of its predecessor ( $17.5 million ) . It went on to open to $111.9 million ( ¥ 715 million ) , the fourth best - ever in the country for a Hollywood release ( behind The Fate of the Furious , Avengers : Infinity War and Transformers : The Last Knight ) , and bringing the film 's two week international total to $372.1 million , more than the entire lifetime gross of Jurassic Park III ( $368 million ) . In its third week of international release the film made $106.7 million , bringing its total to $561.5 million . China remained one of the top markets with $32.4 million ( a standard 71 % drop for Hollywood films in the country ) , while it was also released in Mexico ( $12.3 million ) , Brazil ( $9.2 million ) and Australia $7.9 million ) . As of July 5 , 2018 , the film has grossed $245.5 million in China , making it the 5th highest grossing Hollywood film of all - time in the country . Critical response On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , Fallen Kingdom holds an approval rating of 51 % based on 311 reviews , and an average rating of 5.7 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom adds another set piece - packed entry to the blockbuster franchise , although genuinely thrilling moments are in increasingly short supply . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film has a weighted average score of 51 out of 100 , based on 59 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A − '' on an A+ to F scale , while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an 82 % overall positive score . Variety 's Owen Gleiberman called the film better than the first Jurassic World but wrote `` ... ( Fallen Kingdom ) ends up being just a so - so ride . I hope the next one is an all - out ride -- but that for the first time since Spielberg 's 1993 original , it 's actually a great one . The audience for this series has proved that it will turn out in mega-droves . '' Lindsey Bahr of the Associated Press wrote , `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom will not stand up to rigorous scrutiny , and yet , it 's kind of an enjoyable , preposterous and thrilling ride that ticks through nostalgia beats like a shopping list . '' The Boston Globe 's Ty Burr likened the film to a `` Universal Studios theme park ride '' noting , `` It 's enough for a fun fright night at the movies but lacks anything else : character , mystery , wonder , danger . The film 's a rush for an audience that only wants the high . '' In a more critical assessment , Peter Travers of Rolling Stone stated that `` ... this sequel has the perfunctory vibe that comes from filmmakers who cynically believe the public will buy anything T. rex - related , no matter how shoddy the goods or warmed - over the plot . '' Senior Editor Matt Goldberg of Collider also criticized the screenplay stating , `` The film is too lazy to even bother with the modest housekeeping of explaining its characters ' motives . '' The Verge 's Bryan Bishop was equally critical , writing , `` Like its predecessor , Fallen Kingdom is overstuffed with ethical conundrums , and not sophisticated enough to fully engage with them ... the movie 's villains become such cartoony caricatures that it 's impossible to take Fallen Kingdom 's attempted philosophical musings seriously . '' Sam Machkovech of Ars Technica called the film a B movie consisting of `` a sixth - grade sketchbook mash of dino - murder , cartoonish villains , and plot holes '' , while Travis M. Andrews of The Washington Post said the film had `` achieved the impossible : it makes dinosaurs boring '' . In a positive review , Scott Mendelson of Forbes wrote , `` Fallen Kingdom is a gorgeous , mostly enjoyable blockbuster that looked great in IMAX . That it does n't cash all the checks it tries to write is why it 's merely a good movie instead of a great one . '' Writing for The Hollywood Reporter , John DeFore also praised the film saying , `` Finally making good on its name , J.A. Bayona 's Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom says goodbye to the park for good , not just carrying the de-extincted dinos off the island but freeing itself from the genre trappings of the previous four films . '' Exclaim ! 's Alex Hudson said the film is `` a straight - ahead monster movie : it 's dumb , occasionally gory , and mostly plenty of fun ... It wo n't rekindle your childhood fascination with dinosaurs , but it makes for a suitably silly creature feature . '' Many reviewers singled out the scene where a lone Brachiosaurus , stranded on Isla Nublar , succumbs to the volcanic fumes while the characters helplessly watch from the departing ship , as `` poignant '' or `` haunting '' , especially given the species role in the first movie . Sequel Further information : Jurassic Park § Jurassic World 3 ( 2021 ) An untitled sequel , known as Jurassic World 3 , is scheduled for release on June 11 , 2021 . Trevorrow will direct the film , and will write the screenplay with Emily Carmichael , based on a story by him and Connolly . Trevorrow will also serve as executive producer along with Steven Spielberg ; Marshall and Crowley will serve as producers . Pratt and Howard will reprise their roles for the film . References Jump up ^ Bayona , JA ( December 29 , 2016 ) . `` Excited to announce that my longtime collaborator @ BernatVilaplana will be the editor for the new Jurassic film '' . Twitter . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Film releases '' . Variety Insight . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom -- Production Information '' ( PDF ) . Universal Pictures . 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So grateful to the fantastic UK crew . Next stop Hawaii ! # JW2 '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott , Ryan ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 Photo Returns to Isla Nublar , Big News Coming Soon '' . MovieWeb . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Kathryn ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 to film in the Brecon Beacons , director reveals '' . Media Wales . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2017 . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( July 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Has a Handful of E.T. Easter Eggs You May Have Missed '' . / Film . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sciretta , Peter ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Director J.A. Bayona on Bringing Suspense Back to the Franchise ( Set Visit Interview ) ( page 3 of 3 ) '' . / Film . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Ben ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` How J.A. Bayona Used Music During Filming of ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' '' . / Film . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Star Daniella Pineda on Saving Dinosaurs and Spilling Coffee on Frank Marshall ( Set Visit Interview ) ( page 3 of 3 ) '' . / Film . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Star Chris Pratt on Acting With Animatronic Dinos and Movie Legends ( Set Visit Interview ) '' . / Film . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( June 24 , 2018 ) . `` Colin Trevorrow on ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' and Planning the Ending for ' Jurassic World 3 ' '' . Collider. 2 : 47 . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Lerner , Will ( June 25 , 2018 ) . `` Here 's how those Donald Trump jokes wound up in ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Jordan ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` Mad hair . Russian owners . Is Jurassic World 2 's meanest dinosaur really Donald Trump ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schwerdtfeger , Connor ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` How A Nasty Woman Line Ended Up In Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schwerdtfeger , Conner ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` BD Wong Looks Sharp On The Set Of Jurassic World 2 '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ali , Aftab ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom partly filmed in location near Glasgow '' . Evening Times . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Footage emerges of Jurassic World 2 filming in England '' . Jurassic Outpost. April 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2017 . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lloyd , Stephen ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 : See first shots of the woodland set for huge blockbuster being filmed on Hawley Common '' . Get Surrey . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2017 . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wood , Matt ( December 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom 's Opening Scene Sounds Amazing '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cragside stars in new Jurassic World movie '' . Northumberland Gazette . June 27 , 2018 . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Duke , Simon ( June 27 , 2018 ) . `` Cragside has starring role in Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom '' . Evening Chronicle . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hirst , Andrew ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Are Jeff Goldblum , Chris Pratt and Bryce Dallas Howard in Suffolk ? Jurassic World 2 rumoured to be filming at Rock Barracks '' . East Anglian Daily Times . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mathew , Ilin ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 weekly buzz : New set photos , plot spoilers excite fans '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wood , Matt ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` How Involved Colin Trevorrow Was With Making Jurassic World 2 '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boone , John ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Colin Trevorrow on ' The Book of Henry ' and What He Learned Directing ' Jurassic World ' '' . Entertainment Tonight . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shattuck , Kathryn ( June 15 , 2018 ) . `` Jeff Goldblum , Back in ' Jurassic World ' and Making a Small Role Big '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Laxamana , Chris ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` Jeff Goldblum and Vinnie Tortorich '' . The Adam Carolla Show . 01 : 16 : 00 -- 01 : 19 : 00 . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Howard , Bryce Dallas ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Playing in the mud or shooting a movie ? * not Claire 's shoes . Day 46 . # jurassicworld # jurassicworld2 # jungle '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Santos , Danny F. ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` Has Jurassic World 2 's Original Ending Been Rewritten ? '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jurassic World 2 is currently filming in Hawaii . Jump up ^ `` Real roar : Production put $31 M into Hawaii '' . West Hawaii Today . June 24 , 2018 . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Donahue , Lillian ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` Portion of Kamehameha Highway to be closed for Jurassic World sequel '' . KHNL . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Donahue , Lillian ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World sequel starts filming at Oahu harbor '' . KHNL . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Labrecqque , Jeff ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` See exclusive concept art for Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom '' . Entertainment Weekly . pp. 6 , 8 . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nugent , John ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 Title Revealed In First Teaser Poster '' . Empire . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barton , Steve ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom -- Exclusive Behind - the - Scenes Images '' . Dread Central . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Evangelista , Chris ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` Sequel Bits : ' Hobbs and Shaw ' , ' Jurassic World ' , ' Mission : Impossible ' , ' Doom ' , ' Rabid ' , ' Deadpool 2 ' '' . / Film . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jurassic World : Bukott birodalom - A pörgőgömb '' . Universal International Pictures . May 24 , 2018 . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Failes , Ian ( July 9 , 2018 ) . `` The Unexpected Techniques ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Used to Create Super-Realistic FX '' . Thrillist . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Weiss , Josh ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` Watch Chris Pratt Take the Plunge with Diving Pro for Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Underwater Stunt '' . SyFy Wire . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sciretta , Peter ( June 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Director J.A. Bayona Talks About Creating That `` One Shot '' Sequence and More `` . / Film . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Rucha ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` Chris Pratt and Bryce Dallas Howard reveal filthy details from ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' sets '' . Daily News and Analysis . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Libbey , Dirk ( July 10 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Burned Cat Litter To Mimic Lava On Set '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Donahue , Lillian ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World ' sequel to close Halona Blowhole for filming '' . KHNL . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Halona Blowhole to close for ' Jurassic World ' filming '' . KHON - TV . July 6 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bayona , JA ( July 8 , 2017 ) . `` This is a wrap for Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ! What a journey ! Thank you to everyone that made it possible ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rodgers , Barry ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom 's trailer reveals film was shot in Hawaii '' . Architectural Digest . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Weintraub , Steve ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Director J.A. Bayona on Why He Thanked Guillermo del Toro in the Credits '' . Collider. 2 : 26 . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Alter , Ethan ( June 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' star Daniella Pineda 's lesbian reveal was cut from film '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Zemler , Emily ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World 2 ' creature designer Neal Scanlan takes us on a dinosaur tour '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mallenbaum , Carly ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' premiere : Chris Pratt and cast speak fondly about Blue '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Robertson , Barbara ( July 3 , 2018 ) . `` How ILM Blended Practical and Digital Effects for ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander , Bryan ( June 22 , 2018 ) . `` Meet the Indoraptor , the scaly , terrifying new villain of Jurassic World '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Davis , Erik ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Director J.A. Bayona Teases New Dinosaurs and Action '' . Fandango . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Anderton , Ethan ( April 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Has More Animatronic Dinosaurs Than Any ' Jurassic Park ' Sequel '' . / Film . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Behind - the - Scenes Video Features a Lot of Dinosaurs '' . Collider . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evangelista , Chris ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` New ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Featurette Has Bryce Dallas Howard Riding A T - Rex '' . / Film . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : King , Darryn ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` In ' Jurassic World , ' Old - School Effects Make a Comeback '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Scott , Ryan ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` Original Jurassic Park T - Rex Will Return in Jurassic World 2 '' . MovieWeb . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2017 . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baldwin , Louisa ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` Meet the Gloucestershire vet who had a major role in the upcoming Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom film '' . Gloucestershire Live . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' First Footage Shows Chris Pratt Petting Baby Raptor '' . Variety . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Clip : Six Seconds Of Chris Pratt & Dino Baby '' . Deadline . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zinski , Dan ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Trailer Not Arriving This Week '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Freeman , Molly ( December 3 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Teaser Confirms Trailer Arrives Thursday '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spry , Jeff ( December 3 , 2017 ) . `` Chris Pratt Runs With the Dinos in Explosive New Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Teaser '' . SyFy . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Trailer Teaser Awakens the T - Rex '' . / Film . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Tom ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Jeff Goldblum 's joyous Jurassic return in Fallen Kingdom featurette '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trivedi , Sachin ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' viral marketing begins with new website '' . International Business Times . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Ben ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Viral Video : Meet The Dinosaur Protection Group '' . / Film . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Klayton Fioriti ( 2018 - 06 - 28 ) , The Dinosaur Protection Group Interview - Jurassic Park Canon - Meet The Creators ! , retrieved 2018 - 07 - 07 Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 27 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl Movie Trailers : Netflix 's ' Cloverfield ' Sequel To Run Spot ? ' Jurassic World ' , ' Mission : Impossible ' & More To Air '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Julia ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom 's Super Bowl trailer puts dinosaurs in all the wrong places '' . Polygon . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Evangelista , Chris ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Teaser Unleashes New Footage ; New Trailer Next Week '' . / Film . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Andrew ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` The final trailer for Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom shows that people never learn from their mistakes '' . The Verge . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Joe ( June 27 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World director Colin Trevorrow is ' frustrated ' by Fallen Kingdom being spoiled by the trailers - When will marketing learn ? '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Roars $185 M Promo Campaign , More Than Double 2015 Movie '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' and Dr. Pepper Join Forces for Collectible Cans Promotion '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Griner , David ( May 30 , 2018 ) . `` Amazon Is Driving Around a Jurassic - Sized Box , and You Can Ask Alexa What 's Inside '' . Adweek . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stark , George ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` Amazon impresses fans with prime marketing stunt for Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom '' . Syfy . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pugh , Chris ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Universal Announces New Jurassic World Fallen Kingdom License Partners Including Funko and More '' . Jurassic Outpost . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Squires , John ( January 15 , 2018 ) . `` Mattel Bringing ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Characters into Barbie Line '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Alter , Ethan ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Lego sets offer a peek inside ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' ( exclusive ) '' . Yahoo . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` Funko Shows Off Full Line of ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' POP ! Vinyl Toys '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World toys bring the Fallen Kingdom back to life '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Konrad , Jeremy ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` Let 's Take a Look at Some Jurassic World Figures ! Part 1 : Humans '' . Bleeding Cool . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Konrad , Jeremy ( April 29 , 2018 ) . `` Let 's Take a Look at Some Jurassic World Figures ! Part 2 : Dinos ! '' . Bleeding Cool . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gilliam , Ryan ( June 11 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World Evolution is exactly the park sim you want it to be '' . Polygon . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rottgers , Janko ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` Universal Teams up With Felix & Paul Studios for Jurassic World VR Series '' . Variety . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fingas , Jon ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Blue ' tells a dinosaur 's story on Oculus VR headsets '' . Engadget . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` Universal , Felix & Paul Launch ' Jurassic World : Blue ' VR Experience '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roettgers , Janko ( June 7 , 2018 ) . `` Felix & Paul Studios Releases ' Jurassic World : Blue ' Episode 2 on Oculus Headsets '' . Variety . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Extinction Now ! on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Hall , Jacob ( May 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Reactions from the Spanish Premiere : Here is What People Are Saying '' . / Film . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jurassic World : El Reino Caido ' Madrid Premiere '' . Getty Images . May 21 , 2018 . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Roaring dinosaurs return in ' Jurassic World ' sequel '' . Reuters . May 24 , 2018 . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom '' begins its worldwide cinema rollout from June 6 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ( 2018 ) '' . Popcorn. 7 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ( 2018 ) '' . Popcorn. 7 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cinemax - É um espectáculo - Mundo Jurássico : Reino Caído '' . Cinemax . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( July 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Blu - ray Release Date & Features Revealed '' . Collider . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( July 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Thrashes Past $1 B At Worldwide Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( December 28 , 2017 ) . `` Fans pick ' Avengers , ' ' Black Panther ' as 2018 's most - anticipated films in Fandango poll '' . USA Today . Gannett Satellite Information Network , LLC . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Eyes $130 M - $150 M Stateside Start In Early Projections '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Shawn ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` Long Range Tracking : ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' & ' Deadpool 2 ' Updates '' . BoxOffice . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' With $150 M Reps Uni 's 2nd Highest Opening Ever -- Sunday '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( June 25 , 2018 ) . `` Box office top 20 : ' Jurassic World ' debuts with $148 M '' . ABC News . ABC . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 1 , 2018 ) . `` At $2.5 B To Date , Summer 's B.O. Is More Colossal Than Ever Imagined ; Dinos Still Rule With $60 M+ Second Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Ant - Man And The Wasp ' Shrinks A Tick To $76 M+ Opening , But Still 34 % Bigger Than Original -- Early Sunday Read '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' To Rise With $140 M+ Overseas Opening -- International Box Office Preview '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Rises To $39 M Overseas ; Heading Past $140 M Open '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Roars To $151 M Offshore Bow ; ' Infinity War ' A Stone 's Throw From $2 B WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Crushes $34.4 M In China Friday Opening '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Rises To $370 M Overseas ; ' Incredibles 2 ' Powers $52 M Early Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Slurps $711 M+ WW ; ' Incredibles 2 ' Has Record Pixar China Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Gleiberman , Owen ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` Film Review : ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bahr , Lindsey ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` Review : ' Jurassic World 2 ' leans on nostalgia , contrivances '' . Associated Press . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Burr , Ty ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` The new ' Jurassic World ' is kind of a Tyrannosaurus wreck '' . The Boston Globe . Boston Globe Media Partners . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Travers , Peter ( June 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Review : Welcome to Steaming Dino - Poop '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( June 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Spoiler Review : Stupidity Finds a Way '' . Collider . Complex Media . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Brian . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom is a stunning disappointment '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Machkovech , Sam ( June 22 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom review : This nonsense has gone full Sharknado '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Travis M. ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` The ' Jurassic World ' sequel achieves the impossible : It makes dinosaurs boring '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` Review : ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Finally Escapes The Island '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ DeFore , John ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Alex ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom '' . Exclaim ! . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Soans , Neil ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Movie Review '' . The Times of India . The Times Group . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Randolph , Grace ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 Fallen Kingdom SPOILER Review '' . Beyond the Trailer . YouTube . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Romano , Nick ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World 3 rampaging toward 2021 release date '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Life Continues to Find a Way as ' Jurassic World 3 ' is Already Dated for Release ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Variety is reporting that Jurassic World 3 , which surely wo n't actually be the official title , will be hitting theaters on June 11 , 2021 , three years after Fallen Kingdom . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` Steven Spielberg confirms Colin Trevorrow will direct third Jurassic World '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Universal launches plans for third ' Jurassic World ' film '' . ABC . Associated Press . February 21 , 2018 . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World 3 ' to Hit Theaters in June 2021 '' . Variety . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World 3 will be a ' science thriller , ' says Colin Trevorrow '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . External links Official website Official Dinosaur Protection Group website Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom on IMDb Jurassic Park Novels Jurassic Park The Lost World Films Jurassic Park The Lost World : Jurassic Park Jurassic Park III Jurassic World Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Music Jurassic Park The Lost World : Jurassic Park Jurassic Park III Jurassic World Spin - off novels Jurassic Park Adventures : Survivor Jurassic Park Adventures : Prey Jurassic Park Adventures : Flyers Theme park attractions Jurassic Park : The Ride Jurassic Park Rapids Adventure Canopy Flyer Dino - Soarin ' The Flying Dinosaur Jurassic World Related Cloned animals Characters Video games Song Isla Nublar Lego Jurassic World : The Indominus Escape Films directed by J.A. Bayona The Orphanage ( 2007 ) The Impossible ( 2012 ) A Monster Calls ( 2016 ) Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ( 2018 ) Colin Trevorrow Films written and directed Home Base ( 2002 ) Reality Show ( 2004 ; written with Daniel Klein ) Jurassic World ( 2015 ; written with Derek Connolly and Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver ) Directed only Safety Not Guaranteed ( 2012 ; written by Derek Connolly ) The Book of Henry ( 2017 ; written by Gregg Hurwitz ) Written only Making Revolution ( 2003 , written with Daniel Klein and Brandon Krueger ; directed by Klein ) Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ( 2018 , written with Derek Connolly ; directed by J.A. Bayona ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jurassic_World:_Fallen_Kingdom&oldid=854633625 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films 2010s adventure films 2018 3D films American films American adventure films American disaster films American science fiction films American sequel films Amblin Entertainment films Biological weapons in popular culture Dinosaur films Films about animal rights Films about cloning Films about orphans Films about volcanoes Films based on works by Michael Crichton Films directed by J.A. Bayona Films produced by Frank Marshall Films scored by Michael Giacchino Films set in 2018 Films set in amusement parks Films set in Costa Rica Films set on islands Films set in California Films shot in England Films shot at Pinewood Studios Films shot in Hawaii Films shot in Argyll and Bute Jurassic Park films Science fiction adventure films Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Articles with short description Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 19 : 26 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where was the lockwood estate filmed in jurassic world | [
"In April 2017, scenes were filmed at East Berkshire College in Berkshire, England,[120] and at Loch Long in Argyll and Bute, Scotland.[121] Also that month, filming took place at Hartland Park—formerly the Pyestock jet engine test site—in Fleet, Hampshire, England,[122][123] where the film's opening sequence was shot. The scene was filmed through the night and involved helicopters, rain machines, and lightning simulators to depict a thunderstorm.[3] Bayona described the opening scene as a \"massive action piece\" that resembled the prologues used in James Bond films.[124] Scenes were filmed on sets at Hawley Common, also in Hampshire,[123] where the exterior of Lockwood's mansion was built, as well as a mainland loading dock where the dinosaurs are brought.[3] The exterior of the ship that transports Isla Nublar's dinosaurs to the mainland was created entirely through computer-generated effects by Industrial Light & Magic (ILM), which worked on the previous films. The ship's interior was constructed by Nicholson and his team as a large set at Pinewood Studios, and after filming, the set was rebuilt to depict the large rooftop of the Lockwood Estate.[3] The exterior of the Cragside country house in Northumberland, England, along with its coniferous surrounding, was used to depict the Lockwood Estate exterior. The film crew took plate shots of Cragside and used a computer to combine the shots with footage filmed on set to create the exterior of the Lockwood Estate. No actors were involved in the Cragside shoot.[125][126]\n",
"In April 2017, scenes were filmed at East Berkshire College in Berkshire, England,[120] and at Loch Long in Argyll and Bute, Scotland.[121] Also that month, filming took place at Hartland Park—formerly the Pyestock jet engine test site—in Fleet, Hampshire, England,[122][123] where the film's opening sequence was shot. The scene was filmed through the night and involved helicopters, rain machines, and lightning simulators to depict a thunderstorm.[3] Bayona described the opening scene as a \"massive action piece\" that resembled the prologues used in James Bond films.[124] Scenes were filmed on sets at Hawley Common, also in Hampshire,[123] where the exterior of Lockwood's mansion was built, as well as a mainland loading dock where the dinosaurs are brought.[3] The exterior of the ship that transports Isla Nublar's dinosaurs to the mainland was created entirely through computer-generated effects by Industrial Light & Magic (ILM), which worked on the previous films. The ship's interior was constructed by Nicholson and his team as a large set at Pinewood Studios, and after filming, the set was rebuilt to depict the large rooftop of the Lockwood Estate.[3] The exterior of the Cragside country house in Northumberland, England, along with its coniferous surrounding, was used to depict the Lockwood Estate exterior. The film crew took plate shots of Cragside and used a computer to combine the shots with footage filmed on set to create the exterior of the Lockwood Estate. No actors were involved in the Cragside shoot.[125][126]\n",
"In April 2017, scenes were filmed at East Berkshire College in Berkshire, England,[120] and at Loch Long in Argyll and Bute, Scotland.[121] Also that month, filming took place at Hartland Park—formerly the Pyestock jet engine test site—in Fleet, Hampshire, England,[122][123] where the film's opening sequence was shot. The scene was filmed through the night and involved helicopters, rain machines, and lightning simulators to depict a thunderstorm.[3] Bayona described the opening scene as a \"massive action piece\" that resembled the prologues used in James Bond films.[124] Scenes were filmed on sets at Hawley Common, also in Hampshire,[123] where the exterior of Lockwood's mansion was built, as well as a mainland loading dock where the dinosaurs are brought.[3] The exterior of the ship that transports Isla Nublar's dinosaurs to the mainland was created entirely through computer-generated effects by Industrial Light & Magic (ILM), which worked on the previous films. The ship's interior was constructed by Nicholson and his team as a large set at Pinewood Studios, and after filming, the set was rebuilt to depict the large rooftop of the Lockwood Estate.[3] The exterior of the Cragside country house in Northumberland, England, along with its coniferous surrounding, was used to depict the Lockwood Estate exterior. The film crew took plate shots of Cragside and used a computer to combine the shots with footage filmed on set to create the exterior of the Lockwood Estate. No actors were involved in the Cragside shoot.[125][126]\n",
"In April 2017, scenes were filmed at East Berkshire College in Berkshire, England,[120] and at Loch Long in Argyll and Bute, Scotland.[121] Also that month, filming took place at Hartland Park—formerly the Pyestock jet engine test site—in Fleet, Hampshire, England,[122][123] where the film's opening sequence was shot. The scene was filmed through the night and involved helicopters, rain machines, and lightning simulators to depict a thunderstorm.[3] Bayona described the opening scene as a \"massive action piece\" that resembled the prologues used in James Bond films.[124] Scenes were filmed on sets at Hawley Common, also in Hampshire,[123] where the exterior of Lockwood's mansion was built, as well as a mainland loading dock where the dinosaurs are brought.[3] The exterior of the ship that transports Isla Nublar's dinosaurs to the mainland was created entirely through computer-generated effects by Industrial Light & Magic (ILM), which worked on the previous films. The ship's interior was constructed by Nicholson and his team as a large set at Pinewood Studios, and after filming, the set was rebuilt to depict the large rooftop of the Lockwood Estate.[3] The exterior of the Cragside country house in Northumberland, England, along with its coniferous surrounding, was used to depict the Lockwood Estate exterior. The film crew took plate shots of Cragside and used a computer to combine the shots with footage filmed on set to create the exterior of the Lockwood Estate. No actors were involved in the Cragside shoot.[125][126]\n"
] | [
"sets at Hawley Common",
"Hampshire",
"Pinewood Studios",
"The exterior of the Cragside country house in Northumberland, England, along with its coniferous surrounding"
] |
-2657865642142974628 | List of fastest-selling products | List of fastest - selling products - Wikipedia List of fastest - selling products Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of the fastest - selling product superlatives . The definition of `` fastest - selling '' typically refers to sales results in the first week of a product 's release , ( i.e. , which product had the biggest launch ) . Sometimes , rather than comparing sales figures relative to time , the target to be reached is fixed ( e.g. sales at 5 million units ) , and the comparison is based upon how many weeks it takes to reach it ( e.g. 52 weeks vs. 56 weeks ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Books 2 Cars 3 Consumer electronics 4 Music 4.1 Albums 4.2 Concerts 5 Smartphones 6 Video games 7 Miscellaneous 8 References Books ( edit ) 2014 Book -- Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows by J.K. Rowling selling approximately 15 million copies worldwide in its first day . 2014 Book -- Children 's book The English Roses by Madonna is the fastest - selling children 's book of all time . 2012 Novel -- Erotica novel Fifty Shades of Grey by E.L. James selling more than 100,000 copies in its first week . Cars ( edit ) 2016 Car -- Tesla , Inc . Model 3 reservations for over 180,000 units , the record for the highest single - day commitment of cars . 276,000 units pre-sold in the first 3 days , equivalent to US $11.5 billion . 2014 Car -- Tesla , Inc . Model X having advanced sales of over $40 million without any advertising . 2012 Car ( US ) -- Toyota Prius c is fastest selling cars of 2012 . 2012 Hybrid Vehicle -- Ford C - Max Hybrid is fastest selling hybrid vehicle ever by Ford . Consumer Electronics ( edit ) 2017 Game Console ( Japan ) -- Nintendo Switch selling 1.3 million units in 1 week . 2010 Gaming Peripheral -- Kinect selling 8 million units in its first 60 days on sale . 2010 Operating System -- Windows 7 selling over 90 million licenses in around 4 months . 2010 Reader Device -- Barnes & Noble Product Nook titles were sold and downloaded almost a million on Christmas Day alone . Music ( edit ) Albums ( edit ) 2015 Album ( UK ) -- 25 by Adele selling 800,307 units in its first week . 2015 Album ( US ) -- 25 by Adele selling 3,378,000 units in its first week . 2015 Album ( worldwide ) -- 25 by Adele selling 3,378,000 units in its first week . 2012 Album ( UK ) -- Unorthodox Jukebox by Bruno Mars , selling 136,000 copies in 1 week . 2012 Single -- Impossible by James Arthur , selling 490,000 copies on 1 week . 2012 Single -- Live While We 're Young by One Direction , reaching # 1 in 40 countries immediately after pre-order release on iTunes . 2006 Debut Album ( UK ) -- Whatever People Say I Am , That 's What I 'm Not by indie rock band Arctic Monkeys selling over 360,000 copies in its first week . 2002 Debut single ( UK ) -- Anything is Possible / Evergreen by Will Young selling 1.11 million copies in its first week . 2001 Album ( Japan ) -- Distance by Hikaru Utada selling 3,002,720 units in its first week . 1997 Single ( UK ) -- Candle in the Wind 1997 by Elton John selling 1.5 million copies in its first week . 1997 Single ( US ) -- Candle in the Wind 1997 by Elton John selling 3.5 million copies in its first week . 1990 Hip hop Album -- To the Extreme by Vanilla Ice peaking at # 1 , staying on the charts for 16 weeks , and selling eleven million copies . 1964 Album ( US ) -- John Fitzgerald Kennedy -- A Memorial Album , recorded on the day of John F. Kennedy 's assassination , sold 4 million copies at 99 cents each within six days of its release . 1964 Single ( US ) -- Ca n't Buy Me Love by The Beatles selling 940,225 copies in its first day . Concerts ( edit ) 2015 Concert ( Korea ) -- EXO Planet # 2 -- The Exo'luxion Concert at the Olympic Gymnastics Arena sold out ( 67,040 tickets ) in 0.4 seconds . 2014 Concert ( Korea ) -- EXO Planet # 1 -- The Lost Planet Concert at the Olympic Gymnastics Arena sold out ( 42,000 tickets ) in 1.47 seconds . 2013 Show ( UK ) -- The return of Monty Python 's Flying Circus at London 's O2 Arena , sold out ( 14,500 tickets ) in 43.5 seconds . 2012 Concert ( UK ) -- The Stone Roses at Manchester 's Heaton Park , sold out ( 220,000 tickets ) in 68 minutes . 2012 Concert ( Japan ) -- TVXQ Live Tour 2012 ' TONE ' Concert at Tokyo Dome sold out ( 165,000 tickets ) within 30 seconds . 2008 Concert ( Japan ) -- TVXQ 3rd Live Tour ~ T ~ Concert at Saitama Super Arena sold out ( 40,000 tickets ) in 1 second . Smartphones ( edit ) 2014 Samsung Electronics -- Galaxy S5 sold 11 million units during the first month of availability . 2014 Apple Inc. -- iPhone 6s pre-orders exceeded 4 million units in 24 hours . 2012 Apple Inc. -- iPhone 5 pre-orders exceeded 2 million in 24 hours of its launch . Video games ( edit ) 2017 Nintendo Switch and Wii U Game -- The Legend of Zelda : Breath of the Wild is considered Nintendo 's fastest selling launch title of all time with 1.3 Million units sold in US alone in its first month ( 925,000 units on Switch and 460,000 units on Wii U ) . 2017 Nintendo Switch Game -- Mario Kart 8 Deluxe is considered the fast selling game in Mario Kart 's franchise history with over 1.0 million units sold in its first 3 days ( 459,000 units in USA in 2 days ) . 2016 PlayStation 4 Game -- Final Fantasy XV shipped 5 million units on its first day . 2013 Xbox 360 Game -- Grand Theft Auto V sold 12 million units in its first day making $800 million in sales ( including pre-orders ) and 16.5 million units in three days ( $1 billion in sales ) . 2013 Nintendo 3DS Game -- Pokémon X and Y selling 4 million units in two days . 2012 PC Game -- Diablo III selling 6.3 million units in its first week . 2012 Mobile Game -- Angry Birds Space has been downloaded 50 million times in 35 days , making it the fast selling mobile game of all time . 2012 Xbox Live Game -- Minecraft selling 100,000 units within its first day . 2012 PlayStation Network Game -- Journey is the fastest - selling game ever released in the SCEA region on the PlayStation Network . 2011 Steam Game -- The Elder Scrolls V : Skyrim sold 10 million units for the PC , PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 platforms in about a month and 7 million in the first week . 2011 IP ( UK ) -- L.A. Noire becomes fastest selling IP in the UK . 2008 Wii Game -- Super Smash Bros. Brawl selling 2.7 million units in its first week . 2007 Nintendo DS Game -- Pokémon Diamond and Pearl selling 1.757 million units in its first week . 2004 PlayStation 2 Game -- Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas selling 2.06 million units in its first week . 2000 Game Boy Color Game -- Pokémon Gold and Silver selling 1.4 million units in its first week . Miscellaneous ( edit ) 2014 Jetliner Family -- Airbus A320 sold 250 airplanes in one order with list price of $26.6 billion minus discounts . 2012 Perfume -- Lady Gaga Fame by Lady Gaga was the fastest selling perfume after Coco Chanel . 2011 Jetliner Family -- Boeing 737 MAX was ordered more than 900 airplanes from 13 customers during launch with the real market value of the order is estimated at about $10.5 billion . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fastest selling book - Harry Potter final book set world record . Worldrecordsacademy.org ( July 21 , 2007 ) . Retrieved on June 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Top 10 Bafflingly Dumb Celebrity Side Projects . Toptenz.net ( November 28 , 2011 ) . Retrieved on June 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Twilight - Inspired Erotica Becomes Fastest Selling Book of 2012 Cultural Transmogrifier Magazine . Ctzine.com ( April 30 , 2012 ) . Retrieved on June 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tesla 's Model 3 Already Has 325,000 Preorders '' . New York Times . 7 April 2016 . Retrieved 6 November 2016 . `` We are not aware of any precedent of this level of order interest for any other car , '' Adam Jonas , a Morgan Stanley analyst , wrote in a research note . Jump up ^ Stoll , John ( 2016 - 02 - 10 ) . `` Tesla 's Musk : Model 3 Orders Surpassed 115,000 Within 24 Hours '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Randall , Tom ( 2016 - 04 - 21 ) . `` Ten Charts That Will Make You Rethink Tesla 's Model 3 '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Tesla 's Model 3 is Smashing Sales Records . NY Post . Retrieved on April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Baker , David R. ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Tesla Model 3 reservations top 232,000 '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 14 . Tesla Motors had sold 107,000 Model S cars by the end of 2015 Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Tim ( 2016 - 04 - 03 ) . `` Tesla Model 3 orders point to potential $11.5 bn sales '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ ( in Norwegian Bokmål ) Model X , Fastest Selling Tesla Ever Press Releases . Tesla Motors . Retrieved on June 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Fastest Selling Cars In America '' . 2012 . Retrieved June 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ford C - Max `` Fastest Selling Hybrid Vehicle Ever at Launch '' Says Ford In - Car Tech . Technologytell.com ( December 26 , 2012 ) . Retrieved on June 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo Switch Is Nintendo 's Fastest - Selling Console Ever In The Americas , Europe , and Australia '' . March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kinect Confirmed As Fastest - Selling Consumer Electronics Device . community.guinnessworldrecords.com Jump up ^ `` Microsoft : Windows 7 is the fastest selling OS in history , over 90 million licenses sold '' . Retrieved June 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tabletedia.com . Tabletedia.com . Retrieved on June 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Adele 's 25 makes UK chart history with 800,000 album sales '' . Retrieved November 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adele 's ' 25 ' Is the 20th Album to Sell a Million Copies in a Week : See the Full List '' . Retrieved November 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bruno Mars Scores Fastest - Selling UK Album Of 2012 With ' Unorthodox Jukebox ' -- Celebrity Gossip , News & Photos , Movie Reviews , Competitions . Entertainmentwise ( December 17 , 2012 ) . Retrieved on June 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur scores fastest - selling single of the year '' . The Guardian . London . December 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ One Direction 's New Single ' Live While We 're Young ' Fastest Selling Pre-Order Record In History -- ARIA Music News . Ariacharts.com.au . Retrieved on June 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Arctic Monkeys Earn Fastest - Selling U.K. Debut '' . January 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 年 04 月 第 2 週 の 邦楽 アルバム ランキング 情報 '' . Oricon ( in japan ) . Retrieved June 15 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Doyle , Jack ( 26 April 2008 ) . `` Candle in the Wind , 1973 & 1997 '' . PopHistoryDig.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ McWhirter , Alan R. ( 1975 ) . Guinness Book of World Records 1975 . Sterling . p. 241 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ Spizer , Bruce ( 1 March 2000 ) . The Beatles ' Story on Capitol Records : Beatlemania & the Singles . Midpoint Trade Books . p. 36 . Jump up ^ EXO Concert Tickets sold out in 0.4 Seconds . kpopviral.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ticket sales for EXO 's first solo concert in Seoul begin today . allkpop.com ( April 16 , 2014 ) . Retrieved on June 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Hayley ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Monty Python reunion sells out despite extra dates '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ Stone Roses Set World Record for Fastest Selling U.K. Concerts . Diffuser.fm ( September 7 , 2012 ) . Retrieved on June 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TVXQ 's Tokyo and Kyocera Dome Concert Sold Out 300,000 Tickets in 2 Minutes ! '' . KpopStarz. 2012 - 04 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` TVXQ 's tickets sold - out in just ... '' . krnloop . Yonhap . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ Michael Kan ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` Samsung 's Galaxy S5 sales outpace S4 's in first month '' . Jump up ^ `` iPhone 6 Pre-Orders Break Record '' . September 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Press Info -- iPhone 5 Pre-Orders Top Two Million in First 24 Hours . Apple ( September 17 , 2012 ) . Retrieved on June 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wait , How Did ' Zelda : Breath of the Wild ' For Switch Outsell The Switch Itself ? '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ brandonthomasorselli ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) . `` Mario Kart 8 Deluxe Sales Top 459,000 Units in USA , Fastest - Selling Mario Kart Game '' . Niche Gamer . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Final Fantasy XV Tops 5 Million In Worldwide Shipment ; Fastest - Selling Title From The Series '' . siliconera.com . December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Theft Auto V sales reach $1 billion in three days '' . September 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pokemon X and Y Sales Figures Revealed '' . October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Diablo III becomes fastest - selling PC game ever , deluge of broken PC mice likely to follow '' . May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Page , Carly ( April 30 , 2012 ) . `` Angry Birds Space crowned fastest selling mobile game ever '' . Jump up ^ `` Minecraft becomes the fastest - selling game on Xbox Live '' . Retrieved June 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Journey is PSN 's Fastest - Selling Game , Soundtrack Coming Soon '' . March 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lufkin , Bryan ( March 29 , 2012 ) . `` Journey Becomes Fastest - Selling PlayStation Download Ever '' . Wired . Retrieved June 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Valve : Skyrim fastest - selling game in Steam history '' . Retrieved June 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Elder Scrolls V ' shipments top 7 million '' . USATODAY.COM . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ L.A. Noire becomes fastest selling IP in the UK Xboxer . Xboxer360.com . Retrieved on June 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Airbus Industrie 's A320 Fastest Selling Aircraft -- ABC News . Abcnews.go.com . Retrieved on June 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IndiGo Confirms $27 Billion Order to Buy 250 Airbus Planes '' . Bloomberg.com . August 17 , 2015 . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Have you heard ? : Everyone is going gaga over Gaga 's perfume -- The Express Tribune . Tribune.com.pk ( December 25 , 2012 ) . Retrieved on June 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bader , Tim ( December 13 , 2011 ) . `` Boeing 737 MAX Logs First Firm Order from Launch Customer Southwest Airlines '' . Boeing . Retrieved December 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gates , Dominic ( December 14 , 2011 ) . `` Southwest 's order gives huge boost to Boeing 's 737 MAX program '' . The Seattle Times . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2016 . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_fastest-selling_products&oldid=807141149 '' Categories : Business - related lists Records by subject Retailing - related lists Hidden categories : Articles with Norwegian Bokmål - language external links CS1 maint : Unrecognized language Use mdy dates from June 2014 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from June 2014 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 04 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who holds the record for fastest sold out concert | [
"2015 Concert (Korea) – EXO Planet ＃2 – The Exo'luxion Concert at the Olympic Gymnastics Arena sold out (67,040 tickets) in 0.4 seconds.[27]"
] | [
"EXO Planet ＃2"
] |
-4301185971798741295 | France at the FIFA World Cup | France at the FIFA World Cup - wikipedia France at the FIFA World Cup Jump to : navigation , search This is a record of France 's results at the FIFA World Cup . France was one of the four European teams that participated at the inaugural World Cup in 1930 and have appeared in 14 FIFA World Cups , tied for the sixth most of any country . The national team is one of eight national teams to have won at least one FIFA World Cup title . The French team won its first and only World Cup title in 1998 . The tournament was played on home soil and France defeated Brazil 3 -- 0 in the final match . The tournament was hosted in France once before in 1938 , where France was eliminated by defending champions Italy in the quarter finals . In 2006 , France finished as runners - up losing 5 -- 3 on penalties to Italy . The team has also finished in third place on two occasions in 1958 and 1986 and in fourth place once in 1982 . Contents ( hide ) 1 FIFA World Cup record 2 By match 3 France at the 1998 FIFA World Cup 3.1 France vs South Africa 3.2 France vs Saudi Arabia 3.3 France vs Denmark 3.4 Second Round France vs Paraguay 3.5 Quarter - Final Italy vs France 3.6 Semi-Final France vs Croatia 3.7 Final 4 Record players 5 Top goalscorers 6 References 7 External links FIFA World Cup record ( edit ) Year Result Position GP D * GS GA 1930 Group Stage 7th 0 1934 First Round 9th 32 0 0 1938 Quarter Final 6th 0 1950 Originally did not qualify , then invited , later withdrew 1954 Group Stage 11th 0 1958 Third Place 3rd 6 0 23 15 1962 Did not qualify 1966 Group Stage 13th 0 5 1970 Did not qualify 1978 Group Stage 12th 0 5 5 1982 Fourth Place 4th 7 16 12 1986 Third Place 3rd 7 12 6 Did not qualify 1998 Champions 1st 7 6 0 15 2002 Group Stage 28th 0 0 2006 Runners - up 2nd 7 0 9 Group Stage 29th 0 2014 Quarter Final 7th 5 10 2018 Qualified 2022 To be determined Total 14 / 20 1 Title 59 28 12 19 106 71 Year Manager Captain Winning Goal Scorer 1998 Aimé Jacquet Didier Deschamps Zinedine Zidane , Emmanuel Petit By match ( edit ) Year as Round Against Score Scorers 1930 Group 1 Mexico 4 -- 1 Laurent , Langiller , Maschinot ( 2 ) Group 1 Argentina 0 -- 1 Group 1 Chile 0 -- 1 1934 Round 1 Austria 2 -- 3 ( AET ) Nicolas , Verriest 1938 Round 1 Belgium 3 -- 1 Veinante , Nicolas ( 2 ) Quarter - Final Italy 1 -- 3 Heisserer 1954 Group 1 Yugoslavia 0 -- 1 Group 1 Mexico 3 -- 2 Vincent , Cardenas , Kopa 1958 Group 2 Paraguay 7 -- 3 Fontaine ( 3 ) , Piantoni , Wisnieski , Kopa , Vincent Group 2 Yugoslavia 2 -- 3 Fontaine ( 2 ) Group 2 Scotland 2 -- 1 Kopa , Fontaine Quarter - Final Northern Ireland 4 -- 0 Wisnieski , Fontaine ( 2 ) , Piantoni Semi-Final Brazil 2 -- 5 Fontaine , Piantoni Bronze Final West Germany 6 -- 3 Fontaine ( 4 ) , Kopa , Douis 1966 Group 1 Mexico 1 -- 1 Hausser Group 1 Uruguay 1 -- 2 De Bourgoing Group 1 England 0 -- 2 1978 Group 1 Italy 1 -- 2 Lacombe Group 1 Argentina 1 -- 2 Platini Group 1 Hungary 3 -- 1 Lopez , Berdoll , Rocheteau 1982 Group 4 England 1 -- 3 Soler Group 4 Kuwait 4 -- 1 Genghini , Platini , Six , Bossis Group 4 Czechoslovakia 1 -- 1 Six Group D Round 2 Austria 1 -- 0 Group D Round 2 Northern Ireland 4 -- 1 Giresse ( 2 ) , Rocheteau ( 2 ) Semi-Final West Germany 3 -- 3 ( AET ) , 4 -- 5 ( p ) Platini , Tresor , Giresse Bronze Final Poland 2 -- 3 Girard , Couriol 1986 Group C Canada 1 -- 0 Papin Group C Soviet Union 1 -- 1 Fernández Group C Hungary 3 -- 0 Stopyra , Tigana , Rocheteau Round of 16 Italy 2 -- 0 Platini , Stopyra Quarter - Final Brazil 1 -- 1 ( AET ) , 4 -- 3 ( p ) Platini Semi-Final West Germany 0 -- 2 Bronze Final Belgium 4 -- 2 ( AET ) Ferreri , Papin , Genghini , Amoros 1998 Group C South Africa 3 -- 0 Dugarry , Issa ( OG ) , Henry Group C Saudi Arabia 4 -- 0 Henry , Trezeguet , Lizarazu Group C Denmark 2 -- 1 Djorkaeff , Petit Round of 16 Paraguay 1 -- 0 ( AET ) , Blanc Quarter - Final Italy 0 -- 0 ( AET ) , 4 -- 3 ( p ) Semi-Final Croatia 2 -- 1 Thuram ( 2 ) Final Brazil 3 -- 0 Zidane ( 2 ) , Petit 2002 Group A Senegal 0 -- 1 Group A Uruguay 0 -- 0 Group A Denmark 0 -- 2 2006 Group G Switzerland 0 -- 0 Group G South Korea 1 -- 1 Henry Group G Togo 2 -- 0 Vieira , Henry Round of 16 Spain 3 -- 1 Ribéry , Vieira , Zidane Quarter - Final Brazil 1 -- 0 Henry Semi-Final Portugal 1 -- 0 Zidane Final Italy 1 -- 1 ( AET ) , 3 -- 5 ( p ) Zidane Group A Uruguay 0 -- 0 Group A Mexico 0 -- 2 Group A South Africa 1 -- 2 Malouda 2014 Group E Honduras 3 -- 0 Benzema ( 2 ) , Valladares ( OG ) Group E Switzerland 5 -- 2 Giroud , Matuidi , Valbuena , Benzema , Sissoko Group E Ecuador 0 -- 0 Round of 16 Nigeria 2 -- 0 Pogba , Yobo ( OG ) Quarter - Final Germany 0 -- 1 2018 Group C Australia -- Group C Peru -- Group C Denmark -- France at the 1998 FIFA World Cup ( edit ) 1998 FIFA World Cup Squad Head coach : Aimé Jacquet No . Pos . Player Date of birth ( age ) Caps Club 1GK Bernard Lama ( 1963 - 04 - 07 ) 7 April 1963 ( aged 35 ) 37 Paris Saint Germain 2DF Vincent Candela ( 1973 - 10 - 24 ) 24 October 1973 ( aged 24 ) 10 Roma 2DF Bixente Lizarazu ( 1969 - 12 - 09 ) 9 December 1969 ( aged 28 ) 32 Bayern Munich 3MF Patrick Vieira ( 1976 - 06 - 23 ) 23 June 1976 ( aged 21 ) 7 Arsenal 5 2DF Laurent Blanc ( 1965 - 11 - 19 ) 19 November 1965 ( aged 32 ) 68 Marseille 6 4FW Youri Djorkaeff ( 1968 - 03 - 09 ) 9 March 1968 ( aged 30 ) 37 Internazionale 7 3MF Didier Deschamps ( c ) ( 1968 - 10 - 15 ) 15 October 1968 ( aged 29 ) 69 Juventus 8 2DF Marcel Desailly ( 1968 - 09 - 07 ) 7 September 1968 ( aged 29 ) 41 Milan 9 4FW Stéphane Guivarc'h ( 1970 - 09 - 06 ) 6 September 1970 ( aged 27 ) 6 Auxerre 10 3MF Zinedine Zidane ( 1972 - 06 - 23 ) 23 June 1972 ( aged 25 ) 33 Juventus 11 3MF Robert Pirès ( 1973 - 10 - 29 ) 29 October 1973 ( aged 24 ) 13 Metz 12 4FW Thierry Henry ( 1977 - 08 - 17 ) 17 August 1977 ( aged 20 ) Monaco 13 3MF Bernard Diomède ( 1974 - 01 - 23 ) 23 January 1974 ( aged 24 ) 6 Auxerre 14 3MF Alain Boghossian ( 1970 - 10 - 27 ) 27 October 1970 ( aged 27 ) 6 Sampdoria 15 2DF Lilian Thuram ( 1972 - 01 - 01 ) 1 January 1972 ( aged 26 ) 32 Parma 16 1GK Fabien Barthez ( 1971 - 06 - 28 ) 28 June 1971 ( aged 26 ) 12 Monaco 17 3MF Emmanuel Petit ( 1970 - 09 - 22 ) 22 September 1970 ( aged 27 ) 17 Arsenal 18 2DF Frank Lebœuf ( 1968 - 01 - 22 ) 22 January 1968 ( aged 30 ) 13 Chelsea 19 3MF Christian Karembeu ( 1970 - 12 - 03 ) 3 December 1970 ( aged 27 ) 31 Real Madrid 20 4FW David Trezeguet ( 1977 - 10 - 15 ) 15 October 1977 ( aged 20 ) Monaco 21 4FW Christophe Dugarry ( 1972 - 03 - 24 ) 24 March 1972 ( aged 26 ) 23 Marseille 22 1GK Lionel Charbonnier ( 1966 - 10 - 25 ) 25 October 1966 ( aged 31 ) Auxerre France vs South Africa ( edit ) 12 June 1998 21 : 00 France 3 -- 0 South Africa Dugarry 36 ' Issa 77 ' ( o.g. ) Henry 90 + 2 ' Report Stade Vélodrome , Marseille Attendance : 55,000 Referee : Márcio Rezende de Freitas ( Brazil ) GK 16 Fabien Barthez RB 15 Lilian Thuram CB 8 Marcel Desailly CB 5 Laurent Blanc LB Bixente Lizarazu CM 7 Didier Deschamps ( c ) 53 ' CM 17 Emmanuel Petit 28 ' 73 ' RW 6 Youri Djorkaeff 84 ' AM 10 Zinedine Zidane 75 ' LW 12 Thierry Henry CF 9 Stéphane Guivarc'h 26 ' Substitutions : FW 21 Christophe Dugarry 26 ' MF 14 Alain Boghossian 73 ' FW 20 David Trezeguet 84 ' Manager : Aimé Jacquet GK Hans Vonk DF David Nyathi DF Willem Jackson 39 ' DF 5 Mark Fish DF 19 Lucas Radebe ( c ) DF 21 Pierre Issa MF 7 Quinton Fortune MF 10 John Moshoeu FW 6 Phil Masinga FW 12 Brendan Augustine 56 ' FW 17 Benni McCarthy 89 ' Substitutions : MF 11 Helman Mkhalele 56 ' FW 9 Shaun Bartlett 89 ' Manager : Philippe Troussier Assistant referees : Arnaldo Pinto ( Brazil ) Merere Gonzales ( Trinidad and Tobago ) Fourth official : Mario Sánchez Yanten ( Chile ) France vs Saudi Arabia ( edit ) 18 June 1998 21 : 00 France 4 -- 0 Saudi Arabia Henry 37 ' , 78 ' Trezeguet 68 ' Lizarazu 85 ' Report Stade de France , Saint - Denis Attendance : 80,000 Referee : Arturo Brizio Carter ( Mexico ) GK 16 Fabien Barthez DF Bixente Lizarazu 50 ' DF 5 Laurent Blanc 36 ' DF 8 Marcel Desailly DF 15 Lilian Thuram MF 7 Didier Deschamps ( c ) MF 10 Zinedine Zidane 71 ' MF 13 Bernard Diomède 58 ' MF 14 Alain Boghossian FW 12 Thierry Henry 79 ' FW 21 Christophe Dugarry 30 ' Substitutions : FW 20 David Trezeguet 30 ' MF 6 Youri Djorkaeff 58 ' MF 11 Robert Pirès 79 ' Manager : Aimé Jacquet GK Mohamed Al - Deayea DF Mohammed Al - Jahani 7 ' 76 ' DF Mohammed Al - Khilaiwi 19 ' DF Abdullah Zubromawi DF 13 Hussein Sulaimani MF 6 Fuad Amin ( c ) MF 7 Ibrahim Al - Shahrani MF 16 Khamis Al - Owairan MF 20 Hamzah Saleh FW 9 Sami Al - Jaber 82 ' FW 10 Saeed Al - Owairan 33 ' Substitutions : MF 12 Ibrahim Al - Harbi 33 ' 65 ' MF 14 Khalid Al - Muwallid 65 ' DF 17 Ahmed Dokhi 76 ' Manager : Carlos Alberto Parreira Assistant referees : Reynaldo Salinas ( Honduras ) Luis Torres Zúñiga ( Costa Rica ) Fourth official : Alberto Tejada Noriega ( Peru ) France vs Denmark ( edit ) 24 June 1998 16 : 00 France 2 -- 1 Denmark Djorkaeff 12 ' ( pen . ) Petit 56 ' Report M. Laudrup 42 ' ( pen . ) Stade Gerland , Lyon Attendance : 39,100 Referee : Pierluigi Collina ( Italy ) GK 16 Fabien Barthez DF Vincent Candela DF 8 Marcel Desailly ( c ) DF 18 Franck Leboeuf MF Patrick Vieira 62 ' MF 6 Youri Djorkaeff MF 11 Robert Pirès 71 ' MF 13 Bernard Diomède 53 ' MF 17 Emmanuel Petit 64 ' MF 19 Christian Karembeu FW 20 David Trezeguet 85 ' Substitutions : MF 14 Alain Boghossian 64 ' FW 12 Thierry Henry 71 ' FW 9 Stéphane Guivarc'h 85 ' Manager : Aimé Jacquet GK Peter Schmeichel DF Michael Schjønberg DF Marc Rieper DF Jes Høgh DF 5 Jan Heintze DF 6 Thomas Helveg DF 13 Jacob Laursen 46 ' MF 7 Allan Nielsen MF 10 Michael Laudrup ( c ) MF 21 Martin Jørgensen 54 ' FW 11 Brian Laudrup 75 ' Substitutions : DF 12 Søren Colding 65 ' 46 ' FW 19 Ebbe Sand 54 ' MF 15 Stig Tøfting 78 ' 75 ' Manager : Bo Johansson Assistant referees : Nimal Wickeramatunge ( Sri Lanka ) Emanuel Zammit ( Malta ) Fourth official : Vítor Melo Pereira ( Portugal ) Second Round France vs Paraguay ( edit ) 28 June 1998 16 : 30 France 1 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Paraguay Blanc 113 ' Report Stade Félix - Bollaert , Lens Attendance : 38,100 Referee : Ali Bujsaim ( United Arab Emirates ) GK 16 Fabien Barthez RB 15 Lilian Thuram CB 5 Laurent Blanc CB 8 Marcel Desailly LB Bixente Lizarazu CM 7 Didier Deschamps ( c ) CM 17 Emmanuel Petit 69 ' RW 13 Bernard Diomède 76 ' LW 6 Youri Djorkaeff CF 20 David Trezeguet CF 12 Thierry Henry 64 ' Substitutes : MF 11 Robert Pirès 64 ' MF 14 Alain Boghossian 69 ' FW 9 Stéphane Guivarc'h 76 ' Manager : Aimé Jacquet GK José Luis Chilavert ( c ) 19 ' RB Francisco Arce 84 ' CB Carlos Gamarra CB 5 Celso Ayala LB 11 Pedro Sarabia CM 10 Roberto Acuña CM 16 Julio César Enciso 32 ' CM 13 Carlos Humberto Paredes 74 ' AM 21 Jorge Luis Campos 55 ' AM 15 Miguel Ángel Benítez 23 ' CF 9 José Cardozo 91 ' Substitutes : MF 7 Julio César Yegros 55 ' DF 20 Denis Caniza 74 ' MF 8 Aristides Rojas 91 ' Manager : Paulo César Carpegiani Assistant referees : Nimal Wickeramatunge ( Sri Lanka ) Lencie Fred ( Vanuatu ) Fourth official : Esse Baharmast ( United States ) Quarter - Final Italy vs France ( edit ) 3 July 1998 16 : 30 Italy 0 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) France Report Penalties R. Baggio Albertini Costacurta Vieri Di Biagio 3 -- 4 Zidane Lizarazu Trezeguet Henry Blanc Stade de France , Saint - Denis Attendance : 77,000 Referee : Hugh Dallas ( Scotland ) GK 12 Gianluca Pagliuca RB Giuseppe Bergomi 28 ' CB Fabio Cannavaro CB 5 Alessandro Costacurta 113 ' LB Paolo Maldini ( c ) CM 11 Dino Baggio 52 ' CM 14 Luigi Di Biagio RW 17 Francesco Moriero LW 7 Gianluca Pessotto 90 ' SS 10 Alessandro Del Piero 26 ' 67 ' CF 21 Christian Vieri Substitutes : MF 9 Demetrio Albertini 52 ' FW 18 Roberto Baggio 67 ' MF 15 Angelo Di Livio 90 ' Manager : Cesare Maldini GK 16 Fabien Barthez RB 15 Lilian Thuram CB 5 Laurent Blanc CB 8 Marcel Desailly LB Bixente Lizarazu DM 7 Didier Deschamps ( c ) 62 ' RM 19 Christian Karembeu 65 ' LM 17 Emanuel Petit AM 10 Zinedine Zidane SS 6 Youri Djorkaeff CF 9 Stéphane Guivarc'h 53 ' 65 ' Substitutes : FW 12 Thierry Henry 65 ' FW 20 David Trezeguet 65 ' Manager : Aimé Jacquet Assistant referees : Mark Warren ( England ) Nicolae Grigorescu ( Romania ) Fourth official : Said Belqola ( Morocco ) Semi-Final France vs Croatia ( edit ) 8 July 1998 21 : 00 France 2 -- 1 Croatia Thuram 47 ' , 69 ' Report Šuker 46 ' Stade de France , Saint - Denis Attendance : 76,000 Referee : José García Aranda ( Spain ) GK 16 Fabien Barthez RB 15 Lilian Thuram CB 5 Laurent Blanc 76 ' CB 8 Marcel Desailly LB Bixente Lizarazu DM 7 Didier Deschamps ( c ) RM 19 Christian Karembeu 31 ' LM 17 Emmanuel Petit AM 10 Zinedine Zidane SS 6 Youri Djorkaeff 77 ' CF 9 Stéphane Guivarc'h 68 ' Substitutes : FW 12 Thierry Henry 31 ' FW 20 David Trezeguet 68 ' DF 18 Frank Leboeuf 77 ' Manager : Aimé Jacquet GK Dražen Ladić RB 20 Dario Šimić 88 ' CB 6 Slaven Bilić CB Igor Štimac LB 17 Robert Jarni DM 14 Zvonimir Soldo RM 7 Aljoša Asanović 45 ' LM 13 Mario Stanić 75 ' 89 ' AM 10 Zvonimir Boban ( c ) 66 ' SS 19 Goran Vlaović CF 9 Davor Šuker Substitutes : FW 11 Silvio Marić 66 ' MF 8 Robert Prosinečki 89 ' Manager : Miroslav Blažević Assistant referees : Fernando Tresaco Gracia ( Spain ) Jorge Díaz Gálvez ( Chile ) Fourth official : Epifanio González Chávez ( Paraguay ) Final ( edit ) Main article : 1998 FIFA World Cup Final The 1998 final was held on 12 July at the Stade de France , Saint - Denis . France defeated holders Brazil 3 -- 0 , with two goals from Zinedine Zidane and a stoppage time strike from Emmanuel Petit . The win gave France their first World Cup title , becoming the sixth national team after Uruguay , Italy , England , West Germany and Argentina to win the tournament on their home soil . They also inflicted the heaviest defeat on Brazil since 1930 . The pre-match build up was dominated by the omission of Brazilian striker Ronaldo from the starting lineup only to be reinstated 45 minutes before kick - off . He managed to create the first open chance for Brazil in the 22nd minute , dribbling past defender Thuram before sending a cross out on the left side that goalkeeper Fabien Barthez struggled to hold onto . France however took the lead in the 27th minute after Brazilian defender Roberto Carlos conceded a corner which Zidane scored with a header from the right . Three minutes before half - time , Zidane scored his second goal of the match , similarly another header from a corner , this time from the left side . The tournament hosts went down to ten men in the 68th minute as Marcel Desailly was sent off for a second bookable offence . Brazil reacted to this by making an attacking substitution and although they applied pressure France sealed the win with a third goal : substitute Patrick Vieira set up his club teammate Petit in a counterattack to shoot low past goalkeeper Cláudio Taffarel . French president Jacques Chirac was in attendance to congratulate and commiserate the winners and runners - up respectively after the match . Several days after the victory , winning manager Aimé Jacquet announced his resignation from the French team with immediate effect . 12 July 1998 21 : 00 Brazil 0 -- 3 France Report Zidane 27 ' , 45 + 1 ' Petit 90 + 3 ' Stade de France , Saint - Denis Attendance : 75,000 Referee : Said Belqola ( Morocco ) Brazil France GK Claudio Taffarel RB Cafu CB Aldair CB Júnior Baiano 33 ' LB 6 Roberto Carlos CM 5 César Sampaio 73 ' CM 8 Dunga ( c ) AM 10 Rivaldo AM 18 Leonardo 46 ' CF 20 Bebeto CF 9 Ronaldo Substitutes : MF 19 Denílson 46 ' FW 21 Edmundo 73 ' Manager : Mário Zagallo GK 16 Fabien Barthez RB 15 Lilian Thuram CB 8 Marcel Desailly 48 ' , 68 ' CB 18 Frank Leboeuf LB Bixente Lizarazu DM 7 Didier Deschamps ( c ) 39 ' CM 17 Emmanuel Petit CM 19 Christian Karembeu 56 ' 57 ' AM 10 Zinedine Zidane AM 6 Youri Djorkaeff 74 ' CF 9 Stéphane Guivarc'h 66 ' Substitutes : MF 14 Alain Boghossian 57 ' FW 21 Christophe Dugarry 66 ' MF Patrick Vieira 74 ' Manager : Aimé Jacquet Man of the match Zinedine Zidane ( France ) Officials Linesmen : Mark Warren ( England ) Achmat Salie ( South Africa ) Fourth official : Rahman Al Zaid ( Saudi Arabia ) Match rules 90 minutes 30 minutes of extra-time if necessary Penalty shoot - out if scores still level Three substitutions permitted Record players ( edit ) Goalkeeper Fabien Barthez also shares the FIFA World Cup record for most matches without conceding a goal , which he achieved ten times . The only other player to have reached that number is England 's Peter Shilton . No . Name Matches World Cups Fabien Barthez 17 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Thierry Henry 17 1998 , 2002 , 2006 and 2010 Lilian Thuram 16 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Maxime Bossis 15 1978 , 1982 and 1986 5 Michel Platini 14 1978 , 1982 and 1986 6 Manuel Amoros 12 1982 and 1986 Alain Giresse 12 1982 and 1986 Jean Tigana 12 1982 and 1986 David Trezeguet 12 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Patrick Vieira 12 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Zinedine Zidane 12 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Top goalscorers ( edit ) Just Fontaine scored all his 13 World Cup goals in 1958 , where France reached third place . This makes him record holder for most goals scored in a single FIFA World Cup . At the time , it also made him the most successful World Cup scorer of all time until the record was broken by West Germany 's Gerd Müller in the World Cup final of 1974 . No . Name Goals World Cups Just Fontaine 13 1958 Michel Platini 5 1978 ( 1 ) , 1982 ( 2 ) and 1986 ( 2 ) Thierry Henry 5 1998 ( 2 ) and 2006 ( 3 ) Zinedine Zidane 5 1998 ( 2 ) and 2006 ( 3 ) 5 Raymond Kopa 1958 Dominique Rocheteau 1978 ( 1 ) , 1982 ( 2 ) and 1986 ( 1 ) 7 Jean Nicolas 1934 ( 1 ) and 1938 ( 2 ) Roger Piantoni 1958 Alain Giresse 1982 Karim Benzema 2014 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Team Profile : France '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` France 's Day of Soccer Glory Arrives ; Upset of Brazil in World Cup '' . New York Times . 13 July 1998 . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` France 1998 '' . BBC Sport. 17 April 2002 . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 World Cup : Vive La Revolution ! '' . CBC.ca. 25 November 2009 . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Where are they now ? France 's 1998 World Cup Winners '' . Goal.com. 25 February 2009 . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Host nation routs Brazilians 3 - 0 in World Cup final '' . Sports Illustrated . 1 December 1998 . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Paul , Oberjuerge ( 12 July 1998 ) . `` France plays perfect host ; hoists World Cup in Paris '' . Gannett News Service . Paris : SoccerTimes . Retrieved 27 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` World commentators decry Brazil , Ronaldo '' . CNNSI . Associated Press . 12 July 1998 . Retrieved 27 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` France plays perfect host ; hoists World Cup in Paris '' . Soccer Times . 12 July 1998 . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ZZ Top of the World '' . New Straits Times . 13 July 1998 . Retrieved 19 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Zidane leads France to pinnacle of soccer glory '' . CNNSI . Associated Press . 12 July 1998 . Retrieved 27 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Barth , Elie ( 18 July 1998 ) . `` Il devrait succéder à Gérard Houllier comme directeur technique national '' . Le Monde ( in French ) . Retrieved 27 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jacquet steps down to move up '' . New Straits Times . 18 July 1998 . Retrieved 27 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 1998 World Cup Final -- on reflection ... '' . Zonal Marking. 6 March 2010 . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . External links ( edit ) France at FIFA Complete France FIFA World Cup Stats France FIFA World Cup squads France squad -- 1930 FIFA World Cup GK Tassin GK Thépot DF Andoire DF Capelle DF Mattler MF Chantrel MF Delmer MF J. Laurent MF Pinel MF Villaplane FW Delfour FW Langiller FW L. Laurent FW Libérati FW Maschinot FW Veinante Coach : Caudron France squad -- 1934 FIFA World Cup GK Défossé GK Llense GK Thépot DF Gonzales DF Mairesse DF Mattler DF Vandooren MF Beaucourt MF Delfour MF Delmer MF Gabrillargues MF Liétaer MF Rio MF Verriest FW Alcazar FW Aston FW Courtois FW Keller FW Korb FW Laurent FW Nicolas FW Veinante Coach : Kimpton France squad -- 1938 FIFA World Cup GK Darui GK Di Lorto GK Llense DF Ben Bouali DF Cazenave DF Mattler DF Povolny DF Vandooren MF Bastien MF Bourbotte MF Diagne MF Jasseron MF Jordan FW Aston FW Brusseaux FW Courtois FW Delfour FW Heisserer FW Kowalczyk FW Nicolas FW Veinante FW Zatelli Coach : Barreau France squad -- 1954 FIFA World Cup 1 Remetter 2 Ruminski 3 Abbes 4 Gianessi 5 Grimonpon 6 Kaelbel 7 Marche 8 Bieganski 9 Cuissard 10 Jonquet ( c ) 11 Louis 12 Marcel 13 Mahjoub 14 Penverne 15 Ben Tifour 16 Dereuddre 17 Glovacki 18 Kopa 19 Leblond 20 Schultz 21 Strappe 22 Vincent Coach : Pibarot France squad -- 1958 FIFA World Cup Third Place 1 Abbes 2 Colonna 3 Remetter 4 Kaelbel 5 Lerond 6 Marche ( c ) 7 Mouynet 8 Chiarelli 9 Hnatow 10 Jonquet 11 Lafont 12 Marcel 13 Penverne 14 Bellot 15 Bruey 16 Douis 17 Fontaine 18 Kopa 19 Oliver 20 Piantoni 21 Vincent 22 Wisnieski Coach : Batteux France squad -- 1966 FIFA World Cup 1 Aubour 2 Artelesa ( c ) 3 Baraffe 4 Bonnel 5 Bosquier 6 Budzynski 7 Chorda 8 Combin 9 Couécou 10 De Bourgoing 11 De Michèle 12 Djorkaeff 13 Gondet 14 Hausser 15 Herbet 16 Herbin 17 Muller 18 Piumi 19 Robuschi 20 Simon 21 Carnus 22 Schuth Coach : Guérin France squad -- 1978 FIFA World Cup 1 Baratelli 2 Battiston 3 Bossis 4 Janvion 5 Bracci 6 Lopez 7 Rio 8 Trésor ( c ) 9 Bathenay 10 Guillou 11 Michel 12 Papi 13 Petit 14 Berdoll 15 Platini 16 Dalger 17 Lacombe 18 Rocheteau 19 Six 20 Rouyer 21 Bertrand ‐ Demanes 22 Dropsy Coach : Hidalgo France squad -- 1982 FIFA World Cup Fourth Place 1 Baratelli 2 Amoros 3 Battiston 4 Bossis 5 Janvion 6 Lopez 7 Mahut 8 Trésor 9 Genghini 10 Platini ( c ) 11 Girard 12 Giresse 13 Larios 14 Tigana 15 Bellone 16 Couriol 17 Lacombe 18 Rocheteau 19 Six 20 Soler 21 Castaneda 22 Ettori Coach : Hidalgo France squad -- 1986 FIFA World Cup Third Place 1 Bats 2 Amoros 3 Ayache 4 Battiston 5 Bibard 6 Bossis 7 Le Roux 8 Tusseau 9 Fernández 10 Platini ( c ) 11 Ferreri 12 Giresse 13 Genghini 14 Tigana 15 Vercruysse 16 Bellone 17 Papin 18 Rocheteau 19 Stopyra 20 Xuereb 21 Bergeroo 22 Rust Coach : Michel France squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup winners ( 1st title ) 1 Lama 2 Candela 3 Lizarazu 4 Vieira 5 Blanc 6 Djorkaeff 7 Deschamps ( c ) 8 Desailly 9 Guivarc'h 10 Zidane 11 Pirès 12 Henry 13 Diomède 14 Boghossian 15 Thuram 16 Barthez 17 Petit 18 Leboeuf 19 Karembeu 20 Trezeguet 21 Dugarry 22 Charbonnier Coach : Jacquet France squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 Ramé 2 Candela 3 Lizarazu 4 Vieira 5 Christanval 6 Djorkaeff 7 Makélélé 8 Desailly ( c ) 9 Cissé 10 Zidane 11 Wiltord 12 Henry 13 Silvestre 14 Boghossian 15 Thuram 16 Barthez 17 Petit 18 Leboeuf 19 Sagnol 20 Trezeguet 21 Dugarry 22 Micoud 23 Coupet Coach : Lemerre France squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup runners - up 1 Landreau 2 Boumsong 3 Abidal 4 Vieira 5 Gallas 6 Makélélé 7 Malouda 8 Dhorasoo 9 Govou 10 Zidane ( c ) 11 Wiltord 12 Henry 13 Silvestre 14 Saha 15 Thuram 16 Barthez 17 Givet 18 Diarra 19 Sagnol 20 Trezeguet 21 Chimbonda 22 Ribéry 23 Coupet Coach : Domenech France squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 Lloris 2 Sagna 3 Abidal 4 Réveillère 5 Gallas 6 Planus 7 Ribéry 8 Gourcuff 9 Cissé 10 Govou 11 Gignac 12 Henry 13 Evra ( c ) 14 Toulalan 15 Malouda 16 Mandanda 17 Squillaci 18 Diarra 19 Diaby 20 Valbuena 21 Anelka 22 Clichy 23 Carrasso Coach : Domenech France squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Lloris ( c ) 2 Debuchy 3 Evra 4 Varane 5 Sakho 6 Cabaye 7 Cabella 8 Valbuena 9 Giroud 10 Benzema 11 Griezmann 12 Mavuba 13 Mangala 14 Matuidi 15 Sagna 16 Ruffier 17 Digne 18 Sissoko 19 Pogba 20 Rémy 21 Koscielny 22 Schneiderlin 23 Landreau Coach : Deschamps Football in France French Football Federation ( President : Noël Le Graët ) National teams France France B History Managers All - time record At the FIFA World Cup France ( women ) U-19 U-17 France ( youth ) U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 Overseas national teams French Guiana Guadeloupe Mayotte Martinique New Caledonia Réunion Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Tahiti Wallis and Futuna Unofficial national teams Brittany Corsica Nice League system Ligue de Football Professionnel Ligue 1 Ligue 2 National National 2 National 3 Division d'Honneur Regional Departmental Women 's leagues D1 Féminine Overseas leagues Honor Division ( French Guyana ) Championnat National ( Martinique ) Division of Honor ( Guadeloupe ) Division d'Honneur ( Mayotte ) Super Ligue ( New Caledonia ) Ligue des Antilles Réunion Premier League Saint - Barthelemy Championships Saint - Martin Senior League Saint Pierre and Miquelon Championnat Tahiti Ligue 1 Domestic cups Coupe de France Coupe de la Ligue Trophée des Champions Women 's cups Coupe de France Féminine Youth cups Coupe Gambardella Coupe Nationale Overseas cups Coupe de Guadeloupe Coupe de Guyane Coupe de la Martinique Coupe de Mayotte Coupe de la Réunion Coupe de l'Outre - Mer New Caledonia Cup Tahiti Cup Other competitions Coupe Charles Drago Lafarge Foot Avenir Montaigu Tournament Organizations UNFP Awards Player of the Month DNCG USFSA Academies Clairefontaine Ploufragan Saint - Sébastien - sur - Loire Lists / statistics Football records in France Ligue 1 records and statistics Clubs in international competition Ligue 1 clubs French football champions French second division champions French women 's football champions Coupe de France winners Coupe de la Ligue winners Foreign Ligue 1 players Football stadiums in France Countries at the FIFA World Cup Team appearances Teams with no appearances All - time table AFC Australia China Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kuwait North Korea Saudi Arabia South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF Algeria Angola Cameroon DR Congo Egypt Ghana Ivory Coast Morocco Nigeria Senegal South Africa Togo Tunisia CONCACAF Canada Costa Rica Cuba El Salvador Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay OFC New Zealand UEFA Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark East Germany England France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Considered a successor team by FIFA , or have competed under another name ( s ) . Have been member of multiple confederations . Team and national federation no longer exist . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=France_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=843172381 '' Categories : France at the FIFA World Cup Countries at the FIFA World Cup France national football team Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 11 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the last time france won the world cup | [
"The French team won its first and only World Cup title in 1998.[3][4] The tournament was played on home soil and France defeated Brazil 3–0 in the final match.[5][6] The tournament was hosted in France once before in 1938, where France was eliminated by defending champions Italy in the quarter finals."
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"1998"
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-1519036581928534164 | Luke Cage (season 2) | Luke Cage ( season 2 ) - wikipedia Luke Cage ( season 2 ) Luke Cage ( season 2 ) Promotional poster Starring Mike Colter Simone Missick Theo Rossi Gabrielle Dennis Mustafa Shakir Alfre Woodard Country of origin United States No. of episodes 13 Release Original network Netflix Original release June 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 1 List of Luke Cage episodes The second season of the American web television series Luke Cage , which is based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name , sees Cage become a hero and celebrity in Harlem after clearing his name , only to face a new threat . It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) , sharing continuity with the films and other television series of the franchise . The season was produced by Marvel Television in association with ABC Studios , with Cheo Hodari Coker serving as showrunner . Mike Colter stars as Cage , alongside returning principal cast members Simone Missick , Theo Rossi , and Alfre Woodard . They are joined by Gabrielle Dennis and Mustafa Shakir , with Jessica Henwick , Finn Jones , and Stephen Rider reprising their roles from other Marvel / Netflix series ; Rosario Dawson also returns in a guest role . The season was ordered in December 2016 , and filmed in New York City from June to November 2017 . Coker again emphasized music in the season : Adrian Younge and Ali Shaheed Muhammad returned to compose the original score , using blues and reggae to represent the conflict between the Stokes family and Shakir 's Bushmaster ; the season again features performances from various artists ; and each episode is named after a Pete Rock & CL Smooth song . Reg E. Cathey has a recurring role as Cage 's father in one of his last performances , and the season is dedicated to his memory . The season premiered on June 21 , 2018 , before all 13 episodes were released on Netflix on June 22 . It was widely praised as better than the first season , particularly for its narrative and cast -- Woodard 's performance especially -- though there was again some criticism for its pacing . Contents 1 Episodes 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.1. 1 Featured 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Notable guests 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Music 3.6 Marvel Cinematic Universe tie - ins 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 5 Critical response 6 References Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 14 `` Soul Brother # 1 '' Lucy Liu Cheo Hodari Coker June 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) Luke Cage , the bulletproof defender of Harlem , has become a celebrity . His friend D.W. Griffith attempts to earn him some money through merchandise and an app that tracks Cage 's whereabouts . He spends his nights trying to stop a group from distributing drugs under his name . Following the secret battle at Midland Circle , Misty Knight is recovering from the loss of her arm and does not intend to return to police work , until she discovers that up to 30 of the criminals she previously sent to prison have now been released due to her late corrupt partner Rafael Scarfe . One of these criminals is Dontrell `` Cockroach '' Hamilton , who is looking to buy Mariah Dillard 's criminal empire alongside drug smuggler Arturo `` El Rey '' Gomez III and Jamaican gang leader Nigel Garrison . Griffith helps Cage identify El Rey as the `` Luke Cage '' drug cartel leader and turns him over to Knight 's captain Tom Ridenhour , while Garrison is murdered by John `` Bushmaster '' McIver , who survives several gun shots and has arrived from Jamaica planning to take Harlem from Dillard . Joi , D - Nice , and Donald Harrison perform . 15 `` Straighten It Out '' Steph Green Akela Cooper June 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) Bushmaster visits holistic doctor Tilda Johnson to get ingredients for augmenting the plant nightshade , which he uses to heal his wounds and increase his strength . Johnson is Dillard 's daughter , and is also visited by her mother who wants to publicly reunite with Johnson , after years apart , to improve her image . Dillard wants to transition to a legitimate business woman , which is why she is selling her gun business . She organizes for El Rey to be released on bail and sends her lover Hernan `` Shades '' Alvarez to complete the sale with him . When El Rey refuses , and disrespects Dillard , Shades kills him . Knight is now on `` light duty '' and unable to pursue leads , but directs Cage to Cockroach . Cage believes he is indestructible , but Cockroach is able to injure him with the force of a close - range , high - power gun . This bothers Cage 's girlfriend , former nurse Claire Temple , who is struggling with her inability to help Cage as well as his reluctance to mend his relationship with his estranged father James Lucas . Johnson agrees to give her mother another chance . Gary Clark Jr. and DJ Mister Cee perform . 16 `` Wig Out '' Marc Jobst Matt Owens June 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) When Cage is tipped off that Cockroach is beating his partner and son , he goes to their apartment and severely beats Cockroach himself . A horrified Temple calls Knight , who lets Cage leave the scene before her rival detective Nandi Tyler , as well as Tyler 's partner Mark Bailey , arrive . Knight is later reprimanded for this , but Ridenhour explains that he can not suspend Knight due to her high status within the department as a disabled hero . Knight later practices fighting with one arm , and lets out some frustration , with Colleen Wing ( who Knight had been defending when she lost her arm ) . With El Rey dead and Cockroach in the hospital , Shades turns to Garrison ; he finds Bushmaster instead , who is more than willing to pay Dillard the money . Cage later arrives looking for Garrison , and fights several gang members who are armed with different weapons . Bushmaster secretly films this and trains in front of the footage . After meeting with Lucas , Temple confronts Cage about his anger , and he lashes out . She asks him to leave , and he runs into Bushmaster . Esperanza Spalding performs . 17 `` I Get Physical '' Salli Richardson - Whitfield Matthew Lopes June 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) Bushmaster knocks Cage unconscious , and footage of their fight spreads across the internet . Seeing this and recognizing Bushmaster , Johnson begins investigating the ingredients she sold him . When he wakes up , Cage decides to further investigate the Jamaicans and returns to the site of his fight with the gang members along with Knight . They discover Garrison 's body , and Knight is able to talk to the owner of the building who grew up with Bushmaster and explains that he intends to right the perceived wrongs committed against his parents . From evidence at the building , Cage visits Johnson and she gives him medicine to help with his concussion . Bushmaster visits Dillard , and reveals that his ancestors were once in business with hers . Shades follows him back to a restaurant run by his acquaintances , while Shades ' friend Darius `` Comanche '' Jones -- who has been clashing with Dillard -- secretly reports to Ridenhour . Cage 's friend Bobby Fish leaves to serve as an organ donor for his sick daughter , and Cage is served by a process server . Christone `` Kingfish '' Ingram performs . 18 5 `` All Souled Out '' Kasi Lemmons Ian Stokes June 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) Cockroach sues Cage for attacking him , and Cage agrees to pay him $100,000 rather than risk going to court . Broker Raymond `` Piranha '' Jones invests the money from Dillard 's sale to Bushmaster in the plastics company of Mike Higgins , who Dillard blackmails into agreeing to a corporate merger that increases the profits of her new shares considerably . Higgins subsequently disappears , while Dillard uses her new `` legitimate '' fortune to open a Family First center in Harlem . She reveals all of this to Johnson , hoping that they can run the center together . Piranha throws a party to celebrate their successful venture , and hires Cage -- who is looking for a way to pay Cockroach -- to appear at the party . Cage ultimately saves Piranha when some of Bushmaster 's men attempt to kidnap him . Knight is gifted a robotic arm by Wing and her billionaire boyfriend Danny Rand . She considers framing Cockroach before finding his body . At the opening of her center , Dillard discovers the severed heads of Cockroach , Higgins , and Shades ' employee Ray Ray . Ghostface Killah and Adrian Younge perform . 19 6 `` The Basement '' Millicent Shelton Aïda Mashaka Croal June 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) Dillard refuses to cooperate with the police , despite a shared history with Ridenhour . Knight confesses to Ridenhour about wanting to frame Cockroach , but when he chooses not to discipline her she quits out of guilt . Cage and Piranha go into hiding as Bushmaster 's men scour the neighborhood for them . Cage insists that he will take Piranha to the police , despite Piranha wanting to pay Cage as a `` hero for hire '' . After a discussion about their respective fathers , Cage decides to take Piranha to Lucas 's church for protection . Shades and Comanche unsuccessfully search for Piranha , and reminisce about their relationship in prison . Comanche believes that Shades should get rid of Dillard and become the crime lord of Harlem himself . Shades later tells Dillard about following Bushmaster to the restaurant , and she plans what they will do to his acquaintances once they find Piranha , who has control of their money . Cage contacts Bushmaster , and the two meet to fight , ending with Cage paralyzed by a holistic substance and kicked into a river to drown . 20 7 `` On and On '' Rashaad Ernesto Green Nicole Mirante Matthews June 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) The paralysis wears off in time for Cage to swim to the surface , and he returns to the church to find Piranha missing . Ridenhour attempts to convince Knight to return to work , and tells her about having an informant working for Dillard . She instead works with Cage to find Piranha . Dillard realizes that Ridenhour has an informant herself , and questions the loyalty of her men . Meanwhile , Bushmaster captures Piranha , uses him to take all of Dillard 's money and assets , and then kills him . Cage and Knight find the body . Ridenhour meets with Comanche , who is panicking about potentially being caught , but Shades follows Comanche to this meeting . Comanche kills Ridenhour , and then Shades shoots Comanche and makes it look like Ridenhour did it . Dillard rushes to go into hiding with Johnson , but is caught by Bushmaster who leaves them in a burning house as revenge for the Stokes family burning his mother alive . Bushmaster then claims the Stokes family 's nightclub Harlem 's Paradise as his while Cage saves Dillard and Johnson . Stephen Marley performs . 21 8 `` If It Ai n't Rough , It Ai n't Right '' Neema Barnette Nathan Louis Jackson June 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) When Bushmaster learns that Cage saved Dillard , he plans to increase his strength with more nightshade . Cage takes Dillard and Johnson to the police precinct , where Knight -- who had not officially completed her resignation -- is now in charge . Shades arrives , and Knight deduces that he likely killed Comanche and / or Ridenhour , but she does not have any evidence that he did . Dillard and Johnson are shot at by Bushmaster 's men outside the precinct , but Cage helps them escape . Knight uses this to get a search warrant for Harlem 's Paradise , but they find nothing incriminating . Concerned for the safety of his loved ones , Cage attends a service at the church and is there to protect his father when Bushmaster 's men arrive . At the same time , Dillard and Johnson are attacked while Dillard is explaining how she had been forced to give her daughter up to her cousins the Johnson family by Stokes matriarch Mama Mabel . Knight and Tyler arrive to protect them , shortly followed by Cage and Lucas , and Cage asks Knight to call Rand for help . 22 9 `` For Pete 's Sake '' Clark Johnson Matt Owens & Ian Stokes June 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) Knight gets Cage , Lucas , Dillard , and Johnson to an unfinished building belonging to Rand Enterprises , where Dillard agrees to testify against Bushmaster in exchange for immunity . Knight and Cage are against this , but agree that they can only fight one at a time . Knight returns to the precinct , where Deputy Chief Priscilla Ridley is now in command . Cage tells Johnson that Dillard murdered their cousin Cornell Stokes , and Dillard admits to this when Johnson confronts her . Dillard explains that Stokes was taunting her about how she had been raped as a girl by their Uncle Pete , and reveals that this was how Johnson was conceived and why Dillard does not love her . With Bushmaster putting up a large bounty for Dillard , Tyler tips him off to the group 's location . There , Cage is able to defeat Bushmaster . Dillard escapes and reunites with Shades , who has captured Bushmaster 's uncle Paul `` Anansi '' MacIntosh . Bushmaster also escapes , by setting off a grenade and then forcing Johnson to heal him . Cage begins to reconcile with his father . 23 10 `` The Main Ingredient '' Andy Goddard Akela Cooper June 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) At the request of Temple , Rand -- who defends the rest of Manhattan as the Immortal Iron Fist -- meets up with Cage and insists on helping him find Bushmaster . Realizing that he would need to be healed following his escape from the police , they begin searching for Johnson but do not find her at her shop or at Harlem 's Paradise . Working with a tip from Turk Barrett , they investigate an abandoned warehouse where the Jamaicans are attempting to grow more nightshade , but it requires the conditions of Jamaica . Cage and Rand fight their way through the men there , and destroy the lab when they do not find Johnson or Bushmaster . Knight and Ridley discover Tyler 's betrayal and arrest her . Because Piranha was tortured before giving Dillard 's money and assets to Bushmaster , these are legally returned to her and she reclaims Harlem 's Paradise . Embracing her Stokes heritage , she has everyone at the Jamaican restaurant murdered , and then burns Anansi alive to send a message to Bushmaster . Shades is unsettled by her new behavior . Faith Evans and Jadakiss perform . 24 11 `` The Creator '' Stephen Surjik Nicole Mirante Matthews & Matthew Lopes June 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) As a boy , Bushmaster had been the only child out of a group to survive a bad vaccination . After the business deal between his father , Quincy McIver , and Samuel `` Buggy '' Stokes broke down in the 1980s and led to their deaths , Bushmaster 's mother Gwen tried to sue the Stokes family and Buggy 's wife Mabel burned down Gwen 's house in response . Bushmaster survived , but was shot by Pete Stokes . He was saved by nightshade , and now Johnson is able to heal him with it again . She warns that it is close to killing him through organ failure . He allows her to leave . Meanwhile , Cage finds Anansi 's wife Ingrid , who survived the restaurant shooting , but she refuses to testify against Dillard . He takes her to see her husband 's body , where they find Bushmaster ; he and Cage agree that their next fight will be their last . Going against a Stokes family rule , Dillard makes a deal to start selling heroin in Harlem . Shades confronts her about her recent actions , leading to an altercation and an end to their relationship . He chooses to surrender himself to Knight . 25 12 `` Ca n't Front On Me '' Evarado Gout Aïda Mashaka Croal June 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) Dillard takes the lead of a coalition of gang leaders from throughout New York , promising to take out Bushmaster , who is angered by the use of his name on the new heroin supply . He attacks the refinery where the drugs are being produced , shutting it down with Cage 's help . Bushmaster flees when Cage refuses to let him destroy evidence of the drugs . Cage then visits Dillard , and tells her that he will no longer protect her . Dillard announces a free concert at Harlem 's Paradise to ensure that there will be enough people around that Cage will show up to protect them from Bushmaster anyway . Johnson offers to help Bushmaster kill Dillard , showing him a secret entrance to the club and giving him extra nightshade as a final boost of strength . Shades confesses all he knows to the police , but they need proof that Dillard owns the gun used to kill Anansi . He goes to the club during the concert , and is with Dillard when Bushmaster attacks . Cage and Knight are able to stop Bushmaster , but he gets away when Cage refuses to kill him . Dillard is arrested . KRS - One performs . 26 13 `` They Reminisce Over You '' Alex Garcia Lopez Cheo Hodari Coker June 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) With Dillard in prison , the other gang leaders go to war in the streets of Harlem . Shades suggests to Cage that he replace Dillard to prevent a new crime boss taking over . Cage threatens Italian boss Rosalie Carbone , ensuring she stays out of Harlem . In prison , Dillard makes moves to gain power and orders the murders of all of her former contacts and employees . Johnson helps Bushmaster begin to recover from his nightshade use , and he chooses to return to Jamaica . He tells her that Dillard must still burn . Johnson decides to visit Dillard , who tells her that Harlem 's Paradise is her birthright . Johnson then gives Dillard a slow - acting poison , and she eventually dies while Cage is visiting . Johnson has her mother cremated . With Dillard dead , Shades ' deal no longer holds and he is arrested . When Dillard 's will is read , it has been changed so the club now goes to Cage . This angers Johnson , and concerns Knight who worries that Cage will become a criminal like Dillard . Cage still accepts the club , and establishes himself as the new `` sheriff '' of Harlem . Rakim , Adrian Younge , and Ali Shaheed Muhammad perform . Jump up ^ Each episode is named after a Pete Rock & CL Smooth song . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Luke Cage characters Main ( edit ) Mike Colter as Luke Cage Simone Missick as Mercedes `` Misty '' Knight Theo Rossi as Hernan `` Shades '' Alvarez Gabrielle Dennis as Tilda Johnson Mustafa Shakir as John `` Bushmaster '' McIver Alfre Woodard as Mariah Dillard Featured ( edit ) These actors are credited as starring in the single episodes in which they appear . Jessica Henwick as Colleen Wing Finn Jones as Danny Rand / Iron Fist Stephen Rider as Blake Tower Recurring ( edit ) Reg E. Cathey as James Lucas Ron Cephas Jones as Bobby Fish Peter Jay Fernandez as Tom Ridenhour Dorian Crossmon Missick as Dontrell `` Cockroach '' Hamilton Kevin Mambo as Sheldon Thomas Q. Jones as Darius `` Comanche '' Jones Jeremiah Richard Craft as D.W. Griffith Chaz Lamar Shepherd as Raymond `` Piranha '' Jones Sean Ringgold as Sugar Tarah Rodgers as Stephanie / Billie Sahr Ngaujah as Paul `` Anansi '' Mackintosh Danny Johnson as Ben Donovan Antonique Smith as Nandi Tyler Justin Swain as Mark Bailey Heather Alicia Simms as Ingrid Mackintosh John Clarence Stewart as Alex Wesley Karen Pittman as Priscilla Ridley Notable guests ( edit ) Rosario Dawson as Claire Temple Elden Henson as Foggy Nelson Frank Whaley as Rafael Scarfe Darius Kaleb as Lonnie Wilson Tijuana Ricks as Thembi Wallace Jade Wu as Connie Lin Andrew Pang as Chang Joniece Abbott - Pratt as Etta Lucas Rob Morgan as Turk Barrett LaTanya Richardson Jackson as `` Mama Mabel '' Stokes Curtiss Cook as `` Pistol Pete '' Stokes Henry Yuk as Hai - Qing Yang Jayden D. Brown as Cornell `` Cottonmouth '' Stokes Ninja Devoe as Aisha Axton Cassandra Freeman as Patricia Wilson Sedly Bloomfield as Joel Spurlock Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In January 2015 , Netflix CCO Ted Sarandos stated the series was `` eligible to go into multiple seasons for sure '' and Netflix would look at `` how well ( they ) are addressing both the Marvel fanbase but also the broader fanbase '' in terms of determining if additional seasons would be appropriate . In July 2015 , Sarandos said some of the Defenders series would `` selectively have multiple seasons as they come out of the gate . '' Regarding a second season , showrunner Cheo Hodari Coker stated he had `` a few ideas '' , including possibly exploring the `` Hero for Hire '' aspect of Luke Cage , though noted he was not taking `` any of this for granted '' in terms of feeling a second season renewal from Netflix was guaranteed . Actor Mike Colter also felt `` Heroes for Hire '' could be explored in future seasons , as well as further exploring Cage 's lifestyle change regarding his relationship with Jessica Jones and introducing the couple 's daughter . In December 2016 , Netflix renewed the series for a second season , of 13 episodes . Coker compared the season to A Tribe Called Quest 's second album The Low End Theory saying , their first album People 's Instinctive Travels and the Paths of Rhythm `` was great , but then Low End Theory was the record that everyone says ... when they think of A Tribe Called Quest taking it to the next level . That 's my hope for season 2 , is that we have some of the similar sounds , but we go in a deeper direction . '' Coker also noted that music would continue to be an important element for the season and that Harlem would still be `` at the heart and its center '' for the series . Writing ( edit ) In July 2017 , Colter said the writing for the season was different from the first , because `` we know the show now . We know the world that we 're in and we know sort of what works and what does n't work and we 're just gon na double down on that stuff , so look forward to a very exciting and very relevant and pop culture - heavy show . '' He added that after the first season and the crossover miniseries The Defenders , Cage would have `` a whole new outlook on life '' and would not be dealing with the judicial system anymore . Coker explained that the storyline for the season did not come from any particular iteration of the comics , and instead was based on the characters that appear : `` who is Luke Cage and getting much deeper into that , but also finding out different things about Mariah Dillard , also finding out things about Misty Knight , '' including getting her mechanical arm `` and what that entails from an emotional standpoint . '' In particular , the new villains introduced for the season and their abilities impacted the story in terms of `` what that represents against Luke '' . Each episode of the season is named after a Pete Rock & CL Smooth song , just as Coker named each episode of the first season after a Gang Starr song . Casting ( edit ) Colter returns to star as Cage , along with Simone Missick as Misty Knight , Rosario Dawson as Claire Temple , Alfre Woodard as Mariah Dillard , and Theo Rossi as Hernan `` Shades '' Alvarez . In July 2017 , Marvel announced the casting of Mustafa Shakir as John McIver , and Gabrielle Dennis as Tilda Johnson . Thomas Q. Jones reprises his role as Comanche in the season , along with Danny Johnson as Benjamin Donovan , and Justin Swain as Mark Bailey . In October 2017 , it was revealed that Finn Jones would be reprising his role as Danny Rand / Iron Fist in the season . Colter explained that there had been interest from fans to see more of the previously established relationship between Cage and Jessica Jones , but for this season they `` went out on a limb '' and decided to give to the fans of the `` Heroes for Hire '' instead by having Cage and Rand team up for part of the season . He added that Finn Jones `` will bring some fresh blood in the new season '' . Jessica Henwick also reprises her Iron Fist role , appearing as Colleen Wing . Following the death of Reg E. Cathey in February 2018 , Marvel revealed that his final performance was as Luke Cage 's father James Lucas in this season . The character appeared briefly in the first season portrayed by an unnamed actor . In March 2018 , Annabella Sciorra was announced to have been cast in the `` key role '' of Rosalie Carbone . The next month , Antonique Smith joined the cast as Detective Nandi Tyler , a longtime rival of Misty Knight . Additionally , Elden Henson reprises his role as Foggy Nelson from previous Marvel / Netflix series . The season also features cameo appearances by ESPN personalities Michael Smith , Jemele Hill , and Stephen A. Smith , and New York Jets head coach Todd Bowles , doubling as the head coach of the fictional Harlem Jets . As Coker is a sports fan , he decided to include the ESPN personalities and was partially motivated to reach out to Michael Smith and Hill out of `` professional admiration '' . Coker noted the additional difficulty in getting the duo to appear because of Marvel 's confidentiality requirements , meaning they could not see the scripts beforehand . Dialogue was written for the personalities , though each improvised some of it to make it sound like their own voice . Before reaching out to Bowles , Coker was going to ask David Shaw , head coach of the Stanford University Cardinal football team , since Shaw and Coker were college roommates , but the timing did not work out , as Shaw was recruiting students on the other side of the country . Coker then approached former Jets head coach Herm Edwards , since Edwards had one of Coker 's `` favorite coach meltdowns of all time '' , but Edwards also could not coordinate an appearance , resulting Coker approaching Bowles . Writer , author , and educator Jelani Cobb also cameos in the season , appearing as himself on a talk show speaking to Luke Cage 's ability to fix Harlem . Cobb , who has `` an ambivalent relationship '' to the character of Luke Cage , `` went back and forth '' on whether he would appear in the season . He noted , `` I really like the show and thought it 'd be a fun thing to do , but I also think that sometimes it 's important for journalists to keep a separate line from what they 're actually doing versus the imaginary stuff that they 're doing , especially in the era of fake news . '' Cobb discussed the potential appearances with `` some of the people I respect in the field '' for their opinion , and after gaining their approval , agreed to appear . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began by June 10 , 2017 , under the series ' working title Tiara . Production wrapped that November . Music ( edit ) Music is at the center of every decision I make for the show , probably to the point where it annoys most people . -- Showrunner Cheo Hodari Coker on his use of music in Luke Cage In July 2017 , Colter said that the second season would have `` another feel to it '' in terms of the music , praising the season 's musical guests and explaining that he and Coker had chosen a `` certain type '' of music for the season after listening to it at a birthday party and agreeing that there had `` not been one bad song '' played . Coker later explained that the season would explore the roots of hip - hop with blues and reggae , after the first season introduced hip - hop to the MCU . He added that the season would explore `` the entire diaspora of black music '' along with different cultures . Adrian Younge and Ali Shaheed Muhammad again composed the score for the season , working out of Younge 's studio Linear Labs . Their music for the season included a `` 50 - minute epic '' for one of the episodes . Coker described the pair as being as `` important to the success of the show as anyone in the cast , anyone directing , anyone writing , producing , period . '' Coker wanted to have live musical performances in the season again after the first , and hoped that some musicians who had turned him down for the first season would be happy to join the second after getting to see the series . He noted that the idea of performing in the series was not a `` home run in terms of the music community '' during the first season , and he had to call in a lot of favors from his time as a music journalist to get the performers who did appear . For the second season , he was able to show footage of the first season performances as well as point out where musicians who performed on the show received `` immediate streaming bumps '' from fans discovering them through the series . With Coker subsequently having his `` choice of acts '' , the season includes live performance from Faith Evans , returning from the first season , along with Joi & D - Nice , Gary Clark Jr. , Esperanza Spalding , Christone `` Kingfish '' Ingram , Ghostface Killah , Stephen Marley , Jadakiss , KRS - One , and Rakim . The latter wrote an original song for the series , which he performs in the season finale . The season also includes music from Nina Simone and Mobb Deep . Marvel Cinematic Universe tie - ins ( edit ) Following the death of Captain Ridenhour , high - ranking detective Brigid O'Reilly is mentioned as having recently moved to New Orleans , in reference to that character 's role in the series Cloak & Dagger . Release ( edit ) The second season of Luke Cage was released on June 22 , 2018 , on the streaming service Netflix worldwide , in Ultra HD 4K and high dynamic range . Marketing ( edit ) An advanced screening of the season was hosted by Spotify , Netflix , and the Kennedy Center on June 19 , followed by an after - party featuring musical performances by KRS - One , Younge and Muhammad , and surprise guests . The season had its red carpet premiere in New York City on June 21 , 2018 . Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 84 % approval rating with an average rating of 7.33 / 10 based on 49 reviews . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Marvel 's Luke Cage surpasses the successes of its debut season with a satisfyingly complex narrative and a solid ensemble cast led by Alfre Woodard 's standout performance as the archvillainess Black Mariah . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 64 out of 100 based on 13 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Awarding the `` excellent '' season four stars out of five , Olly Richards of Empire said , `` Most of Marvel 's superhero series suffer a mid-season sag , without enough plot to fill their episode quota . This season never succumbs to that because it 's not rooted in plot but character . There are episodes where little happens in terms of event , but characters deepen and crack , becoming less who they want to be and more who they have to be , even Luke . Luke Cage could now remove any superhero elements almost entirely and still function as a series . '' David Betancourt of The Washington Post felt the season was `` spectacular , full of unforgettable performances , and has not one but two top - notch villains '' . Though he felt the season started slow , the later episodes are `` where the magic happens '' . Alison Keene at Collder felt the `` last few episodes are fantastic -- it just takes a lot to get there . '' Keene also felt `` There are plenty of things this season does well , really well , but there is so much filler and narrative dragging of feet in between that it 's hard to recommend it outright , '' awarding the season three stars out of four . CNN 's Brian Lowry was more critical of the season , feeling the season was `` weaker '' than the first , noting it was `` not bad , overall , but still experiencing the equivalent of a sophomore slump . '' Similar to Lowry , Alan Sepinwall at Rolling Stone gave the season two stars out of four , noting the 13 - episode season had `` only three or four episodes ' worth of story at best '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gracie , Bianca ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` Luke Cage Season 2 Episodes Are Named After Pete Rock & CL Smooth Songs '' . Complex . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2018 . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Marvel 's Luke Cage ( @ marvelslukecage ) ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` Do n't miss Joi ( @ tennesseeslimkitty ) at # HarlemsParadise June 22. 🔥 🔥 Poster by @ oregon_pizza '' . Instagram . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Marvel 's Luke Cage ( @ marvelslukecage ) ( June 15 , 2018 ) . `` Get lost in the bright lights of # HarlemsParadise with @ garyclarkjr . Performing June 22 . Poster by @ roogomes '' . Instagram . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Marvel 's Luke Cage ( @ marvelslukecage ) ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` You 're going to be singing this song again . @ esperanzaspalding is one of the best artists out there today '' . Instagram . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Marvel 's Luke Cage ( @ marvelslukecage ) ( June 16 , 2018 ) . `` Talk about talent . @ _theycallmekingfish is one to watch . See him take over the # HarlemsParadise stage on June 22 . Poster by @ theartfulfro '' . Instagram . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Marvel 's Luke Cage ( @ marvelslukecage ) ( June 17 , 2018 ) . `` @ realghostfacekillah 's back attacking villains with @ adrianyounge . Their performance is not to be missed. 🔥 🔥 Poster by @ theywalkamongus '' . Instagram . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Marvel 's Luke Cage ( @ marvelslukecage ) ( June 17 , 2018 ) . `` Consider yourself lucky if you get to feel the groove of @ stephenmarley 's music live in person . 06.22. 18 , only at # HarlemsParadise . Poster by @ jijennings70 '' . Instagram . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Marvel 's Luke Cage ( @ marvelslukecage ) ( June 18 , 2018 ) . `` You got ta get behind this . @ therealfaithevans returns to # HarlemsParadise with the one and only @ therealkiss on 6.22. 18 ! Poster by @ jermainecdickerson '' . Instagram . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Marvel 's Luke Cage ( @ marvelslukecage ) ( June 19 , 2018 ) . `` '' Jack of Spades . '' `` Love 's Gonna Get'cha . '' The iconic @ teacha_krsone performs at # HarlemsParadise this Friday . Poster by @ naturel `` . Instagram . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Marvel 's Luke Cage ( @ marvelslukecage ) ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` A paradise fit for a king . Earlier this week , the one and only Rakim hit the # HarlemsParadise stage to perform a new original song . See him do it again June 22 . Poster by @ illestration '' . Instagram . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( July 5 , 2017 ) . `` Mustafa Shakir & Gabrielle Dennis Join Netflix Original Series ' Marvel 's Luke Cage ' '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2017 . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riesman , Abraham ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` Luke Cage Season 2 Trailer : Meet Bushmaster , Your New Villain '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2018 . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Marnell , Blair ( June 4 , 2018 ) . `` Misty Knight and Colleen Wing Kick All The Butt In New Luke Cage Clip '' . Nerdist . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2018 . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Li , Shirley ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's Luke Cage first look : Iron Fist joins Luke in season 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldman , Eric ( February 10 , 2018 ) . `` Marvel Mourns the Loss of Reg E. Cathey '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2018 . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Maloney , Devon ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` Watch Luke Cage face off against the also - bulletproof Bushmaster in new season 2 trailer '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2018 . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Wickline , Dan ( June 22 , 2018 ) . `` Marvel 's Luke Cage Season 2 , Episode 1 Recap : Soul Brother # 1 '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2018 . Retrieved July 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Morales , Wilson ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` Thomas Q. Jones To Reprise Comanche Role In Luke Cage Season 2 '' . Black Film . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2017 . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Morales , Wilson ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` Actress / Singer Antonique Smith To Play New Character On Marvel 's Luke Cage Season 2 '' . Blackfilm . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2018 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Hanh ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Luke Cage ' Easter Eggs : Stan Lee , Iron Man and More '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2016 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Exclusive Interview with Justin Swain from Marvel 's Luke Cage '' . So Many Shows . June 12 , 2018 . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2018 . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Melrose , Kevin ( June 16 , 2018 ) . `` Review : Luke Cage Season 2 Is the Rare Sequel That Outshines the Original '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2018 . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix announces ' Daredevil , ' ' Bloodline , ' ' Kimmy Schmidt ' premiere dates '' . Zap2It . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2015 . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix On Marvel Series Release Plan And If Punisher Could Get A Spinoff '' . IGN . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2015 . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Keefe , Meghan ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Luke Cage ' Showrunner Cheo Hodari Coker On Mike Colter , `` Heroes For Hire , '' And Making An `` Inclusively Black '' Superhero Show `` . Decider . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2016 . Retrieved September 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Krupa , Daniel ( September 30 , 2016 ) . `` Luke Cage Talks Future Marvel Netflix Storylines '' . IGN . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2016 . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stedman , Alex ( December 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Luke Cage ' Renewed for Season 2 on Netflix '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2016 . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel TV - Netflix New York Projects Will Count 135 Episodes By Year 's End ; Record Production Commitment In State 's History '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Huver , Scott ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Luke Cage ' Season 2 aims for ' bulletproof dopeness , ' says showrunner '' . Mashable . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mohamed , Jasmine ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Luke Cage Season 2 Will Be Exciting , Relevant & Pop Culture - Heavy '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jackson , Dallas ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Mike Colter Excited For Luke Cage Season 2 Soundtrack , Storyline '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2017 . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Huver , Scott ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Interview : ' Luke Cage ' Showrunner Cheo Hodari Coker Talks Season Two , Villains , and Music '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2018 . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Marston , George ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` SDCC 2016 : Marvel & Netflix 's LUKE CAGE Panel '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2016 . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lovett , Jamie ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` Luke Cage Season 2 Starts Production In June , Wraps In March '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erao , Matthew ( June 10 , 2017 ) . `` Luke Cage & Claire Temple Share A Moment in Season 2 Set Photos '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2017 . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Coley , Sam ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Sons of Anarchy 's Theo Rossi on New Movie , Lowriders : ' Roles Like This Make Me a Better Father ' '' . Parade . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2017 . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morales , Wilson ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Mike Colter Talks Girls Trip Blu - ray & Luke Cage Season 2 '' . BlackFilm.com . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2017 . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mino ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` James Leonard Lucas '' . Comicbook Movies : Who 's Who . WordPress . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2018 . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Marvel casts Annabella Sciorra as Luke Cage season 2 villain '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Riesman , Abraham ( June 22 , 2018 ) . `` The Reason Why Luke Cage Season Two Has So Many ESPN Cameos '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2018 . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Riesman , Abraham ( June 22 , 2018 ) . `` Wait , How Did Jelani Cobb Wind Up in Luke Cage ? '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2018 . Retrieved July 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Jason ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's Luke Cage Season 2 Wraps Filming '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Newman , Melinda ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` Netflix Series ' Marvel 's Luke Cage ' Returns With Ghostface Killah , Rakim , Gary Clark Jr . & More For Season Two Cameos : Exclusive '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2018 . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nelson Jr. , Keith ( April 28 , 2018 ) . `` Adrian Younge makes music for everything from orchestras to Netflix 's ' Luke Cage ' '' . Digital Trends . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2018 . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Duff , Seamus ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Luke Cage show creator says : ' We are the best music show on television ' '' . Metro.co.uk . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2017 . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Damore , Meagan ( June 26 , 2018 ) . `` Luke Cage Has A Secret ' Crossover ' with Cloak & Dagger That You Totally Missed '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2018 . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ridgely , Charlie ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Cloak & Dagger ' Confirms Major Connection to ' Luke Cage ' '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2018 . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brockington , Ariana ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Luke Cage ' Season 2 Gets Premiere Date , Teaser Trailer ( Watch ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2018 . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Luke Cage '' . Netflix . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2016 . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marvel Entertainment ( @ Marvel ) ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` Tomorrow ( 6 / 21 ) , tune in to the red carpet world premiere of `` Marvel 's @ LukeCage '' Season 2 live from NYC at 6 : 45PM ET / 3 : 45PM PT ! Watch here : ( url ) # LukeCage '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2018 . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Luke Cage : Season 2 ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Luke Cage : Season 2 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Richards , Olli ( June 15 , 2018 ) . `` Luke Cage : Season 2 Review '' . Empire . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2018 . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Betancourt , David ( June 15 , 2018 ) . `` Netflix 's ' Luke Cage ' Season 2 is black and beautiful , bolder and better '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2018 . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( June 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Luke Cage ' Season 2 Review : Harlem 's Hero Returns to Serve Justice His Way '' . Collider . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2018 . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Luke Cage ' looks more vulnerable in Season 2 '' . CNN . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2018 . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Luke Cage ' Review : Marvel Show 's Season 2 Is Anything But Bulletproof '' . Roling Stone . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2018 . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Luke Cage Archie Goodwin John Romita Sr . Supporting characters Big Ben Donovan Noah Burstein David Griffith Iron Fist Jessica Jones Misty Knight Claire Temple Colleen Wing Enemies Black Mariah Bushmaster Chemistro Cheshire Cat Circus of Crime Cockroach Hamilton Comanche Cottonmouth Diamondback Discus El Aguila Gideon Mace Goldbug Erik Josten Maggia Mr. Fish Nightshade Purple Man Señor Muerte / Señor Suerte Shades Spear Steeplejack Stiletto Zzzax Teams Defenders Heroes for Hire Mighty Avengers New Avengers Thunderbolts Publications Power Man and Iron Fist In other media Luke Cage season 1 characters soundtrack Category Marvel Cinematic Universe Feature films Phase One Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America : The First Avenger The Avengers accolades Phase Two Iron Man 3 Thor : The Dark World Captain America : The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers : Age of Ultron Ant - Man Phase Three Captain America : Civil War Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor : Ragnarok Black Panther accolades box office achievements Avengers : Infinity War production box office records Ant - Man and the Wasp Captain Marvel Untitled Avengers film production Post-Phase Three Spider - Man : Far From Home Television series ABC Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes season 1 5 6 characters Agent Carter season 1 characters Inhumans `` Behold ... 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Other Team Thor Book Category Portal Marvel Cinematic Universe portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luke_Cage_(season_2)&oldid=854657683 '' Categories : Luke Cage ( TV series ) Marvel Cinematic Universe seasons Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 22 : 49 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does luke cage season 2 premiere on netflix | [
"The season premiered on June 21, 2018, before all 13 episodes were released on Netflix on June 22. It was widely praised as better than the first season, particularly for its narrative and cast—Woodard's performance especially—though there was again some criticism for its pacing.\n"
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"June 21, 2018"
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-6685394139786866950 | List of U.S. Air Force acronyms and expressions | List of U.S. Air Force acronyms and expressions - wikipedia List of U.S. Air Force acronyms and expressions Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of initials , acronyms , expressions , euphemisms , jargon , military slang , and sayings in common or formerly common use in the United States Air Force . Many of the words or phrases have varying levels of acceptance among different units or communities , and some also have varying levels of appropriateness ( usually dependent on how senior the user is in rank ) . Many terms also have equivalents among other service branches that are not acceptable amongst Marines , but are comparable in meaning . Many acronyms and terms have come into common use from voice procedure use over communication channels , translated into the NATO phonetic alphabet , or both . The scope of this list is to include words and phrases that are unique to or predominantly used by the United States Air Force . For other military slang lists , see the `` See also '' section . Contents : Top 0 -- 9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z See also References 0 -- 9 ( edit ) 1st Lt -- First Lieutenant ; officer pay grade O - 2 2d Lt -- Second Lieutenant ; officer pay grade O - 1 3C -- Cross Cultural Competence A / C -- Aircraft A1C -- Airman First Class ; enlisted pay grade E-3 , known as Airman Second Class ( A2C ) from 1952 to 1967 A2C -- Airman Second Class ; former enlisted pay grade E-3 from 1952 to 1967 , now designated as A1C A3C -- Airman Third Class ; former enlisted pay grade E-2 from 1952 to 1967 , now designated as Amn AADS -- Alaskan Air Defense Sector AAFES -- Army and Air Force Exchange Service ( pronounced `` A-Fees '' ) AB -- Airman Basic ; enlisted pay grade E-1 AB -- Air Base ABDR -- Aircraft Battle Damage Repair ABM -- Air Battle Manager ABU -- Airman Battle Uniform ABW -- Air Base Wing ACA -- Airspace Control Authority ACC -- Air Combat Command ACOT -- Advanced Communications Officer Training ACSC -- Air Command and Staff College ACW -- Air Control Wing ADC -- Area Defense Counsel ADC -- ( Obsolete term ) Air Defense Command , later Aerospace Defense Command ( disestablished MAJCOM ) ADCON -- Administrative Control ADP -- Airman Development Plan ADPE -- Automated Data Processing Equipment ADR -- Airfield Damage Repair ADSC -- Active Duty Service Commitment AEF -- Aerospace Expeditionary Force AES -- Aeromedical Evacuation Squadron AETC -- Air Education and Training Command AEW -- Air Expeditionary Wing AFA -- Air Force Academy AFA -- Air Force Association AFAA -- Air Force Audit Agency AFAM -- Air Force Achievement Medal AFAMS -- Air Force Agency for Modeling and Simulation AFB -- Air Force Base AFC2IC -- Air Force Command and Control Integration Center AFCA -- Air Force Communications Agency AFCAA -- Air Force Cost Analysis Agency AFCAT -- Air Force Catalog AFCEC -- Air Force Civil Engineering Center AFCEE -- Air Force Center for Engineering and the Environment AFCENT -- Air Forces Central AFCESA -- Air Force Civil Engineer Support Agency AFCFM -- Air Force Career Field Manager AFCLC -- Air Force Culture and Learning Center AFCM -- Air Force Commendation Medal AFDC -- Air Force Doctrine Center AFDW -- Air Force District of Washington AFE -- Aircrew Flight Equipment AFETS -- Air Force Engineering and Technical Services AFFMA -- Air Force Frequency Management Agency AFFSA -- Air Force Flight Standards Agency AFFSC -- Air Force Financial Services Center AFGSC -- Air Force Global Strike Command AFH -- Air Force Handbook AFHRA -- Air Force Historical Research Agency AFI -- Air Force Instruction ; or as a duty status , awaiting further instructions AFIA -- Air Force Inspection Agency AFIAA -- Air Force Intelligence Analysis Agency AFIS -- Air Force Inspection System AFISRA -- Air Force Intelligence , Surveillance and Reconnaissance Agency AFIT -- Air Force Institute of Technology AFLC -- Air Force Logistics Command ( disestablished MAJCOM ; merged with AFSC in 1992 to form AFMC ) AFLMA -- Air Force Logistics Management Agency AFLOA -- Air Force Legal Operations Agency AFMA -- Air Force Manpower Agency AFMAN -- Air Force Manual AFMC -- Air Force Materiel Command AFMOA -- Air Force Medical Operations Agency AFMPC -- Air Force Military Personnel Center ( obsolete ) , replaced with AFPC AFMS -- Air Force Medical Service or Air Force Manpower Standards AFMSA -- Air Force Medical Support Agency AFNIC -- Air Force Network Integration Center AFNOC -- Air Force Network Operations Center AFNORTH -- Air Forces Northern AFNSEPO -- Air Force National Security Emergency Preparedness Office AFNWCA -- Air Force Nuclear Weapons and Counterproliferation Agency AFOG -- Air Force Operations Group AFOQT -- Air Force Officer Qualifying Test AFOTEC -- Air Force Operational Test and Evaluation Center AFPAA -- Air Force Public Affairs Agency AFPAM -- Air Force Pamphlet AFPC -- Air Force Personnel Center AFPCA -- Air Force Pentagon Communications Agency AFPD -- Air Force Policy Directive AFPEO -- Air Force Program Executive Office AFPET -- Air Force Petroleum Agency AFPOA -- Air Force Personnel Operations Agency AFRBA -- Air Force Review Boards Agency AFRC -- Air Force Reserve Command AFRIMS -- Air Force Records Information Management System AFRL -- Air Force Research Lab AFROTC -- Air Force Reserve Officers Training Corps AFRPA -- Air Force Real Property Agency AFS -- Air Force Station AFSA -- Air Force Sergeants Association AFSC -- Air Force Safety Center AFSC -- Air Force Specialty Code AFSC -- Air Force Systems Command ( disestablished MAJCOM ; merged with AFLC in 1992 to form AFMC ) AFSFC -- Air Force Security Forces Center AFSO 21 -- Air Force Smart Operations for the 21st Century AFSOC -- Air Force Special Operations Command AFSOUTH -- Air Forces Southern AFSPC -- Air Force Space Command AFSVA -- Air Force Services Agency AFT -- Alert Fire Team AFTO -- Air Force Technical Order AFVA -- Air Force Visual Aids AFVEC -- Air Force Virtual Education Center AFWA -- Air Force Weather Agency AG ( TAG ) -- Adjutant General , ( The ) AGE -- Aerospace Ground Equipment ; analogous to Ground Support Equipment ( GSE ) in USN , USMC and USCG ( Naval Aviation ) AGE Ranger -- An AGE Technician AGR -- Active Guard and Reserve AGS -- Aircraft Generation Squadron AGSM -- Anti-G Straining Maneuver AGOW -- Air - Ground Operations Wing AKRAOC -- Alaska Region Air Operations Center ALCM -- Air Launched Cruise Missile ALCON -- All Concerned ( used in message headers for mass emailings ) ALO -- Air Liaison Officer ALS -- Airman Leadership School AMC -- Air Mobility Command AMJAMS -- Automated Military Justice Analysis and Management System Amn -- Airman ; enlisted pay grade E-2 AMMO Troop -- Munitions Systems Technician AMMO ( U.S. Air Force ) AMMS -- Airborne Missile Maintenance Squadron Missile Badge AMS -- Academy of Military Science AMT -- Aircraft Metals Technology AMW -- Air Mobility Wing AMXS -- Aircraft Maintenance Squadron ANG -- Air National Guard ANR -- Alaskan NORAD Region AO -- Authorized Outage AOC -- Air and Space Operations Center AOG -- Aircraft On Ground AP -- Air Police ( Obsolete term ) ; now called Security Forces ( SF ) APS -- Aerial Port Squadron ARI -- Alcohol Related Incident ARS -- ( Obsolete term ) Air Rescue Squadron ; formerly ARRS , now known as a Rescue Squadron ( RQS ) ARRS -- ( Obsolete term ) Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Squadron ART -- AEF ( Air Expeditionary Force ) Reporting Tool ART -- Air Reserve Technician ART -- Armed or Alarm Response Team ARW -- Air Refueling Wing AS -- Airlift Squadron AS -- Air Station ASAP -- As Soon As Possible ASBC -- Air and Space Basic Course ASI -- Authorized Service Interruption ASR -- Airport Surveillance Radar ATAG -- Assistant to the Adjutant General ATC -- Air traffic control ATC -- Air Training Command ( disestablished MAJCOM ; superseded in 1992 by AETC ) ATCALS -- Air Traffic Control and Landing Systems ATO -- Air Tasking Order ATO -- Anti-Terrorism Officer AU -- Air University AU - ABC -- Air University Associate to Baccalaureate Cooperative AW -- Airlift Wing AWACS -- Airborne Warning and Control System on the E-3 Sentry aircraft AWACS -- A War Against Common Sense AWC -- Air War College AWOL -- Absent Without Leave AWP -- Awaiting Parts BAH -- Basic Allowance for Housing BAS -- Basic Allowance for Subsistence BASH -- Bird / Wildlife Aircraft Strike Hazard BAQ -- Bachelor Airman Quarters BCOT -- Basic Communications Officer Training BDOC -- Base Defense Operations Center BDU -- Battle Dress Uniform BEQ -- Bachelor Enlisted Quarters BIT -- Bystander Intervention Training BITC -- Base Information Transfer Center BITS -- Base Information Transfer System BFM -- Basic Fighter Maneuvers BFT -- Blue Force Tracking BLUF -- Bottom Line Up Front BMT -- Basic Military Training BOHICA -- Bend Over , Here It Comes Again ; used in response to unfavorable orders . BONE -- Nickname for the B - 1 Lancer , as in `` B - ONE '' BOQ -- Bachelor Officer Quarters BOS -- Base Operating Support BOT -- Basic Officer Training Box Nasty -- A sandwich & snack meal in a cardboard box handed out for flights BPZ -- Below Primary Zone ; early promotion of an officer ahead of peers to controlled statutory pay grades of O - 4 , O - 5 and / or O - 6 BRAC -- Base Realignment and Closure Brig Gen -- Brigadier General ; officer pay grade O - 7 BRM -- Base Records Manager BS -- Bomb Squadron BSA -- Basic Surface Attack BTZ -- Below the zone ; USAF early promotion program from E-3 to E-4 BUFF -- Big Ugly Fat Fucker ( Nickname for Boeing B - 52 Stratofortress ) BW -- Bomb Wing BX -- Base Exchange ( see AAFES ) C - Day -- The unnamed day on which a deployment operation begins or is to begin C2 -- Command and Control C4ISR -- Command , Control , Communications , Computers , Intelligence , Surveillance , and Reconnaissance CA -- Combat Arms CAF -- Combat Air Force CAFSC -- Control Air Force Specialty Code CAI -- Computer Aided Instruction CAOC -- Combined Air and Space Operations Center CAMS -- Core Automated Maintenance System ( database behind IMDS ) CAP -- Civil Air Patrol , the civilian USAF Auxiliary Capt -- Captain ; officer pay grade O - 3 CAS -- Close Air Support CAST -- Combat Airman Skills Training CAT -- Crisis Action Team CAT -- Camper Alert Team ( Security Forces , Missile Field Security ) CATM -- Combat Arms Training and Maintenance CBCS -- Combat Communications Squadron CBMC -- Communications Battlespace Management Course CBT -- Computer Based Training CBRNE -- Chemical , Biological , Radiological , Nuclear , and High Yield Explosives CC -- Commander CCAF -- Community College of the Air Force CCE -- Executive Officer CCF -- First Sergeant CCT -- Combat Control CD -- Deputy Commander CDC -- Career Development Course CE -- Civil Engineering or Civil Engineers CEG -- Combat Evaluation Group CEM -- Chief Enlisted Manager CES -- Civil Engineering Squadron CEVG -- Combat Evaluation Group CFEPT -- Career Field Education and Training Plan CFP -- Communications Focal Point CFR -- Crash Fire Rescue CFT -- Cockpit Familiarization Trainer CGO -- Company Grade Officer ( lieutenants and captains ) CGOC -- Company Grade Officers ' Council Charlie Bravo -- Cut - back , or being released early from duty Charlie Foxtrot -- Cluster Fuck Chief -- Proper term of address for Chief Master Sergeant . Also frequently used by pilots to informally refer to maintenance personnel , specifically `` Crew Chiefs . '' CI -- Counterintelligence , Compliance Inspection CISM -- Close In Security Mobile Class Six -- BX - administered store where beer , wine & liquor is sold at a discounted price with no sales tax CJCS -- Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff CMO -- Civil - Military Operations CMO -- Chief Medical Officer ( term for senior medical officer at each MEPS -- Military Entrance Processing Station ) CMSAF -- Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force ; senior active duty enlisted member of the Air Force and a direct advisor to CSAF ( holds enlisted pay grade E-9 ) CMSgt -- Chief Master Sergeant ; enlisted pay grade E-9 CNA -- Computer Network Attack CND -- Could Not Duplicate CND -- Computer Network Defense CNO -- Computer Network Operations CNT -- Counter Narco - Terror COA -- Course of Action Col -- Colonel ; officer pay grade O - 6 COLA -- Cost of Living Adjustment COMINT -- Communications Intelligence CONOPS -- Concept of Operations CONS -- Contracting Squadron CONUS -- Continental United States COMAFFOR -- Commander , Air Force Forces Cop -- Term for Air Force Security Forces personnel COT -- Commissioned Officer Training CPF -- Civilian Personnel Flight CPTS -- Comptroller Squadron Crew Chief -- Generally used as an informal slang term for Aerospace Maintenance Personnel , AFSC 2A5 . More formally used to refer to an individual in charge of an aircraft maintenance related task requiring multiple people . CRO -- Combat Rescue Officer ; commissioned officer equivalent of an enlisted PJ CRO -- COMSEC Responsible Officer CS -- Communications Squadron CSAF -- Chief of Staff of the Air Force ; senior ranking active duty General in USAF unless the CJCS or VCJCS post is held by a USAF General ( holds officer pay grade O - 10 ) CSAR -- Combat Search and Rescue CSC -- Central Security Control CSS -- Commander 's Support Staff ( orderly room ) CSO -- Combat Systems Officer ; a commissioned officer aeronautical rating known as Navigator until 1992 CUI -- Combined Unit Inspection CWO -- Chief Warrant Officer ; commissioned officer pay grades W - 2 through W - 5 , currently discontinued in USAF D - Day -- The unnamed day on which an operation begins or is to begin DACBT -- Dissimilar Air Combat Training DAFSC -- Duty Air Force Specialty Code DART -- Dumbass Radio Troop DAS -- Date Arrived Station DBA -- Dirtbag Airman ( An Airman who does not represent the Air Force Core Values ) DCO -- Defensive Cyber Operations DEAD -- Destruction of Enemy Air Defenses DEERS -- Defense Eligibility Enrollment Reporting System DEROS -- Date Estimated Return from OverSeas Dependent -- Non-Military family member of a service member , typically a non-military spouse and / or children , entitled to a DD 1173 Military Dependent ID Card DFAC -- Dining Facility DFAS -- Defense Finance and Accounting Service Dickbeaters -- term referring to one 's hands . Often yelled by MTIs in the form of `` pin those Dickbeaters to your side ! '' DINSTAAR -- Danger Is No Stranger To An AGE Ranger ( See AGE ) DMSP -- Defense Meteorological Satellite Program DNIF -- Duties Not Including Flying DOE -- Date of Enlistment Dollar Ride -- A pilot 's first flight in an airframe Doolie -- nickname for a first year Air Force Academy cadet DOR -- Date of Rank Double Dip -- Term used for certain full - time Air Force Reserve and Air National Guard personnel when in a dual status and receiving income from two sources ( e.g. , Air Reserve Technician on civilian military leave as a Department of the Air Force civil servant and on concurrent active duty USAF orders ) DRSN -- Defense Red Switch Network DRU -- Direct Reporting Unit DSCS -- Defense Satellite Communications System DSD -- Developmental Special Duty DSN -- Defense Switched Network DSP -- Defense Support Program DSPD -- Defense Support to Public Diplomacy DT -- Development Team DTS -- Defense Travel System DV -- Distinguished Visitor ; visiting enlisted personnel in pay grade E-9 , visiting officer personnel in pay grades O - 6 through O - 10 , or visiting civilian equivalents such as GS - 15 , SES or politically - appointed or elected government officials DVQ -- Distinguished Visitors Quarters DVOQ -- Distinguished Visiting Officers Quarters DWC -- Deputy Wing Chaplain EAD -- Extended Active Duty EADS -- Eastern Air Defense Sector ECM -- Electronic Counter Measures ECP -- Entry Control Point EELV -- Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle EET -- Exercise Evaluation Team EFMP -- Exceptional Family Member Program EI -- Engineering & Installation EIS -- Engineering & Installation Squadron ELINT -- Electronic signals Intelligence EGI -- Embedded GPS / Inertial Navigation Embrace The Suck -- Slang used among junior enlisted referencing they have little say in undesirable decisions , effectively advice that one should not worry themselves over things they can not control EMEDS -- Expeditionary Medical Support EMSEC -- Emission Security ENJJPT -- Euro NATO Joint Jet Pilot Training EO -- Equal Opportunity EOC -- Emergency Operations Center EOD -- Explosive Ordnance Disposal EPR -- Enlisted Performance Report ERCC -- Engine Run Crew Change E-VAR -- Electronic Visitor Access Request ERO -- Engine Running Onload / Offload EW -- Electronic Warfare EWO -- Electronic Warfare Officer FA -- Fitness Assessment FAA -- Federal Aviation Administration FAB -- Forward Air Base FAC -- Forward Air Controller FAIP -- First Assignment Instructor Pilot FAM -- Functional Area Manager Farts and darts -- clouds and darts embroidery found on field grade and general officers ' service cap visors Fat Albert -- Nickname used for the C - 5A Galaxy until revoked by USAF as `` derogatory '' . Name came from Bill Cosby 's recording of `` Revenge '' in 1968 , with the story of `` Buck Buck '' and Fat Albert shaking the ground as he ran . FGO -- Field Grade Officer ( majors , lieutenant colonels , and colonels ) FIGMO -- Fuck it I Got My Orders Fini Flight -- A pilot 's last flight in the aircraft before he / she leaves a squadron , a wing , or retires from the Air Force FLPP -- Foreign Language Profeciency Pay FM -- Financial Management Comptroller FMC -- Fully Mission Capable FMS -- Foreign Military Sales FMS - Field Maintenance Squadron FNG -- Fucking New Guy FOA -- Field Operating Agency FOD -- Foreign Object Damage or debris that can cause damage FOUO -- For Official Use Only Four Fan Trash Can -- Nickname for the C - 130 Hercules Four Fans of Freedom -- Nickname for the C - 130 Hercules FRED -- Fucking Ridiculous Economic Disaster ( term for the C - 5 Galaxy ) FS -- Fighter Squadron FSB -- Force Shaping Board FSS -- Force Support Squadron FTAC -- First Term Airman 's Center FTS -- Flying Training Squadron FTU -- Formal Training Unit FTW -- Flying Training Wing FUBAR -- Fucked Up Beyond All Recognition FW -- Fighter Wing FYSA - For Your Situational Awareness G - LOC -- G - induced Loss of Consciousness GBS -- Global Broadcast Service ( pronounced : jibz -- IPA : dʒɪbz ) GC / GNC -- Guidance and Control GCCS -- Global Command and Control System ( pronounced : geeks -- IPA : giks ) GCIC -- Global Cyberspace Integration Center GCS -- Ground Control Station GDT -- Ground Data Terminal Gen -- General ; officer pay grade O - 10 GLCM -- Ground Launched Cruise Missile GO -- General Officer ; officers in pay grades O - 7 , O - 8 , O - 9 and O - 10 -- analogous to Flag Officer in USN and USCG GOCO -- Government Owned , Contractor Operated GOGO -- Government Owned , Government Operated GOV -- Government Owned Vehicle Gp -- Group GPC -- Government Purchase Card GPS -- Global Positioning System GTC -- Government Travel Card GWOT -- Global War On Terrorism HAF -- Headquarters Air Force HALO -- High Altitude , Low Opening HAHO -- High Altitude , High Opening Hangar `` ( # ) '' -- A nonexistent hangar ( e.g. , if there are 4 hangars , then it would be Hangar 5 ) ; heard most often over radios as slang code for latrine / bathroom / Porta John . Example : `` Get me to Hangar 5 ! '' HARM -- High Speed Anti-Radiation Missile HARM -- Host Aviation Resource Management HARRT -- Humanitarian Assistance Rapid Response Team Hawg -- Nickname for the A-10 Thunderbolt II HAZCON -- Hazardous Condition HC -- Chaplain Headquarters HIA -- Held in Abeyance HO -- Historian 's Office HPC -- Historic Properties Custodian HTS -- HARM Targeting System HUA -- Heard , Understood , Acknowledged HUAW -- Hurry Up and Wait HUD -- Head - Up Display HUMINT -- Human Intelligence IA -- Information Assurance IAW -- In Accordance With ICBM -- Intercontinental Ballistic Missile ID 10 T Problem -- A problem that is created by an `` idiot '' IFE -- In - Flight Emergency IFF -- Identification Friend or Foe IFF -- Introduction to Fighter Fundamentals IFFCC -- Integrated Flight and Fire Control Computer IFS -- Introductory Flight Screening IFT -- Introductory Flight Training IG -- Inspector General ILS -- Instrument landing system IMDS -- Integrated Maintenance Database System IMINT -- Imagery Intelligence INOP -- Inoperative / Inoperable INOSC -- Integrated Network Operations and Security Center IP -- Instructor Pilot IPB -- Intelligence Preparation of the Battlespace IO -- Information Operations IOC -- Initial Operational Capability IOIC -- Information Operations Integration Course IS -- Intelligence Squadron ISR -- Intelligence , Surveillance , and Reconnaissance ITT -- Information , Tickets , and Travel IYAAYAS -- If You Ai n't Ammo , You Ai n't Shit IYAAYWOT -- If You Ai n't Ammo , You 're Waitin ' On Them J ( edit ) J - STARS -- Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System on the E-8 JSTARS aircraft JA -- Judge Advocate JA / ATT -- Joint Airborne / Air Transportability Training JAOC -- Joint Air and Space Operations Center JATO -- Jet - Assisted Take - Off JDAM -- Joint Direct Attack Munition JEEP -- Just Enough Education To Pass JEEP -- Just Entering Electronic Principals JEEP -- Just Educated Enough to Post ( Security Forces ) JFACC -- Joint Forces Air Component Commander JEIM -- Jet Engine Intermediate Maintenance JOAP -- Joint Oil Analysis Program JOPES -- Joint Operation Planning and Execution System JPATS -- Joint Primary Air Training System JPME -- Joint Professional Military Education JPPT -- Joint Primary Pilot Training JSF -- Joint Strike Fighter JSOW -- Joint Standoff Weapon JSUPT -- Joint Specialized Undergraduate Pilot Training JWICS -- Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System KISS -- Keep It Simple Stupid LAPES -- Low Altitude Parachute Extraction System . LATN -- Low Altitude Tactical Navigation . Lawn Dart -- Nickname for F - 16 Fighting Falcon or any other fast , pointy - nosed , single - engine fighter aircraft . LCAP -- Logistics Compliance Assessment Program . LEAP -- Language Enabled Airman Program . LG -- Logistics Group . LGB -- Laser - Guided Bomb . LIFT -- Lead In Fighter Training . LIMFAC -- Limiting Factor . Linda Lovelace ( Reference to the C - 5 Galaxy aircraft , because it kneels and takes it from both ends . ) LMR -- Land Mobile Radio LOA -- Letter of Admonishment . LOA -- Letter of Appreciation . LOAC -- Law of Armed Conflict . LOC -- Letter of Counseling . LOGI -- Logistics NCOIC ( Squadron , Group , Wing ) . LOR -- Letter of Reprimand . LOWAT -- Low Altitude Training . LRS -- Logistics Readiness Squadron . LT -- Familiar term for a Lieutenant , Second or First ; usually used as a form of address by those under his / her command . Lt Col -- Lieutenant Colonel ; officer pay grade O - 5 . Lt Gen -- Lieutenant General ; officer pay grade O - 9 . LWOP -- Leave Without Pay . MAC -- Military Airlift Command ( disestablished MAJCOM ) MAF -- Mobility Air Force Maj -- Major ; officer pay grade O - 4 Maj Gen -- Major General ; officer pay grade O - 8 MAJCOM -- Major Command MANPADS -- Man - Portable Air Defense System MARE -- Major Accident Response Exercise MASINT -- Measurement and Signature Intelligence MATS -- Military Air Transport Service ( disestablished command , superseded by MAC and then AMC MDG -- Medical Group MDS -- Mission Design Series of aircraft ; analogous to T / M / S for Type / Model / Series in USN & USMC ( Naval Aviation ) MEO -- Military Equal Opportunity MEPS -- Military Entrance Processing Station METL -- Mission Essential Task Listing MFLC -- Military and Family Life Counselor MFT -- Mobile Fire Team MICAP -- Mission Incapable MICT -- Management Internal Control Toolset MIF -- Maneuver Item File MILDEC -- Military Deception MILSTRIP -- Military Standard Requisitioning and Issue Procedure MLR -- Management Level Review MOAB -- Massive Ordnance Air Blast Bomb / Mother Of All Bombs MOOTW -- Military Operations Other than War MOS -- Maintenance Operations Squadron Mosquito Wings -- Nickname for the Airman rank insignia MPF -- Military Personnel Flight MRE -- Meal Ready to Eat MS -- Missile Squadron MSG -- Mission Support Group MSME -- Medical Standard Management Element MSgt -- Master Sergeant ; enlisted pay grade E-7 MSS -- Mission Support Squadron MTI -- Military Training Instructor MTL -- Military Training Leader Mud Hen -- Nickname for the F - 15E Strike Eagle MW -- Missile Wing MWR -- Morale , Welfare and Recreation MWS -- Major Weapons System MX -- Maintenance MXG -- Maintenance Group MXS -- Maintenance Squadron NAF -- Numbered Air Force Nav -- Navigator , now known since 2009 as a Combat Systems Officer NCC -- Network Control Center NCO -- Non-commissioned Officer NCOA -- Non-commissioned Officer Academy NCOIC -- Non-Commissioned Officer in Charge NCW -- Network - Centric Warfare NDI -- Nondestructive Inspection NEADS -- Northeast Air Defense Sector NGB -- National Guard Bureau NIPR -- Non-secure Internet Protocol ( IP ) Router Network NKAWTG -- Nobody Kicks Ass Without Tanker Gas NMC -- Non Mission Capable NMSA -- Non-Nuclear Munitions Storage Area NMUSAF -- National Museum of the United States Air Force Nonner -- `` Non-sortie generating . '' Derogatory term used by aircraft maintenance personnel when referring to enlisted and officers who are not directly involved in aircraft maintenance or manning aircraft Non-rated Officer -- USAF commissioned officer not holding an aeronautical rating NOSC -- Network Operations and Security Center NOTAM -- Notice To Airmen NSI -- Nuclear Surety Inspection NVG -- Night Vision Goggles NUB -- New Useless Bitch ( reference for new person on station ; contraction from newbie ( which was originally new boy ) , and then backronymed ) O ( edit ) OA -- Occupational Analysis OA -- Outstanding Airman OAPT -- Officer Awaiting Pilot Training . OAPTer -- An officer in OAPT status . While other 2nd Lt 's begin their flight training , non-flying technical training and / or initial leadership roles , OAPTers complete menial tasks in support of the mission while they wait for their assigned training date ( this is known as `` casual status '' ) . It is important for all operational bases , as OAPTers are most often supplemental to the assigned commissioned officer workforce . OAR -- Occupational Analysis Report OAY -- Outstanding Airman of the Year OAYA -- Outstanding Airman of the Year Award OCO -- Offensive Cyber Operations OCONUS -- Outside the Continental United States OCR -- Office of Collateral Responsibility OFO -- Out Fucking Off OG -- Operations Group OIC -- Officer in Command OL -- Operating Location OODA -- Observe Orient Decide Act OPCON -- Operational Control OPR -- Office of Primary Responsibility OPR -- Officer Performance Report OPSEC -- Operations Security OPTN -- Operationalizing and Professionalizing the Network ORI -- Operational Readiness Inspection ORM -- Operation Risk Management OSI -- Office of Special Investigation OSR -- Occupational Survey Report OSS -- Operations Support Squadron OT&E -- Operational Test and Evaluation OTS -- Officer Training School PA -- Public Affairs PACAF -- Pacific Air Forces PAFSC -- Primary Air Force Specialty Code PAR -- Precision Approach Radar PAS -- Political Affairs Strategist PAX -- Air passengers PCS -- Permanent Change of Station PDS -- Permanent Duty Station PERSCO -- Personnel Support for Contingency Operations Perpes -- Humorous nickname for PRP , takeoff on herpes PFE -- Promotion Fitness Examination PFM -- Pure Fucking Magic ; Term to refer to a technical problem that somehow resolved itself PFT -- Physical Fitness Test PICNIC -- Problem In Chair , Not In Computer ; Used by help desk personnel to indicate user ignorance PING -- Person In Need of Graduation PITT -- Person In need of Technical Training PJ -- Pararescueman PMC -- Partially Mission Capable PME -- Professional Military Education PMEL -- Precision Measurement Equipment Laboratory Pocket Rocket -- Term for the missile badge on the uniforms of current and former ICBM and cruise missile launch operations and missile maintenance personnel POL - Petroleum , Oils , & Lubricants , the traditional name for the Fuels Management Flight Pop Tart -- Airman whose technical career schools are 6 weeks or less posn -- position Prime Beef -- Prime Base Engineer Emergency Force PRF -- Promotion Recommendation Form PRP -- Personnel Reliability Program PSDM -- Personnel Services Delivery Memorandum PSYOP -- Psychological Operations PTL -- Physical Training Leader Q ( edit ) QAF -- Quality Air Force Queep -- A task or duty that is completely useless and ultimately unrelated to your primary job . It is often assigned by superiors not of your career field as they assume that you have time to constantly work these tasks . Example : `` I have a lot of queep to do before I go home . '' `` I need to finish all of this queep before I can go fly . '' RA -- Resource Advisor RAF -- Royal Air Force Rainbow Flight -- Fresh trainees at BMT who have not yet received uniforms ( clothing colors represent the rainbow ) RAM -- Random Antiterrorism Measure RAPCON -- Radar Approach Control RAS -- Regional Affairs Strategist Rated Officer -- USAF commissioned officer holding an aeronautical rating as a Pilot ( to include Astronaut ) , Combat Systems Officer ( to include Astronaut ) , Navigator ( to include Astronaut ) , Air Battle Manager , Observer ( Astronaut ) or Flight Surgeon RED HORSE -- Rapid Engineer Deployable Heavy Operational Repair Squadron Engineers RET , Ret , ( Ret ) -- Designations for retired military personnel , typically following the service designation in a title , e.g. , Col USAF ( Ret ) RF -- Radio frequency RFF -- Request ( F ) or Forces ( initiated by Army ) RHIP -- `` Rank Has Its Privileges '' RIF -- Reduction In Force RIP -- Report on Individual Personnel RNLTD -- Report No Later Than Date ROAD -- Retired On Active Duty RON -- Remain overnight ROTC -- Reserve Officers ' Training Corps RPA -- Remotely Piloted Aircraft RQG -- Rescue Group RQS -- Rescue Squadron ( formerly ARS ) RQW -- Rescue Wing RTB -- Return To Base RTIC -- Real Time In the Cockpit RS -- Reconnaissance Squadron RW -- Reconnaissance Wing SAASS -- School of Advanced Air and Space Studies SABC -- Self Aid Buddy Care SAC -- Strategic Air Command ( disestablished MAJCOM ) SAF / SECAF -- Secretary of the Air Force SAM -- Surface to Air Missile SAPR -- Sexual Assault Prevention and Response SARC -- Sexual Assault Response Coordinator SATCOM -- Satellite Communications SAV -- Staff Assistance Visit SBIRS -- Space - Based Infrared System SCOD -- Static Close Out Date SDF -- Standard Deployment Folder SEAD -- Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses ( pronounced `` seed '' ) SEADS -- Southeast Air Defense Sector SEI -- Special Experience Identifier Secret squirrel stuff -- Material classified above secret or special compartmentalized information . Senior -- Informal shortening for Senior Master Sergeant SEPCOR -- Separate Correspondence SERE -- Survival , Evasion , Resistance and Escape SF -- Security Forces SFS -- Security Forces Squadron Sgt -- Sergeant ; a since discontinued additional rank in enlisted pay grade E-4 from 1976 to 1991 Shirt -- A unit first sergeant Short -- Close to a PCS date or retirement Sierra Hotel ( SH ) -- Shit Hot SIGINT -- Signals Intelligence SIPR -- Secret Internet Protocol SKT -- Specialty Knowledge Test Slick Sleeve -- Nickname for an Airman Basic ( owing to the absence of rank insignia on an individual 's sleeve ) SLUF -- Short Little Ugly Fucker ( Derogatory nickname for the LTV A-7 Corsair II ) SME -- Subject Matter Expert SMSgt -- Senior Master Sergeant , enlisted pay grade E-8 SNAFU -- Situation Normal All Fucked Up SNCO -- Senior Non-commissioned Officer ; enlisted pay grades E-7 , E-8 and E-9 SNCOA -- Senior Non-commissioned Officer Academy Snacko -- A highly underestimated , mission critical position held most often by newly reported Lieutenants in a flying squadron . Doing well at the Snacko position will prompt one for a laudable career . Failing at such a job will often entail severe ridicule and , if necessary , replacement and retraining by the flying squadron . Snuffy -- Generic term given to any Airmen of lower rank . `` And here came Airman Snuffy late to the party as usual . '' SOP -- Standard Operating Procedure SOPS -- Space Operations Squadron SOS -- Squadron Officer School SOS -- Special Operations Squadron SOW -- Special Operations Wing SOWT - Special Operations Weather Technician Spark Chaser -- Nickname for aircraft maintenance personnel dealing with electronic , non-mechanical systems Spirit Mission -- A good - natured act , commonly in the form of a prank , banner , or ... reacquisition ... of a person / thing , to show pride for a group of individuals . Usually harmless . Sq -- Squadron SrA -- Senior Airman ; enlisted pay grade E-4 SRC -- Solid Rock Cafe ( new as of 2011 , located at Sheppard AFB , TX -- unofficial anogram that is used by officers as well as students ) SRT -- Security Response Team SSgt -- Staff Sergeant ; enlisted pay grade E-5 SST -- Supervisor Safety Training Staff -- Informal shortening for Staff Sergeant STEP -- Stripe Through Exceptional Performance Stick Actuator -- Pilot Stink Bug -- Nickname for the F - 117 Nighthawk Strike Eagle -- Nickname for the F - 15E Strike Eagle STS -- Special Tactics Squadron SURF -- Single Uniform Request Format SVS -- Services Squadron SW -- Space Wing SWA -- Southwest Asia SWAG -- Scientific Wild - Ass Guess SWO - Staff Weather Officer T&A -- Test and Acceptance TAC -- Tactical Air Command ( disestablished MAJCOM ) TAC - P -- Tactical Air Control Party TACAN -- Tactical Air Navigation TACON -- Tactical Control TAFCSD -- Total Active Federal Commission Service Date TAFMSD -- Total Active Federal Military Service Date TAG ( AG ) -- The Adjutant General Tail - End Charlie -- Person bringing up the rear of a formation or a tail gunner TAP -- Transition Assistance Program TBA -- Training Business Area TCNO -- Time Compliance Network Order TCTO -- Time Compliance Technical Order TDY -- Temporary Duty ; analogous to Temporary Additional Duty ( TAD / TEMADD ) in USN , USMC and USCG Tech -- Informal shortening of Technical Sergeant TFCSD -- Total Federal Commissioned Service to Date TGP -- Targeting Pod TIG -- The Inspector General TLAR -- That Looks About Right TLF -- Temporary Living Facility TO -- Technical Order TOT -- Time Over Target Tracking -- Reference to offensive avionics on combat aircraft . Following and understanding the subject at hand . ( IE : `` I need this done yesterday , Airman . Are you tracking ? '' ) TRG -- Training Group TRS -- Training Squadron TRW -- Training Wing TSgt -- Technical Sergeant ; enlisted pay grade E-6 TST -- Time - Sensitive Target TTP -- Tactics , Techniques , and Procedures TU -- Tango Uniform , slang for ' tits up ' . U ( edit ) UAS -- unmanned aircraft system UAV -- unmanned aerial vehicle UCI -- unit compliance inspection UCSOT -- Undergraduate Combat Systems Officer Training UHT -- Undergraduate Helicopter Pilot Training UIF -- unfavorable information file ULN -- unit line number UMD -- unit manpower document UNT -- Undergraduate Navigator Training ( superseded by UCSOT ) UNWT -- Undergraduate Network Warfare Training UPT -- Undergraduate Pilot Training ( superseded by ENJJPT , JSUPT and UHT ) USAF -- United States Air Force USAFA -- United States Air Force Academy USAFE -- United States Air Forces in Europe USAFEC -- United States Air Force Expeditionary Center USAFR -- United States Air Force Reserve USAFWC -- United States Air Force Warfare Center V ( edit ) VAQ -- visiting airman quarters VFR -- visual flight rules Viper -- nickname for the F - 16 Fighting Falcon VML -- vulnerable to move list vMPF -- virtual military personnel flight VOQ -- visiting officer quarters VOR -- VHF omnidirectional range V / R -- virtual regards / very respectfully ( closing salutation ) vRED -- virtual record of emergency data VSP -- voluntary separation pay WADS -- Western Air Defense Sector WAF -- Women in the Air Force WAG -- wild - ass guess WAPS -- Weighted Airman Promotion System WASP -- Women Airforce Service Pilots WC -- wing chaplain WG -- wing WIC -- weapons instructor course WIT -- wing inspection team Winchester -- out of ammo WOWWAJAA -- with out weapons we are just another airline WRM -- war reserve material WRT -- with regard to / with reference to WSA -- weapons storage area WSO -- weapon systems officer WX -- weather X ( edit ) X-plane -- experimental aircraft Y ( edit ) Y - plane -- prototype aircraft Z ( edit ) Zero -- officer Zoo -- nickname for the Air Force Academy Zoomie -- nickname for an Air Force Academy graduate or cadet See also ( edit ) United States Air Force portal List of acronyms List of U.S. government and military acronyms List of U.S. Marine Corps acronyms and expressions List of U.S. Navy acronyms External links ( edit ) The dictionary definition of Appendix : Military slang at Wiktionary The dictionary definition of Appendix : U.S. Navy slang at Wiktionary Air Force Acronyms and Abbreviations Air Force Related Acronyms United States Air Force Leadership Secretary of the Air Force Under Secretary of the Air Force Chief of Staff Vice Chief of Staff Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force 4 - star generals House Armed Services Committee House Subcommittee on Tactical Air and Land Forces House Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces Senate Committee on Armed Services Senate Subcommittee on Airland Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces Structure Commands Reserve Air National Guard Field Operating Agencies Installations Direct Reporting Units District of Washington Operational Test and Evaluation Center USAF Academy Major Commands Air Combat Air Education and Training Air Mobility Global Strike Materiel Reserve Space Special Operations Europe & Africa Pacific Numbered Air Forces First Second Third Fourth Fifth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Twelfth Fourteenth Seventeenth Eighteenth Nineteenth Twentieth Twenty - Second Twenty - Fourth Twenty - Fifth Air Forces Central Wings ANG Groups ANG Squadrons ANG Security forces Civilian auxiliary : Civil Air Patrol Personnel and training Airmen Rank Officers Enlisted Specialty Code Aeronautical ratings Judge Advocate General 's Corps RED HORSE Medical Service Chief of Chaplains Chief Scientist Training : USAF Academy Officer Training School Reserve Officer Training Corps Basic Training Airman Leadership School SERE Fitness Assessment Uniforms and equipment Awards and decorations Badges Equipment Uniforms History and traditions History Aeronautical Division / Aviation Section / Division of Military Aeronautics / Army Air Service / Army Air Corps / Army Air Forces `` The U.S. Air Force '' Air Force Band The Airmen of Note Tops In Blue Airman 's Creed Core Values Flag Symbol Memorial National Museum Air Force One Honor Guard Thunderbirds Service numbers Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_U.S._Air_Force_acronyms_and_expressions&oldid=794030389 '' Categories : Military terminology of the United States Military traditions United States Air Force lists Lists of acronyms Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 August 2017 , at 11 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what does ccf stand for in the air force | [
"\nC-Day – The unnamed day on which a deployment operation begins or is to begin\nC2 – Command and Control\nC4ISR – Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance\nCA – Combat Arms\nCAF – Combat Air Force\nCAFSC – Control Air Force Specialty Code\nCAI – Computer Aided Instruction\nCAOC – Combined Air and Space Operations Center\nCAMS – Core Automated Maintenance System (database behind IMDS)\nCAP – Civil Air Patrol, the civilian USAF Auxiliary\nCapt – Captain; officer pay grade O-3\nCAS – Close Air Support\nCAST – Combat Airman Skills Training\nCAT – Crisis Action Team\nCAT – Camper Alert Team (Security Forces, Missile Field Security)\nCATM – Combat Arms Training and Maintenance\nCBCS – Combat Communications Squadron\nCBMC – Communications Battlespace Management Course\nCBT – Computer Based Training\nCBRNE – Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and High Yield Explosives\nCC – Commander\nCCAF – Community College of the Air Force\nCCE – Executive Officer\nCCF – First Sergeant\nCCT – Combat Control\nCD – Deputy Commander\nCDC – Career Development Course\nCE – Civil Engineering or Civil Engineers\nCEG – Combat Evaluation Group\nCEM – Chief Enlisted Manager\nCES – Civil Engineering Squadron\nCEVG – Combat Evaluation Group\nCFEPT – Career Field Education and Training Plan\nCFP – Communications Focal Point\nCFR – Crash Fire Rescue\nCFT – Cockpit Familiarization Trainer\nCGO – Company Grade Officer (lieutenants and captains)\nCGOC – Company Grade Officers' Council\nCharlie Bravo – Cut-back, or being released early from duty\nCharlie Foxtrot – Cluster Fuck\nChief – Proper term of address for Chief Master Sergeant. Also frequently used by pilots to informally refer to maintenance personnel, specifically \"Crew Chiefs.\"\nCI – Counterintelligence, Compliance Inspection\nCISM – Close In Security Mobile\nClass Six – BX-administered store where beer, wine & liquor is sold at a discounted price with no sales tax\nCJCS – Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff\nCMO – Civil-Military Operations\nCMO – Chief Medical Officer (term for senior medical officer at each MEPS—Military Entrance Processing Station)\nCMSAF – Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force; senior active duty enlisted member of the Air Force and a direct advisor to CSAF (holds enlisted pay grade E-9)\nCMSgt – Chief Master Sergeant; enlisted pay grade E-9\nCNA – Computer Network Attack\nCND – Could Not Duplicate\nCND – Computer Network Defense\nCNO – Computer Network Operations\nCNT – Counter Narco-Terror\nCOA – Course of Action\nCol – Colonel; officer pay grade O-6\nCOLA – Cost of Living Adjustment\nCOMINT – Communications Intelligence\nCONOPS – Concept of Operations\nCONS – Contracting Squadron\nCONUS – Continental United States\nCOMAFFOR – Commander, Air Force Forces\nCop – Term for Air Force Security Forces personnel\nCOT – Commissioned Officer Training\nCPF – Civilian Personnel Flight\nCPTS – Comptroller Squadron\nCrew Chief – Generally used as an informal slang term for Aerospace Maintenance Personnel, AFSC 2A5. More formally used to refer to an individual in charge of an aircraft maintenance related task requiring multiple people.\nCRO – Combat Rescue Officer; commissioned officer equivalent of an enlisted PJ\nCRO – COMSEC Responsible Officer\nCS – Communications Squadron\nCSAF – Chief of Staff of the Air Force; senior ranking active duty General in USAF unless the CJCS or VCJCS post is held by a USAF General (holds officer pay grade O-10)\nCSAR – Combat Search and Rescue\nCSC – Central Security Control\nCSS – Commander's Support Staff (orderly room)\nCSO – Combat Systems Officer; a commissioned officer aeronautical rating known as Navigator until 1992\nCUI – Combined Unit Inspection\nCWO – Chief Warrant Officer; commissioned officer pay grades W-2 through W-5, currently discontinued in USAF\n"
] | [
"First Sergeant"
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8085792509996694771 | Delhi-6 | Delhi - 6 - wikipedia Delhi - 6 Jump to : navigation , search Delhi - 6 Theatrical release poster Hindi दिल्ली - 6 Directed by Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra Produced by Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra Ronnie Screwvala Screenplay by Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra Prasoon Joshi Kamlesh Pandey Story by Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra Kamlesh Pandey Starring Abhishek Bachchan Sonam Kapoor Om Puri Waheeda Rahman Rishi Kapoor Divya Dutta Aditi Rao Hydari Music by A.R. Rahman Cinematography Binod Pradhan Edited by P.S. Bharathi Production company Showman Pictures Distributed by Showman Pictures UTV Motion Pictures Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra Pictures ShowMan Pictures Release date 20 February 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 20 ) Running time 140 minutes Country India Language Hindi Delhi - 6 is a 2009 Indian musical drama film directed by Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra and starring Abhishek Bachchan , Sonam Kapoor , Om Puri , Waheeda Rahman , Rishi Kapoor , Atul Kulkarni , Deepak Dobriyal , Divya Dutta and Aditi Rao Hydari . The story is reportedly based on Mehra 's growing up years in Chandni Chowk area of Old Delhi . The number 6 refers to the Postal Index Number ( PIN ) code of Chandni Chowk area of Old Delhi , a shortened form of 110006 . It is Mehra 's third film after Aks and Rang De Basanti . The acclaimed score and soundtrack was composed by A.R. Rahman . It released on 20 February 2009 and won the Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration at 57th National Film Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development and casting 3.2 Filming 3.3 Promotion 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 6 Music 6.1 Track listing 7 Inspiration 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Roshan ( Abhishek Bachchan ) accompanies his dying grandmother Annapurna ( Waheeda Rahman ) to their ancestral property in Old Delhi . Roshan is initially stunned by the mad rush of neighbours : Ali Baig ( Rishi Kapoor ) the renaissance man , feuding brothers Madangopal ( Om Puri ) and Jaigopal ( Pavan Malhotra ) , their wives and families , Mamdu ( Deepak Dobriyal ) the halwai , Gobar ( Atul Kulkarni ) the simpleton , Sethji and many others . Roshan eventually warms to the place and wholeheartedly embraces the sense of community . He accompanies his grandmother to the Ramleelas , hangs out at Mamdu 's sweet stall , plays with the children , and gradually becomes steeped in the culture . Roshan is also slowly exposed to some sobering realities . When Annapurna faints ( due to fluctuating blood sugar levels ) and they scramble to get her to a hospital , he finds the roads choked by traffic because of an impromptu ceremony around a cow in labour ; he is further surprised when his grandmother , despite her stupor , stumbles forth to seek the blessings of a sacred cow ; and he is astounded when the local police seem to encourage the practice . Roshan begins to understand the feuds and social issues in the community . Madangopal 's sister Rama ( Aditi Rao Hydari ) is unwed ( at an age when spinsterhood is a significant social no - no ) and Jaigopal 's electrical business is going nowhere . The lecherous old local money lender Lala Bhairam ( Prem Chopra ) is married to a young woman Shashi ( Geeta Bisht ) who , in turn , is having an affair with a young photo - studio hand Suresh ( Cyrus Sahukar ) . Suresh is a double timer who is also pursuing Madangopal 's daughter Bittu ( Sonam Kapoor ) . Bittu secretly wants out of the stuck - in - time Old Delhi ; she secretly prepares to audition for a popular reality show Indian Idol in the hope that she will win her way to Mumbai . Roshan comes to appreciate Ali Baig 's cosmopolitan tastes and is surprised to learn that he fancied his mother many years ago and has since never married . And Roshan comes to empathise with the lower - caste trash collector girl Jalebi ( Divya Dutta ) who must endure untouchability at social functions except for when some of the brutish locals seek company . Roshan crosses paths with the loutish inspector Ranvijay ( Vijay Raaz ) who blithely stretches his authorities to manhandle the locals and becomes acquainted with the assembly - woman who displays political power at every opportunity . In the meantime , the news media is all abuzz with tales of a fearsome terror known only as the `` Kala Bandar '' ( The Black Monkey ) . This miscreant ( never shown clearly in the film ) attacks people , steals and has caused the death of a few innocent people . ( These deaths are mostly accidental , as in the example of a pregnant housewife who was supposedly startled by a silhouette and fell down a flight of stairs or the unfortunate man who was briefly zapped by a live electric wire . ) Nonetheless , the local news picks up on every move by the kala bandar and loudly blares about all his exploits . Jaigopal , the self - proclaimed electronics genius , theorises that the kala bandar likely has an electrical circuit ( to zap his victims ) and may be electrocuted by water ; this rumour is quickly propagated . The film takes several turns . After some initial friction , Roshan and Bittu warm to each other . Roshan intervenes when Bittu is about to receive a prospective suitor arranged by Madangopal . He echoes Bittu 's desire to pursue other dreams ; this drives the suitor away and brings Madangopal 's wrath upon him . He gradually begins to fall in love with her but is confused when Bittu expresses her affections for Suresh ( she believes he will support her dreams ) . Around this time , the kala bandar attacks Old Delhi . The locals bring in a tantrik Shani baba ( Akhilendra Mishra ) to exorcise the demonic influence of the kala bandar . After an extended havan ceremony , the tantrik baba , clearly a self - aggrandizing actor who dislikes the inter-religious equality practised in the community , speculates that the local mosque must have been built over the ruins of a temple that was demolished for the purpose . He thus initiates a vicious cycle of animosity in the previously harmonious Hindu - Muslim community . After the initial peaceful demonstrations ( by rallies and angry meetings ) , a mob goes on rampage and attacks some of the Muslims and their shops . This prompts one Muslim shop - owner , Mamdu , to set fire to the tree temple . Roshan attempts to make peace but is rebuffed because of his mixed religious parentage . The locals ultimately settle on the fact that the kala bandar is hiding out in the sooni galli ( a dark lane known to harbour evil presences ) and must be destroyed . They command the simpleton Gobar to fetch a lock of hair from the evil enemy so that the tantrik can burn it and complete the exorcism . Roshan becomes aware of Bittu 's plan to elope with Suresh and that Suresh is a low - life two timer . He dons a monkey mask and outfit and stealthily follows Bittu by leaping across the rooftops . In the meantime Gobar ventures into the sooni galli where Jalebi gives him a lock of her hair so he may return in triumph and bring peace to the community . At that moment , Roshan ( in his monkey outfit ) intercedes in Bittu and Suresh 's rendezvous and causes the cowardly Suresh to flee . Bittu raises a loud alarm before Roshan unmasks himself , Roshan tells Bittu he loves her where she also responds to his feelings , the two share a hug , whereupon the angry locals storm the place . Believing Roshan to be the kala bandar , they beat him to within an inch of his life and Mamdu shoots him . Then , Gobar comes up with a startling deduction about the reality of the kala bandar ; that the kala bandar is in fact the vices residing inside the people of Delhi 6 and something that the people must defeat within themselves . In the end the neighborhood realizes this and helps Roshan to reach a hospital with the help of an ambulance . But while on the way , Roshan does not respond to the treatment leaving people to believe that he died . In the meanwhile Roshan meets his grandfather ( after his death ) in the terrace of a building in Delhi . Roshan 's grandfather ( Amitabh Bachchan ) reveals that there is a Kala Bandar in his own heart and that is why he wanted to ask forgiveness to his daughter , Roshan 's mother , for not accepting her inter-religious marriage . After that he said he will meet him once again . At that point , Roshan responds to his treatment and everyone is happy that he is not dead . The film ends with Roshan understanding the diversity of Delhi 6 . During the end credits , the important characters appears before the mirror and reveal their emotions during their days in Delhi 6 . Cast ( edit ) Abhishek Bachchan as Roshan Sonam Kapoor as Bittu Waheeda Rehman as Annapurna ( Dadi ) Rishi Kapoor as Ali Om Puri as Madangopal Divya Dutta as Jalebi Tanvi Azmi as Fatima Atul Kulkarni as Gobar Aditi Rao Hydari as Rama Bua Supriya Pathak as Vimla Deepak Dobriyal as Mamdu K.K. Raina as Haji Sulamaan Pavan Malhotra as Jai Gopal Amitabh Bachchan as Roshan 's grandfather Vinayak Doval as Bobby Prem Chopra as Lala Bhairam Vijay Raaz as Inspector Ranvijay Akhilendra Mishra as Tantrik Baba Cyrus Sahukar as Suresh Geeta Bisht as Shashi Daya Shankar Pandey as Kumar Kulshrestha Sheeba Chaddha as Rajjo Production ( edit ) Development and casting ( edit ) In the early stages of development it was rumoured that Rakeysh was going to cast newcomers for his next film . It was even reported that Aamir Khan 's nephew Imran Khan would make his debut with Delhi - 6 but this was later revealed to be Jaane Tu Ya Jaane Na . Frequent changes in casting made headlines , with Hrithik Roshan being set to play the main character and then being reportedly replaced by Ranbir Kapoor . Even Akshay Kumar was supposed to play the lead but refused . Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra stated that Abhishek Bachchan was always the first choice for Delhi - 6 . Date problems for Abhishek Bachchan caused delays , but it all worked out in the end with Abhishek portraying the lead actor . Sonam Kapoor was paired as the leading female character opposite Abhishek Bachchan . Rishi Kapoor and Tanvi Azmi are also a part of the film . The film went on the floors 20 February 2009 . Amitabh Bachchan plays the grandfather to Roshan , played by Abhishek Bachchan , whereas Waheeda Rahman plays the grandmother of the same . Filming ( edit ) Production designer Samir Chanda , who had earlier worked with Mehra on Aks ( 2001 ) and Rang De Basanti ( 2006 ) , recreated inner lanes of Old Delhi at Sambhar , a town in Rajasthan with similar architecture . Also for some scenes , historic Jama Masjid was digitally added to the frame as a backdrop . Editing was done by Meghna Aschit and Rakeysh 's wife Bharthi . In an interview Rakeysh said that he was not involved with the editing . Promotion ( edit ) Delhi - 6 was first unveiled on the Dubai International Film Festival . Following the screening was an interactive question and answer round , consisting of the director with the rest of the starcast and a vast audience . During this interaction , Rakeysh spoke about his key influences and the theme of the film , while actors described their experience of working with Rakeysh . A video featuring Abhishek and Sonam 's interview can be watched in the reference along with this section . The official trailer was released on 4 January 2009 which featured scenes from Delhi along with Jama Masjid , theatre groups , Red Fort at night , Sonam Kapoor coming out of a public escalator at central park in Delhi and finally Abhishek watching Sonam dancing with the pigeon `` Masakalli '' on her head . Release ( edit ) The film was supposed to be released on 13 February 2009 , but A.R. Rahman 's continued absence from the project led to a delay release . The background score remained incomplete and delayed release by one week . Delhi - 6 was finally released on 20 February 2009 and premiered in New Delhi on 19 February 2009 . It had its first screening on 15 February 2009 in New York . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) As of 11 March 2009 , Rotten Tomatoes has given the film a 33 % rating with 3 fresh and 6 rotten reviews . The average score is 3 March 2010 . Pratim D. Gupta of The Telegraph gave two thumbs up , calling it a must - watch for just its `` overwhelming audio - visual eruption '' . Nikhat Kazmi of Times of India rated it three out of five stars , saying , `` Watch it for the message of Delhi - 6 and the ekdum desi India - feel '' . Anupama Chopra of NDTV said that the film is a noble failure : `` Delhi - 6 is ambitious and well - intentioned , but good intentions do n't always translate into good cinema '' . Rajeev Masand of CNN - IBN gave it 3 stars , saying that it 's a story with heart and Delhi - 6 is n't great cinema like Mehra 's Rang De Basanti and has a frustrating climax . Rachel Saltz of the New York Times stated `` Delhi - 6 can be maddeningly vague , which robs its ending ... of the impact it intends '' . Shashi Baliga of Hindustan Times gave the film 3 out of 5 saying `` Mehra sure has his heart in the right place . But could n't he have allowed himself ... and us , a little more fun ? '' Arthur J Pais of Rediff.com gave a much better verdict remarking the film 's innovative style and storyline . Amanda Sodhi posted an in - depth write - up about Delhi - 6 on PassionForCinema.com , defending it against flak it was receiving . Music ( edit ) Main article : Delhi - 6 ( soundtrack ) A.R. Rahman is the music director of this film . Prasoon Joshi is the lyricist . The music was released on 14 January 2009 at the Indian Idol 4 competition . The first video of the song `` Masakalli '' was released featuring Sonam and Abhishek with a pigeon . However , the song was not part of the original film . According to the director , `` The song was not really meant to be part of the narrative . I mean , who would think of putting in a song about a dove in a film like Delhi - 6 ? It just happened . When I came to the pre-climax portion of my script , I was stuck . I needed a continuity link taking the narrative to its finale '' . Other videos released include the title track `` Delhi - 6 '' , the romantic interlude `` Rehna Tu '' as well as the folky `` Genda Phool , '' an adaptation of a folk song from Chhattisgarh `` . Track listing ( edit ) The official track listing . No . Title Artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` Masakali '' Mohit Chauhan 4 : 50 2 . `` Arziyan '' Javed Ali , Kailash Kher 8 : 41 3 . `` Dilli - 6 '' ( French lyrics by Viviane Chaix , Claire ) Blaaze , Benny Dayal , Tanvi Shah , Viviane Chaix , Claire 3 : 36 4 . `` Rehna Tu '' A.R. Rahman , Benny Dayal , Tanvi Shah , Rishu Raj 6 : 51 5 . `` Hey Kaala Bandar '' Karthik , Naresh Iyer , Srinivas , Bonnie Chakraborty , Ember 5 : 52 6 . `` Dil Gira Dafatan '' Ash King , Chinmayee 5 : 39 7 . `` Genda Phool '' Rekha Bhardwaj , Shrraddha Pandit , Sujata Mazumder , Mahathi 2 : 50 8 . `` Bhor Bhaye '' ( Raag : Gujri Todi ) Shreya Ghoshal , Ustad Bade Ghulam Ali Khan 3 : 19 9 . `` Aarti ( Tumre Bhavan Mein ) '' Rekha Bhardwaj , Kishori Amonkar , Shrraddha Pandit , Sujata Mazumder 3 : 01 10 . `` Noor '' ( Recital ) Amitabh Bachchan 0 : 50 Inspiration ( edit ) Reports of Kala Bandar ( Black Monkey ) attacks in the city of Delhi as shown in the film are inspired by real reports of much publicised monkey or monkeyman attacks in and around Delhi in 2001 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Delhi - 6 '' . BBFC . Archived from the original on 15 April 2009 . Retrieved 16 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rakeysh Mehra 's Delhi - 6 to star Hrithik Roshan and Om Puri '' . m IndiaFM . Retrieved 25 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Abhishek Bachchan to do three Rakeysh Mehra films '' . m IndiaFM . Retrieved 25 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Rakeysh Mehra to cast newcomers in his next ? Archived 26 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Aamir Khan 's nephew in DELHI 6 ? Bollywood News -- Yahoo ! India Movies Archived 7 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Ranbir Kapoor replaces Hrithik Roshan '' . Radiosargam.com. 4 February 2007 . Retrieved 6 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hrithik back in Delhi - 6 '' . Humsurfer.com . Retrieved 6 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Dilli 6 belonged to Abhishek Bachchan Hindustan Times Retrieved on 21 January 2009 Jump up ^ `` Sonam 's next with Abhishek '' . The Times Of India . India . 7 November 2007 . Retrieved 7 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Earth Times : show / 165473. html '' . www.earthtimes.org . Jump up ^ `` Dilli 6 takes off finally '' . Inhome.rediff.com. 20 December 2007 . Retrieved 6 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mumbaimirroe.com : Profile on Delhi - 6 '' . Archived from the original on 17 February 2012 . Retrieved 6 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Deepanjana Pal ( September 2013 ) . `` Places Other Than This '' . The Big Indian Picture . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` I 'm dying to see what I 've done in ' Delhi 6 ' , says Rakeysh Mehra '' . Thaindian.com. 6 July 2008 . Retrieved 6 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Delhi 6 unveiled at Dubai film festival '' . Delhi-6-movie.blogspot.com . Retrieved 6 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Release of ' Delhi 6 ' postponed Retrieved on 9 February 2009 Jump up ^ `` Delhi - 6 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . IGN Entertainment , Inc . Archived from the original on 27 February 2009 . Retrieved 11 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Gupta , Pratim D. ( 21 February 2009 ) . `` Sights & sounds of an address '' . The Telegraph . India . Retrieved 19 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Azmi , Nikhat ( 19 February 2009 ) . `` Review of Delhi - 6 at Times '' . The Times of India . India . Retrieved 25 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Chopra , Anupama ( 19 February 2009 ) . `` Delhi - 6 movie review at NDTV '' . movies.ndtv.com . NDTV . Archived from the original on 23 February 2009 . Retrieved 25 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Masand , Rajeev ( 20 February 2009 ) . `` Masand 's Movie Review : Delhi - 6 , a film with heart '' . ibnlive.com . CNN - IBN . Retrieved 25 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Saltz , Rachel ( 18 February 2009 ) . `` Movie Review - Delhi - 6 - Indian Soul '' . The New York Times . movies.nytimes.com . Retrieved 25 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Baliga , Shashi ( 20 February 2009 ) . `` 6 degrees of confusion '' . Hindustan Times . India . Archived from the original on 23 February 2009 . Retrieved 25 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Pais , Arthur J. ( 19 February 2009 ) . `` Rediff.com review of Delhi - 6 '' . rediff.com . Rediff . Retrieved 25 February 2009 . Jump up ^ http://passionforcinema.com/a-collection-of-thoughts-on-delhi-6/ Jump up ^ Bhandari , Rohini . `` A.R. Rahman Golden globe call '' . Businessofcinema.com . Retrieved 6 January 2012 . Jump up ^ ' Delhi - 6 ′ Audio Release Function On Indian Idol 4 Retrieved on 9 February 2009 Jump up ^ `` Dove song in movie was not planned '' . Movies.indiainfo.com. 9 November 2009 . Archived from the original on 10 January 2009 . Retrieved 6 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Delhi - 6 music out on 14th January '' . Rahmaniac.wordpress.com. 10 January 2009 . Retrieved 6 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Delhi - 6 by A.R. Rahman '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Rathore , Tajpal ( 6 March 2009 ) . `` AR Rahman Delhi - 6 Review '' . BBC Music . Retrieved 30 May 2013 . In stark contrast , Dilli - 6 , sung by Blaaze ( an Indian - based rapper ) , is undisputedly the boldest track on the album . Jump up ^ `` rediff.com : It 's a man ! It 's a monkey ! It 's a ... '' www.rediff.com . External links ( edit ) Delhi - 6 on IMDb Delhi - 6 at Planet Bollywood ( hide ) National Film Award for Best Film on National Integration 1965 -- 1980 Shaheed ( 1965 ) No Award ( 1966 ) No Award ( 1967 ) Janma Bhoomi ( 1968 ) Saat Hindustani ( 1969 ) Thurakkatha Vaathil ( 1970 ) Do Boond Pani ( 1971 ) Achanum Bappayum ( 1972 ) Garm Hava ( 1973 ) Parinay ( 1974 ) No Award ( 1975 ) No Award ( 1976 ) No Award ( 1977 ) Grahana ( 1978 ) 22 June 1897 ( 1979 ) Bhavni Bhavai ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 2000 Saptapadi ( 1981 ) Aaroodam ( 1982 ) Sookha ( 1983 ) Aadmi Aur Aurat ( 1984 ) Sree Narayana Guru ( 1985 ) No Award ( 1986 ) Tamas ( 1987 ) Rudraveena ( 1988 ) Santha Shishunala Sharifa ( 1989 ) No Award ( 1990 ) Aadi Mimansa ( 1991 ) Roja ( 1992 ) Sardar ( 1993 ) Mukta ( 1994 ) Bombay ( 1995 ) Kanakinavu ( 1996 ) Border ( 1997 ) Zakhm ( 1998 ) Shaheed Udham Singh ( 1999 ) Pukar ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Bub ( 2001 ) Mr. and Mrs. Iyer ( 2002 ) Pinjar ( 2003 ) Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose : The Forgotten Hero ( 2004 ) Daivanamathil ( 2005 ) Kallarali Hoovagi ( 2006 ) Dharm ( 2007 ) Aai Kot Nai ( 2008 ) Delhi - 6 ( 2009 ) Moner Manush ( 2010 ) No Award ( 2011 ) Thanichalla Njan ( 2012 ) Thalaimuraigal ( 2013 ) No Award ( 2014 ) Nanak Shah Fakir ( 2015 ) Dikchow Banat Palaax ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Delhi-6&oldid=809662690 '' Categories : 2009 films Hindi - language films Indian films 2000s Hindi - language films Films set in Delhi Films shot in Delhi Films shot in Rajasthan Hindi film scores by A.R. Rahman Films shot in New York City UTV Motion Pictures films Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use British English from January 2012 Use dmy dates from January 2012 Pages using infobox film with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia मराठी தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 10 November 2017 , at 16 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays the lead main role in 'delhi 6' | [
"\nAbhishek Bachchan as Roshan\nSonam Kapoor as Bittu\nWaheeda Rehman as Annapurna (Dadi)\nRishi Kapoor as Ali\nOm Puri as Madangopal\nDivya Dutta as Jalebi\nTanvi Azmi as Fatima\nAtul Kulkarni as Gobar\nAditi Rao Hydari as Rama Bua\nSupriya Pathak as Vimla\nDeepak Dobriyal as Mamdu\nK.K. Raina as Haji Sulamaan\nPavan Malhotra as Jai Gopal\nAmitabh Bachchan as Roshan's grandfather\nVinayak Doval as Bobby\nPrem Chopra as Lala Bhairam\nVijay Raaz as Inspector Ranvijay\nAkhilendra Mishra as Tantrik Baba\nCyrus Sahukar as Suresh\nGeeta Bisht as Shashi\nDaya Shankar Pandey as Kumar Kulshrestha\nSheeba Chaddha as Rajjo\n"
] | [
"Abhishek Bachchan"
] |
6116959922555927811 | 2017 ICC Champions Trophy Final | 2017 ICC Champions Trophy final - wikipedia 2017 ICC Champions Trophy final Jump to : navigation , search 2017 ICC Champions Trophy Final The Oval , London Event 2017 ICC Champions Trophy Pakistan India 338 / 4 158 50 30.3 Pakistan won by 180 runs Date 18 June 2017 Venue The Oval , London , England Player of the Match Fakhar Zaman ( Pak ) Umpires Marais Erasmus ( SA ) and Richard Kettleborough ( Eng ) Attendance 26,000 ← 2013 2021 → The final of the 2017 ICC Champions Trophy was played on 18 June 2017 between Pakistan and India at The Oval in London , to determine the winner of the eighth edition of the ICC Champions Trophy . Pakistan qualified for the final by defeating the hosts England convincingly by 8 wickets in the first semi-final at Cardiff in Wales on 14 June , and reached their maiden Champions Trophy final . India , the defending champions and favourites , came into the final by defeating Bangladesh comfortably by 9 wickets in the second semi-final at Birmingham on 15 June , to reach their fourth Champions Trophy final , a record . In an unexpected performance , Pakistan beat India comfortably to win their maiden ICC Champions Trophy , outclassing them across all departments to win by 180 runs , which was the largest margin of victory in the final of an ICC ODI tournament . Pakistan , who were massive underdogs entering as the lowest - ranked team in the competition , became the seventh nation to win the Champions Trophy , and it was their first ICC ODI tournament title since 1992 . Fakhar Zaman of Pakistan received the Man of the Match award for scoring a sublime 114 . Shikhar Dhawan of India received the Golden Bat award for scoring 338 runs in the tournament while Hasan Ali of Pakistan received the Golden Ball award for taking 13 wickets ; he was also adjudged the Man of the Series for his outstanding contribution towards Pakistan 's first ICC tournament title since 2009 . The traditional rivalry between both sides set the stage for a high - voltage clash . The match is estimated to have been watched by 400 million viewers , becoming the third most - watched game in cricketing history . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Road to the final 2.1 Pakistan 2.2 India 3 Match officials 4 Match summary 4.1 Pakistani innings 4.2 Indian innings 4.3 Scorecard 5 Aftermath 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) See also : India -- Pakistan cricket rivalry Pakistan and India share a historical rivalry in cricket . Prior to this match , the two sides had played 128 times against each other in ODIs , where Pakistan won 72 matches , India won 52 matches and four matches ended with no result . While Pakistan have had the upper hand bilaterally , India enjoyed an edge in global ICC tournaments where they won 13 times against Pakistan , and Pakistan won twice against India . The two sides met only twice before in the finals of global tournaments : the non-ICC World Championship of Cricket Final in 1985 , and the 2007 ICC World Twenty20 Final . Prior to this match , the teams had met four times in the Champions Trophy and had two victories each . Pakistan 's last win was in 2009 ; since then , India won seven games against Pakistan across ICC tournaments consecutively . Their most recent clash was on 4 June 2017 , during the group stages of the ongoing Champions Trophy where India won by 124 runs ( D / L method ) . Much of the pre-match analysis envisioned a strong contest between India 's batting lineup and Pakistan 's bowling side , both of which were considered the strengths of their respective teams and remained formidable in this tournament . Road to the final ( edit ) Further information : 2017 ICC Champions Trophy § Group B Pakistan ( edit ) Ranked eighth in the ICC ODI Championship at the start of the tournament , Pakistan started poorly , before improving progressively in each game . They lost to India in the first game by 124 runs in a sloppy display , but then defeated top - ranked South Africa by 19 runs by virtue of Duckworth -- Lewis method in their next game . They gained momentum and beat Sri Lanka by 3 wickets in their final group game , a thrilling must - win encounter , and qualified for the semi-finals placed second in Group B , behind India on net run rate . In the semi-final , England with their undefeated run and home advantage were tipped firm favourites . However , they were outplayed by Pakistan with both bat and ball , the latter winning comprehensively by 8 wickets with almost 13 overs to spare . This paved the road for Pakistan 's first qualification to a Champions Trophy final . India ( edit ) India came into the tournament as defending champions and favourites along with England , and were ranked third in the ICC ODI Championship . They beat arch - rivals Pakistan convincingly in their first group face - off , winning by 124 runs . They lost their second match to Sri Lanka by 7 wickets , despite posting a total of 321 , in what turned out to be the highest successful run - chase in Champions Trophy history . India won their final group game , a must - win encounter against South Africa , comfortably by 8 wickets . They finished on top of Group B with two wins and a net run rate ahead of Pakistan . In the semi-final , India faced Bangladesh , and put in yet another dominating display , winning comfortably by 9 wickets and sealing a final with Pakistan . Match officials ( edit ) Marais Erasmus of South Africa and Richard Kettleborough of England were named as the on - field umpires for the final . They had both previously officiated in the semi-final matches of the tournament ; Erasmus , in the England -- Pakistan match , and Kettleborough , in the Bangladesh -- India match . Rod Tucker of Australia and Kumar Dharmasena of Sri Lanka , who also officiated in the semi-finals as on - field umpires , were appointed as the TV umpire and reserve umpire respectively . David Boon of Australia was the match referee , completing the five - member match official team . Match summary ( edit ) 18 June 2017 10 : 30 Scorecard Pakistan 338 / 4 ( 50 overs ) India 158 ( 30.3 overs ) Fakhar Zaman 114 ( 106 ) Kedar Jadhav 1 / 27 ( 3 overs ) Hardik Pandya 76 ( 43 ) Mohammad Amir 3 / 16 ( 6 overs ) Pakistan won by 180 runs The Oval , London Umpires : Marais Erasmus ( SA ) and Richard Kettleborough ( Eng ) Player of the match : Fakhar Zaman ( Pak ) India won the toss and elected to field . Fakhar Zaman ( Pak ) scored his maiden ODI century . Pakistan won the ICC Champions Trophy for the first time . India remained unchanged from the side that played the semi-final , while Pakistan brought back their leading pacer Mohammad Amir , who was ruled out of the semi-final against England due to back spasm and replaced Rumman Raees . Indian captain Virat Kohli won the toss and elected his side to field first , sending Pakistan in to bat . Pakistani innings ( edit ) The Pakistani opening pair , Azhar Ali and Fakhar Zaman , put on 128 runs before Ali was run out for 59 runs off the last ball of the 22nd over . Zaman , who seemed to have been out for 3 runs , only for a no ball by Jasprit Bumrah to save him , continued on his way to a 92 - ball century -- his first at ODI level -- eventually falling to Hardik Pandya on the first ball of the 33rd over . He made 114 runs from 106 balls , which included twelve fours and three sixes . After his dismissal , the other Pakistani batsmen kept the score ticking over . Mohammad Hafeez plundered 57 not out from 37 balls , including four fours and three sixes . Pakistan eventually finished on 338 / 4 -- their second - highest ODI score against India -- after 50 overs . Bhuvneshwar Kumar was the pick of the Indian bowlers , finishing with 1 / 44 from 10 overs ( including two maidens ) . Indian innings ( edit ) India started poorly , losing two early wickets to Mohammad Amir . Off the third ball of the game , Rohit Sharma was out leg before wicket for a three - ball duck . In the third over , Virat Kohli was dropped in the slips for just five runs but caught the next ball by Shadab Khan at point . Their poor form continued until , in the middle of the innings , Hardik Pandya and Ravindra Jadeja managed a rapid 80 - run partnership prior to Pandya being run - out . However this was India 's only batting highlight as the tail was quickly dismissed and India were all out after 30.3 overs , not even managing half of Pakistan 's total . Scorecard ( edit ) Pakistan innings Player Status Runs Balls 4s 6s Strike rate Azhar Ali run out ( † Dhoni / Bumrah ) 59 71 6 83.09 Fakhar Zaman c Jadeja b Pandya 114 106 12 107.54 Babar Azam c Yuvraj Singh b Jadhav 46 52 0 88.46 Shoaib Malik c Jadhav b Kumar 12 16 0 75.00 Mohammad Hafeez not out 57 37 154.05 Imad Wasim not out 25 21 119.04 Sarfraz Ahmed * did not bat Mohammad Amir did not bat Shadab Khan did not bat Hasan Ali did not bat Junaid Khan did not bat Extras ( lb 9 ; w 13 ; nb 3 ) 25 Total ( 4 wickets ; 50 overs ) 338 27 9 Fall of wickets : 1 -- 128 ( Azhar Ali , 22.6 ov ) , 2 -- 200 ( Fakhar Zaman , 33.1 ov ) , 3 -- 247 ( Shoaib Malik , 39.4 ov ) , 4 -- 267 ( Babar Azam , 42.3 ov ) India bowling Bowler Overs Maidens Runs Wickets Econ Bhuvneshwar Kumar 10 44 4.40 Jasprit Bumrah 9 0 68 0 7.55 Ravichandran Ashwin 10 0 70 0 7.00 Hardik Pandya 10 0 53 5.30 Ravindra Jadeja 8 0 67 0 8.37 Kedar Jadhav 0 27 9.00 India innings Player Status Runs Balls 4s 6s Strike rate Rohit Sharma lbw b Mohammad Amir 0 0 0 0.00 Shikhar Dhawan c † Sarfraz Ahmed b Mohammad Amir 21 22 0 95.45 Virat Kohli * c Shadab Khan b Mohammad Amir 5 9 0 0 55.55 Yuvraj Singh lbw b Shadab Khan 22 31 0 70.96 MS Dhoni c Imad Wasim b Hasan Ali 16 0 0 25.00 Kedar Jadhav c † Sarfraz Ahmed b Shadab Khan 9 13 0 69.23 Hardik Pandya run out ( M. Hafeez / Hasan Ali ) 76 43 6 176.74 Ravindra Jadeja c Babar Azam b Junaid Khan 15 26 0 0 57.69 Ravichandran Ashwin c † Sarfraz Ahmed b Hasan Ali 0 0 33.33 Bhuvneshwar Kumar not out 8 0 0 12.50 Jasprit Bumrah c † Sarfraz Ahmed b Hasan Ali 9 0 0 11.11 Extras ( lb 2 ; w 1 ) Total ( all out ; 30.3 overs ) 158 14 6 Fall of wickets : 1 -- 0 ( Sharma , 0.3 ov ) , 2 -- 6 ( Kohli , 2.4 ov ) , 3 -- 33 ( Dhawan , 8.6 ov ) , 4 -- 54 ( Yuvraj Singh , 12.6 ov ) , 5 -- 54 ( Dhoni , 13.3 ov ) , 6 -- 72 ( Jadhav , 16.6 ov ) , 7 -- 152 ( Pandya , 26.3 ov ) , 8 -- 156 ( Jadeja , 27.3 ov ) , 9 -- 156 ( Ashwin , 28.1 ov ) , 10 -- 158 ( Bumrah , 30.3 ov ) Pakistan bowling Bowler Overs Maidens Runs Wickets Econ Mohammad Amir 6 16 2.66 Junaid Khan 6 20 3.33 Mohammad Hafeez 0 13 0 13.00 Hasan Ali 6.3 19 2.92 Shadab Khan 7 0 60 8.57 Imad Wasim 0.3 0 0 6.00 Fakhar Zaman 3.3 0 25 0 7.14 Match officials On - field umpires : Marais Erasmus and Richard Kettleborough Third umpire : Rod Tucker Match referee : Kumar Dharmasena Reserve umpire : David Boon Key * -- Captain -- Wicket - keeper c Fielder -- Indicates that the batsman was dismissed by a catch by the named fielder b Bowler -- Indicates which bowler gains credit for the dismissal Aftermath ( edit ) The Pakistani team were greeted with a heroic welcome by fans upon their return home . Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif posted a congratulatory message on social media , and announced a cash reward of Rs 1 crore ( US $95,000 ) for each player . A ceremony was held for the players at the Prime Minister 's Secretariat on 4 July . The property developer Bahria Town presented a sum of Rs 10 lakh ( US $9,500 ) for every player , and awarded a one kanal plot to Fakhar Zaman for his performance . In India , the loss was met with agitation by several fans . However , many Indians also commended Pakistan 's performance and expressed solidarity with the Indian team irrespective of the result . In Kashmir , widespread pro-Pakistan celebrations were reported amongst locals . Twenty - one Indian men who were allegedly celebrating Pakistan 's victory were charged under India 's sedition laws , and remanded in custody . The charges were dropped a few days later after the complainants accused the police of filing a `` false case '' . Two days after the match , India coach Anil Kumble stepped down from his position , amid reports of a rift between him and some of the players including captain Virat Kohli . Pakistan 's ICC team ranking for ODIs improved from eighth to sixth position , jumping ahead of Sri Lanka and Bangladesh . In the bowlers ' rankings , Hasan Ali climbed 12 spots to reach seventh , while Babar Azam rose by three ranks to fifth on the batting rankings . See also ( edit ) 2007 ICC World Twenty20 Final 2011 Cricket World Cup Semifinal : India v Pakistan Cricket portal India portal Pakistan portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Aditya Ramesh ( 15 June 2017 ) . `` India set up blockbuster Pakistan final '' . IndianExpress . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . Jump up ^ David Hopps ( 14 June 2017 ) . `` Hasan Ali the star as Pakistan crush England to reach final '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Siddharth Monga ( 15 June 2017 ) . `` Dominant India march into yet another final '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Openers ' dominance , and a new high for Pakistan '' . ESPN Cricinfo. 18 June 2017 . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan beat India by 180 runs to win ICC Champions Trophy 2017 final '' . The Guardian . 18 June 2017 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Dawn.com ( 18 June 2017 ) . `` Champions ! '' . DAWN.COM . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Jon Stewart ( 6 June 2017 ) . `` England favourites , Pakistan underdogs : Waqar Younis '' . ICC Cricket . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Rajdeep Sardesai ( 18 June 2017 ) . `` Former Navy officer , Fakhar Zaman is now the pride of Pakistan '' . IndianExpress . Jump up ^ Bikas Jairu ( 18 June 2017 ) . `` Shikhar Dhawan 's dazzling run gets him Golden Bat '' . IndianExpress . Jump up ^ Mohammad Zumman ( 18 June 2017 ) . `` Hasan Ali bags Golden Ball , Man of the Series for outstanding performances '' . GEOtv . Jump up ^ Wigmore , Tim ( 17 June 2017 ) . `` Tremendous numbers on TV , billion or no billion '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics / Statsguru / One - Day Internationals / Team records '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rajesh , S. ( 17 June 2017 ) . `` India 's top three v Pakistan 's pace '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ICC Champions Trophy , Group B : India v Pakistan at Birmingham , Jun 4 , 2017 '' . Cricinfo. 4 June 2017 . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` India thrash sloppy Pakistan by 124 runs '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan trip up South Africa to revive campaign '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sarfraz sees shaky Pakistan into semi-finals '' . ESPN Cricinfo. 12 June 2017 . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan in final with smashing victory '' . ESPN Cricinfo. 14 June 2017 . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mendis , Gunathilaka anchor highest Champions Trophy chase to keep SL alive '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 8 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disciplined India run dysfunctional South Africa out '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 11 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dominant India march into yet another final '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cricket : Erasmus , Kettleborough to umpire India - Pakistan final '' . Agence France - Presse. 16 June 2017 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Erasmus , Kettleborough to umpire final '' . supersport.com. 16 June 2017 . Archived from the original on 16 June 2017 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mohammad Amir set to return for final '' . ESPN Cricinfo. 16 June 2017 . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India win toss , elect to field '' . Reuters. 18 June 2017 . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : ESPNcricinfo Jump up ^ Bose , Soumitra ( 19 June 2017 ) . `` Mohammad Amir times Virat Kohli 's dismissal perfectly in Champions Trophy final '' . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Fernando , Andrew Fidel ( 18 June 2017 ) . `` New champions : Zaman , Amir and Pakistan raze India for title '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Farooq , Umar ( 20 June 2017 ) . `` Rapturous Pakistan greets its champions '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PM , President felicitate team for Champions Trophy 2017 win '' . Dunya News . 18 June 2017 . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PM Nawaz announces Rs10mn for each player of cricket team '' . The News . 20 June 2017 . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nawaz showers praise on cricket team in ceremony held at PM House '' . Samaa News . 4 July 2017 . Retrieved 5 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Champions Trophy final : Bahria Town to give one kanal plot to Fakhar Zaman '' . The Express Tribune . 19 June 2017 . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Agitated fans break TV sets , burn posters at India 's loss to Pakistan '' . Hindustan Times . 19 June 2017 . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India vs Pakistan : How Bollywood stars and team India fans reacted to Pakistan 's win '' . Times of India . 19 June 2017 . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Rashid , Toufiq ( 19 June 2017 ) . `` Widespread celebration in Kashmir after Pakistan beats India '' . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India 's raucous democracy is becoming more subdued '' . The Economist. 23 June 2017 . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Kumar , Hari ; Najar , Nida ( 21 June 2017 ) . `` Police in India Arrest Fans Celebrating Pakistan 's Victory '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Ghatwai , Milind ( 21 June 2017 ) . `` Madhya Pradesh police drops sedition charges against 15 men held for cheering Pakistan '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Ghatwai , Milind ( 24 June 2017 ) . `` MP : 15 men accused of cheering for Pak were framed , says ' complainant ' '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Gollapudi , Nagraj ( 20 June 2017 ) . `` Kumble resigns as partnership with Kohli becomes ' untenable ' '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Gollapudi , Nagraj ( 21 June 2017 ) . `` Kumble left after giving ' dressing - down ' to player '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` After rift , Team India skipper Virat Kohli deletes ' welcome ' tweet for Anil Kumble '' . Deccan Chronicle. 22 June 2017 . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Cameron , Louis ( 19 June 2017 ) . `` Rankings reward for rising Pakistan '' . Cricket.com.au . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website ICC Champions Trophy 2017 at ESPNCricinfo Pakistan squad -- 2017 ICC Champions Trophy ( 1st title ) 54 Sarfraz Ahmed ( c ) ( wk ) 19 Ahmed Shehzad 79 Azhar Ali 56 Babar Azam 41 Faheem Ashraf 39 Fakhar Zaman 32 Hasan Ali 9 Imad Wasim 83 Junaid Khan 5 Mohammad Amir 8 Mohammad Hafeez 89 Haris Sohail 29 Shadab Khan 18 Shoaib Malik 47 Wahab Riaz 15 Rumman Raees Coach : Mickey Arthur Haris Sohail was not initially in the squad , but was named as replacement for Umar Akmal . Rumman Raees was not initially in the squad , but was named as replacement for injured Wahab Riaz . India squad -- 2017 ICC Champions Trophy runners - up 18 Kohli ( c ) 99 Ashwin 93 Bumrah 25 Dhawan 8 Jadeja 9 Dhoni ( wk ) 81 Jadhav 15 Bhuvneshwar 11 Pandya 27 Rahane 11 Shami 45 Rohit 12 Yuvraj 19 Yadav 9 Karthik Coach : Kumble Dinesh Karthik was not initially in the squad , but was named as replacement for Manish Pandey . ICC Champions Trophy Tournaments Bangladesh 1998 Kenya 2000 Sri Lanka 2002 England 2004 India 2006 South Africa 2009 England / Wales 2013 England / Wales 2017 India 2021 Finals 1998 2000 2002 2006 2009 2013 2017 Squads 1998 2000 2002 2006 2009 2013 2017 Records Centuries Five - wicket hauls International cricket in 2017 Preceding season : International cricket in 2016 -- 17 May 2017 Ireland in England South Africa Quadrangular Series Ireland Tri-Nation Series World Cricket League Division Three South Africa in England June 2017 Champions Trophy Final Afghanistan in West Indies Zimbabwe in Scotland Zimbabwe in the Netherlands India in West Indies Women 's World Cup Final Zimbabwe in Sri Lanka July 2017 Pakistan in Bangladesh United Arab Emirates in the Netherlands India in Sri Lanka South Africa A Team Tri-Series August 2017 West Indies in England Australia in Bangladesh September 2017 World Cricket League Division Five 2017 Independence Cup West Indies in Ireland Ongoing Intercontinental Cup World Cricket League Championship Following season : International cricket in 2017 -- 18 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_ICC_Champions_Trophy_Final&oldid=810929261 '' Categories : 2017 ICC Champions Trophy ICC Champions Trophy Finals India -- Pakistan cricket rivalry Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2017 Use British English from June 2017 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা हिन्दी සිංහල اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 18 November 2017 , at 11 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won golden bat award in 2017 icc champions trophy | [
"In an unexpected performance, Pakistan beat India comfortably to win their maiden ICC Champions Trophy, outclassing them across all departments to win by 180 runs, which was the largest margin of victory in the final of an ICC ODI tournament.[4][5][6] Pakistan, who were massive underdogs entering as the lowest-ranked team in the competition,[7] became the seventh nation to win the Champions Trophy, and it was their first ICC ODI tournament title since 1992. Fakhar Zaman of Pakistan received the Man of the Match award for scoring a sublime 114.[8] Shikhar Dhawan of India received the Golden Bat award for scoring 338 runs in the tournament[9] while Hasan Ali of Pakistan received the Golden Ball award for taking 13 wickets; he was also adjudged the Man of the Series for his outstanding contribution towards Pakistan's first ICC tournament title since 2009.[10]"
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"Shikhar Dhawan"
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-7592304249156219410 | Beyond the Reach | Beyond the Reach - wikipedia Beyond the Reach Beyond the Reach Theatrical release poster Directed by Jean - Baptiste Léonetti Produced by Michael Douglas Robert Mitas Screenplay by Stephen Susco Based on Deathwatch by Robb White Starring Michael Douglas Jeremy Irvine Music by Dickon Hinchliffe Cinematography Russell Carpenter Edited by Adam Wolfe Production company Furthur Films Distributed by Roadside Attractions Release date September 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 06 ) ( TIFF ) April 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 17 ) ( United States ) Running time 91 minutes Country United States Language English Box office $281,865 Beyond the Reach is a 2014 American adventure thriller film directed by Jean - Baptiste Léonetti and written by Stephen Susco . It is based on the 1972 novel Deathwatch by Robb White . The film , starring Michael Douglas , Jeremy Irvine , and Ronny Cox , was released on April 17 , 2015 , by Roadside Attractions . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 5 Critical reception 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Ruthless tycoon and trophy collector John Madec flaunts his $500,000 all - terrain vehicle in a small New Mexico town and buys off the local sheriff to bag an endangered desert bighorn sheep . The sheriff solicits the young but experienced tracker Ben to guide the malevolent Madec an hour outside town into the canyon country of Shiprock . Madec taunts Ben over his love interest , who has gone away to Colorado for a college swimming scholarship and gifted a gun that Ben taught her to shoot . When Ben asks to see the permit to hunt the endangered bighorn , Madec offers a wad of cash , which the stunned Ben begrudgingly accepts after Madec supplements his initial offer even further . Madec of shoot - first - and - ask - questions - later philosophy accidentally shoots an old prospector , and Ben insists that they must report it as an accident . Madec , on the other hand , puts another bullet from Ben 's gun into the corpse , and after explaining how he can now blackmail Ben with questions of who was the actual killer , offers Ben a deal : Madec will put him through college with a finance major and give him a $300,000 - per - year job in return for his complicity in covering up the crime . When Ben picks up his emergency transponder , Madec destroys it and berates Ben for breaking the deal . Madec then threatens Ben with his high - powered rifle , and orders him to strip all of his clothes and shoes , and forces him to wander out in the desert to die of dehydration and exposure . Madec plans to report that Ben went mad , shot the prospector , and wandered off into the barren horizon alone . Madec is certain Ben can not survive , as they are in a hot desert 45 miles from the nearest town , but just to make sure , he watches Ben from a distance , using the scope on his rifle . Ben finds enough water to survive until Madec shoots the barrel containing it . Trekking on , Ben hides in the semi-subterranean lair of the shot prospector Charlie whom he 'd befriended in life , but Madec blows it up with the prospector 's dynamite stash , although Ben manages to escape before it explodes with the ' treasure map ' of Charlie , whom Ben vows will not die without justice . By sunset , Ben uses the map to find a wrist - brace slingshot and some marbles among a buried box of Charlie 's personal effects . He goes for a hidden grotto of water that he and his girlfriend had swum in , only to find it dried up as his sun - burned body now freezes in the desert night . Madec keeps watch with his vehicle 's high - powered floodlights as Ben eventually outsmarts Madec to overcome him with the slingshot . Back in town , Madec escapes from police custody during a bathroom break to board a helicopter that he solicited using his one phonecall . Ben goes to his girlfriend and promises not to leave her side again . Armed Madec sneaks into their house as they sleep together and confronts Ben , but his girlfriend shoots Madec using the gun Ben gave her . Ben picks up the weapon , and finishes Madec off as the screen fades to black and the credits roll . Cast ( edit ) Michael Douglas as John Madec Jeremy Irvine as Ben Ronny Cox as Sheriff J. Robb Hanna Mangan - Lawrence as Laina Patricia Bethune as Secretary Martin Palmer as Charlie David Garver as Ben 's father Production ( edit ) On September 7 , 2013 , Michael Douglas and Jeremy Irvine joined the cast . Principal photography and production began on September 13 , 2013 , in Farmington , New Mexico . Release ( edit ) Beyond the Reach premiered at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival on September 6 , 2014 . On September 7 , 2014 , Roadside Attractions picked up the distribution rights to the film for $2 million . The film was released on April 17 , 2015 , by Roadside Attractions . Critical reception ( edit ) The film received mixed to negative reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a rating of 36 % , based on 64 reviews , with a rating of 4.9 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Beyond the Reach promises goofy genre pleasures , but fails to deliver , losing the viewer -- and a villainous turn from Michael Douglas -- in a misguided story that stumbles to the finish . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 33 out of 100 , based on 18 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Kyle Smith of the New York Post gave the film a half a star out of four , saying `` Beyond the Reach fails to achieve the Southwestern noir potency of No Country for Old Men , but there 's no denying it brings to mind another Southwestern classic about malicious pursuit : the Road Runner cartoons . '' Bill Goodykoontz of The Arizona Republic gave the film two out of five stars , saying `` Beyond the Reach is a misfire , one of those movies that never quite rises to the level of guilty pleasure . Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post gave the film one and a half stars out of four , saying `` There are goofy , primal pleasures to be had in the first two - thirds of the film . But Beyond the Reach exceeds even its humble grasp in the final act , collapsing in a clatter of blockheaded manhunter - movie cliches . '' Tirdad Derakhshani of The Philadelphia Inquirer gave the film two out of four stars , saying `` There 's not much here : The characters are paper - thin , and the action is slow , at times agonizingly so . '' Linda Barnard of the Toronto Star gave the film three out of four stars , saying `` Douglas is in his element and the throwback , stylized look of the production makes Beyond the Reach an entertaining hit of escapist fun . '' Gary Goldstein of the Los Angeles Times gave the film a negative review , saying `` Beyond the Reach is a grueling , unsatisfying thriller that fails the logic test in spectacular ways . Joe Neumaier of New York Daily News gave the film one out of five stars , saying `` This film , though , lacks any spine . Director Jean - Baptiste Léonetti is n't sure if he 's making a Hemingway - lite faceoff or a hemmed - in horror flick . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` BEYOND THE REACH ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . June 10 , 2015 . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beyond The Reach '' . AMC Theatres. 2014 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Beyond the Reach ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo. 2015 - 04 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto : Jeremy Irvine to Star Opposite Michael Douglas in ' The Reach ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 7 September 2013 . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Douglas movie starts filming Saturday '' . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2015 . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto Film Festival : Michael Douglas continues to reach '' . latimes.com . September 6 , 2014 . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto : Lionsgate / Roadside Land Michael Douglas Thriller ' The Reach ' For $2 Million - Deadline '' . Deadline . September 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stephen Susco . `` Beyond the Reach '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beyond The Reach '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Beyond the Reach Reviews '' . Metacritic. 2015 - 04 - 12 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Smith , Kyle ( 2015 - 04 - 15 ) . `` Michael Douglas ' ludicrous ' Beyond the Reach ' falls way short '' . Nypost.com . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' Beyond the Reach ' a drama beyond comprehension '' . Azcentral.com. 2015 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Michael ( 2015 - 04 - 16 ) . `` ' Beyond the Reach ' : Michael Douglas as a deranged Gordon Gekko with gun '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Tirdad Derakhshani ( 2015 - 04 - 17 ) . `` Sensible , sensitive tracker vs. entitled , immoral hunter '' . Philly.com . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Desert Dancer , Beyond the Reach , The Dead Lands , Dior & I , Monkey Kingdom '' . Thestar.com. 2015 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Gary ( 2015 - 04 - 16 ) . `` Review : ' Beyond the Reach ' plot stretches beyond the pale '' . LA Times . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beyond the Reach ' review : Tedious chase set in the desert '' . New York : NY Daily News . 2015 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 21 . External links ( edit ) Beyond the Reach on IMDb Beyond the Reach at Box Office Mojo Beyond the Reach at Rotten Tomatoes Beyond the Reach at Metacritic Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beyond_the_Reach&oldid=865853302 '' Categories : 2014 films English - language films 2014 horror films 2010s adventure films 2010s drama films 2010s psychological thriller films American films American adventure films American adventure drama films American drama films American horror thriller films Films about psychopaths Psychological drama films Psychological horror films Films set in deserts Roadside Attractions films Films based on works by Robb White Films based on American novels Films produced by Michael Douglas Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2018 , at 16 : 24 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where was the movie beyond the reach filmed | [
"On September 7, 2013, Michael Douglas and Jeremy Irvine joined the cast.[4] Principal photography and production began on September 13, 2013, in Farmington, New Mexico.[5]\n"
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"Farmington, New Mexico"
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-6054534981688861346 | Apparent magnitude | Apparent magnitude - wikipedia Apparent magnitude Jump to : navigation , search For a more detailed discussion of the history of the magnitude system , see Magnitude ( astronomy ) . Asteroid 65 Cybele and two stars , with their magnitudes labeled The apparent magnitude ( m ) of a celestial object is a number that is a measure of its brightness as seen by an observer on Earth . The brighter an object appears , the lower its magnitude value ( i.e. inverse relation ) . The Sun , at apparent magnitude of − 27 , is the brightest object in the sky . It is adjusted to the value it would have in the absence of the atmosphere . Furthermore , the magnitude scale is logarithmic ; a difference of one in magnitude corresponds to a change in brightness by a factor of √ 100 , or about 2.512 . The measurement of apparent magnitudes or brightnesses of celestial objects is known as photometry . Apparent magnitudes are used to quantify the brightness of sources at ultraviolet , visible , and infrared wavelengths . An apparent magnitude is usually measured in a specific passband corresponding to some photometric system such as the UBV system . In standard astronomical notation , an apparent magnitude in the V ( `` visual '' ) filter band would be denoted either as m or often simply as V , as in `` m = 15 '' or `` V = 15 '' to describe a 15th - magnitude object . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Calculations 2.1 Example : Sun and Moon 2.2 Magnitude addition 2.3 Absolute magnitude 3 Standard reference values 4 Table of notable celestial objects 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Visible to typical human eye Apparent magnitude Bright - ness relative to Vega Number of stars brighter than apparent magnitude in the night sky Yes − 1.0 250 % 1 ( Sirius ) 00.0 100 % 01.0 40 % 15 02.0 16 % 48 03.0 6.3 % 171 04.0 2.5 % 513 05.0 1.0 % 7003160200000000000 ♠ 1602 06.0 0.4 % 7003480000000000000 ♠ 4800 06.5 0.25 % 7003909600000000000 ♠ 9096 No 07.0 0.16 % 7004140000000000000 ♠ 14 000 08.0 0.063 % 7004420000000000000 ♠ 42 000 09.0 0.025 % 7005121000000000000 ♠ 121 000 10.0 0.010 % 7005340000000000000 ♠ 340 000 The scale used to indicate magnitude originates in the Hellenistic practice of dividing stars visible to the naked eye into six magnitudes . The brightest stars in the night sky were said to be of first magnitude ( m = 1 ) , whereas the faintest were of sixth magnitude ( m = 6 ) , which is the limit of human visual perception ( without the aid of a telescope ) . Each grade of magnitude was considered twice the brightness of the following grade ( a logarithmic scale ) , although that ratio was subjective as no photodetectors existed . This rather crude scale for the brightness of stars was popularized by Ptolemy in his Almagest , and is generally believed to have originated with Hipparchus . In 1856 , Norman Robert Pogson formalized the system by defining a first magnitude star as a star that is 100 times as bright as a sixth - magnitude star , thereby establishing the logarithmic scale still in use today . This implies that a star of magnitude m is 2.512 times as bright as a star of magnitude m + 1 . This figure , the fifth root of 100 , became known as Pogson 's Ratio . The zero point of Pogson 's scale was originally defined by assigning Polaris a magnitude of exactly 2 . Astronomers later discovered that Polaris is slightly variable , so they switched to Vega as the standard reference star , assigning the brightness of Vega as the definition of zero magnitude at any specified wavelength . Apart from small corrections , the brightness of Vega still serves as the definition of zero magnitude for visible and near infrared wavelengths , where its spectral energy distribution ( SED ) closely approximates that of a black body for a temperature of 7004110000000000000 ♠ 11 000 K . However , with the advent of infrared astronomy it was revealed that Vega 's radiation includes an Infrared excess presumably due to a circumstellar disk consisting of dust at warm temperatures ( but much cooler than the star 's surface ) . At shorter ( e.g. visible ) wavelengths , there is negligible emission from dust at these temperatures . However , in order to properly extend the magnitude scale further into the infrared , this peculiarity of Vega should not affect the definition of the magnitude scale . Therefore , the magnitude scale was extrapolated to all wavelengths on the basis of the black body radiation curve for an ideal stellar surface at 7004110000000000000 ♠ 11 000 K uncontaminated by circumstellar radiation . On this basis the spectral irradiance ( usually expressed in janskys ) for the zero magnitude point , as a function of wavelength can be computed . Small deviations are specified between systems using measurement apparatuses developed independently so that data obtained by different astronomers can be properly compared ; of greater practical importance is the definition of magnitude not at a single wavelength but applying to the response of standard spectral filters used in photometry over various wavelength bands . With the modern magnitude systems , brightness over a very wide range is specified according to the logarithmic definition detailed below , using this zero reference . In practice such apparent magnitudes do not exceed 30 ( for detectable measurements ) . The brightness of Vega is exceeded by four stars in the night sky at visible wavelengths ( and more at infrared wavelengths ) as well as bright planets such as Venus , Mars , and Jupiter , and these must be described by negative magnitudes . For example , Sirius , the brightest star of the celestial sphere , has an apparent magnitude of − 1.4 in the visible ; negative magnitudes for other very bright astronomical objects can be found in the table below . Astronomers have developed other photometric zeropoint systems as alternatives to the Vega system . The most widely used is the AB magnitude system , in which photometric zeropoints are based on a hypothetical reference spectrum having constant flux per unit frequency interval , rather than using a stellar spectrum or blackbody curve as the reference . The AB magnitude zeropoint is defined such that an object 's AB and Vega - based magnitudes will be approximately equal in the V filter band . Calculations ( edit ) 30 Doradus image taken by ESO 's VISTA . This nebula has an apparent magnitude of 8 . A graph of apparent magnitude against brightness As the amount of light actually received by a telescope is reduced by transmission through the Earth 's atmosphere , any measurement of apparent magnitude is corrected for what it would have been as seen from above the atmosphere . The dimmer an object appears , the higher the numerical value given to its apparent magnitude , with a difference of 5 magnitudes corresponding to a brightness factor of exactly 100 . Therefore , the apparent magnitude m , in the spectral band x , would be given by m x = − 5 log 100 ( F x F x , 0 ) , ( \ displaystyle m_ ( x ) = - 5 \ log _ ( 100 ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( F_ ( x ) ) ( F_ ( x , 0 ) ) ) \ right ) , ) which is more commonly expressed in terms of common ( base - 10 ) logarithms as m x = − 2.5 log 10 ( F x F x , 0 ) , ( \ displaystyle m_ ( x ) = - 2.5 \ log _ ( 10 ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( F_ ( x ) ) ( F_ ( x , 0 ) ) ) \ right ) , ) where F is the observed flux density using spectral filter x , and F is the reference flux ( zero - point ) for that photometric filter . Since an increase of 5 magnitudes corresponds to a decrease in brightness by a factor of exactly 100 , each magnitude increase implies a decrease in brightness by the factor √ 100 ≈ 2.512 ( Pogson 's ratio ) . Inverting the above formula , a magnitude difference m − m = Δm implies a brightness factor of F 2 F 1 = 100 Δ m 5 = 10 0.4 Δ m ≈ 2.512 Δ m . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( F_ ( 2 ) ) ( F_ ( 1 ) ) ) = 100 ^ ( \ frac ( \ Delta m ) ( 5 ) ) = 10 ^ ( 0.4 \ Delta m ) \ approx 2.512 ^ ( \ Delta m ) . ) Example : Sun and moon ( edit ) What is the ratio in brightness between the Sun and the full Moon ? The apparent magnitude of the Sun is − 26.74 ( brighter ) , and the mean apparent magnitude of the full moon is − 12.74 ( dimmer ) . Difference in magnitude : x = m 1 − m 2 = ( − 12.74 ) − ( − 26.74 ) = 14.00 . ( \ displaystyle x = m_ ( 1 ) - m_ ( 2 ) = ( - 12.74 ) - ( - 26.74 ) = 14.00 . ) Brightness factor : v b = 10 0.4 x = 10 0.4 × 14.00 ≈ 398 107.17 . ( \ displaystyle v_ ( b ) = 10 ^ ( 0.4 x ) = 10 ^ ( 0.4 \ times 14.00 ) \ approx 398 \ , 107.17 . ) The Sun appears about 7005400000000000000 ♠ 400 000 times brighter than the full moon . Magnitude addition ( edit ) Sometimes one might wish to add brightnesses . For example , photometry on closely separated double stars may only be able to produce a measurement of their combined light output . How would we reckon the combined magnitude of that double star knowing only the magnitudes of the individual components ? This can be done by adding the brightnesses ( in linear units ) corresponding to each magnitude . 10 − m f × 0.4 = 10 − m 1 × 0.4 + 10 − m 2 × 0.4 . ( \ displaystyle 10 ^ ( - m_ ( f ) \ times 0.4 ) = 10 ^ ( - m_ ( 1 ) \ times 0.4 ) + 10 ^ ( - m_ ( 2 ) \ times 0.4 ) . ) Solving for m f ( \ displaystyle m_ ( f ) ) yields m f = − 2.5 log 10 ( 10 − m 1 × 0.4 + 10 − m 2 × 0.4 ) , ( \ displaystyle m_ ( f ) = - 2.5 \ log _ ( 10 ) \ left ( 10 ^ ( - m_ ( 1 ) \ times 0.4 ) + 10 ^ ( - m_ ( 2 ) \ times 0.4 ) \ right ) , ) where m is the resulting magnitude after adding the brightnesses referred to by m and m . Absolute magnitude ( edit ) Main article : Absolute magnitude Since flux decreases with distance according to the inverse - square law , a particular apparent magnitude could equally well refer to a star at one distance , or a star four times brighter at twice that distance , and so on . When one is not interested in the brightness as viewed from Earth , but the intrinsic brightness of an astronomical object , then one refers not to the apparent magnitude but the absolute magnitude . The absolute magnitude M , of a star or astronomical object is defined as the apparent magnitude it would have as seen from a distance of 10 parsecs ( about 32.6 light - years ) . The absolute magnitude of the Sun is 4.83 in the V band ( yellow ) and 5.48 in the B band ( blue ) . In the case of a planet or asteroid , the absolute magnitude H rather means the apparent magnitude it would have if it were 1 astronomical unit from both the observer and the Sun , and fully illuminated ( a configuration that is only theoretically achievable , with the observer situated on the surface of the Sun ) . Standard reference values ( edit ) Standard apparent magnitudes and fluxes for typical bands Band λ ( μm ) Δλ / λ ( FWHM ) Flux at m = 0 , F Jy 10 erg / ( s cm Hz ) U 0.36 0.15 1810 1.81 0.44 0.22 4260 4.26 V 0.55 0.16 3640 3.64 0.64 0.23 3080 3.08 0.79 0.19 2550 2.55 1.26 0.16 1600 1.60 1.60 0.23 1080 1.08 2.22 0.23 0670 0.67 3.50 g 0.52 0.14 3730 3.73 r 0.67 0.14 4490 4.49 i 0.79 0.16 4760 4.76 z 0.91 0.13 4810 4.81 It is important to note that the scale is logarithmic : the relative brightness of two objects is determined by the difference of their magnitudes . For example , a difference of 3.2 means that one object is about 19 times as bright as the other , because Pogson 's Ratio raised to the power 3.2 is approximately 19.05 . A common misconception is that the logarithmic nature of the scale is because the human eye itself has a logarithmic response . In Pogson 's time this was thought to be true ( see Weber -- Fechner law ) , but it is now believed that the response is a power law ( see Stevens ' power law ) . Magnitude is complicated by the fact that light is not monochromatic . The sensitivity of a light detector varies according to the wavelength of the light , and the way it varies depends on the type of light detector . For this reason , it is necessary to specify how the magnitude is measured for the value to be meaningful . For this purpose the UBV system is widely used , in which the magnitude is measured in three different wavelength bands : U ( centred at about 350 nm , in the near ultraviolet ) , B ( about 435 nm , in the blue region ) and V ( about 555 nm , in the middle of the human visual range in daylight ) . The V band was chosen for spectral purposes and gives magnitudes closely corresponding to those seen by the light - adapted human eye , and when an apparent magnitude is given without any further qualification , it is usually the V magnitude that is meant , more or less the same as visual magnitude . Because cooler stars , such as red giants and red dwarfs , emit little energy in the blue and UV regions of the spectrum their power is often under - represented by the UBV scale . Indeed , some L and T class stars have an estimated magnitude of well over 100 , because they emit extremely little visible light , but are strongest in infrared . Measures of magnitude need cautious treatment and it is extremely important to measure like with like . On early 20th century and older orthochromatic ( blue - sensitive ) photographic film , the relative brightnesses of the blue supergiant Rigel and the red supergiant Betelgeuse irregular variable star ( at maximum ) are reversed compared to what human eyes perceive , because this archaic film is more sensitive to blue light than it is to red light . Magnitudes obtained from this method are known as photographic magnitudes , and are now considered obsolete . For objects within the Milky Way with a given absolute magnitude , 5 is added to the apparent magnitude for every tenfold increase in the distance to the object . For objects at very great distances ( far beyond the Milky Way ) , this relationship must be adjusted for redshifts and for non-Euclidean distance measures due to general relativity . For planets and other Solar System bodies the apparent magnitude is derived from its phase curve and the distances to the Sun and observer . Table of notable celestial objects ( edit ) Apparent visual magnitudes of known celestial objects App . mag . ( V ) Celestial object ... ... as seen from − 38.00 star Rigel as seen from 1 AU . It would be seen as a large very bright bluish disk of 35 ° apparent diameter . − 30.30 star Sirius as seen from 1 AU . − 29.30 star Sun as seen from Mercury at perihelion − 27.40 star Sun as seen from Venus at perihelion − 26.74 star Sun as seen from Earth ( about 400,000 times brighter than mean full moon ) − 25.60 star Sun as seen from Mars at aphelion − 25.00 Minimum brightness that causes the typical eye slight pain to look at − 23.00 star Sun as seen from Jupiter at aphelion − 21.70 star Sun as seen from Saturn at aphelion − 20.20 star Sun as seen from Uranus at aphelion − 19.30 star Sun as seen from Neptune − 18.20 star Sun as seen from Pluto at aphelion − 16.70 star Sun as seen from Eris at aphelion − 14.20 An illumination level of 1 lux − 12.90 full moon maximum brightness of perigee + perihelion full moon ( mean distance value is − 12.74 , though both values are about 0.18 magnitude brighter when including the opposition effect ) − 11.20 star Sun as seen from Sedna at aphelion − 10.00 Comet Ikeya -- Seki ( 1965 ) which was the brightest Kreutz Sungrazer of modern times 0 − 9.50 Iridium ( satellite ) flare maximum brightness 0 − 7.50 supernova of 1006 the brightest stellar event in recorded history ( 7200 light - years away ) 0 − 6.50 The total integrated magnitude of the night sky as seen from Earth 0 − 6.00 Crab Supernova of 1054 ( 6500 light - years away ) 0 − 5.90 International Space Station when the ISS is at its perigee and fully lit by the Sun 0 − 4.89 planet Venus maximum brightness when illuminated as a crescent 0 − 4 Faintest objects observable during the day with naked eye when Sun is high 0 − 3.99 star Epsilon Canis Majoris maximum brightness of 4.7 million years ago , the historical brightest star of the last and next five million years 0 − 3.82 planet Venus minimum brightness when it is on the far side of the Sun 0 − 2.94 planet Jupiter maximum brightness 0 − 2.91 planet Mars maximum brightness 0 − 2.5 Faintest objects visible during the day with naked eye when Sun is less than 10 ° above the horizon 0 − 2.50 new moon minimum brightness 0 − 2.45 planet Mercury maximum brightness at superior conjunction ( unlike Venus , Mercury is at its brightest when on the far side of the Sun , the reason being their different phase curves ) 0 − 1.61 planet Jupiter minimum brightness 0 − 1.47 star Sirius Brightest star ( except for the Sun ) at visible wavelengths 0 − 0.83 star Eta Carinae apparent brightness as a supernova impostor in April 1843 0 − 0.72 star Canopus 2nd brightest star 0 − 0.49 planet Saturn maximum brightness at opposition and perihelion when the rings are full open ( 2003 ) 0 − 0.27 star system Alpha Centauri AB The total magnitude ( 3rd brightest star to the naked eye ) 0 − 0.04 star Arcturus 4th brightest star to the naked eye 0 − 0.01 star Alpha Centauri A 4th brightest individual star visible telescopically in the sky 0 + 0.03 star Vega which was originally chosen as a definition of the zero point 0 + 0.50 star Sun as seen from Alpha Centauri 0 + 1.47 planet Saturn minimum brightness 0 + 1.84 planet Mars minimum brightness 0 + 3.03 supernova SN 1987A in the Large Magellanic Cloud ( 160,000 light - years away ) 0 3 ... 4 Faintest stars visible in an urban neighborhood with naked eye 00 3.44 Andromeda Galaxy M31 00 4.38 moon Ganymede maximum brightness ( moon of Jupiter and the largest moon in the Solar System ) 00 4.50 open cluster M41 an open cluster that may have been seen by Aristotle 00 5.20 asteroid Vesta maximum brightness 00 5.32 planet Uranus maximum brightness 00 5.72 spiral galaxy M33 which is used as a test for naked eye seeing under dark skies 00 5.73 planet Mercury minimum brightness 00 5.8 gamma - ray burst GRB 080319B Peak visual magnitude ( the `` Clarke Event '' ) seen on Earth on March 19 , 2008 from a distance of 7.5 billion light - years . 00 5.95 planet Uranus minimum brightness 00 6.49 asteroid Pallas maximum brightness 00 6.5 Approximate limit of stars observed by a mean naked eye observer under very good conditions . There are about 9,500 stars visible to mag 6.5 . 00 6.64 dwarf planet Ceres maximum brightness 00 6.75 asteroid Iris maximum brightness 00 6.90 spiral galaxy M81 This is an extreme naked - eyetarget that pushes human eyesight and the Bortle scale to the limit 0 7 ... 8 Extreme naked - eye limit , Class 1 on Bortle scale , the darkest skies available on Earth 00 7.78 planet Neptune maximum brightness 00 8.02 planet Neptune minimum brightness 00 8.10 moon Titan maximum brightness of largest moon of Saturn mean opposition magnitude 8.4 00 8.94 asteroid 10 Hygiea maximum brightness 00 9.50 Faintest objects visible using common 7 × 50 binoculars under typical conditions 010.20 moon Iapetus maximum brightness , brightest when west of Saturn and takes 40 days to switch sides 012.91 quasar 3C 273 brightest ( luminosity distance of 2.4 billion light years ) 013.42 moon Triton Maximum brightness 013.65 dwarf planet Pluto maximum brightness , 725 times fainter than magnitude 6.5 naked eye skies 015.4 centaur Chiron maximum brightness 015.55 moon Charon maximum brightness ( the large moon of Pluto ) 016.8 dwarf planet Makemake Current opposition brightness 017.27 dwarf planet Haumea Current opposition brightness of 018.7 dwarf planet Eris Current opposition brightness 020.7 moon Callirrhoe ( small ~ 8 km satellite of Jupiter ) 022 Faintest objects observable in visible light with a 600 mm ( 24 '' ) Ritchey - Chrétien telescope with 30 minutes of stacked images ( 6 subframes at 5 minutes each ) using a CCD detector 022.91 moon Hydra maximum brightness of Pluto 's moon 023.38 moon Nix maximum brightness of Pluto 's moon 025.0 moon Fenrir ( small ~ 4 km satellite of Saturn ) 027.6 planet Jupiter if it were located 5000 AU from the Sun still visiting from our earth 027.7 Faintest objects observable with an 8 - meter class ground - based telescope such as the Subaru Telescope in a 10 - hour image 028.2 Halley 's Comet in 2003 when it was 28 AU from the Sun 031.5 Faintest objects observable in visible light with Hubble Space Telescope 034 Faintest objects observable in visible light with James Webb Space Telescope 035 star LBV 1806 - 20 a luminous blue variable star , expected magnitude at visible wavelengths due to interstellar extinction See also : List of brightest stars Some of the above magnitudes are only approximate . Telescope sensitivity also depends on observing time , optical bandpass , and interfering light from scattering and airglow . See also ( edit ) Absolute magnitude Magnitude ( astronomy ) Photographic magnitude Luminosity in astronomy List of brightest stars List of nearest bright stars List of nearest stars Lux Surface brightness Distance modulus References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Vmag < 6.5 '' . SIMBAD Astronomical Database . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Magnitude '' . National Solar Observatory -- Sacramento Peak . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 06 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Bright Star Catalogue Jump up ^ Pogson , N. ( 1856 ) . `` Magnitudes of Thirty - six of the Minor Planets for the first day of each month of the year 1857 '' . MNRAS. 17 : 12 . Bibcode : 1856MNRAS ... 17 ... 12P . doi : 10.1093 / mnras / 17.1. 12 . Jump up ^ See ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Oke , J.B. ; Gunn , J.E. ( March 15 , 1983 ) . `` Secondary standard stars for absolute spectrophotometry '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 266 : 713 -- 717 . Bibcode : 1983ApJ ... 266 ... 713O . doi : 10.1086 / 160817 . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Magnitude Arithmetic '' . Weekly Topic . Caglow . Retrieved 30 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Evans , Aaron . `` Some Useful Astronomical Definitions '' ( PDF ) . Stony Brook Astronomy Program . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ Huchra , John . `` Astronomical Magnitude Systems '' . Harvard - Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Schulman , E. ; Cox , C.V. ( 1997 ) . `` Misconceptions About Astronomical Magnitudes '' . American Journal of Physics. 65 ( 10 ) : 1003 . Bibcode : 1997AmJPh ... 65.1003 S . doi : 10.1119 / 1.18714 . Jump up ^ Umeh , Obinna ; Clarkson , Chris ; Maartens , Roy ( 2014 ) . `` Nonlinear relativistic corrections to cosmological distances , redshift and gravitational lensing magnification : II . Derivation '' . Classical and Quantum Gravity. 31 ( 20 ) : 205001 . arXiv : 1402.1933 . Bibcode : 2014CQGra ... 31t5001U . doi : 10.1088 / 0264 - 9381 / 31 / 20 / 205001 . Jump up ^ Hogg , David W. ; Baldry , Ivan K. ; Blanton , Michael R. ; Eisenstein , Daniel J. ( 2002 ) . `` The K correction '' . arXiv : astro - ph / 0210394 . Jump up ^ Williams , David R. ( 2004 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Sun Fact Sheet '' . NASA ( National Space Science Data Center ) . Archived from the original on 15 July 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Dufay , Jean ( 2012 - 10 - 17 ) . Introduction to Astrophysics : The Stars . p. 3 . ISBN 9780486607719 . Jump up ^ McLean , Ian S. ( 2008 ) . Electronic Imaging in Astronomy : Detectors and Instrumentation . Springer . p. 529 . ISBN 3 - 540 - 76582 - 4 . Jump up ^ Williams , David R. ( 2010 - 02 - 02 ) . `` Moon Fact Sheet '' . NASA ( National Space Science Data Center ) . Archived from the original on 23 March 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Brightest comets seen since 1935 '' . International Comet Quarterly . Retrieved 18 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Winkler , P. Frank ; Gupta , Gaurav ; Long , Knox S. ( 2003 ) . `` The SN 1006 Remnant : Optical Proper Motions , Deep Imaging , Distance , and Brightness at Maximum '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 585 : 324 -- 335 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0208415 . Bibcode : 2003ApJ ... 585 ... 324W . doi : 10.1086 / 345985 . Jump up ^ `` Supernova 1054 -- Creation of the Crab Nebula '' . SEDS . Jump up ^ `` ISS Information - Heavens-above.com '' . Heavens - above . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` HORIZONS Web - Interface for Venus ( Major Body = 299 ) '' ( 2006 February 27 ( GEOPHYSICAL DATA ) ) . JPL Horizons On - Line Ephemeris System . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 28 . ( Using JPL Horizons you can see that on 2013 - Dec - 08 Venus will have an apmag of − 4.89 ) Jump up ^ Williams , David R. ( 2007 - 11 - 02 ) . `` Jupiter Fact Sheet '' . National Space Science Data Center . NASA . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ Williams , David R. ( 2007 - 11 - 29 ) . `` Mars Fact Sheet '' . National Space Science Data Center . NASA . Archived from the original on 12 June 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Sirius '' . SIMBAD Astronomical Database . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Canopus '' . SIMBAD Astronomical Database . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Arcturus '' . SIMBAD Astronomical Database . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Vega '' . SIMBAD Astronomical Database . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` SIMBAD - M31 '' . SIMBAD Astronomical Database . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ Yeomans ; Chamberlin . `` Horizon Online Ephemeris System for Ganymede ( Major Body 503 ) '' . California Institute of Technology , Jet Propulsion Laboratory . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 14 . ( 4.38 on 1951 - Oct - 03 ) Jump up ^ `` M41 possibly recorded by Aristotle '' . SEDS ( Students for the Exploration and Development of Space ) . 2006 - 07 - 28 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ Williams , David R. ( 2005 - 01 - 31 ) . `` Uranus Fact Sheet '' . National Space Science Data Center . NASA . Archived from the original on 29 June 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` SIMBAD - M33 '' . SIMBAD Astronomical Database . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Lodriguss , Jerry ( 1993 ) . `` M33 ( Triangulum Galaxy ) '' . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 27 . ( Shows bolometric magnitude not visual magnitude . ) Jump up ^ `` Messier 81 '' . SEDS ( Students for the Exploration and Development of Space ) . 2007 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ John E. Bortle ( February 2001 ) . `` The Bortle Dark - Sky Scale '' . Sky & Telescope . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Williams , David R. ( 2007 - 11 - 29 ) . `` Neptune Fact Sheet '' . National Space Science Data Center . NASA . Archived from the original on 1 July 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ Yeomans ; Chamberlin . `` Horizon Online Ephemeris System for Titan ( Major Body 606 ) '' . California Institute of Technology , Jet Propulsion Laboratory . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 28 . ( 8.10 on 2003 - Dec - 30 ) Archived November 13 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Classic Satellites of the Solar System '' . Observatorio ARVAL . Archived from the original on 31 July 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Planetary Satellite Physical Parameters '' . JPL ( Solar System Dynamics ) . 2009 - 04 - 03 . Archived from the original on 23 July 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` AstDys ( 10 ) Hygiea Ephemerides '' . Department of Mathematics , University of Pisa , Italy . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ Zarenski , Ed ( 2004 ) . `` Limiting Magnitude in Binoculars '' ( PDF ) . Cloudy Nights . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ Williams , David R. ( 2006 - 09 - 07 ) . `` Pluto Fact Sheet '' . National Space Science Data Center . NASA . Archived from the original on 1 July 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` AstDys ( 2060 ) Chiron Ephemerides '' . Department of Mathematics , University of Pisa , Italy . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` AstDys ( 136472 ) Makemake Ephemerides '' . Department of Mathematics , University of Pisa , Italy . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` AstDys ( 136108 ) Haumea Ephemerides '' . Department of Mathematics , University of Pisa , Italy . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ Steve Cullen ( sgcullen ) ( 2009 - 10 - 05 ) . `` 17 New Asteroids Found by LightBuckets '' . LightBuckets . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 31 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Sheppard , Scott S. `` Saturn 's Known Satellites '' . Carnegie Institution ( Department of Terrestrial Magnetism ) . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ Magnitude difference is 2.512 log ( ( 5000 / 5 ) × ( 4999 / 4 ) ) _̃ 30.6 , so Jupiter is 30.6 magnitudes fainter at 5000 AU Jump up ^ What is the faintest object imaged by ground - based telescopes ? , by : The Editors of Sky Telescope , July 24 , 2006 Jump up ^ `` New Image of Comet Halley in the Cold '' . ESO. 2003 - 09 - 01 . Archived from the original on 1 March 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Illingworth , G.D. ; Magee , D. ; Oesch , P.A. ; Bouwens , R.J. ; Labbé , I. ; Stiavelli , M. ; van Dokkum , P.G. ; Franx , M. ; Trenti , M. ; Carollo , C.M. ; Gonzalez , V. ( 21 October 2013 ) . `` The HST eXtreme Deep Field XDF : Combining all ACS and WFC3 / IR Data on the HUDF Region into the Deepest Field Ever '' . The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series . 209 ( 1 ) : 6 . arXiv : 1305.1931 . Bibcode : 2013ApJS ... 209 ... 6I . doi : 10.1088 / 0067 - 0049 / 209 / 1 / 6 . Jump up ^ http://www.jaymaron.com/telescopes/telescopes.html ( retrieved Sep 14 2017 ) External links ( edit ) `` The astronomical magnitude scale '' . International Comet Quarterly . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the apparent visual magnitude of a star is a measure of the star's | [
"The apparent magnitude (m) of a celestial object is a number that is a measure of its brightness as seen by an observer on Earth. The brighter an object appears, the lower its magnitude value (i.e. inverse relation). The Sun, at apparent magnitude of −27, is the brightest object in the sky. It is adjusted to the value it would have in the absence of the atmosphere. Furthermore, the magnitude scale is logarithmic; a difference of one in magnitude corresponds to a change in brightness by a factor of 5√100, or about 2.512."
] | [
"brightness as seen by an observer on Earth"
] |
7417770272457165469 | List of Star vs. the Forces of Evil episodes | List of Star vs. the Forces of Evil episodes - wikipedia List of Star vs. the Forces of Evil episodes Jump to : navigation , search Star vs. the Forces of Evil is an American animated fantasy comedy - adventure television series created by Daron Nefcy and produced by Disney Television Animation . The series centers on Star Butterfly , a magical princess from the dimension of Mewni who is sent to Earth by her parents the Queen and King Butterfly , when they decide she should learn to wield magic away from their kingdom . As an exchange student on Earth , she boards the house of Marco Diaz whom she befriends as they both attend high school . The series marks the second woman - led animated series by Disney . Before the series was picked up , Nefcy had worked as an artist for Disney 's Wander Over Yonder and Nickelodeon 's Robot and Monster . The first episode of the series premiered on January 18 , 2015 , on Disney Channel . Succeeding episodes have premiered on Disney XD starting March 30 , 2015 . The series had been renewed for a second season a month before its Disney XD premiere . In March 2016 it was renewed for a third season prior to its second - season premiere scheduled for July that year . The episode `` Bon Bon the Birthday Clown '' marked the mid-season finale for the second season , according to Nefcy . The second half of the season aired entirely in February 2017 on weekdays , with either a half - episode segment or a full episode premiering each day . In the same month , the series was renewed for a fourth season . A two - hour television film called The Battle for Mewni , which comprises the first four episodes of the third season , premiered on July 15 , 2017 , with the succeeding third - season episodes to begin airing in November 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episode list 2.1 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2017 ) 3 Notes 4 References Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 March 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 30 ) September 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 21 ) 22 July 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 11 ) February 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 27 ) TBA July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) TBA Episode list ( edit ) The episodes are usually broadcast as two 11 - minute segments . Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written & storyboarded by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 1a 1a `` Star Comes to Earth '' Mike Mullen Mike Mullen January 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 18 ) ( preview ) March 30 , 2015 101 2.33 ( DC ) 1.14 ( DXD ) On her 14th birthday , Princess Star Butterfly receives a magical wand , but when she sets fire to the castle , she is sent to Earth to train . There , she enrolls in Echo Creek Academy where the principal pairs her with Marco Diaz , a reputed `` safe kid '' . Upon befriending Marco , Star ends up discovering her skills when she is attacked by Ludo and his army of monsters . 1b 1b `` Party with a Pony '' Mike Mullen Ian Wasseluk January 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 18 ) ( preview ) March 30 , 2015 101 2.33 ( DC ) 1.14 ( DXD ) Star receives a visit from Flying Princess Pony Head , her best friend from Mewni . Pony Head is jealous that Marco is Star 's best friend on Earth . She invites Star and Marco to various dance clubs , but she competes with Marco for Star 's attention and tries to strand him at a video arcade . Meanwhile , guards have been hot on Pony Head 's trail . Eventually , King Pony Head arrives to have the guards take Pony Head to St. Olga 's Reform School for Wayward Princesses . 2a 2a `` Matchmaker '' Aaron Hammersley Aaron Hammersley , Daron Nefcy , Lane Lueras & Dave Stone March 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 30 ) 102 0.90 Star fails her first test , so she tries to play matchmaker for their math teacher Miss Skullnick to get a better grade . However , she winds up turning her into a troll . When Ludo and his minions attack , one of the monsters falls for Skullnick . 2b 2b `` School Spirit '' Aaron Hammersley Zeus Cervas & Aaron Hammersley March 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 30 ) 102 0.90 Echo Creek Academy prepares for a football game against their rival school . Marco tries to protect Ferguson , who has become the team mascot , from being kidnapped . Star takes the concept of going to battle literally , and booby traps the field with bombs , evil kittens , and giant birds . 3a 3a `` Monster Arm '' Aaron Hammersley Aaron Hammersley & Bert Youn April 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 06 ) 103 0.83 Marco breaks his arm before a karate tournament . Star uses her wand to fix it , but transforms it into a tentacle arm . As Star tries to find a spell to reverse it , Marco begins to like his new powers associated with the arm . However , the arm harbors an evil sentience that intends to take over the world . 3b 3b `` The Other Exchange Student '' Mike Mullen Carrie Liao April 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 06 ) 103 0.83 When the Diaz family receives a visit by their former foreign exchange student Gustav from Scandinavia , Gustav soon becomes the family favorite with his meatballs , that Star feels neglected . She senses something is wrong when she discovers Gustav harbors some books and media about how to act like a Scandinavian in his backpack . 4a 4a `` Cheer up Star '' Aaron Hammersley Carrie Liao , Aaron Hammersley & Dominic Bisignano April 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 13 ) 104 0.57 Star and Marco are trapped inside a tool shed by Ludo 's army . As Marco tries to fashion something to fight them off , he recounts how he tried to cheer up Star because she left her phone number for her crush , a keytar - playing student named Oskar , but he has not called her back . Guest star : Jon Heder as Oskar 4b 4b `` Quest Buy '' Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano April 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 13 ) 104 0.57 When Star 's wand runs low on power , she and Marco visit Quest Buy , a large inter-dimensional retail store to buy a new charger . However , the location of the charger department proves extremely difficult to find and to get to . Meanwhile , Ludo and his minions , who are shopping there for a beak sharpener , pursue Star to try to take her wand . 5a 5a `` Diaz Family Vacation '' Piero Piluso Zeus Cervas , Christopher Graham & Piero Piluso April 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 20 ) 105 0.57 As an anniversary gift for Marco 's parents , Star invites them and Marco to Mewni , but must avoid being seen by her father as Star is not allowed to leave Earth . While they visit a Mewni village , Star sees her father strolling about , and directs the Diaz family into a deadly forest . 5b 5b `` Brittney 's Party '' Mike Mullen Mike Mullen & Ian Wasseluk April 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 20 ) 105 0.57 Star and Marco crash Brittney Wong 's birthday event which takes place on a party bus . While Star tries to make the party `` fun '' , Marco gets carsick . Ludo and his minions attack and hijack the bus . 6a 6a `` Mewberty '' Aaron Hammersley Aaron Hammersley & Dominic Bisignano June 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 15 ) 106 0.74 Star experiences `` mewberty '' , that is , her skin breaks out in hearts whenever she is near boys . Although Marco thinks it 's much like the Earthling condition , Star 's is more extreme . She sprouts hearts all over her body , and transforms into a butterfly creature that captures boys and steals them away . Marco turns to the Glossaryck , a genie inside Star 's book of magic , for advice on how to stop her . Guest star : Jeffrey Tambor as Glossaryck 6b 6b `` Pixtopia '' Mike Mullen Christofer Graham , Mike Mullen & Carlos Ramos June 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 15 ) 106 0.74 After making prank calls on Star 's magic mirror , Marco , Alfonzo , Ferguson , and Star must go to Pixtopia : Land Of The Pixies and pay the bill . When they ca n't pay it , they are forced to work in a mine shaft . The Pixie Empress flirts with Ferguson . Guest stars : Anna Camp as Pixie Empress , Danny Woodburn as Pixie Taskmaster 7a 7a `` Lobster Claws '' Mike Mullen & Piero Piluso Scott O'Brien & Piero Piluso June 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 22 ) 107 0.52 Ludo fires his minion Lobster Claws after he accidentally takes off Deer Beard 's antler when trying to get Star 's wand . Marco tries to help Lobster Claws become good while Star thinks he can not be reformed . 7b 7b `` Sleep Spells '' Mike Mullen Mike Mullen & Ian Wasseluk June 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 22 ) 107 0.52 Star and Marco try to determine who has been redecorating her room , with Mr. Diaz only accounting for a small project . Marco discovers that Star has been `` sleep spelling '' , that is , casting spells when sleepwalking . He tries psychology to try to treat her but learns that she is actually trying to defend herself from an intruder , revealed to be Princess Smooshy , an ugly `` goblin - elephant '' princess who wants to steal Star 's face so she can avoid getting sent back to St. Olga 's Reform School for Wayward Princesses after escaping it . 8a 8a `` Blood Moon Ball '' Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley July 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 20 ) 108 0.67 Star 's ex-boyfriend Tom invites her to the Blood Moon Ball , an Underworld event that occurs once every 667 years . Tom claims he has turned over a new leaf , having hired an anger management consultant . Marco does not believe Tom has changed but Star decides to go anyway . When Marco disrupts Tom 's plan to take Star for himself under the Blood Moon 's light , Tom reverts to his old self . Guest star : Rider Strong as Tom 8b 8b `` Fortune Cookies '' Mike Mullen Carrie Liao & Mike Mullen July 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 20 ) 108 0.67 Following yet another victory over Ludo and his minions , Marco and Star eat at a Chinese restaurant . Marco tricks Star into thinking the sayings in fortune cookies can really predict the future . Meanwhile , Ludo hires a monster named Toffee to shape up his minions . They come up with a plan to take advantage of Star 's fortune cookie obsession . Guest star : Michael C. Hall as Toffee 9a 9a `` Freeze Day '' Mike Mullen Carrie Liao & Mike Mullen July 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 27 ) 109 0.37 Star freezes time with her wand so that Marco can appear at Echo Creek Academy on time for his morning greeting nod with his crush Jackie Lynn Thomas . But when she is unable to cancel out the effects , she and Marco visit the Plains of Time in order to get Father Time to restart time again . Guest star : Jim Gaffigan as Father Time 9b 9b `` Royal Pain '' Piero Piluso Piero Piluso & Ian Wasseluk July 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 27 ) 109 0.37 Star gets an unexpected visit from her father who had been kicked out of the house for not picking up after himself . After getting excited over Earth activities such as using a flush toilet and playing miniature golf , he ends up overstaying his welcome . He hosts a party with his inter-dimensional friends , but it is soon crashed by a sun character named Helios . Guest star : Jamie Kennedy as Helios 10 10 `` St. Olga 's Reform School for Wayward Princesses '' Piero Piluso Piero Piluso August 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 10 ) 110 0.50 Star and Marco go undercover as new princess students in order to break Flying Princess Pony Head out of St. Olga 's on her birthday . They discover that Pony Head has been brainwashed to be a compliant princess and try to evade the robot guards and the reform school 's headmistress Miss Heinous . Guest stars : Jessica Walter as Miss Heinous , Jodi Benson as Singing Teacher 11a 11a `` Mewnipendance Day '' Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Kyle Neswald & Carder Scholin August 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 17 ) 111 0.51 Star Butterfly recruits her classmates , Miss Skullnick , and the Dojo Sensei to participate in a battle reenactment of Mewni 's Independence Day . Ludo and Toffee use a special floating eye device to spy on Star and her activities . Ludo 's minion Buff Frog infiltrates the reenactment as one of the monsters to try to steal the wand . 11b 11b `` The Banagic Incident '' Mike Mullen Dominic Bisignano , Nate Cash , Mike Mullen , Kyle Neswald & Carder Scholin August 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 17 ) 111 0.51 Impressed by a commercial for a `` magical '' Earth product called a Banagic Wand , Star tries to get Marco to buy it , but Marco refuses as he has karate class . Star ends up going into town by herself where she confuses a pirate - themed restaurant for having real pirates and trashes the place . Meanwhile , Marco 's Dojo Sensei wants his students to channel their emotions to walk across hot coals . 12a 12a `` Interdimensional Field Trip '' Piero Piluso Piero Piluso & Ian Wasseluk September 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 14 ) 112 0.55 Miss Skullnick 's class finds the field trip to the Echo Creek Museum of Paper Clips boring , so Star volunteers to lead a trip to the Dimension of Wonders and Amazement . But when she lets the students do whatever they want , she puts the entire class in danger . Meanwhile , Miss Skullnick visits an exhibit on troll history . When a yarn monster captures the class , Star and Miss Skullnick must work together to save them . 12b 12b `` Marco Grows a Beard '' Mike Mullen & Piero Piluso Tyler Chen September 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 14 ) 112 0.55 Star botches a spell that would help Marco grow a beard in order to impress Jackie Lynn Thomas . The hair grows out of control , engulfing the house , and Star loses her wand in the midst of it . Meanwhile , Ludo leads his minions through the overgrown beard to find the wand . 13 13 `` Storm the Castle '' Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Christopher Graham , Aaron Hammersley & Ian Wasseluk September 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 21 ) 113 0.68 Toffee has taken over Ludo 's castle ; he has one of Ludo 's minions abduct Marco . Star allies with Buff Frog ( and the kicked - out Ludo ) to storm the castle and beat up Ludo 's former minions and free Marco . However , Toffee arranges for the box imprisoning Marco to gradually collapse , forcing Star to destroy her wand in exchange for sparing Marco . The resulting explosion destroys Ludo 's castle and Toffee , after which Star banishes Ludo . Star is left with a new wand that is missing a piece . Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written & storyboarded by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 14a 1a `` My New Wand ! '' Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Evon Freeman and Aaron Hammersley July 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 11 ) 201 0.61 As Marco gets out of the shower , Star activates her new wand , but it accidentally knocks Marco , her wand , and her book of spells into her closet . Unable to open the closet door , Star consults with Glossaryck who suggests she digs deep into her soul to find a solution . Meanwhile , as Marco is advised by Glossaryck to sort out the secrets and stuff in Star 's closet . When he finds and starts reading Star 's diary , Star panics and unleashes her innate magic , which unlocks the door and frees Marco . 14b 1b `` Ludo in the Wild '' Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley and Jushtin Lee July 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 11 ) 201 0.61 After the destruction of his castle , Ludo is thrown into the cosmos by Star and lands in a forested location . He competes with a giant spider as they go ice fishing . When a bag of potato chips is found , he and the giant spider fight until he wins . He also tames a bald eagle . When he spots Star in the woods , he chases her until he realizes he is back on Mewni . He also obtains a wand of his own which holds the other half of Star 's wand magic . 15a 2a `` Mr. Candle Cares '' Giancarlo Volpe Le Tang and Giancarlo Volpe July 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) 202 0.56 Guidance counselor Mr. Candle tells Star that she is fated to be Queen of Mewni . She has to read her mother 's book on how to act like a queen but she gets frustrated and decides to dress up in a more rebellious punk style . Meanwhile , Marco , who is displeased of Candle 's career suggestion of being the head janitor on Garbage Island , discovers that Mr. Candle is actually in cahoots with Tom , who planned to ensure `` Starco '' does n't happen . He confronts Mr. Candle but is captured by Tom , and must duel Tom to get his freedom . Guest star : Dave Allen as Mr. Candle 15b 2b `` Red Belt '' Piero Piluso John Mathot and Piero Piluso July 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) 202 0.56 Marco trains for a red belt in karate . However , after visiting his sensei 's home , he discovers his sensei lives with his mother and does not even have a red belt . Sensei explains that he never got to watch the instructional video for the red belt as the tape got jammed in his video player . Marco and sensei visit thrift shops and eventually come across a rare video store where they have to defeat the store owner to win the tape . Meanwhile , Star looks all over the house for a hammer in order to put up a new poster that she just obtained . 16a 3a `` Star on Wheels '' Piero Piluso Zach Marcus and Brett Varon July 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 25 ) 203 0.54 Marco teaches Star how to ride a bicycle , but Star does not know how to stop . To make things worse , she refuses to listen to Marco 's request to pedal backwards since Marco had tricked Star into thinking he would not let go of the bike . Marco gets a car ride with Oskar as they pursue Star to get her the wand . Glossaryck appears and joins in the fun . 16b 3b `` Fetch '' Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Evon Freeman , Aaron Hammersley and Aleth Romanillos July 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 25 ) 203 0.54 Star throws her wand by accident and it ends up in the mouth of a growling dog who refuses to let it go . She has to take care of the dog and find its owner . Meanwhile , Marco struggles to get a straw into his juice box and has to take care of the laser puppies . She eventually discovers the dog named Willoughby is actually an extra-dimensional being who did n't like life on her planet , so Star has her adopted by a strange lady named Lydia . Guest stars : Mayim Bialik as Willoughby , Amy Sedaris as Lydia 17a 4a `` Star vs. Echo Creek '' Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Sabrina Cotugno , Amelia Lorenz , Le Tang and Giancarlo Volpe August 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 01 ) 204 0.50 After getting a sugar high from seasoning her burrito , Star sets off some magic that accidentally causes a sign to fall and crush a police cruiser . While trying to evade the police , Star encounters a woman by the river bank named Brigid who likes making things out of hair and taking care of injured animals . She later encounters an underwater sea creature who tells her that hiding out is a good thing , but it is revealed the creature is actually her own conscience . Missing her family and friends , she returns to a very worried Marco and turns herself in to the police who have her wash the other squad cars as part of her police - supervised community service . Guest star : Yvette Nicole Brown as Brigid 17b 4b `` Wand to Wand '' Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Le Tang and Giancarlo Volpe August 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 01 ) 204 0.50 Star tries to use her wand to clean up the Diaz home before Marco 's parents return , but ends up summoning a whimsical cloud that makes an even bigger mess . Meanwhile , Ludo tries to activate his so he can fight off some rats at a tavern , learning that it works when he gets beat up and enraged . 18a 5a `` Starstruck '' Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley Tyler Chen August 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 08 ) 205 0.50 While foraging for donuts that are being tossed at the end of the day , Star encounters Mina Loveberry , a magical girl from Mewni who is Star 's idol . Mina has been living as a homeless person on Earth . Star follows Mina and tries to train in her ways , which annoys Marco . At a park , when Mina announces she plans to take over the world , the people decide to hold a vote on whether Mina should rule , and Star is left to break the tie . Guest star : Amy Sedaris as Mina Loveberry 18b 5b `` Camping Trip '' John Infantino and Piero Piluso John Infantino , Brandon Kruse and Piero Piluso August 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 08 ) 205 0.50 Marco wants to show Star the geyser '' Old Youthful '' during a Diaz camping trip . King Butterfly joins them on the trip to learn what Earth camping is like . But King Butterfly 's antics get him in trouble several times with the park ranger . When Marco reveals he wanted to show Star the geyser , and the ranger says it 's likely the last time it will ever erupt , the three try to rush there to see it . 19a 6a `` Starsitting '' Piero Piluso Zach Marcus and Brett Varon August 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 15 ) 206 0.36 Star and Marco are put in charge of watching Buff Frog 's tadpoles . Marco wants to follow the Buff Baby handbook , while Star just wants to cuddle them and poke at them . Things get complicated when the tadpoles sprout their legs and hop around . 19b 6b `` On the Job '' Piero Piluso John Mathot and Piero Piluso August 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 15 ) 206 0.36 While Star and Marco are babysitting his tadpoles , Buff Frog goes on a mission with Boo Fly and other monsters on finding who has been stealing Mewnian corn , but he keeps thinking about his tadpoles during the job , causing him to be a little distracted and klutzy . 20a 7a `` Goblin Dogs '' Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Evon Freeman , John Infantino and Aleth Romanillos September 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 12 ) 207 0.51 Star , Marco , Pony Head , and a bush - themed female named Kelly go to an unidentified dimension to purchase a Goblin Dog ( a goblin version of a hot dog ) . They end up having a hard time when they must deal with the various jobs of the goblin vendor Roy and the many lines that lead to the Goblin Dog truck . Guest star : Jerry Trainor as Roy 20b 7b `` By the Book '' Giancarlo Volpe Sabrina Cotugno and Amelia Lorenz September 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 12 ) 207 0.51 Star has not been following the advices of Glossaryck when it comes to mastering new spells causing the two of them to have a falling out . Marco does various things in order to get Star and Glossaryck to reconcile . Meanwhile , Ludo hears the voices from within the wand that tell him what he needs to master his wand . 21a 8a `` Game of Flags '' Piero Piluso Evon Freeman , John Mathot and Piero Piluso September 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) 208 0.29 During a reunion between Star 's parents ' families -- the Butterflies and the Johansens -- Star is placed at the kids ' table . The two families compete in Flags , a king of the hill game where whoever plants their flag atop a dangerous hill full of obstacles gets to look down on the rival family members for a year . Against the wishes of her mother , Star fashions a decoy at the table and participates in Flags . Marco tries to keep up with Star and later tries to convince her to stop when he realizes how serious the participants are in winning . 21b 8b `` Girls ' Day Out '' Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Le Tang and Giancarlo Volpe September 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) 208 0.29 Star is sent to detention for disrupting Miss Skullnick 's class when she frees the class 's pet hamster Marisol . Although she could easily escape , she is convinced by Janna and the other detention students that she is the Mayor of Detention , and is assigned to help the students out with their needs . She helps all of them except for Toby , a kid who wants replacement batteries for his remote so he can watch a pro wrestling show on TV . Star and Janna try to find replacement batteries by sneaking out to Oskar and getting ones from his keytar . Meanwhile , Marco is tasked to find Marisol and gets his hand stuck in a drain pipe . 22a 9a `` Sleepover '' Piero Piluso Zach Marcus and Brett Varon September 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 26 ) 209 0.27 Star hosts a sleepover with her girl classmates and Pony Head . They recruit Marco to play a truth or dare game called `` Truth or Punishment '' , where the Truth or Punishment cube administers punishments to everyone when someone lies , and refuses to free everyone until the game is over . The cube 's final question is who is their greatest crush . Marco admits he likes Jackie , but the cube gets angrier , insisting someone else is lying . When Star tells the cube that her preferences can change , the cube gets confused and self - destructs . After everyone goes home , the discarded cube springs to life one last time , answering the question about Star 's crush . 22b 9b `` Gift of the Card '' Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley Annisa Adjani and Natasha Kline September 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 26 ) 209 0.27 After having lost her job at St. Olga 's Reform School for Wayward Princesses , Miss Heinous hires a lizard - man bounty hunter named Rasticore to destroy Princess Star and to capture Princess Marco . Star begs Marco to use his Quest Buy gift card . Marco agrees , but because it 's a `` friends to the end '' card , he has to use it on something he really wants , and if he does n't redeem it by midnight when it expires , they will expire too . 23a 10a `` Friendenemies '' Giancarlo Volpe Sabrina Cotugno and Amelia Lorenz October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) 210 0.51 Tom invites Marco to a movie marathon featuring Mackie Hands , Marco 's favorite kung - fu film star . They start to become friends on the way there after learning they both like Mackie Hands and a band called Love Sentence , but when Marco wants to leave to catch the marathon , Tom refuses to let him go , and gets angry , voiding his chance to earn an anger management graduation badge . Tom apologizes and tries to win back Marco with a Love Sentence song , and then raises Mackie Hands from the dead . Although they can not get into the theatre , Tom and Marco watch Mackie lay a beatdown on the movie 's security guards . Guest star : Nick Lachey as Justin Towers 23b 10b `` Is Mystery '' Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley Mark Ackland , Dominic Bisignano , Riccardo Durante and Jushtin Lee October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) 210 0.51 Buff Frog attempts to solve a mystery of a hole in the wall guarding the cornfield when he gets captured by Meat Fork , a humanoid warthog monster with a fork for a left hand . Upon being put to work to grind corn , Buff Frog frees himself to discover who is enslaving the monsters . He encounters the rats as well as Ludo , who offers him Meat Fork 's job . Buff Frog refuses and escapes with Meat Fork . Buff Frog decides he will warn Star that Ludo is back . 24a 11a `` Hungry Larry '' Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley Mark Ackland , Dominic Bisignano , Riccardo Durante , and Aaron Hammersley October 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 10 ) 214 0.26 After Mr. Diaz fails to scare some kids with his haunted house , Star and Janna summon Hungry Larry , reputed to be a very scary spirit , to haunt the house . Janna goes missing and screams attract the kids back to the house . But the kids get scared and go missing ; Star and Marco are attacked . Mr. Diaz arrives to find Hungry Larry has eaten everyone , and rescues them . Guest star : Billy West as Hungry Larry 24b 11b `` Spider with a Top Hat '' Piero Piluso Zach Marcus , Piero Piluso , and Brett Varon October 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 10 ) 214 0.26 Spider With a Top Hat has been entertaining Star 's wand monsters at a party . Afterwards , he tries to learn a fighting move where he tries to blast through a wall . Despite getting training from Narwahl and Rock , he is unable to break through the wall . The other monsters are summoned for a fight but they are beaten up . Encouraged by Rock 's words , Spider is finally called to fight a monster ' . Guest stars : Steve Little as Spider , Eric Christian Olsen as Rock , Ron Lynch as Narwahl Husband and Maria Bamford as Make - up Blast . 25a 12a `` Into the Wand '' Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , and Jushtin Lee November 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 07 ) 211 0.22 Star 's wand malfunctions , making a mess of her spell casting . Glossaryck tells Star that the way to fix it is to go inside the wand and to fetch the item that does not belong . Star finds that the inside is connected to her memories , but when she gets distracted she loses touch with Glossaryck , and must find the item before her duplicate selves overwrite her past memories . She eventually finds the item in a room highlighting her mother 's lineage . 25b 12b `` Pizza Thing '' Piero Piluso Evon Freeman , John Mathot , Piero Piluso , and Cassie Zwart November 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 07 ) 211 0.22 Star , Marco , and Pony Head are about to have a Friendship Thursday by curling up under a blanket on the sofa and watching a television show . Pony Head finds the concept boring and tags along with Marco to pick up a pizza from Emilio 's shop . But problems arise when Pony Head gets distracted with buying some skinny jeans , inadvertently confuses a taxi ride with a carjacking , and when Marco makes a casual remark about Emilio 's pizza that Emilio takes to heart . 26a 13a `` Page Turner '' Piero Piluso Zach Marcus and Brett Varon November 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 14 ) 212 0.36 Glossaryck lets Star pick any page in the book to learn some new magic . Star chooses a mysterious chapter , but Glossaryck tells her it is very dark magic and that he will only let her get a short peek at the page . However , Glossaryck is summoned to the Bureau of Magic ; he tells Star not to turn to that page , and his consciousness is dragged away into another dimension . While Glossaryck must deal with a not - so - helpful receptionist and has a difficult time getting to the top floor because the magic system is `` on the fritz '' , Star is tempted to turn the page , and enlists Marco to help do it . 26b 13b `` Naysaya '' Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Evon Freeman , Aaron Hammersley , John Infantino , Le Tang , and Giancarlo Volpe November 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 14 ) 212 0.36 Marco shyly tries to ask Jackie Lynn Thomas out on a date , but finds that he is blurting out embarrassing things about himself . He then discovers he has sprouted a small little head out of the side of his neck that is saying all those things . It is a Naysaya , a curse that Tom had placed on Marco so that Marco would not be able to ask out Star . The Naysaya can only go away when it is appeased , so Marco tries giving it what it wants , which is some cereal , but it does n't go away . Marco meets Jackie again but the Naysaya starts to act up , so Marco decides to spill out all his insecurities in front of Jackie . 27 14 `` Bon Bon the Birthday Clown '' Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Sabrina Cotugno , Aaron Hammersley , Amelia Lorenz , Le Tang November 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 21 ) 213 0.53 Star and Janna plan a séance to bring back the spirit of Bon Bon , a clown who had died 100 years ago , but the event coincides with a school dance that Star had planned to go with Marco . Star lets Marco go to the dance with Jackie , who finds the dance boring but changes it to a date instead at a park . During the seance , when Janna falls asleep , Star checks up on Marco with a spy spell , only to find that he and Jackie are having a good time together , which makes her jealous . Star is surprised by Ludo , who steals Star 's spellbook . Marco and Jackie share a kiss , but when they hear Star in trouble they rush to help her . They pull Star from being sucked through a portal . Glossaryck wakes up to find Ludo as his new master . 28a 15a `` Raid the Cave '' Giancarlo Volpe Sabrina Cotugno and Amelia Lorenz February 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 06 ) 215 0.12 Star tries to find Ludo and retrieve the Book of Spells . She packs a large amount of stuff and goes to Buff Frog , who gives Star and Marco a map of Ludo 's hideout . There they find some monsters that have taken over the place but see no sign of Ludo . Star uses the seeing eye spell to find Glossaryck and pleads with him to come back , but he refuses , saying that he has to follow Ludo now . 28b 15b `` Trickstar '' Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley Jushtin Lee and Sarah Oleksyk February 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 07 ) 215 N / A Star and Marco attend the birthday party for Marco 's sensei . Star becomes suspicious of magician - for - hire Preston Change - O , who , after every magic trick he does , seems to be taking something spiritual from the person , and that his hat is becoming longer and longer . She discovers that Preston has the ability to steal joy from people , so she warns him not to do so or else , but Preston does it anyway . When Star tells everyone what is happening , the audience think Star is a spoilsport and ignore her . Sensei talks about his feelings and then informs Star and Marco that he put Preston in the trunk , but when they open it , Preston has disappeared . Guest star : `` Weird Al '' Yankovic as Preston Change - O 29a 16a `` Baby '' Giancarlo Volpe Evon Freeman and Le Tang February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) 216 0.20 Star 's parents send a fairy godmother named Baby to evaluate Star , who takes the task seriously , as failing the eval would mean she would have to return to Mewni . At first , Star cleans up her room , shoving stuff in closets or dimensional pockets , but when Baby starts asking Star questions , and things start falling out of the pockets , Star 's responses are met with the same neutral phrase `` Interesting . '' followed by jotting down of notes . Meanwhile Marco tries to help Star by bringing Baby food . Baby then asks Star to bring her an apple using magic , but Star fails to do the task despite repeated tries . Baby concludes that Star failed , but Star tries one last time and ends up using the apple seeds to grow an apple tree which drops an apple for Baby . Star 's parents learn from Baby that despite not being organized , losing the book of spells , and failing to do simple spells , Star has magic potential way ahead of when her mother was her age , and might even be comparable to Queen Eclipsa . Guest star : Melissa Rauch as Baby 29b 16b `` Running with Scissors '' Piero Piluso Gina Gress and John Mathot February 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 09 ) 216 0.19 Marco borrows Star 's Dimensional Scissors to find a place to walk the laser puppies , but he soon becomes accustomed to its conveniences , opening a bunch of portals from his bed to access things . Hekapoo , the forger of all of the Dimensional Scissors , pulls Marco into her dimension and confiscates the Scissors as they did not belong to him or Star ( Pony Head had stolen them and gave them to Star ) . Marco must earn the scissors by having to blow out the flame atop Hekapoo 's head . Star goes to Hekapoo 's dimension to recover Marco , who had chased Hekapoo for 16 years before winning the challenge . When they return , Marco reverts to his teenage body as only a few minutes have passed on Earth time . Guest star : Zosia Mamet as Hekapoo 30a 17a `` Mathmagic '' Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley Mark Ackland and Riccardo Durante February 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 13 ) 217 0.16 Star is called to solve a problem in Miss Skullnick 's math class , but she refuses to do it . She tries to cast some magic to get out of it but ends up in a time loop . However with each iteration , the scenario is slightly different . Star goes to Father Time 's dimension , but Father Time is too busy to help her , and she gets advice from Omnitraxus Prime , who is in charge of space - time . Star must solve the problem or her world will fall apart . Guest star : Jim Gaffigan as Father Time , Carl Weathers as Omnitraxus Prime 30b 17b `` The Bounce Lounge '' Piero Piluso and Brett Varon Zach Marcus and Brett Varon February 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 14 ) 217 0.20 Pony Head tells Star the bad news that the Bounce Lounge , their favorite partying venue , is closing . Star and Pony Head round up their former Bounce Lounge posse . They start partying and raise enough funds to save the place , however the owner Milly tells them that she is still closing the place because she is tired from having partied over 5,000 years . Afterwards , the Bounce Crew members and Marco take a group picture in a photo booth . Guest star : Constance Shulman as Milly , Dana Davis as Kelly 31a 18a `` Crystal Clear '' Giancarlo Volpe Sabrina Cotugno and Amelia Lorenz February 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) 218 0.23 Rhombulus captures Star and Marco and encases them in crystal , believing that the former is the cause of the glitches that are affecting the dimensions . When he inadvertently encases his boss , and then his own hands for wanting to tell the high council , he unfreezes Star and shares his predicament . Star agrees not to tell the high council about the situation provided that Rhombulus not tell them about Star 's losing the Book of Spells and Glossaryck . 31b 18b `` The Hard Way '' Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley Sarah Oleksyk and Cassie Zwart February 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 16 ) 218 0.21 Glossaryck agrees to teach Ludo stuff from the Book of Spells . He first makes Ludo do some physical exercises as Ludo wanted to learn the hard way . Ludo learns and masters a levitation spell and is quite proud of his accomplishment . But when he learns there is a secret chapter that Glossaryck withheld from him but showed Star , he makes Glossaryck unlock them . Ludo reads the forbidden chapter and gains some dark magic , but when he talks with Glossaryck , he now has the voice of Toffee , who has possessed him . 32a 19a `` Heinous '' Brett Varon Gina Gress and John Mathot February 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 20 ) 219 0.25 The Diaz family receives a visit from Miss Heinous along with her butler and the still - living , still regenerating arm of her pet bounty hunter , Rastacore . Heinous wants `` Princess Marco '' to pay for causing the students at St. Olga 's to rebel and to kick Heinous out , leaving her living out of a car . The Diaz parents are hoping this can get settled so that they can have dinner with the Morrisons . Marco tries to convince a policeman that stopped by that Heinous is evil but fails . After Heinous negotiates with Marco 's parents over the kind of punishment , Marco agrees to make a video statement apologizing for his expressions of individuality and for the princesses to go back to conforming . 32b 19b `` All Belts are Off '' Giancarlo Volpe Evon Freeman and Le Tang February 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 21 ) 219 0.21 Dojo - sensei informs his class that they are going to receive a visit from the Grandmaster of their How - To - Karate video series . When he chooses Jeremy to represent the dojo , Marco gets upset and tries to convince Sensei otherwise , but Sensei sticks with his choice . Marco gathers video evidence of Jeremy 's shenanigans , and is about to share it with Sensei on the day of the demonstration , but realizing it is n't honorable , he apologizes . Sensei tells Marco that he chose Jeremy because his parents fund the dojo and that he thinks of Marco as a friend . Grandmaster falls asleep during the presentation but wakes up and certifies the dojo . 33a 20a `` Collateral Damage '' Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley Tyler Chen and Jushtin Lee February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) 220 N / A Star and Janna are cleaning up the school grounds when Star mistakenly picks up the school 's possum statue and drops it in the trash where it breaks . The entire school is devastated . Star tries to make a replacement statue , but it lacks the scratches and dents that gave the original statue its character . After Marco shares the history behind the founding of Echo Creek and the reason for the statue , Star tries to convince everyone to change their perspective on their history so as to make the statue not important anymore . 33b 20b `` Just Friends '' Brett Varon Zach Marcus and Brett Varon February 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 23 ) 220 N / A Star surprises Marco with tickets to a Love Sentence concert , but also invites Jackie . Star and Jackie start bonding from wearing similar t - shirts and riding skateboards to the concert where they stop and help an animal in the creek . Marco starts to feel jealous and wants them to go on without him , but Jackie convinces him otherwise . At the concert , everyone is having fun until couples start kissing , and when Jackie and Marco engage in a kiss , Star decides to let the two be . As Star leaves the concert , she fires a blast of tainted magic , destroying a billboard . Guest star : Nick Lachey as Justin Towers 34 21 `` Face the Music '' Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Sabrina Cotugno , Aaron Hammersley , Amelia Lorenz , Sarah Oleksyk and Cassie Zwart February 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 27 ) 221 0.32 The songstrel Ruberiot is tasked to write a song about Star for the Mewnian tradition of Song Day , but Star is reluctant to participate because it portrays princesses as being perfect . When Ruberiot visits , Star at first leaves him with Marco and runs away , but after coming back , Ruberiot is upset . When Ruberiot shares that he wanted to write about the real Star and not do another perfect princess song , Star agrees to share everything about her life . Meanwhile , Queen Butterfly takes a secret trip to visit Ludo 's parents , but discovers something is very wrong about Ludo . On Song Day , Ruberiot starts the song like the old perfect princess style , but then changes to a pop song that makes Mewnians excited . But when he sings lyrics about how Star lost the Book of Spells and Glossaryck , that the queen and king had hidden this fact , and that Star has a crush on Marco , the Mewnian crowd becomes angry at Star 's family . Guest star : Patrick Stump as Ruberiot 35 22 `` Starcrushed '' Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Tyler Chen , Evon Freeman , Gina Gress , Aaron Hammersley , John Mathot and Le Tang February 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 27 ) 222 0.40 Star and Marco 's class holds a party for the end of the school year at Marco 's house . Marco struggles to reconnect with Star after the events of the previous episode . Queen Butterfly and the Magic High Commission invade Ludo 's new castle . Star , who also feels uncomfortable about the situation , summons her friends and shares her predicament . The girls convince her to ditch the end - of - year party and instead attend another party where she sees Oskar . Meanwhile , Toffee , who has possessed Ludo 's body , drains the powers from the Magic High Commission and nearly kills Queen Butterfly , who retreats with the fallen commission members . When Star returns from the party , Queen Butterfly tells her they are in danger and she will have to leave Earth immediately due to Toffee 's return . Star admits to Marco that she does have a crush on him but that she has to leave . Season 3 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written & storyboarded by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 36a 1a `` The Battle for Mewni : Return to Mewni '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Zach Marcus & Cassie Zwart July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) TBA 0.51 Marco 's parents try to console Marco . Star and Queen Butterfly take the Magical High Commission members to the sanctuary , but their carriage breaks down because of the fritz . Some of Ludo 's rats try to take away the members while they are camping , but they fight them off . They make it to the sanctuary , but the well spring that is supposed to revive the members is corrupted with dark magic . Queen Butterfly and Star rest and think about what to do next : Queen wants them to stay and hide , but Star wants to fight . 36b 1b `` The Battle for Mewni : Moon the Undaunted '' Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley & Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Sabrina Cotugno , Kristen Gish & Aaron Hammersley July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) TBA 0.51 Queen Moon shares her story of when she was a teenager and her mother ( Star 's grandmother ) had died . She had to decide between signing a peace treaty or going to war against the monster army , led by `` The Lizard '' . She partly melts the ice encasing Eclipsa , to learn some dark magic from the forbidden section of the Book of Spells . She confronts The Lizard ( Toffee ) and uses the dark magic to sever his finger , which he is unable to regenerate . Toffee flees . 37a 2a `` The Battle for Mewni : Book Be Gone '' Brett Varon Madeleine Flores , Brett Varon & Nicolette Wood July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) TBA 0.51 Ludo finds that his wand is now embedded into his hand . He finds Glossaryck , who tells them that the Magic High Commission has been defeated . Ludo wants to celebrate by writing his story into the Book of Spells , but the book will not let him , as he is not the owner of the book anymore . Despite multiple attempts , he is unable to write into the book until he throws the book into the fire , at which it burns up ( and Glossaryck along with it ) . 37b 2b `` The Battle for Mewni : Marco and the King '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Jushtin Lee & Amelia Lorenz July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) TBA 0.51 King River tries to take care of the kingdom by partying it up every day , but he and his subjects wear down quickly . Marco arrives , but River has to deal with angry villagers as well as a large monster who approaches the castle after he yelled at it to leave . River tries to hide , but Marco encourages him to stand up to the monster . River rallies the villagers to fight the monster , and it is revealed that the monster thought River was beckoning it to come to the castle , not to go away . It leaves peacefully , but as River is about to have a party to celebrate , Ludo and his minions appear and take over the kingdom . 38a 3a `` The Battle for Mewni : Puddle Defender '' Tyler Chen & Giancarlo Volpe Tyler Chen , Gina Gress & Sarah Oleksyk July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) TBA 0.51 With the sanctuary all sludged up , Star and Queen Moon flee and find a new hiding place at Buff Frog 's . Star wants to sneak out to fight , so she gets Buff Frog to distract Moon with some Mewnian board games such as Puddle Defender , which Buff and Moon find have a biased perspective towards the monsters instead of the Mewnians . After a heated argument , Buff Frog sides with Moon and forbids Star from leaving . However , Buff 's youngest tadpole Katerina later sneaks Star out . 38b 3b `` The Battle for Mewni : King Ludo '' Brett Varon Casey Crowe , Evon Freeman & Brett Varon July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) TBA 0.51 Ludo has taken over the kingdom , and has imprisoned Marco and River , but he finds that he is not popular at all among the kingdom 's villagers . He tells River to make him popular or else he will levitate him into the sky . Marco uses a stick of butter that Ludo left to free himself , but River has eaten his part of the butter so Marco has to steal Ludo 's key . He meets with some of the court entertainers , and they steal the key , but River refuses to escape . Ludo levitates River into the skies while Marco and the entertainers conspire what to do next . 39 `` The Battle for Mewni : Toffee '' Dominic Bisignano , Tyler Chen & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Tyler Chen , Sabrina Cotugno , Kristen Gish , Aaron Hammersley , Zach Marcus & Cassie Zwart July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) TBA 0.51 Star attacks Ludo at the castle but Ludo suddenly stops when he gets a signal from his hand . Star tells Ludo that Toffee is controlling him , but Spider is able to capture her in the meantime . Marco breaks her out and calls the entertainers ( called Le Resistance ) but Ludo arrives and imprisons them except for Star . Ludo asks Star about his wand hand . While Queen Moon and Buff Frog break Marco out , Star agrees to use the whispering spell to free the magic in the wand and there is a big blast . Star finds herself in a sea of dark magic inside Ludo 's body , and Ludo is taken over by Toffee again . Queen Moon agrees to return Toffee 's finger in exchange for Star 's freedom . Toffee resurrects , but tells them that Star is gone . But as he leaves , Star is able to find her magic and come out to Mewni . She defeats Toffee with a magical blast from her restored wand ; Ludo drops a pillar on Toffee to finish him off . Ludo asks Star to send him back to the void so he can find himself some more . While King River returns on some eagles , Queen Moon checks on Eclipsa who is still encased in crystal , however as Moon leaves , the crystal that holds Eclipsa starts to crack . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The first being Pepper Ann , which was created by Sue Rose ^ Jump up to : This episode premiered on Disney Channel prior to Disney XD . The episode premiered on Disney XD on March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ In the episode `` Friendenemies '' , Nick Lachey is credited on Disney XD press release as Jason Towers . He sings the Love Sentence song `` Awesome Feeling . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( August 6 , 2014 ) . `` Disney Tries Something New with ' Star vs. the Forces of Evil ' : A Woman Creator '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Koontz , Robert ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Women in Animation Host ' Star vs. the Forces of Evil ' Panel '' . Disney Post . The Walt Disney Company . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star vs. the Forces of Evil ' Renewed for Second Season by Disney XD Ahead of Series Premiere '' ( Press release ) . The Walt Disney Company . February 12 , 2015 . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 -- via TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bryn , Elise Sandberg ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Disney XD Orders Pair of Original Animated Series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nefcy , Daron ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` ( ' Bon Bon the Birthday Clown ' announcement ) '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . The 22 - minute mid-season finale you 've all been waiting for ! Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Disney XD Renews Al Yankovic 's ' Milo Murphy 's Law , ' Eden Sher 's ' Star vs. the Forces of Evil ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schmidt , Joseph ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Star vs. the Forces of Evil TV Movie Coming This Summer '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nefcy , Daron ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` ( Daron Nefcy regarding The Battle for Mewni ) '' . Twitter . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ This Season in Mewni ... Disney - ABC Television Group . July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Smith , Jacquelyn ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Disney animator shares best and worst parts of her job '' . Business Insider . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cook , Marcy ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` You Should Give Star vs. The Forces of Evil a Try '' . The Mary Sue . Retrieved July 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Star vs. the Forces of Evil '' . Disney ABC Press . June 2 , 2016 . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A -- Z -- Star vs. the Forces of Evil on Disney '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Public Catalog '' . United States Copyright Office . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2016 . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : January 18 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 31 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : March 30 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Monday Cable Originals : April 6 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pucci , Douglas ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Nationals : ' Gotham ' on Fox Returns at Season - Low Numbers '' . TV Media Insights . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pucci , Douglas ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Nationals : ' Scorpion ' on CBS Concludes Its Inaugural Season on a Positive Note '' . TV Media Insights . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : June 15 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : June 22 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Jump up ^ `` Creator Daron Nefcy Guides Us Through Tonight 's Star - Studded Episode of Star vs. the Forces of Evil '' . Disney Insider Blog . July 20 , 2015 . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Ratings ( & Network Update ) : July 20 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Ratings ( & Network Update ) : July 27 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Ratings ( & Network Update ) : August 10 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 18 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : August 17 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : September 14 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 22 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : September 21 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Star vs. the Forces of Evil '' . Zap2it . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star vs. the Forces of Evil '' . Disney ABC Press . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : July 11 , 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : July 18 , 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : July 25 , 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : August 1 , 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : August 8 , 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : August 15 , 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : September 12 , 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : September 19 , 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : September 26 , 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kim , Brian H. ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Awesome Feeling ( extended cut ) '' . Tumblr . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tweets regarding Nick Lachey in `` Friendenemies '' : Brian H. Kim ( @ BrianWithAnH ) ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` ( 1 / 4 ) For today 's # StarVsTheForcesOfEvil ep `` Friendenemies '' I got to fulfill not one , not two , but THREE lifelong dreams ... '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Brian H. Kim ( @ BrianWithAnH ) ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` ( 2 / 4 ) 1 . Write a boyband song . ( And we wrote two ! ) '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Brian H. Kim ( @ BrianWithAnH ) ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` ( 3 / 4 ) 2 . Record that song with an actual boyband member from the 90s . Many thanks @ NickLachey for being absurdly terrific . '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Brian H. Kim ( @ BrianWithAnH ) ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` ( 4 / 4 ) 3. Make @ _AdamM sing on national television . MISSION ACCOMPLISHED . '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : October 3 , 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hungry Larry / Spider with a Top Hat '' . Disney ABC Press . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : October 10 , 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : November 7 , 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : November 14 , 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : November 21 , 2016 '' . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : February 6 , 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.02 / 123K Jump up ^ Salem , Mitch ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : February 8 , 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.04 / 202K Jump up ^ Salem , Mitch ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : February 9 , 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.05 / 190K Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : February 13 , 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.03 / 166K Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : February 14 , 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.04 / 207K Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : February 15 , 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2017 . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.04 / 230K Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : February 16 , 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.04 / 216K Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : February 20 , 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : February 21 , 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.04 / 219K ^ Jump up to : Salem , Mitch ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : February 27 , 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Salem , Mitch ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.15. 2017 '' . ShowbuzzDaily . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ( hide ) Disney XD original programming Current Star Wars Rebels ( since 2014 ) Kirby Buckets ( since 2014 ) Star vs. the Forces of Evil ( since 2015 ) Two More Eggs ( since 2015 ) Pickle and Peanut ( since 2015 ) Lab Rats : Elite Force ( since 2016 ) Walk the Prank ( since 2016 ; also a Disney Channel original series ) Lego Star Wars : The Freemaker Adventures ( since 2016 ) Future - Worm ! ( since 2016 ) Milo Murphy 's Law ( since 2016 ) MECH - X4 ( since 2016 ; also a Disney Channel original series ) Billy Dilley 's Super-Duper Subterranean Summer ( since 2017 ) DuckTales ( since 2017 ) Upcoming Big Hero 6 ( 2017 ) Big City Greens ( 2018 ) Films Skyrunners ( 2009 ) Pants on Fire ( 2014 ) Mark & Russell 's Wild Ride ( 2015 ) Former 2000s debuts Aaron Stone ( 2009 -- 10 ) Yin Yang Yo ! ( 2009 ) Phineas and Ferb ( 2009 -- 15 ) Zeke and Luther ( 2009 -- 12 ) I 'm in the Band ( 2009 -- 11 ) 2010s debuts Kick Buttowski : Suburban Daredevil ( 2010 -- 12 ) Pair of Kings ( 2010 -- 13 ) Kickin ' It ( 2011 -- 15 ) Randy Cunningham : 9th Grade Ninja ( 2012 -- 15 ) Lab Rats ( 2012 -- 16 ) Motorcity ( 2012 -- 13 ) Gravity Falls ( 2012 -- 16 ) Tron : Uprising ( 2012 -- 13 ) Crash & Bernstein ( 2012 -- 14 ) Mighty Med ( 2013 -- 15 ) Wander Over Yonder ( 2013 -- 16 ) The 7D ( 2014 -- 16 ) Penn Zero : Part - Time Hero ( 2014 -- 17 ) Gamer 's Guide to Pretty Much Everything ( 2015 -- 17 ) Right Now Kapow ( 2016 -- 17 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Star_vs._the_Forces_of_Evil_episodes&oldid=800806298 '' Categories : Lists of American animated television series episodes Lists of American children 's television series episodes Lists of Disney Channel television series episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Magyar Bahasa Melayu Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 19 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when is star vs the forces of evil coming out | [
"The first episode of the series premiered on January 18, 2015, on Disney Channel. Succeeding episodes have premiered on Disney XD starting March 30, 2015. The series had been renewed for a second season a month before its Disney XD premiere.[3] In March 2016 it was renewed for a third season prior to its second-season premiere scheduled for July that year.[4] The episode \"Bon Bon the Birthday Clown\" marked the mid-season finale for the second season, according to Nefcy.[5] The second half of the season aired entirely in February 2017 on weekdays, with either a half-episode segment or a full episode premiering each day. In the same month, the series was renewed for a fourth season.[6]"
] | [
"January 18, 2015"
] |
-3224170180799917208 | Tokugawa shogunate | Tokugawa shogunate - wikipedia Tokugawa shogunate Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Tokugawa Shogunate 徳川 幕府 Edo bakufu 江戸 幕府 1600 -- 1868 Flag Crest Capital Heian - kyō ( Emperor 's palace ) Edo ( Shōgun 's residence ) Languages Japanese Religion Shinbutsu - shūgō Government Monarchic feudal stratocracy Emperor 1600 -- 1611 Go - Yōzei 1867 -- 1868 Meiji Shōgun 1600 -- 1605 Tokugawa Ieyasu 1867 -- 1868 Tokugawa Yoshinobu Rōjū 1600 -- 1614 Ōkubo Tadachika 1868 Tachibana Taneyuki Historical era Edo period Battle of Sekigahara 21 October 1600 Siege of Osaka 8 November 1614 Sakoku Edict 1635 Treaty of Peace 31 March 1854 Treaty of Commerce 29 July 1858 Meiji Restoration 3 January 1868 Currency The tri-metallic Tokugawa coinage system based on copper Mon , silver Bu and Shu , as well as gold Ryō . Preceded by Succeeded by Azuchi -- Momoyama period Tokugawa clan Empire of Japan Today part of Japan History of Japan Nikkō Tōshō - gū Periods ( show ) Paleolithic before 14,000 BC Jōmon 14,000 -- 300 BC Yayoi 300 BC -- 300 AD Kofun 300 -- 538 Asuka 538 -- 710 Nara 710 -- 794 Heian 794 -- 1185 Kamakura 1185 -- 1333 Kenmu Restoration 1333 -- 1336 Muromachi ( Ashikaga ) Nanboku - chō Sengoku 1336 -- 1573 Azuchi -- Momoyama Nanban trade 1573 -- 1603 Edo ( Tokugawa ) Sakoku Convention of Kanagawa Bakumatsu 1603 -- 1868 Meiji Boshin War Restoration First Sino - Japanese War Russo - Japanese War 1868 -- 1912 Taishō World War I 1912 -- 1926 Shōwa Financial crisis Militarism World War II Occupation Economic miracle Post-occupation Bubble Economy 1926 -- 1989 Heisei Lost Decade 1989 -- present Topics ( show ) Currency Earthquakes Economy Education Empire Historiography Military Naval Post-war Glossary Timeline The Tokugawa shogunate , also known as the Tokugawa bakufu ( 徳川 幕府 ) and the Edo bakufu ( 江戸 幕府 ) , was the last feudal Japanese military government , which existed between 1600 and 1868 . The head of government was the shōgun , and each was a member of the Tokugawa clan . The Tokugawa shogunate ruled from Edo Castle and the years of the shogunate became known as the Edo period . This time is also called the Tokugawa period or pre-modern ( Kinsei ( 近世 ) ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Government 2.1 Shogunate and domains 2.2 Relations with the Emperor 2.3 Shogun and foreign trade 2.4 Shogun and Christianity 3 Institutions of the shogunate 3.1 Rōjū and wakadoshiyori 3.2 Ōmetsuke and metsuke 3.3 San - bugyō 3.4 Tenryō , gundai and daikan 3.5 Gaikoku bugyō 4 Late Tokugawa shogunate ( 1853 -- 1867 ) 5 List of Tokugawa shōguns 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) See also : Bakumatsu Following the Sengoku period ( `` warring states period '' ) , the central government had been largely re-established by Oda Nobunaga during the Azuchi -- Momoyama period . After the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 , central authority fell to Tokugawa Ieyasu . Society in the Tokugawa period , unlike in previous shogunates , was supposedly based on the strict class hierarchy originally established by Toyotomi Hideyoshi . The daimyō ( lords ) were at the top , followed by the warrior - caste of samurai , with the farmers , artisans , and traders ranking below . In some parts of the country , particularly smaller regions , daimyō and samurai were more or less identical , since daimyō might be trained as samurai , and samurai might act as local rulers . Otherwise , the largely inflexible nature of this social stratification system unleashed disruptive forces over time . Taxes on the peasantry were set at fixed amounts that did not account for inflation or other changes in monetary value . As a result , the tax revenues collected by the samurai landowners were worth less and less over time . This often led to numerous confrontations between noble but impoverished samurai and well - to - do peasants , ranging from simple local disturbances to much larger rebellions . None , however , proved compelling enough to seriously challenge the established order until the arrival of foreign powers . A 2017 study found that peasant rebellions and collective desertion ( `` flight '' ) lowered tax rates and inhibited state growth in the Tokugawa shogunate . In the mid-19th century , an alliance of several of the more powerful daimyō , along with the titular Emperor , succeeded in overthrowing the shogunate after the Boshin War , culminating in the Meiji Restoration . The Tokugawa shogunate came to an official end in 1868 with the resignation of the 15th Tokugawa shōgun Tokugawa Yoshinobu , leading to the `` restoration '' ( 王政 復古 , Ōsei fukko ) of imperial rule . Notwithstanding its eventual overthrow in favor of the more modernized , less feudal form of governance of the Meiji Restoration , the Tokugawa shogunate oversaw the longest period of peace and stability in Japan 's history , lasting well over 260 years . Government ( edit ) Shogunate and domains ( edit ) The bakuhan taisei ( 幕 藩 体制 ) was the feudal political system in the Edo period of Japan . Baku is an abbreviation of bakufu , meaning `` military government '' -- that is , the shogunate . The han were the domains headed by daimyō . Vassals held inherited lands and provided military service and homage to their lords . The bakuhan taisei split feudal power between the shogunate in Edo and provincial domains throughout Japan . Provinces had a degree of sovereignty and were allowed an independent administration of the han in exchange for loyalty to the shōgun , who was responsible for foreign relations and national security . The shōgun and lords were all daimyōs : feudal lords with their own bureaucracies , policies , and territories . The shōgun also administered the most powerful han , the hereditary fief of the House of Tokugawa . Each level of government administered its own system of taxation . Edo Castle , 17th century The emperor , nominally a religious leader , held no real power ; this was invested in the shōgun . The shogunate had the power to discard , annex , and transform domains . The sankin - kōtai system of alternative residence required each daimyō to reside in alternate years between the han and the court in Edo . During their absences from Edo , it was also required that they leave family as hostages until their return . The huge expenditure sankin - kōtai imposed on each han helped centralize aristocratic alliances and ensured loyalty to the shōgun as each representative doubled as a potential hostage . Tokugawa 's descendants further ensured loyalty by maintaining a dogmatic insistence on loyalty to the shōgun . Fudai daimyō were hereditary vassals of Ieyasu , as well as of his descendants . Tozama ( `` outsiders '' ) became vassals of Ieyasu after the Battle of Sekigahara . Shinpan ( `` relatives '' ) were collaterals of Tokugawa Hidetada . Early in the Edo period , the shogunate viewed the tozama as the least likely to be loyal ; over time , strategic marriages and the entrenchment of the system made the tozama less likely to rebel . In the end , it was the great tozama of Satsuma , Chōshū and Tosa , and to a lesser extent Hizen , that brought down the shogunate . These four states are called the Four Western Clans , or Satchotohi for short . The number of han ( roughly 250 ) fluctuated throughout the Edo period . They were ranked by size , which was measured as the number of koku of rice that the domain produced each year . One koku was the amount of rice necessary to feed one adult male for one year . The minimum number for a daimyō was ten thousand koku ; the largest , apart from the shōgun , was a million . Relations with the Emperor ( edit ) Social class during the Shogunate with the Emperor as the nominal ruler Regardless of the political title of the Emperor , the shōguns of the Tokugawa family controlled Japan . The administration ( 体制 , taisei ) of Japan was a task given by the Imperial Court in Kyoto to the Tokugawa family , which returned to the court in the Meiji Restoration . While the Emperor officially had the prerogative of appointing the shōgun , he had virtually no say in state affairs . The shogunate appointed a liaison , the Kyoto Shoshidai ( Shogun 's Representative in Kyoto ) , to deal with the Emperor , court and nobility . Towards the end of the shogunate , however , after centuries of the Emperor having very little say in state affairs and being secluded in his Kyoto palace , and in the wake of the reigning shōgun , Tokugawa Iemochi , marrying the sister of Emperor Kōmei ( r . 1846 -- 1867 ) , in 1862 , the Imperial Court in Kyoto began to enjoy increased political influence . The Emperor would occasionally be consulted on various policies and the shogun even made a visit to Kyoto to visit the Emperor . Shōgun and foreign trade ( edit ) Dutch trading post in Dejima , c. 1805 Foreign affairs and trade were monopolized by the shogunate , yielding a huge profit . Foreign trade was also permitted to the Satsuma and the Tsushima domains . Rice was the main trading product of Japan during this time . Isolationism was the foreign policy of Japan and trade was strictly controlled . Merchants were outsiders to the social hierarchy of Japan and were thought to be greedy . The visits of the Nanban ships from Portugal were at first the main vector of trade exchanges , followed by the addition of Dutch , English and sometimes Spanish ships . From 1603 onward , Japan started to participate actively in foreign trade . In 1615 , an embassy and trade mission under Hasekura Tsunenaga was sent across the Pacific to Nueva España ( New Spain ) on the Japanese - built galleon San Juan Bautista . Until 1635 , the Shogun issued numerous permits for the so - called `` red seal ships '' destined for the Asian trade . After 1635 and the introduction of Seclusion laws , inbound ships were only allowed from China , Korea , and the Netherlands . Shōgun and Christianity ( edit ) Main article : Kirishitan Christian prisoners in Edo , 17th century Followers of Christianity first began appearing in Japan during the 16th century . Oda Nobunaga embraced Christianity and the Western technology that was imported with it , such as the musket . He also saw it as a tool he could use to suppress Buddhist forces . Though Christianity was allowed to grow until the 1610s , Tokugawa Ieyasu soon began to see it as a growing threat to the stability of the shogunate . As Ōgosho ( `` Cloistered Shōgun '' ) , he influenced the implementation of laws that banned the practice of Christianity . His successors followed suit , compounding upon Ieyasu 's laws . The ban of Christianity is often linked with the creation of the Seclusion laws , or Sakoku , in the 1630s . Institutions of the shogunate ( edit ) Rōjū and wakadoshiyori ( edit ) The rōjū ( 老 中 ) were the senior members of the shogunate . They supervised the ōmetsuke , machi - bugyō , ongokubugyō ( ja : 遠国 奉行 ) and other officials , oversaw relations with the Imperial Court in Kyoto , kuge ( members of the nobility ) , daimyō , Buddhist temples and Shinto shrines , and attended to matters like divisions of fiefs . Normally , four or five men held the office , and one was on duty for a month at a time on a rotating basis . They conferred on especially important matters . In the administrative reforms of 1867 ( Keiō Reforms ) , the office was eliminated in favor of a bureaucratic system with ministers for the interior , finance , foreign relations , army , and navy . Sakuradamon Gate of Edo Castle where Ii Naosuke was assassinated in 1860 In principle , the requirements for appointment to the office of rōjū were to be a fudai daimyō and to have a fief assessed at 7004500000000000000 ♠ 50 000 koku or more . However , there were exceptions to both criteria . Many appointees came from the offices close to the shōgun , such as soba yōnin ( ja : 側用人 ) , Kyoto Shoshidai , and Osaka jōdai . Irregularly , the shōguns appointed a rōjū to the position of tairō ( great elder ) . The office was limited to members of the Ii , Sakai , Doi , and Hotta clans , but Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu was given the status of tairō as well . Among the most famous was Ii Naosuke , who was assassinated in 1860 outside the Sakuradamon Gate of Edo Castle ( Sakuradamon incident ) . The wakadoshiyori were next in status below the rōjū . An outgrowth of the early six - man rokuninshū ( 六 人 衆 , 1633 -- 1649 ) , the office took its name and final form in 1662 , but with four members . Their primary responsibility was management of the affairs of the hatamoto and gokenin , the direct vassals of the shōgun . Some shōguns appointed a soba yōnin . This person acted as a liaison between the shōgun and the rōjū . The soba yōnin increased in importance during the time of the fifth shōgun Tokugawa Tsunayoshi , when a wakadoshiyori , Inaba Masayasu , assassinated Hotta Masatoshi , the tairō . Fearing for his personal safety , Tsunayoshi moved the rōjū to a more distant part of the castle . Some of the most famous soba yōnin were Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu and Tanuma Okitsugu . Ōmetsuke and metsuke ( edit ) The ōmetsuke and metsuke were officials who reported to the rōjū and wakadoshiyori . The five ōmetsuke were in charge of monitoring the affairs of the daimyōs , kuge and imperial court . They were in charge of discovering any threat of rebellion . Early in the Edo period , daimyōs such as Yagyū Munefuyu held the office . Soon , however , it fell to hatamoto with rankings of 5,000 koku or more . To give them authority in their dealings with daimyōs , they were often ranked at 10,000 koku and given the title of kami ( an ancient title , typically signifying the governor of a province ) such as Bizen - no - kami . As time progressed , the function of the ōmetsuke evolved into one of passing orders from the shogunate to the daimyōs , and of administering to ceremonies within Edo Castle . They also took on additional responsibilities such as supervising religious affairs and controlling firearms . The metsuke , reporting to the wakadoshiyori , oversaw the affairs of the vassals of the shōgun . They were the police force for the thousands of hatamoto and gokenin who were concentrated in Edo . Individual han had their own metsuke who similarly policed their samurai . San - bugyō ( edit ) The san - bugyō ( `` three administrators '' ) were the jisha , kanjō , and machi - bugyō , which oversaw temples and shrines , accounting , and the cities , respectively . The jisha - bugyō had the highest status of the three . They oversaw the administration of Buddhist temples ( ji ) and Shinto shrines ( sha ) , many of which held fiefs . Also , they heard lawsuits from several land holdings outside the eight Kantō provinces . The appointments normally went to daimyōs ; Ōoka Tadasuke was an exception , though he later became a daimyō . The kanjō - bugyō were next in status . The four holders of this office reported to the rōjū . They were responsible for the finances of the shogunate . The machi - bugyō were the chief city administrators of Edo and other cities . Their roles included mayor , chief of the police ( and , later , also of the fire department ) , and judge in criminal and civil matters not involving samurai . Two ( briefly , three ) men , normally hatamoto , held the office , and alternated by month . Three Edo machi bugyō have become famous through jidaigeki ( period films ) : Ōoka Tadasuke and Tōyama Kagemoto ( Kinshirō ) as heroes , and Torii Yōzō ( ja : 鳥居 耀蔵 ) as a villain . Tenryō , gundai and daikan ( edit ) The san - bugyō together sat on a council called the hyōjōsho . In this capacity , they were responsible for administering the tenryō , supervising the gundai ( 郡 代 ) , the daikan ( 代官 ) and the kura bugyō ( 蔵 奉行 ) , as well as hearing cases involving samurai . The shogun directly held lands in various parts of Japan . These were known as shihaisho ( 支配 所 ) ; since the Meiji period , the term tenryō ( 天領 , `` Emperor 's land '' ) has become synonymous . In addition to the territory that Ieyasu held prior to the Battle of Sekigahara , this included lands he gained in that battle and lands gained as a result of the Summer and Winter Sieges of Osaka . By the end of the seventeenth century , the shogun 's landholdings had reached four million koku . Such major cities as Nagasaki and Osaka , and mines , including the Sado gold mine , also fell into this category . Gaikoku bugyō ( edit ) The gaikoku bugyō were administrators appointed between 1858 and 1868 . They were charged with overseeing trade and diplomatic relations with foreign countries , and were based in the treaty ports of Nagasaki and Kanagawa ( Yokohama ) . Late Tokugawa shogunate ( 1853 -- 1867 ) ( edit ) Main article : Bakumatsu Samurai of the Shimazu clan The late Tokugawa shogunate ( Japanese : 幕末 Bakumatsu ) was the period between 1853 and 1867 , during which Japan ended its isolationist foreign policy called sakoku and modernized from a feudal shogunate to the Meiji government . It is at the end of the Edo period and preceded the Meiji era . The major ideological and political factions during this period were divided into the pro-imperialist Ishin Shishi ( nationalist patriots ) and the shogunate forces , including the elite shinsengumi ( `` newly selected corps '' ) swordsmen . Although these two groups were the most visible powers , many other factions attempted to use the chaos of the Bakumatsu era to seize personal power . Furthermore , there were two other main driving forces for dissent ; first , growing resentment of tozama daimyōs , and second , growing anti-Western sentiment following the arrival of Matthew C. Perry . The first related to those lords who had fought against Tokugawa forces at Sekigahara ( in 1600 ) and had from that point on been exiled permanently from all powerful positions within the shogunate . The second was to be expressed in the phrase sonnō jōi ( `` revere the Emperor , expel the barbarians '' ) . The turning points of the Bakumatsu were the Boshin War and the Battle of Toba -- Fushimi , when pro-shogunate forces were defeated . List of Tokugawa shōguns ( edit ) # Picture Name ( Born - Died ) Shōgun From Shōgun Until Tokugawa Ieyasu ( 1543 -- 1616 ) 1603 1605 Tokugawa Hidetada ( 1579 -- 1632 ) 1605 1623 Tokugawa Iemitsu ( 1604 -- 1651 ) 1623 1651 Tokugawa Ietsuna ( 1641 -- 1680 ) 1651 1680 5 Tokugawa Tsunayoshi ( 1646 -- 1709 ) 1680 1709 6 Tokugawa Ienobu ( 1662 -- 1712 ) 1709 1712 7 Tokugawa Ietsugu ( 1709 -- 1716 ) 1713 1716 8 Tokugawa Yoshimune ( 1684 -- 1751 ) 1716 1745 9 Tokugawa Ieshige ( 1712 -- 1761 ) 1745 1760 10 Tokugawa Ieharu ( 1737 -- 1786 ) 1760 1786 11 Tokugawa Ienari ( 1773 -- 1841 ) 1787 1837 12 Tokugawa Ieyoshi ( 1793 -- 1853 ) 1837 1853 13 Tokugawa Iesada ( 1824 -- 1858 ) 1853 1858 14 Tokugawa Iemochi ( 1846 -- 1866 ) 1858 1866 15 Tokugawa Yoshinobu ( 1837 -- 1913 ) 1866 1867 Over the course of the Edo period , influential relatives of the shogun included : Tokugawa Mitsukuni of the Mito Domain Tokugawa Nariaki of the Mito Domain Tokugawa Mochiharu of the Hitotsubashi branch Tokugawa Munetake of the Tayasu branch . Matsudaira Katamori of the Aizu branch . Matsudaira Sadanobu , born into the Tayasu branch , adopted into the Hisamatsu - Matsudaira of Shirakawa . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tokugawa shogunate . Keian Uprising Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Nussbaum , Louis - Frédéric. ( 2005 ) . `` Tokugawa - jidai '' in Japan Encyclopedia , p. 978 . Jump up ^ Nussbaum , `` Shogun '' at pp. 878 -- 879 . Jump up ^ Nussbaum , `` Tokugawa '' at p. 976 . Jump up ^ Nussbaum , `` Edo - jidai '' at p. 167 . Jump up ^ Nussbaum , `` Kinsei '' at p. 525 . Jump up ^ Paik , Christopher ; Steele , Abbey ; Tanaka , Seiki . `` Constraining the Samurai : Rebellion and Taxation in Early Modern Japan '' . International Studies Quarterly . doi : 10.1093 / isq / sqx008 ( inactive 2017 - 08 - 11 ) . Jump up ^ Nussbaum , `` Satchotohi '' , pp. 826 -- 827 . Jump up ^ Jansen 2002 , pp. 144 -- 148 . Jump up ^ Keene , Donald Emperor of Japan : Meiji and His World , 1852 -- 1912 ( 2005 , Columbia University Press ) p. 62 Jump up ^ Chie Nakane and Shinzaburou Oishi ( 1990 ) . Tokugawa Japan - The Social and Economic Antecedents of Modern Japan . University of Tokyo Press . pp. 12 . Jump up ^ Nussbaum , `` Ogosho '' at p. 738 . Jump up ^ Chie Nakane and Shinzaburou Oishi ( 1990 ) . Tokugawa Japan : The Social and Economic Antecedents of Modern Japan . University of Tokyo Press . pp. 24 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Nussbaum , `` Kanjō bugyō '' at p. 473 . Jump up ^ Nussbaum , `` Tenryō '' , p. 961 . Jump up ^ Shinsengumi , The Shogun 's Last Samurai Corps , Romulus , Hillsborough , Tuttle Publishing , 2005 Jump up ^ Ravina , Mark ( 2004 ). Last Samurai : The Life and Battles of Saigo Takamori . John Wiley & Sons , 2004 Jump up ^ Nussbaum , `` Tokugawa Mitsukuni '' at p. 979 . Jump up ^ Nussbaum , `` Tokugawa Nariaki '' at p. 979 . Jump up ^ Nussbaum , `` Tayasu '' at p. 954 . Jump up ^ Nussbaum , `` Matsudaira Katamori '' at p. 616 . Jump up ^ Nussbaum , `` Matsudaira Sadanobu '' at p. 617 . References ( edit ) Nussbaum , Louis - Frédéric and Käthe Roth . ( 2005 ) . Japan Encyclopedia . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 01753 - 5 ; OCLC 48943301 This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress Country Studies website http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ . Further reading ( edit ) Bolitho , Harold . ( 1974 ) . Treasures Among Men : The Fudai Daimyo in Tokugawa Japan . New Haven : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 01655 - 0 ; OCLC 185685588 Totman , Conrad . The Collapse of the Tokugawa Bakufu , 1862 -- 1868 . Honolulu : University of Hawai'i Press , 1980 . Totman , Conrad . Politics in the Tokugawa Bakufu , 1600 -- 1843 . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1967 . Waswo , Ann Modern Japanese Society 1868 -- 1994 The Center for East Asian Cultural Studies Meiji Japan Through Contemporary Sources , Volume Two 1844 -- 1882 External links ( edit ) Japan Tokugawa Political System SengokuDaimyo.com The website of Samurai Author and Historian Anthony J. Bryant Tokugawa Shogunate family tree This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ieyasu Hidetada Yorinobu Iemitsu Mitsusada Ietsuna Tsunayoshi Tsunashige Yoshimune Ienobu Ieshige Ietsugu Ieharu Ienari Ieyoshi Iesada Iemochi Yoshinobu Notes All Tokugawa shōguns claim descent from Ieyasu , who is recognized as the dynasty 's founder . The broken lines indicate adoptions within the shogunal clan . Timeline and paternities of the Tokugawa Shogunate Lifespan Reign Tokugawa bureaucracy organization chart This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ōmetsuke Metsuke Rōjū Jisha - bugyō Tairō Rōjū - kaku Edo machi - bugyō Kita - machi - bugyō Shōgun Sobayōnin Gaikoku - bugyō Minami - machi - bugyō Wakadoshiyori Gunkan - bugyō Honjo machi - bugyō Daimyō Gusoku - bugyō Hakodate bugyō Haneda bugyō Gundai Hyōgo bugyō Daikan Kanagawa bugyō Kinza ( gold monopoly ) Kane - bugyō Kanjō bugyō Ginza ( silver monopoly ) Kura - bugyō Kinzan - bugyō Dōza ( copper monopoly ) Kyoto shoshidai Kyoto machi - bugyō Shuza ( cinnabar monopoly ) Nagasaki bugyō Fushimi bugyō Niigata bugyō Nara bugyō Nikkō bugyō Osaka machi - bugyō Osaka jōdai Sakai bugyō Rōya - bugyō Sado bugyō Sakuji - bugyō Shimada bugyō Sunpu jōdai Uraga bugyō Yamada bugyō Notes This bureaucracy evolved in an ad hoc manner , responding to perceived needs . Officials of the Tokugawa shogunate Shōgun Ieyasu ( 1603 -- 1605 ) Hidetada ( 1605 -- 1623 ) Iemitsu ( 1623 -- 1651 ) Ietsuna ( 1651 -- 1680 ) Tsunayoshi ( 1680 -- 1709 ) Ienobu ( 1709 -- 1712 ) Ietsugu ( 1713 -- 1716 ) Yoshimune ( 1716 -- 1745 ) Ieshige ( 1745 -- 1760 ) Ieharu ( 1760 -- 1786 ) Ienari ( 1787 -- 1837 ) Ieyoshi ( 1837 -- 1853 ) Iesada ( 1853 -- 1858 ) Iemochi ( 1858 -- 1866 ) Yoshinobu ( 1867 -- 1868 ) Tairō Sakai Tadayo ( 1636 ) Doi Toshikatsu ( 1638 -- 1644 ) Sakai Tadakatsu ( 1638 -- 1656 ) Sakai Tadakiyo ( 1666 -- 1680 ) Ii Naozumi ( 1668 -- 1676 ) Hotta Masatoshi ( 1681 -- 1684 ) Ii Naooki ( 1696 -- 1700 , 1711 -- 1714 ) Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu ( 1706 -- 1709 ) Ii Naoyuki ( 1784 -- 1787 ) Ii Naoaki ( 1835 -- 1841 ) Ii Naosuke ( 1858 -- 1860 ) Sakai Tadashige ( 1865 ) Rōjū Ōkubo Tadachika ( 1593 -- 1614 ) Ōkubo Nagayasu ( 1600 -- 1613 ) Honda Masanobu ( 1600 -- 1615 ) Naruse Masanari ( 1600 -- 1616 ) Andō Naotsugu ( 1600 -- 1616 ) Honda Masazumi ( 1600 -- 1622 ) Naitō Kiyonari ( 1601 -- 1606 ) Aoyama Tadanari ( 1601 -- 1606 ) Aoyama Narishige ( 1608 -- 1613 ) Sakai Tadatoshi ( 1609 -- 1627 ) Sakai Tadayo ( 1610 -- 1634 ) Doi Toshikatsu ( 1610 -- 1638 ) Andō Shigenobu ( 1611 -- 1621 ) Naitō Kiyotsugu ( 1616 -- 1617 ) Aoyama Tadatoshi ( 1616 -- 1623 ) Inoue Masanari ( 1617 -- 1628 ) Nagai Naomasa ( 1622 -- 1633 ) Abe Masatsugu ( 1623 -- 1626 ) Inaba Masakatsu ( 1623 -- 1634 ) Naitō Tadashige ( 1623 -- 1633 ) Sakai Tadakatsu ( 1624 -- 1638 ) Morikawa Shigetoshi ( 1628 -- 1632 ) Aoyama Yukinari ( 1628 -- 1633 ) Matsudaira Nobutsuna ( 1632 -- 1662 ) Abe Tadaaki ( 1633 -- 1666 ) Hotta Masamori ( 1635 -- 1651 ) Abe Shigetsugu ( 1638 -- 1651 ) Matsudaira Norinaga ( 1642 -- 1654 ) Sakai Tadakiyo ( 1653 -- 1666 ) Inaba Masanori ( 1657 -- 1681 ) Kuze Hiroyuki ( 1663 -- 1679 ) Itakura Shigenori ( 1665 -- 1668 , 1670 -- 1673 ) Tsuchiya Kazunao ( 1665 -- 1679 ) Abe Masayoshi ( 1673 -- 1676 ) Ōkubo Tadatomo ( 1677 -- 1698 ) Hotta Masatoshi ( 1679 -- 1681 ) Doi Toshifusa ( 1679 -- 1681 ) Itakura Shigetane ( 1680 -- 1681 ) Toda Tadamasa ( 1681 -- 1699 ) Abe Masatake ( 1681 -- 1704 ) Matsudaira Nobuyuki ( 1685 -- 1686 ) Tsuchiya Masanao ( 1687 -- 1718 ) Ogasawara Nagashige ( 1697 -- 1705 , 1709 -- 1710 ) Akimoto Takatomo ( 1699 -- 1707 ) Inaba Masamichi ( 1701 -- 1707 ) Honda Masanaga ( 1704 -- 1711 ) Ōkubo Tadamasu ( 1705 -- 1713 ) Inoue Masamine ( 1705 -- 1722 ) Abe Masataka ( 1711 -- 1717 ) Kuze Shigeyuki ( 1713 -- 1720 ) Matsudaira Nobutsune ( 1714 -- 1716 ) Toda Tadazane ( 1714 -- 1729 ) Mizuno Tadayuki ( 1717 -- 1730 ) Andō Nobutomo ( 1722 -- 1732 ) Matsudaira Norisato ( 1723 -- 1745 ) Matsudaira Tadachika ( 1724 -- 1728 ) Ōkubo Tsuneharu ( 1728 ) Sakai Tadaoto ( 1728 -- 1735 ) Matsudaira Nobutoki ( 1730 -- 1744 ) Matsudaira Terusada ( 1730 -- 1745 ) Kuroda Naokuni ( 1732 -- 1735 ) Honda Tadanaga ( 1734 -- 1746 ) Toki Yoritoshi ( 1742 -- 1744 ) Sakai Tadazumi ( 1744 -- 1749 ) Matsudaira Norikata ( 1745 -- 1746 ) Hotta Masasuke ( 1745 -- 1761 ) Nishio Tadanao ( 1746 -- 1760 ) Honda Masayoshi ( 1746 -- 1758 ) Matsudaira Takechika ( 1746 -- 1779 ) Sakai Tadayori ( 1749 -- 1764 ) Matsudaira Terutaka ( 1758 -- 1781 ) Inoue Masatsune ( 1760 -- 1763 ) Akimoto Sumitomo ( 1747 -- 1764 , 1765 -- 1767 ) Abe Masahiro ( 1837 - 1857 ) Doi Toshitsura ( 1838 -- 1844 ) Inoue Masaharu ( 1840 -- 1843 ) Andō Nobumasa ( 1860 -- 1862 ) Itakura Katsukiyo ( 1862 -- 1864 , 1865 -- 1868 ) Inoue Masanao ( 1862 -- 1864 ) Mizuno Tadakiyo ( 1862 -- 1866 ) Sakai Tadashige ( 1863 -- 1864 ) Arima Michizumi ( 1863 -- 1864 ) Makino Tadayuki ( 1863 -- 1865 ) Matsumae Takahiro ( 1864 -- 1865 ) Abe Masato ( 1864 -- 1865 ) Suwa Tadamasa ( 1864 -- 1865 ) Inaba Masakuni ( 1864 -- 1865 , 1866 -- 1868 ) Matsudaira Munehide ( 1864 -- 1866 ) Inoue Masanao ( 1865 -- 1867 ) Matsudaira Yasuhide ( 1865 -- 1868 ) Mizuno Tadanobu ( 1866 ) Matsudaira Norikata ( 1866 -- 1868 ) Inaba Masami ( 1866 -- 1868 ) Matsudaira Sadaaki ( 1867 ) Ōkōchi Masatada ( 1867 -- 1868 ) Sakai Tadatō ( 1867 -- 1868 ) Tachibana Taneyuki ( 1868 ) Wakadoshiyori Nagai Naoyuki ( 1867 -- 1868 ) Kyoto shoshidai Okudaira Nobumasa ( 1600 -- 1601 ) Itakura Katsushige ( 1601 -- 1619 ) Makino Chikashige ( 1654 -- 1668 ) Itakura Shigenori ( 1668 -- 1670 ) Nagai Naotsune ( 1670 -- 1678 ) Toda Tadamasa ( 1678 -- 1681 ) Inaba Masamichi ( 1681 -- 1685 ) Tsuchiya Masanao ( 1685 -- 1687 ) Naitō Shigeyori ( 1687 -- 1690 ) Matsudaira Nobuoki ( 1690 -- 1691 ) Ogasawara Nagashige ( 1691 -- 1697 ) Matsudaira Nobutsune ( 1697 -- 1714 ) Mizuno Tadayuki ( 1714 -- 1717 ) Matsudaira Tadachika ( 1717 -- 1724 ) Makino Hideshige ( 1724 -- 1734 ) Toki Yoritoshi ( 1734 -- 1742 ) Makino Sadamichi ( 1742 -- 1749 ) Matsudaira Sukekuni ( 1749 -- 1752 ) Sakai Tadamochi ( 1752 -- 1756 ) Matsudaira Terutaka ( 1756 -- 1758 ) Inoue Masatsune ( 1758 -- 1760 ) Abe Masasuke ( 1760 -- 1764 ) Abe Masachika ( 1764 -- 1768 ) Doi Toshisato ( 1769 -- 1777 ) Kuze Hiroakira ( 1777 -- 1781 ) Makino Sadanaga ( 1781 -- 1784 ) Toda Tadatō ( 1784 -- 1789 ) Ōta Sukeyoshi ( 1789 -- 1782 ) Hotta Masanari ( 1792 -- 1798 ) Makino Tadakiyo ( 1798 -- 1801 ) Doi Toshiatsu ( 1801 -- 1802 ) Aoyama Tadayasu ( 1802 -- 1804 ) Inaba Masanobu ( 1804 -- 1806 ) Abe Masayoshi ( 1806 -- 1808 ) Sakai Tadayuki ( 1808 -- 1815 ) Ōkubo Tadazane ( 1815 -- 1818 ) Matsudaira Norihiro ( 1818 -- 1823 ) Naitō Nobuatsu ( 1823 -- 1825 ) Matsudaira Yasutō ( 1825 -- 1826 ) Mizuno Tadakuni ( 1826 -- 1828 ) Matsudaira Muneakira ( 1828 -- 1832 ) Ōta Sukemoto ( 1832 -- 1834 ) Matsudaira Nobuyori ( 1834 -- 1837 ) Doi Toshitsura ( 1837 -- 1838 ) Manabe Akikatsu ( 1838 -- 1840 ) Makino Tadamasa ( 1840 -- 1843 ) Sakai Tadaaki ( 1843 -- 1850 ) Naitō Nobuchika ( 1850 -- 1851 ) Wakisaka Yasuori ( 1851 -- 1857 ) Honda Tadamoto ( 1857 -- 1858 ) Sakai Tadaaki ( 1858 -- 1862 ) Matsudaira Munehide ( 1862 ) Makino Tadayuki ( 1862 -- 1863 ) Inaba Masakuni ( 1863 -- 1864 ) Matsudaira Sadaaki ( 1864 -- 1867 ) Bugyō Bugu - bugyō ( post-1863 ) Edo machi - bugyō Fushimi bugyō Gaikoku - bugyō ( post-1858 ) Gunkan - bugyō ( post-1859 ) Gusoku - bugyō Hakodate bugyō Haneda bugyō ( post-1853 ) Hyōgo bugyō ( post-1864 ) Jisha - bugyō Kanagawa bugyō ( post-1859 ) Kanjō - bugyō ( post-1787 ) Kinzan - bugyō Kyoto machi - bugyō Nara bugyō Machi - bugyō Nagasaki bugyō Niigata bugyō Nikkō bugyō Osaka jōdai Osaka machi - bugyō Rōya - bugyō Sado bugyō Sakai bugyō Sakuji - bugyō ( post-1632 ) Shimoda bugyō Sunpu jōdai Uraga bugyō Yamada bugyō Ōmetsuke Yagyū Munenori ( 1632 -- 1636 ) Mizuno Morinobu ( 1632 -- 1636 ) Akiyama Masashige 1632 -- 1640 ) Inoue Masashige ( 1632 -- 1658 ) Kagazume Tadazumi ( 1640 -- 1650 ) Nakane Masamori ( 1650 ) Hōjō Ujinaga ( 1655 -- 1670 ) Ōoka Tadatane ( 1670 ) Nakayama Naomori ( 1684 ) Sengoku Hisanao ( 1695 -- 1719 ) Shōda Yasutoshi ( 1699 -- 1701 ) Sakakibara Tadayuki ( 1836 -- 1837 ) Atobe Yoshisuke ( 1839 -- 1841 , 1855 -- 1856 ) Tōyama Kagemoto ( 1844 ) Ido Hiromichi 1853 -- 1855 ) Tsutsui Masanori ( 1854 -- 1857 ) Ōkubo Tadahiro ( 1862 ) Matsudaira Yasuhide ( 1864 ) Nagai Naoyuki ( 1864 -- 1865 , 1865 -- 1867 ) Yamaoka Takayuki ( 1868 ) Oda Nobushige ( 1868 ) Kyoto Shugoshoku Matsudaira Katamori ( 1862 -- 1864 ) Matsudaira Yoshinaga ( 1864 ) Matsudaira Katamori ( 1864 -- 1867 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tokugawa_shogunate&oldid=841502898 '' Categories : Former countries in East Asia States and territories established in 1600 States and territories disestablished in 1868 Edo period Tokugawa shōguns 1600 establishments in Japan 1868 disestablishments in Japan 17th century in Japan 18th century in Japan 19th century in Japan Hidden categories : Pages with DOIs inactive since 2017 Articles needing additional references from October 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Japanese - language text Former country articles requiring maintenance Pages using infobox former country with unknown parameters Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Library of Congress Country Studies Articles needing additional references from April 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Bikol Central Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 文言 吴语 粵語 中文 46 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 May 2018 , at 07 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what was the significance of the tokugawa shogunate | [
"The Tokugawa shogunate, also known as the Tokugawa bakufu (徳川幕府) and the Edo bakufu (江戸幕府), was the last feudal Japanese military government, which existed between 1600 and 1868.[1] The head of government was the shōgun,[2] and each was a member of the Tokugawa clan.[3] The Tokugawa shogunate ruled from Edo Castle and the years of the shogunate became known as the Edo period.[4] This time is also called the Tokugawa period[1] or pre-modern (Kinsei (近世)).[5]"
] | [
"the last feudal Japanese military government"
] |
3008195572142210876 | Shabu-shabu | Shabu - Shabu - wikipedia Shabu - Shabu For narcotics with same nickname ( in Indonesia ) , see Methamphetamine . This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Shabu - shabu Type Soup Place of origin Japan Main ingredients Meat , vegetables , Tofu Cookbook : Shabu - shabu Media : Shabu - shabu Shabu - shabu ( しゃぶしゃぶ ) is a Chinese - Japanese nabemono hotpot dish of thinly sliced meat and vegetables boiled in water . The term is onomatopoeic , derived from the sound emitted when the ingredients are stirred in the cooking pot and served with dipping sauces . The food is cooked piece by piece by the diner at the table . Shabu - shabu is considered to be more savory and less sweet than sukiyaki . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Preparation 3 Sauces and dippings 4 See also 5 References History ( edit ) Shabu - Shabu was introduced in Japan in the 20th century with the opening of the restaurant `` Suehiro '' in Osaka , where the name was invented . Its origins are traced back to the Chinese hot pot known as instant - boiled mutton ( Shuàn Yángròu ) . Shabu - Shabu is most similar to the original Chinese version when compared to other Japanese hot - pot dishes ( nabemono ) such as sukiyaki . Suehiro registered the name as a trademark in 1955 . Together with sukiyaki , Shabu - Shabu is a common dish in tourist hot - spots , especially in Tokyo , but also in local Japanese neighborhoods ( colloquially called `` Little Tokyos '' ) in countries such as the United States and Canada . Preparation ( edit ) Shabu - shabu The dish was originally made with thinly sliced beef , but some versions use pork , crab , chicken , lamb , duck , or lobster . Most often , ribeye steak is used , but less tender cuts , such as top sirloin , are also common . A more expensive meat , such as wagyū , may also be used . It is usually served with tofu and vegetables , including Chinese cabbage , chrysanthemum leaves , nori ( edible seaweed ) , onions , carrots , shiitake mushrooms and enokitake mushrooms . In some places , udon , mochi or harusame noodles may also be served . The dish is prepared by submerging a thin slice of meat or a piece of vegetable in a pot of boiling water or dashi ( broth ) made with konbu ( kelp ) and stirring it . Cooked meat and vegetables are usually dipped in ponzu or goma ( sesame seed ) sauce before eating , and served with a bowl of steamed white rice . Once the meat and vegetables have been eaten , leftover broth from the pot is customarily combined with the remaining rice , and the resulting soup is usually eaten last . Sauces and dippings ( edit ) A number of sauces can be used to dip meats and vegetables when eating shabu - shabu . Normally , the raw meat is dipped into the hot stock for just a few seconds , as the pieces are sliced paper thin . Putting all meat into the pot in one go may result in overcooking the meat . There are a variety of sauces that can be used to dip the meat and vegetables , including ponzu sauce and sesame sauce . Restaurants usually provide soy sauce , sesame paste , ponzu sauce and several other condiment options such as spring onions and Japanese pickled carrots so that customers can make the sauce according to their own preferences . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shabu Shabu . List of Japanese soups and stews Instant - boiled mutton , a similar Chinese dish References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Ishige ( 2014 - 06 - 17 ) . History Of Japanese Food . Routledge . p. 233 . ISBN 9781136602559 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shabu-shabu&oldid=836004519 '' Categories : Japanese soups and stews Table - cooked dishes Beef dishes Hidden categories : Articles that may contain original research from December 2012 All articles that may contain original research Articles containing Japanese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Português Русский Simple English Suomi Tagalog ไทย Türkçe 粵語 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 April 2018 , at 02 : 48 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | what kind of meat is used for shabu shabu | [
"The dish was originally made with thinly sliced beef[citation needed], but some versions use pork, crab, chicken, lamb, duck, or lobster. Most often, ribeye steak is used, but less tender cuts, such as top sirloin, are also common. A more expensive meat, such as wagyū, may also be used. It is usually served with tofu and vegetables, including Chinese cabbage, chrysanthemum leaves, nori (edible seaweed), onions, carrots, shiitake mushrooms and enokitake mushrooms. In some places, udon, mochi or harusame noodles may also be served.\n",
"The dish was originally made with thinly sliced beef[citation needed], but some versions use pork, crab, chicken, lamb, duck, or lobster. Most often, ribeye steak is used, but less tender cuts, such as top sirloin, are also common. A more expensive meat, such as wagyū, may also be used. It is usually served with tofu and vegetables, including Chinese cabbage, chrysanthemum leaves, nori (edible seaweed), onions, carrots, shiitake mushrooms and enokitake mushrooms. In some places, udon, mochi or harusame noodles may also be served.\n",
"The dish was originally made with thinly sliced beef[citation needed], but some versions use pork, crab, chicken, lamb, duck, or lobster. Most often, ribeye steak is used, but less tender cuts, such as top sirloin, are also common. A more expensive meat, such as wagyū, may also be used. It is usually served with tofu and vegetables, including Chinese cabbage, chrysanthemum leaves, nori (edible seaweed), onions, carrots, shiitake mushrooms and enokitake mushrooms. In some places, udon, mochi or harusame noodles may also be served.\n",
"The dish was originally made with thinly sliced beef[citation needed], but some versions use pork, crab, chicken, lamb, duck, or lobster. Most often, ribeye steak is used, but less tender cuts, such as top sirloin, are also common. A more expensive meat, such as wagyū, may also be used. It is usually served with tofu and vegetables, including Chinese cabbage, chrysanthemum leaves, nori (edible seaweed), onions, carrots, shiitake mushrooms and enokitake mushrooms. In some places, udon, mochi or harusame noodles may also be served.\n",
"The dish was originally made with thinly sliced beef[citation needed], but some versions use pork, crab, chicken, lamb, duck, or lobster. Most often, ribeye steak is used, but less tender cuts, such as top sirloin, are also common. A more expensive meat, such as wagyū, may also be used. It is usually served with tofu and vegetables, including Chinese cabbage, chrysanthemum leaves, nori (edible seaweed), onions, carrots, shiitake mushrooms and enokitake mushrooms. In some places, udon, mochi or harusame noodles may also be served.\n",
"The dish was originally made with thinly sliced beef[citation needed], but some versions use pork, crab, chicken, lamb, duck, or lobster. Most often, ribeye steak is used, but less tender cuts, such as top sirloin, are also common. A more expensive meat, such as wagyū, may also be used. It is usually served with tofu and vegetables, including Chinese cabbage, chrysanthemum leaves, nori (edible seaweed), onions, carrots, shiitake mushrooms and enokitake mushrooms. In some places, udon, mochi or harusame noodles may also be served.\n",
"The dish was originally made with thinly sliced beef[citation needed], but some versions use pork, crab, chicken, lamb, duck, or lobster. Most often, ribeye steak is used, but less tender cuts, such as top sirloin, are also common. A more expensive meat, such as wagyū, may also be used. It is usually served with tofu and vegetables, including Chinese cabbage, chrysanthemum leaves, nori (edible seaweed), onions, carrots, shiitake mushrooms and enokitake mushrooms. In some places, udon, mochi or harusame noodles may also be served.\n",
"The dish was originally made with thinly sliced beef[citation needed], but some versions use pork, crab, chicken, lamb, duck, or lobster. Most often, ribeye steak is used, but less tender cuts, such as top sirloin, are also common. A more expensive meat, such as wagyū, may also be used. It is usually served with tofu and vegetables, including Chinese cabbage, chrysanthemum leaves, nori (edible seaweed), onions, carrots, shiitake mushrooms and enokitake mushrooms. In some places, udon, mochi or harusame noodles may also be served.\n",
"The dish was originally made with thinly sliced beef[citation needed], but some versions use pork, crab, chicken, lamb, duck, or lobster. Most often, ribeye steak is used, but less tender cuts, such as top sirloin, are also common. A more expensive meat, such as wagyū, may also be used. It is usually served with tofu and vegetables, including Chinese cabbage, chrysanthemum leaves, nori (edible seaweed), onions, carrots, shiitake mushrooms and enokitake mushrooms. In some places, udon, mochi or harusame noodles may also be served.\n",
"The dish was originally made with thinly sliced beef[citation needed], but some versions use pork, crab, chicken, lamb, duck, or lobster. Most often, ribeye steak is used, but less tender cuts, such as top sirloin, are also common. A more expensive meat, such as wagyū, may also be used. It is usually served with tofu and vegetables, including Chinese cabbage, chrysanthemum leaves, nori (edible seaweed), onions, carrots, shiitake mushrooms and enokitake mushrooms. In some places, udon, mochi or harusame noodles may also be served.\n"
] | [
"wagyū",
"top sirloin",
"ribeye steak",
"lobster",
"duck",
"lamb",
"chicken",
"crab",
"pork",
"thinly sliced beef"
] |
4097173979400859048 | Mercedes-AMG | Mercedes - AMG - Wikipedia Mercedes - AMG Jump to : navigation , search Mercedes - AMG GmbH Type Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung Industry Automobile manufacturing Engine manufacturing Fate acquired by DaimlerChrysler ( 1999 ) , and operating under Daimler AG Predecessor AMG Motorenbau und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH Founded Burgstall a.d. Murr , Germany ( 1967 ( 1967 ) ) Founder Hans Werner Aufrecht Erhard Melcher Headquarters Affalterbach , Germany Area served Worldwide Key people Tobias Moers ( CEO ) Products AMG A AMG C AMG CLA AMG CLK AMG CLS AMG E AMG ML AMG G AMG GLA AMG GLC AMG GLE AMG GLS AMG GT AMG R AMG S AMG SL AMG SLC Services Research and development Owner Daimler AG Number of employees ~ 1400 Parent Daimler AG Website www.mercedes-amg.com Mercedes - AMG GmbH , commonly known as AMG , is the high performance division of Mercedes - Benz . AMG independently hires engineers , manufactures and customizes Mercedes - Benz AMG vehicles . Mercedes - AMG is headquartered in Affalterbach , Baden - Württemberg , Germany . AMG was originally an independent engineering firm specializing in performance improvements for Mercedes - Benz vehicles ; Daimler - Benz AG took a controlling interest in 1999 , then became sole owner of AMG in 2005 . Mercedes - AMG GmbH is now a wholly owned subsidiary of Daimler AG . AMG models typically have more aggressive looks , a higher level of performance , better handling , better stability and more extensive use of carbon fibre than their regular Mercedes - Benz counterparts . AMG models are typically the most expensive and highest - performing variant of each Mercedes - Benz class . AMG variants are usually badged with two numerals , as opposed to regular Mercedes - Benz vehicles , which have three ( e.g. , C 63 as opposed to C 350 ) . Traditionally , the two numerical digits signified the engine 's displacement size , however , recent models have deviated from such correlation . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Development of the product range 1.2 Motor racing 1.3 Relationship with Pagani 1.4 Relationship with Aston Martin 2 Current AMG models 2.1 `` 45 '' M133 2.0 L Inline - 4 Turbo 2.2 `` 43 '' M276 3.0 L V6 Bi-Turbo 2.3 `` 63 '' M157 5.5 L V8 Bi-Turbo 2.4 `` 65 '' M275 6.0 L V12 Bi-Turbo 2.5 M178 4.0 L V8 Bi-Turbo 3 Previous AMG models 3.1 `` 55 '' M152 5.5 L V8 3.2 `` 63 '' M156 6.2 L V8 3.3 `` 30 '' 3.0 L I5 diesel 3.4 `` 32 '' 3.2 L V6 KOMPRESSOR 3.5 `` 55 '' 5.4 L V8 KOMPRESSOR 3.5. 1 Previous 55 AMG models 3.6 `` 63 '' M137 6.3 L V12 3.7 `` 60 '' , `` 73 '' , `` 70 '' , `` 55 '' 3.8 `` 63 '' M156 6.2 L V8 3.9 Black Series 3.10 Electric Drive 4 See also 5 References 5.1 Notes 5.2 Bibliography 6 External links History ( edit ) AMG logo on a Mercedes C63 AMG ( W204 ) AMG was founded as a racing engine forge in 1967 under the name AMG Motorenbau und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH ( AMG Engine Production and Development , Ltd . ) , by former Mercedes - Benz engineers Hans Werner Aufrecht and Erhard Melcher in Burgstall an der Murr , near Stuttgart . The letters `` AMG '' stand for Aufrecht , Melcher and Großaspach ( Aufrecht 's birth town ) . In 1976 most of AMG moved to Affalterbach , with the racing - engine development remaining at the old location in Burgstall . At this time Erhard Melcher ceased to be a partner , but continued to be an employee at the Burgstall location . In 1993 , with AMG having become a high - profile purveyor of modified Mercedes - Benz cars , Daimler - Benz AG and AMG signed a contract of cooperation , allowing AMG to leverage Daimler - Benz 's extensive dealer network and leading to commonly developed vehicles ( the first one being the Mercedes - Benz C36 AMG , in 1993 ) . On 1 January 1999 DaimlerChrysler , as it was called between 1998 and 2007 , acquired 51 percent of AMG shares , and AMG was renamed to Mercedes - AMG GmbH . Racing engine development was divested and continues to exist in Burgstall under the name HWA ( Aufrecht 's initials ) . On 1 January 2005 Aufrecht sold his remaining shares to DaimlerChrysler , and since then Mercedes - AMG GmbH has been a wholly owned subsidiary of Daimler AG . Development of the product range ( edit ) AMG Five Spoke Road Wheel 8JX16 Version 1 AMG started off by designing and testing racing engines . It expanded its business into building custom road cars based upon standard Mercedes cars . AMG initially produced a range of unofficial upgrade and accessories packages mainly for the Mercedes - Benz R107 and C107 ( 1971 - 1989 SL roadster ) , Mercedes - Benz W116 ( 1972 - 1980 S - class ) , Mercedes - Benz W123 ( 1976 - 1985 E-class ) , Mercedes - Benz W124 ( 1984 - 1997 E-class ) , Mercedes - Benz W126 ( 1979 - 1992 S - class ) , Mercedes - Benz R129 ( 1989 - 2001 SL roadster ) , and Mercedes - Benz W201 ( 1982 - 1993 C - class ) models . During the early 1980s and up until 1990 , AMG offered a variety of engine performance packages , alloy wheels and styling products as an entirely independent company from Daimler - Benz . In 1990 , AMG signed a co-operation agreement with Daimler - Benz , and AMG options and cars were then offered in Mercedes - Benz showrooms ; in 1999 Daimler AG , then known as DaimlerChrysler AG , bought the controlling share of AMG and made them part of the official Mercedes - Benz line - up . Typical AMG performance enhancements , which the buyer could custom order , included increased engine displacements ( 5.2 litre , 5.4 litre ) , performance top ends with port and polished heads and intake , lightened valve train , and more aggressive cams . The DOHC 32V engine had also just been developed and was the pinnacle of AMG performance . A Getrag five - speed manual transmission could be ordered from AMG , and Mercedes had not offered a manual transmission V8 since the early 1970s . The performance wheels offered during the same period were 15 - inch or 16 - inch ATS AMG Five Spoke Road Wheels , commonly referred to as Pentas . Penta was actually a UK - based company that supplemented the high demand for the AMG wheel at the time with a replica and only a very slight styling difference , but they were not made or endorsed by AMG . The genuine AMG wheels were often coupled with an AMG performance suspension package that included uprated and lowered springs , and re-valved shock absorbers . Another popular cosmetic upgrade were the AMG body kits . These ranged from subtle front spoilers , to an aggressive Wide Body kits for the W126 coupes . Other options included Recaro seats , smaller diameter steering wheels , instrument clusters , chrome delete option ( all brightworks colour - coded or painted satin black ) , refrigerators , shift knobs , hi - fi stereo systems , custom upholstery and enhanced interior wood packages . The release of the AMG Hammer sedan in 1986 , based on the W124 E-Class , took AMG 's performance modifications for a fast midsized sedan to a new level . AMG made the world 's fastest passenger sedan at the time , nicknamed the Hammer , by squeezing Mercedes 5.6 - litre V8 tuned by AMG to 360 hp into a midsized sedan . It was very aggressive for the era , with 32 - valve cylinder heads and twin camshafts , and said to be faster than the Lamborghini Countach from 60 to 120 mph . Later models were even more powerful and introduced the 17 - inch AMG Aero 1 Hammer wheels . 1986 was also the year Mercedes introduced the 560 M117 engine . This provided yet another opportunity for customers to order the largest AMG displacement available at the time , the 6L 100 mm bore SOHC or DOHC engines available for both the W126 coupe and sedans . Through the early 2000s , AMG focused principally on supercharged V8 and V6 engines , but the company officially abandoned this technology in 2006 with the introduction of the naturally aspirated 6.2 L M156 V8 . On 16 January 2006 , Mercedes - AMG Chairman Volker Mornhinweg told AutoWeek that the company would use turbocharging for higher output rather than supercharging . For 2011 , AMG released the M157 5.5 L biturbo V8 , which has supplanted the M156 in its full - sized cars such as the S - Class and CL - Class ( and is trickling down to the CLS , E-Class and ML - class ) . In 2012 , Mercedes - AMG Chairman Olla Kallenius said that Mercedes - AMG will not produce diesel engines to compete with BMW 's tri-turbo diesels ( BMW M Performance range ) . Mercedes AMG DTM car ( 2003 ) Although there were some AMG models in the 1980s with manual transmissions , almost all recent models have used automatics ( 5G - Tronic and later 7G - Tronic with Speedshift ) , in contrast to BMW M , which used manuals and recently semi-automatic transmissions ( the current type being a dual clutch transmission ) . Starting in 2009 , however , AMG began adopting the seven - speed AMG SpeedShift MCT automatic transmission . Although these are considered the most well known in - house tuning divisions , Mercedes - AMG has a considerably different philosophy than BMW M. Mercedes - AMG has created high - performance versions of many of its nameplates , including flagship sedans and SUVs , while BMW M has emphasized tuning only vehicles with `` Lateral agility '' ( which has long been only their 3 Series , 5 Series , and roadsters ) . Compared to BMW M , Mercedes - AMG is `` less narrow in its sporting focus , yet still combining sledgehammer performance with relaxed handling , cultured comfort , and practicality '' . While founders Hans Werner Aufrecht and Erhard Melcher had emphasized proper racing cars , Mercedes - AMG had diverged considerably from this philosophy in recent years , with their offerings being well known for straight - line acceleration but poor handling dynamics . However , current Mercedes - AMG chairman Volker Mornhinweg has urged the division to return to its roots of building sports cars . Motor racing ( edit ) In the late 1960s and early 1970s , AMG entered the big Mercedes - Benz 300SEL 6.3 V8 saloon , affectionately named the `` Red Sow '' , in the 1971 Spa 24 Hours , and the European Touring Car Championship . AMG and Mercedes worked together on Mercedes - Benz W201 cars for the 1988 Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft ( DTM , German Touring Car Championship ) . AMG was made the official partner . When DaimlerChrysler acquired a majority share of AMG in 1999 , the motor racing department was divested into HWA AG . Their first car was the ill - fated Mercedes - Benz CLR . Since 2000 , HWA builds and runs the cars for Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters ( DTM ) , as well as the M271 engine tuned for use in Formula 3 . AMG engine display at the Pagani factory Six successive lightly modified Mercedes - Benz AMG models ( including , most recently , an SL 63 AMG ) have acted as the safety cars for the FIA Formula One World Championship . Since 2010 , the Mercedes - Benz SLS AMG GT3s has been competing in GT competitions around the world , such as the FIA GT3 European Championship , Blancpain Endurance Series , Blancpain Sprint Series , VLN , 24 Hours of Nurburgring , British GT Championship , Super GT , Australian GT Championship , Bathurst 12 Hour , Dubai 24 Hour , Macau GT Cup and Pirelli World Challenge . In late 2011 , after the end of the Formula One season , Mercedes GP Petronas announced that it would be using the AMG branding for its F1 efforts , changing its name to Mercedes AMG Petronas for the 2012 season onwards . Three AMG E Class V8 Supercars began competing Australian V8 Supercars Championship from 2013 , with the newly formed partnership of Erebus Motorsport and Stone Brothers Racing Teams operating under a Customer Sports Program of AMG . Relationship with Pagani ( edit ) AMG also provides engines for the Zonda and Huayra cars . The engines used are variants of the M120 7,291 cc displacement V12 engine originally used in the 1995 SL73 AMG . The M120 is the largest displacement naturally aspirated engine provided by AMG and is now exclusively used by Pagani . Relationship with Aston Martin ( edit ) On July 25 , 2013 , Aston Martin Lagonda Ltd and Daimler AG announced moves towards a technical partnership with Mercedes - AMG GmbH . The deal will see Aston Martin access significant Mercedes - AMG GmbH and Mercedes - Benz Cars ' resources , allowing the development of bespoke V8 powertrains and the use of certain components of electric / electronic architecture . Daimler AG now owns a stake of 5 % of non-voting shares in Aston Martin , joining existing shareholders Investment DAR , Adeem Investment and Investindustrial . The technical partnership will support Aston Martin 's launch of a new generation of models and newly developed bespoke V8 powertrains . Current AMG models ( edit ) AMG carbon fibre engine cover All AMG engines - with the exception of the `` 43 '' M276 3.0 L V6 Bi-Turbo engine - are hand built using a `` one man , one engine '' philosophy at the current AMG plant in Affalterbach , Germany . To signify this , each AMG engine builder stamps the engines they produce with an engraved plaque depicting their signature . According to Mercedes - Benz , there are only about 50 AMG engine builders . As part of the official Mercedes product line , the AMG models are sold side - by - side with regular production models , unlike those offered by other Mercedes tuning firms such as Brabus . E63 AMG carbon ceramic brake Geneva auto show 2011 `` 45 '' M133 20 L inline - 4 Turbo ( edit ) Mercedes - AMG A 45 Mercedes - AMG CLA 45 Mercedes - AMG GLA 45 The 2.0 L Turbo I4 was created for use in the smaller , 45 AMG models , such as the A-Class , CLA - Class , and GLA - Class , which all share the same platform . The M133 produces 360 PS and 332 ft - lb , making it the most powerful turbo 4 - cylinder in production , and with a 190.5 - horsepower per liter , one of the most power dense engines in production . Models with the M133 Turbo 4 are paired with a 7 - speed AMG SPEEDSHIFT Dual - Clutch Transmission . The CLA45 AMG can accelerate from 0 - 60 in 4.2 seconds , according to Motor Trend 's first test of the vehicle . `` 43 '' M276 3.0 L V6 Bi-Turbo ( edit ) Mercedes - AMG SLC 43 Mercedes - AMG C 43 Mercedes - AMG GLC 43 Mercedes - AMG E 43 Mercedes - AMG GLE 43 `` 63 '' M157 5.5 L V8 Bi-Turbo ( edit ) M157 L 5.5 V8 models ( Twin - turbo ) Mercedes - AMG CLS 63 Mercedes - AMG E 63 Mercedes - AMG G 63 Mercedes - AMG GLE 63 Mercedes - AMG GLS 63 Mercedes - AMG S 63 Mercedes - AMG SL 63 Rumoured in 2009 and confirmed in 2010 , AMG developed the M157 , a 5.5 - litre V8 with direct fuel injection and twin turbochargers. Power is rated at up to 577 bhp ( 430 kW ; 585 PS ) at 5,250 - 5,750 rpm with a peak torque of 664 lb ft ( 900 N m ) made between 2,000 rpm and 4,500 rpm ( the amount of power and torque depends on model , but these are the maximum ratings ) . Both engines are mated to Mercedes - Benz 's 7 - speed MCT transmission . Mercedes - Benz CLS63 AMG E63 AMG 4MATIC T Unlike the M156 naturally aspirated 6.2 L V8 , which was developed entirely within AMG , the M157 is based upon the M278 used in the regular Mercedes - Benz S - Class and CL - Class . The M157 boasts 25 % better fuel economy ( 10.5 litres per 100 kilometres versus 14.4 L / 100 km in the European driving cycle ) over the M156 , meaning it avoids the US Gas Guzzler Tax for the first time ever , despite having up to 47 horsepower more . The M157 's increased torque from both the regular version and performance package means the engine can be shifted into a taller gear sooner , keeping engine revs and fuel consumption to a minimum . The new M157 has an engine start / stop mode and is lightweight at 204 kg . The M157 is said to be ideal for powering full - size sedans such as the S - Class , but the older M156 remains in production , as its more precise throttle response is still well suited to smaller sportier models ( the C - Class ) , until the 2015 model arrives , which is powered by a 4.0 liter V8 . 5.5 L V8 BiTurbo models carry the `` 63 '' model designation , shared with the 6.2 L V8 models . Visually , the 2011 S63 AMG is differentiated from the 2010 model ( itself face - lifted over the 2009 S63 ) by the more angular design of the chromed dual exhaust tips , which also sport embossed AMG logos , as well as new forged wheels . For the CL63 AMG , the new M157 engine coincides with the facelift of the CL - Class for the 2011 model year . Despite common belief , 63 AMG models are typically faster than their 65 AMG counterparts . An S63 AMG accelerates faster and handles better than an S65 AMG ( due to 4 - wheel drive and decreased weight ) , and an SL63 AMG accelerates faster than an SL65 AMG due to decreased torque , lower weight , and better balance by use of the V8 . Since 2013 , AMG models with the S - Model package feature all - wheel drive , which allows for better handling and better acceleration . The Mercedes - Benz CLS63 AMG S has been tested to accelerate to 60 mph in just 3.2 seconds , with a quarter mile time of 11.6 seconds . This made it the quickest production sedan at the time . MotorTrend tested the 2014 E63 AMG S with the M157 engine to produce an estimated 676 bhp ( 504 kW ; 685 PS ) and 631 lb ft ( 856 N m ) . `` 65 '' M275 60 L V12 Bi-Turbo ( edit ) Mercedes - Benz SL65 AMG ( 2012 ) The models listed below are powered by a variant of the Mercedes - Benz M275 engine . AMG G 65 AMG S 65 AMG SL 65 The AMG power - plant has an all - new design of the bi-turbo system , which features larger turbochargers and a new , more powerful charge - air cooling system , and the increase in the engine displacement ( to 5980 cc ) as well as many other engine design measures . This allows it to produce a claimed 621 horsepower and 738 lb - ft of torque . `` 65 '' models used a 5 - speed automatic transmission for a long time , as the newer 7G - Tronic was n't able to handle the torque from the V12 engines . This was changed with the introduction of 2012 SL65 AMG , which uses the same AMG SpeedShift MCT transmission as the rest of the AMG line - up . Coinciding with the facelift of the CL - Class for the 2011 model year , the 2011 CL65 AMG had an enhanced engine . AMG redesigned the exhaust gas turbochargers and added new engine electronics . It produced 621 horsepower , pushing the car from 0 to 60 mph in 4.2 seconds ( 0.2 seconds faster than the 2011 CL63 ) , with an electronically limited top speed of 186 mph . The update also improved fuel economy and reduced carbon emissions by 3.5 % over the outgoing model . M178 4.0 L V8 Bi-Turbo ( edit ) AMG C 63 AMG E 63 AMG GT AMG S63 AMG GLC 63 AMG GLC 63 Coupe Mercedes - AMG GT Launched to the UK market in April 2015 , the 4 - liter M178 V8 uses an unusual configuration where the position of the intake and exhaust are reversed , to create a more compact engine and hence vehicle design . This `` hot inside v '' configuration , as AMG calls it , has the exhaust gasses exiting into the central v area of the engine block where the engine 's twin turbochargers are also mounted . Previous AMG models ( edit ) In addition to the models listed below , there were also predecessors to the current AMG models . `` 55 '' M152 5.5 L V8 ( edit ) AMG SLK 55 The M152 is a naturally aspirated , detuned version of the M157 Biturbo V8 . This V8 will be used for the 2012 SLK55 AMG , and it produces 415 hp and 398 lb - ft . This engine was discontinued in 2016 with the introduction of the SLC43 AMG `` 63 '' M156 6.2 L V8 ( edit ) M156 L 6.2 V8 models currently in production 2008 C63 AMG ( Sedan and Wagon ) ( facelifted for the 2012 model year ) 2010 SLS AMG ( M159 ) Mercedes - Benz E63 AMG AMG developed its own V8 engine ( dubbed M156 in development ) for the DTM series . The M156 produces 451 horsepower and 443 ft - lbs of torque . The M156 , in various states of tune , was used in models such as the SL63 , E63 , CLS63 , and S63 until it was replaced by the M157 5.5 L Biturbo V8 . In 2009 , AMG developed the M159 engine , which is based on the M156 engine , to use in SLS AMG . The M159 produces 583 horsepower and 489 lb - ft of torque in the Mercedes - Benz SLS AMG GT , and 622 horsepower and 468 lb - ft in the SLS AMG Black Series . There are also other AMG nameplates no longer in production : 1988 -- 1993 190E AMG 3.2 1988 -- 1993 300E AMG 3.4 E , AMG 3.4 CE , AMG 3.4 TE 1992 `` The Hammer '' AMG Widebody Coupe 1993 -- 1994 E60 AMG 1994 -- 1995 E36 AMG 1995 , 1997 S70 AMG 1995 , 1998 -- 2001 SL73 AMG 1996 -- 1998 SL60 AMG 1995 -- 1997 C36 AMG 1997 -- 2000 C43 AMG 1996 -- 1998 E36 AMG 1996 -- 1997 E50 AMG 1999 -- 2002 E55 AMG 1998 -- 2002 CLK - GTR AMG 2001 -- 2004 SLK32 AMG 2002 - 2004 C32 AMG 2005 -- 2006 C55 AMG 2005 -- 2006 CLK DTM AMG 2007 R63 AMG 2009 CLK63 AMG and CLK63 AMG Black Series `` 30 '' 3.0 L I5 diesel ( edit ) OM612 3.0 L `` 30 '' I5 Diesel models C30 CDI AMG ( sedan , wagon , and Sportcoupé ) `` 3.2 '' 3.2 L V6 Kompressor ( edit ) 2003 UK version of C32 Estate ( S203 ) in Brilliant Silver . Powertrain consists of AMG Speedshift 5 - speed automatic transmission mated to an AMG 3.2 - litre V6 Kompressor engine with an output of 260 kW / 349 hp and 332 lb ft ( 450 N m ) @ 4,400 rpm . The engine is a special version of the 3.2 L ( 3199 cc ) M112 E32 , fitted with a helical twin - screw supercharger and water - to - air intercooler . The supercharger was developed in conjunction with IHI and features Teflon - coated rotors producing overall boost of 14.5 psi ( 1 bar ) . Compared to the standard M112 engine , the AMG version also has a new crankshaft , new connecting rods and pistons , an oil pump with a 70 - percent increased capacity , lightweight camshafts , and harder valve springs for a redline of 6200 rpm , an increase of 200 rpm . While rival BMW M developed the SMG II semi-automatic for the BMW M3 , the C32 and SLK32 have a 5 - speed automatic transmission 's `` Speedshift '' system , which now has quicker response ( up to 35 percent ) to accelerator and shift selector movements . Interestingly , the C32 had a smaller engine than its predecessors , the C36 AMG with the M104 3.6 L I6 engine , and the C43 AMG powered by the M113 4.3 L V8 engine . The C32 AMG can do 0 -- 60 mph in 5.2 sec 0 -- 100 in 12.6 with a 1 / 4 mile of 13.6@106 mph ( C&D comparison test May 2003 ) 3.2 L Supercharged M112 V6 AMG 2002 -- 2004 C32 AMG ( sedan , wagon ( S203 ) , and Sportcoupé ) 2001 -- 2004 SLK32 AMG 2005 -- 2006 Chrysler Crossfire SRT - 6 `` 5.5 '' 5.4 L V8 Kompressor ( edit ) 2004 AMG CL55 Kompressor . This model was nicknamed the `` Hammer '' after the original 1986 AMG Hammer ( a W124 E-Class sedan with an AMG - tuned 360 hp 5.6 - litre V8 ) . The 2003 E55 AMG could do 0 -- 60 mph in 4.4 seconds . The main engine is a 5.4 L V8 engine This engine comes in two configurations . The first configuration is a naturally aspirated V8 with 354.12 PS ( 260.45 kW ; 349.28 hp ) that is used in the C55 AMG , CLK55 AMG , SLK55 AMG , and ML55 AMG . The C43 AMG ( model years 1998 -- 2000 ) was powered by a naturally aspirated V8 engine from the M113 family , but at a reduced displacement of 4.3 L , hence the ' 43 ' designation . The other configuration is a similar unit but with a highly efficient Lysholm type twin screw supercharger . manufactured by Eaton , is in the rest of the AMG 55 models , which are typically midsized or larger vehicles . The published output according to Mercedes varies from 476 PS ( 350 kW ; 469 hp ) to 517 PS ( 380 kW ; 510 hp ) and 700 N m ( 520 lb ft ) to 720 N m ( 530 lb ft ) , depending on various methods of power measurements and different ECU programming for national legislations . For instance , the E55 AMG 's engine was at the low end , nonetheless it was still Mercedes - Benz 's fastest sedan at the time , while the SL55 AMG 's engine had the top output . Mercedes has claimed that a more restrictive exhaust system was responsible for cutting output on the E55 AMG , however some enthusiasts have managed to bump up horsepower to 505 on the E55 by incorporating some parts from the SL55 . The supercharged 5.4 L 32 valve V8 engine was mated to the Speedshift 5 - speed automatic transmission , which has a torque capacity of 796 lb ft ( 1,079 N m ) , as the newer 7G - Tronic introduced in 2003 is limited to 542 lb ft ( 735 N m ) , not enough to handle the torque from the supercharged V8 . The V8 S55 AMG had comparable output to the V12 - powered S600 throughout their production . The S55 AMG ( 2001 -- 02 ) was outfitted with a 5.4 L 354 hp ( 264 kW ) V8 motor while the later versions ( 2003 -- 06 ) sported the same motor , but supercharged to a rated 493 hp ( 368 kW ) . The S600 ( 2001 -- 02 ) was outfitted with a 5.8 L 362 hp ( 270 kW ) V12 engine while the later versions ( 2003 -- 06 ) sported a twin - turbocharged ( or Bi-Turbo ) 493 hp ( 368 kW ) 5.5 L V12 . The justification for having two models with the same power is that the S55 AMG is sportier and more responsive , while the costlier S600 is more luxurious with a smoother ride . AMG phased out both the naturally aspirated and supercharged 5.4 L engines in favor of the new M156 V8 beginning in 2006 , which was paired with 7G - Tronic . However , some enthusiasts were disappointed because the M156 produces less torque than the M113K ( which is supercharged ) . For the Model Year 2009 : M113 5.4 L `` 55 '' V8 models ( naturally aspirated ) SLK55 AMG M113 5.4 L `` 55 '' V8 models ( supercharged ) G55 AMG Previous 55 AMG models ( edit ) 1999 -- 2002 E55 AMG 2003 -- 2006 E55 AMG 2000 -- 2003 ML55 AMG 2003 -- 2005 C55 AMG 2001 -- 2002 CLK55 AMG 2003 -- 2006 CLK55 AMG 2004 -- 2007 CLS55 AMG 2001 -- 2008 SL55 AMG 2001 -- 2006 S55 AMG 2001 -- 2006 CL55 AMG 2005 -- 2006 C55 AMG 2001 -- 2009 G55 AMG `` 63 '' M137 63 L V12 ( edit ) The `` 63 '' badging was used on the short - lived 2001 S63 AMG , 2001 CL63 AMG and 2002 G63 AMG . These were produced in limited quantities for one month and only offered through AMG to select customers in Europe and Asia , purportedly state leaders . The CL63 AMG was the rarest W215 CL of all , and just 26 examples were built in November 2001 ( 51 plate ) , with some UK being registered in March 2002 . These had a base price of £ 110,000 ( ~ US $ 200,000 ) . The G63 AMG was the rarest W463 of all with just 5 examples built in September 2002 and sold in Germany at over EURO 250,000 each . These are powered by a naturally aspirated 6.3 L V12 producing 444 PS ( 438 hp / 327 kW ) . This engine is based on the M137 5.8 L V12 used in the S600 and CL600 , but the AMG variants have a larger displacement , a new management system , a new crank case and cooling system , weight - optimized pistons , and a new camshaft with greater valve lift and modified valves . 390 lb ft ( 530 N m ) of torque are available between 2500 -- 5800rpm with a peak of 457 at 4400 rpm while horsepower grows by almost 80 over the 5.8 L V12 . It is mated to a 5 - speed automatic transmission . The 2001 S63 AMG V12 had 100 hp more than the 2001 S55 AMG , and was a few tenths faster . `` 60 '' , `` 73 '' , `` 70 '' , `` 5.5 '' ( edit ) The Mercedes - Benz SL - Class ( R129 ) had several AMG variants during its production run from 1989 to 2001 . The SL 60 AMG was the most numerous of these rare cars . Sold from 1993 to 1998 , it used a 6.0 litre V8 engine producing 381 PS ( 280 kW ; 376 hp ) at 5500 rpm . AMG claimed a 0 -- 62 mph ( 100 km / h ) speed of 5.6 seconds . Its top speed was limited to 250 km / h ( 155 mph ) , but with the limiter removed , it was capable of approximately 185 mph ( 298 km / h ) . AMG later unofficially conceded that 0 -- 60 mph was more like 5.0 seconds and the engine produced between 405 -- 410 bhp . Extremely rare was the SL 73 AMG , sold through Mercedes - AMG in 1995 , and offering the most powerful V12 engine ever put into an SL up to that time . After a brief hiatus , the SL73 was offered again from 1998 to 2001 . The same 7.3 L V12 was later used by Pagani in the Zonda . Even rarer is the SL 70 AMG ( 7.0 L ( 7055 cc ) V12 engine ) . The SL 55 AMG was sold in the R129 bodystyle from 1998 to 2001 in limited numbers ( 5.4 L V8 , 354 PS ( 260 kW ; 349 hp ) at 5500 rpm ) . It was the predecessor of the production R230 SL55 AMG sold later , albeit was normally aspirated in the R129 and not supercharged as in its R230 successor . `` 63 '' M156 6.2 L V8 ( edit ) The `` 63 '' M156 is currently in production in the C63 AMG , and tuned as the M159 in the SLS AMG , although there were many models that were previously in production . This naturally aspirated V8 will also be used to replace most of the `` 55 '' models . The published output according to Mercedes varies from 457 PS ( 336 kW ; 451 hp ) on the C63 AMG , to 525 PS ( 386 kW ; 518 hp ) on the C / CLK / R / ML / GL / S / SL / CL / E 63 AMG . The 2008 S63 / CL63 / SL63s that used the M156 engine at 518 horsepower edged out that of the S600 / CL600 / SL600 , the latter powered by the 510 horsepower 5.5 - liter twin - turbo V12 , while also having a higher redline . However , the S600 / CL600 / SL600 are more expensive and have more torque at 612 pound - feet ( 830 N m ) . The S63 / CL63 / SL63 however do have quicker acceleration times than their S600 / CL600 / SL600 counterparts and are the fastest in the lineup in 2014 , due to the added weight and torque of the 65s , thus decreasing the 0 - 60 times and the handling limits . Compared to the `` 55 '' supercharged 5.4 L V8 engine -- which was restricted to the Speedshift 5G - Tronic five - speed automatic transmission , as it had a torque capacity of 796 lb ft ( 1,079 N m ) -- the reduced torque of the `` 63 '' M156 6.2 L V8 means it can be mated with the more efficient 7G - Tronic , which can withstand a limit of 542 lb ft ( 735 N m ) . Despite the reduction in torque , the increased horsepower and more efficient transmission enables the `` 63 '' models to match or surpass the acceleration of the `` 55 '' models . Most of the M156 - engined models used the 7G - Tronic automatic transmission , however the more recent 2009 SL63 , 2010 E63 , and 2012 C63 use the 7 - speed MCT transmission . Previous M156 Models 2007 - 2010 S63 AMG 2007 - 2010 CL63 AMG 2007 - 2011 ML63 AMG 2007 R63 AMG 2007 - 2009 CLK63 AMG ( introduced at the 2006 Geneva Motor Show ) ( used as Safety Car for the 2006 and 2007 F1 World Championship ) 2007 - 2011 CLS63 AMG ( introduced at the 2006 Geneva Motor Show ) 2007 - 2009 E63 AMG ( Sedan and Wagon ) 2009 - 2012 SL63 AMG 2010 - 2012 E63 AMG ( Sedan and Wagon ) Black Series ( edit ) SLK55 AMG Black Series CLK63 AMG Black Series SL65 AMG Black Series C63 AMG Black Series SLS AMG Black Series The AMG Performance Studio in Affalterbach is responsible for the upgrades that make an AMG into an AMG Black Series model . The Black Series treatment is only available on 2 door vehicles , which includes weight reduction , bucket seats , exterior alterations , interior alterations , higher power , greater traction , handling , and significantly greater overall performance . Black Series models are known as street legal race cars . The SLS AMG Black Series was tested by Motor Trend to have a 0 - 60 time of 3.2 seconds , and a quarter mile time of 11.1 seconds at 129.8 mph . The SLS AMG Black Series `` demolished '' the Motor Trend figure eight in just 23.1 seconds , beating the McLaren MP4 - 12C , Ferrari 458 Italia , Audi R8 V10 Plus , and the SRT Viper . The SLS AMG Black Series is currently the 22nd fastest car to lap the Nürburgring . The SLS AMG Black Series had the same 1 : 19 time as the Lamborghini Murciélago LP670 - 4 SuperVeloce , the Ferrari Enzo , and beat the Ferrari 458 Italia , Lamborghini Gallardo LP 560 - 4 , Porsche 997 GT2 , and Nissan GT - R around the Top Gear test track . Electric Drive ( edit ) In 2013 , Mercedes - AMG announced the SLS AMG Coupe Electric Drive , which was to be the first zero emissions vehicle from AMG . The vehicle used technology derived from Formula 1 , and was the fastest electric car . The SLS AMG Electric Drive has 740 horsepower and 738 lb - ft of torque , and Mercedes - AMG claims a 0 - 60 time of 3.9 seconds . See also ( edit ) List of German cars Audi S and RS models BMW M Opel Performance Center Street and Racing Technology Special Vehicle Team Super Sport Gran Turismo References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Statement of Investments pursuant to Sections 285 and 313 of the German Commercial Code ( HGB ) for the Company and Consolidated Financial Statements of Daimler AG as of December 31 , 2011 '' ( PDF ) . daimler.com . Daimler AG . 2012 - 02 - 09 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2012 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mercedes - Benz AMG '' . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Mercedes - Benz C32 AMG Road Test '' . Edmunds . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Newhardt , David . `` Behind the Scenes : Mercedez - Benz AMG '' . MotorTrend . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ Hall , Jim . `` Rhapsody in Red : 500SL AMG '' Motor Trend Magazine , October , 1983 . Jump up ^ `` Mercedes - AMG : The AMG Story beginning '' . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AMG 's Hammer '' Auto Week , June 23 , 1986 . Jump up ^ Setright , LJK . `` Firebrand : AMG Hammer Sedan '' Car Magazine , December , 1986 . Pp. 149 - 155 Jump up ^ `` AMG 's new chief has big plans for 2006 - AutoWeek Magazine '' . Autoweek.com. 2006 - 01 - 20 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 BMW M5 vs. 2005 Mercedes - Benz e55 AMG - Full Metal Rockets - Luxury Road Test '' . Motor Trend . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ June 2001 BY PETER ROBINSON. `` 2002 Mercedes - Benz C32 AMG and SLK32 AMG - First Drive Review - Page 2 '' . Caranddriver.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Mercedes - Benz SL - Class '' . Autoblog.com . Jump up ^ `` Mercedes adds AMG moniker to Formula 1 team name '' . Autosport. 2011 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Erebus Motorsport on the V8 Supercar Grid in 2013 name '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Aston Martin in technical partnership with Mercedes - AMG GmbH '' . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mercedes - AMG GmbH and Aston Martin Lagonda Ltd. to enter technical partnership '' . 25 July 2013 . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aston Martin signs Letter of Intent for technical partnership with AMG '' . Autoblog. 2013 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mercedes - AMG : A High Performance Driving Experience '' . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` All - New 2014 CLA45 AMG 4 - Door Coupe '' . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Mercedes A 45 AMG : The most powerful 4 - cylinder turbo engine in the world - Car Engineer '' . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Mercedes - Benz CLA45 AMG First Test - Motor Trend '' . 2013 - 11 - 13 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` CLS63 4 - Door Coupe Mercedes - Benz '' . mbusa.com . Archived from the original on 2017 - 06 - 08 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` SL63 AMG Convertible Roadster Mercedes - Benz '' . mbusa.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` Engines : 5.5 L - V8 '' . Mercedes - AMG. 2009 - 10 - 14 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mercedes AMG New Twin - Turbo 5.5 Litre V8 Engine Revealed '' . Worldcarfans.com . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` AMG Replacing 6.3 V8 with 5.5 L Twin Turbo V8 '' . Carthrottle.com. 2010 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Mercedes - Benz S63 AMG - 2010 Geneva Auto Show Coverage , New Car Reviews , Concept Cars - Automobile Magazine '' . Automobilemag.com . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Mercedes - Benz S63 AMG '' . Canada.com. 2010 - 07 - 05 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Mercedes - Benz E63 AMG First Drive '' . Motor Trend . 2011 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` First Drive : 2011 Mercedes - Benz S63 AMG '' . Nationalpost.com . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Mercedes - Benz S65 AMG Photos and Info -- News -- Car and Driver '' . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Mercedes - Benz SL63 / SL65 AMG Reviews - Mercedes - Benz SL63 / SL65 AMG Price , Photos , and Specs - CAR and DRIVER '' . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Mercedes - Benz CLS63 AMG S Track Sheet '' ( PDF ) . caranddriver.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Luxury Super Sports Sedan Comparison - Audi RS7 , Mercedes - Benz CLS63 AMG S , Porsche Panamera Turbo - Motor Trend '' . motortrend.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ PeterH ( 2009 - 12 - 04 ) . `` Mercedes - Benz CL 65 AMG and S 65 AMG Mercedes '' . 500sec.com . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mercedes - Benz AMG 6.3 - liter V8 '' . Insideline.com. 2005 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Mercedes ' new CL65 AMG will now pack 621 horses - Drive On : A conversation about the cars and trucks we drive - USATODAY.com '' . Content.usatoday.com. 2010 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Mercedes CL63 & CL65 AMG revealed '' . Worldcarfans.com . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Mercedes AMG GT 2015 '' . askaprice.com. 2014 - 09 - 25 . Retrieved 25 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mercedes - Benz details new variable - displacement V8 for SLK55 AMG '' . Autoblog. 2011 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2014 Mercedes - Benz SLS AMG Electric Drive Photos and Info -- News -- Car and Driver '' . 2014 - 09 - 10 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Mercedes - Benz SLS AMG Black Series Test -- Review -- Car and Driver '' . December 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ June 2001 BY PETER ROBINSON. `` 2002 Mercedes - Benz C32 AMG and SLK32 AMG - First Drive Review - Car Reviews '' . Car and Driver . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Mercedes - Benz C32 AMG First Drive -- Full Review of the New Mercedes - Benz C32 AMG at '' . Roadandtrack.com. 2001 - 07 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 19 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 Audi S4 vs. BMW M3 , M-B C32 AMG '' . Car and Driver . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` C / D Test Results '' ( PDF ) . caranddriver.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Kim Wolfkill ( January 2003 ) . `` First Drives - Mercedes - Benz E55 AMG ( 1 / 2003 ) '' ( PDF ) . RoadandTrack.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ December 2002 BY PETER ROBINSON . `` Mercedes - Benz E55 AMG - First Drive Review - Car Reviews '' . Car and Driver . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Test Drive : 2004 Mercedes - Benz E55 AMG - Autos.ca '' . Canadiandriver.com. 2003 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 Mercedes Benz E55 AMG '' . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mercedes E55 AMG '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mercedes - Benz S63 AMG ( W220 ) - World 's Fastest Sedans '' . Fantasycars.com. 2006 - 12 - 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` MERCEDES BENZ S 63 AMG ( W220 ) 2001 - 2001 '' . autoevolution . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ http://www.supercars.net/garages/marcusmv3/126v2.html Jump up ^ Automobil Revue , catalogue edition 1995 , p. 380 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Mercedes - Benz CL63 AMG and S63 AMG - First Drive Review - Auto Reviews '' . Car and Driver . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Mercedes - Benz SLS AMG Black Series First Test - Motor Trend '' . 2013 - 08 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Lap Records Nürburgring Lap Times '' . Jump up ^ List of Top Gear test track Power Lap Times Bibliography ( edit ) Becker , Clauspeter ; Bolsinger , Markus ; Clauss , Michael ( 2013 ) . AMG 45 : The Story - The Cars . Bielefeld , Germany : Delius Klasing . ISBN 9783768834940 . Bolsinger , Markus ( 2013 ) . Mercedes - Benz SLS AMG . Bielefeld , Germany : Delius Klasing . ISBN 9783768833707 . Clarke , R.M. , ed. ( 2007 ) . Mercedes AMG Gold Portfolio 1983 - 1999 . Road Test Portfolio Series . Cobham , Surrey , UK : Brooklands Books . ISBN 9781855207455 . Clarke , R.M. , ed. ( 2007 ) . Mercedes AMG Ultimate Portfolio 2000 - 2006 . Road Test Portfolio Series . Cobham , Surrey , UK : Brooklands Books . ISBN 9781855207486 . Mühling , Frank ; Bolsinger , Markus ( 2006 ) . AMG : Reaching for the Stars . Bielefeld , Germany : Delius Klasing . ISBN 3768818098 . Rigatto , Alessandro ( 2011 ) . Typenkompass Mercedes - AMG Serien - und Rennsportwagen seit 1967 ( Typenkompass Mercedes - AMG Production and Racing Cars since 1967 ) . Typenkompass series ; Basiswissen für Auto - Freunde series ( in German ) . Stuttgart : Motorbuch Verlag . ISBN 9783613032736 . External links ( edit ) Official website Daimler AG Divisions and subsidiaries Cars Current Mercedes - Benz Mercedes - AMG Mercedes - Maybach Smart Trucks and vans Current BharatBenz Freightliner Manufacturing Commercial Vehicles Master Motors ( 80 % ) Mercedes - Benz Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus ( 85 % ) Western Star Defunct American LaFrance Sterling Trucks Buses Current BharatBenz Freightliner Manufacturing Commercial Vehicles Master Motors Mercedes Benz Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Setra / EvoBus Thomas Defunct Orion Motorsport Mercedes AMG Petronas Motorsport Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains Other Alliance Truck Parts car2Go Daimler Financial Services Mercedes - Benz Bank Detroit Diesel Mercedes - Benz India Mercedes - Benz Mexico Shareholdings and joint ventures Automotive Fuel Cell Cooperation ( 50.1 % ) Beijing Benz ( 50 % ) Denza ( 50 % ) Tognum AG ( 50 % ) Fujian Benz ( 50 % ) Here ( 33 % ) EADS ( 22.41 % ) Kamaz ( 10 % ) MV Agusta ( 25 % ) Tesla Motors ( 10 % ) Tata Motors ( 7 % ) Aston Martin ( 5 % ) Predecessors Benz & Company ( 1883 -- 1926 ) Daimler - Motoren - Gesellschaft AG ( 1890 -- 1926 ) Daimler - Benz AG ( 1926 -- 98 ) DaimlerChrysler AG ( 1998 -- 2007 ) Technologies Active Cylinder Control BlueTec People Wolfgang Bernhard Karlfried Nordmann Andreas Renschler Hans Scherenberg Jürgen E. Schrempp Karl Wilfert Joachim Zahn Dieter Zetsche Other DaimlerChrysler -- Mitsubishi alliance BeiBen Truck Commons Automotive industry in Germany Automotive industry Economy of Germany Transport in Germany Companies Active vehicle producers BMW BMW i BMW Motorrad Borgward Daimler Mercedes - Benz Setra / EvoBus Smart Maybach Apollo Automobil Krauss - Maffei Rheinmetall RMMV Volkswagen Group Audi MAN RMMV Porsche Volkswagen Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles Foreign owned Ford of Europe Ford - Werke Iveco Magirus Opel Hyundai Europe Defunct vehicle producers Auto Union DKW Horch NSU Wanderer Trabant Hansa Goliath North German Automobile and Engine Artega Automobile Fuldamobil Goggomobil Components ATR Behr Bosch Blaupunkt ETAS Group BBS Bühler Motor Continental Dräxlmaier Group Dürr AG Getrag Hella Hermann Peters KSPG Löwe Automobil Mahle Mann + Hummel Petri Schaeffler Voith ZF Friedrichshafen ZF Sachs Motorsport and tuners Abt Sportsline AC Schnitzer Alpina Audi Sport AMG Bitter Brabus BMW M Carlsson G - Power Gemballa Hamann Motorsport Hartge Je Design Koenig Specials Mansory Opel Performance Center PPI Automotive Design Rieger Tuning Ruf Automobile Steinmetz Opel Tuning Services Daimler Financial Services Mercedes - Benz Bank Sixt Related topics ADAC AMI Leipzig ASAM DTM Frankfurt Motor Show German Association of the Automotive Industry Nürburgring Defunct companies and marques above are shown in italics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercedes-AMG&oldid=799628162 '' Categories : Daimler AG subsidiaries Official motorsports and performance division of automakers Mercedes - Benz Auto parts suppliers of Germany Wheel manufacturers Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1967 1967 establishments in West Germany German brands Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters teams FIA GT Championship teams 24 Hours of Le Mans teams Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2010 Pages using deprecated image syntax CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 September 2017 , at 21 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what does amg mean on a mercedes benz | [
"AMG was founded as a racing engine forge in 1967 under the name AMG Motorenbau und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH (AMG Engine Production and Development, Ltd.), by former Mercedes-Benz engineers Hans Werner Aufrecht and Erhard Melcher in Burgstall an der Murr, near Stuttgart. The letters \"AMG\" stand for Aufrecht, Melcher and Großaspach (Aufrecht's birth town). In 1976 most of AMG moved to Affalterbach, with the racing-engine development remaining at the old location in Burgstall. At this time Erhard Melcher ceased to be a partner, but continued to be an employee at the Burgstall location."
] | [
"Aufrecht, Melcher and Großaspach"
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-1102865977926901392 | Edmund Hillary | Edmund Hillary - Wikipedia Edmund Hillary Jump to : navigation , search New Zealand mountaineer Sir Edmund Hillary KG ONZ KBE OSN c. 1953 Edmund Percival Hillary ( 1919 - 07 - 20 ) 20 July 1919 Auckland , New Zealand 11 January 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 11 ) ( aged 88 ) Auckland City Hospital , Auckland , New Zealand Known for With Tenzing Norgay , first to reach summit of Mount Everest Spouse ( s ) Louise Mary Rose ( m . 1953 ; her death 1975 ) June Mulgrew ( m . 1989 ; his death 2008 ) Children 3 , including Peter Signature Sir Edmund Percival Hillary KG ONZ KBE OSN ( 20 July 1919 -- 11 January 2008 ) was a New Zealand mountaineer , explorer , and philanthropist . On 29 May 1953 , Hillary and Nepalese Sherpa mountaineer Tenzing Norgay became the first climbers confirmed to have reached the summit of Mount Everest . They were part of the ninth British expedition to Everest , led by John Hunt . Hillary became interested in mountaineering while in secondary school . He made his first major climb in 1939 , reaching the summit of Mount Ollivier . He served in the Royal New Zealand Air Force as a navigator during World War II . Prior to the Everest expedition , Hillary had been part of the British reconnaissance expedition to the mountain in 1951 as well as an unsuccessful attempt to climb Cho Oyu in 1952 . As part of the Commonwealth Trans - Antarctic Expedition he reached the South Pole overland in 1958 . He subsequently reached the North Pole , making him the first person to reach both poles and summit Everest . Following his ascent of Everest , Hillary devoted himself to assisting the Sherpa people of Nepal through the Himalayan Trust , which he established . His efforts are credited with the construction of many schools and hospitals in Nepal . From 1985 to 1988 he served as New Zealand 's High Commissioner to India and Bangladesh and concurrently as Ambassador to Nepal . Hillary had numerous honours conferred upon him , including the Order of the Garter in 1995 . Upon his death in 2008 , he was given a state funeral in New Zealand . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 World War II 3 Expeditions 3.1 1953 Everest expedition 3.2 After Everest 4 Public recognition 5 Personal life 5.1 Philanthropy 5.2 Political involvement 6 Death 6.1 Posthumous tributes 7 Arms 8 Publications 9 Notes 10 References 10.1 Citations 10.2 Sources 11 External links Early Life Hillary 's mother Gertrude Clark , 1909 Hillary was born to Percival Augustus and Gertrude ( née Clark ) Hillary in Auckland , New Zealand , on 20 July 1919 . His family moved to Tuakau , south of Auckland , in 1920 , after his father , who served at Gallipoli with the 15th ( North Auckland ) Regiment , was allocated land there . His grandparents had emigrated from Yorkshire to northern Wairoa in the mid-19th century . Hillary was educated at Tuakau Primary School and then Auckland Grammar School . He finished primary school two years early and at high school achieved average marks . He was initially smaller than his peers and shy , but gained confidence after taking up boxing . He became interested in climbing when he was 16 following a school trip to Mount Ruapehu , after which he showed more interest in tramping than in studying and said he `` wanted to see the world '' . He studied mathematics and science at Auckland University College and in 1939 completed his first major climb , reaching the summit of Mount Ollivier , near Aoraki / Mount Cook in the Southern Alps . He took up beekeeping with his brother , which occupied him in the summer while he concentrated on climbing in winter . His father was a beekeeper , and although Hillary 's inclination was for climbing , he became a professional beekeeper . He joined the Radiant Living Tramping Club , where a health philosophy developed by Herbert Sutcliffe was taught ; tours with the club through the Waitakere Ranges further developed his love of the outdoors . World War II Hillary in Royal New Zealand Air Force uniform at Delta Camp , near Blenheim , New Zealand , during World War II At the outbreak of World War II , Hillary applied to join the Royal New Zealand Air Force ( RNZAF ) but quickly withdrew the application , later writing that he was `` harassed by my religious conscience '' . In 1943 , with the Japanese threat in the Pacific and the arrival of conscription , he joined the RNZAF as a navigator in No. 6 Squadron RNZAF and later No. 5 Squadron RNZAF on Catalina flying boats . In 1945 , he was sent to Fiji and to the Solomon Islands , where he was badly burnt in an accident . Expeditions In January 1948 , Hillary and others ascended the south ridge of Aoraki / Mount Cook , New Zealand 's highest peak . In 1951 he was part of a British reconnaissance expedition to Everest led by Eric Shipton , before joining the successful British attempt of 1953 . In 1952 , Hillary and George Lowe were part of the British team led by Shipton , that attempted Cho Oyu . After that attempt failed due to the lack of route from the Nepal side , Hillary and Lowe crossed the Nup La pass into Tibet and reached the old Camp II , on the northern side , where all the previous expeditions had camped . 1953 Everest expedition Main article : 1953 British Mount Everest expedition External audio Sir Edmund Hillary Scales the Heights of Literary Society , 1954 , Hillary speaks 5 : 00 -- 18 : 57 , WNYC In 1949 , the long - standing climbing route to the summit of Everest was closed by Chinese - controlled Tibet . For the next several years , Nepal allowed only one or two expeditions per year . A Swiss expedition ( in which Tenzing took part ) attempted to reach the summit in 1952 , but was forced back by bad weather around 800 feet ( 240 m ) below the summit . In 1952 Hillary learned that he and Lowe had been invited by the Joint Himalayan Committee for the 1953 British attempt and immediately accepted . Shipton was named as leader but was replaced by Hunt . Hillary was immediately impressed by Hunt 's energy and determination . Hillary had intended to climb with Lowe , but Hunt named two teams for the assault : Tom Bourdillon and Charles Evans ; and Hillary and Tenzing . Hillary , therefore , made a concerted effort to forge a working friendship with Tenzing . Tenzing and Hillary The Hunt expedition totalled over 400 people , including 362 porters , 20 Sherpa guides , and 10,000 pounds ( 4,500 kg ) of baggage . Lowe supervised the preparation of the Lhotse Face , a huge and steep ice face , for climbing . Hillary forged a route through the treacherous Khumbu Icefall . The expedition set up base camp in March 1953 and , working slowly , set up its final camp at the South Col at 25,900 feet ( 7,890 m ) . On 26 May , Bourdillon and Evans attempted the climb but turned back when Evans ' oxygen system failed . The pair had reached the South Summit , coming within 300 vertical feet ( 91 m ) of the summit . Hunt then directed Hillary and Tenzing to attempt the summit . Snow and wind delayed them at the South Col for two days . They set out on 28 May with the support of Lowe , Alfred Gregory , and Ang Nyima . The two pitched a tent at 27,900 feet ( 8,500 m ) on 28 May , while their support group returned down the mountain . On the following morning Hillary discovered that his boots had frozen solid outside the tent . He spent two hours warming them over a stove before he and Tenzing , wearing 30 - pound ( 14 kg ) packs , attempted the final ascent . The final obstacle was the 40 - foot ( 12 m ) rock face now called `` Hillary Step '' ; Hillary later wrote : I noticed a crack between the rock and the snow sticking to the East Face . I crawled inside and wriggled and jammed my way to the top ... Tenzing slowly joined me and we moved on . I chopped steps over bump after bump , wondering a little desperately where the top could be . Then I saw the ridge ahead dropped away to the north and above me on the right was a rounded snow dome . A few more whacks with my ice - axe and Tenzing and I stood on top of Everest . Hillary and Tenzing on return from the Everest 's summit Tenzing later wrote that Hillary took the first step onto the summit and he followed . They reached Everest 's 29,028 ft ( 8,848 m ) summit -- the highest point on earth -- at 11 : 30 am . They spent about 15 minutes at the summit . Hillary took a photo of Tenzing posing with his ice - axe , but there is no photo of Hillary . BBC News attributed this to Tenzing 's having never used a camera ; Tenzing 's autobiography says that Hillary simply declined to have his picture taken . They also took photos looking down the mountain . Hillary ( left ) and George Lowe ( right ) with Governor - General Sir Willoughby Norrie at Government House , Wellington , 20 August 1953 Tenzing left chocolates at the summit as an offering , and Hillary left a cross given him by John Hunt . Their descent was complicated by drifting snow which had covered their tracks . The first person they met was Lowe ; Hillary said , `` Well , George , we knocked the bastard off . '' They returned to Kathmandu a few days later and learned that Hillary had already been appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire and Hunt a Knight Bachelor . News reached Britain on the day of Queen Elizabeth II 's coronation , and the press called it a coronation gift . The 37 members of the party later received the Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal with mount everest expedition engraved along the rim . In addition to the knighting of Hillary and Hunt , Tenzing -- ineligible for knighthood as a Nepalese citizen -- received the George Medal . Tenzing also received the Star of Nepal from King Tribhuvan . After Everest In the cockpit of the Commonwealth Trans - Antarctic Expedition 's DHC - 2 , 1956 Hillary climbed ten other peaks in the Himalayas on further visits in 1956 , 1960 -- 1961 , and 1963 -- 1965 . He also reached the South Pole as part of the Commonwealth Trans - Antarctic Expedition , for which he led the New Zealand section , on 4 January 1958 . His party was the first to reach the Pole overland since Amundsen in 1911 and Scott in 1912 , and the first ever to do so using motor vehicles . In 1960 Hillary organized an expedition to search for the fabled abominable snowman . Hillary was with the expedition for five months , although it lasted for ten . No evidence of Yetis was found , instead footprints and tracks were proven to be from other causes . During the expedition , Hillary travelled to remote temples which contained `` Yeti scalps '' ; however after bringing back three relics , two were shown to be from bears and one from a goat antelope . Hillary said after the expedition : `` The yeti is not a strange , superhuman creature as has been imagined . We have found rational explanations for most yeti phenomena '' . Hillary in 1957 after accompanying the first plane to land at the Marble Point ground air strip , Antarctica In 1962 he was a guest on the television game show What 's My Line ? ; he stumped the panel , comprising Dorothy Kilgallen , Arlene Francis , Bennett Cerf , and Merv Griffin . In 1977 , he led a jetboat expedition , titled `` Ocean to Sky '' , from the mouth of the Ganges River to its source . From 1977 to 1979 he commentated aboard Antarctic sightseeing flights operated by Air New Zealand . In 1985 , he accompanied Neil Armstrong in a small twin - engined ski plane over the Arctic Ocean and landed at the North Pole . Hillary thus became the first man to stand at both poles and on the summit of Everest . This accomplishment inspired generations of explorers to compete over what later was defined as Three Poles Challenge . In January 2007 , Hillary travelled to Antarctica as part of a delegation commemorating the 50th anniversary of the founding of Scott Base . Public recognition Hillary on the New Zealand five - dollar note On 6 June 1953 Hillary was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire and received the Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal the same year . On 6 February 1987 , he was the fourth appointee to the Order of New Zealand . He was also awarded the Polar Medal in 1958 for his part in the Commonwealth Trans - Antarctic Expedition , the Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu , 1st Class of the Kingdom of Nepal in 1953 , and the Coronation Medal in 1975 . On 22 April 1995 Hillary was appointed Knight Companion of The Most Noble Order of the Garter . On 17 June 2004 Hillary was awarded Commander 's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland . The Government of India conferred on him its second highest civilian award , the Padma Vibhushan , posthumously , in 2008 . To mark the 50th anniversary of the first successful ascent of Everest , the Nepalese government conferred honorary citizenship upon Hillary at a special Golden Jubilee celebration in Kathmandu , Nepal . He was the first foreign national to receive that honour . Since 1992 , New Zealand 's $5 note has featured Hillary 's portrait , making him the only living person not a current head of state ever to appear on a New Zealand banknote . In giving his permission , Hillary insisted that Aoraki / Mount Cook rather than Mount Everest be used as the backdrop . Statue of Hillary gazing towards Aoraki / Mount Cook , one of his favourite peaks Annual Reader 's Digest polls from 2005 to 2007 named Hillary as `` New Zealand 's most trusted individual '' . Hillary 's favoured New Zealand charity was the Sir Edmund Hillary Outdoor Pursuits Centre , of which he was patron for 35 years . He was particularly keen on how this organisation introduced young New Zealanders to the outdoors in a very similar way to his first experience of a school trip to Mt Ruapehu at the age of 16 . A 2.3 - metre ( 7.5 ft ) bronze statue of Hillary was erected outside The Hermitage Hotel at Mount Cook Village ; it was unveiled by Hillary himself in 2003 . Various streets , institutions and organisations around New Zealand and abroad are named after him -- for example , the Sir Edmund Hillary Collegiate in Otara , which was established by Hillary in 2001 . Two Antarctic features are named after Hillary . The Hillary Coast is a section of coastline south of Ross Island and north of the Shackleton Coast . The Hillary Canyon , an undersea feature in the Ross Sea , appears on the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans , published by the International Hydrographic Organization . Personal Life Hillary , with first wife , Louise , and son , Peter , 1955 Hillary married Louise Mary Rose on 3 September 1953 , soon after the ascent of Everest ; he admitted he was terrified of proposing to her and relied on her mother to propose on his behalf . They had three children : Peter ( born 1954 ) , Sarah ( born 1955 ) and Belinda ( 1959 -- 1975 ) . In 1975 while en route to join Hillary in the village of Phaphlu , where he was helping to build a hospital , Louise and Belinda were killed in a plane crash near Kathmandu airport shortly after take - off . In 1989 he married June Mulgrew , the widow of his close friend Peter Mulgrew , who died on Air New Zealand Flight 901 in 1979 . His son Peter Hillary also became a climber , summiting Everest in 1990 . In May 2002 Peter climbed Everest as part of a 50th anniversary celebration ; Jamling Tenzing Norgay ( son of Tenzing who had died in 1986 ) was also part of the expedition . Hillary 's home for most of his life was a property on Remuera Road in Auckland City , where he enjoyed reading adventure and science fiction novels in his retirement . He also built a bach at Whites Beach , one of Auckland 's west coast beaches in the former Waitakere City , between Anawhata and North Piha ; a friend called it Hillary 's place of solace , where he could escape media attention . The Hillary family has had a connection with the west coast of Auckland since 1925 , when Louise 's father built a bach at Anawhata . The family donated land at Whites Beach that is now crossed by trampers on the Hillary Trail , named for Edmund . Hillary said of the area : `` That is the thing that international travel brings home to me -- it 's always good to be going home . This is the only place I want to live in ; this is the place I want to see out my days . '' Philanthropy Hillary in Warsaw in 2004 , wearing his Commander 's Cross of the Order of Merit Following his ascent of Everest he devoted himself to assisting the Sherpa people of Nepal through the Himalayan Trust , which he established in 1960 and led until his death in 2008 . His efforts are credited with the construction of many schools and hospitals in this remote region of the Himalayas . He was the Honorary President of the American Himalayan Foundation , a United States non-profit body that helps improve the ecology and living conditions in the Himalayas . He was also the Honorary President of Mountain Wilderness , an international NGO dedicated to the worldwide protection of mountains . Political involvement Hillary took part in the 1975 New Zealand general election , as a member of the `` Citizens for Rowling '' campaign . His involvement in this campaign was seen as precluding his nomination as Governor - General ; the position was offered to Keith Holyoake in 1977 . In 1985 , Hillary was appointed New Zealand High Commissioner to India ( concurrently High Commissioner to Bangladesh and Ambassador to Nepal ) and spent four and a half years based in New Delhi . In 1975 , Hillary served as a vice president for the Abortion Law Reform Association of New Zealand , a national pro-choice advocacy group . He was also a patron of REPEAL , an organization seeking repeal of the restrictive Contraception , Sterilisation , and Abortion Act 1977 . Death People draped in the Flag of New Zealand as Hillary 's hearse passes On 22 April 2007 , while on a trip to Kathmandu , Hillary suffered a fall , and was hospitalised after returning to New Zealand . On 11 January 2008 he died of heart failure at Auckland City Hospital . Flags were lowered to half - mast on New Zealand public buildings and at Scott Base in Antarctica , and Prime Minister Helen Clark called Hillary 's death a `` profound loss to New Zealand '' . On 21 January , Hillary 's casket was taken into Holy Trinity Cathedral , Auckland , to lie in state . A state funeral was held on 22 January 2008 , after which his body was cremated . On 29 February 2008 most of his ashes were scattered in Auckland 's Hauraki Gulf per his desire . The remainder went to a Nepalese monastery near Everest ; a plan to scatter them on the summit was cancelled in 2010 . Posthumous tributes In January 2008 , Lukla Airport , in Lukla , Nepal , was renamed to Tenzing -- Hillary Airport in recognition of their promotion of its construction . On 2 April 2008 , a service of thanksgiving in Hillary 's honour at St George 's Chapel at Windsor Castle was attended by Queen Elizabeth , New Zealand dignitaries including Prime Minister Helen Clark , and members of Hillary 's and Norgay 's families ; Gurkha soldiers from Nepal stood guard outside the ceremony . In October 2008 , it was announced that future rugby test matches between England and New Zealand would be played for the Hillary Shield . In 2009 the Duke of Edinburgh 's Award in New Zealand -- formerly the Young New Zealanders ' Challenge -- was renamed `` The Duke of Edinburgh 's Hillary Award '' . On 5 November 2008 , a commemorative set of five stamps was issued by New Zealand Post . There have been many calls for lasting tributes to Hillary . The first major public tribute has been by way of the `` Summits for Ed '' tribute tour organised by the Sir Edmund Hillary Foundation . This tribute tour went from Bluff at the bottom of the South Island to Cape Reinga at the tip of the North Island , visiting 39 towns and cities along the way . In each venue , school children and members of the public were invited to join together to climb a significant hill or site in their area to show their respect for Hillary . The public were also invited to bring small rocks or pebbles that had special significance to them , that would be included in a memorial to Hillary at the base of Mt Ruapehu , in the grounds of the Sir Edmund Hillary Outdoor Pursuits Centre . Funds donated during the tour are used by the foundation to sponsor young New Zealanders on outdoor courses . Over 8,000 persons attended these `` Summit '' climbs between March and May 2008 . View from the Hillary Trail The tribute song `` Hillary 88 '' , by the New Zealand duo The Kiwis , is the official world memorial song for Hillary , with the endorsement of Lady Hillary . A four - day track in the Waitakere Ranges , along Auckland 's west coast , is named the Hillary Trail , in honour of Hillary . Hillary 's father - in - law , Jim Rose , who had built a bach at Anawhata in 1925 , wrote in his 1982 history of Anawhata Beach , `` My family look forward to the time when we will be able to walk from Huia to Muriwai on public walking tracks like the old - time Maori could do '' . Hillary loved the area , and had his own bach near Anawhata . The track was opened on 11 January 2010 , the second anniversary of Hillary 's death . Rose Track , descending from Anawhata Road to Whites Beach , is named after the Rose family . The South Ridge of Aoraki / Mount Cook , New Zealand 's highest mountain , was renamed Hillary Ridge on 18 August 2011 . Hillary and three other climbers were the first party to successfully climb the ridge in 1948 . In September 2013 the Government of Nepal proposed naming a 7,681 metres ( 25,200 ft ) mountain in Nepal Hillary Peak in his honour . After the New Horizons mission discovered a mountain range on Pluto on 14 July 2015 , it was informally named Hillary Montes ( Hillary Mountains ) by NASA . The Sir Edmund Hillary Mountain Legacy Medal , awarded by the Nepalese NGO Mountain Legacy `` for remarkable service in the conservation of culture and nature in mountainous regions '' was inaugurated in 2003 , with the approval of Sir Edmund Hillary . A bronze bust of Hillary ( circa 1953 ) by Ophelia Gordon Bell is in the Te Papa museum in Wellington , New Zealand . The Sir Edmund Hillary Archive was added to the UNESCO Memory of the world archive in 2013 , it is currently held by Auckland War Memorial Museum . Arms Coat of arms of Edmund Hillary Crest An azure kiwi grasping an ice axe . Escutcheon A stylised mountain range surrounded by three prayer wheels . Supporters A Fiordland crested penguin wearing a plain collar on either side . Compartment An iceflow proper . Motto Nothing venture , nothing win Orders The Order of the Garter ribbon . Honi soit qui mal y pense ( Shame be to him who thinks evil of it ) Publications Books written by Edmund Hillary Title Year Publisher ISBN / ASIN Co-author Ref High Adventure 1955 Hodder & Stoughton ISBN 1 - 932302 - 02 - 6 n / a East of Everest -- An Account of the New Zealand Alpine Club Himalayan Expedition to the Barun Valley in 1954 1956 E.P. Dutton ASIN B000EW84UM George Lowe No Latitude for Error 1961 Hodder & Stoughton . ASIN B000H6UVP6 n / a The New Zealand Antarctic Expedition 1959 R.W. Stiles , printers . ASIN B0007K6D72 n / a The Crossing of Antarctica : The Commonwealth Transantarctic Expedition , 1955 -- 1958 1958 Cassell ASIN B000HJGZ08 Vivian Fuchs High in the thin cold air 1962 Doubleday ASIN B00005W121 Desmond Doig Schoolhouse in the Clouds 1965 Hodder & Stoughton ASIN B00005WRBB n / a Nothing Venture , Nothing Win Hodder & Stoughton ISBN 0 - 340 - 21296 - 9 n / a From the Ocean to the Sky : Jet Boating Up the Ganges 1979 Viking ISBN 0 - 7089 - 0587 - 0 n / a Two Generations 1984 Hodder & Stoughton ISBN 0 - 340 - 35420 - 8 Peter Hillary View from the Summit : The Remarkable Memoir by the First Person to Conquer Everest 2000 Pocket ISBN 0 - 7434 - 0067 - 4 n / a Notes Jump up ^ Also High Adventure : The True Story of the First Ascent of Everest Jump up ^ ( reprinted Oxford University Press ( paperback ) Jump up ^ and ISBN 0 - 19 - 516734 - 1 Jump up ^ the story of the Himalayan Expedition , led by Sir Edmund Hillary , sponsored by World Book Encyclopedia Jump up ^ reissued as Ascent : Two Lives Explored : The Autobiographies of Sir Edmund and Peter Hillary Jump up ^ ( 1992 ) Paragon House Publishers ISBN 1 - 55778 - 408 - 6 . References Citations ^ Jump up to : `` Famous New Zealanders '' . Christchurch City Libraries . Retrieved 23 January 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Edmund Hillary '' . New Zealand History . Wellington , New Zealand : Research and Publishing Group of the New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Tyler , Heather ( 8 October 2005 ) . `` Authorised Hillary biography reveals private touches '' . The New Zealand Herald . NZPA . Retrieved 29 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Simon ( 10 January 2008 ) . `` Sir Edmund Hillary : Top of the World '' . TIME Magazine . Retrieved 14 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Hillary 1955 , p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hillary mourned , both in Nepal and New Zealand '' . Times Online . 11 January 2008 . Retrieved 12 January 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Robert Sullivan , Time Magazine , Sir Edmund Hillary -- A visit with the world 's greatest living adventurer , 12 September 2003 . Retrieved 22 January 2007 . Archived 25 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : National Geographic , Everest : 50 Years and Counting . Retrieved 22 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Hillary , Sir Edmund ( Percival ) . ( 2017 ) . In Encyclopaedia Britannica , Britannica concise encyclopedia . Chicago , IL : Britannica Digital Learning . Retrieved from https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/ebconcise/hillary_sir_edmund_percival/0?institutionId=292 ^ Jump up to : `` Sir Edmund Hillary . '' Britannica Academic , Encyclopædia Britannica , 5 September 2012 . academic - eb - com / levels / collegiate / article / Sir - Edmund - Hillary / 40469 . Accessed 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Barnett , Shaun ( 30 October 2012 ) . `` Hillary , Edmund Percival -- Early mountaineering '' . Te Ara : The Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Ministry for Culture and Heritage . Retrieved 30 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Calder , Peter ( 11 January 2008 ) . `` Sir Edmund Hillary 's life '' . The New Zealand Herald . APN Holdings NZ Limited . Retrieved 11 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Edmund Percival Hillary '' . Auckland War Memorial Museum . Retrieved 16 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Langton , Graham ( 22 June 2007 ) . `` Ayres , Horace Henry 1912 -- 1987 '' . Dictionary of New Zealand Biography . Ministry for Culture and Heritage . Retrieved 2 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Isserman , Maurice ; Weaver , Stewart ( 2008 ) . Fallen Giants : A History of Himalayan Mountaineering from the Age of Empire to the Age of Extremes . New Haven : Yale University Press . p. 278 . Jump up ^ Barnett , Shaun ( 7 December 2010 ) . `` Cho Oyu expedition team , 1952 '' . Te Ara : The Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Jump up ^ Gordon , Harry ( 12 January 2008 ) . `` Hillary , deity of the high country '' , The Australian . Retrieved 19 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Edmund Hillary scales the heights of literary society '' . WNYC . Retrieved 31 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Isserman , Maurice ; Weaver , Stewart ( 2008 ) . Fallen Giants : A History of Himalayan Mountaineering from the Age of Empire to the Age of Extremes . New Haven : Yale University Press . p. 437 . Jump up ^ Hillary 1955 , pp. 48,235 . Jump up ^ Hillary 1955 , p. 117 . ^ Jump up to : Hillary 1955 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Isserman , Maurice ; Weaver , Stewart ( 2008 ) . Fallen Giants : A History of Himalayan Mountaineering from the Age of Empire to the Age of Extremes . New Haven : Yale University Press . pp. 284 -- 286 . Jump up ^ Hillary of New Zealand and Tenzing reach the top , Reuter ( in The Guardian , 2 June 1953 ) ^ Jump up to : Reaching The Top Archived 16 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Royal Geographical Society . Retrieved 13 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Hillary 1955 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Elish 2007 , p. 30 . ^ Jump up to : The New Zealand Edge , Sir Edmund Hillary -- King Of The World . Retrieved 22 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Hillary 1955 , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Isserman , Maurice ; Weaver , Stewart ( 2008 ) . Fallen Giants : A History of Himalayan Mountaineering from the Age of Empire to the Age of Extremes . New Haven : Yale University Press . p. 288 . Jump up ^ Hillary 1955 , p. 213 . Jump up ^ Two Generations . pp. 27 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Everest not as tall as thought Agençe France - Presse ( on abc.net.au ) , 10 October 2005 Jump up ^ Obituary : Sir Edmund Hillary BBC News , 11 January 2008 ^ Jump up to : Joanna Wright ( 2003 ) . `` The Photographs Archived 5 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine . '' , in Everest , Summit of Achievement , by the Royal Geographical Society . Simon & Schuster , New York . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 4386 - 2 . Retrieved 11 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Hillary 1955 , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Editorial Staff ( 12 June 1953 ) . `` ( announcements ) '' . The London Gazette . p. 3273 . Retrieved 12 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Reuters ( 2 June 1953 ) , `` 2 of British Team Conquer Everest '' , New York Times , p. 1 , retrieved 18 December 2009 Jump up ^ Johnston & Larsen 2005 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ ' George Medal for Tensing -- Award Approved by the Queen ' in The Times ( London ) , issue 52663 dated Thursday 2 July 1953 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Hansen , Peter H. ( 2004 ) . `` ' Tenzing Norgay ( Sherpa Tenzing ) ( 1914 -- 1986 ) ' '' ( ( subscription required ) ) . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 18 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Vallely , Paul ( 10 May 1986 ) . `` Man of the mountains Tenzing dies '' . The Times . UK . Jump up ^ McFadden , Robert D. ( 2008 ) . `` Edmund Hillary , First on Everest , Dies at 88 '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Ministry for Culture and Heritage ( 22 July 2014 ) . `` Edmund Hillary in Antarctica '' . New Zealand History online -- Nga korero aipurangi o Aotearoa . Wellington , New Zealand . Retrieved 18 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hillary , Sir Edmund Percival . ( 2017 ) . In P. Lagasse , & Columbia University , The Columbia encyclopedia ( 7th ed . ) . New York , NY : Columbia University Press . Retrieved from https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/columency/hillary_sir_edmund_percival/0?institutionId=292 Jump up ^ `` Sir Edmund Hillary , a Life in Pictures '' . news.nationalgeographic.com . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Yeti : Asia 's Abominable Snowman '' . Live Science . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Objects of Intrigue : Yeti Scalp '' . Atlas Obscura. 30 May 2013 . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Yeti scalp ' fails to convince Hillary '' . Stars and Stripes . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` What 's My Line ? -- Sir Edmund Hillary ; Diahann Carroll ; Merv Griffin ( panel ) ( May 20 , 1962 ) '' . Retrieved 11 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Ministry for Culture and Heritage ( 13 January 2016 ) . `` The end of the ' big mountain days ' -- Ed Hillary '' `` . New Zealand History online -- Nga korero aipurangi o Aotearoa . Wellington , New Zealand . Retrieved 18 November 2016 . Jump up ^ The Antarctic experience -- Erebus disaster New Zealand History online ; retrieved 13 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Attwooll , Jolyon . `` Sixty fascinating Everest facts '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 22 July 2016 . Jump up ^ TIME : The Greatest Adventures of All Time -- The Race to the Pole ( interview with Sir Edmund ) Archived 25 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ March 2003 interview with Hillary in The Guardian Jump up ^ `` Video : Interview on HardTalk '' . BBC News . 11 January 2008 . Retrieved 13 March 2010 . Jump up ^ NDTV , Sir Edmund Hillary revisits Antarctica , 20 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Harvey , Claire ( 21 January 2007 ) . `` Claire Harvey on Ice : Mt Erebus sends chills of horror '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 29 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Radio Network , PM and Sir Edmund Hillary off to Scott Base , 15 January 2007 . Retrieved 20 January 2007 . Archived 26 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` No. 39886 '' . The London Gazette. 12 June 1953 . p. 3273 . Jump up ^ `` The Order of New Zealand '' ( 12 February 1987 ) 20 New Zealand Gazette 705 at 709 . Jump up ^ `` No. 41384 '' . The London Gazette. 13 May 1958 . p. 2997 . Jump up ^ `` medal , award '' . Auckland War Memorial Museum . Retrieved 16 November 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Shea , Phillip . `` The orders , decorations and medals of Sir Edmund Hillary , KG , ON Z , KBE ( 1919 -- 2008 ) '' ( PDF ) . Reserve Bank Museum . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 November 2010 . Retrieved 7 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Editorial Staff ( 25 April 1995 ) . `` State Intelligence '' . the London Gazette . p. 6023 . Retrieved 12 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Most Noble Order of the Garter - K.G. '' ( 4 May 1995 ) 42 1071 at 1088 . Jump up ^ `` Zmarł Edmund Hillary , pierwszy zdobywca Mt Everest '' . Gazeta.pl Wiadomości ( in Polish ) . Agora S.A. 10 January 2008 . Archived from the original on 20 July 2014 . Retrieved 15 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pranab , Tendulkar , Asha Bhosle receive Padma Vibhushan '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 6 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Mountaineering Great Edmund Hillary passes away 12 January 2008 The Rising Nepal Archived 4 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Sir Edmund Hillary -- Commemorative $5 Bank Note '' . www.siredmundhillary.com . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Banknotes in circulation '' . Reserve Bank of New Zealand . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Explaining Currency Archived 12 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine . NZ Government Jump up ^ `` Sir Ed tops NZ 's most trusted list '' . Television New Zealand . 30 June 2005 . Retrieved 12 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Rowan , Juliet ( 29 May 2007 ) . `` Parents trust firefighters , but want kids to be high - earning lawyers '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 12 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Our Uniqueness '' . Hillary Outdoors Education Centres OPC . Archived from the original on 2 February 2017 . 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The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 29 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : McKenzie - Minifie , Martha ( 11 January 2008 ) . `` State funeral for Sir Edmund Hillary '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 29 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Flag flies at half - mast over a sad Scott Base '' . Stuff.co.nz . Archived from the original on 26 May 2012 . Retrieved 29 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Clark statement on Hillary death , cnn.com ; retrieved 11 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Edmund Hillary lies in state '' . Fairfax Media . 21 January 2008 . Archived from the original on 13 September 2012 . Retrieved 21 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` State funeral for Sir Ed '' . Stuff.co.nz . Retrieved 29 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Edmund Hillary takes final voyage , ashes scattered at sea '' . The New Zealand Herald . 29 February 2008 . Retrieved 29 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sherpas cancel plan to spread Hillary ashes on Everest '' . BBC News . 9 April 2010 . Retrieved 10 April 2010 . 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Bakewell , Chambers Biographical Dictionary ( 9th ed . ) . London , UK : Chambers Harrap . Retrieved from https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/chambbd/hillary_sir_edmund_percival/1?institutionId=292 Sources Elish , Dan ( 2007 ) . Edmund Hillary : First to the Top . Marshall Cavendish . ISBN 978 - 0 - 761 - 42224 - 2 . Hillary , Edmund ( 1955 ) . High Adventure. 649 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 195 - 16734 - 4 . Johnston , Alexa ; Larsen , David ( 2005 ) . Reaching the Summit : Sir Edmund Hillary 's Life of Adventure . DK Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 756 - 61527 - 7 . Johnston , Alexa ( 2013 ) . Sir Edmund Hillary : An Extraordinary Life . Penguin Random House New Zealand Limited . p. 504 . ISBN 978 - 0143006466 . Little , Paul ( 2012 ) . After Everest : Inside the private world of Edmund Hillary . Sydney , Australia : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 978 - 1 - 877505 - 20 - 1 . Tuckey , Harriet ( 2013 ) . Everest : The First Ascent -- How a Champion of Science Helped to Conquer the Mountain . Lyons Press . p. 424 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 762 - 79192 - 7 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Edmund Hillary Wikimedia Commons has media related to Edmund Hillary . Edmund Hillary biography from the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography On top of the world : Ed Hillary at nzhistory.net.nz Videos ( 10 ) at the New Zealand National Film Unit Obituary of Edmund Hillary at tributes.com Interview with Sir Edmund Hillary : Mountain Climbing at Smithsonian Folkways Edmund Hillary on BBC Radio 4 's Desert Island Discs , 17 April 1979 Edmund Hillary 's collection at Auckland War Memorial Museum Tāmaki Paenga Hira Edmund Hillary addressing The New York Herald Tribune Book and Author Luncheon , February 10 , 1954 broadcast by WNYC Polar exploration Arctic Ocean History Expeditions Research stations Farthest North North Pole Barentsz Hudson Marmaduke Carolus Parry North Magnetic Pole J. Ross J.C. Ross Abernethy Kane Hayes Polaris Polaris C.F. Hall British Arctic Expedition HMS Alert Nares HMS Discovery Stephenson Markham Lady Franklin Bay Expedition Greely Lockwood Brainard 1st Fram expedition Fram Nansen Johansen Sverdrup Jason Amedeo F. Cook Peary Sedov Byrd Airship Norge Amundsen Nobile Wisting Riiser - Larsen Ellsworth Airship Italia Nautilus Wilkins ANT - 25 Chkalov Baydukov Belyakov `` North Pole '' manned drifting ice stations NP - 1 Papanin Shirshov E. Fyodorov Krenkel NP - 36 NP - 37 Sedov Badygin Wiese USS Nautilus USS Skate Plaisted Herbert NS Arktika Barneo Arktika 2007 Mir submersibles Sagalevich Chilingarov Iceland Greenland Pytheas Brendan Papar Vikings Naddodd Svavarsson Arnarson Norse colonization of the Americas Ulfsson Galti Erik the Red Christian IV 's expeditions J. Hall Cunningham Lindenov C. Richardson Danish colonization Egede Scoresby Jason Nansen Sverdrup Peary Rasmussen Northwest Passage Northern Canada Cabot G. Corte - Real M. Corte - Real Frobisher Gilbert Davis Hudson Discovery Bylot Baffin Munk I. Fyodorov Gvozdev HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Discovery Clerke Mackenzie Kotzebue J. Ross HMS Griper Parry HMS Hecla Lyon HMS Fury Hoppner Crozier J.C. Ross Coppermine Expedition Franklin Back Dease Simpson HMS Blossom Beechey Franklin 's lost expedition HMS Erebus HMS Terror Collinson Rae -- Richardson Expedition Rae J. Richardson Austin McClure Expedition HMS Investigator McClure HMS Resolute Kellett Belcher Kennedy Bellot Isabel Inglefield 2nd Grinnell Expedition USS Advance Kane Fox McClintock HMS Pandora Young Fram Sverdrup Gjøa Amundsen Rasmussen Karluk Stefansson Bartlett St. Roch H. Larsen Cowper North East Passage Russian Arctic Pomors Koch boats Willoughby Chancellor Barentsz Mangazeya Hudson Poole Siberian Cossacks Perfilyev Stadukhin Dezhnev Popov Ivanov Vagin Permyakov Great Northern Expedition Bering Chirikov Malygin Ovtsyn Minin V. Pronchishchev M. Pronchishcheva Chelyuskin Kh . Laptev D. Laptev Chichagov Lyakhov Billings Sannikov Gedenschtrom Wrangel Matyushkin Anjou Litke Lavrov Pakhtusov Tsivolko Middendorff Austro - Hungarian Expedition Weyprecht Payer Vega Expedition A.E. Nordenskiöld Palander USS Jeannette De Long Yermak Makarov Zarya Toll Kolomeitsev Matisen Kolchak Sedov Rusanov Kuchin Brusilov Expedition Sv . Anna Brusilov Albanov Konrad Wiese Nagórski Taymyr / Vaygach Vilkitsky Maud Amundsen AARI Samoylovich Begichev Urvantsev Sadko Ushakov Glavsevmorput Schmidt Aviaarktika Shevelev Sibiryakov Voronin Chelyuskin Krassin Gakkel Nuclear - powered icebreakers NS Lenin Arktika class Antarctic Continent History Expeditions Southern Ocean Roché Bouvet Kerguelen HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Adventure Furneaux Smith San Telmo Vostok Bellingshausen Mirny Lazarev Bransfield Palmer Davis Weddell Morrell Astrolabe Dumont d'Urville United States Exploring Expedition USS Vincennes Wilkes USS Porpoise Ringgold Ross expedition HMS Erebus ( J.C. Ross Abernethy ) HMS Terror ( Crozier ) Cooper Challenger expedition HMS Challenger Nares Murray Jason C.A. Larsen `` Heroic Age '' Belgian Antarctic Expedition Belgica de Gerlache Lecointe Amundsen Cook Arctowski Racoviță Dobrowolski Southern Cross Southern Cross Borchgrevink Discovery Discovery Discovery Hut Gauss Gauss Drygalski Swedish Antarctic Expedition Antarctic O. Nordenskjöld C.A. Larsen Scottish Antarctic Expedition Bruce Scotia Orcadas Base Nimrod Expedition Nimrod French Antarctic Expeditions Pourquoi - Pas Charcot Japanese Antarctic Expedition Shirase Amundsen 's South Pole expedition Fram Amundsen Framheim Polheim Terra Nova Terra Nova Scott Wilson E.R. Evans Crean Lashly Filchner Australasian Antarctic Expedition SY Aurora Mawson Far Eastern Party Imperial Trans - Antarctic Expedition Endurance Ernest Shackleton Wild James Caird Ross Sea party Mackintosh Shackleton -- Rowett Expedition Quest IPY IGY Modern research Christensen Byrd BANZARE BGLE Rymill New Swabia Ritscher Operation Tabarin Marr Operation Highjump Captain Arturo Prat Base British Antarctic Survey Operation Windmill Ketchum Ronne Expedition F. Ronne E. Ronne Schlossbach Operation Deep Freeze McMurdo Station Commonwealth Trans - Antarctic Expedition Hillary V. Fuchs Soviet Antarctic Expeditions 1st Somov Klenova Mirny 2nd Tryoshnikov 3rd Tolstikov Antarctic Treaty System Transglobe Expedition Fiennes Burton Lake Vostok Kapitsa Farthest South South Pole HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Adventure Furneaux Weddell HMS Erebus J.C. Ross HMS Terror Crozier Southern Cross Borchgrevink Discovery Barne Nimrod Shackleton Wild Marshall Adams South Magnetic Pole Mawson David Mackay Amundsen 's South Pole expedition Fram Amundsen Bjaaland Helmer Hassel Wisting Polheim Terra Nova Scott E. Evans Oates Wilson Bowers Byrd Balchen McKinley Dufek Amundsen -- Scott South Pole Station Hillary V. Fuchs Pole of Cold Vostok Station Pole of inaccessibility Pole of Inaccessibility Station Tolstikov Crary A. Fuchs Messner Members of the Order of New Zealand Current Ordinary members Miriam Dell Kiri Te Kanawa Miles Warren Jim Bolger Ken Douglas Mike Moore Thomas Williams Jonathan Hunt Lloyd Geering Kenneth Keith Don McKinnon Murray Halberg Helen Clark Bob Charles Albert Wendt Ron Carter Peter Gluckman Richie McCaw Joy Cowley Additional members Michael Duffy Catherine Tizard Brian Lochore C.K. Stead Prince Philip Margaret Bazley Peter Jackson Malvina Major Honorary members Shridath Ramphal Deceased Ordinary members Arnold Nordmeyer C.E. Beeby Te Atairangikaahu Edmund Hillary Sonja Davies Jim Knox Frederick Turnovsky Richard Matthews Douglas Lilburn June Blundell Manuhuia Bennett Henry Lang Whina Cooper Jack Somerville Whetu Tirikatene - Sullivan Margaret Mahy Thaddeus McCarthy Roy McKenzie James Fletcher Ivan Lichter Cliff Whiting Alan MacDiarmid David Lange Doreen Blumhardt Ralph Hotere Additional members Guy Powles Allen Curnow Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother Janet Frame Arthur Lydiard Ann Ballin Robin Cooke , Baron Cooke of Thorndon Hugh Kawharu Paul Reeves Owen Woodhouse Honorary members Bill Pickering Padma Vibhushan award recipients Arts Ebrahim Alkazi Kishori Amonkar Amitabh Bachchan M. Balamuralikrishna T. Balasaraswati Asha Bhosle Nandalal Bose Hariprasad Chaurasia Girija Devi Kumar Gandharva Adoor Gopalakrishnan Satish Gujral Gangubai Hangal Bhupen Hazarika M.F. Husain Ilaiyaraaja Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer Bhimsen Joshi Ali Akbar Khan Amjad Ali Khan Allauddin Khan Bismillah Khan Ghulam Mustafa Khan Yamini Krishnamurthy Dilip Kumar R.K. Laxman Birju Maharaj Kishan Maharaj Lata Mangeshkar Sonal Mansingh Mallikarjun Mansur Zubin Mehta Mario Miranda Kelucharan Mohapatra Raghunath Mohapatra Jasraj Motiram Benode Behari Mukherjee Hrishikesh Mukherjee Rajinikanth Ram Narayan D.K. Pattammal K. Shankar Pillai Akkineni Nageswara Rao Kaloji Narayana Rao Satyajit Ray S.H. Raza Zohra Sehgal Uday Shankar Ravi Shankar V. Shantaram Shivkumar Sharma Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman M.S. Subbulakshmi K.G. Subramanyan Kapila Vatsyayan Homai Vyarawalla K.J. Yesudas Civil Service Bimala Prasad Chaliha Naresh Chandra T.N. Chaturvedi Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri Suranjan Das Rajeshwar Dayal Basanti Devi P.N. Dhar Jyotindra Nath Dixit M.S. Gill Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim H.V.R. Iyengar Bhola Nath Jha Dattatraya Shridhar Joshi Ajudhia Nath Khosla Rai Krishnadasa V. Krishnamurthy P. 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Dhebar Valerian Gracias Veerendra Heggade Mary Clubwala Jadhav Gaganvihari Lallubhai Mehta Usha Mehta Sister Nirmala Nellie Sengupta Sports Viswanathan Anand Edmund Hillary Sachin Tendulkar Trade and Industry Dhirubhai Ambani Ghanshyam Das Birla Ashok Sekhar Ganguly Karim Al Hussaini Aga Khan Lakshmi Mittal N.R. Narayana Murthy M. Narasimham Prithvi Raj Singh Oberoi Azim Premji Prathap C. Reddy J.R.D. Tata Ratan Tata Portal WikiProject VIAF : 9847762 LCCN : n50035179 ISNI : 0000 0001 0868 4310 GND : 118551086 SELIBR : 304783 SUDOC : 02916432X BNF : cb11907527z ( data ) BIBSYS : 90555237 NLA : 35966812 NDL : 00443345 NKC : jn20000602942 BNE : XX1032613 SNAC : w6184rh7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Hillary&oldid=837876210 '' Categories : 1919 births 2008 deaths Ambassadors of New Zealand to Nepal New Zealand autobiographers Explorers of Antarctica High Commissioners of New Zealand to Bangladesh High Commissioners of New Zealand to India Sports players and officials awarded knighthoods Members of the Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu , First Class New Zealand and the Antarctic New Zealand explorers New Zealand humanitarians New Zealand military personnel of World War II New Zealand mountain climbers New Zealand memoirists New Zealand male writers New Zealand people of English descent New Zealand Sports Hall of Fame inductees Non-fiction outdoors writers People educated at Auckland Grammar School People from Auckland Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in sports Commanders of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland Royal New Zealand Air Force personnel Summiters of Mount Everest University of Auckland alumni New Zealand beekeepers Recipients of the Polar Medal New Zealand Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire Members of the Order of New Zealand New Zealand Knights of the Garter Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with short description Good articles Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use New Zealand English from December 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in New Zealand English Use dmy dates from March 2018 Biography with signature Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego Хальмг 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Ladino Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Монгол Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 डोटेली Lingua Franca Nova 100 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 15 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who made it to the top of everest | [
"Sir Edmund Percival Hillary KG ONZ KBE OSN (20 July 1919 – 11 January 2008) was a New Zealand mountaineer, explorer, and philanthropist. On 29 May 1953, Hillary and Nepalese Sherpa mountaineer Tenzing Norgay became the first climbers confirmed to have reached the summit of Mount Everest. They were part of the ninth British expedition to Everest, led by John Hunt.\n"
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"Sir Edmund Percival Hillary"
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-7013797426745980253 | It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia | It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia - Wikipedia It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Jump to : navigation , search It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Genre Sitcom Black comedy Created by Rob McElhenney Developed by Rob McElhenney Glenn Howerton Starring Charlie Day Glenn Howerton Rob McElhenney Kaitlin Olson Danny DeVito Opening theme `` Temptation Sensation '' by Heinz Kiessling Composer ( s ) Cormac Bluestone Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 12 No. of episodes 134 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Charlie Day Glenn Howerton Rob McElhenney Michael Rotenberg Nick Frenkel Scott Marder Rob Rosell David Hornsby Dan Attias John Fortenberry Matt Shakman Producer ( s ) Tom Lofaro Fred Savage Matt Shakman Randall Einhorn Dave Chernin John Chernin Hunter Covington Todd Biermann Location ( s ) Los Angeles , California Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Cinematography Peter Smokler John Tanzer Editor ( s ) Josh Drisko Tim Roche Robert Bromwell Camera setup Single - camera Running time 18 -- 25 minutes Production company ( s ) 3 Arts Entertainment RCG Productions FX Productions ( 2007 -- 16 ) FXP ( 2017 -- present ) Distributor FX Networks 20th Television Release Original network FX ( 2005 -- 12 ) FXX ( 2013 -- present ) Picture format 480i ( 4 : 3 SDTV ) ( 2005 -- 08 ) 480i ( 16 : 9 SDTV ) ( 2009 ) 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) ( 2010 -- present ) Original release August 4 , 2005 ( 2005 - 08 - 04 ) -- present External links Website It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia is an American television black comedy sitcom that premiered on FX on August 4 , 2005 . It moved to FXX beginning with the ninth season and has remained there since . It was created by Rob McElhenney who developed it with Glenn Howerton . It is executive produced and primarily written by McElhenney , Howerton , and Charlie Day , all of whom star alongside Kaitlin Olson and Danny DeVito . The series follows the exploits of `` The Gang '' , a group of debauched , self - centered friends who run the Irish bar Paddy 's Pub in South Philadelphia . On April 1 , 2016 , the series was renewed for a thirteenth and fourteenth season , which will tie it with The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet as the longest running ( in number of seasons ) live - action sitcom in American TV history . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 3 Episodes 4 Production 5 Broadcast and syndication 6 Music 6.1 Soundtrack track listing 7 Reception 8 Other media 8.1 The Nightman Cometh live 8.2 Russian adaptation 8.3 Book 9 References 10 External links Premise ( edit ) The series follows `` The Gang '' , a group of five depraved underachievers : twins Dennis Reynolds ( Glenn Howerton ) and Deandra `` Sweet Dee '' Reynolds ( Kaitlin Olson ) , their friends Charlie Kelly ( Charlie Day ) and Ronald `` Mac '' McDonald ( Rob McElhenney ) , and ( from season 2 onward ) Frank Reynolds ( Danny DeVito ) , Dennis ' and Dee 's legal father . The Gang runs the dilapidated Paddy 's Pub , an Irish bar in South Philadelphia . Each member of the gang shows varying degrees of dishonesty , egotism , selfishness , greed , pettiness , ignorance , laziness , and unethical behavior ; they are often engaged in controversial activities . Episodes usually find them hatching elaborate schemes and often conspiring against one another and others for personal gain , vengeance , or simply the entertainment of watching another 's downfall . They habitually inflict mental , emotional , and physical pain on each other and anyone who crosses their path . They also regularly use blackmail to manipulate one another and others outside of the group . The Gang 's unity is never solid , and any of them would quickly dump any of the others for quick profit or personal gain , regardless of the consequences . Everything they do results in contention among themselves , and much of the show 's dialogue involves the characters arguing or yelling at one another . Despite their lack of success or achievements , they maintain high opinions of themselves and display an obsessive interest in their own reputations and public images . The Gang has no sense of shame when attempting to get what they want and often engage in activities that others would find humiliating , disgusting , or shocking . Some of these situations include smoking crack cocaine and pretending to be mentally challenged in order to qualify for welfare , attempted cannibalism , kidnapping , blackface , hiding naked inside a couch in order to eavesdrop on people , tricking a man into giving his daughter a lap dance , forcing each other to eat inedible items , huffing paint , foraging in the sewers for valuables , sleeping with each other 's romantic interests , seducing a priest , secretly feeding someone their dead pet , plugging their open wounds with trash , setting a room full of people on fire and locking the door to avoid an uncomfortable Thanksgiving meal , fantasizing about killing each other , pretending to have AIDS in order to get priority access to water park rides , taking out life insurance on a suicidal person , orally siphoning gasoline , and stalking their crushes . During the Season 7 episode `` The Gang Gets Trapped '' , in which The Gang breaks into a family 's home and has to hide from them when they return , an angry monologue by Dennis captures the essence of The Gang 's modus operandi : `` We immediately escalate everything to a ten ... somebody comes in with some preposterous plan or idea , then all of a sudden everyone 's on the gas , nobody 's on the brakes , nobody 's thinking , everyone 's just talking over each other with one idiotic idea after another ! Until , finally , we find ourselves in a situation where we 've broken into somebody 's house -- and the homeowner is home ! '' Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia characters McElhenney , Howerton , Day , Olson , and DeVito at the 2013 San Diego Comic - Con . Charlie Day as Charlie Kelly -- Charlie was a co-owner at Paddy 's Pub , but traded his capital investment for `` goods and services '' , half a sandwich , and other undisclosed compensation . He is a childhood friend of Mac , and high school friend of Dennis and Dee . He is also the roommate of Frank , who may be his biological father . Charlie does most of the actual work and maintenance ( referred to as `` Charlie Work '' ) at the pub . He is unable to properly read or write , and is an alcoholic substance abuser who is often seen huffing glue or paint . He lives in squalor with Frank in a run - down , vermin - infested apartment and suffers from deep - seated psychological problems , believing his dreams to be haunted by a figure known as `` The Nightman '' , who breaks into his home and rapes him . Charlie has unresolved anger issues , often screaming as a means of getting his point across . He also has an unhealthy obsession with `` The Waitress '' , a recurring character who finds Charlie repulsive and shows no interest in him . Despite his character flaws , he is typically the most compassionate and moral member of the gang . Glenn Howerton as Dennis Reynolds -- Dennis is a co-owner of Paddy 's Pub and is Dee 's twin brother . Easily the most sociopathic of the characters , Dennis is abrasive , narcissistic , selfish , histrionic , and vain . Dennis graduated from the University of Pennsylvania . It is at times hinted that Dennis may be a psychopathic serial killer , but this remains ambiguous . After the season 12 finale it is unclear whether or not Dennis will be returning for the show 's 13th and 14th seasons . Rob McElhenney as Ronald `` Mac '' McDonald -- Mac is a co-owner of Paddy 's Pub . He is Charlie Kelly 's childhood friend and Dennis 's high school friend and later roommate . The son of a convicted felon who has been in prison for much of Mac 's life , he frequently attempts to demonstrate his toughness and refers to himself as the `` sheriff of Paddy 's '' . He also often brags about his hand - to - hand combat skills , although he typically flees from physical confrontation . Mac is a Roman Catholic , though he often espouses strong Christian fundamentalist opinions , despite his often amoral behavior , such as engaging in casual sex with numerous women , including Dennis ' mother . Though it is frequently insinuated Mac harbors homosexual feelings , he maintained an adamant denial of any such proclivity , much to the annoyance of the gang , until the season 12 episode `` Hero or Hate Crime ? '' , when he finally comes out . Kaitlin Olson as Deandra `` Sweet Dee '' Reynolds -- Dee is Dennis 's twin sister and is the bartender at Paddy 's Pub . Dee dreams of becoming an actress , although she lacks any apparent talent and suffers from debilitating stage fright . She wore a back brace in high school , leaving her with the nickname of `` The Aluminum Monster '' , and she is constantly referred to by the gang as a bird , due to their perception of her as a giant , awkward , avian - like creature . She majored in psychology at the University of Pennsylvania , but did not graduate . Dee lives alone in an apartment . Her comments and ideas are usually disregarded by the others , though they will often repeat what she has said word - for - word and pretend it was their idea , at which point it will be hailed as a great idea . She is often left to deal with the negative consequences of the gang 's activities . Though often the butt of the gang 's jokes , she is frequently involved in their schemes . She is portrayed as the angriest and most physically violent of the group and has a history of assault , including setting her roommate on fire in college . Danny DeVito as Frank Reynolds -- Frank is the legal father of twins Dennis and Dee , and may be the biological father of his roommate Charlie . He used to be a successful businessman with a long history of illegal operations and dealings with sordid characters , but chose to abandon that life and redeem himself after leaving his `` whore wife '' . He has since embraced his `` feral '' nature and describes himself as `` fringe class '' . Despite having substantial financial resources , he chooses to share a decrepit studio apartment with Charlie , where they live in squalor and sleep together on a pullout couch . The two also share similar interests , such as playing the inexplicable game of ' Night Crawlers ' and foraging naked in sewers for valuables . He is also a severe compulsive gambler , seen betting on everything from grade school basketball to Russian roulette , usually with his chain smoking , and high - stakes betting ring of Vietnamese friends . He styles himself a master manipulator and frequently takes the lead in the group 's schemes . He is frequently armed with a handgun and often snorts cocaine as part of his daily routine . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Network 7 August 4 , 2005 ( 2005 - 08 - 04 ) September 15 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 15 ) FX 10 June 29 , 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 29 ) August 17 , 2006 ( 2006 - 08 - 17 ) 15 September 13 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 13 ) November 15 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 15 ) 13 September 18 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 18 ) November 20 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 20 ) 5 12 September 17 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 17 ) December 10 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 10 ) 6 14 September 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 16 ) December 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 12 - 16 ) 7 13 September 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 15 ) December 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 15 ) 8 10 October 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 11 ) December 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 20 ) 9 10 September 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 04 ) November 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 06 ) FXX 10 10 January 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 14 ) March 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 18 ) 11 10 January 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 06 ) March 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 09 ) 12 10 January 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 04 ) March 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 08 ) Production ( edit ) The show began as a short film idea written by Rob McElhenney and Glenn Howerton about a man telling his friend he might have cancer , while the friend is only intent on trying to borrow a cup of sugar for the `` shitload of coffee '' he has made . This was then developed into a pilot called It 's Always Sunny on TV and was shot on a digital camcorder by Charlie Day , Glenn Howerton , and Rob McElhenney . It was believed the pilot was shot with a budget of just $200 , but Day would later comment , `` We shot it for nothing ... I do n't know where this $200 came from ... We were a bunch of kids with cameras running around shooting each other and ( the ) next thing you know , we 're eleven years in and we 're still doing the show . '' This pilot was shopped by the actors around various studios , their pitch being simply showing the DVD of the pilot to executives . After viewing the pilot , FX Network ordered the first season . Although it is often stated publicly that It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia was one of the first shows to be shot in 24p standard - definition video , using Panasonic 's DVX100 MiniDV prosumer video camera , from the sixth season forward , the show was shot in 24p using high - definition video cameras . Danny DeVito joined the cast in the first episode of the second season , playing the father of Dennis ( played by Glenn Howerton ) and Dee ( played by Kaitlin Olson ) . In March 2017 , after the conclusion of the twelfth season , Glenn Howerton revealed he might not return to the series , due to working on other projects . In an August 2017 interview , Charlie Day said that he believes Howerton will be back , and that he would not feel right continuing without him . Broadcast and syndication ( edit ) The first season ran for seven episodes with the finale airing September 13 , 2005 . According to McElhenney , word of mouth on the show was good enough for FX to renew it for a second season , which ran from June 29 to August 17 , 2006 . Reruns of edited first - season episodes began airing on FX 's parent network , Fox , in June 2006 , for a planned three - episode run -- `` The Gang Finds a Dead Guy '' , `` Gun Fever '' ( which was renamed as `` Gun Control '' ) and `` Charlie Gets Molested '' were shown . The show would not be shown on broadcast television again until 2011 , when FX began offering the show for syndication . The third season ran from September 13 , 2007 to November 15 , 2007 . On March 5 , 2008 , FX renewed It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia for a fourth season . On July 15 , 2008 , it was reported that FX had ordered 39 additional episodes of the series , consisting of the fifth and sixth seasons . All five main cast members were secured for the entire scheduled run . The fifth season ran from September 17 , 2009 to December 10 , 2009 . On May 31 , 2010 , Comedy Central began airing reruns of It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia . WGN America also began broadcasting the show as part of its fall 2011 schedule . The sixth season ran from September 16 , 2010 until December 9 , 2010 , running twelve episodes , plus the Christmas special . The seventh season ran from September 15 , 2011 until December 15 , 2011 , running 13 episodes . On August 6 , 2011 , FX announced it had picked up the show for an additional two seasons ( the show 's eighth and ninth ) running through 2013 . On March 28 , 2013 , FX renewed the show for a tenth season , along with the announcement that the series would move to its new sister network , FXX . In April 2017 , it was announced by Kaitlin Olson that It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia would go on an extended hiatus . In an interview with TV Guide Olson stated , `` We ended up pushing our next season a year because we were all busy with separate projects this year . So at the end of this coming shooting season of The Mick I 'll step right into Sunny after that . '' The show is currently under contract for two more seasons and is expected to return in 2019 . On October 2 , 2017 , the show premiered on Viceland . Music ( edit ) The theme song is a piece of production music called `` Temptation Sensation '' by German composer Heinz Kiessling . Additionally , Kiessling 's work ( `` On Your Bike '' and `` Blue Blood '' ) can also be heard during various scene transitions throughout the show , along with other composers and pieces such as Werner Tautz ( `` Off Broadway '' ) , Joe Brook ( `` Moonbeam Kiss '' ) and Karl Grell ( `` Honey Bunch '' ) . Many of the tracks heard in the series have been taken from Cafe Romantique , an album of easy listening production music collected by Extreme Music , the production music library unit of Sony / ATV Music Publishing . Independent record label Fervor Records has also contributed music to the show . Songs from The Jack Gray Orchestra 's album , Easy Listening Symph - O - Nette ( `` Take A Letter Miss Jones '' , `` Golly Gee Whiz '' , and `` Not a Care in the World '' ) and the John Costello III release Giants of Jazz ( `` Birdcage '' , `` Cotton Club '' and `` Quintessential '' ) are heard in several episodes . The soundtrack , featuring most of the music heard on the show , was released in 2010 . Soundtrack track listing ( edit ) It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia ( Music from the Original TV Series ) No . Title Music Artist Length 1 . `` Temptation Sensation ( Main Title Theme ) '' Heinz Kiessling The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2 : 53 2 . `` Derby Day '' Werner Tautz The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2 : 39 3 . `` Blue Blood '' Heinz Kiessling The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2 : 54 4 . `` On Your Bike '' Heinz Kiessling The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2 : 15 5 . `` Take the Plunge '' Heinz Kiessling The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 3 : 10 6 . `` Hotsy - Totsy '' Heinz Kiessling The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2 : 18 7 . `` Off Broadway '' Werner Tautz The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2 : 31 8 . `` Coconut Shy '' Heinz Kiessling The Diamontinos 2 : 25 9 . `` Honey Bunch '' Karl Grell The Ralph Manning Orchestra 2 : 44 10 . `` Glitterati Party '' Werner Tautz The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2 : 51 11 . `` Singles Soiree '' Richard Faecks The Rüdiger Piesker Orchestra 2 : 09 12 . `` Pink Deville '' Paul Rothman The Ole Olafsen Band 2 : 34 13 . `` Captain 's Table '' Heinz Kiessling The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2 : 44 14 . `` Starlet Express '' Werner Tautz The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2 : 31 15 . `` Final Fling '' Heinz Kiessling The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2 : 29 16 . `` Sweetheart Serenade '' Werner Tautz The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2 : 54 17 . `` Tea at Tiffani 's '' Werner Tautz The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2 : 28 18 . `` Moonbeam Kiss '' Joe Brook The Rüdiger Piesker Orchestra 2 : 21 19 . `` Grand Central '' Werner Tautz The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 3 : 15 Total length : 50 : 05 Reception ( edit ) It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia has received critical acclaim . Emily Nussbaum of The New Yorker praised the show , calling it `` not merely the best sitcom on television but one of the most arresting and ambitious current TV series , period '' . Gillian Flynn of Entertainment Weekly reviewed the first season negatively , commenting `` it is smug enough to think it 's breaking ground , but not smart enough to know it is n't '' . Brian Lowry of Variety gave the first season a positive review , saying it was `` invariably clever and occasionally a laugh - out - loud riot , all while lampooning taboo topics '' . Later seasons of the show have received favorable ratings on review aggregator Metacritic , receiving 70 / 100 , 78 / 100 and 85 / 100 for seasons 4 , 5 and 6 respectively . The show has become a cult hit with viewers and is often compared in style to Seinfeld -- particularly due to the self - centered nature of its main characters . The Philadelphia Inquirer reviewer Jonathan Storm wrote `` It 's like Seinfeld on crack , '' a quote that became widely used to describe the series , to the point that FX attached the tagline , `` It 's Seinfeld on crack . '' In 2014 , Entertainment Weekly listed the show at # 7 in the `` 26 Best Cult TV Shows Ever '' , with the comment that `` it 's a great underdog story ... If it sounds too dark for you , consider that there 's an episode about making mittens for kittens , and it 's adorable . '' In 2016 , a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that Sunny was `` more popular in college towns ( and most popular in Philadelphia ) '' . In 2015 , Rolling Stone rated the top 20 greatest and funniest It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia episodes , stating `` for 10 seasons , the series had mined comic gold from the execrable behavior of the owners of Paddy 's Pub . '' They claimed the two - part season 4 episode , `` Mac and Charlie Die '' is the sitcom 's greatest episode yet . Year Award Category Winner / nominee Result 2008 Satellite Award Best Actor in a Series , Comedy or Musical Danny DeVito Nominated Best Television Series , Comedy or Musical It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Nominated 2011 Best Actor in a Series , Comedy or Musical Charlie Day Nominated Best Television Series , Comedy or Musical It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Won 2012 People 's Choice Award Favorite Cable TV Comedy Nominated 2013 Nominated Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Stunt Coordination for a Comedy Series or a Variety Program Marc Scizak Nominated 2014 Nominated 2015 Nominated 2016 People 's Choice Award Favorite Cable TV Comedy It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Won Other Media ( edit ) The Nightman Cometh live ( edit ) In September 2009 , the cast took their show live . The `` Gang '' performed the musical The Nightman Cometh in New York City , Boston , Seattle , San Francisco , Los Angeles , and Philadelphia . Mary Elizabeth Ellis and Artemis Pebdani also appeared in the performance as The Waitress and Artemis . Actress Rhea Perlman ( wife of Danny DeVito ) assumed the role of Gladys . Creator Rob McElhenney said that Live Nation originally approached the cast about doing the show at 30 cities , but in the end the cast settled on 6 . Co-developer Glenn Howerton described the show as `` essentially an expanded version of the actual episode of `` The Nightman Cometh '' , which was the final episode for season four . There are some added moments , added scenes , added songs , and extended versions of songs that already existed . '' Two new songs were included in the performance and a longer running time allowed for greater improvisation by the actors . The performance was also preceded by a preview screening of a season five episode . The Los Angeles performance , filmed at The Troubadour , was included as a bonus feature on the season four DVD box set . Russian adaptation ( edit ) A Russian adaptation of It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia premiered in Russia on the television channel TNT on May 12 , 2014 . This version is titled В Москве всегда солнечно ( V Moskve vsegda solnechno , It 's Always Sunny in Moscow ) and like the original , centers around four friends , who own a bar called `` Philadelphia '' in Moscow . Book ( edit ) A book based upon It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia was released on January 6 , 2015 , titled The Gang Writes a Self - Help Book : The 7 Secrets of Awakening the Highly Effective Four - Hour Giant , Today . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Renewed for Seasons 13 and 14 at FXX '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Is Glen Howerton Leaving ' It 's Always Sunny In Philadelphia ' ? '' . UPROXX. 2017 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Dowling , Kyle ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Charlie Day Claims ' It 's Always Sunny ' Pilot was Shot for Nothing , Report of $200 is False '' . MStarsNews . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Was This Glenn Howerton 's ' Always Sunny ' Farewell ? ' It 's A Little Complicated , ' He Says '' . Uproxx . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Charlie Day Would n't Want To Do ' It 's Always Sunny ' Without Dennis '' . HuffPost . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( June 28 , 2006 ) . `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Premiere '' . IGN . Retrieved June 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ( SP - 0635 ) `` The Gang Finds a Dead Guy '' ( Repeat ) `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ( SP - 0636 ) `` Gun Control '' ( Repeat ) `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ( SP - 0637 ) `` Charlie Gets Molested '' ( Repeat ) `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Always Sunny in Philadelphia ' Gets Another Season '' . Entertainment Weekly . March 5 , 2008 . Retrieved March 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( July 15 , 2008 ) . `` FX Shows Love for It 's Always Sunny '' . IGN . Retrieved July 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Season 5 episodes '' . TV Guide . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 3 , 2010 ) . `` ' It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia ' Debuts On Comedy Central May 31 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cable Guide 2011 '' . Advertising Age . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( August 6 , 2011 ) . `` FX Renews Louie and Wilfred , Orders Two More Seasons of It 's Always Sunny '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Etkin , Jaimie ( March 28 , 2013 ) . `` ' It 's Always Sunny In Philadelphia ' Renewed For Season 10 And ' The League ' For Season 6 On FX '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Liam ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Season 13 Will Be a Year Late '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia on VICELAND - Begins Oct 2 '' . Viceland . September 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Barrett , Annie ( August 26 , 2010 ) . `` ' It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia ' soundtrack to be released September 1 : Ta - da , ta - da , ta - da - daah - daah - daah ... '' Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nussbaum , Emily ( November 11 , 2013 ) . `` Bar None : `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia '' and `` The Mindy Project '' `` . New Yorker . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Flynn , Gillian ( August 2 , 2005 ) . `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( July 31 , 2005 ) . `` Review : ' It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Storm , Jonathan ( October 16 , 2008 ) . `` Slackers ' revenge -- The jokers of ' It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia ' take on a ( fictional ) Inquirer critic , while those on Testees take the juvenile quotient even higher '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . p . E01 . Jump up ^ Mellor , Louisa ( April 12 , 2012 ) . `` Why you need to watch It 's Always Sunny In Philadelphia '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 26 Best Cult TV Shows Ever '' . Entertainment Weekly . March 17 , 2014 . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Katz , Josh ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Duck Dynasty ' vs. ' Modern Family ' : 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Murray , Noel ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` 20 Best ' It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia ' Episodes '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia - Awards '' . IMDb . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Matheson , Whitney ( August 6 , 2009 ) . `` The ' Nightman Cometh ' to a city near you '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( April 20 , 2009 ) . `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia : Live ! '' . IGN . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Alyssa ( August 4 , 2009 ) . `` Rob McElhenney & Glenn Howerton Interview '' . Flash Flood Media . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Glenn Howerton Talks `` It 's Always Sunny In Philadelphia '' And More ! `` . Icon vs. Icon . September 16 , 2009 . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ В Москве всегда солнечно ( in Russian ) . THT - Online . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2014 . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia by The Gang '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Philadelphia portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Official website It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia on IMDb It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia at TV.com It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Characters Charlie Kelly Dennis Reynolds Mac Deandra Reynolds Frank Reynolds The Waitress Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Category FX original programming Former 1990s debuts Backchat ( 1995 -- 2007 ) Baseball , Minnesota ( 1996 ) Bobcat 's Big Ass Show ( 1998 ) Penn & Teller 's Sin City Spectacular ( 1998 ) The Dick & Paula Celebrity Special ( 1999 -- 2000 ) The X Show ( 1999 -- 01 ) 2000s debuts 30 Days ( 2005 -- 08 ) Archer ( 2009 -- 16 ) Black . White . 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( 2014 -- 15 ) Wilfred ( 2014 ) Major Lazer ( 2014 -- 15 ) Axe Cop ( 2015 ) Stone Quackers ( 2014 -- 15 ) Man Seeking Woman ( 2015 -- 17 ) See also : Animation Domination High - Def Satellite Award for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy The Larry Sanders Show ( 1996 ) Frasier ( 1997 ) Ellen ( 1998 ) Action ( 1999 ) Sex and the City ( 2000 ) Sex and the City ( 2001 ) The Bernie Mac Show ( 2002 ) Arrested Development ( 2003 ) Desperate Housewives ( 2004 ) The Daily Show with Jon Stewart ( 2005 ) Ugly Betty ( 2006 ) Pushing Daisies ( 2007 ) Tracey Ullman 's State of the Union ( 2008 ) Glee ( 2009 ) The Big C ( 2010 ) It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia ( 2011 ) The Big Bang Theory ( 2012 ) Orange Is the New Black ( 2013 ) Transparent ( 2014 ) Silicon Valley ( 2015 ) Silicon Valley ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It%27s_Always_Sunny_in_Philadelphia&oldid=825673429 '' Categories : 2005 American television series debuts 2000s American black comedy television series 2010s American black comedy television series 2000s American satirical television series 2010s American satirical television series 2000s American sitcoms 2010s American sitcoms Alcohol abuse in television Culture of Philadelphia English - language television programs FX network shows FXX original programs Irish - American culture in Philadelphia It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Narcissism in fiction Single - camera television sitcoms Television shows set in Philadelphia Television series about dysfunctional families Television series by 20th Century Fox Television Television series by 3 Arts Entertainment Hidden categories : CS1 uses Russian - language script ( ru ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Track listings with deprecated parameters Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 14 February 2018 , at 18 : 51 . 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"It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia is an American television black comedy sitcom that premiered on FX on August 4, 2005. It moved to FXX beginning with the ninth season and has remained there since. It was created by Rob McElhenney who developed it with Glenn Howerton. It is executive produced and primarily written by McElhenney, Howerton, and Charlie Day, all of whom star alongside Kaitlin Olson and Danny DeVito. The series follows the exploits of \"The Gang\", a group of debauched, self-centered friends who run the Irish bar Paddy's Pub in South Philadelphia.",
"It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia is an American television black comedy sitcom that premiered on FX on August 4, 2005. It moved to FXX beginning with the ninth season and has remained there since. It was created by Rob McElhenney who developed it with Glenn Howerton. It is executive produced and primarily written by McElhenney, Howerton, and Charlie Day, all of whom star alongside Kaitlin Olson and Danny DeVito. The series follows the exploits of \"The Gang\", a group of debauched, self-centered friends who run the Irish bar Paddy's Pub in South Philadelphia.",
"It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia is an American television black comedy sitcom that premiered on FX on August 4, 2005. It moved to FXX beginning with the ninth season and has remained there since. It was created by Rob McElhenney who developed it with Glenn Howerton. It is executive produced and primarily written by McElhenney, Howerton, and Charlie Day, all of whom star alongside Kaitlin Olson and Danny DeVito. The series follows the exploits of \"The Gang\", a group of debauched, self-centered friends who run the Irish bar Paddy's Pub in South Philadelphia."
] | [
"Rob McElhenney",
"Glenn Howerton",
"Charlie Day"
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-9088161189667793566 | My Kitchen Rules NZ (series 1) | My Kitchen Rules NZ ( series 1 ) - wikipedia My Kitchen Rules NZ ( series 1 ) Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) My Kitchen Rules NZ ( series 1 ) Country of origin New Zealand No. of episodes 30 Release Original network TVNZ Original release 24 August -- 28 October 2014 Season chronology Next → Series 2 ( 2015 ) My Kitchen Rules NZ ( series 1 ) is a reality television cooking programme which airs on the TVNZ TV ONE . It premiered on 24 August 2014 . Waikato 's Neena & Belinda won $100,000 prize money in the finals . Contents ( hide ) 1 Teams 2 Elimination History 3 Competition details 3.1 Instant Restaurant Round 3.1. 1 Round 1 - Scores 3.1. 2 Round 1 - Dishes 3.1. 3 Round 2 3.1. 4 Round 3 3.2 Sudden Death - Round 4 3.2. 1 People 's Choice 1 : Ronald McDonald House 's Challenge 3.2. 2 Rapid Cook - Off 3.2. 2.1 45min Mystery Challenge 3.2. 2.2 Showdown - Whole Chicken 3.2. 3 Sudden Death 3.3 Sudden Death - Round 5 3.3. 1 People 's Choice 2 : Challenge 3.3. 2 Rapid Cook - Off 3.3. 2.1 45min Mystery Challenge 3.3. 2.2 Showdown - Mystery Protein 3.3. 3 Sudden Death 3.4 Sudden Death - Round 6 3.4. 1 People 's Choice 3 : Challenge 3.4. 2 Rapid Cook - Off 3.4. 2.1 45min Mystery Challenge 3.4. 2.2 Showdown - Whole Chicken 3.4. 3 Sudden Death 3.5 Sudden Death - Round 70 3.5. 1 People 's Choice 4 : Challenge 3.5. 2 Rapid Cook - Off 3.5. 2.1 45min Mystery Challenge 3.5. 2.2 Showdown - Chocolate 3.5. 3 Sudden Death 3.6 Semi-Finals 3.6. 1 Semi-Final 1 3.6. 2 Semi-Final 2 3.7 Grand - Final 4 Episodes 5 References 6 External links Teams ( edit ) Group Team Members Relationship Status BOP Bays of Plenty June & Steph Bogan Besties Eliminated on 2 September 2014 ( Round 1 - Instant restaurant ) HKB Hawkes Bay Kelly & Megan Hawkes Bay Sisters Eliminated on 15 September 2014 ( Round 2 - Instant restaurant ) AUK Auckland Tracey & Neil Beauty & The Beast Eliminated on 21 September 2014 ( Round 3 - Instant restaurant ) CAN Canterbury Theresa & Joelle Sporty Mums OTA Otago Dan & Christie Newlyweds Eliminated on 1 October 2014 ( Round 4 - Sudden Death ) AUK Auckland Sam & Dan Social Media Buddies Eliminated on 8 October 2014 ( Round 5 - Sudden Death ) WGN Wellington Ian & Sandie Fireman & His Flame WGN Wellington Steve & Maura Wellington Foodies Eliminated on 15 October 2014 ( Round 6 - Sudden Death ) CAN Canterbury Jessie & Ricki Christchurch Cuties Eliminated on 22 October 2014 ( Round 7 - Sudden Death ) AUK Auckland Josh & Aaron Corporate Dads Eliminated on 26 October 2014 ( Round 8 - Semi-Final 1 ) WGN Wellington Dai & Dal Sugar & Spice Eliminated on 28 October 2014 ( Round 8 - Semi-Final 2 ) MWT Manawatu Aaron & Heather Polynesian Cooks RUNNER - UP WKO Waikato Neena & Belinda Modern Day Hippies WINNERS Elimination history ( edit ) Round : 1 5 6 7 8 9 Instant Restaurant Sudden Death Semi-Finals Final Team Result WKO Neena & Belinda 1st ( 71 ) N / A RCO ( Safe ) People 's Choice People 's Choice SD ( 53 ) N / A 1st ( 55 ) WINNERS ( 52 ) MWT Aaron & Heather N / A 1st ( 75 ) N / A RCO ( Safe ) RCO ( Safe ) RCO ( Safe ) RCO ( Safe ) 1st ( 54 ) N / A Runner - Ups ( 51 ) WGN Dai & Dal N / A 1st ( 79 ) People 's Choice SD ( 51 ) RCO ( Safe ) RCO ( Safe ) N / A 2nd ( 47 ) Eliminated ( Episode 29 ) AUK Josh & Aaron N / A 4th ( 68 ) 2nd ( 73 ) People 's Choice RCO ( Safe ) RCO ( Safe ) People 's Choice 2nd ( 50 ) Eliminated ( Episode 28 ) CAN Jessie & Ricki N / A 2nd ( 70 ) N / A RCO ( Safe ) RCO ( Safe ) SD ( 44 ) SD ( 43 ) Eliminated ( Episode 27 ) WGN Steve & Maura N / A 3rd ( 69 ) People 's Choice SD ( 44 ) SD ( 43 ) Eliminated ( Episode 24 ) WGN Ian & Sandle N / A 3rd ( 69 ) N / A RCO ( Safe ) SD ( 41 ) Eliminated ( Episode 21 ) AUK Sam & Dan 3rd ( 63 ) N / A SD ( 42 ) SD ( 12 ) OTA Dan & Christie 2nd ( 64 ) N / A SD ( 35 ) Eliminated ( Episode 18 ) CAN Theresa & Joelle N / A 4th ( 68 ) Eliminated ( Episode 15 ) AUK Tracey & Neil 4th ( 57 ) N / A 5th ( 57 ) HKB Kelly & Megan N / A 5th ( 53 ) Eliminated ( Episode 10 ) BOP June & Steph 5th ( 47 ) Eliminated ( Episode 5 ) Cell descriptions Team won the challenge , People 's Choice or received the highest score for the round . Team lost a challenge , cooked the weakest dish or received a low score and must compete in an additional round or challenge . Safe Team became safe from elimination after winning / passing the challenge . SD Team won the Sudden Death cook - off and is safe from elimination . Scores are out of 60 . SD Team was eliminated after losing the Sudden Death cook - off or round . Scores are out of 60 . Immune From winning the previous challenge , team was immune from elimination and was not required to participate . N / A Results do not apply as the team was not allocated to this challenge or round . Competition details ( edit ) Instant Restaurant round ( edit ) Round 1 - scores ( edit ) Episodes 1 to 5 Airdate -- 24 Aug to 2 Sep 2014 Description -- Teams were to transform their homes into an ' Instant Restaurant ' , serving opposing teams and judges a three course meal ( Entree , Main and Dessert ) . All teams are judged and scored by the other teams , and also by Ben and Gareth . Ep . Team Airdate Guest scores Ben 's Scores Gareth 's Scores Total ( out of 100 ) Rank Result NB SD JS DC TN Entrée Main Dessert Entrée Main Dessert WKO NB : Neena & Belinda 24 Aug2014 - 71 1st Safe AUK SD : Sam & Dan 26 Aug 2014 - 63 3rd Safe BOP JS : June & Steph 27 Aug 2014 - 47 5th Eliminated OTA DC : Dan & Christie 31 Aug 2014 - 64 2nd Safe 5 AUK TN : Tracey & Neil 2 Sep 2014 - 57 4th Through to Round 3 Round 1 - Dishes ( edit ) Team Restaurant Name Entrée Main Dessert WKO NB : Neena & Belinda Pan-Seared Hapuka with Pumpkin and Horopito Puree , Wild Blackberries and Kawakawa Crisps Sticky Hawthorn Berry Venison with Turmeric and Chilli Roasties , Green Beans and Hazelnuts White Chocolate & Kahikatea Tart with Honey Pine Nut Crust and Hahikatea berries AUK SD : Sam & Dan TBD with TBD TBD with TBD TBD with TBD BOP JS : June & Steph TBD with TBD TBD with TBD TBD with TBD OTA DC : Dan & Christie TBD with TBD TBD with TBD TBD with TBD AUK TN : Tracey & Neil TBD with TBD TBD with TBD TBD with TBD Round 2 ( edit ) Episodes 6 to 10 Airdate -- 3 Sep to 14 Sep 2014 Description -- Teams were to transform their homes into an ' Instant Restaurant ' , serving opposing teams and judges a three course meal ( Entree , Main and Dessert ) . All teams are judged and scored by the other teams , and also by Ben and Gareth . Ep . Team Airdate Guest scores Ben Gareth Total ( out of 100 ) Rank Result AH IS JR JA KM Entrée Main Dessert Entrée Main Dessert 6 MWT AH : Aaron & Heather 3 Sep 2014 - 75 1st Safe 7 WGN IS : Ian & Sandie 7 Sep 2014 - 69 3rd Safe 8 CAN JR : Jessie & Ricki 8 Sep 2014 - 70 2nd Safe 9 AUK JA : Josh & Aaron 10 Sep 2014 - 68 4th Through to Round 3 10 HKB KM : Kelly & Megan 14 Sep 2014 - 53 5th Eliminated Round 3 ( edit ) Episodes 11 to 12 Airdate -- 16 Sep to 24 Sep 2014 Description -- Teams which placed 4th in the 1st two Instant Restaurant are joined by 3 Gatecrashers and had to transform their homes into an ' Instant Restaurant ' , serving opposing teams and judges a three course meal ( Entree , Main and Dessert ) . All teams are judged and scored by the other teams , and also by Ben and Gareth . Two teams with the lowest score will be eliminated . Ep . Team Airdate Guest scores Ben Gareth Total ( out of 100 ) Rank Result TJ TN JA SM DD Entrée Main Dessert Entrée Main Dessert 11 CAN TJ : Theresa & Joelle 16 Sep 2014 - 68 4th Eliminated 12 AUK TN : Tracy & Neil 17 Sep 2014 - 57 5th Eliminated 13 AUK JA : Josh & Aaron 21 Sep 2014 - 73 2nd Safe 14 WGN SM : Steve & Maura 23 Sep 2014 - 69 3rd Safe 15 WGN DD : Dai & Dal 24 Sep 2014 - 79 1st Safe Sudden Death - round 4 ( edit ) People 's Choice 1 : ronald mcdonald house 's challenge ( edit ) Episodes 16 Airdate -- 28 Sep 2014 Description -- Competing in a Group of 3 , Teams headed into the first challenge to serve a dish . Families will vote by donating for their favourite dish and the group who received the most votes will received People 's Choice , sending them safe from Rapid Cook - Off and Showdown . Judges Ben and Gareth sent the weakest team directly into the first Sudden Death Cook - Off . All other surviving teams are through to next showdown . People 's Choice Group Team Dish Result ( Black ) WKO NB : Neena & Belinda TBD with TBD IN : Through to Rapid Cook - off AUK SD : Sam & Dan TBD with TBD LOW : Through to Sudden Death OTA DC : Dan & Christie TBD with TBD IN : Through to Rapid Cook - off ( White ) MWT AH : Aaron & Heather TBD with TBD IN : Through to Rapid Cook - off WGN IS : Ian & Sandie TBD with TBD IN : Through to Rapid Cook - off CAN JR : Jessie & Ricki TBD with TBD IN : Through to Rapid Cook - off ( Red ) AUK JA : Josh & Aaron TBD with TBD WIN : People 's Choice . Immune . WGN SM : Steve & Maura TBD with TBD WIN : People 's Choice . Immune . WGN DD : Dai & Dal TBD with TBD WIN : People 's Choice . Immune . Rapid Cook - Off ( edit ) 45min mystery challenge ( edit ) Episodes 12 Airdate -- 17 Nov 2015 Description -- Each team must cook a two course romantic date night meal in 45 minutes . Showdown - whole chicken ( edit ) Description -- Teams were given a whole chicken and option to debone themselves . The losing team will compete in the Elimination Sudden Death . RAPID COOK - OFF - Savory Sweet SHOWDOWN - Whole Chicken Team Dish Result Dish Result WKO NB : Neena & Belinda TBD with TBD SAFE : Winners N / A ( Immune ) AUK SD : Sam & Dan N / A ( Through to Sudden Death ) OTA DC : Dan & Christie TBD with TBD IN : Through to Showdown TBD with TBD LOW : Through to Sudden Death MWT AH : Aaron & Heather TBD with TBD IN : Through to Showdown TBD with TBD SAFE : High WGN IS : Ian & Sandie TBD with TBD IN : Through to Showdown TBD with TBD SAFE : High CAN JR : Jessie & Ricki TBD with TBD IN : Through to Showdown TBD with TBD SAFE : Winners AUK JA : Josh & Aaron N / A ( Immune ) WGN SM : Steve & Maura N / A ( Immune ) WGN DD : Dai & Dal N / A ( Immune ) Sudden Death ( edit ) Episodes 18 Airdate -- 1 Oct 2014 Description -- Teams compete in the first Sudden Death Cook - Off . Sudden Death Cook - Off Results Team Judge 's scores Total ( out of 60 ) Result Nadia Grace Robert Sean Ben Gareth AUK SD : Sam & Dan 42 SAFE Dishes Entree TBD with TBD Main TBD with TBD Dessert TBD with TBD OTA DC : Dan & Christie 35 Eliminated Dishes Entree TBD with TBD Main TBD with TBD Dessert TBD with TBD Sudden Death - round 5 ( edit ) People 's Choice 2 : challenge ( edit ) Episodes 19 Airdate -- 5 Oct 2014 Description -- Families will vote by donating for their favourite dish and the group who received the most votes will received People 's Choice , sending them safe from Rapid Cook - Off and Showdown . Judges Ben and Gareth sent 2 of the weakest team directly into the second Sudden Death Cook - Off . All other surviving teams are through to next showdown . People 's Choice Team Dish Result WKO NB : Neena & Belinda TBD with TBD WIN : People 's Choice . Immune . AUK SD : Sam & Dan TBD with TBD LOW : Through to Rapid Cook - off MWT AH : Aaron & Heather TBD with TBD IN : Through to Rapid Cook - off WGN IS : Ian & Sandie TBD with TBD LOW : Through to Sudden Death CAN JR : Jessie & Ricki TBD with TBD LOW : Through to Rapid Cook - off AUK JA : Josh & Aaron TBD with TBD IN : Through to Rapid Cook - off WGN SM : Steve & Maura TBD with TBD LOW : Through to Sudden Death WGN DD : Dai & Dal TBD with TBD IN : Through to Rapid Cook - off Rapid Cook - Off ( edit ) 45min mystery challenge ( edit ) Episodes 20 Airdate -- 7 Oct 2015 Description -- Each team must cook a protein with a complimentary dessert ingredient . All teams are required to use all the ingredients in the box and make the protein as the star of the dish . Showdown - mystery protein ( edit ) Description -- Teams were given a whole chicken and option to debone themselves . The losing team will compete in the Elimination Sudden Death . RAPID COOK - OFF - tbd SHOWDOWN - tbd Team Dish Result Dish Result WKO NB : Neena & Belinda N / A ( Immune ) AUK SD : Sam & Dan TBD with TBD LOW : Through to Sudden Death N / A ( Through to Sudden Death ) MWT AH : Aaron & Heather TBD with TBD SAFE : Winners N / A ( Immune ) WGN IS : Ian & Sandie N / A ( Through to Sudden Death ) CAN JR : Jessie & Ricki TBD with TBD IN : Through to Showdown TBD with TBD SAFE : Winners AUK JA : Josh & Aaron TBD with TBD IN : Through to Showdown TBD with TBD SAFE : High WGN SM : Steve & Maura N / A ( Through to Sudden Death ) WGN DD : Dai & Dal TBD with TBD IN : Through to Showdown TBD with TBD LOW : Through to Sudden Death Sudden Death ( edit ) Episodes 21 Airdate -- 8 Oct 2014 Description -- In a Double Elimination , the teams compete in the second Sudden Death Cook - Off . Sudden Death Cook - Off Results Team Judge 's scores Total ( out of 60 ) Result Nadia Grace Robert Sean Ben Gareth AUK SD : Sam & Dan 12 Eliminated Dishes Entree TBD with TBD Main TBD with TBD Dessert TBD with TBD WGN IS : Ian & Sandie 41 Eliminated Dishes Entree TBD with TBD Main TBD with TBD Dessert TBD with TBD WGN SM : Steve & Maura 44 SAFE Dishes Entree TBD with TBD Main TBD with TBD Dessert TBD with TBD WGN DD : Dai & Dal 51 SAFE Dishes Entree TBD with TBD Main TBD with TBD Dessert TBD with TBD Sudden Death - round 6 ( edit ) People 's Choice 3 : challenge ( edit ) Episodes 22 Airdate -- 12 Oct 2014 Description -- Teams headed into the third challenge to serve a dish . Families will vote by donating for their favourite dish and the group who received the most votes will received People 's Choice , sending them safe from Rapid Cook - Off and Showdown . Judges Ben and Gareth sent the weakest team directly into the first Sudden Death Cook - Off . All other surviving teams are through to next showdown . People 's Choice Team Dish Result WKO NB : Neena & Belinda TBD with TBD WIN : People 's Choice . Immune . MWT AH : Aaron & Heather TBD with TBD IN : Through to Rapid Cook - off CAN JR : Jessie & Ricki TBD with TBD IN : Through to Rapid Cook - off AUK JA : Josh & Aaron TBD with TBD IN : Through to Rapid Cook - off WGN SM : Steve & Maura TBD with TBD LOW : Through to Sudden Death WGN DD : Dai & Dal TBD with TBD IN : Through to Rapid Cook - off Rapid Cook - Off ( edit ) 45min mystery challenge ( edit ) Episodes 23 Airdate -- 14 Oct 2015 Description -- Each team must cook a romantic date night meal with their choice of ingredients in 45 minutes . Showdown - whole chicken ( edit ) Description -- Teams were given a whole chicken and option to debone themselves . The losing team will compete in the Elimination Sudden Death . RAPID COOK - OFF - tbd SHOWDOWN - tbd Team Dish Result Dish Result WKO NB : Neena & Belinda N / A ( Immune ) MWT AH : Aaron & Heather TBD with TBD IN : Through to Showdown TBD with TBD SAFE : High CAN JR : Jessie & Ricki TBD with TBD IN : Through to Showdown TBD with TBD LOW : Through to Sudden Death AUK JA : Josh & Aaron TBD with TBD SAFE : High N / A ( Immune ) WGN SM : Steve & Maura N / A ( Through to Sudden Death ) WGN DD : Dai & Dal TBD with TBD IN : Through to Showdown TBD with TBD SAFE : Winners Sudden Death ( edit ) Episodes 24 Airdate -- 15 Oct 2014 Description -- Teams compete in the third Sudden Death Cook - Off . Sudden Death Cook - Off Results Team Judge 's scores Total ( out of 60 ) Result Nadia Grace Robert Sean Ben Gareth CAN JR : Jessie & Ricki 44 SAFE Dishes Entree TBD with TBD Main TBD with TBD Dessert TBD with TBD WGN SM : Steve & Maura 43 Eliminated Dishes Entree TBD with TBD Main TBD with TBD Dessert TBD with TBD Sudden Death - round 70 ( edit ) People 's Choice 4 : challenge ( edit ) Episodes 25 Airdate -- 19 Oct 2014 Description -- Teams headed into the third challenge to serve a dish . Families will vote by donating for their favourite dish and the group who received the most votes will received People 's Choice , sending them safe from Rapid Cook - Off and Showdown . Judges Ben and Gareth sent the weakest team directly into the first Sudden Death Cook - Off . All other surviving teams are through to next showdown . People 's Choice Team Dish Result WKO NB : Neena & Belinda TBD with TBD IN : Through to Rapid Cook - off MWT AH : Aaron & Heather TBD with TBD LOW : Through to Rapid Cook - off CAN JR : Jessie & Ricki TBD with TBD LOW : Through to Sudden Death AUK JA : Josh & Aaron TBD with TBD WIN : People 's Choice . Immune . WGN DD : Dai & Dal TBD with TBD IN : Through to Rapid Cook - off Rapid Cook - Off ( edit ) 45min mystery challenge ( edit ) Episodes 26 Airdate -- 21 Oct 2015 Description -- Each team must cook a romantic date night meal . Showdown - chocolate ( edit ) Description -- Teams had to create 2 portions of their best chocolate dish . The losing team will compete in the Elimination Sudden Death . RAPID COOK - OFF - tbd SHOWDOWN - tbd Team Dish Result Dish Result WKO NB : Neena & Belinda Eye Fillet with Bone Marrow Butter and Nettle Chimichurri IN : Through to Showdown Chocolate Tart with Boozy Date and Orange Salad LOW : Through to Sudden Death MWT AH : Aaron & Heather Hapuka Fillet with Oysters Two Ways and Melon Caviar IN : Through to Showdown Chocolate Cake with Mango Curd SAFE : Winners CAN JR : Jessie & Ricki N / A ( Through to Sudden Death ) AUK JA : Josh & Aaron N / A ( Immune ) WGN DD : Dai & Dal Duck Breast with Spiced Plum Sauce and Fondant Potatoes SAFE : Winners N / A ( Immune ) Sudden Death ( edit ) Episodes 27 Airdate -- 22 Oct 2014 Description -- Teams compete in the fourth Sudden Death Cook - Off . Sudden Death Cook - Off Results Team Judge 's scores Total ( out of 60 ) Result Nadia Grace Robert Sean Ben Gareth WKO NB : Neena & Belinda 9 9 9 9 9 8 53 SAFE Dishes Entree Chilli Kelp Spiced Lamb with Smoky Eggplant Purée , Dried Figs and Chèvre Main Pan Fried Hapuka with Jewelled Couscous , Preserved Lemon Gremolata and Harissa Yoghurt Dessert Panda Cotta with Roasted Rhubarb and Orange and Salted Macadamia Crumb CAN JR : Jessie & Ricki 7 7 7 8 7 7 43 Eliminated Dishes Entree Cheese Tortellini in Broth Main Eye Fillet with Herb Sauce Dessert Coconut Panna Cotta with Mango Sauce Semi-finals ( edit ) Semi-Final 1 ( edit ) Episodes 31 Airdate -- 26 Oct 2014 Description -- 2 Teams in the first Semi-Final Cook - Off . The lower scoring team is eliminated and the winner proceeds through to the Grand Final . Semi-Final Cook - Off Results Team Judge 's scores Total ( out of 60 ) Result Nadia Grace Robert Sean Ben Gareth MWT AH : Aaron & Heather 9 10 9 8 9 9 54 SAFE Dishes Entree Yellowfin Tuna Tartare with Lime Moina Tai and Plantain Chip Main Duo of Short Rib Beef and Fillet with Celeriac Puree , Madeira Sauce , Pommes Frites , Crispy Shallot and Pak Choy Dessert Meika Poke , Panikeke and Chili Chocolate Ganache AUK JA : Josh & Aaron 8 9 8 8 9 8 50 Eliminated Dishes Entree West Coast Whitebait Fritters with Shaved Fennel Salad Main Verjuice Poached Crayfish Taile with Crayfish Tortellini and String Vegetables Dessert Wild Poached Pear Crumble Semi-Final 2 ( edit ) Episodes 32 Airdate -- 28 Oct 2014 Description -- 2 Teams in the second Semi-Final Cook - Off . The lower scoring team is eliminated and the other team becomes the second team to proceed into the Grand Final . Semi-Final Cook - Off Results Team Judge 's scores Total ( out of 60 ) Result Nadia Grace Robert Liz Ben Gareth WKO NB : Neena & Belinda 55 SAFE Dishes Entree TBD with TBD Main TBD with TBD Dessert TBD with TBD WGN DD : Dai & Dal 47 Eliminated Dishes Entree TBD with TBD Main TBD with TBD Dessert TBD with TBD Grand - final ( edit ) Episodes 33 Airdate -- 29 Oct 2014 Description -- In the final cook - off for the series , the top 2 teams face - off in the ultimate Grand Final . Teams each cook a five course degustation in the format of a cold entree , hot entree , seafood main , meat main and dessert . 20 plates of each course , totalling 100 plates per team were served to all eliminated teams , friends and family . Guest judges returned for the final verdict of awarding the $100,000 prize to the winners . Teams also wear chef attire and have their Instant Restaurant represented . Grand - Final Cook - Off Results Team Judge 's scores Total ( out of 60 ) Result Nadia Grace Robert Liz Ben Gareth WKO NB : Neena & Belinda 52 WINNERS Dishes Restaurant Name 1st course TBD with TBD 2nd course TBD with TBD 3rd course TBD with TBD 4th course TBD with TBD 5th course TBD with TBD MWT AH : Aaron & Heather 51 Runner - Ups Dishes Restaurant Name 1st course TBD with TBD 2nd course TBD with TBD 3rd course TBD with TBD 4th course TBD with TBD 5th course TBD with TBD Episodes ( edit ) Round Episode Original Airdate Timeslot Instant Restaurant Round : NB : Neena & Belinda 24 August 2014 Sunday 7 : 30pm Instant Restaurant Round : SD : Sam & Dan 26 August 2014 Wednesday 7 : 30pm Instant Restaurant Round : JS : June & Steph 27 August 2014 Thursday 7 : 30pm Instant Restaurant Round : DC : Dan & Christie 31 August 2014 Sunday 7 : 30pm 5 Instant Restaurant Round : TN : Tracey & Niel 2 September 2014 Wednesday 7 : 30pm 6 Instant Restaurant Round : AH : Aaron & Heather 3 September 2014 Thursday 7 : 30pm 7 Instant Restaurant Round : IS : Ian & Sandie 7 September 2014 Sunday 7 : 30pm 8 Instant Restaurant Round : JR : Jessie & Ricki 9 September 2014 Wednesday 7 : 30pm 9 Instant Restaurant Round : JA : Josh & Aaron 10 September 2014 Thursday 7 : 30pm 10 Instant Restaurant Round : KM : Kelly & Megan 14 September 2014 Sunday 7 : 30pm 11 Instant Restaurant Round : TJ : Theresa & Joelle 16 September 2014 Wednesday 7 : 30pm 12 Instant Restaurant Round : TN : Tracy & Niel 17 September 2014 Thursday 7 : 30pm 13 Instant Restaurant Round : JA : Josh & Aaron 21 September 2014 Sunday 7 : 30pm 14 Instant Restaurant Round : SM : Steve & Maura 23 September 2014 Wednesday 7 : 30pm 15 Instant Restaurant Round : DD : Dai & Dal 24 September 2014 Thursday 7 : 30pm 16 People 's Choice Challenge : 28 September 2014 Sunday 7 : 30pm 17 Rapid Cook - Off & Showdown : 30 September 2014 Wednesday 7 : 30pm 18 Sudden Death : 1 October 2014 Thursday 7 : 30pm 5 19 People 's Choice Challenge : 5 October 2014 Sunday 7 : 30pm 20 Rapid Cook - Off & Showdown : 7 October 2014 Wednesday 7 : 30pm 21 Sudden Death : 8 October 2014 Thursday 7 : 30pm 6 22 People 's Choice Challenge : 12 October 2014 Sunday 7 : 30pm 23 Rapid Cook - Off & Showdown : 14 October 2014 Wednesday 7 : 30pm 24 Sudden Death : 15 October 2014 Thursday 7 : 30pm 7 25 People 's Choice Challenge : 19 October 2014 Sunday 7 : 30pm 26 Rapid Cook - Off & Showdown : 21 October 2014 Wednesday 7 : 30pm 27 Sudden Death : 22 October 2014 Thursday 7 : 30pm 8 31 Semi-Final : 26 October 2014 Sunday 7 : 30pm 9 32 Semi-Final : 28 October 2014 Wednesday 7 : 30pm 10 33 Grand Final : 29 October 2014 Thursday 7 : 30pm References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` MKR NZ Season 1 Teams My Kitchen Rules NZ '' . mkrnz.co.nz . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` My Kitchen Rules New Zealand 's First Elimination Scoop News '' . www.scoop.co.nz . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` My Kitchen Rules New Zealand 's First Elimination Scoop News '' . www.scoop.co.nz . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Second team eliminated from My Kitchen Rules New Zealand Throng '' . Throng . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` MKR ' sour grapes ' after double elimination '' . New Zealand Herald . 2014 - 09 - 25 . ISSN 1170 - 0777 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` MKR 's Dan and Christie repressing ' embarrasing ( sic ) moments ' '' . New Zealand Herald . 2014 - 10 - 02 . ISSN 1170 - 0777 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` GayNZ.com MKR NZ cooks up a sexuality storm '' . www.gaynz.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Undercooked lamb earns MKR duo a ' zero ' '' . New Zealand Herald . 2014 - 10 - 09 . ISSN 1170 - 0777 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ MKR sudden death too much for Steve and Maura , 2014 - 10 - 16 , retrieved 2015 - 12 - 06 Jump up ^ `` Foodie contestants Steve and Maura flop on MKR '' . m.nzherald.co.nz . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` MKR 's Ricki and Jessie : We swore too much '' . m.nzherald.co.nz . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` MKR 's Aaron and Josh : It felt like the final '' . m.nzherald.co.nz . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` MKR 's Dai and Dal : ' We did n't expect to come this far ' '' . New Zealand Herald . 2014 - 10 - 29 . ISSN 1170 - 0777 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` MKR NZ : Dai and Dal say farewell '' . www.voxy.co.nz . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` MKR winners : ' We had to win and lose ' '' . New Zealand Herald . 2014 - 10 - 30 . ISSN 1170 - 0777 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` MKR review : A slow and lumbering journey '' . New Zealand Herald . 2014 - 10 - 30 . ISSN 1170 - 0777 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 06 . External links ( edit ) Official site My Kitchen Rules NZ Series Main Judges Ben Bayly ( 2014 -- ) Gareth Stewart ( 2014 -- ) Tasting Panel Nadia Lim ( 2014 -- ) Grace Ramirezi ( 2014 -- ) Robert Oliver ( 2014 -- ) Liz Egan ( 2015 -- ) Sean Connolly ( 2014 ) Winners 2014 : Neena & Belinda ( Waikato ) 2015 : TBD Runner - Up 2014 : Aaron & Heather ( Manawatu ) 2015 : TBD Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Kitchen_Rules_NZ_(series_1)&oldid=799685564 '' Categories : 2014 New Zealand television seasons Hidden categories : Articles lacking reliable references from August 2014 All articles lacking reliable references Articles needing additional references from August 2014 All articles needing additional references Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 September 2017 , at 06 : 44 . About Wikipedia | who won my kitchen rules new zealand season 1 | [
"It premiered on 24 August 2014. Waikato's Neena & Belinda won $100,000 prize money in the finals."
] | [
"Waikato's Neena & Belinda"
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-2560973803932487475 | Back-pass rule | Back - pass rule - wikipedia Back - pass rule Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In association football , the back - pass rule refers to an offence within Law 12 , Section 2 of the Laws of the Game . This offence is committed when the goalkeeper handles the ball after it has been deliberately kicked to them by a team - mate , or after receiving it directly from a throw - in taken by a team - mate . The back - pass rule was introduced in 1992 to discourage time - wasting and overly defensive play after the 1990 World Cup was described as exceedingly dull , rife with back - passing and goalkeepers holding up the ball . An indirect free kick is awarded to the opposing team from the place where the offence occurred , i.e. where the goalkeeper handled the ball . In practice , this offence is very rarely committed . USSF has provided the following guidance on how this offence should be judged by referees : The offense rests on three events occurring in the following sequence : The ball is kicked ( played with the foot , not the knee , thigh , or shin ) by a teammate of the goalkeeper , This action is deemed to be deliberate , rather than a deflection or miskick , and The goalkeeper handles the ball directly ( no intervening touch of play of the ball by anyone else ) When , in the opinion of the referee , these three conditions are met , the violation has occurred . It is not necessary for the ball to be `` passed , '' it is not necessary for the ball to go `` back , '' and it is not necessary for the deliberate play by the teammate to be `` to '' the goalkeeper . -- Jim Allen ( USSF National Instructor and National Assessor ) , Ask A Soccer Referee While not an infringement of the back - pass rule , players are also prohibited from using a deliberate trick to pass the ball to the goalkeeper with a part of the body other than the foot to circumvent the rule . This would include , but not be limited to : flicking the ball up with the foot and then heading the ball back to the goalkeeper , or heading a ball on the ground that would otherwise be regularly playable with the foot . If a player uses such a trick , they are cautioned for unsporting behaviour , and the opponents are awarded an indirect free kick from where the trick was performed . It is irrelevant as to whether the goalkeeper subsequently handles the ball or not . Another rule was introduced at the same time as the back - pass rule , with the same intentions . This rule prohibits the goalkeeper from handling the ball again once he has released it for play . This offence would also result in an indirect free kick to the opposition . In 1997 , the back - pass rule was extended to prevent goalkeepers handling the ball when received directly from a team - mate 's throw in . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Law 12 - Fouls and Misconduct , Section 1 - Indirect Free Kick '' . IFAB Laws of the Game . 2016 . Retrieved 24 Jan 2017 . Jump up ^ ifab.com -- The History of the Laws of the Game -- From 1863 to the Present Day -- accessed 5 November 2017 Jump up ^ Allen , Jim ( 20 June 2011 ) . `` The Ball Deliberately Kicked to the Goalkeeper ( Yet Again ) '' . Ask a Soccer Referee . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Law 12 - Fouls and Misconduct , Section 3 - Disciplinary Action '' . IFAB Laws of the Game . 2016 . Retrieved 24 Jan 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Goalkeepers are not above the Law '' . FIFA. 31 October 1997 . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Back-pass_rule&oldid=808804014 '' Categories : Laws of association football Association football terminology 1992 in association football Hidden categories : EngvarB from May 2013 Use dmy dates from May 2013 Articles needing additional references from June 2011 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Talk About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Galego 日本 語 Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 08 : 00 . About Wikipedia | what happens if goalie picks up back pass | [
"An indirect free kick is awarded to the opposing team from the place where the offence occurred, i.e. where the goalkeeper handled the ball. In practice, this offence is very rarely committed.[citation needed]"
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"An indirect free kick is awarded to the opposing team from the place where the offence occurred"
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-7149891607215570978 | Rick and Morty (season 3) | Rick and Morty ( season 3 ) - wikipedia Rick and Morty ( season 3 ) Jump to : navigation , search Rick and Morty ( season 3 ) Promotional poster Country of origin United States No. of episodes 10 Release Original network Adult Swim Original release April 1 ( 2017 - 04 - 01 ) -- October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 2 List of Rick and Morty episodes The third season of the animated television series Rick and Morty originally aired in the United States on Cartoon Network 's late night programming block , Adult Swim . It premiered with `` The Rickshank Rickdemption , '' which aired unannounced on April 1 , 2017 and was replayed every half hour from 8pm to 12am ET , as part of Adult Swim 's annual April Fools ' prank . The episode was also simulcast as a looping live stream on Adult Swim 's site . The remaining episodes began airing four months later and concluded on October 1 , 2017 with `` The Rickchurian Mortydate '' . This season aired a total of ten episodes , despite co-creator Justin Roiland stating that they were `` supposed to do 14 this season '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Guest cast 1.3 Other cast members 2 Episodes 3 Production 4 Reception 5 Notes 6 References Cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of Rick and Morty characters The actors and actresses listed below lend their voices to the corresponding animated characters . Main cast ( edit ) Justin Roiland as Rick Sanchez and Morty Smith , the two main characters of the show ; Rick is an eccentric mad scientist and Morty is his kind but easily distressed grandson . Chris Parnell as Jerry Smith , Rick 's son - in - law and Morty 's father ; a simple - minded and insecure person , who disapproves of Rick 's influence over his family . Spencer Grammer as Summer Smith , Rick 's granddaughter and Morty 's sister ; a conventional teenager who worries about improving her status among her peers . Sarah Chalke as Beth Smith , Rick 's daughter and Morty 's mother ; a generally level - headed person , who is dissatisfied with her marriage . Guest cast ( edit ) Nathan Fillion as Cornvelious Daniel , a galactic federation agent . Tony Hale as Eli , Summer 's neighbor in a post-apocalyptic version of Earth . Joel McHale as Hemorrhage , the leader of the post-apocalyptic scavenger group Death Stalkers . Susan Sarandon as Dr. Wong , a family therapist . Danny Trejo as Jaguar , a human held prisoner by foreign government agents . Peter Serafinowicz as a foreign government agency director . Christian Slater as Vance Maximus Renegade Star Soldier , the leader of the superhero group The Vindicators . Gillian Jacobs as Supernova , a member of The Vindicators . Logic ( Bobby Hall ) as himself , a performer at a party . Lance Reddick as Alan Rails , a member of The Vindicators . Thomas Middleditch as King Tommy , a childhood friend of Beth . Keith David as President of the United States . Other cast members ( edit ) Other cast members of the season , who each have voiced one or more characters , include : Dan Harmon , Brandon Johnson , Tom Kenny , Maurice LaMarche , Nolan North , Cassie Steele , Kari Wahlgren , Laura Bailey , John DiMaggio , Ryan Ridley , Scott Chernoff , Dan Benson , Clancy Brown , Echo Kellum , Melique Berger , William Holmes , Tara Strong , Jeff B. Davis , Jonas Briedis , Phil Hendrie , Rob Paulsen , Alex Jayne Go , Jennifer Hale and Mariana Wise . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Rick and Morty episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 22 `` The Rickshank Rickdemption '' Juan Meza - León Mike McMahan April 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 01 ) 0.68 Rick is interrogated via a mind - computer link , inside a galactic federal prison . Summer and Morty attempt to rescue him , but they are captured by SEAL Team Ricks , who take them to the Citadel of Ricks and decide to assassinate Rick . Back at the prison , Rick tricks both the federal agents and his aspiring assassins by switching bodies with them . He then teleports the entire Citadel into the federal prison , prompting a massive battle . Amid the confusion , Rick rescues Morty and Summer and uses the Galactic Federation 's mainframe to make its currency worthless . The Federation falls into chaos and collapses as a result , with the aliens leaving Earth . Rick , Morty , and Summer return home , where Jerry gives Beth an ultimatum to choose between him and Rick . She chooses Rick . After the new status quo is established , Rick reveals to Morty that his ulterior motive was to become his de facto male influence . This escalates into a nonsensical angry rant that parallels the final scene of the pilot , but this time it is centered around Rick 's desire to find more of the discontinued McDonald 's Szechuan sauce , a promotional product for the 1998 Disney film Mulan . Post-credit scene : Tammy observes Bird Person 's resurrection as a cyborg dubbed `` Phoenix Person '' . 23 `` Rickmancing the Stone '' Dominic Polcino Jane Becker July 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 30 ) 2.86 Rick takes Morty and Summer to a Mad Max-esque version of Earth , where they are chased by a group of scavengers , known as Death Stalkers . Rick notices that the group is carrying a valuable rock of Isotope 322 , so he and the kids join them in hope of stealing it . Summer falls in love with the Death Stalkers ' leader , while Morty is given the strength of a giant arm , which takes him in search of its previous owner 's killer . Rick leaves and replaces the kids with androids to fool Beth . When he returns , he helps the Death Stalkers use the Isotope to power a more advanced civilization . Summer does n't like how the change softens the Death Stalkers , and she decides to follow Rick and Morty back home . Before leaving , Rick steals the Isotope . The experience helps the kids overcome their parents ' divorce . Summer reconciles with Jerry , and Morty realizes he must live his own life . Post-credit scene : As Jerry receives his unemployment check , a growling wolf appears and bullies him into handing it over . The wolf eats the check and regurgitates it , thus further ruining Jerry 's new life . 24 `` Pickle Rick '' Anthony Chun Jessica Gao August 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 06 ) 2.31 Rick turns himself into a pickle to get out of attending school - ordered family therapy , but Beth takes Rick 's serum which would revert the transformation . Left alone , Rick eventually rolls down into an open sewer drain , where he manages to manipulate the nervous systems of dead roaches and rats to build himself a mobile exoskeleton , with added weapons such as razors and drills . He unwittingly escapes into a foreign government agency . The guards try to kill Rick , under orders from the agency director , but Rick kills them all . In the process , Rick battles and ultimately befriends a prisoner named Jaguar . Rick changes his mind and decides to attend the therapy session , arriving towards the end . Dr. Wong gives her diagnosis , observing that Rick crafts relationships that punish emotions and vulnerability . On their way home , Rick apologizes to Beth for deceiving her and uses the serum to turn human again . Morty and Summer wish to continue seeing Dr. Wong , but Rick and Beth ignore them . Post-credit scene : Jaguar saves Rick and Morty from being killed in an elaborate piano death machine by a villain named `` Concerto '' . 25 `` Vindicators 3 : The Return of Worldender '' Bryan Newton Sarah Carbiener & Erica Rosbe August 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 13 ) 2.66 At Morty 's insistence , Rick agrees to join the Vindicators , a group of intergalactic superheroes , to fight their arch - nemesis , Worldender . Rick can not hide his disdain for the superheroes , while Morty is thrilled . The next morning , the Vindicators enter Worldender 's base , only to find that the previous night a blackout drunk Rick had killed him and set up a variety of puzzles that the Vindicators must solve to survive . They start arguing and kill one another , while Morty solves all the puzzles , as he knows what Rick had in mind when he put them up . After all puzzles are solved , the only ones left alive are Rick , Morty and Supernova , a member of the Vindicators . Supernova tries to kill Rick and Morty , but before she can do so , the three of them are transported to a party that Rick also set up while blackout drunk , where she gets away . Post-credit scene : Gearhead tries to use a Vindicators vest to pick up some young girls , but when an alien terrorist attack strikes , he runs away eventually tripping and falling , breaking into pieces . 26 5 `` The Whirly Dirly Conspiracy '' Juan Meza - León Ryan Ridley August 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 20 ) 2.29 To bolster Jerry 's self - esteem , Rick takes him on an adventure at Morty 's request . They visit an otherworldly resort within an immortality field so Jerry wo n't be harmed while away . Jerry encounters Risotto Groupon , an alien who blames Rick for his kingdom being usurped . Risotto enlists Jerry in a plot to kill Rick , but Jerry backs out after Rick apologizes for ruining his marriage . Meanwhile , Summer deals with self - esteem issues as well . Her boyfriend , Ethan , leaves her for a larger - breasted girlfriend , and Summer attempts to enlarge her own breasts using one of Rick 's devices . Her aim is off , and she grows to freakish proportions . Morty wants to call Rick for assistance , but Beth refuses . Arrogantly trying to prove her own self - worth , Beth repeatedly fails to fix the problem and is tricked into releasing three tiny technical support workers that were trapped inside the machine . Once Morty figures out how the machine works , he restores Summer 's size and spitefully uses it to deform Ethan in an act of vengeance . Post-credit scene : The three tiny workers are enjoying their retirement next to a river . As an extremely deformed Ethan walks by , one of them is snatched by an eagle . 27 6 `` Rest and Ricklaxation '' Anthony Chun Tom Kauffman August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) 2.47 After a six - day outer space adventure that leaves them on the verge of psychological collapse , Rick and Morty decide to spend some time at an alien spa . There , they use a machine that extracts a person 's negative personality traits . However , without Rick and Morty knowing , those traits are transposed into toxic physical counterparts , characterized by Rick 's arrogance and Morty 's self - loathing . On the other hand , the true Rick becomes more considerate , and Morty 's confidence soars , which allows him to start dating girls . Toxic Rick uses a moonlight tower to remake the whole Earth in his own image , but the true Rick reverts the situation by merging back with him . Morty avoids merging back with his toxic counterpart and goes on to live a life as a stock broker in New York City . Rick tracks him down with the help of Jessica , Morty 's classmate , and restores order by re-injecting the negative personality traits into him . Post-credit scene : A tour of the same moonlight tower releases Stacy , one of the girls Morty dated in the episode , who had been inadvertently trapped inside the toxin machine . 28 7 `` The Ricklantis Mixup '' `` Tales from the Citadel '' Dominic Polcino Dan Guterman & Ryan Ridley September 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 10 ) 2.38 As Rick and Morty adventure to Atlantis , the episode shifts focus towards the Ricks and Mortys living at the Citadel . A group of Mortys , reminiscent of the protagonists in Stand by Me , journey to a portal to have their wishes granted . A rookie cop Rick starts working with an experienced Morty cop to take down drug dealers , in a plot - line reminiscent of Training Day . A Rick working at Simple Rick 's wafer factory , where the key ingredient comes from said Simple Rick hooked up to a machine to re-experience his best memories , holds Simple Rick hostage after he does n't get a promotion . An election is held for the new president of the Citadel . Despite being the underdog , the Morty Party candidate manages to secure the presidency thanks to his views on Ricks and Mortys . His former campaign manager fails to assassinate him after discovering that the new president is actually Evil Morty from `` Close Rick - counters of the Rick Kind '' . Post-credit scene : Rick and Morty come back from Atlantis satisfied with their trip . Morty wonders what happened on the Citadel , but Rick tells him it 'll likely have no effect on their lives . 29 8 `` Morty 's Mind Blowers '' Bryan Newton Mike McMahan , James Siciliano , Ryan Ridley , Dan Guterman , Justin Roiland & Dan Harmon September 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 17 ) 2.51 After Morty requests to have a traumatic memory deleted , Rick reveals a room where he has been storing a number of memories he has removed from Morty . However , as it turns out , besides the memories that Morty did n't want to keep from their adventures , the room also contains memories of moments where Rick was made to look foolish and had them forcibly removed . This revelation prompts a fight , during which Rick and Morty have their memories accidentally erased . Morty scours the memories to replace the ones he lost , but is displeased with the truth he finds , and convinces Rick to both kill themselves . Summer enters the room moments before they commit suicide . At this point , it is revealed that Rick has a contingency plan should this happen . Summer , following written instructions , tranquilizes Rick and Morty , restores their memories and drags them to the living room . Rick and Morty wake up on the couch , believing that they slept through an entire `` Interdimensional Cable '' episode . Post-credit scene : Jerry shows up in Rick 's garage and discovers a box containing `` Jerry 's Mind Blowers '' where , in a twisted homage to E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial , he discovers he accidentally left an alien the family was trying to help to die in his car . 30 9 `` The ABC 's of Beth '' Juan Meza - León Mike McMahan September 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 24 ) 2.49 Rick and Beth enter Froopyland , a fantasy world created by Rick for young Beth . Their goal is to recover Tommy , Beth 's childhood friend who 's been trapped in Froopyland , and prevent the execution of his father , who is being falsely accused of eating him . Tommy , who has survived all these years by resorting to bestiality , incest and cannibalism , refuses to return to the real world . Rick and Beth manage to save his father 's life by creating a clone of Tommy . Back at home , Beth is presented with the option of having a replacement clone of her created , so that she will be free to travel the world . Meanwhile , Jerry dates an alien hunter named Kiara , to Morty and Summer 's dismay . When he decides to get out of the relationship , Kiara is enraged and tries to kill the kids , whom she holds responsible . The situation is resolved following the revelation that Kiara was using Jerry to get over her previous boyfriend , much like Jerry was doing with her . Post-credit scene : Jerry 's answering machine plays messages warning him that Kiara 's boyfriend is coming to kill him , and Rick saying that he has killed Kiara 's boyfriend , but also had sex with her . 31 10 `` The Rickchurian Mortydate '' Anthony Chun Dan Harmon October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) 2.60 The President calls on Rick and Morty to defeat a monster in the tunnels underneath the White House , which they do with little effort . Annoyed that he constantly calls on them without any gratitude , they go back home , with the President quickly finding out . The resulting argument leads to a battle of egos that culminates in a fight in the White House between Rick and the President 's security . Meanwhile , fearing she might be a clone made by Rick , Beth reunites with Jerry to figure out the truth . Shortly after , the entire family gets together to hide from Rick , but he tracks them down . Rick eventually submits to Jerry once again being a family - member . Rick ends his conflict with the President by pretending to be Fly Fishing Rick , a Rick from a different reality , and calling a truce . The episode ends with the family happy to be together again , except for Rick who is disappointed by this outcome . Post-credit scene : Mr. Poopybutthole returns to apologize for not appearing in Season 3 , but he has gotten married and has a wife and son . He ends the scene by saying that it will be a long wait until Season 4 . Production ( edit ) On August 12 , 2015 , Adult Swim announced that the series had been renewed for a third season . Roiland reportedly began writing on November 2 , 2015 . Mike McMahan announced that the first episode was recorded on February 18 , 2016 . On February 5 , 2017 , Dan Harmon , answering questions regarding the delayed release , announced on his podcast , Harmontown , that the show was in the animation process , after a long period of writing . On June 24 , 2017 , Harmon wrote a series of posts on Twitter , explaining that the writing process took that long to complete because of his perfectionism . Reception ( edit ) The season currently holds a 98 % approval rating from review aggregation site Rotten Tomatoes based on ten reviews , with an average rating of 8.85 out of 10 and an audience score average of 4.7 out of 5 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Season 3 premiered unannounced on April 1 , 2017 as part of Adult Swim 's annual April Fools ' prank . Jump up ^ `` The Rickshank Rickdemption '' premiered unannounced and re-ran for four hours straight with improving ratings . This is the viewership of only the first broadcast of the episode . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Matar , Joe ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` Rick and Morty Season 3 Air Date Released , Episode Currently Streaming on Adult Swim '' . Den of Geek . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kettley , Sebastian ( 2017 - 08 - 16 ) . `` Rick and Morty season 3 : How many episodes does the new season have ? '' . Express.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Framke , Caroline ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` In season 3 , Rick and Morty is still one of TV 's most inventive shows '' . Vox . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Virtue , Graeme ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` Rick and Morty : how the world 's most ingenious animation punk 'd its fans '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Greene , Steve ( July 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rick and Morty ' Review : Summer Takes Center Stage in a ' Mad Max : Fury Road ' Therapy Session '' . IndieWire . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Starkey , Adam ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Rick And Morty : Susan Sarandon , Danny Trejo and more set to star in season 3 '' . Metro . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Greene , Steve ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rick and Morty ' Review : ' Guardians of the Galaxy ' Gets a Deadly Twist in ' Vindicators 3 : The Return of Worldender ' '' . IndieWire . Retrieved September 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greene , Steve ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rick and Morty ' Review : ' The ABCs of Beth ' is a Touching Father - Daughter Adventure Drenched in Plenty of Alien Blood '' . IndieWire . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` Rick and Morty Wage War With the President in Season 3 Finale '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Saturday cable ratings : Surprise ' Rick & Morty ' premiere gets solid numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Rick & Morty ' returns strong , more highs for ' Insecure ' and ' Ballers ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Sharknado 5 ' lacks bite , ' Game of Thrones ' hits total - viewer high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores another series high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Survivor 's Remorse ' premiere steady , ' Game of Thrones ' down a little '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : VMAs hit all - time low opposite ' Game of Thrones ' finale '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Deuce ' starts off on par with ' The Night Of ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Outlander ' and ' The Deuce ' steady with second episodes '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Outlander ' hits total - viewer high , ' Fear the Walking Dead ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Curb Your Enthusiasm ' returns , ' Outlander ' ticks up again '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Denise Petski ( August 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Rick And Morty ' Renewed For Season 3 By Adult Swim '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kazem Sedighzadeh ( November 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Rick and Morty ' Co-Creator Justin Roiland Starts Writing Work for Season 3 of TV Series ! '' . Master Herald . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mike McMahan ( @ MikeMcMahanTM ) ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` We 're recording episode # 301 today . '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Rick and Morty Creators Give Season 3 Update : They 're Drawing It '' . The Interrobang . February 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cabin , Chris ( June 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rick and Morty ' Season 3 : Dan Harmon Explains Delay '' . Collider . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rick and Morty : Season 3 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2017 . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . ( hide ) Rick and Morty Characters Rick Sanchez Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Lawnmower Dog '' `` Meeseeks and Destroy '' `` Rick Potion # 9 '' `` Rixty Minutes '' Season 2 `` A Rickle in Time '' `` The Ricks Must Be Crazy '' `` The Wedding Squanchers '' Season 3 `` The Rickshank Rickdemption '' Video games Pocket Mortys Rick and Morty : Virtual Rick - ality Related `` Mathlete 's Feat '' ( The Simpsons episode ) `` Terryfold '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rick_and_Morty_(season_3)&oldid=804875920 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons Rick and Morty seasons Hidden categories : Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Gaeilge Italiano 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 17 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when is the new rick and morty episode airing | [
"The third season of the animated television series Rick and Morty originally aired in the United States on Cartoon Network's late night programming block, Adult Swim. It premiered with \"The Rickshank Rickdemption,\" which aired unannounced on April 1, 2017 and was replayed every half hour from 8pm to 12am ET, as part of Adult Swim's annual April Fools' prank. The episode was also simulcast as a looping live stream on Adult Swim's site.[1] The remaining episodes began airing four months later and concluded on October 1, 2017 with \"The Rickchurian Mortydate\". This season aired a total of ten episodes, despite co-creator Justin Roiland stating that they were \"supposed to do 14 this season\".[2]"
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"April 1, 2017"
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-6876235782255376883 | You Make It Easy | You Make It Easy - wikipedia You Make It Easy For the Air song , see Moon Safari . `` You Make It Easy '' Single by Jason Aldean from the album Rearview Town Released February 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 05 ) Format Digital download Genre Country Length 3 : 16 Label Broken Bow Songwriter ( s ) Tyler Hubbard Brian Kelley Morgan Wallen Jordan Schmidt Producer ( s ) Michael Knox Jason Aldean singles chronology `` They Do n't Know '' ( 2017 ) `` You Make It Easy '' ( 2018 ) `` Drowns the Whiskey '' ( 2018 ) `` You Make It Easy '' is a song written by Florida Georgia Line members Tyler Hubbard and Brian Kelley with Morgan Wallen and Jordan Schmidt and recorded by American country music singer Jason Aldean . The song was released in February 2018 as the first single from Aldean 's 2018 album Rearview Town . Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 2 Commercial performance 3 Music video 4 Charts 5 Certifications 6 References Content ( edit ) Brian Kelley and Tyler Hubbard , who comprise the duo Florida Georgia Line , wrote the song with Morgan Wallen and Jordan Schmidt . It is the fourth song co-written by the duo that Aldean has recorded , after the singles `` Burnin ' It Down '' and `` Lights Come On '' , and the album cut `` Black Tears '' . According to Wallen , Hubbard was inspired by his wife , Hayley , and the relationship that the two have despite Hubbard being constantly on the road as a musician . Wallen also stated that he had most of the song written starting with the hook , when Schmidt added the `` groove '' . The song features a 6 / 8 time signature which Cillea Houghton of Taste of Country compared to Keith Urban 's 2017 hit `` Blue Ai n't Your Color '' . In it , Aldean sings of loving his wife , and how she `` make ( s ) it easy '' to love her in return . Commercial performance ( edit ) On the chart dated February 3 , 2018 , `` You Make It Easy '' debuted at number 26 on the Country Airplay chart . It has since reached number 14 . The next week , it debuted at number 28 on the Hot 100 chart due to strength of digital sales . `` You Make It Easy '' sold 77,000 copies in its first week of sales . It was the top - selling country song of the week . It has sold 493,000 copies in the United States as of July 2018 . Music video ( edit ) The song features a three - part music video spanning 15 minutes , directed by Shaun Silva . In it , actor Luke Benward plays a man who is injured in a car accident . Silva said that he was inspired by the video for `` What Hurts the Most '' by Rascal Flatts , which he also directed . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 63 Canada Country ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 28 US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 493,000 sales + streaming figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Tingle , Lauren . `` Jason Aldean 's `` You Make It Easy '' Gets Three Videos `` . CMT . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lyrics uncovered : Jason Aldean , ' You Make It Easy ' '' . Taste of Country . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Country Radio Music Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Country Radio Music Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Music : Top 100 Songs Billboard Hot 100 Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TOP 30 Digital Country Singles Sales Chart : February 5 , 2017 RoughStock '' . RoughStock . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bjorke , Matt ( July 3 , 2018 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Country Singles : July 3 , 2018 '' . Roughstock . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Jason Aldean 's Intense , Multi-Part ' You Make It Easy ' Video '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Aldean Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Aldean Chart History ( Canada Country ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Aldean Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Aldean Chart History ( Country Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Aldean Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Jason Aldean -- You Make It Easy '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH hide Jason Aldean Studio albums Jason Aldean ( 2005 ) Relentless ( 2007 ) Wide Open ( 2009 ) My Kinda Party ( 2010 ) Night Train ( 2012 ) Old Boots , New Dirt ( 2014 ) They Do n't Know ( 2016 ) Rearview Town ( 2018 ) Singles `` Hicktown '' `` Why '' `` Amarillo Sky '' `` Johnny Cash '' `` Laughed Until We Cried '' `` Relentless '' `` She 's Country '' `` Big Green Tractor '' `` The Truth '' `` Crazy Town '' `` My Kinda Party '' `` Do n't You Wanna Stay '' `` Dirt Road Anthem '' `` Tattoos on This Town '' `` Fly Over States '' `` Take a Little Ride '' `` The Only Way I Know '' `` 1994 '' `` Night Train '' `` When She Says Baby '' `` Burnin ' It Down '' `` Just Gettin ' Started '' `` Tonight Looks Good on You '' `` Gonna Know We Were Here '' `` Lights Come On '' `` A Little More Summertime '' `` Any Ol ' Barstool '' `` They Do n't Know '' `` You Make It Easy '' `` Drowns the Whiskey '' Guest Singles `` Drivin ' Around Song '' `` Straight to Hell '' DVDs Wide Open Live & More Related articles Discography 2013 Night Train Tour Book : Jason Aldean Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You_Make_It_Easy&oldid=849223348 '' Categories : 2018 singles Jason Aldean songs Broken Bow Records singles Songs written by Brian Kelley ( recording artist ) Songs written by Tyler Hubbard Songs written by Jordan Schmidt Song recordings produced by Michael Knox ( record producer ) Music videos directed by Shaun Silva Billboard Canada Country number - one singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadacountry Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountryairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 July 2018 , at 12 : 24 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is in jason aldean you make it easy video | [
"The song features a three-part music video spanning 15 minutes, directed by Shaun Silva.[8] In it, actor Luke Benward plays a man who is injured in a car accident. Silva said that he was inspired by the video for \"What Hurts the Most\" by Rascal Flatts, which he also directed.[1]\n"
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-1380177624155055429 | List of Winnipeg Jets seasons | List of Winnipeg Jets seasons - wikipedia List of Winnipeg Jets seasons Jump to : navigation , search For the season history of the previous NHL Winnipeg Jets , see List of Winnipeg Jets ( 1972 -- 96 ) seasons . For the season history of the Atlanta Thrashers , see List of Atlanta Thrashers seasons . The Winnipeg Jets celebrate their first regulation win in Winnipeg at the MTS Centre on October 17 , 2011 . The Winnipeg Jets are a professional ice hockey team based in Winnipeg , Manitoba . They are members of the Central Division of the Western Conference of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The team is owned by True North Sports & Entertainment and plays its home games at the MTS Centre . The franchise was founded in 1999 , and played eleven seasons in Atlanta , Georgia as the Atlanta Thrashers before moving to Winnipeg in 2011 . The team has played six seasons in Winnipeg . They qualified for the playoffs once , in 2015 , and lost in the first round to the Anaheim Ducks four games to none . Contents ( hide ) 1 Table key 2 Season - by - season 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Table key ( edit ) Key of terms and abbreviations Term or abbreviation Definition Finish Final position in division or conference standings GA Goals against ( goals scored by the Jets ' opponents ) GF Goals for ( goals scored by the Jets ) GP Number of games played Number of losses OT Number of losses in overtime Pts Number of points Number of wins -- Does not apply Season - by - season ( edit ) NHL Season Jets season Conference Division Regular season Post season Div . Finish Conf . Finish GP OT Pts GF GA GP GF GA Result 2011 -- 12 2011 -- 12 Eastern Southeast 4th 11th 82 37 35 10 84 225 246 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 2012 -- 13 2012 -- 13 Eastern Southeast 2nd 9th 48 24 21 51 128 144 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 2013 -- 14 2013 -- 14 Western Central 7th 11th 82 37 35 10 84 227 237 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 2014 -- 15 2014 -- 15 Western Central 5th 7th 82 43 26 13 99 230 210 0 9 16 Lost First Round to Anaheim Ducks , 0 -- 4 2015 -- 16 2015 -- 16 Western Central 7th 12th 82 35 39 8 78 211 236 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify 2016 -- 17 2016 -- 17 Western Central 5th 9th 82 40 35 7 87 249 256 -- -- -- -- -- Did not qualify Totals 458 216 191 51 483 1270 1329 0 9 16 1 playoff appearance Notes ( edit ) The season was shortened to 48 games because of the 2012 -- 13 NHL lockout . The NHL realigned prior to the 2013 -- 14 season . The Jets were placed in the Central Division of the Western Conference . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Winnipeg Jets Statistics and History '' . The Internet Hockey Database . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Winnipeg Jets Franchise Index '' . Sports Reference , LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 NHL Playoff Summary '' . Hockey - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NHL lockout ends , training camps set to open '' . Yahoo ! News . January 12 , 2013 . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NHL slate , division names revealed '' . ESPN.com news services . ESPN . July 20 , 2013 . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Winnipeg Jets official website Winnipeg Jets Formerly the Atlanta Thrashers Founded in 1999 Based in Winnipeg , Manitoba Franchise Team General managers Coaches Players Captains Draft picks ( Expansion draft ) Seasons Current season History Records Award winners Personnel Owner True North Sports & Entertainment ( Mark Chipman , chairman ) General manager Kevin Cheveldayoff Head coach Paul Maurice Team captain Blake Wheeler Current roster Arena Bell MTS Place Affiliates AHL Manitoba Moose ECHL Jacksonville Icemen Media TSN3 TSN Radio ( 1290 AM ) Culture / Lore Winnipeg Jets ( original ) Atlanta Thrashers Mick E. Moose Winnipeg Whiteout 2016 Heritage Classic Winnipeg Jets seasons Pre-2011 Atlanta Thrashers 2010s 2010 -- 11 . 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 ( hide ) NHL seasons by team Western Conference Eastern Conference Pacific Anaheim Arizona Calgary Edmonton Los Angeles San Jose Vancouver Vegas Central Chicago Colorado Dallas Minnesota Nashville St. Louis Winnipeg Atlantic Boston Buffalo Detroit Florida Montreal Ottawa Tampa Bay Toronto Metropolitan Carolina Columbus New Jersey NY Islanders NY Rangers Philadelphia Pittsburgh Washington Defunct teams : Atlanta Flames , Atlanta Thrashers , California Golden Seals , Cleveland Barons , Colorado Rockies , Hamilton Tigers , Hartford Whalers , Kansas City Scouts , Minnesota North Stars , Montreal Maroons , New York Americans , Ottawa Senators , Philadelphia Quakers , Pittsburgh Pirates , Quebec Nordiques , Toronto Blueshirts , Winnipeg Jets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Winnipeg_Jets_seasons&oldid=787578105 '' Categories : National Hockey League team seasons Winnipeg Jets seasons Winnipeg Jets lists Lists of National Hockey League seasons Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Galego Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 26 June 2017 , at 05 : 49 . About Wikipedia | when did the winnipeg jets last make the playoffs | [
"The franchise was founded in 1999, and played eleven seasons in Atlanta, Georgia as the Atlanta Thrashers before moving to Winnipeg in 2011. The team has played six seasons in Winnipeg. They qualified for the playoffs once, in 2015, and lost in the first round to the Anaheim Ducks four games to none."
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-2442378393536778178 | 2003 World Series | 2003 World Series - wikipedia 2003 World Series Jump to : navigation , search 2003 World Series Team ( Wins ) Manager ( s ) Season Florida Marlins ( 4 ) Jack McKeon 91 -- 71 , . 562 , GB : 10 New York Yankees ( 2 ) Joe Torre 101 -- 61 , . 623 , GA : 6 Dates October 18 -- 25 MVP Josh Beckett ( Florida ) Umpires Randy Marsh ( crew chief ) , Larry Young , Gary Darling , Jeff Kellogg , Ed Rapuano , Tim Welke Hall of Famers Marlins : Iván Rodríguez Yankees : Joe Torre ( manager ) ALCS New York Yankees defeated Boston Red Sox , 4 -- 3 NLCS Florida Marlins defeated Chicago Cubs , 4 -- 3 Broadcast Television Fox TV announcers Joe Buck and Tim McCarver Radio ESPN WQAM ( Marlins ) WCBS ( Yankees ) Radio announcers Jon Miller and Joe Morgan ( ESPN ) Dave Van Horne and Jon Sciambi ( Marlins ) John Sterling and Charley Steiner ( Yankees ) World Series Program ← 2002 World Series 2004 → The 2003 World Series was the 99th edition of Major League Baseball 's championship series . Played from October 18 -- 25 , 2003 , The National League ( NL ) champion Florida Marlins defeated the heavily favored American League ( AL ) champion New York Yankees four games to two . This is the most recent Series in which the losing team outscored the winning team . The Yankees lost , despite outscoring the Marlins 21 -- 17 in the Series . This was the Marlins ' second World Series championship win , having won their first in 1997 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Broadcasting 3 Summary 4 Matchups 4.1 Game 1 4.2 Game 2 4.3 Game 3 4.4 Game 4 4.5 Game 5 4.6 Game 6 5 Composite box 6 Notes 7 External links Background ( edit ) The 2003 World Series featured the New York Yankees in their sixth Series appearance in eight years . Opposing them were the wild card Florida Marlins , appearing in their second World Series in their eleven - year franchise history . The Marlins became the second straight wild card team to win the World Series ; the Anaheim Angels won in 2002 . The series was , however , somewhat overshadowed by the League Championship Series that year , when the Chicago Cubs and the Boston Red Sox , both widely believed to be cursed , went down in dramatic defeats only five outs away from the pennant , and each in seven games . However , Marlins manager Jack McKeon disagreed , and having lived in South Amboy , New Jersey and attending Yankee games when a child , said that he wanted to play the Yankees in his first World Series . Further information : Curse of the Billy Goat , Steve Bartman incident , and Curse of the Bambino By losing the series , the Yankees became the first team to lose two World Series to post 1960 expansion teams ; losing to the Arizona Diamondbacks , who entered the National League in 1998 , in the 2001 World Series and now the Marlins who entered the National League in 1993 . It was the 100th anniversary of the World Series , and advertised as such . However , it was only the 99th event due to a strike cancelling the 1994 World Series and the boycott of the 1904 World Series by the National League . The Marlins started the season 16 -- 22 when they fired manager Jeff Torborg and hired McKeon , who had been retired from baseball for over two years . They went 75 -- 49 under McKeon to win the wild card . At 72 , McKeon would become the oldest manager to ever win a World Series . They lost the first game of the NLDS to the San Francisco Giants , but came back to win the final three . After going down three games to one to the Cubs in the NLCS , they rallied to win the final three games . In the World Series , the Marlins put up their young roster with a $54 million payroll up against the storied Yankees and their $164 million payroll . By facing the Marlins , the Yankees faced every team in the National League that had won a National League pennant . Since then , the 2005 Houston Astros and the 2007 Colorado Rockies have reached the World Series without facing the Yankees . As of 2017 , the Washington Nationals , who were originally the Montreal Expos , are the only National League team to have never made the World Series , joining the Seattle Mariners , who are the only American League team without any pennants . Broadcasting ( edit ) Fox Sports again provided coverage of the World Series on American television . Joe Buck and Tim McCarver broadcast the series for Fox . National radio coverage was provided by ESPN Radio , with Jon Miller and Joe Morgan calling the action . The Marlins ' local broadcast aired on WQAM in Miami and on the Marlins Radio Network . Jon Sciambi and Dave Van Horne were in the booth . The Yankees ' local broadcast was carried by WCBS - AM and the New York Yankees Radio Network , with John Sterling and Charley Steiner broadcasting . Summary ( edit ) The Yankees had been awarded home - field advantage for this World Series , because the AL won the 2003 All - Star game . MLB had alternated home - field advantage for the World Series between the two leagues prior to this , and the NL would have been due for home - field in 2003 before the change . NL Florida Marlins ( 4 ) vs. AL New York Yankees ( 2 ) Game Date Score Location Time Attendance October 18 Florida Marlins -- 3 , New York Yankees -- 2 Yankee Stadium 3 : 43 55,769 October 19 Florida Marlins -- 1 , New York Yankees -- 6 Yankee Stadium 2 : 56 55,750 October 21 New York Yankees -- 6 , Florida Marlins -- 1 Pro Player Stadium 3 : 21 65,731 October 22 New York Yankees -- 3 , Florida Marlins -- 4 ( 12 innings ) Pro Player Stadium 4 : 03 65,934 5 October 23 New York Yankees -- 4 , Florida Marlins -- 6 Pro Player Stadium 3 : 05 65,975 6 October 25 Florida Marlins -- 2 , New York Yankees -- 0 Yankee Stadium 2 : 57 55,773 Matchups ( edit ) Game 1 ( edit ) Saturday , October 18 , 2003 8 : 06 pm ( EDT ) at Yankee Stadium in Bronx , New York Team 5 6 7 8 9 Florida 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 New York 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 WP : Brad Penny ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : David Wells ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Ugueth Urbina ( 1 ) Home runs : FLA : None NYY : Bernie Williams ( 1 ) A trio of Marlins pitchers managed to keep the Yankees in check . Brad Penny , Dontrelle Willis , and Ugueth Urbina held New York to two runs . Juan Pierre scored Florida 's first run in the first on Iván Rodríguez 's sacrifice fly and drove in the other two with a two - run single in the fifth . The Yankees scored their runs on a single by Derek Jeter in the third and a solo home run by Bernie Williams in the sixth , the eighteenth postseason home run of his career , tying a mark shared by Reggie Jackson and Mickey Mantle . Urbina ran into immediate trouble in the ninth , walking Jason Giambi to lead off the inning and , one out later , walking pinch - hitter Rubén Sierra to put pinch - runner David Dellucci in scoring position . However , Alfonso Soriano was called out looking on a 3 -- 2 pitch and Nick Johnson flied out to center to end the game . David Wells pitched seven solid innings for New York in a losing effort . The defeat marked the first Yankees loss of a home World Series contest since Game 2 of the 1996 World Series . Game 2 ( edit ) Sunday , October 19 , 2003 8 : 00 pm ( EDT ) at Yankee Stadium in Bronx , New York Team 5 6 7 8 9 Florida 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 New York 0 0 0 0 0 X 6 10 WP : Andy Pettitte ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Mark Redman ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : FLA : None NYY : Hideki Matsui ( 1 ) , Alfonso Soriano ( 1 ) The Yankees bounced back behind the arm of Andy Pettitte who allowed only six hits and one walk in 8 ⁄ innings . He allowed only one unearned run on a single by Derrek Lee in the ninth . The Yankees ' Hideki Matsui hit a three - run home run in the first inning on a 3 -- 0 pitch , becoming the first Japanese player to hit a home run in a World Series , and also became the second Japanese player to play a World Series game . Nick Johnson hit a bunt single in the second with one out and scored on Juan Rivera 's double with Rivera being tagged out at third . Alfonso Soriano hit a two - run shot off reliever Rick Helling in the fourth . Florida 's starter Mark Redman lasted only 2 ⁄ innings while allowing four runs . It would be the last World Series game won by the Yankees at the old Yankee Stadium . Game 3 ( edit ) Tuesday , October 21 , 2003 8 : 32 pm ( EDT ) at Pro Player Stadium in Miami Gardens , Florida Team 5 6 7 8 9 New York 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 Florida 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 WP : Mike Mussina ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Josh Beckett ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Mariano Rivera ( 1 ) Home runs : NYY : Aaron Boone ( 1 ) , Bernie Williams ( 2 ) FLA : None Game 3 was a close pitcher 's duel for the first seven innings . Florida starter Josh Beckett held the Yankees to one run through seven innings , the lone run coming on a bases - loaded walk after two consecutive borderline pitches that were called balls . The Marlins struck early off New York starter Mike Mussina with Miguel Cabrera singling in Juan Pierre in the bottom of the first . Mussina settled down and did not allow another run to the Marlins in seven strong innings . Beckett pitched strong into the eighth until he started to tire . He left with one out in the eighth having recorded ten strikeouts for the night . Reliever Dontrelle Willis entered the 1 -- 1 game and got one out , but gave up an opposite - field single to Hideki Matsui to give the Yankees their first lead of the night . Chad Fox relieved Willis and struck out Rubén Sierra to end the inning . The Yankees offense would return in the ninth . Aaron Boone led off the inning with a home run to left , and after walking Alfonso Soriano and hitting Derek Jeter , Bernie Williams hit a three - run shot to center to give the Yankees a 6 -- 1 lead . Williams ' home run was his nineteenth in the postseason , a new Major League record . His 65 RBIs were also the most in postseason history . Yankees closer Mariano Rivera pitched the final two innings for his record 30th career postseason save . Mussina received his fifth postseason win . The game was interrupted in the seventh by a rain delay lasting 39 minutes . It was the first weather - related delay of a World Series game since Game 1 of the 1996 World Series , which also involved the Yankees . Game 4 ( edit ) Wednesday , October 22 , 2003 8 : 24 pm ( EDT ) at Pro Player Stadium in Miami Gardens , Florida Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 New York 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 Florida 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 WP : Braden Looper ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Jeff Weaver ( 0 -- 1 ) Home runs : NYY : None FLA : Miguel Cabrera ( 1 ) , Álex González ( 1 ) The Marlins jumped out to an early lead against Yankees starter Roger Clemens . Miguel Cabrera hit a two - run homer in the first and Derrek Lee hit an RBI single . Clemens settled down and held the Marlins scoreless in the next six innings . When Clemens struck out Luis Castillo to end the seventh , it was then thought to have marked the end of his Major League career . With flashbulbs lighting up the stadium , the crowd gave him a standing ovation ; the Marlins even paused to applaud in recognition of Clemens ' what then appeared to be a hall - of - fame career ( as it turned out , Clemens would put off his retirement to sign with the Houston Astros for 2004 ) . Meanwhile , the Yankees scored their first run on a sacrifice fly by Aaron Boone in the second inning . Marlins starter Carl Pavano held the Yankees to that lone run through eight strong innings . Clemens was set to get the loss until the Yankees rallied in the ninth against Ugueth Urbina . Bernie Williams singled with one out , Hideki Matsui walked and Jorge Posada grounded into a force play . Pinch - hitter Rubén Sierra fouled off two full - count pitches before tripling into the right - field corner to tie the ball game . The game headed to extra innings . The Yankees threatened to score in the top of the eleventh when they loaded the bases with one out off Chad Fox . Braden Looper relieved Fox and struck out Boone , and replacement catcher John Flaherty popped out to third . The Marlins won the game in dramatic fashion in the bottom of the twelfth when Álex González led off the inning with a home run off Jeff Weaver that just cleared the fence in left to help the Marlins win 4 -- 3 . Prior to the home run , Gonzalez had been 5 - for - 53 in the 2003 postseason . Game 5 ( edit ) Thursday , October 23 , 2003 8 : 24 pm ( EDT ) at Pro Player Stadium in Miami Gardens , Florida Team 5 6 7 8 9 New York 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 Florida 0 0 0 0 0 X 6 9 WP : Brad Penny ( 2 -- 0 ) LP : José Contreras ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : Ugueth Urbina ( 2 ) Home runs : NYY : Jason Giambi ( 1 ) FLA : None Game 5 featured a rematch of Game 1 's starters , Florida 's Brad Penny versus New York 's David Wells . Before a sellout crowd of 65,975 , the Yankees did not appear very sharp , botching a rundown play in the fifth inning that led to two Marlin runs . Slumping Alfonso Soriano was benched and first baseman Jason Giambi nursed a leg injury . Wells left the game after pitching just one inning due to back spasms . His replacement , José Contreras , pitched three shaky innings , allowing three walks and four runs . The Yankees drew first blood with a sacrifice fly from Bernie Williams in the first . In the second , the Marlins scored on an RBI double by Álex González and Brad Penny helped his own cause by singling in two more runs . They scored again on a Juan Pierre double in the fourth and a two - run single by Mike Lowell in the fifth , to give the Marlins a 6 -- 1 lead . The Yankees began clawing away at that lead with a Derek Jeter RBI - single in the seventh . Dontrelle Willis relieved Penny by pitching a scoreless eighth . In the ninth , Jason Giambi hit a pinch - hit home run to right field off reliever Braden Looper . That made it 6 -- 3 Marlins . After a Jeter single , Enrique Wilson doubled him home to cut the Marlins ' lead to 6 -- 4 . Ugueth Urbina relieved Looper and retired Bernie Williams on a fly ball near the outfield wall which was caught by Juan Encarnación just inches away from a home run and Hideki Matsui on a ground ball to first base to preserve the Marlins win . This would be the seventh and final World Series game at what was then Pro Player Stadium ; the Marlins would continue to play at the stadium until the end of the 2011 Major League Baseball season . This was the first of two consecutive games in this World Series to mark the final World Series game in its respective park . This game also marked the first time in MLB history that 1st inning runs had been scored in the first 5 games played in a World Series . Game 6 ( edit ) Saturday , October 25 , 2003 7 : 55 pm ( EDT ) at Yankee Stadium in Bronx , New York Team 5 6 7 8 9 Florida 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 New York 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 WP : Josh Beckett ( 1 -- 1 ) LP : Andy Pettitte ( 1 -- 1 ) Jack McKeon and George W. Bush The series headed back to New York for Game 6 , marking the 100th World Series game ever played at Yankee Stadium . Marlins manager Jack McKeon decided to start 23 - year - old Josh Beckett on three days ' rest . Beckett made the move seem brilliant -- his complete game shutout in the final game of the World Series made him the first to accomplish the feat since Jack Morris of the Minnesota Twins in 1991 . The Marlins scored the game 's only runs on three consecutive two - out singles by Alex Gonzalez , Juan Pierre and Luis Castillo in the fifth and Juan Encarnación 's sacrifice fly next inning . With the victory , the Marlins became the first National League team since the 1981 Los Angeles Dodgers , the last opposing team to win a Series championship at Yankee Stadium , to win the World Series without having home field advantage . They are just the fourth team overall to do it since the 1984 Detroit Tigers , following the 1992 Toronto Blue Jays and the 1999 New York Yankees . The 2006 St. Louis Cardinals later accomplished the same feat , as did the 2008 Philadelphia Phillies , the 2014 San Francisco Giants , the 2016 Chicago Cubs and most recently the 2017 Houston Astros . They also became the second expansion team in the National League to win two World Series titles , following the New York Mets who achieved this feat in 1986 ; the Toronto Blue Jays of the American League , who pulled this off in 1992 and 1993 , are the third major - league expansion franchise to do so . The Kansas City Royals , also of the American League , became the 4th expansion franchise to win two World Series titles , adding the 2015 title to their 1985 win . The Marlins also became the fastest expansion team to win two World Series titles , as the Mets won their second title in their 25th season , and the Blue Jays did it in their 17th ( the Royals , joining the group 12 years later , got their second title in their 47th season ) . The championship was the Marlins ' second despite never having won a division title . The Atlanta Braves had won the NL East every year since 1995 going into this World Series , a strike ended the 1994 season without division winners , and the Philadelphia Phillies won the Marlins ' division in 1993 ( that streak would end in 2006 , when the New York Mets claimed the NL East title ) . The Marlins also became the first team since the creation of the Division Series to win the World Series without ever having home - field advantage during their entire post-season . As of 2015 , the Marlins have a 6 - 0 record in postseason series play ; until the Tampa Bay Rays lost the 2008 World Series , they had extended their home state 's perfect streak to 8 - 0 . This was the last World Series game held in the original Yankee Stadium before its closure after the 2008 season . The last World Series in which two stadiums hosted their final World Series games until this year was the 1959 World Series . The Marlins have not played in a World Series since 2003 , but the Yankees have , as the new Yankee Stadium opened in 2009 , the year of their 27th World Championship . Composite box ( edit ) 2003 World Series ( 4 -- 2 ) : Florida Marlins ( N.L. ) over New York Yankees ( A.L. ) Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Florida Marlins 5 0 5 0 0 0 0 17 47 New York Yankees 0 8 0 0 0 21 54 5 Total attendance : 364,932 Average attendance : 60,822 Winning player 's share : $306,150 Losing player 's share : $180,890 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2003 World Series '' . Baseball - Reference . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How Many MLB Wild - Card Teams Have Won the World Series ? '' . The Cheat Sheet . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bodley , Hal ( October 27 , 2003 ) . `` Reality of title beats McKeon 's wildest dreams '' . USA Today . p. 4C . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . McKeon grew up in Perth Amboy , N.J. As a youngster he made repeated trips to Yankee Stadium . ' I wanted to have my first World Series in Yankee Stadium , ' he said . ' Win or lose , I wanted to play it in Yankee Stadium . What finer presence could I have than getting the opportunity to manage my first World Series team in Yankee Stadium . ' Jump up ^ `` 2003 World Series Game 1 -- Florida Marlins vs. New York Yankees '' . Retrosheet . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 World Series Game 2 -- Florida Marlins vs. New York Yankees '' . Retrosheet . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 World Series Game 3 -- New York Yankees vs. Florida Marlins '' . Retrosheet . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 World Series Game 4 -- New York Yankees vs. Florida Marlins '' . Retrosheet . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 World Series Game 5 -- New York Yankees vs. Florida Marlins '' . Retrosheet . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 World Series Game 6 -- Florida Marlins vs. New York Yankees '' . Retrosheet . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Series Gate Receipts and Player Shares '' . Baseball Almanac . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2009 . Retrieved June 14 , 2009 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2003 World Series . 2003 World Series at WorldSeries.com ( MLB.com ) 2003 World Series at Baseball Almanac 2003 World Series at Baseball-Reference.com The 2003 Post-Season Games ( box scores and play - by - play ) at Retrosheet History of the World Series - 2003 at The SportingNews . Archived from the original on 2008 . 2003 World Series Article 2003 Major League Baseball postseason World Series American League Championship Series National League Championship Series American League Division Series National League Division Series American League teams Boston Red Sox Minnesota Twins New York Yankees Oakland Athletics National League teams Atlanta Braves Chicago Cubs Florida Marlins San Francisco Giants Florida Marlins 2003 World Series champions 1 Luis Castillo 7 Iván Rodríguez ( NLCS MVP ) 9 Juan Pierre 10 Lenny Harris 11 Álex González 12 Mike Mordecai 14 Todd Hollandsworth 17 Ramón Castro 18 Jeff Conine 19 Mike Lowell 20 Miguel Cabrera 21 Josh Beckett ( World Series MVP ) 22 Brian Banks 25 Derrek Lee 31 Brad Penny 35 Dontrelle Willis 38 Rick Helling 40 Nate Bump 41 Braden Looper 43 Juan Encarnación 45 Carl Pavano 49 Chad Fox 52 Mike Redmond 55 Mark Redman 58 Michael Tejera 74 Ugueth Urbina Manager 15 Jack McKeon Coaches Third Base Coach 13 Ozzie Guillén First Base Coach 16 Perry Hill Hitting Coach 28 Bill Robinson Pitching Coach 38 Brad Arnsberg Bench Coach 47 Jeff Cox Bullpen Coach 67 Pierre Arsenault Regular season National League Division Series National League Championship Series World Series No World Series was held in 1904 because the NL champions refused to participate ; no World Series was held in 1994 due to a players ' strike . 1900s -- 1910s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s -- 1930s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s -- 1950s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s -- 1970s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s -- 1990s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s -- 2010s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 See also Pre-World Series champions World Series champions Most Valuable Players Starting pitchers Babe Ruth Award Commissioner 's Trophy World Series ring Appearances Streaks Droughts Series ( by franchise ) Broadcasters TV ratings ALCS NLCS ALDS NLDS ALWC NLWC Game 7 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake Dauvray Cup Temple Cup Chronicle - Telegraph Cup Book : World Series Category : World Series Miami Marlins Formerly the Florida Marlins Based in Miami , Florida Franchise Seasons History Expansion Expansion Draft Records No - hitters Award winners and league leaders Players Owners and executives Managers Broadcasters Miami Marlins Radio Network Opening Day starting pitchers Ballparks Pro Player Stadium Marlins Park Spring training : Cocoa Expo Stadium Space Coast Stadium Roger Dean Stadium Culture Billy the Marlin Fire sale Marlins Man The Franchise ( Showtime TV series ) Lore Steve Bartman incident Fort Bragg Game Rivalries Tampa Bay Rays Retired numbers 42 Key personnel Owner : Bruce Sherman Team President : Derek Jeter President of Baseball Operations : Michael Hill General Manager : Michael Hill Manager : Don Mattingly World Series Championships ( 2 ) 1997 2003 National League Pennants ( 2 ) 1997 2003 Division titles National League East : none Wild card berths 1997 2003 Minor League affiliates AAA New Orleans Baby Cakes AA Jacksonville Jumbo Shrimp A Adv . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won the mlb world series in 2003 | [
"The 2003 World Series was the 99th edition of Major League Baseball's championship series.[1] Played from October 18–25, 2003, The National League (NL) champion Florida Marlins defeated the heavily favored American League (AL) champion New York Yankees four games to two. This is the most recent Series in which the losing team outscored the winning team. The Yankees lost, despite outscoring the Marlins 21–17 in the Series. This was the Marlins' second World Series championship win, having won their first in 1997."
] | [
"The National League (NL) champion Florida Marlins"
] |
-3192019139844730547 | Illuminate World Tour | Illuminate World tour - wikipedia Illuminate World tour Jump to : navigation , search Illuminate World Tour Tour by Shawn Mendes Promotional poster Associated album Illuminate Start date April 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 27 ) End date December 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 18 ) Legs 5 No. of shows 21 in Europe 30 in North America 1 in Latin America 5 in Oceania 4 in Asia 60 in total Shawn Mendes concert chronology Shawn Mendes World Tour ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Illuminate World Tour ( 2017 ) The Illuminate World Tour is the third concert tour by Shawn Mendes , in support of his second studio album Illuminate ( 2016 ) . The tour began in Glasgow at The SSE Hydro on April 27 , 2017 , and is set to conclude in Tokyo at the Tokyo International Forum on December 18 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and development 2 Tour dates 3 Cancelled shows 4 Notes 5 References Background and development ( edit ) After huge success from the Shawn Mendes World Tour , Mendes is headlining his first all - arena tour . Mendes will kick off his tour in Europe for 21 shows , and tour North America for 29 shows . On February 22 , 2017 , Charlie Puth was announced as the opening act for the North American leg of the tour , and Rock in Rio announced Mendes as a performer of the festival in Rio de Janeiro . Tour dates ( edit ) List of concerts , showing date , city , country , venue , opening acts , tickets sold , amount of available tickets , and gross revenue Date City Country Venue Opening act Attendance Revenue Europe April 27 , 2017 Glasgow Scotland SSE Hydro James TW 11,143 / 11,143 $573,111 April 28 , 2017 Manchester England Manchester Arena 14,899 / 14,899 $749,022 April 30 , 2017 Oberhausen Germany König Pilsener Arena 10,271 / 10,271 $534,232 May 1 , 2017 Amsterdam Netherlands Ziggo Dome 12,376 / 12,376 $568,762 May 3 , 2017 Berlin Germany Mercedes - Benz Arena 11,817 / 11,817 $590,190 May 4 , 2017 Vienna Austria Wiener Stadthalle 10,725 / 10,725 $557,400 May 6 , 2017 Milan Italy Mediolanum Forum 9,531 / 9,531 $512,040 May 9 , 2017 Madrid Spain WiZink Center 7,982 / 7,982 $474,788 May 10 , 2017 Lisbon Portugal MEO Arena 12,474 / 12,474 $606,913 May 12 , 2017 Barcelona Spain Palau Sant Jordi 11,202 / 11,202 $644,300 May 14 , 2017 Zürich Switzerland Hallenstadion 12,063 / 13,000 $799,372 May 15 , 2017 Munich Germany Olympiahalle 10,990 / 10,990 $568,347 May 17 , 2017 Stockholm Sweden Ericsson Globe 11,342 / 11,342 $624,676 May 19 , 2017 Oslo Norway Telenor Arena 8,007 / 8,007 $700,236 May 21 , 2017 Copenhagen Denmark Forum Copenhagen 7,038 / 7,038 $444,581 May 22 , 2017 Hamburg Germany Barclaycard Arena 11,985 / 12,988 $633,485 May 24 , 2017 Paris France AccorHotels Arena 11,037 / 11,037 $722,458 May 27 , 2017 Brussels Belgium Palais 12 9,242 / 9,242 $452,694 May 30 , 2017 Dublin Republic of Ireland 3Arena 8,674 / 8,674 $641,209 June 1 , 2017 London England The O Arena 31,942 / 32,228 $1,535,870 June 2 , 2017 North America July 6 , 2017 Portland United States Moda Center Charlie Puth 12,718 / 12,718 $563,506 July 8 , 2017 Vancouver Canada Rogers Arena 11,944 / 12,578 $658,946 July 9 , 2017 Seattle United States KeyArena 11,655 / 11,827 $571,611 July 11 , 2017 Oakland Oracle Arena 13,798 / 13,798 $797,363 July 12 , 2017 Los Angeles Staples Center 13,445 / 13,610 $812,975 July 14 , 2017 San Diego Valley View Casino Center 10,354 / 10,486 $507,726 July 15 , 2017 Glendale Gila River Arena 13,310 / 13,310 $584,916 July 17 , 2017 Denver Pepsi Center 11,958 / 12,286 $532,151 July 19 , 2017 Dallas American Airlines Center 12,996 / 13,434 $680,395 July 21 , 2017 San Antonio AT&T Center 13,310 / 13,310 $573,043 July 22 , 2017 Houston Toyota Center 11,748 / 11,748 $580,149 July 25 , 2017 Tampa Amalie Arena 12,479 / 12,479 $552,602 July 26 , 2017 Miami American Airlines Arena 13,177 / 13,177 $629,472 July 28 , 2017 Orlando Amway Center 12,233 / 12,233 $619,430 July 29 , 2017 Duluth Infinite Energy Arena 10,319 / 10,319 $582,086 July 31 , 2017 Nashville Bridgestone Arena 13,558 / 13,558 $718,875 August 2 , 2017 Cleveland Quicken Loans Arena 12,811 / 12,811 $636,823 August 3 , 2017 Rosemont Allstate Arena 13,000 / 13,000 $761,528 August 5 , 2017 Omaha CenturyLink Center Omaha 12,456 / 12,456 $571,515 August 6 , 2017 Saint Paul Xcel Energy Center 14,105 / 14,105 $766,872 August 11 , 2017 Toronto Canada Air Canada Centre 27,972 / 27,972 $1,579,750 August 12 , 2017 August 14 , 2017 Montreal Bell Centre 15,427 / 15,427 $963,863 August 16 , 2017 Brooklyn United States Barclays Center 13,687 / 13,687 $741,191 August 17 , 2017 Newark Prudential Center 12,541 / 12,541 $663,481 August 19 , 2017 Washington , D.C. Capital One Arena 13,531 / 13,531 $741,522 August 20 , 2017 Pittsburgh PPG Paints Arena 12,989 / 12,989 $627,641 August 22 , 2017 Philadelphia Wells Fargo Center 14,028 / 14,028 $731,611 August 23 , 2017 Boston TD Garden 13,065 / 13,065 $771,325 Latin America September 16 , 2017 Rio de Janeiro Brazil Barra Olympic Park N / A N / A N / A Oceania November 25 , 2017 Auckland New Zealand Spark Arena Julia Michaels -- -- November 29 , 2017 Brisbane Australia Brisbane Entertainment Centre -- -- December 1 , 2017 Sydney Qudos Bank Arena -- -- December 3 , 2017 Melbourne Rod Laver Arena -- -- December 6 , 2017 Perth Perth Arena -- -- Asia December 9 , 2017 Singapore The Star Performing Arts Centre N / A -- -- December 11 , 2017 Bangkok Thailand IMPACT Arena -- -- December 13 , 2017 Hong Kong AsiaWorld -- Expo -- -- December 18 , 2017 Tokyo Japan Tokyo International Forum -- -- Total 582,378 / 586,356 ( 99.3 % ) $32,455,654 Cancelled shows ( edit ) List of cancelled concerts , showing date , city , country , venue and reason for cancellation Date City Country Venue Reason September 20 , 2017 Mexico City Mexico Auditorio Nacional 2017 Central Mexico earthquake Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The show on September 16 , 2017 , in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil is a part of the Rock in Rio festival . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` UPCOMING TOUR DATES '' . Shawn Mendes ' Official Website . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Middleton , Ryan ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` Shawn Mendes Announces 2017 Illuminate World Tour Dates '' . musictimes.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth , De ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Charlie Puth Will Join Shawn Mendes 's ' Illuminate ' World Tour '' . teenvogue.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes vai cantar no Rock in Rio '' . globo.com . February 22 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Europe box score : `` Billboard Boxscore : : Current Scores '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2017 . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . `` Billboard Boxscore : : Current Scores '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2017 . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . `` Billboard Boxscore : : Current Scores '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . `` Billboard Boxscore : : Current Scores '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ North America box score : `` Billboard Boxscore : : Current Scores '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . `` Billboard Boxscore : : Current Scores '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . `` Billboard Boxscore : : Current Scores '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2017 . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . `` Billboard Boxscore : : Current Scores '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . `` Billboard Boxscore : : Current Scores '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2017 . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Megan ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` Beyonce , Shawn Mendes & More Stars Tweet Support For Earthquake Victims in Mexico City '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . ( hide ) Shawn Mendes Awards and nominations Discography Studio albums Handwritten Illuminate Live albums Live at Madison Square Garden EPs The Shawn Mendes EP Singles `` Life of the Party '' `` Something Big '' `` Stitches '' `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` Treat You Better '' `` Mercy '' `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' Featured singles `` Oh Cecilia ( Breaking My Heart ) '' Promotional singles `` Believe '' Concert tours # ShawnsFirstHeadlines Shawn Mendes World Tour Illuminate World Tour Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Illuminate_World_Tour&oldid=802415548 '' Categories : 2017 concert tours Shawn Mendes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 01 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is opening for shawn mendes in pittsburgh | [
"\nList of concerts, showing date, city, country, venue, opening acts, tickets sold, amount of available tickets, and gross revenue\n\nDate\nCity\nCountry\nVenue\nOpening act\nAttendance\nRevenue\n\n\nEurope[5]\n\n\nApril 27, 2017\nGlasgow\nScotland\nSSE Hydro\nJames TW\n11,143 / 11,143\n$573,111\n\n\nApril 28, 2017\nManchester\nEngland\nManchester Arena\n14,899 / 14,899\n$749,022\n\n\nApril 30, 2017\nOberhausen\nGermany\nKönig Pilsener Arena\n10,271 / 10,271\n$534,232\n\n\nMay 1, 2017\nAmsterdam\nNetherlands\nZiggo Dome\n12,376 / 12,376\n$568,762\n\n\nMay 3, 2017\nBerlin\nGermany\nMercedes-Benz Arena\n11,817 / 11,817\n$590,190\n\n\nMay 4, 2017\nVienna\nAustria\nWiener Stadthalle\n10,725 / 10,725\n$557,400\n\n\nMay 6, 2017\nMilan\nItaly\nMediolanum Forum\n9,531 / 9,531\n$512,040\n\n\nMay 9, 2017\nMadrid\nSpain\nWiZink Center\n7,982 / 7,982\n$474,788\n\n\nMay 10, 2017\nLisbon\nPortugal\nMEO Arena\n12,474 / 12,474\n$606,913\n\n\nMay 12, 2017\nBarcelona\nSpain\nPalau Sant Jordi\n11,202 / 11,202\n$644,300\n\n\nMay 14, 2017\nZürich\nSwitzerland\nHallenstadion\n12,063 / 13,000\n$799,372\n\n\nMay 15, 2017\nMunich\nGermany\nOlympiahalle\n10,990 / 10,990\n$568,347\n\n\nMay 17, 2017\nStockholm\nSweden\nEricsson Globe\n11,342 / 11,342\n$624,676\n\n\nMay 19, 2017\nOslo\nNorway\nTelenor Arena\n8,007 / 8,007\n$700,236\n\n\nMay 21, 2017\nCopenhagen\nDenmark\nForum Copenhagen\n7,038 / 7,038\n$444,581\n\n\nMay 22, 2017\nHamburg\nGermany\nBarclaycard Arena\n11,985 / 12,988\n$633,485\n\n\nMay 24, 2017\nParis\nFrance\nAccorHotels Arena\n11,037 / 11,037\n$722,458\n\n\nMay 27, 2017\nBrussels\nBelgium\nPalais 12\n9,242 / 9,242\n$452,694\n\n\nMay 30, 2017\nDublin\nRepublic of Ireland\n3Arena\n8,674 / 8,674\n$641,209\n\n\nJune 1, 2017\nLondon\nEngland\nThe O2 Arena\n31,942 / 32,228\n$1,535,870\n\n\nJune 2, 2017\n\n\nNorth America[1][6]\n\n\nJuly 6, 2017\nPortland\nUnited States\nModa Center\nCharlie Puth\n12,718 / 12,718\n$563,506\n\n\nJuly 8, 2017\nVancouver\nCanada\nRogers Arena\n11,944 / 12,578\n$658,946\n\n\nJuly 9, 2017\nSeattle\nUnited States\nKeyArena\n11,655 / 11,827\n$571,611\n\n\nJuly 11, 2017\nOakland\nOracle Arena\n13,798 / 13,798\n$797,363\n\n\nJuly 12, 2017\nLos Angeles\nStaples Center\n13,445 / 13,610\n$812,975\n\n\nJuly 14, 2017\nSan Diego\nValley View Casino Center\n10,354 / 10,486\n$507,726\n\n\nJuly 15, 2017\nGlendale\nGila River Arena\n13,310 / 13,310\n$584,916\n\n\nJuly 17, 2017\nDenver\nPepsi Center\n11,958 / 12,286\n$532,151\n\n\nJuly 19, 2017\nDallas\nAmerican Airlines Center\n12,996 / 13,434\n$680,395\n\n\nJuly 21, 2017\nSan Antonio\nAT&T Center\n13,310 / 13,310\n$573,043\n\n\nJuly 22, 2017\nHouston\nToyota Center\n11,748 / 11,748\n$580,149\n\n\nJuly 25, 2017\nTampa\nAmalie Arena\n12,479 / 12,479\n$552,602\n\n\nJuly 26, 2017\nMiami\nAmerican Airlines Arena\n13,177 / 13,177\n$629,472\n\n\nJuly 28, 2017\nOrlando\nAmway Center\n12,233 / 12,233\n$619,430\n\n\nJuly 29, 2017\nDuluth\nInfinite Energy Arena\n10,319 / 10,319\n$582,086\n\n\nJuly 31, 2017\nNashville\nBridgestone Arena\n13,558 / 13,558\n$718,875\n\n\nAugust 2, 2017\nCleveland\nQuicken Loans Arena\n12,811 / 12,811\n$636,823\n\n\nAugust 3, 2017\nRosemont\nAllstate Arena\n13,000 / 13,000\n$761,528\n\n\nAugust 5, 2017\nOmaha\nCenturyLink Center Omaha\n12,456 / 12,456\n$571,515\n\n\nAugust 6, 2017\nSaint Paul\nXcel Energy Center\n14,105 / 14,105\n$766,872\n\n\nAugust 11, 2017\nToronto\nCanada\nAir Canada Centre\n27,972 / 27,972\n$1,579,750\n\n\nAugust 12, 2017\n\n\nAugust 14, 2017\nMontreal\nBell Centre\n15,427 / 15,427\n$963,863\n\n\nAugust 16, 2017\nBrooklyn\nUnited States\nBarclays Center\n13,687 / 13,687\n$741,191\n\n\nAugust 17, 2017\nNewark\nPrudential Center\n12,541 / 12,541\n$663,481\n\n\nAugust 19, 2017\nWashington, D.C.\nCapital One Arena\n13,531 / 13,531\n$741,522\n\n\nAugust 20, 2017\nPittsburgh\nPPG Paints Arena\n12,989 / 12,989\n$627,641\n\n\nAugust 22, 2017\nPhiladelphia\nWells Fargo Center\n14,028 / 14,028\n$731,611\n\n\nAugust 23, 2017\nBoston\nTD Garden\n13,065 / 13,065\n$771,325\n\n\nLatin America[1]\n\n\nSeptember 16, 2017[a]\nRio de Janeiro\nBrazil\nBarra Olympic Park\nN/A\nN/A\nN/A\n\n\nOceania[1]\n\n\nNovember 25, 2017\nAuckland\nNew Zealand\nSpark Arena\nJulia Michaels\n—\n—\n\n\nNovember 29, 2017\nBrisbane\nAustralia\nBrisbane Entertainment Centre\n—\n—\n\n\nDecember 1, 2017\nSydney\nQudos Bank Arena\n—\n—\n\n\nDecember 3, 2017\nMelbourne\nRod Laver Arena\n—\n—\n\n\nDecember 6, 2017\nPerth\nPerth Arena\n—\n—\n\n\nAsia[1]\n\n\nDecember 9, 2017\nSingapore\nThe Star Performing Arts Centre\nN/A\n—\n—\n\n\nDecember 11, 2017\nBangkok\nThailand\nIMPACT Arena\n—\n—\n\n\nDecember 13, 2017\nHong Kong\nAsiaWorld–Expo\n—\n—\n\n\nDecember 18, 2017\nTokyo\nJapan\nTokyo International Forum\n—\n—\n\n\nTotal\n582,378 / 586,356 (99.3%)\n$32,455,654\n\n"
] | [
"Charlie Puth"
] |
-1364029171586827871 | The Wizard of Oz (1925 film) | The Wizard of Oz ( 1925 film ) - wikipedia The Wizard of Oz ( 1925 film ) Jump to : navigation , search The Wizard of Oz Directed by Larry Semon Produced by Larry Semon Written by Larry Semon L. Frank Baum , Jr . Based on The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum Starring Larry Semon Bryant Washburn Dorothy Dwan Virginia Pearson Oliver Hardy Charles Murray Cinematography Frank B. Good H.F. Koenekamp Leonard Smith Edited by Sam S. Zimbalist Distributed by Chadwick Pictures Corporation Release date April 13 , 1925 ( 1925 - 04 - 13 ) Running time 93 minutes 85 min ( cut edition ) Country United States Language Silent film English intertitles The Wizard of Oz is a 1925 American silent film directed by Larry Semon , who also appears in a lead role -- that of a farmhand disguised as a Scarecrow . The only completed 1920s adaptation of L. Frank Baum 's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , this film features Oliver Hardy as the Tin Woodman . Dorothy is portrayed by Dorothy Dwan . `` L. Frank Baum , Jr . '' is top - billed with the writing of the script . This is Frank Joslyn Baum , Baum 's eldest son , and although his actual contribution to the screenplay is doubted by Baum scholar Michael Patrick Hearn , he was certainly involved in the business angle of the production . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 5 Television 6 Home media 7 Music 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Play media The complete movie A toymaker ( Semon ) reads L. Frank Baum 's book to his granddaughter . The Land of Oz is ruled by Prime Minister Kruel ( Josef Swickard ) , aided by Ambassador Wikked ( Otto Lederer ) , Lady Vishuss ( Virginia Pearson ) , and the Wizard ( Charles Murray ) , a `` medicine - show hokum hustler '' . When the discontented people , led by Prince Kynd ( Bryant Washburn ) , demand the return of the princess , who disappeared while a baby many years before , so she can be crowned their rightful ruler , Kruel has the Wizard distract them with a parlor trick : making a female impersonator ( Frederick Ko Vert ) appear out of a seemingly empty basket . Kruel sends Wikked on a mission . Meanwhile , in Kansas , Dorothy ( Dorothy Dwan ) lives on a farm with her relatives . While Aunt Em ( Mary Carr ) is a kind and caring woman , Uncle Henry ( Frank Alexander ) is an obese man with a short temper who shows little love for his niece . He also abuses his farmhands : Snowball ( credited to G. Howe Black , a stage name for Spencer Bell , who frequently appeared in Semon 's films ) and Hardy 's and Semon 's unnamed characters . The latter two are both in love with Dorothy , who favors Hardy 's character . Aunt Em reveals to Dorothy that she was placed on their doorstep as a baby , along with an envelope and instructions that it be opened only when she turned 18 . On her 18th birthday , however , Wikked and his minions arrive at the farm by biplane and demand the envelope . When Uncle Henry refuses to hand it over , Wikked suborns Hardy 's character by promising him wealth and Dorothy . Wikked then has Dorothy tied to a rope and raised high up a tower ; his men start a fire underneath the rope . Hardy 's character finds the note , but Semon 's character takes it and saves Dorothy , only to have Wikked and his men capture them all at gunpoint . Then a tornado suddenly strikes . Dorothy , the two rivals for her affections and Uncle Henry take shelter in a shed . It ( and Snowball ) are carried aloft and land in Oz . Dorothy finally reads the contents of the envelope ; it declares that she , Princess Dorothea , is the rightful ruler of Oz . Thwarted , Kruel blames the farmhands for kidnapping her and orders the Wizard to transform them into something else , such as monkeys , which he is of course unable to do . Chased by Kruel 's soldiers , Semon 's character disguises himself as a scarecrow , while Hardy 's improvises a costume from the pile of tin in which he is hiding . They are still eventually taken captive . During their trial , the Tin Man accuses his fellow farmhands of kidnapping Dorothy . Kynd has the Scarecrow and Snowball put in the dungeon . Kruel makes the Tin Man `` Knight of the Garter '' and Uncle Henry the `` Prince of Whales '' . Wikked suggests he retain his power by marrying Dorothy . The Wizard helps the two prisoners escape by giving Snowball a lion costume , which he uses to scare away the guards . Though the Scarecrow manages to reach Dorothy to warn her against Kruel , he is chased back down into the dungeon by the Tin Man , and ends up getting trapped inside a lion cage ( with real lions ) for a while . He and Snowball finally escape . When Kynd finds Kruel trying to force Dorothy to marry him , they engage in a sword fight . When Kruel 's henchmen intervene and help disarm Kynd , the Scarecrow saves Dorothy and Kynd . Defeated , Kruel claims that he took Dorothy to Kansas in order to protect her from court factions out to harm her , but she orders that he be taken away . The Scarecrow is heartbroken to discover that Dorothy has fallen for Prince Kynd . He then flees up a tower from the Tin Man , who tries to blast him with a cannon . Snowball flies a biplane overhead , and the Scarecrow manages to grab a rope ladder dangling underneath it . However , the ladder breaks , and he falls . The scene shifts abruptly back to the little girl , who had fallen asleep . She wakes up and leaves . The grandfather reads from the book that Dorothy marries Prince Kynd and they live happily ever after . Cast ( edit ) Dorothy Dwan as Dorothy Larry Semon as a farmhand / the Scarecrow Oliver Hardy as another farmhand / the Tin Man Spencer Bell as Snowball / the Cowardly Lion . In the credits he is listed as G. Howe Black . Charles Murray as the Wizard Bryant Washburn as Prince Kynd Josef Swickard as Prime Minister Kruel Mary Carr as Aunt Em Frank Alexander as Uncle Henry Virginia Pearson as Lady Vishuss , Otto Lederer as Ambassador Wikked Frederick Ko Vert as the Phantom of the Basket The names of William Hauber and William Dinus appear in the cast list at the beginning of the film , but the characters they play are not given . It is also thought that Chester Conklin and Wanda Hawley made minor appearances in the film , but their names do not appear in the credits . Production ( edit ) The film departs radically from the novel upon which it is based , introducing new characters and exploits . Along with a completely different plot , the film is all set in a world that is only barely recognizable as the Land of Oz from the books . The film focuses mainly upon Semon 's character , who is analogous to Ray Bolger 's Scarecrow character in the 1939 version . The major departure from the book and film is that the Scarecrow , the Tin Man , and the Cowardly Lion are not actually characters , but are in fact disguises donned by three farm hands who find themselves swept into Oz by a tornado . Dorothy is here played by Dorothy Dwan -- Semon 's wife - as a young woman . In a drastic departure from the original book , the Tin Man is a villain . Some elements of the narrative have their roots in earlier adaptations of The Wizard of Oz . For example , Prime Minister Kruel has a predecessor in King Krewl , the antagonist of His Majesty , the Scarecrow of Oz . The note explaining Princess Dorothea 's true heritage is signed `` Pastoria '' , a name used for the exiled King of Oz in the 1902 stage version of The Wizard of Oz and for the father of Princess Ozma in The Marvelous Land of Oz and later Oz books . Reception ( edit ) According to Ben Mankiewicz of Turner Classic Movies , the film was poorly received by critics and audiences . However , Mordaunt Hall of The New York Times gave it a favorable review , writing `` ' The Wizard of Oz ' can boast of being the type of rough and tumble farce that sends bright faces from the theatre . '' Chadwick Pictures went bankrupt during its run , and many theaters did not even receive a print to show . Semon did not fully recover from the financial debacle , and died only a few years later in 1928 . Television ( edit ) The film was first broadcast in 1931 by television station W2XCD of Passaic , New Jersey , owned by the DeForest Radio Company , serialized over the nights of June 8 , 9 , and 10 . Home media ( edit ) The film is in the public domain , and many home media releases of the film , including Betamax , VHS , Laserdisc , CED , DVD , HD DVD and Blu - ray Disc , are available . It is also available in Amazon Video The film is also included in many of the home media releases of The Wizard of Oz along with earlier silent films based on the Oz stories , beginning with the 2005 3 - disc Collector 's Edition of the film . Music ( edit ) The film 's premiere in 1925 featured original music orchestrated by Louis La Rondelle , conducted by Harry F. Silverman , featuring Julius K. Johnson at the piano . Many home video releases of the film completely lacked a score , as with many early releases of public domain silent films . The version with an organ score performed by Rosa Rio was made in 1986 , and was included in the Video Yesteryear edition . In 1996 , a new version was made . This version was included in all of the home media releases of the film , beginning with the `` L. Frank Baum Silent Film Collection of Oz '' , released by American Home Entertainment on November 26 , 1996 , and features a score performed by Mark Glassman and Steffen Presley , and a narration performed by Jacqueline Lovell . In 2005 , another version was made . This version features original music composed and arranged by Robert Israel and performed by the Robert Israel Orchestra ( Europe ) , and is included in all of the home media releases of the 1939 film , beginning with the 2005 3 - Disc Collector 's Edition DVD of the film . See also ( edit ) Adaptations of The Wizard of Oz References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hall , Mordaunt ( April 14 , 1925 ) . `` Movie Review : The Wizard of Oz '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Swartz , Mark Evan ( 2002 ) . Oz Before the Rainbow : L. Frank Baum 's the Wonderful Wizard of Oz on Stage and Screen to 1939 . Baltimore , Maryland : JHU Press . p. 237 . ISBN 978 - 0801870927 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Eileen ( December 14 , 1996 ) . `` For Oz Fans , There 's No Place Like American Home '' . Billboard . p. 62 . Jump up ^ from the cable television broadcast of `` Wizard of Oz , '' Turner Movie Classics , Monday , December 1 , 2008 , 12 : 15 AM EST -- 2 : 00 AM EST , with Introduction by Robert Osborne External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Wizard of Oz ( 1925 film ) . The Wizard of Oz is available for free download at the Internet Archive The Wizard of Oz on IMDb The Wizard of Oz at AllMovie The Bad Movie Report -- Oz Silent Films The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Canonical books L. Frank Baum The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1900 ) The Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1904 ) Ozma of Oz ( 1907 ) Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz ( 1908 ) The Road to Oz ( 1909 ) The Emerald City of Oz ( 1910 ) The Patchwork Girl of Oz ( 1913 ) Tik - Tok of Oz ( 1914 ) The Scarecrow of Oz ( 1915 ) Rinkitink in Oz ( 1916 ) The Lost Princess of Oz ( 1917 ) The Tin Woodman of Oz ( 1918 ) The Magic of Oz ( 1919 ) Glinda of Oz ( 1920 ) Ruth Plumly Thompson The Royal Book of Oz ( 1921 ) Kabumpo in Oz ( 1922 ) The Cowardly Lion of Oz ( 1923 ) Grampa in Oz ( 1924 ) The Lost King of Oz ( 1925 ) The Hungry Tiger of Oz ( 1926 ) The Gnome King of Oz ( 1927 ) The Giant Horse of Oz ( 1928 ) Jack Pumpkinhead of Oz ( 1929 ) The Yellow Knight of Oz ( 1930 ) Pirates in Oz ( 1931 ) The Purple Prince of Oz ( 1932 ) Ojo in Oz ( 1933 ) Speedy in Oz ( 1934 ) The Wishing Horse of Oz ( 1935 ) Captain Salt in Oz ( 1936 ) Handy Mandy in Oz ( 1937 ) The Silver Princess in Oz ( 1938 ) Ozoplaning with the Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Others The Wonder City of Oz ( 1940 ) The Scalawagons of Oz ( 1941 ) Lucky Bucky in Oz ( 1942 ) The Magical Mimics in Oz ( 1946 ) The Shaggy Man of Oz ( 1949 ) The Hidden Valley of Oz ( 1951 ) Merry Go Round in Oz ( 1963 ) Yankee in Oz ( 1972 ) The Enchanted Island of Oz ( 1976 ) The Forbidden Fountain of Oz ( 1980 ) The Ozmapolitan of Oz ( 1986 ) The Wicked Witch of Oz ( 1993 ) The Giant Garden of Oz ( 1993 ) The Runaway in Oz ( 1995 ) The Rundelstone of Oz ( 2000 ) The Emerald Wand of Oz ( 2005 ) Trouble Under Oz ( 2006 ) Alternate Dorothy of Oz ( 1989 ) Locations and elements Land of Oz Emerald City Munchkin Country Gillikin Country Winkie Country Quadling Country Yellow brick road Oogaboo Deadly Desert Nonestica Forest of Burzee Land of Ev Merryland Mo Ix Nome Kingdom Noland Ruby slippers Silver Shoes Apocrypha The Oz Film Manufacturing Company Characters Dorothy Gale Toto Princess Ozma The Wizard of Oz Scarecrow Tin Woodman Cowardly Lion Jack Pumpkinhead Tik - Tok Sawhorse Trot Hungry Tiger Good Witch of the North Glinda , the Good Witch of the South Wicked Witch of the West Wicked Witch of the East Aunt Em Uncle Henry Betsy Bobbin Billina Boq Button - Bright Cap'n Bill Eureka Herby Jellia Jamb Jenny Jump Jinjur Jinnicky the Red Jinn John Dough Kabumpo Mombi Munchkins Nome King Ojo the Lucky Pastoria Patchwork Girl Peter Brown Pigasus Polychrome Queen Lurline Shaggy Man Soldier with the Green Whiskers Winged monkeys Woggle - Bug Other writers Authors John R. Neill Jack Snow Rachel Cosgrove Payes Eloise Jarvis McGraw Dick Martin Alexander Volkov Gregory Maguire Sherwood Smith Roger S. Baum Illustrators William Wallace Denslow Frank Kramer Dirk Gringhuis Dick Martin Eric Shanower William Stout Adaptations and other derivative works Films The Fairylogue and Radio - Plays ( 1908 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1910 ) Dorothy and the Scarecrow in Oz ( 1910 ) The Land of Oz ( 1910 ) John Dough and the Cherub ( 1910 ) The Patchwork Girl of Oz ( 1914 ) The Magic Cloak of Oz ( 1914 ) His Majesty , the Scarecrow of Oz ( 1914 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1925 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1933 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) Return to Oz ( 1964 ) The Wonderful Land of Oz ( 1969 ) Ayşecik ve Sihirli Cüceler Rüyalar Ülkesinde ( 1971 ) Journey Back to Oz ( 1974 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1975 ) The Wiz ( 1978 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1982 ) Return to Oz ( 1985 ) Dorothy Meets Ozma of Oz ( 1987 ) The Dreamer of Oz : The L. Frank Baum Story ( 1990 ) Lion of Oz ( 2000 ) The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz ( 2005 ) Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) Dorothy and the Witches of Oz ( 2011 ) After the Wizard ( 2011 ) Oz the Great and Powerful ( 2013 ) Legends of Oz : Dorothy 's Return ( 2014 ) Ozland ( 2014 ) Guardians of Oz ( 2015 ) Tom and Jerry : Back to Oz ( 2016 ) Stage The Wizard of Oz ( 1902 ) The Woggle - Bug ( 1905 ) The Tik - Tok Man of Oz ( 1913 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1942 ) The Wiz ( 1974 ) The Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1981 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1987 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 2000 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) The Woodsman ( 2012 ) Television Tales of the Wizard of Oz ( 1961 ) Off to See the Wizard ( 1967 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 1986 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 1990 ) The Oz Kids ( 1996 ) Lost in Oz ( 2002 ) Once Upon a Time ( since 2011 ) The Wiz Live ! ( 2015 ) Lost In Oz ( 2015 ) Emerald City ( 2017 ) Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz ( 2017 ) Comics Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz ( 1904 -- 05 ) Adventures in Oz ( 1986 -- 92 ) The Enchanted Apples of Oz ( 1986 ) Oz Squad ( 1991 ) Lost Girls ( 1991 -- 92 ) Oz ( 1994 ) Dorothy of Oz ( 2006 ) The Wonderful Wizard of Oz ( 2009 ) Video games The Wizard of Oz ( 1993 ) The Wizard of Oz : Beyond the Yellow Brick Road ( 2008 ) Emerald City Confidential ( 2009 ) Parodies The Wozard of Iz Os Trapalhões eo Mágico de Oróz The Wonderful Wizard of Ha 's Wizard of Odd Reimagining The Wizard of Mars ( 1965 ) Hunter ( 1973 ) Zardoz ( 1974 ) Oz ( 1976 ) The Number of the Beast ( 1980 ) A Barnstormer in Oz ( 1982 ) The Wizard of A.I.D.S. ( 1987 ) The Wonderful Galaxy of Oz ( 1990 ) Twister ( 1994 ) The Dark Tower IV : Wizard and Glass ( 1997 ) Tin Man ( 2007 ) Dorothy Must Die ( 2014 ) The Wicked Will Rise ( 2015 ) The Wicked Years Wicked Son of a Witch A Lion Among Men Out of Oz Wicked ( musical ) Characters Others Rainbow Road to Oz MÄR The Wizard of Oz ( pinball ) The Wizard of Oz ( arcade game ) Related The International Wizard of Oz Club The Baum Bugle Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Wizard_of_Oz_(1925_film)&oldid=790333083 '' Categories : 1925 films 1920s adventure films 1920s comedy films 1920s fantasy films American black - and - white films American films American coming - of - age films American silent feature films Children 's fantasy films Fantasy - comedy films Fantasy adventure films Films based on The Wizard of Oz Films directed by Larry Semon Films set in Kansas Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Articles with Internet Archive links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano 日本 語 Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 13 July 2017 , at 01 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who portrayed dorothy in 1925's the wizard of oz | [
"The Wizard of Oz is a 1925 American silent film directed by Larry Semon, who also appears in a lead role—that of a farmhand disguised as a Scarecrow. The only completed 1920s adaptation of L. Frank Baum's novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, this film features Oliver Hardy as the Tin Woodman. Dorothy is portrayed by Dorothy Dwan."
] | [
"Dorothy Dwan"
] |
4444149130932502451 | The Tick (2016 TV series) | The Tick ( 2016 tv series ) - wikipedia The Tick ( 2016 tv series ) Jump to : navigation , search The Tick Genre Action Superhero Comedy Adventure Created by Ben Edlund Based on The Tick by Ben Edlund Starring Peter Serafinowicz Griffin Newman Valorie Curry Brendan Hines Yara Martinez Scott Speiser Jackie Earle Haley Composer ( s ) Chris Bacon Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 6 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Ben Edlund David Fury Barry Josephson Wally Pfister Barry Sonnenfeld Producer ( s ) Peter Serafinowicz Patrick Warburton Camera setup Single - camera Running time 29 minutes Production company ( s ) Josephson Entertainment Amazon Studios Sony Pictures Television Distributor Amazon Studios Release Original network Amazon Video Original release August 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 18 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website www.amazon.com/dp/B01J776HVW The Tick is an American web comedy television series based on the character The Tick from the comic book of the same name . Its pilot premiered on Amazon Video on August 18 , 2016 . A `` half - season '' of episodes 2 - 6 were released on August 25 , 2017 , and episodes 7 - 12 will be released on February 23 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Production 4 Release 5 Episodes 6 Reception 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) The Tick is a nigh - invulnerable superhero in a blue tick costume who arrives in The City to help combat crime , and uncover the mysterious figure behind the city 's underworld . He befriends a nervous and mild - mannered young man called Arthur who becomes his sidekick . They come to realize that an apparently long - dead supervillain called `` The Terror '' may still be pulling the strings in the city 's underworld . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of The Tick characters Main ( edit ) Peter Serafinowicz as The Tick Griffin Newman as Arthur Everest Valorie Curry as Dot Everest Brendan Hines as Superian Yara Martinez as Miss Lint Scott Speiser as Overkill Jackie Earle Haley as The Terror Recurring ( edit ) Michael Cerveris as Ramses IV Bryan Greenberg as Derek Alan Tudyk as the voice of Dangerboat Production ( edit ) In March 2016 , it was announced that Amazon Video had ordered a pilot for a The Tick reboot with Peter Serafinowicz starring as The Tick along with Griffin Newman as Arthur . Co-starring in the pilot would be Valorie Curry as Arthur 's sister Dot and Brendan Hines as Superian . In April 2016 , Jackie Earle Haley was cast as The Terror . In September 2016 , Amazon Prime picked up the show for a full season of 12 episodes . Release ( edit ) The pilot of The Tick premiered on Amazon Video on August 18 , 2016 . In September 2016 , Amazon Prime picked up the show for a full season of 12 episodes . The first six episodes of the first season were released on August 25 , 2017 . The remaining six episodes of the first season will be released on February 23 , 2018 . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` Pilot '' Wally Pfister Ben Edlund August 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 18 ) In a world where superheroes and supervillains are real , unassuming office temp Arthur is traumatized by the supervillain The Terror , having watched his actions lead to the death of his father when he was a young boy . While authorities believe The Terror has died , Arthur tracks evidence of a conspiracy theory that he is still alive . He tracks The Terror to crime boss Ramses IV and the Pyramid Gang , and witnesses Miss Lint , a villain with electrical powers , and Ramses 's henchmen obtain a strange package . While spying on them , Arthur is discovered by the Tick , who takes a keen interest in his sense for justice , but events led to Arthur being arrested . His sister Dot comes to free him , asking him to take his medication and stop tracking this conspiracy theory . The next morning , Arthur finds the Tick in his bed , having stolen the package ( destroying the facility in process ) , and wanting Arthur to wear the suit inside it . Arthur orders the Tick to leave , and then tries on the suit for himself , just as he is attacked by Miss Lint and the henchmen . `` Where 's My Mind '' Wally Pfister Ben Edlund August 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 25 ) The Tick arrives , throws Arthur out his window to save him , and easily defeats Miss Lint 's gang , in the process causing Miss Lint to lose her grounding . Arthur flees and tries to hide but is later found by the Tick . Arthur starts to wonder if the Tick is just a figment of his imagination , but Dot then shows up , as Arthur had not returned her calls , and assures Arthur she can see the Tick , whom she had heard about when stitching up some of Ramses men caught in the explosion caused by the Tick . She warns Arthur to stay away from the Tick , and that he has work the next day . Miss Lint reports her failure to regain the suit to Ramses , who threatens her to recover the suit or be killed . That night , Arthur , still wearing the suit , finds himself trailed by a number of Ramses henchmen , just as Overkill arrives and brutally murders them all . `` Secret / Identity '' Romeo Tirone David Fury August 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 25 ) Overkill threatens Arthur , as he also wants the suit , but the cops arrive and he runs off , leaving Arthur alone . Arthur feigns being a superhero to clear himself of the crime , and returns to his apartment just as Miss Lint arrives . She knocks him out and takes the suit , but also sees one of Arthur 's newspaper clippings related to The Terror and takes it too . Arthur wakes up and is nearly late for work , unaware that Overkill is tracking him . When the Tick tries to tell him to skip his job , Arthur learns the Tick only has memories since a few days ago . He convinces the Tick to seek out the identity of Overkill as he works . While at his job , Arthur is attacked by Overkill but the Tick comes to his rescue . The two fight , and Overkill kicks the Tick out the window . `` Party Crashers '' Sheree Folkson Joe Piarulli and Luan Thomas August 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 25 ) The Tick crashes to the ground but is unharmed . Overkill learns Arthur no longer has the super suit , but takes his file on The Terror , impressed with the quality of Arthur 's research . Dot reminds Arthur that today is his step - father 's birthday party , and he reluctantly attends . The Tick crashes the party , just as Miss Lint also arrives , demanding that Arthur don the super suit so she can determine its abilities . 5 `` Fear of Flying '' Lev L. Spiro Susan Hurwitz Arneson August 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 25 ) Arthur puts on the suit , and its automatic controls cause him to start flying uncontrollable across the city . Arthur manages to call Dot and has her and the Tick help him as he finds a way to gain control of the suit and lands . Just as the Tick and Dot arrive , Overkill also appears , demanding Arthur turn over the suit , but the Tick steps in to defend him . Just them , Ramses and the Pyramid gang appear , and a firefight break out , but between the Tick and Overkill , they are readily defeated , and Overkill takes an unconscious Ramses into his possession . Arthur , Dot , the Tick , and Overkill agree to work together to discover the secret behind the suit , and learn that it was created to fight an alien , specifically Superian , the first superhero . When they learn Ramses wants it , they deduce that Arthur was actually correct , that Ramses is working for a very - much alive The Terror . 6 `` Rising '' Romeo Tirone Jose Molina August 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 25 ) While Overkill wants to kill Ramses , Arthur insists they drop him off at Aegis , the agency that oversees superheroes and supervillains , but find the office had been closed years prior . He and the Tick are attacked by the Pyramid Gang to rescue Ramses , and while they are uninjured , their attack sends a bus over the edge of a bridge . The Tick and Arthur successfully rescue all the passengers in front of numerous eyewitnesses , making them heroes to the city . Miss Lint returns home to discover The Terror there . The Terror explains how he needed to fake his death as to encourage Miss Lint to take her own actions . Inspired by his words , she goes and kills Ramses IV . That evening , as the Tick and Arthur celebrate their new celebrity , Arthur is kidnapped by unknown agents . Reception ( edit ) Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 92 % approval rating with an average rating of 7.3 / 10 based on 37 reviews . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Likeable characters add realism and heart to the tongue - in - cheek humor and high - octane action that fuels The Tick . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 72 out of 100 , based on reviews from 23 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Rick Austin of Fortress of Solitude gave the show a score of 4 / 5 and felt that the show had managed to fix several of the flaws he saw in the pilot episode . He concluded `` With so few good superhero comedies out there , this is exactly the show the world needs . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` Jackie Earle Haley To Co-Star In ' The Tick ' Amazon Pilot , Joins ' The Dark Tower ' Film '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ Osborn , Alex ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Amazon Orders The Tick and Jean - Claude Van Johnson to Series '' . IGN . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Summer Premiere Dates For New & Returning Series : 2017 Edition '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Amazon 's ' The Tick ' Set To Return In February -- NY Comic - Con '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Tick : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . August 30 , 2017 . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Tick ( 2017 ) - Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . August 30 , 2017 . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rick Austin . Fortress of Solitude http://www.fortressofsolitude.co.za/tv/tick-2017-season-1-review/ . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ; External link in website = ( help ) External links ( edit ) Official website The Tick on IMDb The Tick Creator Ben Edlund Characters Tick In media Publications The Tick ( comic book ) Other publications TV The Tick ( animated , 1994 ) The Tick ( live action , 2001 ) The Tick ( live action , 2016 -- present ) Other The Tick ( video game ) Amazon Video original programming Original series Alpha House ( 2013 -- 14 ) Betas ( 2013 -- 14 ) Bosch ( 2014 -- present ) Mozart in the Jungle ( 2014 -- present ) Transparent ( 2014 -- present ) Hand of God ( 2014 -- 17 ) The Man in the High Castle ( 2015 -- present ) One Mississippi ( 2015 -- present ) Patriot ( 2015 -- present ) Red Oaks ( 2015 -- present ) Sneaky Pete ( 2015 -- present ) Z : The Beginning of Everything ( 2015 -- 17 ) Mad Dogs ( 2015 -- 16 ) Crisis in Six Scenes ( 2016 ) Good Girls Revolt ( 2016 ) The New Yorker Presents ( 2016 ) Kamen Rider Amazons The Collection ( 2016 -- present ) Crayon Shin - chan Gaiden ( 2016 -- present ) Fleabag ( 2016 -- present ) Goliath ( 2016 -- present ) The Grand Tour ( 2016 -- present ) I Love Dick ( 2016 -- present ) Jean - Claude Van Johnson ( 2016 -- present ) The Last Tycoon ( 2016 -- 17 ) The Tick ( 2016 -- present ) American Playboy : The Hugh Hefner Story ( 2017 ) The Idolmaster KR ( 2017 ) Inside Edge ( 2017 -- present ) The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel ( 2017 -- present ) Comrade Detective ( 2017 -- present ) Continuations Ripper Street ( series 3 -- 5 ; 2014 -- 16 ) Children 's programming Creative Galaxy ( 2013 -- present ) Tumble Leaf ( 2014 -- present ) Gortimer Gibbon 's Life on Normal Street ( 2014 -- 16 ) Just Add Magic ( 2015 -- present ) Annedroids ( 2015 -- present ) Wishenpoof ! ( 2015 -- present ) Danger & Eggs ( 2015 -- present ) Niko and the Sword of Light ( 2015 -- present ) The Stinky & Dirty Show ( 2015 -- present ) The Kicks ( 2015 -- present ) Little Big Awesome ( 2016 -- present ) Lost In Oz ( 2017 -- present ) Upcoming Britannia ( 2018 ) Philip K. Dick 's Electric Dreams ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Tick_(2016_TV_series)&oldid=810036111 '' Categories : 2010s American comedy television series 2016 American television series debuts American television sitcoms English - language television programs Satirical television programmes Single - camera television sitcoms Superhero comedy television series Superhero television programs Television programs based on comics Television series by Sony Pictures Television Tick ( comics ) Amazon Video original programming Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles CS1 errors : external links Pages with citations having bare URLs Use mdy dates from September 2017 Pages using small with an empty input parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Italiano Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017 , at 00 : 27 . About Wikipedia | when does episode 7 of the tick air | [
"The Tick is an American web comedy television series based on the character The Tick from the comic book of the same name. Its pilot premiered on Amazon Video on August 18, 2016. A \"half-season\" of episodes 2-6 were released on August 25, 2017, and episodes 7-12 will be released on February 23, 2018."
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"February 23, 2018"
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940247860270051417 | As Good as I Once Was | As good as I Once was - wikipedia As good as I Once was `` As Good as I Once Was '' Single by Toby Keith from the album Honkytonk University Released May 9 , 2005 Recorded 2004 - 2005 Genre Country Length 3 : 49 Label DreamWorks Nashville Songwriter ( s ) Toby Keith Scotty Emerick Producer ( s ) James Stroud Toby Keith Toby Keith singles chronology `` Honkytonk U '' ( 2005 ) `` As Good as I Once Was '' ( 2005 ) `` Big Blue Note '' ( 2005 ) `` Honkytonk U '' ( 2005 ) `` As Good as I Once Was '' ( 2005 ) `` Big Blue Note '' ( 2005 ) `` As Good as I Once Was '' is a song co-written and recorded by American country music singer Toby Keith that reached the top of the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart . This song and his 2003 single `` Beer for My Horses '' are both his longest - running Number One hits , each having spent six weeks at Number One . `` As Good As I Once Was '' was released in May 2005 as the second single from Keith 's album Honkytonk University . Keith wrote the song with Scotty Emerick . The song was named BMI 's song of the Year for 2006 . It has since become one of Keith 's signature songs , as well as one of his most successful . Contents 1 Content 2 Music video 3 Critical reception 4 Chart performance 4.1 Year - end charts 5 References 6 External links Content ( edit ) The narrator is put into situations that test his masculinity , including a bar fight . He claims that he `` ai n't as good as ( he ) once was '' , but that he can still hold his own occasionally ; hence the fact that the video shows several other events , and the lyrics explain several different things . Music video ( edit ) The music video was directed by Michael Salomon and premiered on May 16 , 2005 . We see Toby in a tavern with his best friend , Dave . A couple of rednecks grab him and start a riot in the tavern . At one point , one of the people in the tavern bump into Toby and his beer starts sloshing . He starts yelling in slow - motion . Near the end , Toby comes face - to - face with a taller man , who punches him . We then see Toby being carried to an ambulance with the people at the tavern waving good - bye at him . The video ends with the ambulance driving off into the night . The video features twin sisters Alicia and Annie Sorrell . Critical reception ( edit ) Matt Bjorke writing for About.com stated `` the song is a good one , so good that it rivals anything off of Toby 's `` How Do You Like Me Now ? ! '' album . It 's a fun track about getting older , and how we do n't have as much `` energy '' as we once had . '' Sputnik Music called it `` a testament to how much old age sucks '' while Allmusic declared the song was `` wonderfully self - depreciating '' . Kevin John Coyne , reviewing the song for Country Universe , gave it a negative rating . He said that `` does anybody believe , unless they knew the size of his bank account , that two hot twins would approach Toby in a crowded bar and request a threesome ? '' Chart performance ( edit ) `` As Good as I Once Was '' debuted at number 37 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of May 21 , 2005 . Chart ( 2005 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 28 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2005 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 84 US Country Songs ( Billboard ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bjroke , Matt . `` Toby Keith -- Honky Tonk University '' . About.com - Country Music . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Toby Keith Honkytonk University '' . Sputnik Music . 2005 - 08 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Honkytonk University Review '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ Coyne , Kevin John ( 2005 - 05 - 21 ) . `` Toby keith - `` As Good as I Once Was '' `` . Country Universe . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Toby Keith Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Toby Keith Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs Music Chart '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2005 . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2005 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2005 . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Toby Keith Studio albums Toby Keith Boomtown Blue Moon Dream Walkin ' How Do You Like Me Now ? ! Pull My Chain Unleashed Shock'n Y'all Honkytonk University White Trash with Money Big Dog Daddy That Do n't Make Me a Bad Guy American Ride Bullets in the Gun Clancy 's Tavern Hope on the Rocks Drinks After Work 35 MPH Town Compilation albums Greatest Hits Volume One 20th Century Masters -- The Millennium Collection : The Best of Toby Keith Greatest Hits 2 35 Biggest Hits The Bus Songs Christmas albums Christmas to Christmas A Classic Christmas Singles `` Should 've Been a Cowboy '' `` He Ai n't Worth Missing '' `` A Little Less Talk and a Lot More Action '' `` Wish I Did n't Know Now '' `` Who 's That Man '' `` Upstairs Downtown '' `` You Ai n't Much Fun '' `` Big Ol ' Truck '' `` Does That Blue Moon Ever Shine on You '' `` A Woman 's Touch '' `` Me Too '' `` We Were in Love '' `` I 'm So Happy I Ca n't Stop Crying '' ( with Sting ) `` Dream Walkin ' '' `` Double Wide Paradise '' `` Getcha Some '' `` How Do You Like Me Now ? ! '' `` Country Comes to Town '' `` You Should n't Kiss Me Like This '' `` I 'm Just Talkin ' About Tonight '' `` I Wanna Talk About Me '' `` My List '' `` Courtesy of the Red , White and Blue ( The Angry American ) '' `` Who 's Your Daddy ? '' `` Rock You Baby '' `` Beer for My Horses '' `` I Love This Bar '' `` American Soldier '' `` Whiskey Girl '' `` Stays in Mexico '' `` Mockingbird '' `` Honkytonk U '' `` As Good as I Once Was '' `` Big Blue Note '' `` Get Drunk and Be Somebody '' `` A Little Too Late '' `` Crash Here Tonight '' `` High Maintenance Woman '' `` Love Me If You Can '' `` Get My Drink On '' `` She 's a Hottie '' `` She Never Cried in Front of Me '' `` God Love Her '' `` Lost You Anyway '' `` American Ride '' `` Cryin ' for Me ( Wayman 's Song ) '' `` Every Dog Has Its Day '' `` Trailerhood '' `` Bullets in the Gun '' `` Somewhere Else '' `` Made in America '' `` Red Solo Cup '' `` Beers Ago '' `` I Like Girls That Drink Beer '' `` Hope on the Rocks '' `` Drinks After Work '' `` Drunk Americans '' `` 35 MPH Town '' Related articles Discography Show Dog - Universal Music Krystal Keith Scotty Emerick Toby Keith 's I Love This Bar & Grill Broken Bridges ( soundtrack ) `` Slave to the Habit '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=As_Good_as_I_Once_Was&oldid=847421379 '' Categories : 2005 singles Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles 2005 songs Toby Keith songs Songs about old age Songs written by Scotty Emerick Songs written by Toby Keith Song recordings produced by James Stroud DreamWorks Records singles Music videos directed by Michael Salomon Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 June 2018 , at 07 : 22 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who sings i'm not as good as i once was | [
"\"As Good as I Once Was\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music singer Toby Keith that reached the top of the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart. This song and his 2003 single \"Beer for My Horses\" are both his longest-running Number One hits, each having spent six weeks at Number One. \"As Good As I Once Was\" was released in May 2005 as the second single from Keith's album Honkytonk University. Keith wrote the song with Scotty Emerick.\n"
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"Toby Keith"
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-411836574508516349 | War of the Regulation | War of the Regulation - wikipedia War of the Regulation Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) War of the Regulation British Royal Governor William Tryon confronts the North Carolina Regulators in 1771 . Date 1765 -- 1771 Location Central North Carolina Result Colonial government victory Belligerents Regulators North Carolina Provincial Militia , Province of North Carolina Commanders and leaders Herman Husband James Hunter James Few ( POW ) Charles Harrington † Benjamin Merrill ( POW ) William Tryon Hugh Waddell Strength 2,300 + 1,500 Casualties and losses unknown unknown War of the Regulation Yadkin River Alamance The War of the Regulation or the Regulator Movement was an uprising in the British North America 's Carolina colonies , lasting from about 1765 to 1771 , in which citizens took up arms against colonial officials . Though the rebellion did not change the power structure , some historians consider it a catalyst to the American Revolutionary War . Contents ( hide ) 1 Causes of rebellion 1.1 Population increase and new settlers arrive 1.2 Economic depression 1.3 Class war and political corruption 1.4 Regulators organize and arrival of Governor Tryon 2 Regulator leadership under Herman Husband 3 Anti-Regulator forces 4 Events 4.1 Breaking up the provincial court 4.2 Documents 4.3 War 5 Aftermath 6 Regulation in South Carolina 7 In popular culture 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Causes of rebellion ( edit ) Population increase and new settlers arrive ( edit ) The origins of the War of Regulation stem from a dramatic population increase in North and South Carolina in the 1760s , following migration from the larger eastern cities to the rural west . The inland section of the colonies had once been predominantly composed of planters with an agricultural economy . Merchants and lawyers began to move west , upsetting the social and political structure . They were joined by new Scots - Irish immigrants , who populated the backcountry . Economic depression ( edit ) At the same time , the local inland agricultural community suffered from a deep economic depression because of severe droughts throughout the previous decade . The loss of crops cost farmers not only their direct food source but also their primary means of an income , which led many to rely on the goods being brought by newly arrived merchants . As income was cut off , the local planters often fell into debt . The merchants , in turn , relied on lawyers and the court to settle disputes . Debts were common at the time , but from 1755 to 1765 , the cases brought to the docket increased nearly sixteen-fold , from seven annually to 111 in Orange County , North Carolina , alone . Class War and political corruption ( edit ) Such court cases could often lead to planters losing their homes and property so they grew to resent the presence of the newcomers . The shift in population and politics eventually led to an imbalance within the colony 's courthouses , and the new and well - educated lawyers used their superior knowledge of the law to their sometimes unjust advantage . A small clique of wealthy officials formed and became an exclusive inner circle in charge of the legal affairs of the area . The group was seen as a ' courthouse ring ' , or a small bunch of officials who grabbed most of the political power for themselves . Regulators organize and arrival of Governor Tryon ( edit ) In 1764 , several thousand people from North Carolina , mainly from Orange , Anson , and Granville counties in the western region , were extremely dissatisfied with the wealthy North Carolina officials , whom they considered cruel , arbitrary , tyrannical and corrupt . Local sheriffs collected taxes , as supported by the courts ; the sheriffs and courts had sole control over their local regions . With the arrival of Royal Governor William Tryon in 1765 , volatile conditions in the Province of North Carolina increasingly worsened , and a violent uprising would eventually occur . Many of the officers were very greedy and often would band together with other local officials for their own personal gain . The entire system depended on the integrity of local officials , many of whom engaged in extortion ; taxes collected often enriched the tax collectors directly . At times , sheriffs would intentionally remove records of their tax collection to go back to residents to ask for more taxes . The system was endorsed by the colonial governor , who feared losing the support of the various county officials . The effort to eliminate the system of government became known as the Regulator uprising , War of the Regulation , or the Regulator War . The most heavily affected areas were said to be those of Rowan , Anson , Orange , Granville , and Cumberland counties . It was a struggle between mostly lower - class citizens , who made up the majority of the backcountry population of North and South Carolina , and the wealthy planter elite , who comprised about 5 % of the population but maintained almost total control of the government . The stated primary aim of the Regulators was to form an honest government and reduce taxation . The wealthy businessmen / politicians who ruled North Carolina saw it as a grave threat to their power . Ultimately , they brought in the militia to crush the rebellion and hanged its leaders . It is estimated that out of the 8,000 people living in Orange County at the time , some 6,000 to 7,000 supported the Regulators . The War of the Regulation is considered a catalyst to the American Revolutionary War , and it was waged against corrupt officials representing king and crown . Almost 300 Regulators became part of the Patriot Movement , and only about 30 claimed loyalty to the British Crown . Regulator leadership under Herman Husband ( edit ) Herman Husband became one of the unofficial leaders of the Regulators . Husband was from Maryland , born into a Quaker family . One of the major flaws in Husband 's campaign was he tried to invite good relations with the eastern regions of North Carolina , mostly unaffected by the issues with local sheriffs . Husband retained very little control over the Regulators , who generally went against his policies of winning over public sentiment and committed acts of minor violence at regular intervals . Another Regulator leader was James Hunter . He refused to take command of the Regulators after Husband 's departure before the Battle of Alamance . Captain Benjamin Merrill had about 300 men under his control and would have assumed control over military leadership after James Hunter , but he was unable to serve in the Battle of Alamance . Anti-regulator forces ( edit ) Governor Arthur Dobbs , who wrote such popular works as Trade and Improvement of H'elend and Captain Middleton 's Defense , served as the Royal Governor of North Carolina until his death in 1765 . William Tryon succeeded him . Tryon had an extremely lavish home built in 1770 in New Bern ( known as Tryon Palace ) . This was resented by the Regulators , who were already paying substantial taxes . William ( The Regulator ) Butler was quoted as saying , `` We are determined not to pay the Tax for the next three years , for the Edifice or Governor 's House , nor will we pay for it . '' Governor Josiah Martin succeeded Governor Tryon , in office , just after the end of the rebellion . His policies eased the burden , on former Regulators and allowed them to be assimilated back into society . Edmund Fanning was the main opposition to the Regulators . A graduate of Yale College , he was generally regarded by his friends as well disciplined and firm . He held many political offices in Orange County . He was once found guilty of embezzling money ( along with Francis Nash ) but was fined only one cent per charge . Events ( edit ) Breaking up the provincial court ( edit ) North Carolina 's colonial court met in Hillsborough . In 1768 , the Regulators entered Hillsborough , broke up the court , and dragged those they saw as corrupt officials through the streets . The mob attempted to have the judge try the cases that were pending against several Regulator leaders , including Husband . The presiding judge ( Richard Henderson ) quickly adjourned the court until the next morning to avoid being forced to make a ruling in the presence of an angry mob of Regulators , and escaped in the night . The Regulators rioted , destroying public and private property alike . Fanning was among the lawyers beaten , found after taking refuge in a shop neighboring the courthouse . According to judge Richard Henderson , Fanning 's beating was so severe that `` one of his eyes was almost beaten out . '' The courthouse was systematically and symbolically vandalized . Human waste was placed on the judge 's seat , and the body of a long deceased slave was placed upon the lawyers ' bar . The mob continued to destroy shops and property in the town , and ultimately brought their destruction to Fanning 's personal residence . After destroying all of the furniture and drinking all of his alcohol , they picked apart his entire house . Henderson 's barn , along with his stables and home , were burned to the ground . They cracked the church bell of the Church of England , but stopped short of looting the church due to their religious beliefs . Documents ( edit ) There were several different publications and petitions circulated to promote the end of taxation and other issues . A number of influential members of the area communities signed the Regulator Advertisement and the Regulator Petition , of which there were several versions of each . Each document identified concerns and issues relevant to the Regulator Movement . The terms Regulation and Regulator were introduced in the Regulator Advertisement in 1768 . War ( edit ) While small acts of violence had been taking place for some time , mainly out of resentment , the first organized conflict was in Mecklenburg County in 1765 . Settlers in the region , who were there illegally , forced away surveyors of the region assigned with designating land . Minor clashes followed for the next several years in almost every western county , but the only true battle of the war was the Battle of Alamance on May 16 , 1771 . Governor Tryon and his forces which numbered just over 1,000 , with roughly 150 officers , arrived at Hillsborough on May 9 . At the same time , General Hugh Waddell , supporting the governor , en route with his contingent of 236 men was met by a large contingent of Regulators . Realizing his force was outnumbered , he fell back to Salisbury . On May 11 , having received word of the retreat from a messenger , Tryon sent the force to support General Waddell . He intentionally chose a path that would lead his forces through Regulator territory . He gave strict orders that nothing was to be looted or damaged . By May 14 , his troops had reached Alamance and set up a camp . Leaving about 70 men behind to guard the position , he moved the remainder of his force , slightly under 1,000 men , to find the Regulators . About 10 miles ( 16 km ) away , a force of approximately 2,000 Regulators ( by some accounts , 6,000 ) without any clear leadership or supplies was gathered mainly as a display of force , and not a standing army . The general Regulator strategy was to scare the governor with a show of superior numbers in order to force the governor to give in to their demands . The first clash of the battle was on May 15 when a rogue band of Regulators had captured two of the governor 's militia soldiers . Governor Tryon had informed the Regulators that they were displaying open arms and rebellion and that action was to be taken if they did not disperse . The Regulators did not understand the severity of the crisis they were in and ignored the warning . Despite hesitation from his own forces , Governor Tryon allegedly initiated the main battle of Alamance on May 16 by shooting Robert Thompson , who was the first death of the battle . The Regulators resistance crumbled somewhat quickly . The battle was over with nine deaths for the governor 's forces and about the same for the Regulators . Virtually everyone captured in the battle was fully pardoned in exchange for an allegiance to the crown ; however , six Regulators were hanged for their part in the uprising , including 4 officers of the colonial militia who had joined ranks with the Regulator 's side . Those officers were Captain Robert Messer , Captain Benjamin Merrill , Captain James Pugh , and Captain Robert Matear . Aftermath ( edit ) Following the battle , Tryon 's militia army traveled through Regulator territory , where he had Regulators and Regulator sympathizers sign loyalty oaths and destroyed the properties of the most active Regulators . He also raised taxes to pay for his militia 's defeat of the Regulators . At the time of their defeat at the battle of Alamance , public opinion was decidedly against them . They were seen as a bunch of `` lawless desperadoes '' and Governor Tryon was praised for his actions in stamping out the rebellion . As news articles spread the word of his victory , Tryon was branded a hero of the colonies for defeating the larger group of Regulators with his small , well prepared militia . However as the initial excitement over the glorious battle died down , many newsmen , especially in the Boston area , began to question the reasons behind the rebellion and investigated further to find its cause . Several reasons were found to see the destruction of the Regulators as an act of an oppressive government . Most particularly admonished was the methods in which Tryon himself had used to win the battle of Alamance . The use of a riot act , and the execution of rebellion leaders after the battle was frowned upon . Reports also indicated that severe battlefield misconduct had taken place on the governor 's side , including giving the farmers a two - hour warning period before the battle began , and subsequently breaking that agreement to bombard them with artillery fire . Several trials were held after the war , resulting in the hanging of six Regulators at Hillsborough on June 19 , 1771 . Many of the main leaders remained in hiding until 1772 , when they were no longer considered outlaws . Many Regulators moved further west into places such as Tennessee , notably establishing both the Watauga Association at Sycamore Shoals ( 1772 ) in present day Elizabethton , Tennessee , the first independent white republic on American soil , and the State of Franklin ( 1784 ) , another short - lived republic that failed to join the Union of the United States . Regulation in South Carolina ( edit ) At the same time as the regulation in North Carolina , the South Carolina colony had a group of men calling themselves regulators , albeit with very different goals . The regulators of the south were also farming class , landowning men who had grievances against officialdom . However their main problems stemmed not from corruption , but a lack of representation and of government - provided services such as courts and churches . These regulators found an enemy in local groups of `` hunters '' ( who were seen as undesirables ) and bandits . The South Carolina regulation helped catalyze the Revolutionary War , as the residents found the distant authority of the Parliament of Great Britain to be so late in responding to their demands . The Regulators of South Carolina were formed during the mid-1760s , and active mainly between 1767 and 1769 . Over the past few decades the population of the frontier had boomed , thanks to the planning of Robert Johnson . He supported sending yeomen out to the frontier in mass , to provide a buffer for the coastal cities from Cherokee attacks . The slave population grew 19 % as planters began to develop larger properties for agriculture . ( But , the slave population of the frontier accounted only for 8 % of the total population of the colony ) . During this time , the inland settlers on the South Carolina frontier suffered more from violent crimes , including organized bandit raids . The disruption of the Cherokee war of 1760 - 1761 left many settlers without homes , and native raids sometimes resulted in abandonment of settler children . To sustain their families , the men went out hunting . In the colonial period on the western frontier this was not seen as an honorable profession , and hunters were labeled as vagrants , bandits , and outlaws , and blamed for stealing livestock . Their method of `` fire hunting '' at night used fire to blind deer , and sometimes they mistook farmers ' livestock for wild game . They left unused animal corpses , which drew wolves and scavengers closer to populated areas . Hunting also pushed well into the boundary of the local natives , the Creek Indians , exacerbating their already tense relationship with colonists . The bandits gathered until they numbered about 200 . Eventually they were bold enough to attack magistrates . They dragged James Mayson , a regulator , from his home in the night . Originally made up of the hunting groups , the bandits also accepted free mulattos and blacks , fugitive slaves , and any outlaw available . Some members of the bandit network were well - established farmers . In South Carolina , `` regulators '' were not rebels , but a vigilante force of propertied elite men . They co-operated with their colonial government for their entire active time . The South Carolina regulators were a much smaller organization than the mass movement in North Carolina . There were 100 known regulators , of whom 32 became justices of the peace , and 21 were militia leaders . Thirty - one owned slaves , and 14 owned 10 or more . Their primary aim was to protect themselves and their assets from bandits , their secondary purpose was to get courts , churches and schools established in their quickly growing communities . The only court in the colony was in Charleston , through which all legal documentation had to go . The inland settlers had the sympathy of the coastal elite , but the circuit court act , which would establish the jails , courts , sheriffs and 14 judicial districts , was held up by a dispute with the Parliament of Great Britain concerning the tenure of judges . In contrast to Herman Husband 's Sandy Creek association and regulators , the South Carolina regulation movement was a great success . Their manifesto , written by Anglican missionary Rev. Charles Woodmason forcefully argued their case . Eventually the colonial legislature passed a series of acts that met the needs of the propertied frontiersman . These included vagrancy acts , which restricted the hunters , forbidding them to trespass on Native lands . Coupled with the 1769 ordinance for the preservation of deer , which forbade fire hunting , the new law resulted in many hunters being whipped and banished from the area . In 1768 the Charleston grand jury began urging the creations of new schools in the back country , as per regulator request . In 1769 the circuit court act was passed , making way for the new courthouses and jails , as well as setting up four new judicial districts . The cooperation between frontier and coastal colonists was so effective , that by 1771 Governor Montague of South Carolina had issued a full pardon for any actions taken by the regulators in his state . In popular Culture ( edit ) The Regulators are featured as important characters in Jimmy Carter 's historical novel The Hornet 's Nest ( 2003 ) . Diana Gabaldon features The Battle of Alamance as a significant event in her historical time - travel novel The Fiery Cross , the fifth book in the Outlander series . See also ( edit ) Alamance Battleground Carter County , Tennessee Doe River Holston River Kings Mountain National Military Park Kings Mountain , North Carolina Roan Mountain ( Roan Highlands ) Roan Mountain State Park Roan Mountain , Tennessee Overmountain Victory National Historic Trail Overmountain Men Isaac Shelby Watauga River Gideon Gibson Jr . Harpe Brothers References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Whittenburg , James ( 1977 ) . Planters , merchants , and lawyers : Social change and the origins of the North Carolina regulation . The William and Mary Quarterly . pp. 215 -- 238 . JSTOR 1925314 . ^ Jump up to : Bishir , Catherine ( 2005 ) . North Carolina Architecture . UNC Press . pp. 55 -- 56 . ISBN 9780807856246 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Arthur Palmer ( 1947 ) . Songs of the North Carolina regulators . The William and Mary Quarterly . pp. 470 -- 485 . JSTOR 1919637 . Jump up ^ Polk , W.R. and Polk , W.R. ( 2007 ) The Birth of America : From Before Columbus to the Revolution . HarperCollins . p 359 . ^ Jump up to : Parkinson , Robert G. ( 2007 ) . An astonishing account of civil war in North Carolina : Rethinking the newspaper response to the battle of Alamance . Journalism History . pp. 223 -- 230 . Jump up ^ Klein , Rachel N. ( October 1981 ) . `` Ordering the Backcountry : The South Carolina Regulation '' . The William and Mary Quarterly . Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture . 38 ( 4 ) : 661 -- 680 . JSTOR 1918909 . Jump up ^ This document and related materials are printed in Richard J. Hooker , ed . The Carolina Backcountry on the Eve of the Revolution : The Journal and Other Writings of Charles Woodmason , Anglican Itinerant. 1953 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4035 - 1 . Jump up ^ Klein , Rachel N. ( 1981 ) . Ordering the Backcountry : The South Carolina Regulation . The William and Mary Quarterly . pp. 661 -- 680 . JSTOR 1918909 . Further reading ( edit ) Brown , Richard Maxwell . The South Carolina Regulators : The Story of the First American Vigilante Movement . Cambridge , MA : Belknap Press of Harvard University , 1963 Gross , David ( ed . ) We Wo n't Pay ! : A Tax Resistance Reader ISBN 1 - 4348 - 9825 - 3 pp. 77 -- 79 Hamilton , Jon Jay . Herman Husband : Penman of the Regulation . Graduate thesis . Wake Forest University , 1969 . Hooker , Richard J. Hooker , ed . The ( South ) Carolina Backcountry on the Eve of the Revolution : The Journal and Other Writings of Charles Woodmason , Anglican Itinerant. 1953 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4035 - 1 . Also contains information on North Carolina conditions . Kars , Marjoleine . Breaking Loose Together : The Regulator Rebellion in Pre-Revolutionary North Carolina . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 2002 . Kay , Marvin L.M. `` The North Carolina Regulation , 1766 - 1776 : A Class Conflict . '' In The American Revolution : Explorations in the History of American Radicalism , edited by Alfred F. Young . DeKalb : Northern Illinois University Press , 1976 . Kay , Marvin L.M. , and Lorin Lee Cary . `` Class , Mobility , and Conflict in North Carolina on the Eve of the Revolution . '' In The Southern Experience in the American Revolution , edited by Jeffrey J. Crow and Larry E. Tise . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 1978 . Klein , Rachel N. Unification of a Slave State : The Rise of the Planter Class in the South Carolina Backcountry , 1760 - 1808 . Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina Press , 1990 . Nelson , Lynn A. `` Historiographical Conversations about the Backcountry : Politics . '' Journal of Backcountry Studies . Vol II , No. 2 ( Fall 2007 ) ( 1 ) Powell , William S. , James K. Huhta , and Thomas J. Farnham ( eds ) . The Regulators in North Carolina : A Documentary History . Raleigh : State Dept. of Archives and History , 1971 . Stewart , Cory Joe , Ph. D . The Affairs of Boston in the North Carolina Backcountry during the American Revolution . A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School at The University of North Carolina at Greensboro in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy , Greensboro , NC , 2010 . 228 pp. ( 2 ) Walker , James Loy . The Regulator Movement : Sectional Controversy in North Carolina , 1765 - 1771 . Graduate thesis . Louisiana State University , 1962 . Whittenburg , James Penn . Backwoods Revolutionaries : Social Context and Constitutional Theories of the North Carolina Regulators , 1765 - 1771 . Graduate thesis . University of Georgia , 1974 . Zinn , Howard . A People 's History of the United States : 1492 -- Present. Harper - Perennial , 2003 . External links ( edit ) Early American Review Summer / Fall 2009 Chapter II , Blood Shed on the Alamance in Sketches of North Carolina , Historical and Biographical , Illustrative of the Principles of a Portion of Her Early Settlers by Rev. William Henry Foote , 1846 . Resolves of the Regulators in Chapter II , Watauga -- Its Settlement and Government , in The Annals of Tennessee to the End of the Eighteenth Century by J.G.M. Ramsey , 1853 . Tax resistance Topics Conscientious objection to military taxation List of historical acts of tax resistance List of tax resisters Methods Barter Gift economy Local currency Rebellion Self - sufficiency Simple living Tax avoidance Tax evasion Unreported employment Organizations Addiopizzo Aide - toi , le ciel t'aidera All Britain Anti-Poll Tax Federation Anti-Poll Tax Unions Association of Real Estate Taxpayers Catalunya Diu Prou Committee for Non-Violent Action Δεν Πληρώνω Fasci Siciliani Irish National Land League National Campaign for a Peace Tax Fund National War Tax Resistance Coordinating Committee Northern California War Tax Resistance Pagal Panthis Peace churches Peacemakers Planka.nu Women 's Tax Resistance League Media An Act of Conscience Civil Disobedience Clericis laicos The Cold War and the Income Tax : A Protest Vyborg Manifesto Campaigns 1300s Tuchin Revolt Harelle Peasants ' Revolt 1400s Cornish Rebellion of 1497 1500s Croquant rebellions Rappenkrieg Revolt of the Pitauds 1600s Angelets Revolt of the papier timbré Revolt of the va - nu - pieds Salt Tax Revolt 1700s Boston Tea Party Fries 's Rebellion Gaspee Affair No taxation without representation Philadelphia Tea Party Revolt of the Comuneros ( New Granada ) War of the Regulation Whiskey Rebellion White Lotus Rebellion 1800s Dog Tax War Hut Tax War of 1898 Rebecca Riots Saminism Movement Tancament de Caixes Tithe War 1900s Agbekoya Bambatha Rebellion Bardoli Satyagraha Beit Sahour Bondelswarts affair Champaran Satyagraha Kheda Satyagraha Johnson cult Mau movement Poll Tax Riots Poplar Rates Rebellion Turra Coo Salt March Women 's War 2000s Anti-austerity movement in Greece Anti-Bin Tax Campaign Bonnets Rouges Campaign Against Home and Water Taxes Movimento Passe Livre Related topics Civil disobedience Conscientious objector Direct action Income tax threshold Nonviolent resistance Render unto Caesar Tax noncompliance Tax protester Tax riot Taxation as slavery Taxation as theft Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Regulation&oldid=802832537 '' Categories : Military history of the Thirteen Colonies Pre-statehood history of North Carolina Pre-statehood history of South Carolina Pre-statehood history of Tennessee Rebellions in the United States Tax resistance in the United States 1760s in the Thirteen Colonies 1770 in the Thirteen Colonies 1771 in the Thirteen Colonies 1760s conflicts Conflicts in 1770 Conflicts in 1771 War of the Regulation Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from January 2013 All articles lacking in - text citations All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano 日本 語 Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 28 September 2017 , at 19 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how was the rebellion of the regulators in north carolina similar to the american revolution | [
"The War of the Regulation or the Regulator Movement was an uprising in the British North America's Carolina colonies, lasting from about 1765 to 1771, in which citizens took up arms against colonial officials. Though the rebellion did not change the power structure, some historians consider it a catalyst to the American Revolutionary War."
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"citizens took up arms against colonial officials"
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960688323182360375 | List of United States Supreme Court Justices by time in office | List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office - wikipedia List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office Jump to : navigation , search A total of 113 Justices have served on the Supreme Court of the United States , the highest judicial body in the United States . Justices have life tenure , and so they serve until they die in office , resign or retire , or are impeached and removed from office ( which has never happened ; the one impeached Justice was acquitted ) . Among the current members of the Court , Associate Justice Anthony Kennedy is the longest - serving justice , with a tenure of 7004110580000000000 ♠ 11,058 days ( 7004110580000000000 ♠ 30 years , 100 days ) as of May 29 , 2018 . For the 104 non-incumbent justices , the mean length of service was 6,112 days ( 16.7 years ) with a standard deviation of 3,620 days ( 9.9 years ) . The median length of service was 5,740 days ( 15.7 years ) . Their period of service ranges from William O. Douglas 's 13,358 days ( 7004133580000000000 ♠ 36 years , 209 days ) on the Court to the 163 - day tenure of Thomas Johnson . The table below ranks all United States Supreme Court Justices by time in office . The basis of the ranking is the difference between dates ; if counted by number of calendar days all the figures would be one greater , with the exception of Charles Evans Hughes and John Rutledge , who would receive two days each . The length of incumbency for the five individuals confirmed for associate justice , and later confirmed for chief justice separately -- Charles Evans Hughes , William Rehnquist , John Rutledge , Harlan F. Stone , and Edward Douglass White -- measures their cumulative length of service on the Court . A nominee who was confirmed by the United States Senate but declined to serve , such as Robert H. Harrison , or who died before taking his seat , such as Edwin M. Stanton , is not considered to have served as a Justice . Such individuals are not included . The start date given for each justice is the day he or she took the oath of office , with the end date being the date of the justice 's death , resignation , or retirement . A highlighted row indicates justice currently serving on the Court . Contents ( hide ) 1 Justices by time in office 1.1 Notes 2 See also 3 References Justices by time in office ( edit ) Longest Supreme Court tenure William O. Douglas 13,358 days ( 1939 -- 1975 ) Stephen Johnson Field 12,614 days ( 1863 -- 1897 ) Shortest Supreme Court tenure James F. Byrnes 452 days ( 1941 -- 1942 ) Thomas Johnson 163 days ( 1792 -- 1793 ) Rank Justice Length in days Start date End date Douglas , William O. William O. Douglas 7004133580000000000 ♠ 13,358 000000001939 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 1939 000000001975 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 1975 Field , Stephen Johnson Stephen Johnson Field 7004126140000000000 ♠ 12,614 000000001863 - 05 - 20 - 0000 May 20 , 1863 000000001897 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 1897 Stevens , John Paul John Paul Stevens 7004126110000000000 ♠ 12,611 000000001975 - 12 - 19 - 0000 December 19 , 1975 000000002010 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 2010 Marshall , John John Marshall 7004125700000000000 ♠ 12,570 000000001801 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 1801 000000001835 - 07 - 06 - 0000 July 6 , 1835 Black , Hugo Hugo Black 7004124470000000000 ♠ 12,447 000000001937 - 08 - 19 - 0000 August 19 , 1937 000000001971 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 , 1971 6 Harlan , John Marshall John Marshall Harlan 7004123600000000000 ♠ 12,360 000000001877 - 12 - 10 - 0000 December 10 , 1877 000000001911 - 10 - 14 - 0000 October 14 , 1911 7 Brennan Jr. , William J. William J. Brennan Jr . 7004123300000000000 ♠ 12,330 000000001956 - 10 - 16 - 0000 October 16 , 1956 000000001990 - 07 - 20 - 0000 July 20 , 1990 8 Rehnquist , William William Rehnquist 7004122930000000000 ♠ 12,293 000000001972 - 01 - 07 - 0000 January 7 , 1972 September 26 , 1986 000000002005 - 09 - 03 - 0000 September 26 , 1986 September 3 , 2005 9 Story , Joseph Joseph Story 7004122730000000000 ♠ 12,273 000000001812 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 1812 000000001845 - 09 - 10 - 0000 September 10 , 1845 10 Wayne , James Moore James Moore Wayne 7004118600000000000 ♠ 11,860 000000001835 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1835 000000001867 - 07 - 05 - 0000 July 5 , 1867 11 McLean , John John McLean 7004114060000000000 ♠ 11,406 000000001830 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 1830 000000001861 - 04 - 04 - 0000 April 4 , 1861 12 White , Byron Byron White 7004113960000000000 ♠ 11,396 000000001962 - 04 - 16 - 0000 April 16 , 1962 000000001993 - 06 - 28 - 0000 June 28 , 1993 13 Washington , Bushrod Bushrod Washington 7004112520000000000 ♠ 11,252 000000001799 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 1799 000000001829 - 11 - 26 - 0000 November 26 , 1829 14 Kennedy , Anthony Anthony Kennedy 7004110580000000000 ♠ 11,058 000000001988 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1988 000000002018 - 05 - 29 - 0000 Incumbent 15 Johnson , William William Johnson 7004110460000000000 ♠ 11,046 000000001804 - 05 - 07 - 0000 May 7 , 1804 000000001834 - 08 - 04 - 0000 August 4 , 1834 16 Scalia , Antonin Antonin Scalia 7004107320000000000 ♠ 10,732 000000001986 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 1986 000000002016 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 2016 17 Holmes , Oliver Wendell Oliver Wendell Holmes 7004106270000000000 ♠ 10,627 000000001902 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 1902 000000001932 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 1932 18 Taney , Roger B. Roger B. Taney 7004104250000000000 ♠ 10,425 000000001836 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 1836 000000001864 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 1864 19 Miller , Samuel Freeman Samuel Freeman Miller 7004103110000000000 ♠ 10,311 000000001862 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 1862 000000001890 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 1890 20 Catron , John John Catron 7004102560000000000 ♠ 10,256 000000001837 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1 , 1837 000000001865 - 05 - 30 - 0000 May 30 , 1865 21 Nelson , Samuel Samuel Nelson 7004101360000000000 ♠ 10,136 000000001845 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 , 1845 000000001872 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 , 1872 22 White , Edward Douglass Edward Douglass White 7003992900000000000 ♠ 9,929 000000001894 - 03 - 12 - 0000 March 12 , 1894 December 19 , 1910 000000001921 - 05 - 19 - 0000 December 19 , 1910 May 19 , 1921 23 McKenna , Joseph Joseph McKenna 7003984000000000000 ♠ 9,840 000000001898 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1898 000000001925 - 01 - 05 - 0000 January 5 , 1925 24 Thomas , Clarence Clarence Thomas 7003971500000000000 ♠ 9,715 000000001991 - 10 - 23 - 0000 October 23 , 1991 000000002018 - 05 - 29 - 0000 Incumbent 25 Van Devanter , Willis Willis Van Devanter 7003964700000000000 ♠ 9,647 000000001911 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1911 000000001937 - 06 - 02 - 0000 June 2 , 1937 26 McReynolds , James Clark James Clark McReynolds 7003960800000000000 ♠ 9,608 000000001914 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 1914 000000001941 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1941 27 Ginsburg , Ruth Bader Ruth Bader Ginsburg 7003905800000000000 ♠ 9,058 000000001993 - 08 - 10 - 0000 August 10 , 1993 000000002018 - 05 - 29 - 0000 Incumbent 28 O'Connor , Sandra Day Sandra Day O'Connor 7003889400000000000 ♠ 8,894 000000001981 - 09 - 25 - 0000 September 25 , 1981 000000002006 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2006 29 Blackmun , Harry Harry Blackmun 7003882100000000000 ♠ 8,821 000000001970 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 1970 000000001994 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 1994 30 Marshall , Thurgood Thurgood Marshall 7003876500000000000 ♠ 8,765 000000001967 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 1967 000000001991 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 , 1991 31 Breyer , Stephen Stephen Breyer 7003870000000000000 ♠ 8,700 000000001994 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 1994 000000002018 - 05 - 29 - 0000 Incumbent 32 Frankfurter , Felix Felix Frankfurter 7003861100000000000 ♠ 8,611 000000001939 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 1939 000000001962 - 08 - 28 - 0000 August 28 , 1962 33 Clifford , Nathan Nathan Clifford 7003858600000000000 ♠ 8,586 000000001858 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 1858 000000001881 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 1881 34 Grier , Robert Cooper Robert Cooper Grier 7003857500000000000 ♠ 8,575 000000001846 - 08 - 10 - 0000 August 10 , 1846 000000001870 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1870 35 Duvall , Gabriel Gabriel Duvall 7003845300000000000 ♠ 8,453 000000001811 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 , 1811 000000001835 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1835 36 Stewart , Potter Potter Stewart 7003829800000000000 ♠ 8,298 000000001958 - 10 - 14 - 0000 October 14 , 1958 000000001981 - 07 - 03 - 0000 July 3 , 1981 37 Brandeis , Louis Louis Brandeis 7003828800000000000 ♠ 8,288 000000001916 - 06 - 05 - 0000 June 5 , 1916 000000001939 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 1939 38 Bradley , Joseph P. Joseph P. Bradley 7003797500000000000 ♠ 7,975 000000001870 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 1870 000000001892 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 1892 39 Fuller , Melville Melville Fuller 7003793800000000000 ♠ 7,938 000000001888 - 10 - 08 - 0000 October 8 , 1888 000000001910 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1910 40 Stone , Harlan F. Harlan F. Stone 7003772100000000000 ♠ 7,721 000000001925 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 1925 July 3 , 1941 000000001941 - 07 - 02 - 0000 July 2 , 1941 April 22 , 1946 41 Gray , Horace Horace Gray 7003755300000000000 ♠ 7,553 000000001882 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 1882 000000001902 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 1902 42 Cushing , William William Cushing 7003752700000000000 ♠ 7,527 000000001790 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 1790 000000001810 - 09 - 13 - 0000 September 13 , 1810 43 Thompson , Smith Smith Thompson 7003741300000000000 ♠ 7,413 000000001823 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1 , 1823 000000001843 - 12 - 18 - 0000 December 18 , 1843 44 Brewer , David Josiah David Josiah Brewer 7003738500000000000 ♠ 7,385 000000001890 - 01 - 06 - 0000 January 6 , 1890 000000001910 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 1910 45 Day , William R. William R. Day 7003719600000000000 ♠ 7,196 000000001903 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 1903 000000001922 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13 , 1922 46 Reed , Stanley Forman Stanley Forman Reed 7003696500000000000 ♠ 6,965 000000001938 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1938 000000001957 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 , 1957 47 Swayne , Noah Haynes Noah Haynes Swayne 7003693700000000000 ♠ 6,937 000000001862 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1862 000000001881 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 1881 48 Todd , Thomas Thomas Todd 7003685400000000000 ♠ 6,854 000000001807 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 1807 000000001826 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 1826 49 Souter , David David Souter 7003683800000000000 ♠ 6,838 000000001990 - 10 - 09 - 0000 October 9 , 1990 000000002009 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 2009 50 Daniel , Peter Vivian Peter Vivian Daniel 7003671600000000000 ♠ 6,716 000000001842 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 1842 000000001860 - 05 - 31 - 0000 May 31 , 1860 51 Clark , Tom C. Tom C. Clark 7003650100000000000 ♠ 6,501 000000001949 - 08 - 24 - 0000 August 24 , 1949 000000001967 - 06 - 12 - 0000 June 12 , 1967 52 Burger , Warren E. Warren E. Burger 7003630400000000000 ♠ 6,304 000000001969 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 1969 000000001986 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 1986 53 Hughes , Charles Evans Charles Evans Hughes 7003621400000000000 ♠ 6,214 000000001910 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 1910 February 24 , 1930 000000001941 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 10 , 1916 June 30 , 1941 54 Butler , Pierce Pierce Butler 7003616200000000000 ♠ 6,162 000000001923 - 01 - 02 - 0000 January 2 , 1923 000000001939 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 1939 55 Harlan II , John Marshall John Marshall Harlan II 7003602300000000000 ♠ 6,023 000000001955 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 1955 000000001971 - 09 - 23 - 0000 September 23 , 1971 56 Livingston , Henry Brockholst Henry Brockholst Livingston 7003590100000000000 ♠ 5,901 000000001807 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1807 000000001823 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 1823 57 Warren , Earl Earl Warren 7003574000000000000 ♠ 5,740 000000001953 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 1953 000000001969 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 1969 58 Powell , Lewis Franklin Lewis Franklin Powell 7003564900000000000 ♠ 5,649 000000001972 - 01 - 07 - 0000 January 7 , 1972 000000001987 - 06 - 26 - 0000 June 26 , 1987 59 Brown , Henry Billings Henry Billings Brown 7003562100000000000 ♠ 5,621 000000001891 - 01 - 05 - 0000 January 5 , 1891 000000001906 - 05 - 28 - 0000 May 28 , 1906 60 Chase , Samuel Samuel Chase 7003561300000000000 ♠ 5,613 000000001796 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 1796 000000001811 - 06 - 19 - 0000 June 19 , 1811 61 Sutherland , George George Sutherland 7003558600000000000 ♠ 5,586 000000001922 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 1922 000000001938 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1938 62 Roberts , Owen Owen Roberts 7003553800000000000 ♠ 5,538 000000001930 - 06 - 02 - 0000 June 2 , 1930 000000001945 - 07 - 31 - 0000 July 31 , 1945 63 McKinley , John John McKinley 7003530500000000000 ♠ 5,305 000000001838 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 1838 000000001852 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 1852 64 Baldwin , Henry Henry Baldwin 7003520700000000000 ♠ 5,207 000000001830 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 1830 000000001844 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 1844 65 Davis , David David Davis 7003519800000000000 ♠ 5,198 000000001862 - 12 - 10 - 0000 December 10 , 1862 000000001877 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1877 66 Waite , Morrison Morrison Waite 7003513300000000000 ♠ 5,133 000000001874 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1874 000000001888 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 1888 67 Peckham , Rufus Wheeler Rufus Wheeler Peckham 7003503900000000000 ♠ 5,039 000000001896 - 01 - 06 - 0000 January 6 , 1896 000000001909 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 1909 68 Paterson , William William Paterson 7003492900000000000 ♠ 4,929 000000001793 - 03 - 11 - 0000 March 11 , 1793 000000001806 - 09 - 09 - 0000 September 9 , 1806 69 Jackson , Robert H. Robert H. Jackson 7003483800000000000 ♠ 4,838 000000001941 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 1941 000000001954 - 10 - 09 - 0000 October 9 , 1954 70 Burton , Harold Hitz Harold Hitz Burton 7003476000000000000 ♠ 4,760 000000001945 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 , 1945 000000001958 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 1958 71 Roberts , John John Roberts 7003462500000000000 ♠ 4,625 000000002005 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2005 000000002018 - 05 - 29 - 0000 Incumbent 72 Alito , Samuel Samuel Alito 7003450100000000000 ♠ 4,501 000000002006 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2006 000000002018 - 05 - 29 - 0000 Incumbent 73 Blatchford , Samuel Samuel Blatchford 7003411300000000000 ♠ 4,113 000000001882 - 04 - 03 - 0000 April 3 , 1882 000000001893 - 07 - 07 - 0000 July 7 , 1893 74 Pitney , Mahlon Mahlon Pitney 7003394000000000000 ♠ 3,940 000000001912 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 1912 000000001922 - 12 - 31 - 0000 December 31 , 1922 75 Strong , William William Strong 7003392800000000000 ♠ 3,928 000000001870 - 03 - 14 - 0000 March 14 , 1870 000000001880 - 12 - 14 - 0000 December 14 , 1880 76 Shiras Jr. , George George Shiras Jr . 7003378700000000000 ♠ 3,787 000000001892 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 1892 000000001903 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 1903 77 Murphy , Frank Frank Murphy 7003345200000000000 ♠ 3,452 000000001940 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 1940 000000001949 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 1949 78 Iredell , James James Iredell 7003344800000000000 ♠ 3,448 000000001790 - 05 - 12 - 0000 May 12 , 1790 000000001799 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 1799 79 Hunt , Ward Ward Hunt 7003330500000000000 ♠ 3,305 000000001873 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 1873 000000001882 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1882 80 Wilson , James James Wilson 7003324200000000000 ♠ 3,242 000000001789 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 1789 000000001798 - 08 - 21 - 0000 August 21 , 1798 81 Sotomayor , Sonia Sonia Sotomayor 7003321600000000000 ♠ 3,216 000000002009 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2009 000000002018 - 05 - 29 - 0000 Incumbent 82 Taft , William Howard William Howard Taft 7003312900000000000 ♠ 3,129 000000001921 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 1921 000000001930 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 1930 83 Chase , Salmon P. Salmon P. Chase 7003306500000000000 ♠ 3,065 000000001864 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 1864 000000001873 - 05 - 07 - 0000 May 7 , 1873 84 Campbell , John Archibald John Archibald Campbell 7003294100000000000 ♠ 2,941 000000001853 - 04 - 11 - 0000 April 11 , 1853 000000001861 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 , 1861 85 Matthews , Stanley Stanley Matthews 7003286600000000000 ♠ 2,866 000000001881 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 , 1881 000000001889 - 03 - 22 - 0000 March 22 , 1889 86 Kagan , Elena Elena Kagan 7003285200000000000 ♠ 2,852 000000002010 - 08 - 07 - 0000 August 7 , 2010 000000002018 - 05 - 29 - 0000 Incumbent 87 Vinson , Fred M. Fred M. Vinson 7003263300000000000 ♠ 2,633 000000001946 - 06 - 24 - 0000 June 24 , 1946 000000001953 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 1953 88 Sanford , Edward Terry Edward Terry Sanford 7003257400000000000 ♠ 2,574 000000001923 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 , 1923 000000001930 - 03 - 08 - 0000 March 8 , 1930 89 Minton , Sherman Sherman Minton 7003256000000000000 ♠ 2,560 000000001949 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 1949 000000001956 - 10 - 15 - 0000 October 15 , 1956 90 Rutledge , Wiley Blount Wiley Blount Rutledge 7003239900000000000 ♠ 2,399 000000001943 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 , 1943 000000001949 - 09 - 10 - 0000 September 10 , 1949 91 Woods , William Burnham William Burnham Woods 7003232000000000000 ♠ 2,320 000000001881 - 01 - 05 - 0000 January 5 , 1881 000000001887 - 05 - 14 - 0000 May 14 , 1887 92 Cardozo , Benjamin N. Benjamin N. Cardozo 7003230800000000000 ♠ 2,308 000000001932 - 03 - 14 - 0000 March 14 , 1932 000000001938 - 07 - 09 - 0000 July 9 , 1938 93 Curtis , Benjamin Robbins Benjamin Robbins Curtis 7003218200000000000 ♠ 2,182 000000001851 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 1851 000000001857 - 09 - 30 - 0000 September 30 , 1857 94 Woodbury , Levi Levi Woodbury 7003217200000000000 ♠ 2,172 000000001845 - 09 - 23 - 0000 September 23 , 1845 000000001851 - 09 - 04 - 0000 September 4 , 1851 95 Clarke , John Hessin John Hessin Clarke 7003217000000000000 ♠ 2,170 000000001916 - 10 - 09 - 0000 October 9 , 1916 000000001922 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 1922 96 Blair , John John Blair 7003209100000000000 ♠ 2,091 000000001790 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 1790 000000001795 - 10 - 25 - 0000 October 25 , 1795 97 Jay , John John Jay 7003207900000000000 ♠ 2,079 000000001789 - 10 - 19 - 0000 October 19 , 1789 000000001795 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 1795 98 ( tie ) Lamar , Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar 7003183200000000000 ♠ 1,832 000000001888 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 1888 000000001893 - 01 - 23 - 0000 January 23 , 1893 Whittaker , Charles Evans Charles Evans Whittaker 7003183200000000000 ♠ 1,832 000000001957 - 03 - 25 - 0000 March 25 , 1957 000000001962 - 03 - 31 - 0000 March 31 , 1962 100 Lamar , Joseph Rucker Joseph Rucker Lamar 7003182500000000000 ♠ 1,825 000000001911 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1911 000000001916 - 01 - 02 - 0000 January 2 , 1916 101 Barbour , Philip Pendleton Philip Pendleton Barbour 7003175000000000000 ♠ 1,750 000000001836 - 05 - 12 - 0000 May 12 , 1836 000000001841 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 , 1841 102 Ellsworth , Oliver Oliver Ellsworth 7003174200000000000 ♠ 1,742 000000001796 - 03 - 08 - 0000 March 8 , 1796 000000001800 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 1800 103 Lurton , Horace Harmon Horace Harmon Lurton 7003165100000000000 ♠ 1,651 000000001910 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 1910 000000001914 - 07 - 12 - 0000 July 12 , 1914 104 Moody , William Henry William Henry Moody 7003143400000000000 ♠ 1,434 000000001906 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 1906 000000001910 - 11 - 20 - 0000 November 20 , 1910 105 Moore , Alfred Alfred Moore 7003137500000000000 ♠ 1,375 000000001800 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 1800 000000001804 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1804 106 Fortas , Abe Abe Fortas 7003131800000000000 ♠ 1,318 000000001965 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 1965 000000001969 - 05 - 14 - 0000 May 14 , 1969 107 Goldberg , Arthur Arthur Goldberg 7003102800000000000 ♠ 1,028 000000001962 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 , 1962 000000001965 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 1965 108 Jackson , Howell Edmunds Howell Edmunds Jackson 7002887000000000000 ♠ 887 000000001893 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1893 000000001895 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 1895 109 Trimble , Robert Robert Trimble 7002801000000000000 ♠ 801 000000001826 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 1826 000000001828 - 08 - 25 - 0000 August 25 , 1828 110 Rutledge , John John Rutledge 7002563000000000000 ♠ 563 000000001790 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 , 1790 July 1 , 1795 000000001795 - 12 - 28 - 0000 March 5 , 1791 December 28 , 1795 111 Byrnes , James F. James F. Byrnes 7002452000000000000 ♠ 452 000000001941 - 07 - 08 - 0000 July 8 , 1941 000000001942 - 10 - 03 - 0000 October 3 , 1942 112 Gorsuch , Neil Neil Gorsuch 7002414000000000000 ♠ 414 000000002017 - 04 - 10 - 0000 April 10 , 2017 000000002018 - 05 - 29 - 0000 Incumbent 113 Johnson , Thomas Thomas Johnson 7002163000000000000 ♠ 163 000000001792 - 08 - 06 - 0000 August 6 , 1792 000000001793 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 1793 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Excluding Neil Gorsuch , the junior-most incumbent justice , who joined the Supreme Court in April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Served as chief justice ^ Jump up to : Tenure as associate justice and chief justice combined ^ Jump up to : As of May 29 , 2018 See also ( edit ) List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States List of law schools attended by United States Supreme Court Justices List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States by seat References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Members of the Supreme Court from the Supreme Court of the United States '' . Official website of the Supreme Court of the United States . Retrieved September 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Stanton took the oath of office on his deathbed , but according to the Supreme Court Historical Society , he never took `` the necessary steps toward becoming a Member of the Court . '' Jump up ^ `` Judges of the United States Courts '' . Official website of the Federal Judicial Center . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved December 27 , 2007 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the longest serving supreme court justice | [
"\n\n\nLongest Supreme Court tenure\n\n\n\n\nWilliam O. Douglas\n13,358 days\n(1939–1975)\n\n\nStephen Johnson Field\n12,614 days\n(1863–1897)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nShortest Supreme Court tenure[a]\n\n\n\n\nJames F. Byrnes\n452 days\n(1941–1942)\n\n\nThomas Johnson\n163 days\n(1792–1793)\n\n\n"
] | [
"William O. Douglas"
] |
8520693038237494887 | List of Roseanne episodes | List of Roseanne episodes - wikipedia List of Roseanne episodes Roseanne is an American television sitcom that was originally broadcast on ABC from October 18 , 1988 , to May 20 , 1997 with a revival season that premiered in 2018 . Lauded for its realistic portrayal of the average American family , the series stars Roseanne Barr , and revolves around the Conners , an Illinois working - class family . In the narrative , in season 9 , Roseanne and family win the lottery and thus associate with `` high society '' . Roseanne 's sister Jackie goes so far as to date a prince while Dan ( absent as John Goodman was filming a movie ) , goes to take care of his mother in a California psychiatric hospital . The original series wraps up with Dan separating from Roseanne as he has been unfaithful in marriage . Roseanne says in the final episode that not only was she writing a story and they did not really win the lottery , but also says Dan has passed away from a heart attack in season 8 . In season 10 it is revealed that Dan did not die - Roseanne fabricated that as well , along with a multitude of other things ; this setting most things back as they were in season 8 . Barr said the lottery storyline was done to illustrate the American Dream philosophy . `` Admittedly , life can get pretty strange when your job occasionally involves a $70,000 shopping spree with Mike Tyson , especially if 18 years ago you were a trailer park mom with a bell - hop for a husband . '' On May 16 , 2017 , it was announced ABC would produce an eight - episode 10th season revival of the series , set to air as a mid-season replacement in 2018 , with the original cast returning . In November 2017 , it was announced that ABC had ordered an additional episode for the new season bringing the total up to 9 . The tenth season debuted on March 27 , 2018 . As of May 22 , 2018 , 231 episodes of Roseanne have aired , concluding the tenth season . On March 30 , 2018 , the series was renewed for an eleventh season of 13 episodes by ABC , but was canceled on May 29 , 2018 due to a controversial joke made by Roseanne on Twitter about Obama aide Valerie Jarrett . On June 21 , 2018 , the show was revived as a spinoff workingly entitled The Conners , which will be the same as Roseanne except without Barr . The show will air on October 16 , 2018 and consist of 10 episodes . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 1988 -- 89 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 1989 -- 90 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 1990 -- 91 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 1991 -- 92 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 1992 -- 93 ) 2.6 Season 6 ( 1993 -- 94 ) 2.7 Season 7 ( 1994 -- 95 ) 2.8 Season 8 ( 1995 -- 96 ) 2.9 Season 9 ( 1996 -- 97 ) 2.10 Season 10 ( 2018 ) 3 References Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Rating 23 October 18 , 1988 ( 1988 - 10 - 18 ) May 2 , 1989 ( 1989 - 05 - 02 ) 23.8 24 September 12 , 1989 ( 1989 - 09 - 12 ) May 8 , 1990 ( 1990 - 05 - 08 ) 23.1 25 September 18 , 1990 ( 1990 - 09 - 18 ) May 14 , 1991 ( 1991 - 05 - 14 ) 18.3 25 September 17 , 1991 ( 1991 - 09 - 17 ) May 12 , 1992 ( 1992 - 05 - 12 ) 21.2 5 25 September 15 , 1992 ( 1992 - 09 - 15 ) May 11 , 1993 ( 1993 - 05 - 11 ) 20.7 6 25 September 14 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 14 ) May 24 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 24 ) 19.3 7 26 September 21 , 1994 ( 1994 - 09 - 21 ) May 24 , 1995 ( 1995 - 05 - 24 ) 9 15.6 8 25 September 19 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 19 ) May 21 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 21 ) 16 12.6 9 24 September 17 , 1996 ( 1996 - 09 - 17 ) May 20 , 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 20 ) 35 10.1 10 9 March 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 27 ) May 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 22 ) 17.85 Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 1988 -- 89 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code `` Life and Stuff '' Ellen Falcon Matt Williams October 18 , 1988 ( 1988 - 10 - 18 ) 101 Roseanne is summoned to a parent / teacher conference after Darlene has been barking in class . Stressed from the pressures of coping with home and work , she lashes out at Dan for not doing his share . Note : This episode is the only one in which Sal Barone played DJ Conner . He was subsequently replaced by Michael Fishman . `` We 're in the Money '' Ellen Falcon David McFadzean October 25 , 1988 ( 1988 - 10 - 25 ) 201 Although Dan and Roseanne agree not to spend any of Dan 's $500 advance on themselves , neither can resist the temptation . Note : This is Michael Fishman 's first appearance as D.J. `` D-I-V-O-R-C-E '' Ellen Falcon Lauren Eve Anderson November 1 , 1988 ( 1988 - 11 - 01 ) 205 Date night for Dan and Roseanne turns into a brush with divorce , after they run into an old , newly - single friend . Dan begins to fear the worst about their marriage and puts their relationship under a microscope . After a lot of `` what ifs '' he and Roseanne conclude there is hope after all . Meanwhile , Roseanne 's sister Jackie inadvertently forgets she promised to baby - sit the kids , who lock her out of the house . `` Language Lessons '' Ellen Falcon Laurie Gelman November 22 , 1988 ( 1988 - 11 - 22 ) 208 Dan and Roseanne agree to take a body language test that proves whether they can physically communicate their thoughts . The plan backfires when Dan 's true feelings about Roseanne 's sister , Jackie , are laid bare -- he thinks she is a meddlesome moocher , especially after she inadvertently comments about his lack of work , inciting a confrontation between the in - laws . 5 5 `` Radio Days '' Ellen Falcon Laurie Gelman November 29 , 1988 ( 1988 - 11 - 29 ) 206 As Becky and Darlene bicker over territory , Roseanne encourages Dan to enter a song writing contest ( using one of her own poems as the lyrics ) in hopes of crooning his way to fame and fortune . The episode features a full length rendition sung by John Goodman . Meanwhile , friction between Booker , the factory manager , and Jackie heats up . 6 6 `` Lovers ' Lane '' Ellen Falcon Danny Jacobson December 6 , 1988 ( 1988 - 12 - 06 ) 209 On a night out at the bowling alley , Roseanne sneaks a peek at Becky 's first boyfriend . Meanwhile , Booker makes a bet with Jackie for very high stakes ; if he wins she has to spend the night with him . 7 7 `` The Memory Game '' Ellen Falcon Grace McKeaney December 13 , 1988 ( 1988 - 12 - 13 ) 202 Dan 's enthusiastic plan to take photographs for his and Roseanne 's 15th high school reunion yearbook exposes a 15 - year - old secret he has kept from Roseanne . His attempt to explain to an angry Roseanne bring hilarious results . 8 8 `` Here 's to Good Friends '' Ellen Falcon Danny Jacobson December 20 , 1988 ( 1988 - 12 - 20 ) 207 Roseanne and Jackie console a brokenhearted Crystal after her boyfriend breaks up with her . A night at the Lobo Lounge , reflecting on love and men , help to set her right . While at the Lobo , a miffed Jackie embarrasses Booker when he shows up with another woman after telling her he was spending the evening with his mother . 9 9 `` Dan 's Birthday Bash '' Ellen Falcon Grace McKeaney January 3 , 1989 ( 1989 - 01 - 03 ) 210 Roseanne and the kids surprise Dan with an elaborate birthday breakfast . Later that evening , Roseanne throws Dan a party at the Lobo . During the celebration , Dan barely avoids a fight with a loud - mouthed jerk after Roseanne stops him . Afraid of looking like a wimp , Dan vows to beat up the bully the next time he sees him . Becky is invited to Chip 's home for dinner . 10 10 `` Saturday '' Ellen Falcon David McFadzean January 10 , 1989 ( 1989 - 01 - 10 ) 204 It is Saturday at the Conners ' , and Dan plans to spend the afternoon `` working '' ( that is , drinking beer and talking ) on an old truck with his friends . Roseanne , having heard Dan make similar claims before , bets him that the guys will not finish the repair work by the end of the day . Dan takes the bet , but soon realizes he may lose . 11 11 `` Canoga Time '' Ellen Falcon David McFadzean January 17 , 1989 ( 1989 - 01 - 17 ) 212 Roseanne proposes a deal when Dan can not bear to part with his old `` junk '' that Roseanne wants to donate to a rummage sale . Darlene forges a passing grade on her report card . 12 12 `` The Monday Thru Friday Show '' Ellen Falcon Danny Jacobson January 24 , 1989 ( 1989 - 01 - 24 ) 213 Dan and Roseanne disagree about where to spend a romantic 15th anniversary ; Becky has to choose between refusing to dissect a frog in biology class or accepting a lower grade ; Darlene finds her paper route is more than she can handle . Jackie solves Dan and Roseanne 's anniversary dilemma by taking the kids for the weekend , giving Dan and Roseanne much - needed alone time . 13 13 `` Bridge Over Troubled Sonny '' Ellen Falcon Laurie Gelman January 31 , 1989 ( 1989 - 01 - 31 ) 211 Crystal still struggles to cope with her husband 's death , Sonny , whose body was accidentally buried inside the bridge that Jackie drove them over on their way to work . Roseanne is unsure whether she should tell Crystal about Sonny 's infidelities . Crystal finally confronts her emotions and reveals that she knew about Sonny 's cheating and had her own affair to spite him . Darlene decides it is cool to smoke until Roseanne finds her pack of cigarettes . 14 14 `` Father 's Day '' Ellen Falcon Lauren Eve Anderson February 7 , 1989 ( 1989 - 02 - 07 ) 214 Roseanne acts as referee when Dan 's father , Ed , visits the family bearing gifts . Everyone is thrilled to see him except Dan , who considers Ed 's philosophy of `` work smart , not hard '' as veiled criticism ; Ed considers it caring , fatherly advice . 15 15 `` Nightmare on Oak Street '' John Pasquin Grace McKeaney February 14 , 1989 ( 1989 - 02 - 14 ) 215 After Dan lets the girls watch a slasher movie , Darlene has trouble sleeping . Roseanne blames the film , but the truth is something more natural : Darlene has had her first period . Roseannes sits her tomboyish daughter down for a heart - to - heart talk about becoming a woman . 16 16 `` Mall Story '' John Sgueglia Laurie Gelman February 21 , 1989 ( 1989 - 02 - 21 ) 216 It is time for the annual Landford Mall - A-Thon , and Roseanne and her brood scout out the deals during a Saturday in retail heaven . Roseanne makes Dan buy a new pair of shoes he does not want . Becky finds the perfect dress for the high school dance that Roseanne says is too expensive ; Roseanne just needs a day off from work . 17 17 `` Becky 's Choice '' John Sgueglia Laurie Gelman and Danny Jacobson February 28 , 1989 ( 1989 - 02 - 28 ) 218 Becky must decide between her first crush , Chip , and the infamous `` Tongue Bandit '' . The decision worsens when Roseanne and Dan invite Chip 's parents for dinner . During the evening , Roseanne catches Becky in the backyard with the other guy . 18 18 `` The Slice of Life '' John Sgueglia Lauren Eve Anderson and David McFadzean March 7 , 1989 ( 1989 - 03 - 07 ) 217 Becky prepares for a slumber party , and Darlene practices to pitch in a baseball game . Darlene is extremely moody , and storms out of the house after arguing with Roseanne . Later , Roseanne gets a phone call that Darlene was rushed to the hospital for an emergency appendectomy . Roseanne is wracked with guilt after Darlene develops complications ; Roseanne and Dan anxiously wait for the doctor 's prognosis . 19 19 `` Workin ' Overtime '' Ellen Falcon Bill Pentland March 14 , 1989 ( 1989 - 03 - 14 ) 203 The Wellman Plastics employees are exhausted after Booker continues to lengthen work shifts due to upped quotas and machinery errors . Even Roseanne , the queen of the circle , can not handle the pressure -- especially when Dan starts working overtime as well . After one too many long days , she takes a breather at a local diner where a waitress provides some perspective about life and loneliness . 20 20 `` Toto , We 're Not in Kansas Anymore '' John Sgueglia Grace McKeaney March 28 , 1989 ( 1989 - 03 - 28 ) 219 A dangerous tornado is heading for Lanford , and the Conners , along with Crystal ( who takes shelter at their house ) , prepare for the storm . Problems arise : Becky insists on retrieving her pet guinea pigs from the garage , while Jackie barely makes it to shelter after a trip to the grocery store , prompting a fight with her and Roseanne . 21 21 `` Death and Stuff '' John Sgueglia Bill Pentland April 11 , 1989 ( 1989 - 04 - 11 ) 220 During the family 's busy weekend activities , a door - to - door salesman drops by -- and then drops dead in the Conner kitchen . Roseanne and Dan attempt to conceal the corpse from potential buyers for their washer and dryer . The police officer who responded to their emergency call helps Darlene with a school assignment while waiting for the coroner to arrive . 22 22 `` Dear Mom and Dad '' John Sgueglia Danny Jacobson April 18 , 1989 ( 1989 - 04 - 18 ) 221 An unannounced visit by Roseanne 's parents throws the Conner house into an uproar . Dan and Jackie are pushing a usually outspoken Roseanne to stick up for herself after she is at a loss for words . Hostility and stir - craziness abound , but the biggest shock comes when Bev announces that they are moving to Lanford . Bruce Willis makes a cameo appearance as himself during the end credits . 23 23 `` Let 's Call It Quits '' John Sgueglia David McFadzean and Lauren Eve Anderson May 2 , 1989 ( 1989 - 05 - 02 ) 222 The Wellman factory women rebel against the stringent rules imposed by a tough new supervisor . After he raises the cap on the quotas yet again , Roseanne asks him to ease off . The boss agrees , but only if Roseanne agrees to treat him with undeserved respect . When he reneges on the deal by claiming he now controls Roseanne , she , along with Jackie and their friends , permanently clock out . Final regular appearance of George Clooney as Booker . Season 2 ( 1989 -- 90 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 24 `` Inherit the Wind '' John Pasquin Allan Katz September 12 , 1989 ( 1989 - 09 - 12 ) 301 N / A Roseanne tries her hand at telephone solicitation for Becky who had an embarrassing accident in front of the school council . Just as her speech was wrapping up , she broke wind . The whole school is talking about it , especially Darlene . Jackie and Roseanne 's attempts to console a mortified Becky fail ... that is , until Jimmy ( Stephen Dorff ) arrives at the Conner home for their Friday night date . 25 `` Little Sister '' John Pasquin Joss Whedon September 19 , 1989 ( 1989 - 09 - 19 ) 303 38.5 Jackie takes umbrage at Roseanne 's snarky remarks about her career ambitions when she reveals that she has enrolled in the police academy . Becky gets caught reading Dan 's girlie magazine ; and Darlene commiserates with a drunken Jackie about her frustrations over being the little sister . 26 `` Guilt by Disassociation '' John Pasquin Tom Arnold September 26 , 1989 ( 1989 - 09 - 26 ) 302 41.7 Roseanne gets her hopes up after a friend recommends her for an office job that would allow her to quit her hated telemarketing . After a quick interview , she lands the job -- but the celebration is short - lived , when the offer is revoked due to her lack of computer knowledge . 27 `` Somebody Stole My Gal '' John Pasquin Martin Pasko and Rebecca Parr October 3 , 1989 ( 1989 - 10 - 03 ) 306 43.5 Bert ( Kevin Dunn ) , an emotionally needy architect at Dan 's new job site adopts the Conners as a surrogate family , much to their chagrin . 28 5 `` House of Grown - Ups '' John Pasquin Joss Whedon October 10 , 1989 ( 1989 - 10 - 10 ) 304 40.8 Roseanne feels abandoned when Jackie leaves for her six - week police academy training . When Becky dates a 17 - year - old , and Darlene goes to her first co-ed party with her , Roseanne feels left out . After attempting to hang out with everyone , she settles into being alone . 29 6 `` Five of a Kind '' John Pasquin Norma Safford Vela and Danny Jacobson October 24 , 1989 ( 1989 - 10 - 24 ) 308 38.6 A poker night becomes interesting when Roseanne receives a kiss from Dan 's friend Arnie . Roseanne tells Jackie about the kiss but later realizes it was only a platonic gesture . 30 7 `` BOO ! '' John Pasquin Norma Safford Vela October 31 , 1989 ( 1989 - 10 - 31 ) 307 36.7 The Conners celebrate Halloween . Roseanne and Dan compete to see who is the spookiest . Roseanne tries to rekindle the spirit of Halloween for Becky who is upset after she was not invited to a party . 31 8 `` Sweet Dreams '' John Pasquin Danny Jacobson November 7 , 1989 ( 1989 - 11 - 07 ) 305 36.3 Roseanne tries to relax in the bathtub despite constant interruptions from her family ; she ends up dreaming about murdering her husband and kids . The dream ends with Roseanne on trial , her family back from the dead to testify on her behalf , and a lavish musical number . 32 9 `` We Gather Together '' John Pasquin Danny Jacobson November 21 , 1989 ( 1989 - 11 - 21 ) 309 38.8 On Thanksgiving Day , Jackie finally tells her mother about her new police career . They end up being the main event with their bickering and snickering flowing throughout the holiday feast . After dinner , Dan gets a huge shock when he learns his father is romancing Crystal . Guest star : Ann Wedgeworth as Audrey ( Dan 's Mom ) 33 10 `` Brain - Dead Poets Society '' John Pasquin Joss Whedon November 28 , 1989 ( 1989 - 11 - 28 ) 310 37.9 Darlene 's homework poem wins teacher recognition , and she is asked to read it at the school 's Culture Night . Roseanne is thrilled , but Darlene does not want to go . Roseanne puts her foot down , and the family goes to the event , where Darlene 's reading strikes an emotional chord with all . 34 11 `` Lobocop '' John Pasquin Tom Arnold December 5 , 1989 ( 1989 - 12 - 05 ) 311 36.2 Roseanne gets a second job at the Lobo Lounge , but soon discovers that she and Dan are spending too much time apart . 35 12 `` No Talking '' John Pasquin Norma Safford Vela December 12 , 1989 ( 1989 - 12 - 12 ) 312 37.3 Becky and Roseanne are engaged in a particularly nasty string of fights . Becky gives her mother the silent treatment and locks her out of her bedroom , prompting Roseanne to remove the girls ' door to force Becky to open up to her . 36 13 `` Chicken Hearts '' John Pasquin Joss Whedon January 2 , 1990 ( 1990 - 01 - 02 ) 313 39.3 Roseanne 's new job at a fast - food restaurant includes an obnoxious teenaged boss . When she invites him to dinner to try to butter him up for better shift hours , his nasty attitude soon convinces everyone that Roseanne deserves better treatment . Glenn Shadix guest - stars as an indecisive customer . 37 14 `` One for the Road '' John Pasquin Sheree Guitar January 9 , 1990 ( 1990 - 01 - 09 ) 314 41.4 Dan and Roseanne are not home , leaving Becky in charge . She invites her friend , Dana over to do homework . When they take a break , Becky whips up a few ' Tornadoes ' from the Conner 's liquor cabinet , resulting in the girls getting drunk . A hung - over Becky is left to explain herself when Dana 's mother arrives the next day demanding an explanation . 38 15 `` An Officer and a Gentleman '' John Pasquin Danny Jacobson and Norma Safford Vela January 23 , 1990 ( 1990 - 01 - 23 ) 315 38.8 Jackie steps in as substitute mom when Roseanne has to go to Moline when their father breaks his leg . She dazzles Dan with her housekeeping skills out of a 1950 's family sitcom . Jackie is surprised to learn what Dan , who often seems annoyed by his sister - in - law , really thinks of her and that he remembers the first time they met . 39 16 `` Born to Be Wild '' John Pasquin Stephen Paymer January 30 , 1990 ( 1990 - 01 - 30 ) 316 38.0 The Conners ' old biker pal Ziggy ( Jay O. Sanders ) roars into town , making them feel old , fat , and trapped . In the end , they realize that while their lives are not what they had planned , they still feel fulfillment . 40 17 `` Hair '' John Pasquin Norma Safford Vela and Danny Jacobson February 6 , 1990 ( 1990 - 02 - 06 ) 317 35.3 Crystal recommends Roseanne for a job at the beauty shop that she frequents , doing the same tasks that she does at home for free . Roseanne is hesitant , but once interviewed , is persuaded into the position by the shop owner . After a short time on the job , she is given a raise , and more responsibility . 41 18 `` I 'm Hungry '' John Pasquin Danny Jacobson and Norma Safford Vela February 13 , 1990 ( 1990 - 02 - 13 ) 318 31.1 Roseanne and Dan reach the point where they realize they must lose weight . Roseanne takes charge and puts strict restrictions on their diet , but she has the most trouble adapting to the new regime . 42 19 `` All of Me '' John Pasquin Norma Safford Vela and Danny Jacobson February 20 , 1990 ( 1990 - 02 - 20 ) 319 32.6 Jackie has finally found ' the one , ' but Roseanne continues to meddle . 43 20 `` To Tell the Truth '' John Pasquin Danny Jacobson and Norma Safford Vela February 27 , 1990 ( 1990 - 02 - 27 ) 320 35.1 Jackie gives Roseanne the silent treatment when she has had enough of her meddling in her love life , but the sisters reconcile . Gary proposes to Jackie on a whim , and Roseanne goes into overdrive with wedding preparations , but Gary and Jackie soon realize they 're not ready for marriage . As the ending credits roll there are photographs of the wedding of Prince Charles and Diana Princess of Wales . 44 21 `` Fender Bender '' John Pasquin Penelope Spheeris and Bill Gerber March 20 , 1990 ( 1990 - 03 - 20 ) 322 34.3 Roseanne is rear - ended by Mrs. Wellman , injuring her neck , and must rest for awhile . When Mrs. Wellman does not apologize , Roseanne considers suing her . 45 22 `` April Fool 's Day '' John Pasquin Stephen Paymer April 10 , 1990 ( 1990 - 04 - 10 ) 323 33.4 It is tax season and Roseanne and Dan contemplate how to make the process easier . Dan eventually stresses out when he is unable to complete the tax form . Roseanne tries her hand but they end up traveling to the IRS office . 46 23 `` Fathers and Daughters '' John Pasquin Kim C. Friese May 1 , 1990 ( 1990 - 05 - 01 ) 324 32.6 In an attempt to bond with their daughters , Dan goes to the mall with Becky , and Roseanne attends Darlene 's basketball game . 47 24 `` Happy Birthday '' John Pasquin Geraldine Barr and Maxine Epstein May 8 , 1990 ( 1990 - 05 - 08 ) 321 27.8 Roseanne , though only turning 37 , feels she has hit a dead - end in her life . Always wanting to be a writer , Roseanne makes a wish on this birthday that she had more time to write . Dan and the kids surprise Roseanne with her own writing studio in the basement and leave her alone so she can write . Unfortunately , Roseanne , is hit with a severe case of writer 's block . Season 3 ( 1990 -- 91 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 48 `` The Test '' John Whitesell Bob Myer September 18 , 1990 ( 1990 - 09 - 18 ) 401 29.8 Set in the middle of a hot summer day Dan is reluctant to give Becky driving lessons . Meanwhile , the whole family awaits the results of a more serious test being taken by Roseanne . 49 `` Friends & Relatives '' John Whitesell Chuck Lorre September 25 , 1990 ( 1990 - 09 - 25 ) 402 26.2 Dan lends Arnie $1,500 to buy Nancy an engagement ring . He instead spends it on her breast implants . When Dan falls behind on the bills , Jackie wants to lend him money , but he refuses because she is a relative . DJ starts peeping on his sisters . 50 `` Like a Virgin '' John Whitesell Brad Isaacs October 2 , 1990 ( 1990 - 10 - 02 ) 404 27.2 Roseanne and Dan think it is time to talk to Becky about birth control , then later catch Darlene making out on their couch . 51 `` Like a New Job '' John Whitesell Jeff Abugov October 9 , 1990 ( 1990 - 10 - 09 ) 403 31.2 Roseanne quits her hair - salon job for a waitress job at the luncheonette in Rodbell 's Department Store . Becky and Darlene fight over their room yet again . After Dan sends Darlene to live in the basement , Roseanne has trouble letting Dan resolve disputes between the kids . Note : Alyson Hannigan guest stars as one of Becky 's friends who dines at the luncheonette . 52 5 `` Goodbye Mr. Right '' John Whitesell Bruce Graham October 16 , 1990 ( 1990 - 10 - 16 ) 405 26.4 Becky and Darlene think DJ 's a psycho when they find his under - the - bed secret stash of dismembered dolls ; Jackie is injured in the line of duty and Gary gives her an ultimatum . 53 6 `` Becky , Beds & Boys '' John Whitesell Jennifer Heath and Amy Sherman October 23 , 1990 ( 1990 - 10 - 23 ) 406 30.1 Roseanne and Dan shop for a new mattress . Becky starts dating Mark , a rebellious teen who Dan and Roseanne dislike . First appearance of Glenn Quinn as Mark . 54 7 `` Trick or Treat '' John Whitesell Story by : Chuck Lorre Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre and Jeff Abugov October 30 , 1990 ( 1990 - 10 - 30 ) 407 29.1 Roseanne dresses as a male trucker for Halloween and mingles with some guys at the Lobo Lounge . Dan is upset because DJ wants to be a witch for Halloween . 55 8 `` PMS , I Love You '' John Whitesell Tom Arnold November 6 , 1990 ( 1990 - 11 - 06 ) 408 28.2 Roseanne 's PMS coincides with Dan 's birthday . He wants to avoid it by going fishing , but Roseanne is throwing him a surprise party , and the rest of family insist he attend . 56 9 `` Bird is the Word '' John Whitesell Joel Madison and Don Foster November 13 , 1990 ( 1990 - 11 - 13 ) 409 27.1 Becky is suspended for allegedly making an obscene gesture in her class photo , earning her popularity at school , but making Roseanne angry that she has to visit the principal . Dan has plans for Becky 's suspension . 57 10 `` Dream Lover '' John Whitesell Chuck Lorre November 27 , 1990 ( 1990 - 11 - 27 ) 410 28.3 When Dan starts dreaming about the woman who works at the mall hardware store , Roseanne feels threatened . She decides to meet the woman . 58 11 `` Do You Know Where Your Parents Are ? '' John Whitesell David A. Caplan and Brian LaPan December 4 , 1990 ( 1990 - 12 - 04 ) 411 28.5 When Becky and Darlene break curfew , Dan and Roseanne try to teach them a lesson by staying out late and sending Jackie to the house to gaslight the girls into worrying . 59 12 `` Confessions '' John Whitesell Brad Isaacs December 18 , 1990 ( 1990 - 12 - 18 ) 412 27.4 When Bev pays a surprise visit , Roseanne tricks Jackie into coming over for her share of their mother 's torture . Roseanne is crushed to learn that Bev had always considered Roseanne ' ordinary ' and that Jackie had potential . 60 13 `` The Courtship of Eddie , Dan 's Father '' John Whitesell Story by : Bob Myer Teleplay by : Don Foster and Joel Madison January 8 , 1991 ( 1991 - 01 - 08 ) 413 28.9 It is Ed Conner 's turn to favor the family with a surprise visit , resulting in a short - lived truce with Dan that ends when he announces that he and Crystal are planning to marry . 61 14 `` The Wedding '' John Whitesell Jeff Abugov January 15 , 1991 ( 1991 - 01 - 15 ) 414 30.5 Dan struggles to accept the unlikely pairing of Ed and Crystal , especially when Crystal announces that she is pregnant . Dan refuses to attend their wedding . 62 15 `` Becky Does n't Live Here Anymore '' Gail Mancuso Cordray Amy Sherman and Jennifer Heath January 22 , 1991 ( 1991 - 01 - 22 ) 415 30.0 Becky storms out of the house and goes to Jackie 's after being grounded for lying about seeing Mark . 63 16 `` Home - Ec '' John Whitesell Mark Lloyd Rappaport February 5 , 1991 ( 1991 - 02 - 05 ) 416 28.5 Roseanne is upset that Darlene 's home - economics class only invited fathers to discuss their careers . She visits the class to talk about being a working mother , then takes the students on a field trip to the supermarket , followed by them preparing a meal at the Conner home . Meanwhile Dan is helping DJ 's bullying problem but it turns out DJ hired a bodyguard to defend him . 64 17 `` Valentine 's Day '' John Whitesell Bob Myer February 12 , 1991 ( 1991 - 02 - 12 ) 417 28.5 Roseanne anticipates a special Valentine 's Day gift from Dan ; Darlene is disappointed when her crush instead invites Becky to a school dance . First appearance of Martin Mull as Leon , Roseanne 's new boss , and Bonnie Sheridan as Bonnie , the new waitress at the diner . 65 18 `` Communicable Theater '' John Whitesell Jennifer Heath and Amy Sherman February 19 , 1991 ( 1991 - 02 - 19 ) 418 29.4 Roseanne lends more than moral support when Jackie lands a part in the community - theater presentation of Cyrano de Bergerac . Jackie finds herself unprepared when she has to step in for the sick lead actress . 66 19 `` Vegas Interruptus '' John Whitesell Story by : Bob Myer Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre and Jeff Abugov February 26 , 1991 ( 1991 - 02 - 26 ) 419 28.6 A snowstorm threatens Roseanne and Dan 's trip to Las Vegas , Nevada , but saves Roseanne 's job . 67 20 `` Her Boyfriend 's Back '' John Whitesell Story by : Sheldon Krasner and David Saling Teleplay by : Brad Isaacs and Maxine Lapiduss March 12 , 1991 ( 1991 - 03 - 12 ) 420 31.5 Dan discovers that Mark and Becky rode Dan 's vintage motorcycle without permission , and that Mark tinkered with the engine . Feeling betrayed , especially after defending her earlier , Dan gives Becky the silent treatment . Roseanne confronts Mark about his true intentions . 68 21 `` Troubles with the Rubbles '' John Whitesell Joel Madison March 26 , 1991 ( 1991 - 03 - 26 ) 421 27.7 Roseanne meets her new neighbors , Kathy and Jerry Bowman and their young son , Todd . Kathy is snobby and aloof to Roseanne , while Jerry and Dan hit it off , and D.J. and Todd become fast friends . After a particularly nasty argument with Kathy , Roseanne has to eat some crow for D.J. 's sake . 69 22 `` Second Time Around '' John Whitesell Maxine Lapiduss April 2 , 1991 ( 1991 - 04 - 02 ) 422 23.2 Roseanne assists Crystal in her Lamaze classes . After Dan 's near - fatal accident at work , DJ follows him around obsessively . Jackie is upset and offended to learn that Roseanne and Dan intend to leave the kids to Crystal and Ed if they should die . 70 23 `` Dances with Darlene '' Gail Mancuso Cordray Brad Isaacs April 30 , 1991 ( 1991 - 04 - 30 ) 425 25.3 When Darlene is invited to the school dance , Roseanne brings home fancy dresses for her to try on , annoying Darlene . Meanwhile , it is evaluation time at work for Roseanne and Bonnie , but the inspector seems more interested in seducing Leon . Roseanne and Bonnie learn that Leon is gay when his boyfriend stops by the restaurant . 71 24 `` Scenes from a Barbecue '' John Whitesell Bob Myer and Chuck Lorre May 7 , 1991 ( 1991 - 05 - 07 ) 423 25.6 The Conners hold a Mother 's Day barbecue at which feisty Nana Mary exerts her motherhood muscle on Bev , surprising Roseanne and Jackie with how alike their relationships are . 72 25 `` The Pied Piper of Lanford '' John Whitesell Jeff Abugov May 14 , 1991 ( 1991 - 05 - 14 ) 424 21.9 Roseanne and Dan ponder opening a motorcycle shop with their friend , Ziggy . Ziggy gets cold feet at the last minute but leaves behind a generous token of gratitude : $20,000 . Brad Garrett appears in this episode . Season 4 ( 1991 -- 92 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 73 `` A Bitter Pill to Swallow '' Andrew D. Weyman Amy Sherman and Jennifer Heath September 17 , 1991 ( 1991 - 09 - 17 ) 501 28.5 While the Conners are preparing to open their own bike shop , Becky seeks birth control advice from Jackie , who encourages Becky to also talk to Roseanne . Becky later confides to her mother that she has already slept with Mark . 74 `` Take My Bike ... Please ! '' Andrew D. Weyman Story by : Mark Rosewater Teleplay by : Bob Myer September 24 , 1991 ( 1991 - 09 - 24 ) 504 32.8 Dan and Roseanne , working 15 - hour days , leave Becky in charge at home , causing friction between Becky and Darlene . DJ starts to feel neglected . This episode features the first appearance of Dan Butler as Art . 75 `` Why Jackie Becomes a Trucker '' Andrew D. Weyman Chuck Lorre October 1 , 1991 ( 1991 - 10 - 01 ) 502 33.4 Jackie is horrified to wake up in bed with Arnie after drunken fling . Roseanne tries endlessly to return DJ 's new dog to its owner . Dan and his pals discover Leon 's gay when they invite him to their poker game . Jackie decides to start a new career as a professional truck driver . 76 `` Darlene Fades to Black '' Andrew D. Weyman Jeff Abugov October 8 , 1991 ( 1991 - 10 - 08 ) 503 32.0 Darlene slips into a depressive state , constantly spending time alone . Meanwhile , Becky has her eye on a motor scooter from Dan 's shop . 77 5 `` Tolerate Thy Neighbor '' Andrew D. Weyman Maxine Lapiduss and Martin Mull October 15 , 1991 ( 1991 - 10 - 15 ) 505 31.0 Roseanne witnesses the Bowmans ' possessions being donated to what she believes is charity while the Bowmans are out - of - town . Kathy Bowman is furious that Roseanne watched without realizing the house was being robbed . Bob Hope make a cameo appearance during the end credits of this episode . 78 6 `` Trick Me Up , Trick Me Down '' Andrew D. Weyman Amy Sherman October 29 , 1991 ( 1991 - 10 - 29 ) 506 36.7 When Dan and Roseanne play a gruesome Halloween prank on Kathy Bowman , Roseanne is worried that Kathy will get revenge . At the lodge 's Halloween party , Jackie discovers that the moose she has been flirting with is Booker , her former boyfriend . 79 7 `` Vegas '' Andrew D. Weyman Don Foster and Sid Youngers November 5 , 1991 ( 1991 - 11 - 05 ) 507 32.4 Arnie and Nancy invite Roseanne and Dan to their Las Vegas wedding . Roseanne and Dan have a fight when she feels neglected and pulls him out of a lucky craps game . 80 8 `` Vegas , Vegas '' Andrew D. Weyman Joel Madison and Mark Rosewater November 12 , 1991 ( 1991 - 11 - 12 ) 508 36.1 Roseanne is upset that Dan would rather play craps than spend a romantic night together . She and Nancy get drunk and walk into a Wayne Newton impersonator performance , unaware she is heckling the real Wayne Newton who is making a surprise on - stage appearance . After Arnie and Nancy 's wedding , they offer Dan and Roseanne the chance to renew their vows . 81 9 `` Stressed to Kill '' Andrew D. Weyman Story by : Bob Myer and Chuck Lorre Teleplay by : Jeff Abugov and Maxine Lapiduss November 19 , 1991 ( 1991 - 11 - 19 ) 510 28.5 Roseanne resumes smoking to cope with her stressful life -- then tries to hide the renewed habit from her family . Roseanne is thrilled when Darlene gets a B on a school report until she learns that Becky actually wrote it for her . 82 10 `` Thanksgiving ' 91 '' Andrew D. Weyman Brad Isaacs November 26 , 1991 ( 1991 - 11 - 26 ) 509 29.7 During Thanksgiving dinner , Roseanne and Jackie discover their father has been having an affair for 20 years that their mother has known about . Darlene hides out in her room and refuses to open up to anyone except Nana Mary . 83 11 `` Kansas City , Here We Come '' Andrew D. Weyman Story by : Amy Sherman and David Forbes Teleplay by : Don Foster and Jennifer Heath December 3 , 1991 ( 1991 - 12 - 03 ) 511 34.6 Jackie and Roseanne head to Kansas City to meet their father 's mistress . Dan goes to beat up Becky 's boss for being grossly disrespectful to her , but finds that Mark has beaten him to it . 84 12 `` Santa Claus '' Andrew D. Weyman Story by : Barry Vigon Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre and Maxine Lapiduss December 17 , 1991 ( 1991 - 12 - 17 ) 512 32.3 Roseanne and Jackie are the new Santa and Mrs. Claus at Rodbell 's ; while on duty , Roseanne meets Darlene 's new friend Karen ... and Karen 's son . She is resentful that Darlene refused to open up to her but has shared her writing with Karen . 85 13 `` Bingo '' Andrew D. Weyman Story by : Tom Arnold and Robert Miranda Teleplay by : Joel Madison and Sid Youngers January 7 , 1992 ( 1992 - 01 - 07 ) 513 36.4 Crystal , Roseanne , Bonnie , Anne Marie , and Jackie attend bingo for their girl 's night out , while Becky and Darlene look after Little Ed . Roseanne wins a game and quickly becomes addicted , which sparks a fight with Crystal . But Crystal 's real story is that she is pregnant again and already feels overwhelmed raising Little Ed and her teenage son while Ed is often away on business . 86 14 `` The Bowling Show '' Andrew D. Weyman Story by : Don Foster Teleplay by : Jeff Abugov and Amy Sherman January 21 , 1992 ( 1992 - 01 - 21 ) 514 32.4 Dan and Arnie struggle to bring their bowling team out of last place , while Roseanne feels shut out of Jackie and Nancy 's new friendship . Darlene meets Mark 's brother , David for the first time ( although he is referred to as Kevin in this episode ) . David Crosby appears as Bonnie 's partner , Duke , in this episode , and Johnny Galecki makes his first appearance as David Healey . 87 15 `` The Back Story '' Andrew D. Weyman Bob Myer February 4 , 1992 ( 1992 - 02 - 04 ) 515 37.1 Bev arrives to help in time to help with DJ 's 10th birthday , after Roseanne throws her back out . Dan is thrilled to spoil his kids when he buys DJ a Super Nintendo as a birthday present and strikes a car - buying deal with Becky , but his plans are upset when Bev beats him to the punch . 88 16 `` Less is More '' Gail Mancuso Cordray Story by : Amy Sherman Teleplay by : Maxine Lapiduss and Don Foster February 11 , 1992 ( 1992 - 02 - 11 ) 517 28.1 Roseanne 's doctor recommends she get a breast reduction to reduce stress on her back . She agrees in spite of a nightmare ( featuring a cameo appearance by Neil Patrick Harris as Doogie Howser , MD ) , in which her breasts are accidentally enlarged to gigantic proportions . 89 17 `` Breaking Up is Hard to Do '' Andrew D. Weyman Jennifer Heath February 18 , 1992 ( 1992 - 02 - 18 ) 516 32.4 When Becky breaks up with Mark , Roseanne and Dan can finally relax . 90 18 `` This Old House '' Andrew D. Weyman Story by : Michael Poryes Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre and Jeff Abugov February 25 , 1992 ( 1992 - 02 - 25 ) 518 30.1 Roseanne and Dan are furious when they learn that Darlene skipped school to attend a comic book convention in Chicago with David . Jackie and Roseanne return to their vacant childhood home and relive painful memories about their abusive father . 91 19 `` The Commercial Show '' Andrew D. Weyman Story by : Maxine Lapiduss and Chuck Lorre Teleplay by : Maxine Lapiduss and Jennifer Heath March 3 , 1992 ( 1992 - 03 - 03 ) 519 34.6 The Conners are picked for a Rodbell 's commercial , much to Darlene 's embarrassment . Leon and his partner break up . The Bowmans are moving back to Chicago . 92 20 `` Therapy '' Andrew D. Weyman Story by : Chuck Lorre Teleplay by : Joel Madison and Sid Youngers March 17 , 1992 ( 1992 - 03 - 17 ) 520 33.7 Darlene mouths off about a girl at school , and Roseanne accompanies Jackie to her therapist . 93 21 `` Lies '' Andrew D. Weyman Story by : Jeff Abugov Teleplay by : Don Foster and Sid Youngers March 24 , 1992 ( 1992 - 03 - 24 ) 521 37.6 Darlene bypasses Roseanne for advice on David . Roseanne is anxious about a lie detector test in her workplace . 94 22 `` Deliverance '' Gail Mancuso Cordray Story by : Chuck Lorre Teleplay by : Jeff Abugov and Joel Madison March 31 , 1992 ( 1992 - 03 - 31 ) 522 37.0 8 - months - pregnant Crystal goes into labor and Dan coaches her as she gives birth to her long - awaited daughter . Roseanne and Bonnie feud over who will manage the coffee shop , but learn it is closing down in three weeks . Darlene tells David to stop crowding her . 95 23 `` Secrets '' Andrew D. Weyman Lawrence H. Levy April 28 , 1992 ( 1992 - 04 - 28 ) 524 33.5 Depressed because Becky still will not see him , Mark gets drunk at the Lobo Lounge and puts his fist through the jukebox . Dan tends to him , then must lie to Roseanne and Becky . 96 24 `` Do n't Make Me Over '' Andrew D. Weyman Story by : Sara Gilbert Teleplay by : Maxine Lapiduss and Don Foster & Sid Youngers May 5 , 1992 ( 1992 - 05 - 05 ) 523 31.9 Determined to attend a faraway rock concert , Becky and Darlene attempt to soften up Roseanne with a Mother 's - Day spa - pampering . Roseanne is thrilled until she discovers their ulterior motive . Roseanne grounds D.J. from watching TV after he gets a bad report from his math teacher . She chides Dan for always leaving the kids ' punishments up to her . Dan then cooks up a unique punishment for Becky and Darlene for their duplicity . 97 25 `` Aliens '' Andrew D. Weyman Story by : Joel Madison and Ron Nelson Teleplay by : Jeff Abugov and Joel Madison May 12 , 1992 ( 1992 - 05 - 12 ) 525 32.7 DJ 's spelling - bee triumph is a welcome bright spot as Rodbell 's luncheonette closes down and Dan 's bike shop continues its slow descent . Meanwhile , Nancy is heartbroken when Arnie leaves her , especially when he claims he was abducted by aliens . Season 5 ( 1992 -- 93 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 98 `` Terms of Estrangement : Part 1 '' Andrew D. Weyman Sy Dukane and Denise Moss September 15 , 1992 ( 1992 - 09 - 15 ) 601 36.7 Roseanne and Dan adjust to losing their bike shop while seeking new jobs . Meanwhile , when Mark receives a great job offer in Minneapolis , he and Becky elope . 99 `` Terms of Estrangement : Part 2 '' Andrew D. Weyman Rob Ulin September 22 , 1992 ( 1992 - 09 - 22 ) 602 36.0 Becky returns home to collect her belongings , while Roseanne struggles to accept her daughter 's marriage and tries to cheer - up Dan after he closes the bike shop . Dan avoids talking to Becky . 100 `` The Dark Ages '' Andrew D. Weyman Eric Gilliland and Mike Gandolfi September 29 , 1992 ( 1992 - 09 - 29 ) 603 35.9 The Conners ' electricity is cut off when they can not pay the bill . Darlene and David stay up all night in Darlene 's bedroom working on their comic book . When Roseanne and Dan do not believe Darlene when she insists they did not sleep together , she lashes out , feeling punished for Becky 's mistakes . Dan phones Becky , finally thawing the ice between them . This episode concludes by breaking the fourth wall with Roseanne and Laurie Metcalf wrestling over the Emmy award that Metcalf won . John Goodman eventually joins in before all ran offstage and out a studio door accompanied by Tom Arnold . 101 `` Mommy Nearest '' Andrew D. Weyman Janice Jordan and Monica Piper October 6 , 1992 ( 1992 - 10 - 06 ) 605 33.7 Jackie starts dating Fisher , a much younger guy played by Metcalf 's real - life husband , ( Matt Roth ) . Bev makes a large profit after selling her house and give Roseanne and Jackie $10,000 each . 102 5 `` Pretty in Black '' Andrew D. Weyman Amy Sherman October 13 , 1992 ( 1992 - 10 - 13 ) 604 31.5 The Conners enjoy torturing Darlene by pretending to give a her a dreaded Sweet - Sixteen birthday party . While playing `` Truth or Dare '' with Jackie , Anne Maire , and Crystal , Roseanne suffers an embarrassing incident when she unexpectedly meets the Conners new neighbor , Ty Tilden ( Wings Hauser ) , a widower with two teen - aged daughters , Charlotte and Molly ( Mara Hobel and Danielle Harris ) . 103 6 `` Looking for Loans in All the Wrong Places '' Andrew D. Weyman Eileen Heisler and DeAnn Heline October 20 , 1992 ( 1992 - 10 - 20 ) 606 30.4 Roseanne and Jackie decide to open a diner with Nancy , using the money that Bev gave them . When the three are unable get a bank loan for the additional needed capital , Bev agrees to put up another $10,000 , but only as a 4th partner . Molly complains to Darlene about D.J. 's voyeurism , and Darlene confronts Molly about Molly 's flirtatious behavior with David . 104 7 `` Halloween IV '' Andrew D. Weyman Rob Ulin October 27 , 1992 ( 1992 - 10 - 27 ) 607 37.0 Becky 's absence has drained Roseanne 's Halloween spirit , so she is visited by the ghosts of Halloween Past , Present , and a truly terrifying Future . 105 8 `` Ladies ' Choice '' Andrew D. Weyman Betsy Borns and David Raether November 10 , 1992 ( 1992 - 11 - 10 ) 608 32.4 Roseanne and Jackie are shocked to discover that Nancy is a lesbian . Roseanne thinks she is getting old when Bev moves into a retirement community . 106 9 `` Stand on Your Man '' Andrew D. Weyman Denise Moss and Sy Dukane November 17 , 1992 ( 1992 - 11 - 17 ) 610 33.7 Roseanne , working a late shift at the diner alone , is threatened by an aggressive customer , prompting the girls take a self - defense class . When Arnie wants to return to Nancy , he learns she is a lesbian . 107 10 `` Good Girls , Bad Girls '' Andrew D. Weyman Amy Sherman November 24 , 1992 ( 1992 - 11 - 24 ) 609 30.5 Molly has an extra ticket for a rock concert in a neighboring town , and Roseanne reluctantly allows Darlene to go . When Darlene arrives home in a cab at 4 : 00 a.m. , Roseanne initially doubts her explanation that Molly ditched her to smoke pot in a stranger 's van . 108 11 `` Of Ice and Men '' Andrew D. Weyman Robert Borden and Norm Macdonald December 1 , 1992 ( 1992 - 12 - 01 ) 611 35.2 Fisher offers to coach D.J. in hockey . Jackie breaks up with Fisher because she fears him leaving her for a younger woman . When Roseanne convinces Jackie to get back together with him , she moves in with him . 109 12 `` It 's No Place Like Home for the Holidays '' Andrew D. Weyman Eric Gilliland December 15 , 1992 ( 1992 - 12 - 15 ) 612 34.4 A snowstorm forces the Conners to be far - flung on Christmas Eve : Roseanne , Jackie , Bev , and Nana Mary are stuck at the Lunchbox ; Dan , DJ , and Nancy are trapped at the Conner house with Dan ; and Darlene is stranded at David 's , witnessing his abusive home life . 110 13 `` Crime and Punishment '' Andrew D. Weyman Bruce Rasmussen January 5 , 1993 ( 1993 - 01 - 05 ) 613 38.3 The Connors are called to DJ 's school to discuss the `` obscene '' reading material he brought to class . Dan and Roseanne are shocked to learn it is one of Darlene and David 's comic books . Later , Darlene accidentally walks in on Jackie in D.J. 's bathroom , finding her covered with bruises . Roseanne presses Jackie for an explanation and learns that Fisher assaulted her . Dan beats up Fisher and lands in jail . Ed Begley , Jr. appears in this episode . Brice Beckham ( Mr. Belvedere ) appears . 111 14 `` War and Peace '' Andrew D. Weyman DeAnn Heline and Eileen Heisler January 12 , 1993 ( 1993 - 01 - 12 ) 614 38.8 As Roseanne takes Jackie to the hospital , and Darlene bails Dan out of jail , the news of Dan hitting Fisher quickly spreads through town . Meanwhile , Fisher begs Jackie to come back . Roseanne is shocked to hear this was not the first time Fisher hit Jackie , but learns that Jackie is strong enough to make her own decisions . 112 15 `` Lanford Daze '' Andrew D. Weyman Monica Piper and David Raether January 26 , 1993 ( 1993 - 01 - 26 ) 615 N / A Vegetarian Darlene vandalizes the Lunch Box as a protest against eating animals . To punish Darlene , Roseanne forces her to sell loose - meat sandwiches at the diner 's Lanford Days festival concession stand . Darlene is chagrined , but everyone else is thrilled when country music star Loretta Lynn , stops by . 113 16 `` Wait Till Your Father Gets Home '' Andrew D. Weyman Amy Sherman February 9 , 1993 ( 1993 - 02 - 09 ) 616 32.3 Roseanne and Jackie 's father dies . His mistress , Joan , shows up for the funeral , causing friction between Roseanne and Jackie and a confrontation with Bev . Roseanne , upset that her father never regretted his abusive behavior , learns from Joan that he considered himself a wonderful father and Roseanne and Jackie were ungrateful daughters . 114 17 `` First Cousin , Twice Removed '' Andrew D. Weyman Janice Jordan February 16 , 1993 ( 1993 - 02 - 16 ) 617 29.0 Ronnie ( Joan Collins ) , Obnoxious , wealthy cousin Ronnie comes to town , hoping to end a years - long feud with Roseanne . Years ago she excluded Roseanne from her wedding party . Ronnie encourages Darlene to follow her dream to move to New York City , offering her a place to stay . 115 18 `` Lose a Job , Winnebago '' Andrew D. Weyman Norm Macdonald February 23 , 1993 ( 1993 - 02 - 23 ) 618 33.3 The Conners go on a road trip to California with the Tildens for a taping of The Jackie Thomas Show ; Dan tells Roseanne he wants to have another child , though Roseanne is cool to the idea . 116 19 `` It 's a Boy ! '' Andrew D. Weyman Rob Ulin March 2 , 1993 ( 1993 - 03 - 02 ) 619 31.2 Darlene begs Roseanne to let David move in with them . Roseanne relents only after she sees first - hand his abusive mother 's treatment toward him . 117 20 `` It Was Twenty Years Ago Today '' Andrew D. Weyman Betsy Borns March 9 , 1993 ( 1993 - 03 - 09 ) 620 29.4 Rosanne is in a tizzy when she is unable to find her wedding ring , unaware that Dan secretly borrowed it to have it redesigned as a 20th anniversary gift . Roseanne poses for a sexy photograph to give to Dan but is angry when he has to work on their anniversary night , unaware he took the temporary job to pay for the ring . Bill Maher appears in this episode . 118 21 `` Playing with Matches '' Andrew D. Weyman Robert Borden March 23 , 1993 ( 1993 - 03 - 23 ) 621 32.6 Roseanne wants to set her mother up with a friend from the retirement home ; Molly puts the moves on David . 119 22 `` Promises , Promises '' Andrew D. Weyman Mike Gandolfi April 6 , 1993 ( 1993 - 04 - 06 ) 622 28.6 Darlene attends the prom with David , then surprises him afterward with a motel room she has rented . Tim Curry appears in this episode . Jackie is jealous when Nancy goes back to men by dating Roger . 120 23 `` Glengarry , Glen Rosey '' Philip Charles MacKenzie Story by : Sy Dukane and Denise Moss Teleplay by : Lois Bromfield and Scott Burton May 4 , 1993 ( 1993 - 05 - 04 ) 623 22.2 Dan remodels an old house to sell for a profit . When the buyer backs out at the last minute , Dan might lose his own home after business partner , Roger , runs out on him and the bill for the building materials Dan bought on credit comes due . Jackie , currently living with Bev at the retirement home , makes a big decision . Tim Curry appears in this episode . Chris Farley has an uncredited cameo in this episode . 121 24 `` Tooth or Consequences '' Gail Mancuso Leslie Reider May 11 , 1993 ( 1993 - 05 - 11 ) 624 27.0 Dan accidentally knocks out Roseanne 's tooth the day the health inspector , who turns out to be her old boss , Leon , visits the restaurant . After Darlene and David consummate their relationship , Darlene gets accepted to a Chicago art school , but David is turned down . Bob Odenkirk appears in this episode . 122 25 `` Daughters and Other Strangers '' Jeff Margolis Eric Gilliland May 18 , 1993 ( 1993 - 05 - 18 ) 625 28.8 Roseanne and Dan agree to let Darlene attend school in Chicago ; D.J. befriends George , an annoying neighbor boy ( Joseph Gordon - Levitt ) . Season 6 ( 1993 -- 94 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 123 `` Two Down , One to Go '' Philip Charles MacKenzie Amy Sherman September 14 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 14 ) 701 30.1 Roseanne is upset when Darlene refuses to let her mother drive her to Chicago for school . Desperate to keep Darlene from leaving , David proposes marriage , which Darlene declines as a crazy idea . Roseanne insists on taking Darlene to Chicago , and ends up spending the night in Darlene 's new apartment where they engage in a mother - daughter talk . 124 `` The Mommy 's Curse '' Philip Charles MacKenzie Eric Gilliland September 21 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 21 ) 704 27.7 Roseanne and Jackie have had their fill of Bev at the Lunchbox , so Bev agrees to step aside , but secretly sells her share to Leon , Roseanne 's old boss . Elsewhere , Fred , Dan 's co-worker at the garage , asks Jackie out for a date , marking his first appearance in the series . 125 `` Party Politics '' Philip Charles MacKenzie Miriam Trogdon September 28 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 28 ) 703 29.4 Roseanne orchestrates a weekend at home for David and Darlene in hopes of getting them back together . When Darlene discovers her mother 's plan , she and DJ team up to plot revenge . Also , DJ has been skipping school , so Darlene covers for him , though Roseanne soon suspects something is going on . Jackie refuses to date Fred again after their one - night stand . 126 `` A Stash from the Past '' Philip Charles MacKenzie Kevin Abbott October 5 , 1993 ( 1993 - 10 - 05 ) 705 30.4 Roseanne punishes David after finding a bag of marijuana in David 's room . David , thinking it is Darlene 's , covers for her by saying it is his . Darlene suspects it must belong to Becky . Dan realizes that it is his and Roseanne 's 20 - year - old stash , so they and Jackie indulge once more for old times ' sake . In 1997 , TV Guide ranked this episode # 21 on its list of the 100 Greatest Episodes . 127 5 `` Be My Baby '' Philip Charles MacKenzie Rob Ulin October 19 , 1993 ( 1993 - 10 - 19 ) 706 31.9 Roseanne has been trying unsuccessfully for months to get pregnant , but it is Jackie who announces that she is expecting after her one - night stand with Fred . 128 6 `` Halloween V '' Gail Mancuso Betsy Borns and Miriam Trogdon October 26 , 1993 ( 1993 - 10 - 26 ) 708 34.5 Nancy thinks Dan dislikes her , and Roseanne soon realizes she is right . Darlene and David scheme to terrify Roseanne on Halloween . 129 7 `` Homeward Bound '' Philip Charles MacKenzie Michael Borkow November 2 , 1993 ( 1993 - 11 - 02 ) 702 29.4 Darlene returns home and realizes how much David misses her . After Darlene leaves , David tells Roseanne and Dan that he is moving back in with his mother in another town when in reality he moves in with Darlene in Chicago . Roseanne and Dan learn that DJ has begun masturbating and struggle figuring how to deal with it . 130 8 `` Guilt by Imagination '' Philip Charles MacKenzie Story by : Lois Bromfield Teleplay by : Pat Bullard and Stevie Ray Fromstein November 9 , 1993 ( 1993 - 11 - 09 ) 707 29.4 Dan has lunch with old flame Phyllis Zimmer ( mentioned in the 1st - season episode `` The Memory Game '' ) , and has trouble keeping it from Roseanne . Vicki Lawrence appears in this episode . 131 9 `` Homecoming '' Gail Mancuso Sid Youngers November 16 , 1993 ( 1993 - 11 - 16 ) 709 28.6 When Becky and Mark return for a visit , Roseanne , seeing they are drifting apart , schemes to break them up for good , but realizes maybe Mark is not to blame . Dan 's 20th high - school football - team anniversary celebration is being held at the Conner house . 132 10 `` Thanksgiving ' 93 '' Philip Charles MacKenzie Michael Borkow and Mike Gandolfi November 23 , 1993 ( 1993 - 11 - 23 ) 709 33.0 Nana Mary embarrasses a heavily pregnant Jackie and also reveals a secret about Bev 's marriage ; Becky prepares the holiday feast ; and Dan and Mark squabble . 133 11 `` The Driver 's Seat '' Philip Charles MacKenzie James Berg and Stan Zimmerman November 30 , 1993 ( 1993 - 11 - 30 ) 711 29.3 Roseanne 's suspicions that Leon is usurping her position at the Lunch Box are cast aside by Nancy and Jackie but ultimately prove to be true . D.J. steals Roseanne 's car , and her violent response has her questioning whether she is repeating her father 's pattern of childhood abuse . 134 12 `` White Trash Christmas '' Philip Charles MacKenzie Lawrence Broch and William Lucas Walker December 14 , 1993 ( 1993 - 12 - 14 ) 712 31.4 Roseanne and Dan go all out for Christmas in indignant reaction to their neighborhood association 's limits on exterior decorations after the Conners ' previous tacky efforts . Roseanne and Dan are angry that Becky uses the money earmarked for Becky 's education to instead pay for Mark 's trade school tuition . Becky further annoys them by taking a job as a skimpily - clad waitress at `` Bunz '' ( a veiled reference to `` Hooters '' ) . When Bev and D.J. visit Darlene in Chicago , D.J. discovers David is living with his sister . 135 13 `` Suck Up or Shut Up '' Philip Charles MacKenzie Story by : Amy Morland Teleplay by : Betsy Borns and Mike Gandolfi January 4 , 1994 ( 1994 - 01 - 04 ) 713 32.3 Leon pushes Roseanne to join a women 's business association so she can network to help the diner . Roseanne presses D.J. to befriend the offbeat son of one of the association 's members ( Florence Henderson ) . Dan discovers Mark has dropped out of trade school when he catches him hanging out at the Lobo . 136 14 `` Busted '' Philip Charles MacKenzie Amy Sherman January 11 , 1994 ( 1994 - 01 - 11 ) 714 31.6 Mark wants to leave Becky because he thinks he is not good enough for her . Becky blames Roseanne for making her push Mark to go to school . In Chicago , Darlene and David 's relationship is becoming strained from being together all the time . When Roseanne goes to talk to Mark , his roommate , Roy ( Ahmet Zappa ) , accidentally lets slip that David and Darlene are living together in Chicago . Roseanne drives to Chicago and brings David back , then hides the truth from Dan . 137 15 `` David vs. Goliath '' Philip Charles MacKenzie Steve Pepoon February 1 , 1994 ( 1994 - 02 - 01 ) 716 28.8 Roseanne blackmails David into being her live - in `` maid '' in exchange for saying nothing to Dan about David and Darlene 's living arrangement . However , David feels guilty and confesses the truth to Dan , who reacts by angrily throwing him out of the house ; Roseanne persuades pregnant Jackie to temporarily take David in . Becky pressures Dan to hiring Mark for a job at the city garage . Jackie refuses any money from Fred for the baby , forcing him to secretly slip cash into her tip jar . 138 16 `` Everyone Comes to Jackie 's '' Philip Charles MacKenzie Betsy Borns and Mike Gandolfi February 8 , 1994 ( 1994 - 02 - 08 ) 715 32.5 Jackie 's house buzzes with activity as Roseanne hides David from Dan who , in the heat of anger over David 's duplicity , suggests to Fred that he sue Jackie for custody of their baby . Darlene returns to make peace , only to find that Dan blames David for the entire situation . 139 17 `` Do n't Make Room for Daddy '' Philip Charles MacKenzie Kevin Abbott and Stevie Ray Fromstein February 15 , 1994 ( 1994 - 02 - 15 ) 717 23.0 Fred sues Jackie for custody of their unborn baby , leaving Jackie upset when served with the papers . Dan tries to cover up that the lawsuit was his suggestion . 140 18 `` Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell '' Philip Charles MacKenzie Story by : Michael Borkow Teleplay by : James Berg and Stan Zimmerman March 1 , 1994 ( 1994 - 03 - 01 ) 718 31.8 Roseanne is the life of the party at a gay bar until Nancy 's girlfriend kisses her . One of Becky 's old boyfriends gives Mark a reason to distrust her . 141 19 `` Labor Day '' Philip Charles MacKenzie Story by : Rob Ulin Teleplay by : Miriam Trogdon March 8 , 1994 ( 1994 - 03 - 08 ) 719 35.0 Roseanne is upset that Jackie wants Fred in the delivery room instead of her . But she is the one who is there when the contractions start , having delayed contacting Fred , who barely makes it to the hospital in time . Jackie gives birth to a son she names Andy . 142 20 `` Past Imperfect '' Philip Charles MacKenzie David Raether March 22 , 1994 ( 1994 - 03 - 22 ) 720 29.1 When Dan 's father misses an alimony payment to Dan 's mother , Dan feels he has to give her money . Fred quizzes Jackie about her sexual history , then regrets asking . 143 21 `` Lies My Father Told Me '' Philip Charles MacKenzie Story by : Rob Ulin Teleplay by : Eric Gilliland March 29 , 1994 ( 1994 - 03 - 29 ) 721 33.6 Roseanne helps Dan cope with life - altering news : his mother has a long history of mental illness and psychiatric - hospital stays that he never knew about . Ed had let Dan grow up believing her imbalance was Ed 's fault , making his mother look good in Dan 's eyes . Dan grapples with accepting that Ed was not the bad father he believed him to be . 144 22 `` I Pray the Lord My Stove to Keep '' Philip Charles MacKenzie Kevin Abbott and Pat Bullard May 3 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 03 ) 722 23.3 D.J. has secretly been attending church ( saying he was spending that time with a friend ) . He then gives Roseanne grief about morals when she wants to keep an extra stove that was delivered to the diner in error . Jesco White makes a cameo appearance , clogg dancing during the end credits . 145 23 `` Body by Jake '' Philip Charles MacKenzie David Forbes May 10 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 10 ) 723 28.2 When Bev breaks her pelvis at the retirement home , she claims she fell in the shower but Roseanne discovers the real story . Fred pops the question to Jackie . 146 24 `` Is n't It Romantic ? '' Gail Mancuso Story by : Timothy Schlattmann and Perry Dance Teleplay by : Leif Sandaas and Cynthia Hogle May 17 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 17 ) 724 25.3 Mark and David struggle with the concept of feminism , also using it to curry favor with their partners . Fred asks Roseanne 's advice on proposing to Jackie , then studies Jackie 's favorite favorite soap opera for tips . Roseanne demands passion from Dan , but turns to fantasy instead . 147 25 `` Altar Egos '' Mark K. Samuels Rob Ulin and Eric Gilliland May 24 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 24 ) 725 28.1 Fred and Jackie consider calling off the wedding because Fred thinks Jackie has a crush on Dan . When realizes he is wrong , he begs Jackie to marry him . Season 7 ( 1994 -- 95 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 148 `` Nine Is Enough '' Gail Mancuso Story by : Rob Ulin Teleplay by : Stevie Ray Fromstein and Pat Bullard September 21 , 1994 ( 1994 - 09 - 21 ) 803 28.9 Dan is fed up having so many people living in the house and wants Becky and Mark to move out . Roseanne agrees until Becky says she and Mark are trying to get pregnant . Fred rebels against Jackie overly protecting the baby . After a fight , she and the baby go to Roseanne 's . When everyone learns that Dan shaved his armpits ( due to a cyst ) Dan storms off to stay with Fred 's . Jackie and Fred make up and Roseanne tells Dan she gave Becky and Mark until May to move out , then announces she is pregnant . 149 `` Two for One '' Gail Mancuso Stephen Godchaux September 28 , 1994 ( 1994 - 09 - 28 ) 801 28.6 Jackie spots Darlene 's car at a motel and tells Roseanne , who thinks Darlene and David broke their promise to abstain from having sex . Roseanne is shocked that Darlene was at the motel with Jimmy and says that David accepts her having another relationship . When David later gives Darlene an ultimatum about Jimmy , she chooses Jimmy , and they break - up . Dan admits to Jackie his fears about having another baby . Jackie reassure him by saying he always reacts this way , but when Dan confides his fears to Roseanne , she lashes out at him . She later tells Jackie she is also scared . Jackie convinces her to confide in Dan . She tries , but ends up comforting Dan like always . 150 `` Snoop Davey Dave '' Gail Mancuso Elaine Aronson October 5 , 1994 ( 1994 - 10 - 05 ) 802 25.4 David is devastated after breaking - up with Darlene . Roseanne encourages him to move but to retaliate , he tells Roseanne about Darlene using drugs . Roseanne and Dan confront Darlene when she comes home , though she initially denies it ; David reveals he saw her using and feels she will again . Roseanne is furious and refuses to allow Darlene to return to college . Darlene convinces Dan she will not do it again , but Roseanne is adamant she stay home until she realizes David wants to keep Darlene there for his own selfish reasons . Though she can not trust Darlene , Roseanne lets her return to school . 151 `` Girl Talk '' Gail Mancuso Miriam Trogdon October 12 , 1994 ( 1994 - 10 - 12 ) 804 26.8 Becky and Mark are arguing constantly and Roseanne finds out from Jackie that Mark has been uninterested in sex . Jackie tells Roseanne about her own sexual problems with Fred while Roseanne confides Dan 's unusual attempts to get her in the mood . Roseanne encourages David to get out and meet girls but he is uninterested . Fred initiates an open discussion with Dan and Mark about their sex lives but all three end up knowing more than they care to . Roseanne talks to Becky about Mark , and is surprised Becky has been talking to David about her marital woes . 152 5 `` Sleeper '' Gail Mancuso Tim Doyle October 19 , 1994 ( 1994 - 10 - 19 ) 806 26.9 David considers moving out after Becky discovers he had a sex dream that she thinks it is about her . When D.J. tells Mark about it , Mark confronts David who admits the dream was about Roseanne . Roseanne is at first upset until Dan admits he had a similar dream about Bev when he and Roseanne started dating . David tells Roseanne considers her a mother figure , and Roseanne believes the dream was about his desire for affection . Becky seems disappointed when Roseanne tells her about David , and admits she is confused about her feelings for him . 153 6 `` Skeleton in the Closet '' Gail Mancuso Story by : Lois Bromfield Teleplay by : William Lucas Walker and Lawrence Broch October 26 , 1994 ( 1994 - 10 - 26 ) 807 29.7 Fred is annoyed by Leon 's overly friendly attention toward him , leading Nancy and Leon to think Fred , ' doth protest too much . ' At Leon 's Halloween party , when Leon 's gay friends seem well acquainted with Fred , Roseanne becomes convinced that Fred is secretly gay , latergetting an unexpected surprise . Roseanne thinks Bev is bald after Jackie points out a wig at Bev 's hair salon that looks exactly like their mother 's hair . 154 7 `` Follow the Son '' Gail Mancuso Dusty Kay November 2 , 1994 ( 1994 - 11 - 02 ) 809 25.9 D.J. wants to quit his busboy job at the Lunchbox , but Roseanne refuses to fire him until D.J. starts telling Leon about Roseanne 's secret work habits . David starts dating again , but is upset when Mark reveals that Darlene and Jimmy are moving in together . David goes to Chicago and meets Jimmy , posing as Darlene 's peer counselor named `` Craig . '' He tells Jimmy that Darlene has serious mental health issues . Roseanne schemes to get D.J. back to the Lunchbox . She tells Dan that DJ needs to learn a work ethic , but this backfires when Dan gives DJ a job at the city garage , forcing Roseanne to admit that she really wants to spend more time with her son . DJ is unhappy to return to the Lunchbox until he sees the sexy new busgirl , Staci ( Traci Lords ) . Jimmy confronts David , saying he knows David lied about being Darlene 's peer counselor . David then pretends to be gay and is interested in him . Darlene arrives and is furious to find out that `` Craig '' is David . 155 8 `` Punch and Jimmy '' Gail Mancuso David Raether November 9 , 1994 ( 1994 - 11 - 09 ) 805 27.4 D.J , is being bullied at school and Dan offers to teach him how to fight . D.J. reveals his own patent moves for avoiding a fight , which mostly involves falling to the ground in the fetal position . David wants Dan to teach him how to fight , but Roseanne he only wants to impress Darlene , because Jimmy is a boxer . She wants Dan to encourage David to feel good about himself which Dan struggles with . Jackie and Roseanne head to Chicago to meet Jimmy . Roseanne dislikes Jimmy , and tells Jackie she wants David and Darlene back together . When D.J. beats up David , Dan tries to comfort David and discovers David was not trying to impress Darlene , but was trying to bond with Dan through shared interests . 156 9 `` White Men Ca n't Kiss '' Gail Mancuso Rob Ulin and Kevin Abbott November 16 , 1994 ( 1994 - 11 - 16 ) 808 24.9 Jackie objects to Bev spending so much time at the house and is and baffled that Fred enjoys her company . D.J. refuses to kiss a girl named Gina for a school play . Roseanne , believing D.J. is being forced to do something he is uncomfortable with , meets with his teacher . She tells Roseanne that D.J. will not kiss Gina because she is black . Roseanne confronts D.J. and tells him he has to kiss her . When he refuses , Dan supports his decision . After an argument with Chuck ( James Pickens , Jr . ) , Dan questions his own bigotry and tells D.J. he has to kiss Gina . Roseanne confronts her own bigotry when a man comes to the Lunchbox at closing time . Roseanne refuses to let him in until he identifies himself as Gina 's father . He angrily confronts Roseanne , and leaves her wondering if she feared letting him because he was a man or because he was black . 157 10 `` Thanksgiving ' 94 '' Gail Mancuso Miriam Trogdon and Lois Bromfield November 23 , 1994 ( 1994 - 11 - 23 ) 810 N / A During the Thanksgiving feast , Roseanne receives potentially alarming news about her pregnancy that she is unable to confirm with the prenatal clinic . As she and Dan consider their options if something is wrong , friction erupts between them . Nana Mary , with a feeble new husband on her arm , upsets Bev by discussing the two abortions she had long ago . 158 11 `` Maybe Baby '' Gail Mancuso Story by : Cynthia Mort Teleplay by : Matt Berry and Ed Yeager November 30 , 1994 ( 1994 - 11 - 30 ) 811 25.4 As Roseanne and Dan anxiously await the results about her pregnancy , D.J. steps up and offers to help with whatever is needed . The doctor gives them good news , but the celebration is dimmed by another fight . 159 12 `` The Parenting Trap '' Gail Mancuso Sid Youngers December 14 , 1994 ( 1994 - 12 - 14 ) 812 24.1 D.J. 's teacher informs Dan and Roseanne that he is having difficulties at school . They fight over who should handle the problem , causing to Dan feel Roseanne does not respect his parenting skills . Mark finally tells Dan that the problem is that D.J. has begun having erections in class and is too embarrassed to solve math problems in front of the class . Dan advises D.J. on what to do . But Roseanne is not satisfied with this solution and tries to do better by telling D.J. about her first menstruation , sending D.J. screaming from the room and validating Dan 's parenting skills . 160 13 `` Rear Window '' Gail Mancuso Michael Borkow and Danny Zuker January 4 , 1995 ( 1995 - 01 - 04 ) 813 27.3 The elderly nudist couple next door tell the Conners that they are perverted for spying on them , so they plant a hedge . David 's coffee - time with Becky worries Mark , so he enlists Darlene 's help . 161 14 `` My Name is Bev '' Gail Mancuso Bob Nickman January 11 , 1995 ( 1995 - 01 - 11 ) 814 25.2 After being arrested for drunk - driving , Bev is forced to attend an AA meeting , where she realizes she is indeed an alcoholic . When she shows up at Dan 's Super Bowl XXIX party , Roseanne wants the guests to hide the keg . This proves catastrophic . 162 15 `` Bed and Bored '' Gail Mancuso Eric Gilliland February 1 , 1995 ( 1995 - 02 - 01 ) 817 22.3 Roseanne lies about the doctor putting her on total bedrest so everyone will wait on her . David discovers her deception , and Jackie confronts Bev about her terrible mothering . 163 16 `` Sisters '' Gail Mancuso Michael Borkow February 8 , 1995 ( 1995 - 02 - 08 ) 815 21.1 Fred becomes annoyed whe D.J. spends too much time hanging out at their house and wants Jackie to talk to him . Jackie confronts Roseanne about it , wanting to avoid conflict with Fred , only to walk into it with Roseanne . Meanwhile , Dan plans Roseanne 's birthday celebration with their daughters . 164 17 `` Lost Youth '' Gail Mancuso Pat Bullard and Stevie Ray Fromstein February 15 , 1995 ( 1995 - 02 - 15 ) 818 22.7 David and Mark fight over Stacy ( Traci Lords ) , the Lunch Box bus girl . Jackie confronts Fred about their boring sex life . 165 18 `` Single Married Female '' Gail Mancuso Betsy Borns February 22 , 1995 ( 1995 - 02 - 22 ) 819 20.1 Jackie spends time , though not romantically , with a man she met through Stacy . Dan sees them at the Lobo and confronts Jackie , pointing out that if she does not tell Fred what she is doing , then it amounts to cheating . 166 167 19 20 `` All About Rosey '' Gail Mancuso Story by : Rob Ulin and Leif Sandass Teleplay by : Rob Ulin and Perry Dance March 1 , 1995 ( 1995 - 03 - 01 ) 816A 816B 20.1 In the first part of this one - hour clip show special , a young Roseanne and Jackie go to a fortuneteller to learn their futures . They find Jackie taking an adult , autistic D.J. to a psychiatrist . In the second half , sitcom moms point the parenting finger at Rosey . 168 21 `` Husbands and Wives '' Gail Mancuso Kevin Abbott March 22 , 1995 ( 1995 - 03 - 22 ) 820 22.1 Roseanne enlists D.J. 's help to get Darlene to cut her own allowance . Fred and Jackie 's marital woes escalate . 169 22 `` Happy Trailers '' Mark K. Samuels Tim Doyle and Sid Youngers March 29 , 1995 ( 1995 - 03 - 29 ) 821 20.4 Becky and Mark move into a tacky trailer park , where they are greeted by a tipsy neighbor ( Sharon Stone ) . 170 23 `` The Blaming of the Shrew '' Gail Mancuso Lawrence Broch May 3 , 1995 ( 1995 - 05 - 03 ) 823 16.5 D.J. 's new girlfriend ( Ashley Johnson ) , who Roseanne likes , bosses him around , which causes problems with their relationship at school . Jackie and Fred see a marriage counselor ( Ellen DeGeneres ) about their anger issues . 171 24 `` The Birds and the Frozen Bees '' Gail Mancuso David Forbes May 10 , 1995 ( 1995 - 05 - 10 ) 822 17.4 Roseanne discovers that David likes someone other than Darlene ; the two reconcile after much poking and prodding . 172 25 `` Couch Potatoes '' Mark K. Samuels Eric Gilliland May 17 , 1995 ( 1995 - 05 - 17 ) 825 17.2 The Conners are chosen as a Nielsen family . Roseanne 's nesting instincts disrupt the family routine . Jackie and Fred 's marriage comes to an end . 173 26 `` Sherwood Schwartz : A Loving Tribute '' Gail Mancuso Story by : William Lucas Walker and Allan Stephan Teleplay by : William Lucas Walker May 24 , 1995 ( 1995 - 05 - 24 ) 824 16.3 Roseanne encourages Dan to go back to working on the boat in the garage , bringing on a massive Gilligan 's Island fantasy , transforming family members into the sitcom 's characters . Season 8 ( 1995 -- 96 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 174 `` Shower the People You Love with Stuff '' Gail Mancuso Lawrence Broch September 19 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 19 ) 901 22.5 Becky and Darlene feud over Roseanne 's baby shower when Becky ends up doing most of the work . 175 `` Let Them Eat Junk '' Gail Mancuso Story by : Carrie Snow Teleplay by : Matt Berry and Ed Yeager September 26 , 1995 ( 1995 - 09 - 26 ) 902 19.0 Jackie has a bee in her bonnet over Roseanne feeding Andy junkfood . Dan is upset because DJ 's image of him includes a can of beer . 176 `` Roseanne in the Hood '' Mark K. Samuels Story by : Allan Stephan Teleplay by : Mike Costa and Drew Ogier October 17 , 1995 ( 1995 - 10 - 17 ) 904 19.7 When a new , more classy restaurant opens opposite the Lunchbox , Roseanne declares war . Pat Harrington , Jr. appears in this episode . 177 `` The Last Date '' Gail Mancuso Eric Gilliland and Daniel Palladino October 24 , 1995 ( 1995 - 10 - 24 ) 905 20.5 The temptation to crash a stranger 's bar mitzvah at a local hotel is too much for Roseanne as she drags Dan out on the town for a `` last hurrah '' before the baby is born . 178 5 `` Halloween : the Final Chapter '' Roseanne Roseanne and Lois Bromfield October 31 , 1995 ( 1995 - 10 - 31 ) 906 18.8 On Halloween , Roseanne reigns as `` Queen of the Gypsies , consort of wizards and seer of souls . '' A Ouija board sends a message from `` The Dead '' that portends an unexpected event : Roseanne goes into labor . She delivers a baby boy , Jerry Garcia Conner . 179 6 `` The Fifties Show '' Gail Mancuso Allan Stephan Blasband November 7 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 07 ) 907 17.8 The Conners find themselves going back in time in this spoof of 1950s sitcoms ( shot mostly in black and white ) : Roseanne 's a fussy hausfrau , Dan is a hapless businessman stewing over `` the Anderson account '' , and Jackie 's the wacky neighbor . 180 7 `` The Getaway , Almost '' Gail Mancuso Cynthia Mort November 14 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 14 ) 908 20.8 Jackie and Roseanne 's shopping trip with Jerry turns into a version of Thelma and Louise when they pick up a teenage hitchhiker and run a trucker off the road . Jenna Elfman appears as the hitchhiker . 181 8 `` The Last Thursday in November '' Gail Mancuso Ritch Shydner November 21 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 21 ) 909 17.9 When DJ 's teacher gives his students free rein , the class Thanksgiving pageant takes on a decidedly modern , Pulp Fiction twist that offends many parents , but not the Conners . Roseanne invites some new Native American friends over for Thanksgiving , and they celebrate the holiday their way . 182 9 `` Of Mice and Dan '' Gail Mancuso Bob Nickman November 28 , 1995 ( 1995 - 11 - 28 ) 910 16.4 Dan 's old bandmates ( John Popper ) roll into Lanford to perform a concert , giving Dan a dose of regret , infused with a tad of depression . Roseanne talks the band into giving Dan a little stage time , which he fully enjoys . 183 10 `` Direct to Video '' Gail Mancuso Michael B. Kaplan December 5 , 1995 ( 1995 - 12 - 05 ) 903 18.9 While Roseanne narrates a video time capsule for her unborn child , Becky and Darlene find Dan and Roseanne 's old love letters . D.J. gets upset when he learns his parents never filled out his baby book , and Mark cooks up a ' special ' dinner for the Conner clan . 184 11 `` December Bride '' Gail Mancuso William Lucas Walker December 12 , 1995 ( 1995 - 12 - 12 ) 911 21.1 Scott and Leon have trouble planning their wedding until Roseanne offers to take over for free . Leon 's cold feet and self - doubt about his sexuality factor into the planning . 185 12 `` Thrilla Near Vanilla '' Gail Mancuso Ed Yeager January 2 , 1996 ( 1996 - 01 - 02 ) 912 19.3 Jackie realizes her hidden talent as a supermarket samplesperson as she and Roseanne take jobs at a grocery store . The sisters quickly become competitive . Meanwhile , Dan and David fight over Mark being DJ 's role model . 186 13 `` The White Sheep of the Family '' Gail Mancuso David Raether January 9 , 1996 ( 1996 - 01 - 09 ) 913 20.8 After the Conners receive a small inheritance from Great - Aunt Harriet , they decide to go out for a nice dinner , with their spending limits firmly set until Darlene unexpectedly pops in and wants to join them . Meanwhile , D.J. contemplates how to spend his own personal inheritance , $500 . Darlene alienates the family by hurling insults , until the family finally bites back . D.J. buys a trombone . 187 14 `` Becky Howser , M.D. '' Gail Mancuso Sid Youngers January 16 , 1996 ( 1996 - 01 - 16 ) 914 17.6 Mark tries to cheer up a depressed Becky by inviting family and friends over for a surprise get - together , though it will take much more to lift her spirits . Roseanne talks to Becky as everything at the party goes wrong . Becky admits she wants more out of life , which Roseanne supports , but is unaware that Becky 's plans may change her marital status . 188 15 `` Out of the Past '' Gail Mancuso Drew Ogier and Mike Costa February 6 , 1996 ( 1996 - 02 - 06 ) 915 17.4 While Nana Mary amuses Roseanne and Jackie with a box of their childhood treasures , they take a walk down memory lane , discovering that Roseanne was always the queen to Jackie 's minion status . Jackie finds her long - lost doll , `` Mrs. Tuttle , '' that she thought had been ' doll - napped ' . Roseanne tries to pin the disappearance on a napping Nana Mary , but Nana Mary reveals the truth . 189 16 `` Construction Junction '' Gail Mancuso Daniel Palladino February 13 , 1996 ( 1996 - 02 - 13 ) 916 14.2 When Dan 's buddies show up with a great new job prospect for the old dry wall crew , Dan must decide between keeping a secure but boring job at the garage or making a bid on a huge construction project . Meanwhile , Jackie gets hooked up to the Internet : her initial reluctance quickly vanishes and David soon needs to intervene as Jackie becomes addicted . 190 17 `` We 're Going to Disney World '' Gail Mancuso Matt Berry February 20 , 1996 ( 1996 - 02 - 20 ) 917 17.8 The family goes hog - wild with excitement as they plan to travel to Disney World Dan brings home his final paycheck from the Lanford City Garage . 191 18 `` Disney World War II '' Gail Mancuso Allan Stephan Blasband February 27 , 1996 ( 1996 - 02 - 27 ) 918 19.6 Fireworks and fanfare accompany the Conners on a whirlwind tour of the magical kingdom of Disney World . Darlene becomes practically euphoric when she meets Winnie the Pooh . 192 19 `` Springtime for David '' Mark K. Samuels Garland Testa and David Forbes March 12 , 1996 ( 1996 - 03 - 12 ) 919 16.9 After strict orders from Dan , David finally moves out and lands a job at a second - rate theme park in Lanford . During training , he becomes transformed into an eerily smiling automaton . The episode 's name is a reference to Springtime for Hitler , a musical play within the Broadway musical , `` The Producers . '' The episode itself is a satire of the Walt Disney Company , who , after having recently acquired the American Broadcasting Company , required the network 's shows ( including Roseanne ) to film and air Disney - themed episodes , including the immediately preceding episodes `` We 're Going to Disney World '' and `` Disney World War II '' . 193 20 `` Another Mouth to Shut Up '' Mark K. Samuels Story by : Eric Gilliland Teleplay by : Janet Leahy and Richard Kaplan March 26 , 1996 ( 1996 - 03 - 26 ) 920 15.2 Just weeks after their hot night in Disney World , Darlene proposes to David and announces that she is pregnant . 194 21 `` Morning Becomes Obnoxious '' Gail Mancuso Leif Sandaas April 9 , 1996 ( 1996 - 04 - 09 ) 921 15.6 After an impromptu TV interview at the diner goes spectacularly well , Roseanne prepares to `` Wake Up Chicago '' on a morning TV talk show ( with Jackie as her manager ) as a news commentator with a unique and `` opinionated blue - collar outlook '' . Meanwhile , David plans for his and Darlene 's wedding , but offends Bev as well . 195 22 `` Ballroom Blitz '' Gail Mancuso Story by : Cathy Ladman Teleplay by : Cathy Ladman and Carrie Snow April 30 , 1996 ( 1996 - 04 - 30 ) 922 14.2 Bev 's smitten with her passionate ballroom - dance instructor , but he flirts with the newly - divorced Jackie . 196 23 `` The Wedding '' Gail Mancuso Michael B. Kaplan and Lawrence Broch May 7 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 07 ) 923 23.0 Dan suffers a heart attack at Darlene and David 's wedding . 197 24 `` Heart & Soul '' Gail Mancuso Daniel Palladino and William Lucas Walker May 14 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 14 ) 924 21.0 Roseanne tries -- in vain -- to be cool at the hospital . D.J. performed CPR on Dan , saving his life . Dan 's hospital room is the venue for Darlene and David 's scaled - down wedding reception . 198 25 `` Fights and Stuff '' Mark K. Samuels Story by : Eric Gilliland Teleplay by : Cynthia Mort and Sid Youngers May 21 , 1996 ( 1996 - 05 - 21 ) 925 18.8 Dan returns home to strict diet regime and other rules that he soon violates behind Roseanne 's back . When she finds out , it leads to a huge argument , unleashing old resentments and them trashing the house due to their suppressed anger . Roseanne walks out , and her and Dan 's marriage may collapse . Season 9 ( 1996 -- 97 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 199 `` Call Waiting '' Mark K. Samuels Drew Ogier and Allan Stephan Blasband September 17 , 1996 ( 1996 - 09 - 17 ) 1001 18.9 Regretting breaking the rules and fighting with Roseanne , Dan fixes the house after the huge fight and leaves a ton of messages on Jackie 's answering machine . Roseanne finds herself in front of Jackie 's TV , watching notable past sitcoms like That Girl , I Dream of Jeannie , and The Mary Tyler Moore Show ( Cameo appearance by Ed Asner on the latter show ) , eventually finding her and Dan playing the roles of Ann & Don , Mary and Lou Grant , and Jeannie and Tony . Later , Jackie convinces Roseanne that Dan and Roseanne were meant for each other and , when she is finally alone with Andy and Jerry , makes a shocking discovery about her lottery ticket after watching the lottery drawings on TV . 200 `` Millions from Heaven '' Mark K. Samuels Nancy Steen and Cynthia Mort September 24 , 1996 ( 1996 - 09 - 24 ) 1002 17.6 The lottery ticket mentioned in the last episode is a winner . Roseanne has won $108 million . Amidst the press bombardment , the family ponders what to do with all that money . 201 `` What a Day for a Daydream '' Mark K. Samuels Richard Kaplan and Garland Testa October 1 , 1996 ( 1996 - 10 - 01 ) 1003 18.6 With a full dinner table and a home - cooked meal , Roseanne daydreams about the lottery winnings ; from a riot on the Jerry Springer Show to a glamorous photo shoot with Jackie and Hugh Hefner . 202 `` Honor Thy Mother '' Mark K. Samuels Bob Nickman and Amy Welsh October 8 , 1996 ( 1996 - 10 - 08 ) 1004 16.9 Dan announces that he 's going to visit his mother in California . Jackie and Roseanne wait out the Conner house 's renovation at a spa . 203 5 `` Someday My Prince Will Come '' Mark K. Samuels Carrie Snow and Janet Leahy October 15 , 1996 ( 1996 - 10 - 15 ) 1005 15.7 Prince Carlos Charmaine ( Jim Varney ) from Moldavia , visits Jackie , with whom he 's enamored after seeing her on television . Roseanne warns Jackie to remain distant , until Leon discovers that he 's really a prince . The family are invited on a trip to New York with Leon in place of Dan , who 's still in California . 204 6 `` Pampered to a Pulp '' Mark K. Samuels Stacie Lipp October 22 , 1996 ( 1996 - 10 - 22 ) 1007 15.3 Roseanne and Jackie 's spa trip subjects them to a strict diet , acid peels , skin toxins , and exhausting hikes . Tammy Faye Messner appears in this episode . 205 7 `` Satan , Darling '' Roseanne Story by : Roseanne and Ellen Quigley Teleplay by : Roseanne and Jennifer Saunders October 29 , 1996 ( 1996 - 10 - 29 ) 1006 17.7 Roseanne , Jackie , and Nancy visit New York City 's Upper West Side , where they meet celebrities and are invited to Martha 's Vineyard by a woman named Astrid Wentworth . After getting drunk with Edina Monsoon ( Jennifer Saunders ) and Patsy Stone ( Joanna Lumley ) of Absolutely Fabulous , Roseanne has a Rosemary 's Baby - parody nightmare of Darlene giving birth to Satan . 206 8 `` Hoi Polloi Meets Hoiti Toiti '' Mark K. Samuels Leif Sandaas and Debbie Kasper November 12 , 1996 ( 1996 - 11 - 12 ) 1008 13.3 Roseanne , Jackie , DJ , Mark , Bev , Becky , Andy , and Jerry go to the Wentworth estate to meet Astrid 's family , who are n't impressed at Roseanne 's trashy ways . When she finds the family 's stash of `` happy pills , '' Roseanne teaches them to scream out their anger . Dana Gould appears in this episode . 207 9 `` Roseambo '' Gary Halvorson R. Gaylor and Betsy Salkind November 19 , 1996 ( 1996 - 11 - 19 ) 1009 12.2 Roseanne meets First Lady Hillary Clinton ( Teresa Barnwell ) , after saving her family and Dr. Bakshmi from women - hating terrorists on a train to Washington D.C. Steven Seagal appears in this episode . 208 10 `` Home Is Where the Afghan Is '' Gary Halvorson Lawrence Broch November 26 , 1996 ( 1996 - 11 - 26 ) 1010 15.0 Roseanne , Jackie , and the family finally arrive home after all the excitement . Roseanne is disappointed that Dan has not returned from his trip . Her Thanksgiving dinner is being catered , so she and Jackie open the Lunch Box as a soup kitchen . Bev reveals more than she intended during the Thanksgiving feast . 209 11 `` Mothers and Other Strangers '' Gary Halvorson Roseanne and Cynthia Mort December 3 , 1996 ( 1996 - 12 - 03 ) 1011 15.4 Dan still is not home , and Roseanne worries about how he will react to all the changes she has made to the house . Elsewhere , Bev seeks answers from her free - spirited mother , Mary , who finally mends her relationship with her daughter . 210 12 `` Home for the Holidays '' Mark K. Samuels Story by : Roseanne Teleplay by : Lawrence Broch December 17 , 1996 ( 1996 - 12 - 17 ) 1012 N / A Dan returns home , but he treats Roseanne coolly . Jackie overhears him having an intimate conversation on the phone with his mother 's nurse . 211 13 `` Say It Ai n't So '' Mark K. Samuels Nancy Steen January 7 , 1997 ( 1997 - 01 - 07 ) 1013 18.1 Roseanne kicks out Dan over his affair with his mother 's nurse , though her decision devastates her . 212 14 `` Hit the Road , Jack '' Mark K. Samuels Roseanne January 14 , 1997 ( 1997 - 01 - 14 ) 1014 18.8 A depressed Roseanne avoids Dan and drives around town eating fast food and listening to radio shows . She believes Dan had an affair because of her appearance . As Dan packs his bags to leave , he and D.J. have a huge fight . An angry D.J. goes to a video store and meets his soul mate , Heather ( Heather Matarazzo ) . Dan is about to head back to California , but cancels his flight and moves into a motel . 213 15 `` The War Room '' Mark K. Samuels Bob Nickman January 28 , 1997 ( 1997 - 01 - 28 ) 1015 16.3 A depressed Roseanne locks herself and Jerry in her bedroom , drowning her sorrow with fattening foods , trashy magazines , and TV . Friends and family attempt to get her out , but they ultimately fail until Mark tells her that Dan has not left town and wants her back . 214 16 `` Lanford 's Elite '' Gary Halvorson Story by : Allan Stephan Blasband Teleplay by : Richard Whitley and Bob Rubin February 11 , 1997 ( 1997 - 02 - 11 ) 1016 13.5 Roseanne and Jackie attend an exquisite luncheon where they discuss politics and other topics with Lanford 's elite . Roseanne meets Edgar Wellman ( James Brolin ) , son of the owner of Roseanne and Jackie 's former workplace , and Edgar asks Roseanne for money to help keep Wellman Plastics open -- it fell into decline after the sisters left in 1989 . 215 17 `` Some Enchanted Merger '' Gary Halvorson April Winchell February 11 , 1997 ( 1997 - 02 - 11 ) 1017 13.5 Jackie believes that Roseanne and Edgar Wellman are an item for real -- they are not , although Roseanne wishes they were . Roseanne claims their relationship is only about business ; Jackie does not believe her . Roseanne dreams that the couple are from the movie Evita . 216 18 `` A Second Chance '' Mark K. Samuels Cynthia Mort February 18 , 1997 ( 1997 - 02 - 18 ) 1018 16.3 Reluctant to leave , Dan asks Jackie about Edgar Wellman 's relationship with Roseanne . Jackie confirms it , but Roseanne returns to Dan . As they reconcile , they receive a call from Jackie : Darlene is in labor and has been given a drug to stop her from delivering a premature baby . 217 19 `` The Miracle '' Gary Halvorson Story by : Roseanne Teleplay by : Drew Ogier February 25 , 1997 ( 1997 - 02 - 25 ) 1019 16.2 Darlene gives birth to a dangerously premature baby girl , Harris Conner Healy . Roseanne consults other doctors from around the world , but what ultimately keeps the baby alive is Roseanne 's own grandmotherly love and nurturing . 218 20 `` Roseanne - Feld '' Mark K. Samuels April Winchell and Richard Whitley March 4 , 1997 ( 1997 - 03 - 04 ) 1020 N / A Jackie and Mark attend a wrestling match , where Jackie ends up fighting the Black Widow ( Dot Jones ) . D.J. 's first sexual experience looms and he consults Mark , who is not too helpful . 219 21 `` The Truth Be Told '' Mark K. Samuels Lawrence Broch and April Winchell March 18 , 1997 ( 1997 - 03 - 18 ) 1021 12.9 Roseanne and Jackie learn that producers want to make a TV - movie about the Conners , but also find out that they want to make distressingly drastic changes : gorgeous actors to play the Conners , fewer blue - collar plot twists , etc . Meanwhile , Bev , Leon , and Joyce naively reveal all kinds of information about Roseanne 's life and past to a tabloid reporter . 220 22 `` Arsenic and Old Mom '' Mark K. Samuels Carrie Fisher May 13 , 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 13 ) 1022 14.7 Dan 's mother Audrey ( now played by Debbie Reynolds , before played by Ann Wedgeworth in the 1989 Thanksgiving episode ) , visits unexpectedly and keeps trying to kill her son for putting her away for so many years . Roseanne finally decides to end it all with a simple backyard battle . 221 222 23 24 `` Into That Good Night '' Gary Halvorson Story by : Roseanne Teleplay by : Jessica Pentland & Jennifer Pentland Roseanne and Allan Stephan Blasband May 20 , 1997 ( 1997 - 05 - 20 ) 1023 1024 16.6 Harris Conner Healy , Darlene and David 's preemie daughter , finally arrives home , and Darlene decides to stay in the Conner nest for a while and DJ begrudgingly gives up his room and heads for David 's former space in the basement . When Mark and Becky come to visit Harris , it is revealed that they too are expecting ; Mark wants to spread the news , but Becky opts to keep it quiet until things are going more smoothly with Harris . Darlene is apprehensive about overstaying their welcome but when she questions her mother , Roseanne says she wants them to stay forever . Darlene would like that too , so she 's relieved . Leon and his husband announce that they will be adopting a little girl , Nadia , who needs a family . In the first half , the family talks about life after winning the lottery . Then Roseanne reflects about her fictional life as a voiceover monologue reveals that the show itself has really been her writing . She says that while the book she was writing was based on her life , she changed what she did n't like . For instance : in reality , the Conners did not win the lottery ; Dan had in real life died of the heart attack he suffered the day of Darlene and David 's wedding ; Jackie -- not Bev -- was gay ; and Mark and Darlene , and Becky and David , were the Conner - Healy couples . In the final moments , after looking over her book and telling the audience about her depression after Dan 's death and how the difficult birth of the baby snapped her back into reality , she goes upstairs and sits on the couch . As the show fades to black , Phoebe Snow sings the theme song one last time and Roseanne 's trademark laugh is heard one last time . In 2011 , the two - part finale was ranked # 9 on the TV Guide Network special , TV 's Most Unforgettable Finales . Season 10 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Main article : Roseanne ( season 10 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 223 `` Twenty Years to Life '' John Pasquin Bruce Rasmussen March 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 27 ) 1001 18.44 224 `` Dress to Impress '' John Pasquin Darlene Hunt March 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 27 ) 1003 18.44 225 `` Roseanne Gets the Chair '' John Pasquin Sid Youngers April 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 03 ) 1002 15.39 226 `` Eggs Over , Not Easy '' John Pasquin Morgan Murphy April 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) 1004 13.77 227 5 `` Darlene v. David '' Gail Mancuso Bruce Helford April 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 17 ) 1006 13.26 228 6 `` No Country for Old Women '' Gail Mancuso Dave Caplan May 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 01 ) 1009 10.42 229 7 `` Go Cubs '' Andrew D. Weyman Dave Caplan May 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 08 ) 1005 10.29 230 8 `` Netflix & Pill '' Andrew D. Weyman Betsy Borns May 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 ) 1007 10.73 231 9 `` Knee Deep '' Gail Mancuso Bruce Rasmussen May 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 22 ) 1008 10.58 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jeffreys , Daniel ( February 17 , 1997 ) . `` Roseanne Barr the lottery loser of all time '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Roseanne Barr the lottery loser of all time '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` Roseanne Revival : ABC Increases Episode Order Ahead of 2018 Premiere '' . TVLine . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Furdyk , Brent ( 12 February 2018 ) . `` New ' Roseanne ' Teaser Hints At How Reboot Will Deal With Dan 's Death '' . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Roseanne -- Listings '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' Revival Renewed For Season 2 By ABC , Comedy Series ' 11th Overall '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Billy Nilles ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` Roseanne Canceled by ABC after Roseanne Barr 's Latest Offensive Tweets '' . eonline.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` Roseanne Spinoff The Conners Ordered to Series at ABC , to Premiere This Fall -- Is Roseanne Going to Be Killed Off ? '' . TV Line . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Sets Premiere Date for Roseanne Spinoff The Conners '' . CBR . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 - Present ( Ninth Edition ) . Ballantine Books . pp. 1692 -- 1694 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 . Jump up ^ Lina . `` The TV Ratings Guide : 1988 - 89 Ratings History -- The WGA Writer 's Strike Changes The TV Landscape , NBC still rules '' . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Lina . `` The TV Ratings Guide : 1989 - 90 Ratings History -- ABC Claws Closer to 1st Place NBC as FOX Finds Its Next Hit '' . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Lina . `` The TV Ratings Guide : 1990 - 91 Ratings History -- ABC Reclaims 1st Place After 11 Years , Sitcoms Still Dominate '' . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Lina . `` The TV Ratings Guide : 1991 - 92 Ratings History -- Political Controversy Catapults CBS Back to 1st After 7 - Year Absence , NBC Fortunes Plummet to 3rd '' . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 - 93 Sitcoms -- Ratings on The Technology Cusp '' . Jump up ^ Lina . `` The TV Ratings Guide : 1993 - 94 Ratings History -- ABC Sitcoms Go For Gold , NBC Still Down '' . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Lina . `` The TV Ratings Guide : 1994 - 95 Ratings History -- ABC Again in 1st , NBC 's Creative Renaissance Lands Them in 2nd , UPN and WB Debut in the Cellar '' . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Lina . `` The TV Ratings Guide : 1995 - 96 Ratings History -- NBC Reclaims 1st Place After 5 Years as Seinfeld , Friends and ER Become the Thursday Rage '' . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Lina . `` The TV Ratings Guide : 1996 - 97 Ratings History -- No Changes In Ranks With NBC Leading , CBS Struggles '' . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` 2017 - 18 TV Series Ratings Rankings : NFL Football , ' Big Bang ' Top Charts '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen Ratings '' ( PDF ) . USA Today . Gannett Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen Ratings '' ( PDF ) . USA Today . Gannett Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen Ratings '' ( PDF ) . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Special Collector 's Issue : 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time '' . TV Guide ( June 28 - July 4 ) . 1997 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen Ratings '' ( PDF ) . USA Today . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen Ratings '' ( PDF ) . USA Today . Gannett Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen Ratings '' ( PDF ) . USA Today . Gannett Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen Ratings '' ( PDF ) . USA Today . Gannett Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings '' ( PDF ) . USA Today . Gannett Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Ratings '' ( PDF ) . USA Today . Gannett Company . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen Ratings '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Jump up ^ `` TV 's Most Unforgettable Finales '' . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Rick , Porter ( March 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne , ' ' The Voice ' & ' The Mick ' adjust up , ' Bull ' and ' Splitting Up Together ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rick , Porter ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Rise ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne , ' ' The Middle , ' ' Lethal Weapon ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Alex , Inc. , ' ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' The Flash ' adjust up , ' For the People ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' Bull ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Middle , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' and ' NCIS ' finales adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Roseanne Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 Episodes `` The Little Sister '' `` Brain - Dead Poets Society '' `` A Stash from the Past '' `` Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell '' `` December Bride '' `` Into That Good Night '' Characters Dan Conner Roseanne Conner Related Awards and nominations The Conners Roseanne Barr Stand - Up Albums / Specials I Enjoy Being A Girl Album ( 1990 ) Live from Trump Castle Special ( 1991 ) Roseanne and Tom : Getting Away with It Special ( 1992 ) Roseanne Arnold Special ( 1992 ) Blonde and Bitchin Special ( 2006 ) Rockin ' with Roseanne : Calling All Kids Special ( 2006 ) TV Series Comedy Central Roast Roastee ( 2012 ) Star , Writer & Producer Films Backfield in Motion TV ( 1991 ) The Woman Who Loved Elvis TV ( 1993 ) Cherry Street , South of Main TV ( 1994 ) Roseanne for President ! ( 2015 ) TV Series Roseanne ( characters / episodes ) sitcom ( 1988 - 1997 , 2018 ) Little Rosey animated ( 1990 ) The Jackie Thomas Show creator / sitcom ( 1992 - 93 ) Saturday Night Special variety show ( 1996 ) The Roseanne Show talk show ( 1997 - 2000 ) The Real Roseanne Show reality show ( 2003 ) Roseanne 's Nuts reality show ( 2011 ) Books Roseanne : My Life as a Woman ( 1989 ) My Lives ( 1994 ) Roseannearchy : Dispatches from the Nut Farm ( 2011 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Roseanne_episodes&oldid=854243488 '' Categories : Lists of American sitcom television series episodes Roseanne episodes Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages using web citations with no URL Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 23 : 01 ( UTC ) . 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"No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeUS viewers(millions)981\"Terms of Estrangement: Part 1\"Andrew D. WeymanSy Dukane and Denise MossSeptember 15, 1992 (1992-09-15)60136.7[55]\nRoseanne and Dan adjust to losing their bike shop while seeking new jobs. Meanwhile, when Mark receives a great job offer in Minneapolis, he and Becky elope.\n992\"Terms of Estrangement: Part 2\"Andrew D. WeymanRob UlinSeptember 22, 1992 (1992-09-22)60236.0[55]\nBecky returns home to collect her belongings, while Roseanne struggles to accept her daughter's marriage and tries to cheer-up Dan after he closes the bike shop. Dan avoids talking to Becky.\n1003\"The Dark Ages\"Andrew D. WeymanEric Gilliland and Mike GandolfiSeptember 29, 1992 (1992-09-29)60335.9[55]\nThe Conners' electricity is cut off when they cannot pay the bill. Darlene and David stay up all night in Darlene's bedroom working on their comic book. When Roseanne and Dan do not believe Darlene when she insists they did not sleep together, she lashes out, feeling punished for Becky's mistakes. Dan phones Becky, finally thawing the ice between them. This episode concludes by breaking the fourth wall with Roseanne and Laurie Metcalf wrestling over the Emmy award that Metcalf won. John Goodman eventually joins in before all ran offstage and out a studio door accompanied by Tom Arnold.\n1014\"Mommy Nearest\"Andrew D. WeymanJanice Jordan and Monica PiperOctober 6, 1992 (1992-10-06)60533.7[55]\nJackie starts dating Fisher, a much younger guy played by Metcalf's real-life husband, (Matt Roth). Bev makes a large profit after selling her house and give Roseanne and Jackie $10,000 each.\n1025\"Pretty in Black\"Andrew D. WeymanAmy ShermanOctober 13, 1992 (1992-10-13)60431.5[55]\nThe Conners enjoy torturing Darlene by pretending to give a her a dreaded Sweet-Sixteen birthday party. While playing \"Truth or Dare\" with Jackie, Anne Maire, and Crystal, Roseanne suffers an embarrassing incident when she unexpectedly meets the Conners new neighbor, Ty Tilden (Wings Hauser), a widower with two teen-aged daughters, Charlotte and Molly (Mara Hobel and Danielle Harris).\n1036\"Looking for Loans in All the Wrong Places\"Andrew D. WeymanEileen Heisler and DeAnn HelineOctober 20, 1992 (1992-10-20)60630.4[55]\nRoseanne and Jackie decide to open a diner with Nancy, using the money that Bev gave them. When the three are unable get a bank loan for the additional needed capital, Bev agrees to put up another $10,000, but only as a 4th partner. Molly complains to Darlene about D.J.'s voyeurism, and Darlene confronts Molly about Molly's flirtatious behavior with David.\n1047\"Halloween IV\"Andrew D. WeymanRob UlinOctober 27, 1992 (1992-10-27)60737.0[55]\nBecky's absence has drained Roseanne's Halloween spirit, so she is visited by the ghosts of Halloween Past, Present, and a truly terrifying Future.\n1058\"Ladies' Choice\"Andrew D. WeymanBetsy Borns and David RaetherNovember 10, 1992 (1992-11-10)60832.4[55]\nRoseanne and Jackie are shocked to discover that Nancy is a lesbian. Roseanne thinks she is getting old when Bev moves into a retirement community.\n1069\"Stand on Your Man\"Andrew D. WeymanDenise Moss and Sy DukaneNovember 17, 1992 (1992-11-17)61033.7[55]\nRoseanne, working a late shift at the diner alone, is threatened by an aggressive customer, prompting the girls take a self-defense class. When Arnie wants to return to Nancy, he learns she is a lesbian.\n10710\"Good Girls, Bad Girls\"Andrew D. WeymanAmy ShermanNovember 24, 1992 (1992-11-24)60930.5[55]\nMolly has an extra ticket for a rock concert in a neighboring town, and Roseanne reluctantly allows Darlene to go. When Darlene arrives home in a cab at 4:00 a.m., Roseanne initially doubts her explanation that Molly ditched her to smoke pot in a stranger's van.\n10811\"Of Ice and Men\"Andrew D. WeymanRobert Borden and Norm MacdonaldDecember 1, 1992 (1992-12-01)61135.2[55]\nFisher offers to coach D.J. in hockey. Jackie breaks up with Fisher because she fears him leaving her for a younger woman. When Roseanne convinces Jackie to get back together with him, she moves in with him.\n10912\"It's No Place Like Home for the Holidays\"Andrew D. WeymanEric GillilandDecember 15, 1992 (1992-12-15)61234.4[55]\nA snowstorm forces the Conners to be far-flung on Christmas Eve: Roseanne, Jackie, Bev, and Nana Mary are stuck at the Lunchbox; Dan, DJ, and Nancy are trapped at the Conner house with Dan; and Darlene is stranded at David's, witnessing his abusive home life.\n11013\"Crime and Punishment\"Andrew D. WeymanBruce RasmussenJanuary 5, 1993 (1993-01-05)61338.3[56]\nThe Connors are called to DJ's school to discuss the \"obscene\" reading material he brought to class. Dan and Roseanne are shocked to learn it is one of Darlene and David's comic books. Later, Darlene accidentally walks in on Jackie in D.J.'s bathroom, finding her covered with bruises. Roseanne presses Jackie for an explanation and learns that Fisher assaulted her. Dan beats up Fisher and lands in jail. Ed Begley, Jr. appears in this episode. Brice Beckham (Mr. Belvedere) appears.\n11114\"War and Peace\"Andrew D. WeymanDeAnn Heline and Eileen HeislerJanuary 12, 1993 (1993-01-12)61438.8[56]\nAs Roseanne takes Jackie to the hospital, and Darlene bails Dan out of jail, the news of Dan hitting Fisher quickly spreads through town. Meanwhile, Fisher begs Jackie to come back. Roseanne is shocked to hear this was not the first time Fisher hit Jackie, but learns that Jackie is strong enough to make her own decisions.\n11215\"Lanford Daze\"Andrew D. WeymanMonica Piper and David RaetherJanuary 26, 1993 (1993-01-26)615N/A\nVegetarian Darlene vandalizes the Lunch Box as a protest against eating animals. To punish Darlene, Roseanne forces her to sell loose-meat sandwiches at the diner's Lanford Days festival concession stand. Darlene is chagrined, but everyone else is thrilled when country music star Loretta Lynn, stops by.\n11316\"Wait Till Your Father Gets Home\"Andrew D. WeymanAmy ShermanFebruary 9, 1993 (1993-02-09)61632.3[56]\nRoseanne and Jackie's father dies. His mistress, Joan, shows up for the funeral, causing friction between Roseanne and Jackie and a confrontation with Bev. Roseanne, upset that her father never regretted his abusive behavior, learns from Joan that he considered himself a wonderful father and Roseanne and Jackie were ungrateful daughters.\n11417\"First Cousin, Twice Removed\"Andrew D. WeymanJanice JordanFebruary 16, 1993 (1993-02-16)61729.0[56]\nRonnie (Joan Collins), Obnoxious, wealthy cousin Ronnie comes to town, hoping to end a years-long feud with Roseanne. Years ago she excluded Roseanne from her wedding party. Ronnie encourages Darlene to follow her dream to move to New York City, offering her a place to stay.\n11518\"Lose a Job, Winnebago\"Andrew D. WeymanNorm MacdonaldFebruary 23, 1993 (1993-02-23)61833.3[56]\nThe Conners go on a road trip to California with the Tildens for a taping of The Jackie Thomas Show; Dan tells Roseanne he wants to have another child, though Roseanne is cool to the idea.\n11619\"It's a Boy!\"Andrew D. WeymanRob UlinMarch 2, 1993 (1993-03-02)61931.2[56]\nDarlene begs Roseanne to let David move in with them. Roseanne relents only after she sees first-hand his abusive mother's treatment toward him.\n11720\"It Was Twenty Years Ago Today\"Andrew D. WeymanBetsy BornsMarch 9, 1993 (1993-03-09)62029.4[56]\nRosanne is in a tizzy when she is unable to find her wedding ring, unaware that Dan secretly borrowed it to have it redesigned as a 20th anniversary gift. Roseanne poses for a sexy photograph to give to Dan but is angry when he has to work on their anniversary night, unaware he took the temporary job to pay for the ring. Bill Maher appears in this episode.\n11821\"Playing with Matches\"Andrew D. WeymanRobert BordenMarch 23, 1993 (1993-03-23)62132.6[56]\nRoseanne wants to set her mother up with a friend from the retirement home; Molly puts the moves on David.\n11922\"Promises, Promises\"Andrew D. WeymanMike GandolfiApril 6, 1993 (1993-04-06)62228.6[56]\nDarlene attends the prom with David, then surprises him afterward with a motel room she has rented. Tim Curry appears in this episode. Jackie is jealous when Nancy goes back to men by dating Roger.\n12023\"Glengarry, Glen Rosey\"Philip Charles MacKenzieStory by : Sy Dukane and Denise Moss Teleplay by : Lois Bromfield and Scott BurtonMay 4, 1993 (1993-05-04)62322.2[56]\nDan remodels an old house to sell for a profit. When the buyer backs out at the last minute, Dan might lose his own home after business partner, Roger, runs out on him and the bill for the building materials Dan bought on credit comes due. Jackie, currently living with Bev at the retirement home, makes a big decision. Tim Curry appears in this episode. Chris Farley has an uncredited cameo in this episode.\n12124\"Tooth or Consequences\"Gail MancusoLeslie ReiderMay 11, 1993 (1993-05-11)62427.0[56]\nDan accidentally knocks out Roseanne's tooth the day the health inspector, who turns out to be her old boss, Leon, visits the restaurant. After Darlene and David consummate their relationship, Darlene gets accepted to a Chicago art school, but David is turned down. Bob Odenkirk appears in this episode.\n12225\"Daughters and Other Strangers\"Jeff MargolisEric GillilandMay 18, 1993 (1993-05-18)62528.8[56]\nRoseanne and Dan agree to let Darlene attend school in Chicago; D.J. befriends George, an annoying neighbor boy (Joseph Gordon-Levitt)."
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-2676922512922872425 | Star Wars | Star Wars - wikipedia Star Wars Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film series and media franchise . For the original 1977 film , see Star Wars ( film ) . For other uses , see Star Wars ( disambiguation ) . Star Wars The Star Wars franchise 's logo , introduced in the original film A New Hope Created by George Lucas Original work Star Wars ( 1977 ) Print publications Novel ( s ) List of novels Comics List of comics Films and television Film ( s ) Trilogies : Original trilogy : IV -- A New Hope ( 1977 ) V -- The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) VI -- Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Prequel trilogy : I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Sequel trilogy : VII -- The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) VIII -- The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) IX ( 2019 ) Anthology films : Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ( 2016 ) Solo : A Star Wars Story ( 2018 ) Animated film : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) TV films : Holiday Special ( 1978 ) Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure ( 1984 ) Ewoks : The Battle for Endor ( 1985 ) Television series Untitled live - action series ( 2019 ) Animated series Droids ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Ewoks ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Clone Wars ( 2003 -- 2005 ) The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 2014 ) Rebels ( 2014 -- 2018 ) Forces of Destiny ( 2017 -- present ) Games Role - playing List of role - playing games Video game ( s ) List of video games Audio Radio program ( s ) List of radio dramas Original music Music Miscellaneous Toys Toys Theme park attractions List of theme park attractions Star Wars is an American epic space opera media franchise , centered on a film series created by George Lucas . It depicts the adventures of various characters `` a long time ago in a galaxy far , far away '' . The franchise began in 1977 with the release of the film Star Wars ( later subtitled Episode IV : A New Hope in 1981 ) , which became a worldwide pop culture phenomenon . It was followed by the successful sequels The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) and Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) ; these three films constitute the original Star Wars trilogy . A prequel trilogy was released between 1999 and 2005 , which received mixed reactions from both critics and fans . A sequel trilogy began in 2015 with the release of Star Wars : The Force Awakens and continued in 2017 with the release of Star Wars : The Last Jedi . The first eight films were nominated for Academy Awards ( with wins going to the first two films released ) and have been commercial successes , with a combined box office revenue of over US $8.5 billion , making Star Wars the second highest - grossing film series . Spin - off films include the animated Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) and Rogue One ( 2016 ) , the latter of which is the first in a planned series of anthology films . The series has spawned an extensive media franchise including books , television series , computer and video games , theme park attractions and lands , and comic books , resulting in significant development of the series ' fictional universe . Star Wars holds a Guinness World Records title for the `` Most successful film merchandising franchise '' . In 2015 , the total value of the Star Wars franchise was estimated at US $42 billion , making Star Wars the second - highest - grossing media franchise of all time . In 2012 , The Walt Disney Company bought Lucasfilm for US $4.06 billion and earned the distribution rights to all subsequent Star Wars films , beginning with the release of The Force Awakens in 2015 . The former distributor , 20th Century Fox , was to retain the physical distribution rights for the first two Star Wars trilogies , was to own permanent rights for the original 1977 film and was to continue to hold the rights for the prequel trilogy and the first two sequels to A New Hope until May 2020 . Walt Disney Studios currently owns digital distribution rights to all the Star Wars films , excluding A New Hope . On December 14 , 2017 , the Walt Disney Company announced its pending acquisition of 21st Century Fox , including the film studio and all distribution rights to A New Hope . Contents ( hide ) 1 Setting 2 Theatrical films 2.1 Original trilogy 2.1. 1 A New Hope 2.1. 2 The Empire Strikes Back 2.1. 3 Return of the Jedi 2.2 Prequel trilogy 2.2. 1 The Phantom Menace 2.2. 2 Attack of the Clones 2.2. 3 Revenge of the Sith 2.3 The Clone Wars 2.4 Sequel trilogy 2.4. 1 The Force Awakens 2.4. 2 The Last Jedi 2.4. 3 Episode IX 2.5 Anthology films 2.5. 1 Rogue One 2.5. 2 Solo 2.5. 3 Untitled Anthology film 2.5. 4 Other anthology films 2.6 Other planned films 3 In other media 3.1 Television 3.1. 1 Untitled Star Wars series 3.2 Print media 3.2. 1 Novels 3.2. 2 Comics 3.3 Audio dramas 3.4 Video games 3.5 Multimedia projects 3.6 Theme park attractions 4 Themes 4.1 Comparisons with historical events 5 Cultural impact 5.1 Industry 5.2 Fan works 5.3 Academia 6 Merchandising 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 Further reading 12 External links Setting `` Star Wars galaxy '' redirects here . For the video game , see Star Wars Galaxies . For the comic series named Star Wars Galaxy , see Star Wars ( UK comics ) . See also : The Force ( Star Wars ) and List of Star Wars planets and moons Map of the Star Wars galaxy The Star Wars franchise takes place in a distant unnamed fictional galaxy at an undetermined point in the ancient past , where many species of aliens ( often humanoid ) co-exist . People own robotic droids , who assist them in their daily routines , and space travel is common . The spiritual and mystical element of the Star Wars galaxy is known as `` the Force '' . It is described in the original film as `` an energy field created by all living things ( that ) surrounds us , penetrates us , ( and ) binds the galaxy together '' . The people who are born deeply connected to the Force have better reflexes ; through training and meditation , they are able to achieve various supernatural feats ( such as telekinesis , clairvoyance , precognition , and mind control ) . The Force is wielded by two major factions at conflict : the Jedi , who harness the light side of the Force , and the Sith , who use the dark side of the Force through hate and aggression . Theatrical films Main article : List of Star Wars films and television series Film trilogies Film Release date Director ( s ) Screenwriter ( s ) Story by Producer ( s ) Initial distributor ( s ) Original trilogy Episode IV -- A New Hope May 25 , 1977 ( 1977 - 05 - 25 ) George Lucas Gary Kurtz 20th Century Fox Episode V -- The Empire Strikes Back May 21 , 1980 ( 1980 - 05 - 21 ) Irvin Kershner Leigh Brackett and Lawrence Kasdan George Lucas Episode VI -- Return of the Jedi May 25 , 1983 ( 1983 - 05 - 25 ) Richard Marquand Lawrence Kasdan and George Lucas Howard Kazanjian Prequel trilogy Episode I -- The Phantom Menace May 19 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 19 ) George Lucas George Lucas Rick McCallum 20th Century Fox Episode II -- Attack of the Clones May 16 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 16 ) George Lucas and Jonathan Hales George Lucas Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith May 19 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 19 ) George Lucas Sequel trilogy Episode VII -- The Force Awakens December 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 18 ) J.J. Abrams Lawrence Kasdan & J.J. Abrams and Michael Arndt Kathleen Kennedy , J.J. Abrams and Bryan Burk Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Episode VIII -- The Last Jedi December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) Rian Johnson Kathleen Kennedy and Ram Bergman Episode IX December 20 , 2019 ( 2019 - 12 - 20 ) J.J. Abrams J.J. Abrams & Chris Terrio Kathleen Kennedy , Michelle Rejwan and J.J. Abrams Standalone films Film Release date Director ( s ) Screenwriter ( s ) Story by Producer ( s ) Initial distributor ( s ) Animated film Star Wars : The Clone Wars August 15 , 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 15 ) Dave Filoni Henry Gilroy , Steven Melching & Scott Murphy George Lucas and Catherine Winder Warner Bros . Anthology films Rogue One : A Star Wars Story December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Gareth Edwards Chris Weitz and Tony Gilroy John Knoll and Gary Whitta Kathleen Kennedy , Allison Shearmur and Simon Emanuel Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Solo : A Star Wars Story May 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 25 ) Ron Howard Lawrence Kasdan & Jon Kasdan George Lucas , the creator of Star Wars , the director of A New Hope and the prequel trilogy , and the script supervisor of both the original and prequel trilogies . His work in the original film earned him Academy Award nominations , for best director , screenplay and film . In 2014 , Lucas ceased creative involvement with the franchise . Original trilogy `` Original trilogy '' redirects here . For the video game , see Lego Star Wars II : The Original Trilogy . In 1971 , Universal Studios made a contract for George Lucas to direct two films . In 1973 , American Graffiti was completed , and released to critical acclaim including Academy Award nominations for Best Director and Original Screenplay for George Lucas . Months later , Lucas started work on his second film 's script draft , The Journal of the Whills , telling the tale of the training of apprentice CJ Thorpe as a `` Jedi - Bendu '' space commando by the legendary Mace Windy . After Universal rejected the film , 20th Century Fox decided to invest on it . On April 17 , 1973 , Lucas felt frustrated about his story being too difficult to understand , so he began writing a 13 - page script with thematic parallels to Akira Kurosawa 's The Hidden Fortress , this draft was renamed The Star Wars . By 1974 , he had expanded the script into a rough draft screenplay , adding elements such as the Sith , the Death Star , and a protagonist named Annikin Starkiller . Numerous subsequent drafts would go through numerous drastic changes , before evolving into the script of the original film . Lucas insisted that the movie would be part of a 9 - part series and negotiated to retain the sequel rights , to ensure all the movies would be made . Tom Pollock , then Lucas ' lawyer writes : `` So in the negotiations that were going on , we drew up a contract with Fox 's head of business affairs Bill Immerman , and me . We came to an agreement that George would retain the sequel rights . Not all the ( merchandising rights ) that came later , mind you ; just the sequel rights . And Fox would get a first opportunity and last refusal right to make the movie . '' Lucas was offered $50,000 to write , another $50,000 to produce , and $50,000 to direct the film . Later the offer was increased . Star Wars was released on May 25 , 1977 . It was followed by The Empire Strikes Back , released on May 21 , 1980 , and Return of the Jedi , released on May 25 , 1983 . The sequels were all self - financed by Lucasfilm . The opening crawl of the sequels disclosed that they were numbered as `` Episode V '' and `` Episode VI '' respectively , though the films were generally advertised solely under their subtitles . Though the first film in the series was simply titled Star Wars , with its 1981 re-release it had the subtitle Episode IV : A New Hope added to remain consistent with its sequel , and to establish it as the middle chapter of a continuing saga . The plot of the original trilogy centers on the Galactic Civil War of the Rebel Alliance trying to free the galaxy from the clutches of the Galactic Empire , as well as on Luke Skywalker 's quest to become a Jedi . A New Hope Main article : Star Wars ( film ) The main cast members of the original Star Wars trilogy , who reprised their characters in supporting roles on the sequel trilogy ; from left : Carrie Fisher , Mark Hamill , and Harrison Ford ( SDCC , July 2015 ) . Cosplays of bounty hunter Boba Fett ( left ) and Sith lord Darth Vader ( right ) , antagonist characters in the original trilogy ( Fett has been digitally inserted into all director cuts of A New Hope since 1997 ) . Vader 's backstory became a central plot point in Empire Strikes Back , Return of the Jedi , and the basis of the prequel trilogy . Near the orbit of the desert planet Tatooine , a Rebel spaceship is intercepted by the Empire . Aboard , the deadliest Imperial agent Darth Vader and his stormtroopers capture Princess Leia Organa , a secret member of the rebellion . Before her capture , Leia makes sure the astromech R2 - D2 , along with the protocol droid C - 3PO , escapes with stolen Imperial blueprints stored inside and a holographic message for the retired Jedi Knight Obi - Wan Kenobi , who has been living in exile on Tatooine . The droids fall under the ownership of Luke Skywalker , an orphan farm boy raised by his step - uncle and aunt . Luke helps the droids locate Obi - Wan , now a solitary old hermit known as Ben Kenobi , who reveals himself as a friend of Luke 's absent father , the Jedi Knight Anakin Skywalker . Obi - Wan confides to Luke that Anakin was `` betrayed and murdered '' by Vader ( who was Obi - Wan 's former Jedi apprentice ) years ago , and he gives Luke his father 's former lightsaber to keep . After viewing Leia 's message , they both hire the smuggler Han Solo and his Wookiee co-pilot Chewbacca to , aboard their space freighter the Millennium Falcon , help them deliver the stolen blueprints inside R2 - D2 to the Rebel Alliance with the hope of finding a weakness to the Empire 's planet - destroying space station : the Death Star . For The Star Wars second draft , Lucas made heavy simplifications . It added a mystical energy field known as `` The Force '' and introduced the young hero on a farm as Luke Starkiller . Annikin became Luke 's father , a wise Jedi knight . The third draft killed the father Annikin , replacing him with mentor figure Ben Kenobi . Later , Lucas felt the film would not in fact be the first in the sequence , but a film in the second trilogy in the saga . The draft contained a sub-plot leading to a sequel about `` The Princess of Ondos '' , and by that time some months later Lucas had negotiated a contract that gave him rights to make two sequels . Not long after , Lucas hired author Alan Dean Foster , to write two sequels as novels . In 1976 , a fourth draft had been prepared for principal photography . The film was titled Adventures of Luke Starkiller , as taken from the Journal of the Whills , Saga I : The Star Wars . During production , Lucas changed Luke 's name to Skywalker and altered the title to simply The Star Wars and finally Star Wars . At that point , Lucas was not expecting the film to have sequels . The fourth draft of the script underwent subtle changes it discarded `` the Princess of Ondos '' sub-plot , to become a self - contained film , that ended with the destruction of the Galactic Empire itself by way of destroying the Death Star . However , Lucas previously conceived of the film as the first of a series . The intention was that if Star Wars was successful , Lucas could adapt Dean Foster 's novels into low - budget sequels . By that point , Lucas had developed an elaborate backstory to aid his writing process . Before its release , Lucas considered walking away from Star Wars sequels , thinking the film would be a flop . However the film exceeded all expectations . The success of the film , as well as its merchandise sales , and Lucas desire to create an independent film - making center . Both led Lucas to make Star Wars the basis of an elaborate film serial , and use the profits to finance his film - making center , Skywalker Ranch . Alan Dean Foster was already writing the first sequel - novel Splinter of the Mind 's Eye , released in 1978 . But Lucas decided not to adapt Foster 's work , knowing a sequel would be allowed more budget . At first , Lucas envisioned a series of films with no set number of entries , like the James Bond series . In an interview with Rolling Stone in August 1977 , he said that he wanted his friends to each take a turn at directing the films and giving unique interpretations on the series . He added that the backstory in which Darth Vader turns to the dark side , kills Luke 's father and fights Obi - Wan Kenobi on a volcano as the Galactic Republic falls would make an excellent sequel . The Empire Strikes Back Main article : The Empire Strikes Back Lawrence Kasdan co-wrote The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi , The Force Awakens and Solo : A Star Wars Story . Ralph McQuarrie 's sketches and conceptual art defined the aesthetics of the original trilogy , including the definitive designs of characters like Darth Vader , R2 - D2 , C - 3PO , Chewbacca and sets like the Death Star , Dagobah , Bespin . Right : Ben Burtt created many of the iconic sound effects of the franchise , among them lightsaber sounds , the beeps of R2 - D2 , and Chewbacca 's growls . Three years after the destruction of the Death Star , the Rebels are forced to evacuate their secret base on Hoth as they are hunted by the Empire . At the request of the late Obi - Wan 's spirit , Luke travels to the swamp - infested world of Dagobah to find the exiled Jedi Master Yoda and begin his Jedi training . However , Luke 's training is interrupted by Vader , who lures him into a trap by capturing Han and Leia at Cloud City , governed by Han 's old friend Lando Calrissian . During a fierce lightsaber duel with the Sith Lord , Luke learns that Vader is his father . After the success of the original film , Lucas hired science fiction author Leigh Brackett to write Star Wars II with him . They held story conferences and , by late November 1977 , Lucas had produced a handwritten treatment called The Empire Strikes Back . It was similar to the final film , except that Darth Vader does not reveal he is Luke 's father . Brackett finished her first draft in early 1978 ; in it , Luke 's father appeared as a ghost to instruct Luke . Lucas has said he was disappointed with it , but before he could discuss it with her , she died of cancer . With no writer available , Lucas had to write his next draft himself . It was this draft in which Lucas first made use of the `` Episode '' numbering for the films ; Empire Strikes Back was listed as Episode II . As Michael Kaminski argues in The Secret History of Star Wars , the disappointment with the first draft probably made Lucas consider different directions in which to take the story . He made use of a new plot twist : Darth Vader claims to be Luke 's father . According to Lucas , he found this draft enjoyable to write , as opposed to the yearlong struggles writing the first film , and quickly wrote two more drafts , both in April 1978 . This new story point of Darth Vader being Luke 's father had drastic effects on the series . After writing these two drafts , Lucas revised the backstory between Anakin Skywalker , Kenobi , and the Emperor . With this new backstory in place , Lucas decided that the series would be a trilogy , changing Empire Strikes Back from Episode II to Episode V in the next draft . Lawrence Kasdan , who had just completed writing Raiders of the Lost Ark , was then hired to write the next drafts , and was given additional input from director Irvin Kershner . Kasdan , Kershner , and producer Gary Kurtz saw the film as a more serious and adult film , which was helped by the new , darker storyline , and developed the series from the light adventure roots of the first film . Return of the Jedi Main article : Return of the Jedi A year after Vader 's shocking revelation , Luke leads a rescue attempt to save Han from the gangster Jabba the Hutt . Afterward , Luke returns to Dagobah to complete his Jedi training , only to find the 900 - year - old Yoda on his deathbed . In his last words Yoda confirms that Vader is Luke 's father , Anakin Skywalker , and that Luke must confront his father again in order to complete his training . Moments later , the spirit of Obi - Wan reveals to Luke that Leia is his twin sister , but Obi - Wan insists that Luke must face Vader again . As the Rebels lead an attack on the Death Star II , Luke engages Vader in another lightsaber duel as Emperor Palpatine watches ; both Sith Lords intend to turn Luke to the dark side of the Force and take him as their apprentice . By the time Lucas began writing Episode VI in 1981 ( then titled Revenge of the Jedi ) , much had changed . Making Empire Strikes Back was stressful and costly , and Lucas ' personal life was disintegrating . Burned out and not wanting to make any more Star Wars films , he vowed that he was done with the series in a May 1983 interview with Time magazine . Lucas ' 1981 rough drafts had Darth Vader competing with the Emperor for possession of Luke -- and in the second script , the `` revised rough draft '' , Vader became a sympathetic character . Lawrence Kasdan was hired to take over once again and , in these final drafts , Vader was explicitly redeemed and finally unmasked . This change in character would provide a springboard to the `` Tragedy of Darth Vader '' storyline that underlies the prequels . Prequel trilogy John Williams composed the scores for the original trilogy , the prequel trilogy , The Force Awakens and The Last Jedi . After losing much of his fortune in a divorce settlement in 1987 , George Lucas had no desire to return to Star Wars , and had unofficially canceled the sequel trilogy by the time of Return of the Jedi . At that point , the prequels were only still a series of basic ideas partially pulled from his original drafts of `` The Star Wars '' . Nevertheless , technical advances in the late 1980s and 1990s continued to fascinate Lucas , and he considered that they might make it possible to revisit his 20 - year - old material . The popularity of the franchise was reinvigorated by the Star Wars expanded universe storylines set after the original trilogy films , such as the Thrawn trilogy of novels written by Timothy Zahn and the Dark Empire comic book series published by Dark Horse Comics . Due to the renewed popularity of Star Wars , Lucas saw that there was still a large audience . His children were older , and with the explosion of CGI technology he was now considering returning to directing . The prequel trilogy consists of Episode I : The Phantom Menace , released on May 19 , 1999 ; Episode II : Attack of the Clones , released on May 16 , 2002 ; and Episode III : Revenge of the Sith , released on May 19 , 2005 . The plot focuses on the fall of the Galactic Republic , as well as the tragedy of Anakin Skywalker 's turn to the dark side . The Phantom Menace Main article : Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace About 32 years before the start of the Galactic Civil War , the corrupt Trade Federation sets a blockade around the planet Naboo . The Sith Lord Darth Sidious had secretly planned the blockade to give his alter ego , Senator Palpatine , a pretense to overthrow and replace the Supreme Chancellor of the Republic . At the Chancellor 's request , the Jedi Knight Qui - Gon Jinn and his apprentice , a younger Obi - Wan Kenobi , are sent to Naboo to negotiate with the Federation . However , the two Jedi are forced to instead help the Queen of Naboo , Padmé Amidala , escape from the blockade and plead her planet 's crisis before the Republic Senate on Coruscant . When their starship is damaged during the escape , they land on Tatooine for repairs . Palpatine dispatches his first Sith apprentice , Darth Maul , to hunt down the Queen and her Jedi protectors . While on Tatooine , Qui - Gon discovers a nine - year - old slave named Anakin Skywalker . Qui - Gon helps liberate the boy from slavery , believing Anakin to be the `` Chosen One '' foretold by a Jedi prophecy to bring balance to the Force . However , the Jedi Council ( led by Yoda ) suspects the boy possesses too much fear and anger within him . In 1993 , it was announced , in Variety among other sources , that Lucas would be making the prequels . He began penning more to the story , now indicating the series would be a tragic one examining Anakin Skywalker 's fall to the dark side . Lucas began to reevaluate how the prequels would exist relative to the originals ; at first they were supposed to be a `` filling - in '' of history tangential to the originals , but he later realized that they could form the beginning of one long story that started with Anakin 's childhood and ended with his death . This was the final step towards turning the film series into a `` Saga '' . In 1994 , Lucas began writing the screenplay to the first prequel , initially titled Episode I : The Beginning . Following the release of that film , Lucas announced that he would be directing the next two , and began work on Episode II . Attack of the Clones Main article : Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones Ten years after the Battle of Naboo , Anakin is reunited with Padmé , now serving as the Senator of Naboo , and they fall in love despite Anakin 's obligations to the Jedi Order . At the same time , the entire galaxy gets swept up in the Clone Wars between the armies of the Republic , led by the Jedi Order , and the Confederacy of Independent Systems , led by the fallen Jedi Count Dooku . The first draft of Episode II was completed just weeks before principal photography , and Lucas hired Jonathan Hales , a writer from The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles , to polish it . Unsure of a title , Lucas had jokingly called the film `` Jar Jar 's Great Adventure '' . In writing The Empire Strikes Back , Lucas initially decided that Lando Calrissian was a clone and came from a planet of clones which caused the `` Clone Wars '' mentioned by both Luke Skywalker and Princess Leia in A New Hope ; he later came up with an alternate concept of an army of clone shocktroopers from a remote planet which attacked the Republic and were repelled by the Jedi . The basic elements of that backstory became the plot basis for Episode II , with the new wrinkle added that Palpatine secretly orchestrated the crisis . Revenge of the Sith Main article : Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith Frank Oz ( left ) and Ian McDiarmid ( right ) returned for the prequel trilogy , as Yoda and Darth Sidious , both characters were introduced in The Empire Strikes Back . Three years after the start of the Clone Wars , Anakin and Obi - Wan lead a rescue mission to save the kidnapped Chancellor Palpatine from Count Dooku and the droid commander General Grievous . Later , Anakin begins to have prophetic visions of his secret wife Padmé dying in childbirth . Palpatine , who had been secretly engineering the Clone Wars to destroy the Jedi Order , convinces Anakin that the dark side of the Force holds the power to save Padmé 's life . Desperate , Anakin submits to Palpatine 's Sith teachings and is renamed Darth Vader . While Palpatine re-organizes the Republic into the tyrannical Empire , Vader participates in the extermination of the Jedi Order ; culminating in a lightsaber duel between himself and his former master Obi - Wan on the volcanic planet Mustafar . Lucas began working on Episode III before Attack of the Clones was released , offering concept artists that the film would open with a montage of seven Clone War battles . As he reviewed the storyline that summer , however , he says he radically re-organized the plot . Michael Kaminski , in The Secret History of Star Wars , offers evidence that issues in Anakin 's fall to the dark side prompted Lucas to make massive story changes , first revising the opening sequence to have Palpatine kidnapped and his apprentice , Count Dooku , murdered by Anakin as the first act in the latter 's turn towards the dark side . After principal photography was complete in 2003 , Lucas made even more massive changes in Anakin 's character , re-writing his entire turn to the dark side ; he would now turn primarily in a quest to save Padmé 's life , rather than the previous version in which that reason was one of several , including that he genuinely believed that the Jedi were evil and plotting to take over the Republic . This fundamental re-write was accomplished both through editing the principal footage , and new and revised scenes filmed during pick - ups in 2004 . The Clone Wars On August 15 , 2008 , the standalone animated film Star Wars : The Clone Wars was released theatrically as a lead - in to the animated TV series with the same name . This series includes 6 seasons , which were broadcast on Cartoon Network , with the exception of the last one . The final season was cut short following Disney 's purchase of the franchise . There were also two more seasons in the works , but these were also cancelled . Sequel trilogy Main article : Star Wars sequel trilogy Over the years , Lucas often exaggerated the amount of material he wrote for the series ; much of the exaggerations stemmed from the post ‐ 1978 period when the series grew into a phenomenon . Michael Kaminski explained that the exaggerations were both a publicity and security measure , further rationalizing that since the series ' story radically changed throughout the years , it was always Lucas ' intention to change the original story retroactively because audiences would only view the material from his perspective . The exaggerations created rumors of Lucas having plot outlines a sequel trilogy of ( Episodes VII , VIII and IX ) , which would continue the story after 1983 's Episode VI : Return of the Jedi Lucasfilm and George Lucas had denied plans for a sequel trilogy for many years , insisting that Star Wars was meant to be a six - part series , and that no further films would be released after the conclusion of the prequel trilogy in 2005 . Although Lucas made an exception by releasing the animated Star Wars : The Clone Wars film in 2008 , while promoting it , Lucas maintained his status on the sequel trilogy : `` I get asked all the time , ' What happens after Return of the Jedi ? , ' and there really is no answer for that . The movies were the story of Anakin Skywalker and Luke Skywalker , and when Luke saves the galaxy and redeems his father , that 's where that story ends . '' In January 2012 , Lucas announced that he would step away from blockbuster films and instead produce smaller arthouse films . Asked whether the criticism he received following the prequel trilogy and the alterations to the re-releases of the original trilogy had influenced his decision to retire , Lucas said : `` Why would I make any more when everybody yells at you all the time and says what a terrible person you are ? '' Despite insisting that a sequel trilogy would never happen , Lucas began working on story treatments for three new Star Wars films in 2011 . In October 2012 , The Walt Disney Company agreed to buy Lucasfilm and announced that Star Wars Episode VII would be released in 2015 . Later , it was revealed that the three new upcoming films ( Episodes VII -- IX ) would be based on story treatments that had been written by George Lucas prior to the sale of Lucasfilm . The co-chairman of Lucasfilm , Kathleen Kennedy , became president of the company , reporting to Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan Horn . In addition , Kennedy will serve as executive producer on new Star Wars feature films , with franchise creator and Lucasfilm founder Lucas serving as creative consultant . The sequel trilogy began with Episode VII : The Force Awakens , released on December 18 , 2015 . It was followed by Episode VIII : The Last Jedi , released on December 15 , 2017 . The Force Awakens Main article : Star Wars : The Force Awakens About 30 years after the destruction of the Death Star II , Luke Skywalker has vanished following the demise of the new Jedi Order he was attempting to build . The remnants of the Empire have become the First Order , and seek to destroy Luke and the New Republic , while the Resistance opposes , led by princess - turned - general Leia Organa and backed by the Republic . On Jakku , Resistance pilot Poe Dameron obtains a map to Luke 's location . Stormtroopers under the command of Kylo Ren , the son of Leia and Han Solo , capture Poe . Poe 's droid BB - 8 escapes with the map , and encounters a scavenger Rey . Kylo tortures Poe and learns of BB - 8 . Stormtrooper FN - 2187 defects from the First Order , and frees Poe who dubs him `` Finn '' , while both escape in a TIE fighter that crashes on Jakku , seemingly killing Poe . Finn finds Rey and BB - 8 , but the First Order does too ; both escape Jakku in a stolen Millennium Falcon . The Falcon is recaptured by Han and Chewbacca , smugglers again since abandoning the Resistance . They agree to help deliver the map inside BB - 8 to the Resistance . The screenplay for Episode VII was originally set to be written by Michael Arndt , but in October 2013 it was announced that writing duties would be taken over by Lawrence Kasdan and J.J. Abrams . On January 25 , 2013 , The Walt Disney Studios and Lucasfilm officially announced J.J. Abrams as Star Wars Episode VII 's director and producer , along with Bryan Burk and Bad Robot Productions . The Last Jedi Main article : Star Wars : The Last Jedi Right after the destruction of Starkiller Base , Rey finds Luke Skywalker on the planet Ahch - To and convinces him to teach her the ways of the Jedi and seeks answers of her past with the help from Luke and Kylo Ren . Meanwhile , Finn , Leia , Poe , BB - 8 , Rose Tico , and the rest of the Resistance make an escape to the planet Crait from the First Order . Kylo Ren assassinates Supreme Leader Snoke and takes control of the First Order. which culminates in a battle on Crait with the Resistance . On November 20 , 2012 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Lawrence Kasdan and Simon Kinberg would write and produce Episodes VIII and IX . Kasdan and Kinberg were later confirmed as creative consultants on those films , in addition to writing standalone films . In addition , John Williams , who wrote the music for the previous six episodes , was hired to compose the music for Episodes VII , VIII and IX . On March 12 , 2015 , Lucasfilm announced that Looper director Rian Johnson would direct Episode VIII with Ram Bergman as producer for Ram Bergman Productions . Reports initially claimed Johnson would also direct Episode IX , but it was later confirmed he would write only a story treatment . Johnson later wrote on his Twitter that the information about him writing a treatment for Episode IX is old , and he 's not involved with the writing of that film . When asked about Episode VIII in an August 2014 interview , Johnson said `` it 's boring to talk about , because the only thing I can really say is , I 'm just happy . I do n't have the terror I kind of expected I would , at least not yet . I 'm sure I will at some point . '' Principal photography on The Last Jedi began in February 2016 . Additional filming took place in Dubrovnik from March 9 to March 16 , 2016 , as well as in Ireland in May 2016 . Principal photography wrapped in July 2016 . On December 27 , 2016 , Carrie Fisher died after going into cardiac arrest a few days earlier . Before her death , Fisher had completed filming her role as General Leia Organa in The Last Jedi . The film was released on December 15 , 2017 . Episode IX Production on Episode IX was scheduled to begin sometime in 2017 . Variety and Reuters reported that Carrie Fisher was slated for a key role in Episode IX . Now , Lucasfilm , Disney and others involved with the film have been forced to find a way to address her death in the upcoming film and alter her character 's role . In January 2017 , Lucasfilm stated they would not digitally generate Fisher 's performance for the film . In April 2017 , Fisher 's brother Todd and daughter Billie Lourd gave Disney permission to use recent footage of Fisher for the film , but later that month , Kennedy stated that Fisher will not appear in the film . Principal photography of Star Wars : Episode IX is set to begin in July 2018 . Anthology films On February 5 , 2013 , Disney CEO Bob Iger confirmed the development of two standalone films , each individually written by Lawrence Kasdan and Simon Kinberg . On February 6 , Entertainment Weekly reported one film would focus on Han Solo , while the other on Boba Fett . Disney CFO Jay Rasulo has described the standalone films as origin stories . Kathleen Kennedy explained that the standalone films will not crossover with the films of the sequel trilogy , stating , `` George was so clear as to how that works . The canon that he created was the Star Wars saga . Right now , Episode VII falls within that canon . The spin - off movies , or we may come up with some other way to call those films , they exist within that vast universe that he created . There is no attempt being made to carry characters ( from the standalone films ) in and out of the saga episodes . Consequently , from the creative standpoint , it 's a roadmap that George made pretty clear . '' In April 2015 , Lucasfilm and Kennedy announced that the standalone films would be referred to as the Star Wars Anthology films . Rogue One : A Star Wars Story was released on December 16 , 2016 as the first in an anthology series of films separate from the main episodic saga . Rogue One Main article : Rogue One Warwick Davis , left , and Anthony Daniels , right , both have appeared in films across all trilogies , as well as in the anthology films . Daniels has portrayed C - 3PO in all theatrical films released to date , as well as voicing all animated appearances of the character . The story about the group of rebels who stole the Death Star plans , ending directly before Episode IV : A New Hope . The idea for the film was conceived by John Knoll who worked as a visual effects supervisor of the prequel trilogy films . In May 2014 , Lucasfilm announced Gareth Edwards as the director of the first anthology film , with Gary Whitta writing the first draft , for a release on December 16 , 2016 . On March 12 , 2015 , the film 's title was revealed to be Rogue One , with Chris Weitz rewriting the script , and starring Felicity Jones , Ben Mendelsohn , and Diego Luna . In April 2015 , a teaser trailer was shown during the closing of the Star Wars Celebration . Lucasfilm announced filming would begin in the summer of 2015 and released the plot synopsis . Director Edwards stated , `` It comes down to a group of individuals who do n't have magical powers that have to somehow bring hope to the galaxy . '' ; and describing the style of the film as similar to that of a war film : `` It 's the reality of war . Good guys are bad . Bad guys are good . It 's complicated , layered ; a very rich scenario in which to set a movie . '' After its debut , Rogue One received generally positive reviews , with its performances , action sequences , soundtrack , visual effects and darker tone being praised . The film grossed over US $500 million worldwide within a week of its release . Characters from the animated series appear , Saw Gerrera ( from The Clone Wars ) in a pivotal role in the plot and Chopper ( from Star Wars : Rebels ) in a cameo . Solo Main article : Solo : A Star Wars Story A film focusing on Han Solo before the events of Episode IV : A New Hope . Before selling Lucasfilm to Disney , George Lucas started develpment on a film about a young Han Solo . Lucas hired Star Wars original trilogy veteran script writer Lawrence Kasdan , along his son Jon Kasdan to write the script . The film stars Alden Ehrenreich as a young Han Solo , Joonas Suotamo as Chewbacca ( after serving as a double for the character in The Force Awakens and The Last Jedi ) , Donald Glover as Lando Calrissian , and Emilia Clarke and Woody Harrelson . Directors Phil Lord and Christopher Miller began principal photography on the film , but due to creative differences , the pair left the project in June 2017 with three and a half weeks remaining in principal photography . Academy Award - winning director Ron Howard was announced as their replacement . While his first Star Wars film , Howard had previously collaborated with producing company Lucasfilm as an actor in the George Lucas - directed film American Graffiti ( 1973 ) and as director of Willow ( 1988 ) . Howard was one of the three directors George Lucas asked to direct Episode I : The Phantom Menace , though Howard declined , saying , `` George , you should do it ! '' . The film is distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures and will be released on May 25 , 2018 . Untitled anthology film A third Anthology film will be released in 2020 . A writer for the film has been hired as of September 2016 . In February 2013 , Entertainment Weekly reported that Lucasfilm hired Josh Trank to direct a Star Wars standalone film , with the news being confirmed soon after . However , in November 2016 Disney announced that their contract with Trank was terminated due to the overwhelmingly negative reviews of Fantastic Four . By 2017 , it was reported that the film was still in early development at Lucasfilm , and with reports stating that the film would focus on bounty hunter , Boba Fett . Lucasfilm never confirmed what the plot was about , but revealed that the film Josh Trank left was a different film from Solo : A Star Wars Story . Other anthology films In August 2016 , Ewan McGregor stated he would be open to return to the role of Obi - Wan Kenobi , albeit for a spin - off film on the character , should he be approached , wanting to tell a story between Episode III and IV . Fans showed interest in the idea ; a fan - trailer for an Obi - Wan film , with footage from the film Last Days in the Desert ( which starred McGregor ) became viral and widely praised by fans . The film was voted as the most wanted anthology film in a poll by The Hollywood Reporter despite there being only rumors of the film 's production . Lucasfilm and McGregor for years denied the development of such film , despite fans ' continued interest and rumors . In March 2017 , McGregor again stated his interest in starring in a solo film , if Lucasfilm wanted him to . By August 2017 , it was reported that a movie centered around Obi - Wan Kenobi is in early developments , with Stephen Daldry in early negotiations to co-write and direct the project . Liam Neeson expressed his interest in returning to the franchise , reprising his role as Qui - Gon Jinn . Joel Edgerton , who played Luke Skywalker 's step - uncle Owen in the prequel trilogy , said he would like to reprise his role in an Obi - Wan standalone film , if it were to be made . Additional reports stated Lucasfilm was considering various films about different characters including movies focusing on Boba Fett , as well as Jedi Master Yoda . Temuera Morrison has expressed interest in portraying Boba , or Captain Rex , both clones of his previous character Jango Fett . Daniel Logan , who played Boba Fett as a child in Attack of the Clones , has also expressed interest in reprising his role in the rumored Boba Fett film . In 2015 , director Guillermo Del Toro pitched an idea to Lucasfilm for a film about Jabba the Hutt , and in 2017 , it was reported that it is among the projects being considered by the studio . Samuel L. Jackson has expressed interest in returning as Mace Windu , insisting that his character survived his apparent death . Ian McDiarmid has also expressed interest in returning as Emperor Palpatine . Fans have also expressed interest towards the possibility of Ahsoka Tano appearing in a live - action film , with Rosario Dawson expressing interest in the role . Other planned films In November 2017 , Lucasfilm announced that Rian Johnson , the writer / director of The Last Jedi , would be working on a new trilogy . The films will reportedly differ from the Skywalker - focused films in favor of focusing on new characters , Johnson is confirmed to write and direct the first film . On the same day , Disney announced that a live - action Star Wars television series was in development exclusively for their upcoming streaming service . In February 2018 , it was announced that David Benioff and D.B. Weiss would write and produce a series of Star Wars films that are not Skywalker - focused films , similar to but separate from Rian Johnson 's upcoming installments in the franchise . In March 2018 , it was revealed by Deadline that Simon Kinberg is writing the script to an as - of - yet undisclosed film within the franchise . Previously , the filmmaker had been attached to producing the Boba Fett - centered film and is known for co-creating the Star Wars Rebels animated television series . In other media Main article : Star Wars expanded universe From 1977 to 2014 , the term Expanded Universe ( abbreviated as EU ) , was an umbrella term for all officially licensed Star Wars storytelling materials set outside the events depicted within the theatrical films , including television series , novels , comics , and video games . Lucasfilm maintained internal continuity between the films and television content and the EU material until April 25 , 2014 , when the company announced all of the EU works would cease production . Existing works would no longer be considered canon to the franchise and subsequent reprints would be rebranded under the Star Wars Legends label , with downloadable content for the massively multiplayer online game Star Wars : The Old Republic being the only Legends material to still be produced . The Star Wars canon was subsequently restructured to only include the existing six feature films , the animated film Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) , and its companion animated series Star Wars : The Clone Wars . All future projects and creative developments across all types of media would be overseen and coordinated by the Story Group , announced as a division of Lucasfilm created to maintain continuity and a cohesive vision on the storytelling of the franchise . Lucasfilm announced that the change was made `` to give maximum creative freedom to the filmmakers and also preserve an element of surprise and discovery for the audience ''. , The animated series Star Wars Rebels was the first project produced after the announcement , followed by multiple comics series from Marvel , novels published by Del Rey , and the sequel film The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) . Television Further information : List of Star Wars films and television series Dave Filoni , supervising director on Star Wars animated series , later promoted to oversee the development of all future Lucasfilm Animation projects . In the two - hour Star Wars Holiday Special produced for CBS in 1978 , Chewbacca returns to his home planet of Kashyyyk to celebrate `` Life Day '' with his family . Along with the stars of the original 1977 film , celebrities Bea Arthur , Art Carney , Diahann Carroll , and Jefferson Starship appear in plot - related skits and musical numbers . Lucas loathed the special and forbade it to ever be aired again after its original broadcast , or reproduced on home video . An 11 - minute animated sequence in the Holiday Special featuring the first appearance of bounty hunter Boba Fett , is considered to be the sole silver lining of the production , with Lucas even including it as a special feature on a 2011 Blu - ray release ( making it the only part of the Holiday Special to ever receive an official home media release ) . The segment is the first Star Wars animation ever produced . The television film Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure aired on ABC on Thanksgiving weekend in 1984 . With a story by Lucas and a screenplay by Bob Carrau , it features the Ewok Wicket from Return of the Jedi as he helps two children rescue their parents from a giant known as Gorax . The 1985 sequel , Ewoks : The Battle for Endor , finds Wicket and his friends protecting their village from invaders . Nelvana , the animation studio that had animated the animated segment of the Holiday Special was hired to create two animated series . Star Wars : Droids ( 1985 -- 1986 ) , which aired for one season on ABC , follows the adventures of the droids C - 3PO and R2 - D2 , 15 years before the events of the 1977 film Star Wars . Its sister series Star Wars : Ewoks ( 1985 -- 1987 ) features the adventures of the Ewoks before Return of the Jedi and the Ewok movies . After the release of Attack of the Clones , Cartoon Network animated and aired Star Wars : Clone Wars from 2003 to weeks before the 2005 release of Revenge of the Sith , as the series featured event set between those films . It won the Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Animated Program in 2004 and 2005 . Lucas decided to invest in creating his own animation company , Lucasfilm Animation , and used it to create his first in - house Star Wars CGI - animated series . Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 2014 ) was introduced through a 2008 animated film of the same name , and set in the same time period as the previous Clone Wars series ( albeit ignoring it ) . While all previous television works were reassigned to the Legends brand in 2014 , Lucasfilm accepted The Clone Wars and its originating film , as part of the canon . All series released after would also be part of the canon . In 2014 , Disney XD began airing Star Wars Rebels , the next CGI - animated series . Set between Revenge of the Sith and A New Hope , it followed a band of rebels as they fight the Galactic Empire and helped close some of the arcs in The Clone Wars . Another animated series debuted in 2017 , Star Wars Forces of Destiny focused on the female characters of the franchise . Untitled Star Wars series Since 2005 , when Lucas announced plans for a television series set between the prequel and original trilogies , the television project has been in varying stages of development at Lucasfilm Producer Rick McCallum revealed the working title , Star Wars : Underworld , in 2012 , and said in 2013 that 50 scripts had been written . He called the project `` The most provocative , the most bold and daring material that we 've ever done . '' The proposed series explores criminal and political power struggles in the decades prior to A New Hope , and as of December 2015 was still in development at Lucasfilm . In November 2017 , Bob Iger discussed the development of a Star Wars series for Disney 's upcoming digital streaming service , due to launch in 2019 . It is unknown if the series would be based on the Star Wars Underworld scripts or if it would follow an entirely new idea . In February 2018 , it was reported that there are multiple live action Star Wars TV series currently in development , with `` rather significant '' talent involved in the productions . Jon Favreau , who had previously voiced Pre Vizsla in The Clone Wars animated series , will produce and write the television series . Print media Star Wars - based fiction predates the release of the first film , with the December 1976 novelization of Star Wars , subtitled From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker . Credited to Lucas , it was ghost - written by Alan Dean Foster . The first Expanded Universe story appeared in Marvel Comics ' Star Wars # 7 in January 1978 ( the first six issues of the series having been an adaptation of the film ) , followed quickly by Foster 's novel Splinter of the Mind 's Eye the following month . Novels Further information : List of Star Wars books Timothy Zahn , author of the Thrawn trilogy ( 1991 -- 1993 ) , which was widely credited with revitalizing the dormant Star Wars franchise Star Wars : From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker is a 1976 novelization of the original film by Alan Dean Foster , who followed it with the sequel Splinter of the Mind 's Eye ( 1978 ) , which Lucas decided not to film . The film novelizations for The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) by Donald F. Glut and Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) by James Kahn followed , as well as The Han Solo Adventures trilogy ( 1979 -- 1980 ) by Brian Daley , and The Adventures of Lando Calrissian ( 1983 ) trilogy by L. Neil Smith . Timothy Zahn 's bestselling Thrawn trilogy ( 1991 -- 1993 ) reignited interest in the franchise and introduced the popular characters Grand Admiral Thrawn , Mara Jade , Talon Karrde , and Gilad Pellaeon . The first novel , Heir to the Empire , reached # 1 on the New York Times Best Seller list , and the series finds Luke , Leia , and Han facing off against tactical genius Thrawn , who is plotting to retake the galaxy for the Empire . In The Courtship of Princess Leia ( 1994 ) by Dave Wolverton , set immediately before the Thrawn trilogy , Leia considers an advantageous political marriage to Prince Isolder of the planet Hapes , but she and Han ultimately marry . Steve Perry 's Shadows of the Empire ( 1996 ) , set in the as - yet - unexplored time period between The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi , was part of a multimedia campaign that included a comic book series and video game . The novel introduced the crime lord Prince Xizor , another popular character who would appear in multiple other works . Other notable series from Bantam include the Jedi Academy trilogy ( 1994 ) by Kevin J. Anderson , the 14 - book Young Jedi Knights series ( 1995 -- 1998 ) by Anderson and Rebecca Moesta , and the X-wing series ( 1996 -- 2012 ) by Michael A. Stackpole and Aaron Allston . Del Rey took over Star Wars book publishing in 1999 , releasing what would become a 19 - installment novel series called The New Jedi Order ( 1999 -- 2003 ) . Written by multiple authors , the series was set 25 to 30 years after the original films and introduced the Yuuzhan Vong , a powerful alien race attempting to invade and conquer the entire galaxy . The bestselling multi-author series Legacy of the Force ( 2006 -- 2008 ) chronicles the crossover of Han and Leia 's son Jacen Solo to the dark side of the Force ; among his evil deeds , he kills Luke 's wife Mara Jade as a sacrifice to join the Sith . The story parallels the fallen son of Han and Leia , Ben Solo / Kylo Ren , in the 2015 film The Force Awakens . Three series were introduced for younger audiences : the 18 - book Jedi Apprentice ( 1999 -- 2002 ) chronicles the adventures of Obi - Wan Kenobi and his master Qui - Gon Jinn in the years before The Phantom Menace ; the 11 - book Jedi Quest ( 2001 -- 2004 ) follows Obi - Wan and his own apprentice , Anakin Skywalker in between The Phantom Menace and Attack of the Clones ; and the 10 - book The Last of the Jedi ( 2005 -- 2008 ) , set almost immediately after Revenge of the Sith , features Obi - Wan and the last few surviving Jedi . Maul : Lockdown by Joe Schreiber , released in January 2014 , was the last Star Wars novel published before Lucasfilm announced the creation of the Star Wars Legends brand . Though Thrawn had been designated a Legends character in 2014 , he was reintroduced into the canon in the 2016 third season of Star Wars Rebels , with Zahn returning to write more novels based in the character , and set in the reworked canon . Comics Main articles : Star Wars comics and List of Star Wars comic books Marvel Comics published a Star Wars comic book series from 1977 to 1986 . Original Star Wars comics were serialized in the Marvel magazine Pizzazz between 1977 and 1979 . The 1977 installments were the first original Star Wars stories not directly adapted from the films to appear in print form , as they preceded those of the Star Wars comic series . From 1985 -- 1987 , the animated children 's series Ewoks and Droids inspired comic series from Marvel 's Star Comics line . In the late 1980s , Marvel dropped a new Star Wars comic it had in development , which was picked up by Dark Horse Comics and published as the popular Dark Empire sequence ( 1991 -- 1995 ) . Dark Horse subsequently launched dozens of series set after the original film trilogy , including Tales of the Jedi ( 1993 -- 1998 ) , X-wing Rogue Squadron ( 1995 -- 1998 ) , Star Wars : Republic ( 1998 -- 2006 ) , Star Wars Tales ( 1999 -- 2005 ) , Star Wars : Empire ( 2002 -- 2006 ) , and Knights of the Old Republic ( 2006 -- 2010 ) . After Disney 's acquisition of Lucasfilm , it was announced in January 2014 that in 2015 the Star Wars comics license would return to Marvel Comics , whose parent company , Marvel Entertainment , Disney had purchased in 2009 . Launched in 2015 , the first three publications in were titled Star Wars , Star Wars : Darth Vader , and the limited series Star Wars : Princess Leia . Audio dramas Further information : Star Wars ( radio ) Radio adaptations of the films were also produced . Lucas , a fan of the NPR - affiliated campus radio station of his alma mater the University of Southern California , licensed the Star Wars radio rights to KUSC - FM for US $1 . The production used John Williams ' original film score , along with Ben Burtt 's sound effects . The first was written by science fiction author Brian Daley and directed by John Madden . It was broadcast on National Public Radio in 1981 , adapting the original 1977 film into 13 - episodes . Mark Hamill and Anthony Daniels reprised their film roles . The overwhelming success , led to a 10 - episode adaptation of The Empire Strikes Back in 1982 . Billy Dee Williams joined the other two stars , reprising his role as Lando Calrissian . In 1983 , Buena Vista Records released an original , 30 - minute Star Wars audio drama titled Rebel Mission to Ord Mantell , written by Daley . In the 1990s , Time Warner Audio Publishing adapted several Star Wars series from Dark Horse Comics into audio dramas : the three - part Dark Empire saga , Tales of the Jedi , Dark Lords of the Sith , the Dark Forces trilogy , and Crimson Empire ( 1998 ) . Return of the Jedi was adapted into 6 - episodes in 1996 , featuring Daniels . Video games Further information : Star Wars video games and List of Star Wars video games The first officially licensed Star Wars electronic game was Kenner 's 1979 table - top Star Wars Electronic Battle Command . In 1982 , Parker Brothers published the first licensed Star Wars video game , Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Back , for the Atari 2600 . It was followed in 1983 by Atari 's rail shooter arcade game Star Wars , which used vector graphics and was based on the `` Death Star trench run '' scene from the 1977 film . The next game , Return of the Jedi ( 1984 ) , used more traditional raster graphics , with the following game The Empire Strikes Back ( 1985 ) returning to the 1983 's arcade game vector graphics , but recreating the `` Battle of Hoth '' scene instead . Lucasfilm had started its own video game company in the early 1980s , which became known for adventure games and World War II flight combat games . In 1993 , LucasArts released Star Wars : X-Wing , the first self - published Star Wars video game and the first space flight simulation based on the franchise . X-Wing was one of the best - selling games of 1993 , and established its own series of games . Released in 1995 , Dark Forces was the first Star Wars first - person shooter video game . A hybrid adventure game incorporating puzzles and strategy , it featured new gameplay features and graphical elements not then common in other games , made possible by LucasArts ' custom - designed game engine , called the Jedi . The game was well received and well reviewed , and was followed by four sequels . Dark Forces introduced the popular character Kyle Katarn , who would later appear in multiple games , novels , and comics . Katarn is a former Imperial stormtrooper who joins the Rebellion and ultimately becomes a Jedi , a plot arc similar to that of Finn in the 2015 film The Force Awakens . Disney has partnered with Lenovo to create the Augmented Reality game ' Star Wars : Jedi Challenges ' that works with a Lenovo Mirage AR headset , a tracking sensor and a Lightsaber controller that will launch in December 2017 . Multimedia projects Star Wars : Shadows of the Empire ( 1996 ) is a Lucasfilm multimedia project set in the as - yet - unexplored time period between The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi that included a novel by Steve Perry , a comic book series , a video game , and toys . The Force Unleashed ( 2008 -- 2010 ) is a similar project , set between Revenge of the Sith and A New Hope , that includes a 2008 novel , a 2008 video game and its 2010 sequel , a graphic novel , a role - playing game supplement , and action figures . Theme park attractions Main article : List of Star Wars theme parks attractions Title Park ( s ) Opening date Closing date Status Live attractions Star Tours Disneyland January 9 , 1987 ( 1987 - 01 - 09 ) July 27 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 27 ) Closed Tokyo Disneyland July 12 , 1989 ( 1989 - 07 - 12 ) April 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 02 ) Disney 's Hollywood Studios December 15 , 1989 ( 1989 - 12 - 15 ) September 7 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 07 ) Disneyland Paris April 12 , 1992 ( 1992 - 04 - 12 ) March 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 16 ) Star Wars Weekends Disney 's Hollywood Studios 1997 ( 1997 ) 2015 ( 2015 ) Star Wars : Where Science Meets Imagination Multiple locations October 19 , 2005 ( 2005 - 10 - 19 ) March 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 23 ) Jedi Training Academy Disneyland July 1 , 2006 ( 2006 - 19 - 01 ) November 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 15 ) Disney 's Hollywood Studios October 9 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 09 ) October 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 05 ) Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue Disney 's Hollywood Studios May 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 20 ) -- Operating Disneyland June 3 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 03 ) -- Tokyo Disneyland May 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 07 ) -- Disneyland Paris March 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 26 ) -- Star Wars Hyperspace Mountain Disneyland November 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 14 ) May 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 31 ) Closed Hong Kong Disneyland June 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 11 ) -- Operating Disneyland Paris May 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 07 ) -- Star Wars Launch Bay Disneyland November 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 16 ) -- Disney 's Hollywood Studios December 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 04 ) -- Shanghai Disneyland Park June 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 16 ) -- Jedi Training : Trials of the Temple Disney 's Hollywood Studios December 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) -- Disneyland December 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 08 ) -- Disneyland Paris July 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 11 ) -- Hong Kong Disneyland June 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 25 ) -- Star Wars : A Galactic Spectacular Disney 's Hollywood Studios June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) -- Future Star Wars : Galaxy 's Edge Disneyland 2019 ( 2019 ) N / A Under construction Disney 's Hollywood Studios 2019 ( 2019 ) N / A Star Wars Hotel Disney 's Hollywood Studios TBA N / A Proposed Themes See also : Star Wars sources and analogues Aside from its well - known science fictional technology , Star Wars features elements such as knighthood , chivalry , and princesses that are related to archetypes of the fantasy genre . The Star Wars world , unlike fantasy and science - fiction films that featured sleek and futuristic settings , was portrayed as dirty and grimy . Lucas ' vision of a `` used future '' was further popularized in the science fiction - horror films Alien , which was set on a dirty space freighter ; Mad Max 2 , which is set in a post-apocalyptic desert ; and Blade Runner , which is set in a crumbling , dirty city of the future . Lucas made a conscious effort to parallel scenes and dialogue between films , and especially to parallel the journeys of Luke Skywalker with that of his father Anakin when making the prequels . Comparisons with historical events See also : Star Wars and History Star Wars contains many themes of political science that mainly favor democracy over dictatorship . Political science has been an important element of Star Wars since the franchise first launched in 1977 . The plot climax of Revenge of the Sith is modeled after the fall of the democratic Roman Republic and the formation of an empire . The stormtroopers from the movies share a name with the Nazi stormtroopers ( see also Sturmabteilung ) . Imperial officers ' uniforms resemble some historical German uniforms of World War II and the political and security officers of the Empire resemble the black - clad SS down to the imitation silver death 's head insignia on their officer 's caps . World War II terms were used for names in Star Wars ; examples include the planets Kessel ( a term that refers to a group of encircled forces ) and Hoth ( Hermann Hoth was a German general who served on the snow - laden Eastern Front ) . Palpatine being Chancellor before becoming Emperor mirrors Adolf Hitler 's role as Chancellor before appointing himself Dictator . The Great Jedi Purge alludes to the events of The Holocaust , the Great Purge , the Cultural Revolution , and the Night of the Long Knives . In addition , Lucas himself has drawn parallels between Palpatine and his rise to power to historical dictators such as Julius Caesar , Napoleon Bonaparte , and Adolf Hitler . The final medal awarding scene in A New Hope , however , references Leni Riefenstahl 's Triumph of the Will . The space battles in A New Hope were based on filmed World War I and World War II dogfights . Continuing the use of Nazi inspiration for the Empire , J.J. Abrams , the director of Star Wars : The Force Awakens , has said that the First Order , an Imperial offshoot which serves as the main antagonist of the sequel trilogy , is inspired by another aspect of the Nazi regime . Abrams spoke of how several Nazis fled to Argentina after the war and he claims that the concept for the First Order came from conversations between the scriptwriters about what would have happened if they had started working together again . Cultural impact Main article : Cultural impact of Star Wars Just like the franchise , its fictional weapons , such as the lightsaber and the blaster , have been used in popular culture and have been an iconic part of the franchise . The Star Wars saga has had a significant impact on modern popular culture . Star Wars references are deeply embedded in popular culture ; Phrases like `` evil empire '' and `` May the Force be with you '' have become part of the popular lexicon . The first Star Wars film in 1977 was a cultural unifier , enjoyed by a wide spectrum of people . The film can be said to have helped launch the science fiction boom of the late 1970s and early 1980s , making science fiction films a blockbuster genre or mainstream . This very impact made it a prime target for parody works and homages , with popular examples including Spaceballs , Family Guy 's Laugh It Up , Fuzzball , Robot Chicken 's `` Star Wars Episode I '' , `` Star Wars Episode II '' and `` Star Wars Episode III '' , and Hardware Wars by Ernie Fosselius . In 1989 , the Library of Congress selected the original Star Wars film for preservation in the U.S. National Film Registry , as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . '' Its sequel , The Empire Strikes Back , was selected in 2010 . Despite these callings for archival , it is unclear whether copies of the 1977 and 1980 theatrical sequences of Star Wars and Empire -- or copies of the 1997 Special Edition versions -- have been archived by the NFR , or indeed if any copy has been provided by Lucasfilm and accepted by the Registry . Industry The original Star Wars film was a huge success for 20th Century Fox , and was credited for reinvigorating the company . Within three weeks of the film 's release , the studio 's stock price doubled to a record high . Prior to 1977 , 20th Century Fox 's greatest annual profits were $37 million , while in 1977 , the company broke that record by posting a profit of $79 million . The franchise helped Fox to change from an almost bankrupt production company to a thriving media conglomerate . Star Wars fundamentally changed the aesthetics and narratives of Hollywood films , switching the focus of Hollywood - made films from deep , meaningful stories based on dramatic conflict , themes and irony to sprawling special - effects - laden blockbusters , as well as changing the Hollywood film industry in fundamental ways . Before Star Wars , special effects in films had not appreciably advanced since the 1950s . The commercial success of Star Wars created a boom in state - of - the - art special effects in the late 1970s . Along with Jaws , Star Wars started the tradition of the summer blockbuster film in the entertainment industry , where films open on many screens at the same time and profitable franchises are important . It created the model for the major film trilogy and showed that merchandising rights on a film could generate more money than the film itself did . Fan works Main article : Star Wars fan films The Star Wars saga has inspired many fans to create their own non-canon material set in the Star Wars galaxy . In recent years , this has ranged from writing fan fiction to creating fan films . In 2002 , Lucasfilm sponsored the first annual Official Star Wars Fan Film Awards , officially recognizing filmmakers and the genre . Because of concerns over potential copyright and trademark issues , however , the contest was initially open only to parodies , mockumentaries , and documentaries . Fan fiction films set in the Star Wars universe were originally ineligible , but in 2007 , Lucasfilm changed the submission standards to allow in - universe fiction entries . Lucasfilm , for the most part , has allowed but not endorsed the creation of these derivative fan fiction works , so long as no such work attempts to make a profit from or tarnish the Star Wars franchise in any way . While many fan films have used elements from the licensed Expanded Universe to tell their story , they are not considered an official part of the Star Wars canon . Academia As the characters and the story line of the original trilogy are so well known , educationalists have advocated the use of the films in the classroom as a learning resource . For example , a project in Western Australia honed elementary school students story - telling skills by role playing action scenes from the movies and later creating props and audio / visual scenery to enhance their performance . Others have used the films to encourage second - level students to integrate technology in the science classroom by making prototype light sabers . Similarly , psychiatrists in New Zealand and the US have advocated their use in the university classroom to explain different types of psychopathology . Merchandising Main articles : Kenner Star Wars action figures , List of Kenner Star Wars action figures , Star Wars : The Vintage Collection , Lego Star Wars , List of Lego Star Wars sets , Star Wars trading card , and Star Wars role - playing games The success of the Star Wars films led the franchise to become one of the most merchandised franchises in the world . In 1977 , while filming the original film , George Lucas decided to take a 500,000 - dollar pay - cut to his own salary as director , in exchange for fully owning the merchandising rights of the franchise to himself . Over the franchise 's lifetime , such exchange cost 20th Century Fox , more than US $20 billion in merchandising revenue profits . Disney acquired the merchandising rights when part of purchasing Lucasfilm . Kenner made the first Star Wars action figures to coincide with the release of the film , and today the remaining 80 's figures sell at extremely high prices in auctions . Since the 90 's Hasbro holds the rights to create action figures based on the saga . Pez dispensers have been produced . Star Wars was the first intellectual property to be licensed in Lego Group history , which has produced a Star Wars Lego theme . Lego has produced animated parody short films to promote their sets , among them Revenge of the Brick ( 2005 ) and The Quest for R2 - D2 ( 2009 ) , the former parodies Revenge of the Sith , while the later The Clone Wars film . Due to their success , LEGO created animated comedy mini-series among them The Yoda Chronicles ( 2013 - 2014 ) and Droid Tales ( 2015 ) originally airing on Cartoon Network , but since 2014 moved into Disney XD . The Lego Star Wars video games are critically acclaimed best sellers . In 1977 with the board game Star Wars : Escape from the Death Star ( not to be confused with another board game with the same title , published in 1990 ) . The board game Risk has been adapted to the series in two editions by Hasbro : and Star Wars Risk : The Clone Wars Edition ( 2005 ) and Risk : Star Wars Original Trilogy Edition ( 2006 ) . Three different official tabletop role - playing games have been developed for the Star Wars universe : a version by West End Games in the 1980s and 1990s , one by Wizards of the Coast in the 2000s , and one by Fantasy Flight Games in the 2010s . Star Wars trading cards have been published since the first `` blue '' series , by Topps , in 1977 . Dozens of series have been produced , with Topps being the licensed creator in the United States . Some of the card series are of film stills , while others are original art . Many of the cards have become highly collectible with some very rare `` promos '' , such as the 1993 Galaxy Series II `` floating Yoda '' P3 card often commanding US $1,000 or more . While most `` base '' or `` common card '' sets are plentiful , many `` insert '' or `` chase cards '' are very rare . From 1995 until 2001 , Decipher , Inc. had the license for , created and produced a collectible card game based on Star Wars ; the Star Wars Collectible Card Game ( also known as SWCCG ) . See also Star Wars portal Architecture of Star Wars Empire of Dreams : The Story of the Star Wars Trilogy Jedi census phenomenon Jediism List of Star Wars creatures Physics and Star Wars Star Wars Day Music of Star Wars Star Wars : Evolution of the lightsaber duel The Story of Star Wars Technology in Star Wars List of space science fiction franchises Notes ^ Jump up to : Until the deal between 21st Century Fox and The Walt Disney Company has been finalized References Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Han Solo Spinoff In the Works With ' Lego Movie ' Directors ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Julia ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` Disney developing live - action Star Wars TV series '' . Polygon . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ James Ryan . `` When did Star Wars become known as A New Hope ? - In A Far Away Galaxy '' . Jump up ^ ScreenPrism . `` Why was `` Star Wars Episode IV : A New Hope '' originally released under another title - ScreenPrism `` . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars -- Box Office History '' . The Numbers . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Franchises '' . The Numbers . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chew , Jonathan ( December 24 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars Franchise Worth More Than Harry Potter and James Bond , Combined '' . Fortune . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Detrick , Paul ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` The Star Wars Economy is Bigger Than You Think '' . Reason . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schou , Solvej ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` Mickey meets ' Star Wars ' : Walt Disney Co. completes acquisition of Lucasfilm '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Masters , Kim ( October 30 , 2012 ) . `` Tangled Rights Could Tie Up Ultimate ' Star Wars ' Box Set ( Analysis ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Walt Disney Company FY 2013 SEC Form 10 - K Filing '' ( PDF ) . The Walt Disney Company . November 20 , 2013 . p. 13 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 11 , 2015 . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Prior to the Company 's acquisition , Lucasfilm produced six Star Wars films ( Episodes 1 through 6 ) . Lucasfilm was to retain the rights to consumer products related to all of the films and the rights related to television and electronic distribution formats for all of the films , with the exception of the rights for Episode IV , which were owned by a third - party studio . All of the films were distributed by a third - party studio in the theatrical and home video markets . The theatrical and home video distribution rights for these films were to revert to Lucasfilm in May 2020 with the exception of Episode IV , for which these distribution rights were to be retained in perpetuity by the third - party studio . Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( April 6 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Movie Franchise Headed to Digital HD '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Walt Disney Company To Acquire Twenty - First Century Fox , Inc. , After Spinoff Of Certain Businesses , For $52.4 Billion In Stock '' ( Press release ) . The Walt Disney Company . December 14 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2017 . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Additional , December 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Star Wars Episode IV : A New Hope ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . 2006 . Jump up ^ Parker , Ryan ; Galuppo , Mia ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` J.J. Abrams to Replace Colin Trevorrow as ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' Writer and Director '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` J.J. Abrams to Write and Direct Star Wars : Episode IX '' . StarWars.com . September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' : ' Wonder ' Writer to Polish ' Episode IX ' Script '' . Variety . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sofka , Samantha ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` Breaking : Live - Action Mulan , A Wrinkle in Time , and More Disney Movies Have Set Release Dates '' . Oh My Disney . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rinzler 2007 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , p. 50 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr , Mike ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` An Architect Of Hollywood 's Greatest Deal Recalls How George Lucas Won Sequel Rights '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Real Force Behind ' Star Wars ' : How George Lucas Built an Empire '' . Jump up ^ Lucas , George ( 2004 ) . DVD commentary for Star Wars Episode IV : A New Hope ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars plot summary '' . Ruined Endings . Retrieved March 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rinzler 2007 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ `` Starkiller '' . Jedi Bendu . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2006 . Retrieved March 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Baxter , John ( 1999 ) . Mythmaker . p. 173 . ISBN 0 - 380 - 97833 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Ralph McQuarrie 's Most Memorable Masterpieces - StarWars.com '' . August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Empire Strikes Back ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . 2004 . Jump up ^ Biodrowski , Steve . `` Star Wars : The Original Trilogy -- Then And Now '' . Hollywood Gothique . Retrieved March 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bouzereau 1997 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Bouzereau 1997 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , p. 161 . ^ Jump up to : Bouzereau 1997 , p. 123 Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , pp. 120 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , pp. 164 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Susan Mackey - Kallis ( 2010 ) . The Hero and the Perennial Journey Home in American Film . University of Pennsylvania Press . pp. 221 -- . ISBN 0 - 8122 - 0013 - 6 . Jump up ^ Return of the Jedi ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Lawrence Kasdan '' . Star Wars . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2008 . Retrieved March 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , p. 227 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , pp. 294 -- 95 . Jump up ^ `` Episode III Release Dates Announced '' . Star Wars . April 5 , 2004 . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2008 . Retrieved March 27 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . 2001 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , pp. 299 -- 300 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Insider '' . Star Wars Insider ( 45 ) : 19 . ^ Jump up to : Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . 2002 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , p. 371 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , p. 374 . Jump up ^ Bouzereau 1997 , p. 196 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2008 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2008 , p. 162 . ^ Jump up to : Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . 2005 . Jump up ^ Rinzler 2005 , pp. 13 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Rinzler 2005 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , pp. 380 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Star Wars : Episode III Revenge of the Sith documentary `` Within a Minute '' ( DVD documentary ) . 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Douglas Brode ; Leah Deyneka ( 2012 ) . Myth , Media , and Culture in Star Wars : An Anthology . Scarecrow Press . p. 128 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 8512 - 7 . Jump up ^ Arnold , William ( May 12 , 2005 ) . `` Director George Lucas Takes a Look Back -- and Ahead '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Jump up ^ `` Mark Hamill talks Star Wars 7 , 8 and 9 ! '' . Movieweb . September 10 , 2004 . Retrieved October 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` George Lucas talks on Star Wars sequels 7 , 8 & 9 '' . Killer Movies . September 13 , 2004 . Retrieved October 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Mr. Showbiz . `` George Lucas ( Star Wars : Episode I ) '' . Industry Central . Retrieved October 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Davis , Erik ( May 7 , 2008 ) . `` Will Lucas Extend His Star Wars Story Beyond Return of the Jedi ? '' . Cinematical . Retrieved October 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` George Lucas Done With ' Star Wars ' Fanboys , Talks ' Red Tails ' '' . The Huffington Post . January 17 , 2012 . Retrieved January 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Devin . `` How Disney Bought Lucasfilm -- and Its Plans for ' Star Wars ' '' . Businessweek.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Block , Alex ( October 30 , 2012 ) . `` Disney to Buy Lucasfilm for Billion ; New ' Star Wars ' Movie Set for 2015 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Arndt to write screenplay for Star Wars : episode VII '' , Star Wars Jump up ^ `` MASTER FILMMAKING TEAM ANNOUNCED FOR STAR WARS : EPISODE VII '' . Star Wars . October 24 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2014 . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Is Being Kick - Started with Dynamite J.J. Abrams to Direct Star Wars : Episode VII '' . Star Wars . January 25 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2016 . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` J.J. Abrams Set to Direct Next ' Star Wars ' Film ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Peat , Calvin ( August 3 , 2013 ) . `` John Williams Confirmed to Score Star Wars Episodes VII - IX '' . Shadowlocked . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2013 . Retrieved August 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ROGUE ONE IS THE FIRST STAR WARS STAND - ALONE FILM , RIAN JOHNSON TO WRITE AND DIRECT STAR WARS : EPISODE VIII '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved September 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Bombshell ! Rian Johnson To Write , Direct Next Two Films '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' : Rian Johnson to Write , Direct Episode VIII '' . Variety . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Rian ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` That 's old info , I have n't been involved in writing IX '' . Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( August 18 , 2014 ) . `` Rian Johnson Says Next ' Star Wars ' Will Have Less CGI , More Practical Effects '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` STAR WARS : EPISODE VIII NOW FILMING '' . starwars.com . February 15 , 2016 . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Episode VIII Starts Shooting in Dubrovnik This Week '' . Croatia Week . March 8 , 2016 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Harris , David ( March 26 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : Episode VIII Filming Update : Luke in a Casino , Poe takes Charge '' . Dork Side of the Force . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2016 . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barrett , David ( March 20 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars Episode VIII returns to new locations in Ireland '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nevets , Stephen ( July 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars 8 ' wraps production , Mark Hamill , Anthony Daniels turn to Twitter as Star Wars Celebration 2016 nears '' . The Global Dispatch . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trivedi , Sachin ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Episode 8 ' production update : Filming wraps ; Big party in London with cast and crew '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2016 . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : Episode VIII director Rian Johnson announces end of production '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Blankstein , Andrew ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Actress Carrie Fisher Dies at 60 After Suffering Heart Attack '' . NBC News . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars 8 : Adam Driver does n't think there should be a trailer '' . Independent . London . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sarma , Jyotirupa ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' Release Date , News & Update : Filming Will Begin In 2017 , Scene Will Be Shot In Real Outer Space ? '' . GameNGuide . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How will Carrie Fisher 's death affect the Star Wars franchise and will they recast Princess Leia ? '' . Telegraph . December 28 , 2016 . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` Carrie Fisher Completed Work on ' Star Wars : Episode VIII ' Before Her Death '' . Variety . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Maresca , Rachel ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` Carrie Fisher Wrapped Filming on ' Star Wars : Episode VIII ' : What Does Her Death Mean for ' Episode IX ' ? '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Wade ( December 28 , 2016 ) . `` Carrie Fisher to appear in new ' Family Guy ' shows , ' Star Wars : Episode VIII ' '' . UPI . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lucasfilm : Carrie Fisher wo n't be digitally recreated '' . BBC News . January 14 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Desborough , James ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` The late Carrie Fisher will appear in ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' , says brother Todd Fisher '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Parker , Ryan ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` Carrie Fisher Will Not Appear in ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Manne ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` Carrie Fisher Wo n't Appear in ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Britt , Ryan ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` J.J. Abrams Slammed Jameson With Colbert Before Accepting ' Star Wars ' '' . Inverse . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Earnings Beat ; ' Star Wars ' Spinoffs Planned '' . CNBC . February 5 , 2013 . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' spin - offs : A young Han Solo movie , and a Boba Fett film -- Exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( September 12 , 2013 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' : The ' Sky 's the Limit ' for Disney 's Spinoff Opportunities '' . Variety . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Brian . `` ' Star Wars ' Spin - Offs Will Not Crossover with the New Trilogy '' . Movieweb . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rogue One Details Revealed at Star Wars Celebration Anaheim '' . Star Wars.com. April 19 , 2015 . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Antonghy ( April 19 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : Rogue One and mystery standalone movie take center stage '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` As Rogue One looms , Lucasfilm develops secret plans for new Star Wars movies '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ `` ROGUE ONE - A STAR WARS STORY : John Knoll - Overall VFX Supervisor & Chief Creative Officer - Industrial Light & Magic - The Art of VFXThe Art of VFX '' . www.artofvfx.com . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Spinoff Hires ' Godzilla ' Director Gareth Edwards ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Collura , Scott ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` ROGUE ONE WILL BE FIRST STAR WARS STAND - ALONE FILM '' . IGN . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike , Jr ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` Ben Mendelsohn Orbiting ' Star Wars ' Spin Off ' Rogue One ' ? '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( April 19 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : Rogue One and mystery stand - alone movie take center stage '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Bryan ( April 19 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : Rogue One will be about the Rebel Alliance stealing plans for the Death Star '' . The Verge . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rogue One ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Star Wars Rebels Easter Eggs and Connections in Rogue One - StarWars.com '' . December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCreesh , Louise ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` Lucas had been developing a Han Solo movie for ages '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Masters , Kim ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Ron Howard Steps In to Direct Han Solo Movie ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ DiClaudio , Dennis ( November 25 , 2015 ) . `` Ron Howard could have saved us from The Phantom Menace , but chose not to '' . A.V. Club . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Auty , Dan ( August 14 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars Han Solo , Boba Fett Spinoff Movies Get New Details '' . GameSpot . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Long , Stephanie ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` Disney CEO Bob Iger Talks ' Star Wars ' Plans Through 2020 '' . Moviefone . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' spin - offs : A young Han Solo movie , and a Boba Fett film '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cowden , Catarina ( May 2 , 2015 ) . `` Why Star Wars Spinoff Director Josh Trank Was Fired '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marc , Christopher ( December 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Boba Fett ' Standalone Movie Seemingly Revived and Coming In 2020 ? '' . Omega Underground . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Ewan McGregor Clarifies Status of an Obi - Wan Kenobi Solo Film '' . Collider.com . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( August 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Kenobi ' Fan Teaser Teases the Inevitable ' Star Wars ' Spinoff '' . Collider.com . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ; McMillan , Graeme ( August 26 , 2016 ) . `` Darth Vader Deserves a ' Star Wars ' Spinoff ( But Not Everyone Agrees ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Guerrasio , Jason ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` Ewan McGregor is still up to play Obi - Wan Kenobi again : ' It would be fun to do ' '' . Business Insider . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Wars ' Obi - Wan Kenobi Film in the Works ( Exclusive ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Liam Neeson Open To Playing Qui - Gon Again '' . January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hayman , Amanda ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` Joel Edgerton Wants to Reprise Uncle Owen in the Obi - Wan Movie '' . Scree Rant . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Obi - Wan Kenobi Film in the Works ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Obi - Wan Kenobi Movie in Early Development at Disney '' . Variety . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dumaraog , Ana ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` Temuera Morrison Wants to Play Captain Rex in Live - Action '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Logan , Daniel ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` Daniel logan Approved ... @ realronhoward # makedanielloganbobafettagain # Fun # fanmade ... '' . Jump up ^ Marnell , Blair ( July 13 , 2015 ) . `` Guillermo Del Toro Wants to Make Star Wars : Jabba the Hutt Origin Film '' . Nerdist . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hood , Cooper ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars : Jabba the Hutt Spinoff Being Considered By Lucasfilm '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chavez , Danette ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` You will soon learn to appreciate the Jabba the Hutt spin - off in development '' . A.V. Club . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hood , Cooper ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars : Samuel L. Jackson Wants Mace Windu Return '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hayman , Amanda ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars : Ian McDiarmid Does n't Want Anyone Else to Play Palpatine '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wood , Matt ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` Star Wars : Watch Rosario Dawson Campaign To Play Ahsoka In Live - Action '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rian Johnson , Writer - Director of Star Wars : The Last Jedi , to Create All - New Star Wars Trilogy '' . StarWars.com . November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` New Star Wars Live - Action TV Show Announced '' . GameSpot . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Creators David Benioff & D.B. Weiss To Write And Produce A New Series Of Star Wars Films '' . StarWars.com . February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ White , Peter ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` Warner Bros. Sets Up ' Logan 's Run ' With ' Hunger Games ' Writer Peter Craig '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Joseph ( March 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' X-Men : Dark Phoenix ' Director Reportedly Writing New Star Wars Film '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Benjamin W.L. Derhy Kurtz ; Mélanie Bourdaa ( 2016 ) . The Rise of Transtexts : Challenges and Opportunities . Taylor & Francis . p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 37105 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Legendary Star Wars Expanded Universe Turns a New Page '' . StarWars.com. 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June 23 , 2006 . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2006 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Brief History of Star War Games , Part 1 ( Slide 29 -- 32 ) '' . Tom 's Hardware . May 20 , 2007 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mizell , Leslie ( October 1994 ) . `` Star Wars : Dark Forces preview '' . PC Gamer . Future Publishing : 34 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Staten , James ( December 4 , 1995 ) . `` Dark Forces '' . MacWEEK . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2009 . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . -- via AccessMyLibrary ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Turner , Benjamin ; Bowen , Kevin ( December 11 , 2003 ) . `` Bringin ' in the DOOM Clones '' . GameSpy . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2012 . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Baldazo , Rex ( December 1995 ) . `` Today 's hot first - person 3 - D shoot - ' em - ups '' . Byte . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2008 . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Video game of the week : Star Wars : Dark Forces '' . Knight Ridder . March 21 , 1995 . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2009 . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . -- via AccessMyLibrary ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Kent , Steven L. ( March 19 , 1995 ) . `` Tech Reviews CD - Rom -- Dark Forces '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved December 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Dark Forces -- PC '' . GameRankings . Retrieved December 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dulin , Ron ( May 1 , 1996 ) . `` Star Wars Dark Forces Review '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2012 . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Boulding , Aaron ( November 19 , 2002 ) . `` Star Wars Jedi Knight II : Jedi Outcast Xbox review '' . IGN . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Jedi Knight : Jedi Academy Designer Diary # 1 '' . GameSpot . August 25 , 2003 . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schedeen , Jesse ( August 12 , 2008 ) . `` Top 25 Star Wars Heroes : Day 2 '' . IGN . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Dark Forces '' . MobyGames . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Katarn , Kyle '' . StarWars.com . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2011 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kharpal , Arjun ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` Lenovo , Disney launch ' Star Wars ' Jedi aurgmented reality game that lets you use a real Lightsaber '' . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Force Unleashed '' . LucasArts . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Force Unleashed Sells 1.5 Million Units Worldwide in Under One Week '' . StarWars.com . September 23 , 2008 . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2009 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pandora -- The World of Avatar to Open May 27 , Star Wars Lands Coming in 2019 - The Walt Disney Company '' . The Walt Disney Company . February 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Parker , Ryan ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Breaks Ground on ' Star Wars ' Land in California and Florida '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2016 . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fashingbauer Cooper , Gael ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` Disney 's Star Wars land named Galaxy 's Edge , includes resort '' . CNET . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Empire of Dreams : The Story of the Star Wars Trilogy ( DVD ) . Star Wars Trilogy Box Set DVD documentary . 2004 . Jump up ^ The Force Is With Them : The Legacy of Star Wars . Star Wars Original Trilogy DVD Box Set : Bonus Materials. 2004 . Jump up ^ Star Wars and History - Lucasfilm - Google Books . Books.google.ca . October 15 , 2012 . ISBN 9781118285251 . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Utc.edu Archived June 5 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Radio New Zealand : National : Nights : 26 Aug 2010 : Star Wars and the Roman Empire '' . Radionz.co.nz . August 26 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Christopher Klein . `` The Real History That Inspired `` Star Wars '' `` . HISTORY.com . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Attack of the Clones '' . Time . 2002 - 04 - 21 . Archived from the original on 2002 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 13 . The people give their democracy to a dictator , whether it 's Julius Caesar or Napoleon or Adolf Hitler . Ultimately , the general population goes along with the idea ... That 's the issue I 've been exploring : how did the Republic turn into the Empire ? ^ Jump up to : Empire of Dreams : The Story of the Star Wars Trilogy ( documentary ) . 2004 . Jump up ^ James Dyer ( 2015 ) . `` JJ Abrams Spills Details On Kylo Ren '' . Empireonline.com . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Danesi , Marcel ( 2012 ) . Popular Culture : Introductory Perspectives . Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 165 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 1783 - 6 . Jump up ^ Brooker , Will ( 2002 ) . Using the Force : Creativity , Community , and Star Wars Fans . New York ( u.a. ) : Continuum . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 5287 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` The power of the dark side '' . Chicago Tribune . May 8 , 2005 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2011 . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Emerson , Jim ( 2007 ) . `` How Star Wars Shook The World '' . MSN Movies . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2008 . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Online NewsHour : The Impact of the Star Wars Trilogy Films -- May 19 , 2005 '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2007 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ Booker , M. Keith ; Thomas , Anne - Marie ( 30 March 2009 ) . The Science Fiction Handbook . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 9 -- 11 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 1035 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. National Film Registry Titles '' . U.S. National Film Registry . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2006 . Retrieved September 2 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` ' Empire Strikes Back ' among 25 film registry picks '' . Retrieved December 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Mike ( December 28 , 2010 ) . `` ' Empire Strikes Back , ' ' Airplane ! ' Among 25 Movies Named to National Film Registry '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Mallory ( July 21 , 2014 ) . `` A ' New ' New Hope : Film Preservation and the Problem with ' Star Wars ' '' . soundonsight.org . Sound on Sight . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . the NFR does not possess workable copies of the original versions ... Government - mandated agencies such as the National Film Registry are unable to preserve ( or even possess ) working copies of the films on their list without the consent of the author and / or copyright holder . Jump up ^ `` Request Denied : Lucas Refuses to Co-Operate with Government Film Preservation Organizations '' . savestarwars.com . Saving Star Wars . 2011 . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . When the request was made for STAR WARS , Lucasfilm offered us the Special Edition version . The offer was declined as this was obviously not the version that had been selected for the Registry . ^ Jump up to : Cook , David A. ( 2000 ) . Lost Illusions : American Cinema in the Shadow of Watergate and Vietnam , 1970 -- 1979 ( 1st paperback print . ed . ) . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 23265 - 8 . Jump up ^ Bigsby , Christopher ( 2006 ) . The Cambridge Companion to Modern American Culture ( ( Online - Ausg . ) . ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 84132 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` The power of the dark side '' . Chicago Tribune . May 8 , 2005 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2011 . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Filmmaker Kevin Smith Hosts ' The Official Star Wars Fan Film Awards ' on SCI FI Channel ; George Lucas to Present Special Honor '' . Business Wire. April 23 , 2002 . Retrieved March 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Knapton , Sarah ( April 7 , 2008 ) . `` Court to rule in Star Wars costume battle '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved April 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 360 Link '' . fh6xn3yd3x.search.serialssolutions.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 360 Link '' . fh6xn3yd3x.search.serialssolutions.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Susan Hatters ; Hall , Ryan C.W. ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Teaching Psychopathology in a Galaxy Far , Far Away : The Light Side of the Force '' . Academic Psychiatry . 39 ( 6 ) : 719 -- 725 . doi : 10.1007 / s40596 - 015 - 0340 - y . ISSN 1042 - 9670 . Jump up ^ Hall , Ryan C.W. ; Friedman , Susan Hatters ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Psychopathology in a Galaxy Far , Far Away : the Use of Star Wars ' Dark Side in Teaching '' . Academic Psychiatry . 39 ( 6 ) : 726 -- 732 . doi : 10.1007 / s40596 - 015 - 0337 - 6 . ISSN 1042 - 9670 . Jump up ^ `` Lego gets Lord Of The Rings and Hobbit licence '' . Metro . Jump up ^ Link Voxx . `` Star Wars Episode 7 News - New LEGO Star Wars Mini-Series Retelling the Whole Saga Coming to DisneyXD '' . Star Wars Episode 7 News . Jump up ^ Star Wars : Escape from the Death Star ( description ) , Board game geek , 1977 Jump up ^ Star Wars : Escape from the Death Star ( description ) , Board game geek , 1990 Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Clone Wars Edition '' . Hasbro . Retrieved March 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Risk Star Wars : The Original Trilogy Edition '' . Board game geek . Retrieved March 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Trading Cards '' . Starwarscards.net . Retrieved March 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Promotional Trading Card List '' . The Star Wars Collectors Archive . Retrieved March 28 , 2008 . Bibliography Arnold , Alan ( 1980 ) . Once Upon a Galaxy : A Journal of the Making of The Empire Strikes Back . Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 345 - 29075 - 5 . Bouzereau , Laurent ( 1997 ) . The Annotated Screenplays . Del Rey . ISBN 0 - 345 - 40981 - 7 . Kaminski , Michael ( 2007 ) . The Secret History of Star Wars . -- -- -- ( 2008 ) ( 2007 ) . The Secret History of Star Wars ( 3.0 ed . ) . Legacy Books Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9784652 - 3 - 0 . Rinzler , Jonathan W ( 2005 ) . The Making of Star Wars , Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith . Del Rey . ISBN 0 - 345 - 43139 - 1 . -- -- -- ( 2007 ) . The Making of Star Wars : The Definitive Story Behind the Original Film ( Star Wars ) . Del Rey . ISBN 0 - 345 - 49476 - 8 . Further reading Decker , Kevin S. ( March 10 , 2005 ) . Star Wars and Philosophy . Open Court . ISBN 0 - 8126 - 9583 - 6 . Campbell , Joseph ( June 1 , 1991 ) . The Power of Myth . Anchor . ISBN 0 - 385 - 41886 - 8 . Henderson , Mary ( November 3 , 1997 ) . Star Wars : The Magic of Myth . Bantam . ISBN 0 - 553 - 10206 - 0 . Larsen , Stephen ( April 1 , 2002 ) . Joseph Campbell : A Fire in the Mind . Inner Traditions . ISBN 0 - 89281 - 873 - 5 . Cavlelos , Jeanne ( May 1999 ) . The Science of Star Wars . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 20958 - 4 . Lucasfilms ( November 13 , 2012 ) . Nancy Reagin , Janice Liedl , ed . Star Wars and History . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 111 - 82852 - 55 . National Geographic Society ( October 2005 ) . Star Wars : Where Science Meets Imagination . National Geographic & Boston Museum of Science . ISBN 0 - 7922 - 4183 - 5 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Star Wars Wikibooks has more on the topic of : Star Wars Wikimedia Commons has media related to Star Wars . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Star Wars tourism . Official website Facebook page Official YouTube channel Wookieepedia : a Star Wars Wiki Star Wars Feature films Saga Star Wars The Empire Strikes Back Return of the Jedi The Phantom Menace Attack of the Clones Revenge of the Sith The Force Awakens The Last Jedi Anthology Rogue One Solo Other The Clone Wars Television Series Droids Ewoks Clone Wars The Clone Wars cast episodes Rebels characters episodes Forces of Destiny Detours ( unaired ) Films Holiday Special Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure Ewoks : The Battle for Endor Production George Lucas Lucasfilm Cast Characters Changes in film re-releases Han shot first Filming locations Opening crawl Sequel trilogy Sources and analogues Music Soundtracks Star Wars The Empire Strikes Back Return of the Jedi Ewoks Episode I : The Phantom Menace Episode II : Attack of the Clones Episode III : Revenge of the Sith The Clone Wars The Force Awakens Rogue One The Last Jedi Themes `` Star Wars ( Main Title ) '' `` The Imperial March '' `` Ewok Celebration '' `` Duel of the Fates '' `` Battle of the Heroes '' Outside media Attractions A Galactic Spectacular Jedi Training : Trials of the Temple Star Tours The Adventures Continue Galaxy 's Edge Star Wars Hotel Star Wars Hyperspace Mountain Star Wars Launch Bay Star Wars Weekends Where Science Meets Imagination Lego List of sets Droid Tales The Resistance Rises The Freemaker Adventures Merchandise Action figures Kenner list Hasbro Vintage Collection Star Wars Transformers Games Star Wars Pez Manga Force Trainer Shepperton Design Studios Trading cards Vinylmation Star Wars Rollinz toys Television specials The Making of Star Wars SP FX : The Empire Strikes Back From Star Wars to Jedi : The Making of a Saga Other Radio dramatizations Video games list Shadows of the Empire Knights of the Old Republic The Force Unleashed The Old Republic Art Books non-fiction Comics list Expanded universe characters Cultural impact 501st Legion Comparison to Star Trek Fan films Parodies Force for Change Jedi census Jediism Rebel Legion Star Wars Celebration Star Wars Day Star Wars : In Concert Star Wars Insider Wookieepedia TheForce.Net Yoda conditions Book Category Portal Fictional universe of Star Wars Concepts The Force Architecture Languages Physics Organizations First Order Galactic Empire Galactic Republic Jedi New Republic Rebel Alliance Resistance Sith Characters Admiral Gial Ackbar Padmé Amidala Cassian Andor Wedge Antilles Cad Bane Darth Bane BB - 8 Jar Jar Binks C - 3PO Lando Calrissian Chewbacca Lieutenant Connix Poe Dameron Count Dooku / Darth Tyranus Jyn Erso Boba Fett Jango Fett Finn ( FN - 2187 ) Saw Gerrera Greedo Tag Greenley General Grievous HK - 47 Jabba the Hutt General Armitage Hux Mara Jade Skywalker Kanan Jarrus Qui - Gon Jinn K - 2SO Maz Kanata Kyle Katarn Obi - Wan Kenobi Kreia Orson Krennic ( Darth ) Maul Nien Nunb Princess Leia Organa Solo Bink Otauna Emperor Sheev Palpatine / Darth Sidious Captain Phasma Admiral Piett R2 - D2 Kylo Ren ( Ben Solo ) Revan Rey Captain Rex Bodhi Rook Bail Organa Anakin Skywalker / Darth Vader Luke Skywalker Supreme Leader Snoke Han Solo Jacen Solo Starkiller Ahsoka Tano Grand Moff Tarkin Grand Admiral Thrawn Rose Tico Asajj Ventress Watto Wicket W. 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18 - 67 ( 1967 ) Filmmaker ( 1968 ) Bald : The Making of THX 1138 ( 1971 , uncredited ) Films written The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) Captain EO ( 1986 ) Willow ( 1988 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Radioland Murders ( 1994 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Films produced The Rain People ( 1969 , associate ) More American Graffiti ( 1979 ) Kagemusha ( 1980 ) Body Heat ( 1981 ) Twice Upon a Time ( 1983 ) Latino ( 1985 ) Mishima : A Life in Four Chapters ( 1985 ) Labyrinth ( 1986 ) Howard the Duck ( 1986 ) Star Tours ( 1987 ) Powaqqatsi ( 1988 ) Tucker : The Man and His Dream ( 1988 ) The Land Before Time ( 1988 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue ( 2011 ) Red Tails ( 2012 ) Television Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure ( 1984 ) Ewoks : The Battle for Endor ( 1985 ) Star Wars : Ewoks ( 1985 - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the first stars wars movie released | [
"The franchise began in 1977 with the release of the film Star Wars (later subtitled Episode IV: A New Hope in 1981[3][4]), which became a worldwide pop culture phenomenon. It was followed by the successful sequels The Empire Strikes Back (1980) and Return of the Jedi (1983); these three films constitute the original Star Wars trilogy. A prequel trilogy was released between 1999 and 2005, which received mixed reactions from both critics and fans. A sequel trilogy began in 2015 with the release of Star Wars: The Force Awakens and continued in 2017 with the release of Star Wars: The Last Jedi. The first eight films were nominated for Academy Awards (with wins going to the first two films released) and have been commercial successes, with a combined box office revenue of over US$8.5 billion,[5] making Star Wars the second highest-grossing film series.[6] Spin-off films include the animated Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008) and Rogue One (2016), the latter of which is the first in a planned series of anthology films."
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3983889081542267900 | List of The Late Late Show with James Corden episodes (2017) | List of the Late Late Show with James Corden episodes ( 2017 ) - wikipedia List of the Late Late Show with James Corden episodes ( 2017 ) Jump to : navigation , search The Late Late Show with James Corden 2017 episodes Country of origin United States No. of episodes 148 ( and 1 special ) Release Original network CBS Season chronology ← Previous 2016 episodes Next → 2018 episodes List of The Late Late Show with James Corden episodes This is the list of episodes for The Late Late Show with James Corden in 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 2017 1.1 January 1.2 February 1.3 March 1.4 April 1.5 May 1.6 June 1.7 July 1.8 August 1.9 September 1.10 October 1.11 November 1.12 December 2 References 3 External links 2017 ( edit ) January ( edit ) No . Original air date Guest ( s ) Musical / entertainment guest ( s ) 277 January 3 , 2017 Milo Ventimiglia , Janelle Monáe James Arthur James Tribute To George Michael , Emoji News 278 January 4 , 2017 Jim Parsons , America Ferrera Glass Animals Best New TV Shows In 2017 , Dust In The Wind 279 January 5 , 2017 Jamie Foxx , Kirsten Dunst , Zoe Saldana N / A Public Domain Songs 280 January 9 , 2017 Neil Patrick Harris , Sienna Miller , Tom Ford N / A Admiring The Hot Turkish Butcher , Broadway Riff - Off 281 January 10 , 2017 Mark Wahlberg , Jeremy Renner , Joel Edgerton Gabriel Iglesias Side Effects May Include 282 January 11 , 2017 Khloé Kardashian , Pharrell Williams , Cameron Dallas N / A Tonight I Learned , Spill Your Guts / Fill Your Guts 283 January 12 , 2017 Bryan Cranston , Giovanni Ribisi , Jessica Biel Jamie T TV Roundup , Kanye West Soap Opera 284 January 17 , 2017 Kate Hudson , Anders Holm , Aaron Taylor - Johnson Jim James Honest Headlines , Toddlerography 285 January 18 , 2017 Vin Diesel , Deepika Padukone OK Go Where 's Reggie 286 January 19 , 2017 Chris Hardwick , Nina Dobrev Fitz and the Tantrums Magic Trick , Nuzzle Whaaa ? 287 January 30 , 2017 Drew Carey , Keke Palmer Take That Post-Ban Trip To LAX , No Scrubs 288 January 31 , 2017 Johnny Galecki , Sting N / A Side Effects May Include , Battle of the Singing Waiters February ( edit ) No . Original air date Guest ( s ) Musical / entertainment guest ( s ) 289 February 1 , 2017 Aaron Paul , Jermaine Fowler , Jenny Slate N / A Tonight I Learned , Price Is Right Redemption 290 February 2 , 2017 Mindy Kaling , Bill Paxton Queen + Adam Lambert Front Man Battle , Stage 56 Bar Tricks 291 February 13 , 2017 Ice Cube , Ike Barinholtz Steve Aoki & Louis Tomlinson Audience Q&A , Rooftop Basketball 292 February 14 , 2017 Katherine Heigl , Lars Ulrich , Andrew Rannells Lisa Hannigan Emoji News 293 February 15 , 2017 Laura Dern , Zach Galifianakis Glen Hansard Like Us On , Visiting Super Bowl LI 294 February 16 , 2017 Matt Damon , Will Arnett Bibi Bourelly Visiting The Grammy 's 295 February 21 , 2017 Trevor Noah , Laverne Cox , Luke Wilson Noah Cyrus Seated Ballet 296 February 22 , 2017 Bob Odenkirk , David Oyelowo Bebe Rexha Side Effects May Include , The Zach Galifianakis Problem 297 February 23 , 2017 Jordan Peele , Nick Kroll Ryan Adams Remembering a Break - up Changes James 's Mood , Thr33way 298 February 27 , 2017 Chris O'Donnell , Sara Bareilles Linkin Park featuring Kiiara La La Land ' Audition , Emoji News 299 February 28 , 2017 Michelle Monaghan , Bradley Whitford London Grammar Honest Headlines , Hidden Talents March ( edit ) No . Original air date Guest ( s ) Musical / entertainment guest ( s ) 300 March 1 , 2017 Hayden Panettiere , Shirley MacLaine Myq Kaplan Celebrity Noses , Taller or Shorter 301 March 2 , 2017 Idris Elba , Jessica Lange , Scott Foley Earl St. Clair Behind The Curtain 302 March 6 , 2017 Patrick Stewart , Rupert Grint , Dan Stevens New Kids on the Block Tonight I Learned 303 March 7 , 2017 Alec Baldwin , Kerry Washington José González White House Tourists Review Donald Trump 's Appearance , None Of The Above 304 March 8 , 2017 Samuel L. Jackson , January Jones Sting The Late Late Show Without Women , Samuel L. Jackson Role Call 305 March 9 , 2017 John Goodman , Adam Pally , Jack Hanna Spoon Spot The Difference 306 March 13 , 2017 Leighton Meester , Dominic Monaghan , Blake Griffin Judah & the Lion Blake Griffin 's New Life Coach 307 March 14 , 2017 Gillian Jacobs , Jerrod Carmichael Lea Michele Late Late Show Record Collection , Were You Paying Attention ? 308 March 15 , 2017 Reese Witherspoon , Tony Goldwyn Andy Shauf Trump 's Tax Returns , Crosswalk The Musical , Wig Little Lies 309 March 16 , 2017 Vanessa Hudgens , Thomas Sadoski Lil Rel Howery Corporate Acronyms , Emoji News 310 March 20 , 2017 Abigail Spencer , Ben Platt , Tim Minchin Bea Miller Donald : The Musical 311 March 21 , 2017 Allison Williams , Darren Criss The Band Perry Donald : The Musical Alternative Titles / Like Us On , Audience Q&A 312 March 22 , 2017 Josh Gad , Judy Greer Maggie Rogers Crashing The Late Late Show , James Discusses The Westminster Attack , Behind The Curtain 313 March 23 , 2017 Terrence Howard , Jenna Elfman Nicole Scherzinger Reggie 's Birthday Cake , Honest Headlines , Fake Or Flop 314 March 27 , 2017 J.J. Redick , Scott Bakula , Pete Holmes MisterWives Tonight I Learned , Basketball Or Cake 315 March 28 , 2017 Kristen Bell , Cheryl Hines Little Mix Side Effects May Include , Up Where We Belong 316 March 29 , 2017 Victoria Beckham , Jessica Chastain , Lisa Kudrow N / A Love Triangle - Salt Bae Vs. Sax Bae , Flinch 317 March 30 , 2017 Adam Scott , Michael Peña Bea Miller Let Me Break It Down : March 2017 , Mannequin April ( edit ) No . Original air date Guest ( s ) Musical / entertainment guest ( s ) 318 April 3 , 2017 Stephen Curry , Chris Paul , Steve Nash N / A Basketball Rap & Mascot Party , Live at the NCAA Tournament Final , Dance & Kiss Cams , Stephen Curry Has a New Life Coach , Human Basketball Hoop 319 April 4 , 2017 Claire Danes , Christine Baranski , Jack McBrayer Zara Larsson featuring Ty Dolla $ ign Katy Perry Soap Opera 320 April 5 , 2017 Demi Lovato , Charlie Hunnam , Rupert Friend N / A Divas Riff - Off 321 April 17 , 2017 Kumail Nanjiani , Riz Ahmed Sabrina Carpenter Like Us On ... , Drop the Mic 322 April 18 , 2017 Shania Twain , Tyrese Gibson , Whitney Cummings Sabrina Carpenter Tonight I Learned , Behind The Curtain 323 April 19 , 2017 Adam Sandler , Kevin James Bastille Side Effects May Include ... , Youth Soccer Dad Battle w / Kevin James and Adam Sandler 324 April 20 , 2017 Anne Hathaway , Armie Hammer , Rob Delaney 6LACK Soundtrack to a Rom Com w / Anne Hathaway 325 April 24 , 2017 Jason Schwartzman , Nicole Richie , Geoffrey Rush Depeche Mode Celebrity Instagram 326 April 25 , 2017 Amanda Peet , Kal Penn , Max Minghella Kaleo Were You Paying Attention ? 327 April 26 , 2017 Ludacris , Elisabeth Moss , Eugenio Derbez The Head and the Heart FaceApp , Flinch 328 April 27 , 2017 Kurt Russell , Thomas Middleditch Russell Howard Breaking Down April 2017 , Escape From Kurt Russell May ( edit ) No . Original air date Guest ( s ) Musical / entertainment guest ( s ) 329 May 1 , 2017 Joel McHale , Jake Johnson Lisa Hannigan Honest Headlines , None Of The Above 330 May 2 , 2017 Liev Schreiber , Kelly Osbourne Ocean Park Standoff Dogs In Sunglasses , Emoji News 331 May 3 , 2017 Jane Fonda , Lily Tomlin , Taylor Schilling Ryan Adams Tonight I Learned , Mystery Door 332 May 4 , 2017 Jennifer Lopez , Terry Crews , Justin Theroux Green Day Record Collection 333 May 8 , 2017 Caitlyn Jenner , Michael Weatherly LP James Has Eyes For France 's Emmanuel Macron , Audience Q&A 334 May 9 , 2017 Eva Longoria , Sam Richardson , Paul Feig N / A Side Effects May Include , Nuzzle Whaaa ? 335 May 10 , 2017 Betty White , Ben McKenzie , Amy Brenneman Conor Oberst Mom Face - Off 336 May 11 , 2017 Goldie Hawn , Kevin Bacon Dreamcar Magic Trick , Celebrity Noses 337 May 15 , 2017 Harry Styles , Aaron Taylor - Johnson Harry Styles Flinch 338 May 16 , 2017 Ice Cube , Jason Derulo Harry Styles Side Effects May Include , James 's New Girlfriend 339 May 17 , 2017 Ewan McGregor , Billy Crudup Harry Styles EXPLOSIVE Guest Lineup , Singing Problem 340 May 18 , 2017 Benicio del Toro , Diane Lane , Michael Fassbender Harry Styles Harry Styles Carpool Karaoke , Heineken Commercial Parody Special May 22 , 2017 N / A N / A Best of Carpool Karaoke ( primetime special ) . Toddlerography , Like Us On , Carpool Karaoke with Katy Perry 341 May 22 , 2017 Lionel Richie , Jenna Dewan Tatum N / A Carpool Karaoke Replay with Katy Perry 342 May 23 , 2017 Jim Carrey , Al Madrigal , Andrew Santino Erik Griffin Dogs In Sunglasses 343 May 24 , 2017 Ed Helms , Priyanka Chopra , Kaya Scodelario Paramore Stuck On The Ceiling 344 May 25 , 2017 Orlando Bloom , Zac Efron , Zach Woods Sigrid The IT Guys June ( edit ) No . Original air date Guest ( s ) Musical / entertainment guest ( s ) 345 June 5 , 2017 Gordon Ramsay , Michael Strahan N / A Touring Central Hall # LateLateLondon Set , Drive To LAX , Flight To London 346 June 6 , 2017 Nicole Kidman , Kit Harington Ed Sheeran Celebrating London , Crosswalk The Musical - Mary Poppins , Carpool Karaoke with Ed Sheeran Note : This episode was filmed in London , U.K. 347 June 7 , 2017 Tom Cruise , Jennifer Hudson , Russell Brand , Anthony Joshua Kings of Leon Tom 's Cruise On The River Thames Corden , Drop The Mic Note : This episode was filmed in London , U.K. 348 June 8 , 2017 David Beckham , Emily Blunt Harry Styles The Phone Is For You , Soundtrack To Romeo & Juliet , The Next James Bond Note : This episode was filmed in London , U.K. 349 June 12 , 2017 Salma Hayek , Sofia Coppola Linkin Park Take A Break , 1860 's Girls Gone Wild 350 June 13 , 2017 Jane Krakowski , Kate Mara , Lily James Iggy Azalea Facetime With Kevin Durant , Flinch 351 June 14 , 2017 Fred Armisen , Tituss Burgess , Edgar Wright Gavin DeGraw Emoji News 352 June 15 , 2017 Jamie Foxx , Ansel Elgort Beth Ditto Riff - Off 353 June 19 , 2017 Ginnifer Goodwin , Eddie Izzard , Jillian Bell Jason Derulo None Of The Above 354 June 20 , 2017 Chelsea Handler , Dean Norris Khalid HIV / AIDS Council Participants Resigning , Were You Paying Attention ? 355 June 21 , 2017 Seth Rogen , Will Arnett , Alison Brie N / A Record Collection 356 June 22 , 2017 Dominic Cooper , Laura Haddock N / A Like Us On , Mystery Pizza Box July ( edit ) No . Original air date Guest ( s ) Musical / entertainment guest ( s ) 357 July 24 , 2017 Anna Faris , Mark Hamill , Jenny Slate Foster the People Guest Lineup Too Good To Be True , I Am Your Father 358 July 25 , 2017 Julie Chen , Edie Falco Maz Jobrani Usher Carpool Karaoke 359 July 26 , 2017 Al Gore , Laura Linney Mr Eazi L-G-B-T Musical , Honest Headlines , Celebrity Noses 360 July 27 , 2017 Matt Bomer , Niecy Nash Julia Michaels Like Us On , Visit To Los Angeles School of Gymnastics 361 July 31 , 2017 Chris Bosh , Mark Duplass , Jay Duplass N / A Dogs in Sunglasses , Emoji News August ( edit ) No . Original air date Guest ( s ) Musical / entertainment guest ( s ) 362 August 1 , 2017 Gordon Ramsay , Brendan Gleeson Maggie Rogers Tonight I Learned , MasterChef Junior Junior 363 August 2 , 2017 Kate Beckinsale , Adam Scott Poppy Behind The Curtain 364 August 7 , 2017 Anthony Mackie , Lily Collins Børns Obsessed With Sharknado 5 , & None Of The Above 365 August 8 , 2017 John Boyega , Jeffrey Tambor Rag'n'Bone Man Preview Of `` Carpool Karaoke : The Series '' 366 August 9 , 2017 Elizabeth Olsen , Maya Rudolph James Blunt Audience Q&A , ' The Boyega Is Mine ' - Brandy / Monica Parody 367 August 10 , 2017 Aubrey Plaza , Jeremy Renner , Chris O'Dowd Russ Side Effects May Include 368 August 14 , 2017 Billy Eichner , Riley Keough Royal Blood Drop the Mic 369 August 15 , 2017 Lin - Manuel Miranda , Nikolaj Coster - Waldau N / A Emoji News 370 August 16 , 2017 Harry Connick Jr. , Willem Dafoe , Emma Bunton Daniel Caesar Floyd Mayweather 's New Hype Man , Song Of The Summer About The Summer 371 August 17 , 2017 Julia Louis - Dreyfus , Ray Romano Billy Idol James Corden 's Message To Barcelona , Crosswalk The Musical September ( edit ) No . Original air date Guest ( s ) Musical / entertainment guest ( s ) 372 September 5 , 2017 Kathy Bates , Ed Helms Julian McCullough Emoji News 373 September 6 , 2017 Jim Gaffigan , James Van Der Beek Liam Payne Boy Bands v. Solo Artists Riff - Off 374 September 7 , 2017 Dana Carvey , Lake Bell The All - American Rejects Tonight I Learned , Dogs In Sunglasses 375 September 8 , 2017 Taron Egerton , Damian Lillard N / A Superfan Ruins Damian Lillard Interview , Reggie 's Hobbies 376 September 11 , 2017 Christian Slater , Adrianne Palicki Circus 1903 Gwyneth Paltrow Interupts Monologue , Kick It Out / Bring It Back 377 September 12 , 2017 Mindy Kaling , Olivia Munn Fifth Harmony Honest Headlines , Flinch 378 September 13 , 2017 Michael Keaton , Dylan O'Brien Superfruit Celebrity Instagram , The `` IT '' Department 379 September 14 , 2017 Andrea Riseborough , Jenna Fischer Jesus Trejo Side Effects May Include , Nick Jonas Is New Intern 380 September 18 , 2017 Lonzo Ball , Sonequa Martin - Green , Robert Winston N / A Magic Trick , Taller Or Shorter 381 September 19 , 2017 Alicia Vikander , Luke Wilson , Zach Woods Sir Sly James Wants To Be Lara Croft 382 September 20 , 2017 Mayim Bialik , Susan Kelechi Watson Billie Eilish Carpool Karaoke with Foo Fighters 383 September 21 , 2017 Judi Dench , Kyle MacLachlan Kasabian ' Twin Peaks ' Red Room , Lawrence O'Donnell's Freak Out 384 September 25 , 2017 Jeremy Piven , America Ferrera , Lior Suchard N / A Tonight I Learned 385 September 26 , 2017 Channing Tatum , Adam Scott , Diego Luna N / A Emoji News 386 September 27 , 2017 Billie Lourd , Maggie Gyllenhaal , Tim Roth Macklemore Magic Mike Live 387 September 28 , 2017 Don Johnson , Minnie Driver Barns Courtney Apple Watch Hidden Figures , Wheelin ' N Dealin ' - Spin for Cash ! October ( edit ) No . Original air date Guest ( s ) Musical / entertainment guest ( s ) 388 October 2 , 2017 Jeff Goldblum , Jay Pharoah , Elizabeth Gillies The Shins James acknowledges the 2017 Las Vegas shooting , None Of The Above 389 October 3 , 2017 Julia Roberts , Ben Schwartz Shania Twain Take A Break 390 October 4 , 2017 Cheryl Hines , Mark Feuerstein N / A 3 Minutes Of Christmas , Julia Roberts Role Call 391 October 5 , 2017 Michael Fassbender , Ana de Armas , Jack Hanna N / A Like Us On , Audience Q&A 392 October 9 , 2017 Jeff Bridges , David Boreanaz Liam Gallagher Jeopardy 's Austin Rogers Is James Corden 's New Bae , ' SEAL Team ' for James ' Billboard 393 October 10 , 2017 Jennifer Connelly , Jason Alexander , Mark Consuelos N / A Miley Cyrus Carpool Karaoke 394 October 11 , 2017 Josh Gad , Rachel Bloom , Michelle Dockery Charlie Puth Spill Your Guts Or Fill Your Guts 395 October 12 , 2017 Luke Evans , Usher Lindsey Buckingham & Christine McVie Riff Off , SWAT Team Fail 396 October 23 , 2017 Gabrielle Union , Method Man Sabrina Claudio Method Man Is Over Rhyming , Emoji News 397 October 24 , 2017 Cedric the Entertainer , Usain Bolt Jesus Trejo Dogs In Sunglasses , James Challenges Usain Bolt To ALL The Games 398 October 25 , 2017 Anna Wintour , Zac Posen Everything Everything UNBELIEVABLE List Of Upcoming Guests , Spill Your Guts Or Fill Your Guts 399 October 26 , 2017 Dustin Hoffman , Kenneth Branagh , Jordan Spieth N / A Record Collection , Target Practice 400 October 30 , 2017 Miles Teller , Whitney Cummings Fergie Drop The Mic 401 October 31 , 2017 Allison Janney , Ludacris , Rep. Nancy Pelosi Iliza Shlesinger Politics At The Pub , Reggie Always Keeps Scaring James November ( edit ) No . Original air date Guest ( s ) Musical / entertainment guest ( s ) 402 November 1 , 2017 Mila Kunis , Jim Parsons N / A Sam Smith Carpool Karaoke 403 November 2 , 2017 Kristen Bell , Dianna Agron Gary Clark Jr . Thor : Ragnarok 4D 404 November 6 , 2017 Matt LeBlanc , William H. Macy , Hailey Baldwin Weezer James acknowledges the Sutherland Springs church shooting , Nuzzle Whaaa ? 405 November 7 , 2017 Rainn Wilson , Jack Whitehall , Novak Djokovic Ty Dolla $ ign Celebrity Noses , Target Practice 406 November 8 , 2017 Neil deGrasse Tyson , Saoirse Ronan , The Cast of Stranger Things Billy Corgan The Upside Downs 407 November 9 , 2017 Gael García Bernal , Jason Momoa Sam Smith Side Effects May Include , Animals Riding Animals 408 November 13 , 2017 Jason Segel , Seth Rogen Jaden Smith Famine In Yemen , Were You Paying Attention 409 November 14 , 2017 Emmy Rossum , January Jones N / A Pink Carpool Karaoke 410 November 15 , 2017 Kim Kardashian West , Ludacris Amy Shark Celebrity Instagram , Spill Your Guts Or Fill Your Guts 411 November 16 , 2017 Debra Messing , Taran Killam , Sam Rockwell Bebe Rexha featuring Florida Georgia Line None Of The Above 412 November 20 , 2017 Kate Bosworth , Shemar Moore Portugal . The Man Mystery Pizza Box 413 November 21 , 2017 Chris Hardwick , Camila Mendes Rag'n'Bone Man Face Your Father 414 November 22 , 2017 Krysten Ritter , Josh Hutcherson N / A Late Late LIVE Tinder 415 November 29 , 2017 Armie Hammer , Juno Temple Charlie Puth Kelly Clarkson Carpool Karaoke 416 November 30 , 2017 Bryan Cranston , Timothée Chalamet BTS Honest Headlines , Flinch December ( edit ) No . Original air date Guest ( s ) Musical / entertainment guest ( s ) 417 December 4 , 2017 Denis Leary , Bob Odenkirk Stereophonics Bryan Cranston Is The Elf on the Shelf 418 December 5 , 2017 Matthew Broderick , Gina Rodriguez , Christopher Meloni N / A Omarosa 's White House Job , Christmas Giveaway 419 December 6 , 2017 Kristen Wiig , Seth MacFarlane Romesh Ranganathan Kristen Wiig Struggles with ' Hallelujah ' 420 December 7 , 2017 Morgan Freeman , Kobe Bryant , Glen Keane N / A Take A Break 421 December 11 , 2017 James Franco , Dave Franco Hanson Emoji News , Santa Claus Is Comin ' To Town ' Carpool Karaoke 422 December 12 , 2017 Owen Wilson , Jane Krakowski , Joel Edgerton Seal James Corden is out due to the birth of his newborn daughter , and is replaced by Harry Styles . Dogs In Sunglasses 423 December 13 , 2017 Dwayne Johnson , Jack Black Tim Minchin James Corden is still out due to the birth of his newborn daughter , and is replaced by Bryan Cranston . Side Effects May Include , Animals Riding Animals 424 December 14 , 2017 Hugh Jackman , John Cena N / A Crosswalk the Musical on Broadway References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Late Late Show with James Corden '' . thetvdb . External links ( edit ) James Corden on Twitter The Late Late Show with James Corden at CBS The Late Late Show with James Corden on Twitter The Late Late Show with James Corden on Facebook List of The Late Late Show with James Corden episodes at TV.com List of The Late Late Show with James Corden episodes on IMDb ( hide ) The Late Late Show Hosts Ferguson ( episodes ) Corden ( episodes ) Hosts Tom Snyder ( 1995 -- 99 ) Craig Kilborn ( 1999 -- 2004 ) Craig Ferguson ( 2005 -- 14 ) 2015 guest hosts James Corden ( 2015 -- ) See also Late Show Geoff Peterson Carpool Karaoke : The Series Drop the Mic CBS Television City Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Late_Late_Show_with_James_Corden_episodes_(2017)&oldid=830050656 '' Categories : The Late Late Show with James Corden 2017 - related lists Hidden categories : Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 March 2018 , at 12 : 53 . About Wikipedia | when does bts go on the james corden show | [
"\n\nNo.\nOriginal air date\nGuest(s)\nMusical/entertainment guest(s)\n\n\n\n402\n\nNovember 1, 2017\nMila Kunis, Jim Parsons\nN/A\n\n\nSam Smith Carpool Karaoke\n\n\n\n403\n\nNovember 2, 2017\nKristen Bell, Dianna Agron\nGary Clark Jr.\n\n\nThor: Ragnarok 4D\n\n\n\n404\n\nNovember 6, 2017\nMatt LeBlanc, William H. Macy, Hailey Baldwin\nWeezer\n\n\nJames acknowledges the Sutherland Springs church shooting, Nuzzle Whaaa?\n\n\n\n405\n\nNovember 7, 2017\nRainn Wilson, Jack Whitehall, Novak Djokovic\nTy Dolla $ign\n\n\nCelebrity Noses, Target Practice\n\n\n\n406\n\nNovember 8, 2017\nNeil deGrasse Tyson, Saoirse Ronan, The Cast of Stranger Things\nBilly Corgan\n\n\nThe Upside Downs\n\n\n\n407\n\nNovember 9, 2017\nGael García Bernal, Jason Momoa\nSam Smith\n\n\nSide Effects May Include, Animals Riding Animals\n\n\n\n408\n\nNovember 13, 2017\nJason Segel, Seth Rogen\nJaden Smith\n\n\nFamine In Yemen, Were You Paying Attention\n\n\n\n409\n\nNovember 14, 2017\nEmmy Rossum, January Jones\nN/A\n\n\nPink Carpool Karaoke\n\n\n\n410\n\nNovember 15, 2017\nKim Kardashian West, Ludacris\nAmy Shark\n\n\nCelebrity Instagram, Spill Your Guts Or Fill Your Guts\n\n\n\n411\n\nNovember 16, 2017\nDebra Messing, Taran Killam, Sam Rockwell\nBebe Rexha featuring Florida Georgia Line\n\n\nNone Of The Above\n\n\n\n412\n\nNovember 20, 2017\nKate Bosworth, Shemar Moore\nPortugal. The Man\n\n\nMystery Pizza Box\n\n\n\n413\n\nNovember 21, 2017\nChris Hardwick, Camila Mendes\nRag'n'Bone Man\n\n\nFace Your Father\n\n\n\n414\n\nNovember 22, 2017\nKrysten Ritter, Josh Hutcherson\nN/A\n\n\nLate Late LIVE Tinder\n\n\n\n415\n\nNovember 29, 2017\nArmie Hammer, Juno Temple\nCharlie Puth\n\n\nKelly Clarkson Carpool Karaoke\n\n\n\n416\n\nNovember 30, 2017\nBryan Cranston, Timothée Chalamet\nBTS\n\n\nHonest Headlines, Flinch\n\n"
] | [
"November 30, 2017"
] |
7839239725227828953 | Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean) | Davy Jones ( Pirates of the Caribbean ) - wikipedia Davy Jones ( Pirates of the Caribbean ) Jump to : navigation , search Davy Jones Pirates of the Caribbean character Bill Nighy as Davy Jones in Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest Portrayed by Bill Nighy Appearance ( s ) Dead Man 's Chest At World 's End Dead Men Tell No Tales Information Gender Male Occupation Captain , Flying Dutchman Flagship captain of Beckett 's E.I.T.C. Armada ( temporanly ) Guide for souls lost at sea ( abandoned ) Brethren status Involved in the 1st Court Ship ( s ) served on Flying Dutchman Weaponry Left hand claw Single - handed broadsword , DMC Norrington 's Smallsword , AWE . Ships attacked Edinburgh Trader Black Pearl Empress Endeavor Various unnamed ships Davy Jones is a fictional character and one of the main antagonists of the Pirates of the Caribbean film series , portrayed by Bill Nighy . He debut in the second film Dead Man 's Chest as the main antagonist and return in the third film At World 's End as one of the two main antagonists ( the other is Cutler Beckett ) , respectively , and appear at the end of the series ' fifth installment , Dead Men Tell No Tales who suggests will back in a possibile sixth film . He is the captain of the Flying Dutchman ( based on the ghost ship of the same name ) . The computer - generated imagery used to complete Jones was named by Entertainment Weekly as the tenth favorite computer generated film character in film history , behind King Kong in 2007 . The work on Davy Jones by Industrial Light and Magic earned them the 2006 Academy Award for Visual Effects for Dead Man 's Chest . The character is based on the superstition of Davy Jones ' Locker . In contrast to the historical legends , the films ' Davy Jones is a villain . Contents ( hide ) 1 Conception and creation 1.1 Design and appearance 2 Fictional character biography 2.1 Before the films 2.2 Dead Man 's Chest 2.3 At World 's End 2.4 Dead Men Tell No Tales 3 Characterization 3.1 Music 3.2 Powers and abilities 4 Merchandise 5 References 6 External links Conception and creation ( edit ) From real to reality : Davy Jones is brought to life . See also : Industrial Light & Magic , Motion capture , Computer - generated imagery , and photorealism Before officially casting Bill Nighy , producers also met with Jim Broadbent , Iain Glen and Richard E. Grant for the role . Like the entire crew of the Flying Dutchman ( except `` Bootstrap Bill '' ) , Davy Jones 's physical appearance is completely 3 - D computer - generated . Nighy 's performance was recorded using motion capture during actual filming on the set , with Nighy wearing several markers in both a grey suit and his face , rather than in a studio during post-production . Nighy also wore make - up around his eyes , since the original plan was to use his real eyes , if necessary to get the proper lighting , in the digital character ; he also wore make - up on his lips and around his mouth , to assist in the motion capture of his character 's Scottish accent . Briefly during the third film , Jones appears as a human for a single scene , played by Nighy in costume . Several reviewers have in fact mistakenly identified Nighy as wearing prosthetic makeup due to the computer - generated character 's photorealism . Design and appearance ( edit ) Davy Jones ' physique was designed by the films ' producers to be a mixture of various aquatic flora and fauna features . Jones ' most striking feature is his cephalopod - like head , with octopus - like appendages giving the illusion of a thick beard . The major features of the Davy Jones ' physique bear strong resemblance to the mythical Cthulhu created by H.P. Lovecraft . In Lovecraft 's short story `` The Call of Cthulhu '' he describes the creature as `` ... a monster of vaguely anthropoid outline , but with an octopus - like head whose face was a mass of feelers , a scaly , rubbery - looking body , prodigious claws on hind and fore feet ... '' It is revealed in the bonus features of the Special Edition DVD that the face 's color was partly inspired by a coffee - stained styrofoam cup which was then scanned into ILM 's computers to be used as the skin . The character of Davy Jones has also a crustacean - style claw for his left arm , a long tentacle in place of the index finger on his right hand , and the right leg of a crab ( resembling a pegleg ) . He also speaks with a clearly distinguishable , albeit thick , Scottish accent that 's slightly altered to account for his lack of a nose , and presumably , a nasal cavity and / or sinuses . Originally , director Gore Verbinski wanted Jones to be Dutch , as he is the captain of the `` Dutch - man '' . Nighy however responded , `` I do n't do Dutch . So I decided on Scottish . '' Nighy later revealed that Scottish sitcom Still Game influenced his choice of accent , stating : `` I had to find an accent no one else had . Although Alex Norton is Scottish , mine was slightly different . We wanted something that was distinctive and authoritative ... I have seen Still Game and I am a fan . The sort of extremity of the accent was inspired in that area . '' Fictional character biography ( edit ) Before the films ( edit ) See also : Tia Dalma and Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest Davy Jones , a human and a great sailor , fell in love with Calypso , a sea goddess . She entrusted him with the task of ferrying the souls of those who died at sea to the next world . Calypso gave him the Flying Dutchman to accomplish this task . She swore that after ten years , she would meet him and they would spend one day together before he returned to his duties . However , when Jones returned to shore after ten years , Calypso failed to appear . Believing Calypso had betrayed him , a heartbroken and enraged Davy Jones turned the Pirate Brethren against her , saying that if she were removed from the world , they would be able to claim the seas for themselves . They assembled in the First Brethren Court and Jones taught them how to imprison her into her human form . Despite betraying her , Jones still loved Calypso , and in despair and guilt for what he had done , he carved out his own heart and placed it in the `` Dead Man 's Chest '' . The Chest was sealed and placed within a larger wooden chest , along with Jones ' numerous love letters to Calypso and all other items having to do with her , except his matching musical locket . The chest was then buried on Isla Cruces . Jones kept the chest 's key with him at all times . With Calypso gone , Jones abandoned his duties and returned to the Seven Seas . As a result of this , Jones gradually became monstrous , his physical appearance merging with various aquatic fauna . Sailors everywhere would fear him to the death , for Davy Jones had turned fierce and cruel , with an insatiable taste for all things brutal . Jones recruits dying sailors by promising them a reprieve from death in exchange for 100 years of service aboard the Dutchman . He comes to command the Kraken , a feared mythological sea monster . In the book series about Jack Sparrow 's earlier adventures , Davy Jones shows interest in the Sword of Cortes , also sought by Jack . He is a minor character , but appears in the seventh book as Jack and his crew encounter the Flying Dutchman . Jones also appears in the prequel book about Jack 's first years as a captain . He helps the Brethren Court to identify the traitor among them , who turns out to be Borya Palachnik , the Pirate Lord of the Caspian Sea . Before the events of the first film , Davy Jones approaches Sparrow with a deal : Jones will raise the Black Pearl back from Davy Jones ' Locker , allowing Sparrow to be captain for 13 years if Sparrow agrees to serve on the Dutchman for 100 years . This event , referenced in the films , also appears in the book series . Dead Man 's Chest ( edit ) Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest Davy Jones first appears in the second film ; Dead Man 's Chest he attempts to collect on his bargain with Jack Sparrow . Sparrow argues that he was only captain for two years before one of his crew members Hector Barbossa committed mutiny , but Jones rejects this explanation . Sparrow then attempts to escape the deal by providing Will Turner as a substitute for himself . Jack strikes a new deal with Jones ; Jack will be spared enslavement on the Dutchman if he brings Jones one hundred souls to replace his own within the next three days . Jones accepts , removes the black spot from Jack 's hand , and retains Will , keeping him as a `` good faith payment . '' Jones and some of the Flying Dutchman crew after Will challenges him to Liar 's Dice . While on the Dutchman , Will challenges Jones at a game of liar 's dice . They wager Will 's soul for an eternity of service against the key to the Dead Man 's Chest . Bootstrap Bill joins the game and purposefully loses to save Will . During the game , Will learns where Jones keeps the key . The next morning , Jones realizes the key is gone and summons the Kraken to destroy the ship carrying Turner , who actually survives . The Dutchman then sails to Isla Cruces to stop Sparrow from getting the Chest . Arriving , Jones sends his crew to retrieve the Chest ; they return to him with it . The Dutchman then chases after the Black Pearl , but is outrun . Jones summons the Kraken , which drags Jack Sparrow and the Pearl to Davy Jones 's Locker . He afterwards opens the Chest only to find his heart missing ; it having been taken by James Norrington , who gives it to Cutler Beckett of the East India Trading Company . At World 's End ( edit ) Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End See also : Cutler Beckett In the third film At World 's End , Jones is under the control of Cutler Beckett and the East India Trading Company . Beckett possesses the heart , and threatens to have soldiers shoot it if Jones disobeys . Beckett orders Jones to sink pirate ships , but is infuriated when Jones leaves no survivors ; Beckett wants prisoners to interrogate about the Brethren Court . Beckett orders Jones to kill the Kraken . Later , he orders Jones attack the Pirate Lord Sao Feng ; Jones subsequently kills Sao and captures Elizabeth Swann , who had been named captain by Sao Feng upon his death . When Admiral James Norrington dies on board the Dutchman helping Elizabeth escape , Jones claims Norrington 's sword ( originally crafted by Will Turner ) . Jones then attempts mutiny against the EITC . However , Mercer successfully defends the Chest , forcing Jones to continue under Beckett 's service . Beckett later summons Jones to his ship , the Endeavour . Jones confronts Will Turner and divulges his past with Calypso , while learning of Jack Sparrow 's escape from the Locker . The three men then arrive at Shipwreck Cove . Human Davy Jones . Jones confronts Calypso , locked in the brig of the Black Pearl . The two former lovers discuss Calypso 's betrayal and Jones 's curse . Calypso temporarily lifts his curse , allowing him to be seen briefly in his original human form . Jones tells her that his heart will always belong to her . Calypso , unaware that Jones betrayed her to the first Brethren Court , says that after her release , she will fully give her love to him . Jones participates in a parley in which the EITC trades Turner for Sparrow . After Calypso is freed , Will reveals that Jones betrayed her . She escapes , refusing to aid either the pirates or Jones . Her fury creates a monstrous maelstrom . The Dutchman and the Pearl enter it and battle . During the battle Jones kills Mercer and retrieves the key to the Chest . Sparrow and Jones fight for control of the chest in the rigging of the Dutchman . Jack acquires both the Chest and the key while Jones battles Will and Elizabeth . Jones quickly overpowers Elizabeth , and is subsequently impaled through the back by Will . Jones , unharmed , holds Will at sword - point . Jack threatens to stab the heart , and Jones cruelly stabs Will . Remembering Will as his son , Bootstrap Bill briefly fights and overpowers Jones , but is quickly defeated . Jones attempts to kill Bootstrap , but Jack helps Will stab the heart . Jones then calls out for Calypso , before tumbling to his death in the maelstrom . Dead Men Tell no Tales ( edit ) Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales In the post-credits scene of the fifth film Dead Men Tell No Tales , Will ( no longer bounded to the Flying Dutchman after the destruction of the Trident of Poseidon ) and Elizabeth are sleeping in their bed together , when their room is entered by the silhouette of an apparently resurrected Davy Jones . Just as Jones raises his clawed arm to strike at the couple , Will awakens and the room is empty . Assuming Jones 's appearance to be a nightmare , Will goes back to sleep , oblivious to the presence of barnacles on the floor amid a small puddle of seawater , suggesting it was no dream . Characterization ( edit ) Music ( edit ) In the films , Jones possesses a locket that plays a distinct melody , and he is known to play the same melody on his pipe organ . This melody is also his character 's theme , and can be heard throughout the film 's score . It comes in two variations : The soundtrack version and the film version . The melody of the soundtrack version is heard only in Dead Man 's Chest . The film version is played in both films multiple times , and is heard last during the climax of the film . Because Jones and Calypso own matching locket lockets , Tia Dalma 's theme is similar to that of Davy Jones , albeit in a different arrangement . The theme is also heard briefly after Jones ' appearance in Dead Men Tell No Tales . Powers and abilities ( edit ) See also : Flying Dutchman ( Pirates of the Caribbean ) and Kraken ( Pirates of the Caribbean ) Davy Jones possesses a large number of supernatural abilities . Jones is capable of teleportation on board the Flying Dutchman and the Black Pearl , and he can pass through solid objects . Jones is immortal , capable of surviving injuries that would be fatal to mortals . However , he is not impervious to pain , as demonstrated when Jack was able to cut off some of his facial tentacles during their battle . Jones can also track any soul that is owed to him using the black spot , with which any member of his crew can mark a victim . Jones has also the power to control and call forth the Kraken , a sea monster which can destroy ships upon command . In a physical confrontation , Jones ' physiology also gives him various advantages ; his facial tentacles allow him to manipulate objects while leaving his hands free , such that he is able to restrain Mercer 's arms with his hands while smothering him with his tentacles . His tentacle finger allows him to exert a much stronger grip and control his sword more quickly and precisely than a normal hand could , and his crab claw hand possesses enough strength to bend or sever sword blades . He also demonstrates more general superhuman strength when he throws Jack off the crossbeam using only one arm . Merchandise ( edit ) Davy Jones was part of Series One of the Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest action figure set produced by NECA . Although the initial run of figures had a sticker on the box that proclaimed that the figure came with the Dead Man 's Chest and Jones ' heart , both props ( as well as the key ) were released with the Bootstrap Bill figure in Series Two . Jones also made an appearance as a smaller figure with crew members Angler , Wheelback and Penrod . Jones was issued as a plush toy as part of Sega 's `` Dead Man 's Chest '' plush assortment . Jones was also part of a 3 figure pack as a 3.75 inch figure with Hector Barbossa and a limited edition gold Jack Sparrow for At World 's End . Davy Jones and his ship , the Flying Dutchman , were produced as a Mega Blocks set for the movies Dead Man 's Chest and Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End . Although his minifigure counterpart in the Dead Man 's Chest set has more bluish tentacles then his counterpart in the At World 's End set , which has more greenish tentacles . He was made as a Lego minifigure in November 2011 , with 4184 Black Pearl . A children 's and adult Halloween costumes were released for Halloween 2007 . Davy Jones was released as a PEZ dispenser , along with Jack Sparrow and Will Turner . Hot Toys also announced plans to make a 1 : 6 version of Davy Jones which became available Q2 2008 , and is widely regarded as more detailed than those produced by NECA . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest , Ch. 19 ( Seen after the Kraken Attack ) Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End , crab claw for left hand Ch. 14 Jump up ^ `` Our 10 Favorite CG Characters '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Grant , Richard E. ( 2006 ) . The Wah - Wah Diaries : The Making of a Film . Chatham , Kent : Picador . ISBN 978 - 0 - 330 - 44197 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest , second disc , `` Meet Davy Jones '' Jump up ^ `` An interview with Director Gore Verbinski '' . Post Magazine . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2008 . Retrieved December 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Various quotations and references '' . Never Been Typed . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` An interview with Bill Nighy '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Review by Russ Breimeier '' . ChristianityToday.com . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` A review by Iloz Zoc '' . BlogCritics.org . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2007 . Retrieved July 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Davy / Nighy news update '' . BillNighy.info . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End , Ch. 8 ^ Jump up to : Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End , Ch. 15 Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean : The Price of Freedom , Ch. 8 The Devil in the Deep Blue Sea Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean : The Price of Freedom , Ch. 19 The Freedom 's Price Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End , Ch. 5 Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End , Ch. 12 Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End , Ch. 14 Jump up ^ Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End , Ch. 19 ^ Jump up to : Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End , Ch. 21 through 24 Jump up ^ http://thekingdominsider.com/pirates-6-post-credits-scene-added-pirates-caribbean-dead-men-tell-no-tales/ Jump up ^ crawford . `` Pirates of the Caribbean Dead Man 's Chest action figures -- Another Toy Review by Michael Crawford , Captain Toy '' . Mwctoys.com . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 11 . External links ( edit ) Davy Jones on IMDb ( hide ) Pirates of the Caribbean Film series The Curse of the Black Pearl video game soundtrack Dead Man 's Chest video game soundtrack At World 's End video game soundtrack On Stranger Tides soundtrack Dead Men Tell No Tales soundtrack Theme park attractions Pirates of the Caribbean Battle for the Sunken Treasure The Legend of Captain Jack Sparrow Pirate 's Lair on Tom Sawyer Island Mickey 's Pirate and Princess Party Characters Jack Sparrow Hector Barbossa Will Turner Elizabeth Swann Joshamee Gibbs James Norrington Davy Jones Pintel and Ragetti Bootstrap Bill Cutler Beckett Tia Dalma Universe Black Pearl Flying Dutchman Queen Anne 's Revenge Kraken Locations Music List of songs in the film series `` Yo Ho ( A Pirate 's Life for Me ) '' Soundtrack Treasures Collection Swashbuckling Sea Songs 1966 soundtrack `` He 's a Pirate '' Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Remixes Video games Pirates of the Caribbean Pirates of the Caribbean : The Legend of Jack Sparrow Pirates of the Caribbean Online Pirates of the Caribbean Multiplayer Mobile Kingdom Hearts II Pirates of the Caribbean : Armada of the Damned Lego Pirates of the Caribbean : The Video Game Disney Infinity Books Jack Sparrow Legends of the Brethren Court The Price of Freedom Other Trading Card Game Pinball machine Lego Pirates of the Caribbean Accolades for the film series Rob Kidd Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Davy_Jones_(Pirates_of_the_Caribbean)&oldid=801328276 '' Categories : Pirates of the Caribbean characters CGI characters Fictional personifications of death Adventure film characters Fictional characters who can teleport Fictional characters who can turn intangible Fictional characters with superhuman strength Fictional ship captains Fictional mass murderers Fictional undead Fictional pirates Fictional swordsmen Fictional Scottish people Fictional demons and devils Fictional characters introduced in 2006 Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2011 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Dansk Eesti Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano Magyar Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 01 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays davey jones in pirates of the caribbean | [
"Davy Jones is a fictional character and one of the main antagonists of the Pirates of the Caribbean film series, portrayed by Bill Nighy. He debut in the second film Dead Man's Chest as the main antagonist and return in the third film At World's End as one of the two main antagonists (the other is Cutler Beckett), respectively, and appear at the end of the series' fifth installment, Dead Men Tell No Tales who suggests will back in a possibile sixth film. He is the captain of the Flying Dutchman (based on the ghost ship of the same name)."
] | [
"Bill Nighy"
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-4336419139859851905 | Dick Tufeld | Dick Tufeld - wikipedia Dick Tufeld Jump to : navigation , search Dick Tufeld ( 1926 - 12 - 11 ) December 11 , 1926 Los Angeles , California , U.S. January 22 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 22 ) ( aged 85 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Cause of death Congestive heart failure Resting place Mount Sinai Memorial Park Cemetery Alma mater Northwestern University Occupation Voice actor Years active 1945 -- 2004 Spouse ( s ) Adrienne Tufeld ( 1948 -- 2004 , her death ) Richard Norton `` Dick '' Tufeld ( December 11 , 1926 -- January 22 , 2012 ) was an American actor , announcer , narrator and voice actor from the late 1940s until the early 21st century . He was a well - known presence on television as an announcer , but his most famous role as the Robot in the television series , Lost in Space . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and career 2 Television and later life 3 References 4 External links Early life and career ( edit ) Born in Los Angeles , California , to a Russian father and a Canadian mother , he spent his childhood in Pasadena , California . Tufeld attended the Northwestern University School of Communication , then known as the university 's School of Speech . In 1945 , he obtained a job as an engineer at KLAC , a radio station in Los Angeles . Tufeld 's voice career began in radio . He was the announcer on ABC 's The Amazing Mr. Malone in early 1950 ( before the show moved to New York and NBC ) ; then on Alan Reed 's Falstaff 's Fables , a five - minute ABC radio program that began in the fall of 1950 . From October 25 , 1952 to March 19 , 1955 , Tufeld was the announcer for the entire run of ABC Radio 's Space Patrol . Television and later life ( edit ) Tufeld moved to television in 1955 , working in ABC daytime programming and anchoring The Three Star Final , a 15 - minute newscast on KABC - TV , Los Angeles . It debuted on October 3 , 1955 at noon ( replacing Wrangler Jim ) , then moved to 11 p.m. on April 2 , 1956 . Tufeld was often heard as the announcer on Disney television shows , including the 1957 -- 1959 series Zorro starring future Lost in Space lead Guy Williams . He had periods as the house announcer on two ABC variety series , The Hollywood Palace and The Julie Andrews Hour . In 1954 , he was cast in assorted roles in fifteen episodes of Gene Autry Productions 's syndicated television series , Annie Oakley , which starred Gail Davis and Brad Johnson . Tufeld is perhaps best known as the voice of the Robot in the CBS television series Lost in Space , a role he reprised for the 1998 feature film . He also provided narrations for many other Irwin Allen productions , such as ABC 's Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea and The Time Tunnel , and did voice work for the 1978 animated television series Fantastic Four . He narrated several episodes of Thundarr the Barbarian ( 1980 ) . He was the main title narrator on the 1979 DePatie - Freleng series , Spider - Woman , as well as the main title announcer on the 1981 Marvel Productions show Spider - Man and His Amazing Friends . He commissioned a home by architect Gregory Ain in 1952 . He died in 2012 of congestive heart failure . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dick Tufeld , Robot Voice in TV 's ' Lost in Space , ' Dies at 85 ^ Jump up to : Anthony Hayward `` Dick Tufeld : Actor who voiced Robbie the Robot in ' Lost in Space ' '' , The Independent , 28 February 2012 Jump up ^ Minovitz , Ethan ( 24 January 2012 ) . `` Dick Tufeld , 85 , voiced robot on `` Lost in Space '' `` . Big Cartoon News . Retrieved 24 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Staff , Variety ( 24 January 2012 ) . `` Dick Tufeld dies at 85 , Radio , TV announcer was voice of ' Lost in Space ' robot '' . Variety . Retrieved 24 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Denzer , Anthony ( 2008 ) . Gregory Ain : The Modern Home as Social Commentary . Rizzoli Publications . ISBN 0 - 8478 - 3062 - 4 . Jump up ^ Noland , Claire ( 2012 - 01 - 25 ) . `` Dick Tufeld dies at 85 ; actor who intoned ' Danger , Will Robinson ! ' '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 25 . California portal Radio portal Television portal External links ( edit ) Dick Tufeld at Find a Grave Dick Tufeld on IMDb VIAF : 121898710 MusicBrainz : 06bac8eb - 17e3 - 4122 - a77e - 175103598cf8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dick_Tufeld&oldid=826973490 '' Categories : 1926 births 2012 deaths Male actors from Los Angeles American people of Russian - Jewish descent American people of Canadian descent American male voice actors American male television actors Jewish American male actors Northwestern University School of Communication alumni Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with hCards Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 22 February 2018 , at 01 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who voiced the robot in lost in space | [
"Richard Norton \"Dick\" Tufeld (December 11, 1926 – January 22, 2012) was an American actor, announcer, narrator and voice actor from the late 1940s until the early 21st century. He was a well-known presence on television as an announcer, but his most famous role as the Robot in the television series, Lost in Space."
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"\"Dick\" Tufeld"
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4106253697205020865 | Qibla | Qibla - wikipedia Qibla Jump to : navigation , search The current Qiblah of Islam , the Kaaba in the Great Mosque of Mecca The former Qiblah of Islam , the Temple Mount ( where Al - Aqsa Mosque now stands ) , in the Old City of Jerusalem The Qibla ( Arabic : قِـبْـلَـة , `` Direction '' ) , also transliterated as Qiblah , Qibleh , Kiblah , Kıble or Kibla , is the direction that should be faced when a Muslim prays during Ṣalāṫ ( Arabic : صَـلَاة ) . It is fixed as the direction of the Kaaba in the Hejazi city of Mecca . Most mosques contain a wall niche that indicates the Qiblah , which is known as a miḥrâb ( Arabic : مِـحْـرَاب ) . Most multifaith prayer rooms will also contain a Qibla , although usually less standardized in appearance than one would find within a mosque . Muslims all praying towards the same point is traditionally considered to symbolize the unity of the Ummah ( Arabic : اُمَّـة , the community Muslims worldwide ) , under Sharī'ah ( Arabic : شَـرِيْـعَـة , Law of God ) . The Qiblah also has importance beyond Salah , and plays a part in various ceremonies . The head of an animal that is slaughtered using Ḥalāl ( Arabic : حَـلَال , ' Allowed ' ) methods is usually aligned with the Qiblah . After death , Muslims are usually buried with the body at right angles to the Qibla and the face turned right towards the direction of the Qiblah . Thus , archaeology can indicate an Islamic necropolis , if no other signs are present . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Determinations 2.1 Islamic mathematics 2.2 North American interpretations 2.3 From space 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links 6.1 Online tools History ( edit ) See also : Abraham in Islam § Relationship with Islamic shrines Part of a series on Islamic jurisprudence ( fiqh ) Ritual ( show ) Shahada Salat Raka'ah Qibla Turbah Sunnah salat ( Tahajjud Tarawih ) Witr Nafl salat Sawm Zakat Hajj Ihram ( clothing Mut'ah ) Tawaf Umrah ( and Hajj ) Political ( show ) Islamic leadership Caliphate Imamah Wilayat al - faqih Bay'ah Dhimmi Marital ( show ) Marriage Contract Mahr Misyar Halala Urfi Mut'ah Polygyny Divorce Khula Zihar Iddah Kafa'ah Adoption Sexual ( show ) Masturbation Hygiene Sexual violation Zina Awrah Criminal ( show ) Hudud Blasphemy Maisir ( gambling ) Zina ( illicit sex ) Hirabah ( unlawful warfare ) Fasad ( `` mischief '' ) Rajm ( stoning ) Tazir ( discretionary ) Qisas ( retaliation ) Diya ( compensation ) Etiquette ( show ) Adab Gender segregation Mahram Honorifics Rada Toilet Economic ( show ) History Zakat Jizya Nisab Khums Sadaqah ( Waqf ) Bayt al - mal Banking Riba Murabaha Takaful Sukuk Inheritance Hygiene ( show ) Sexual Toilet Taharah Ihram Wudu Masah Ghusl Tayammum Miswak Najis Dietary Dhabihah Alcohol Pork Comparison with kashrut Military ( show ) Jihad Hudna Istijarah ( asylum ) Prisoners of war Islamic studies Masjid al - Qiblatayn in Medina is the place where the Qiblah was switched towards Mecca According to the traditional Muslim view , the Qiblah in the Islamic prophet Muhammad 's time was originally the Noble Sanctuary in the Shaami city of Jerusalem , similar to Judaism . This Qiblah was used for over 13 years , from 610 CE until 623 CE . Seventeen months after Muhammad 's 622 CE arrival in Medina -- the date is given as 11 February 624 -- the Qiblah became oriented towards the Kaaba in Mecca . According to traditional accounts from Muhammad 's companions , the change happened very suddenly during the noon prayer in Medina , in a mosque now known as Masjid al - Qiblaṫayn ( Arabic : مَـسْـجِـد الْـقِـبْـلَـتَـيْـن , `` Mosque of the Two Qiblahs '' ) . Muhammad was leading the prayer when he received revelations from God instructing him to take the Kaaba as the Qiblah ( literally , `` Turn then Thy face in the direction of the Sacred Mosque . '' ) . According to the traditional accounts contained in the hadith and sira , Muhammad , who had been facing Jerusalem , upon receiving this revelation , immediately turned around to face Mecca , and those praying behind him also did so . Some have claimed that the Qur'an does not identify or allude to Jerusalem as being the first Qiblah , and that the practice of facing Jerusalem is only mentioned in traditional biographies of Muhammad , or hadith collections . There is also disagreement as to when the practice started and for how long it lasted . Some sources say the Jerusalem Qiblah was used for a period of between sixteen and eighteen months . The Jewish custom of facing Jerusalem for prayer may have influenced the Muslim Qiblah . Others surmise that the use of Jerusalem as the direction of prayer was to either induce the Jews of Medina to convert to Islam or to `` win over their hearts '' . When relations with the Jews soured , Muhammad changed the Qiblah towards Mecca . Another reason given why the Qiblah was changed is that Jews viewed the use of Jerusalem as signalling the Muslims ' intention of joining their religion . It was changed to discredit this assumption . Others state that it was changed because Muhammad was angered by that city or its people , and not because of his conflict with the Jews . In Medieval times , Muslims travelling abroad used an astrolabe to find the Qiblah . Determinations ( edit ) A mihrab at the 16th century Jama Masjid , Fatehpur Sikri , indicating Qiblah Qibla , in addition to be compulsorily maintained while establishing salat , is also maintained by Muslims while supplicating . From whencesoever Thou startest forth , turn Thy face in the direction of the sacred Mosque ; that is indeed the truth from the Lord . And Allah is not unmindful of what ye do . So from whencesoever Thou startest forth , turn Thy face in the direction of the sacred Mosque ; and wheresoever ye are , Turn your face thither : that there be no ground of dispute against you among the people , except those of them that are bent on wickedness ; so fear them not , but fear Me ; and that I may complete My favours on you , and ye May ( consent to ) be guided ; -- Qur'an , sura 2 ( Al - Baqara ) , ayat 149 - 150 It is not righteousness that ye turn your faces Towards east or West ; but it is righteousness - to believe in Allah and the Last Day , and the Angels , and the Book , and the Messengers ; to spend of your substance , out of love for Him , for your kin , for orphans , for the needy , for the wayfarer , for those who ask , and for the ransom of slaves ; to be steadfast in prayer , and practice regular charity ; to fulfil the contracts which ye have made ; and to be firm and patient , in pain ( or suffering ) and adversity , and throughout all periods of panic . Such are the people of truth , the Allah - fearing . -- Qur'an , sura 2 ( Al - Baqara ) , ayah 177 The two moments in each year when the sun is directly overhead the Kaaba , the sun will indicate the direction of Mecca in all countries where it is visible . This happens on May 27 or May 28 at 9 : 18 GMT and on July 15 or July 16 at 9 : 27 GMT . Likewise there are two moments in each year when the Sun is directly over the antipodes of the Kaaba . This happens on January 12 or January 13 at 21 : 29 GMT and on November 28 at 21 : 09 GMT . On those dates , the direction of shadows in any sunlit place will point directly away from the Qiblah . Because the Earth is almost a sphere , this is almost the same as saying that the Qiblah from a place is the direction in which a bird would start flying in order to get to the Kaaba by the shortest possible way . The antipodes of the Kaaba is in the middle of the Pacific Ocean , in remote southern French Polynesia , some 35 mi ( 56 km ) northeast of Tematangi atoll and 85 mi ( 137 km ) west - northwest of Moruroa atoll . In contrast to the regular custom , there is a mosque which does not face the Qiblah . It is Cheraman Juma Masjid in the south Indian state of Kerala . Unlike other mosques in the south Indian state , it faces eastwards , instead of westwards to Mecca . Islamic mathematics ( edit ) Main article : Mathematics in medieval Islam Al - Ashraf 's diagram of the compass and Qibla . From MS Cairo TR 105 , copied in Yemen , 1293 . Determining the direction of the Qiblah was a central issue and a constant generator of a scientific environment during the Islamic Golden Age , one that required both mathematics and observation . Muslim scientists who contributed works to determine the Qiblah direction from any point on the Earth 's surface were : Al - Khawarizmi , Habash al - Hasib al - Marwazi , Al - Nayrizi , Al - Battani , Abū al - Wafā ' Būzjānī , Ibn Yunus , Al - Sijzi , Abu Nasr Mansur , Ibn al - Haytham , Al - Biruni , Nasir al - Din al - Tusi , Ibn al - Shatir , and Al - Khalili , among others . The Yemeni Sultan al - Malik al - Ashraf described the use of the compass as a Qibla indicator in the 13th century . In a treatise about astrolabes and sundials , al - Ashraf includes several paragraphs on the construction of a compass bowl ( ṭāsa ) . He then uses the compass to determine the north point , the meridian ( khaṭṭ niṣf al - nahār ) , and the Qibla . This is the first mention of a compass in a medieval Islamic scientific text and its earliest known use as a Qibla indicator , although al - Ashraf did not claim to be the first to use it for this purpose . North american interpretations ( edit ) The Craig retroazimuthal projection centered on Mecca ( red dot ) can be used to find one 's qibla . The bearing of each point on the map corresponds to the direction to Mecca along a great circle . In recent years , Muslims from North America have used two rules to determine the direction of the Qiblah . According to spherical calculations , a Muslim praying from Anchorage , Alaska would pray almost due north if determining the Qiblah . However , when one looks at the world on most Mercator map projections , Mecca appears to be southwest of Anchorage . The shortest rhumb line ( line of constant bearing ) from most points in North America to Mecca will point toward the southeast , but the distance to Mecca along this route on the actual surface of the earth is longer than the great circle route . There are Muslim communities in North America who face toward the northeast , following the great circle route , and there are Muslim communities in North America who face toward the southeast according to traditional early Islamic methods including sighting the stars , sun , wind , etc . Most Qiblah - calculating programs ( see list below ) use the great circle method and place the Qiblah northeast from most points in North America . From Space ( edit ) In April 2006 , Malaysian National Space Agency ( Angkasa ) sponsored a conference of scientists and religious scholars to address the issue of how the Qiblah should be determined when one is in orbit . The conference concluded that the astronaut should determine the location of the Qiblah `` according to ( their ) capability '' . There have already been several Muslim astronauts , among them the very first being Prince Sultan bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud ( 1985 ) , the latest being the first Muslim woman in space Anousheh Ansari ( 2006 ) and the Malaysian angkasawan ( astronaut ) Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor ( 2007 ) . Grand Ayatollah Ali al - Sistani has stated that one should face the direction of the Earth . This is part of the Malaysian document which recommends that the qibla should be ' based on what is possible ' for the astronaut , and can be prioritized this way : 1 ) The Ka'aba 2 ) The projection of Ka'aba 3 ) The Earth 4 ) Wherever . Qiblah indicated in a hotel in Egypt See also ( edit ) Qibla al - Qudsiyya Black Stone Craig retroazimuthal projection Holiest sites in Islam Mizrâḥ , the Jewish equivalent of the Qiblah Qiblih , the Bahá'í equivalent Praying towards Mecca in space References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hartsock , Ralph ( 2014 - 08 - 27 ) . `` The temple of Jerusalem : past , present , and future '' . Jewish Culture and History . 16 ( 2 ) : 199 -- 201 . doi : 10.1080 / 1462169X. 2014.953832 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster 's Geographical Dictionary . 2001 . p. 479 . ISBN 0 87779 546 0 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Hewson , Chris ( March 1 , 2012 ) . `` Multifaith Spaces : Objects '' . University of Manchester . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mustafa Abu Sway , The Holy Land , Jerusalem and Al - Aqsa Mosque in the Qur'an , Sunnah and other Islamic Literary Source ( PDF ) , Central Conference of American Rabbis , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 28 Jump up ^ In the Lands of the Prophet , Time - Life , p. 29 ^ Jump up to : William Montgomery Watt ( 7 February 1974 ) . Muhammad : prophet and statesman . Oxford University Press . pp. 112 -- 113 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 881078 - 0 . Retrieved 29 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Sura 2 ( Al - Baqara ) , ayah 144 , Quran 2 : 144 ^ Jump up to : Tamar Mayer ; Suleiman Ali Mourad ( 2008 ) . Jerusalem : idea and reality . Routledge . p. 87 . Retrieved 5 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Yohanan Friedmann ( 2003 ) . Tolerance and coercion in Islam : interfaith relations in the Muslim tradition . Cambridge University Press . p. 31 . Retrieved 5 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Britannica ; Dale Hoiberg ; Indu Ramchandani ( 2000 ) . Students ' Britannica India . Popular Prakashan . p. 224 . Retrieved 5 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Winterburn , Emily ( 2005 ) . `` Using an Astrolabe '' . muslimheritage.com . Retrieved 6 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Quran 2 : 149 -- 150 Jump up ^ Quran 2 : 177 Jump up ^ `` World 's second oldest mosque is in India '' . Bahrain tribune . Archived from the original on 2006 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Cheraman Juma Masjid A Secular Heritage Jump up ^ A mosque from a Hindu king ^ Jump up to : Schmidl , Petra G. ( 1996 -- 97 ) . `` Two Early Arabic Sources On The Magnetic Compass '' . Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies . 1 : 81 -- 132 . http://www.uib.no/jais/v001ht/01-081-132schmidl1.htm#_ftn4 Jump up ^ Moussa , Ali ( 2011 ) . `` Mathematical Methods in Abū al - Wafāʾ 's Almagest and the Qibla Determinations '' . Arabic Sciences and Philosophy . Cambridge University Press . 21 ( 1 ) . doi : 10.1017 / S095742391000007X . Jump up ^ Savage - Smith , Emilie ( 1988 ) . `` Gleanings from an Arabist 's Workshop : Current Trends in the Study of Medieval Islamic Science and Medicine '' . Isis. 79 ( 2 ) : 246 -- 266 ( 263 ) . doi : 10.1086 / 354701 . Jump up ^ Schmidl , Petra G. ( 2007 ) . `` Ashraf : al ‐ Malik al ‐ Ashraf ( Mumahhid al ‐ Dīn ) ʿUmar ibn Yūsuf ibn ʿUmar ibn ʿAlī ibn Rasūl '' . In Thomas Hockey et al . The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers . New York : Springer . pp. 66 -- 67 . ISBN 9780387310220 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) ( PDF version ) Jump up ^ `` The Correct Qiblah - missing '' Archived January 7 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . S. Kamal Abdali Jump up ^ `` Malaysian Conf . Probes How Muslim Astronauts Pray '' Archived 2006 - 05 - 25 at the Wayback Machine . on Islam Online Jump up ^ `` First Muslim to Fast Ramadan in Space '' Archived 2007 - 11 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . on Islam Online Jump up ^ `` Question & Answer - Qibla '' Jump up ^ Di Justo , Patrick ( 26 September 2007 ) . `` A Muslim Astronaut 's Dilemma : How to Face Mecca From Space '' . Wired . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Gibson , Dan ( 2011 ) . `` Ch. 17 The Qibla '' . in Qur'anic Geography , A survey and evaluation of the geographical references in the Qur'an with suggested solutions for various problems and issues ( 1st ed . ) . Independent Scholars Press . pp. 238 -- 250 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9733642 - 8 - 6 . King , David ( 2005 ) . `` The Sacred Geography of Islam '' . In Koetsier , Teun ; Bergmans , Luc . Mathematics and the Divine : A Historical Study ( 1st ed . ) . Amsterdam : Elsevier Science . pp. 161 -- 178 . ISBN 0 - 444 - 50328 - 5 . King , David A. ( 1999 ) . World maps for finding the direction and distance to Mecca : innovation and tradition in Islamic science . Islamic philosophy , theology , and science . Brill Academic Publishers . ISBN 90 - 04 - 11367 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Qibla . Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Kiblah . Full information of the Kaaba The City of Jerusalem in Islam ( Al - Quds ) About.com Second Year of the Hijra at al-islam.org ( Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project ) Qiblah In North America -- argues that the Qiblah is based on a rhumb line path Determining the Sacred Direction of Islam Denis Roegel : An Extension of Al - Khalīlī 's Qibla Table to the Entire World , 2008 Online tools ( edit ) Qiblah.us Accurate Qibla calculator Gives highly accurate Qibla and distance to Mecca using the WGS84 ellipsoid Qibla Direction eQibla.com -- worldwide Qibla Direction ( including documents and Qibla formula ) Qiblah Direction Finder QiblaDirection.com uses Google Maps and Google Earth to draw a line between your location and Mecca , automatically gives the prayer times for your location Find Qibla using rhumb line and great circle , also compute magnetic declination Qibla finder Widget for Konfabulator Type your address to see a map showing your Qibla Direction Qibla Finder Salah ( Islamic prayer ) Types of prayers ( salat ) Mandatory daily prayers Fajr Zuhr Asr Maghrib Isha Witr ( for Hanafis ) Jumu'ah ( Friday prayer ) Communal mandatory Salat al - Janazah prayers for the absent Congregational prayers Jumu'ah Tarawih Supererogatory prayers Sunnah salah Nafl salah Witr Duha Tahajjud Special - purpose prayers Salat al - Istikharah Salat al - Eid Prayer unit ( raka'ah ) and components of prayer unit Basmala Glorifying Allah ( Takbir ) Standing in salat Sitting in salat Recitation of Quran ( Tajweed ) Bowing ( Ruku ) Prostrating ( Sajdah ) Tashahhud Taslim Sujud Sahwi Mosque Mihrab Podium ( Minbar ) Sermon ( Khutbah ) Musalla Prayer rug Conditions Call to prayer ( Adhan Iqama ) Salat times Qibla Ablution ( Wudu ) Dry ablution ( Tayammum ) Full ablution ( Ghusl ) Screen or barrier ( Sutrah ) Islamic architecture categories Arabic architecture Berber architecture Iranian architecture Islamic architecture Mughal architecture Ottoman architecture styles Abbasid Anatolia Beyliks Ayyubid Azeri Bengali Chinese Fatimid Indo - Islamic Indonesian / Malaysian Isfahani Khorasani Mamluk Modern Moorish Moroccan Mudéjar Mughal Ottoman Pakistani Razi Seljuk Somali Sudano - Sahelian Tatar Timurid Umayyad Vernacular Persian Yemenite elements structural Ablaq Chahartaq Chhajja Hasht - Bihisht Hypostyle Iwan Jharokha Kucheh Liwan Mashrabiya Moroccan riad Qadad Riwaq Sahn Semi-dome Shabestan Squinch Tadelakt Vaulting Voussoir Windcatcher Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem arch styles Discharging arch Four - centred arch Horseshoe arch Multifoil arch Ogee arch Pointed arch roof styles Dome ( Arabic dome / Onion dome / Persian dome / South Asian dome ) Guldasta Tajug religious objects Bedug Dikka Gonbad Hussainiya Imamzadeh Kiswah Loudspeakers Maqsurah Mihrab Minaret Minbar Müezzin mahfili Qibla Zarih decorations Alfiz Arabesque Banna'i Girih Girih tiles Islamic calligraphy Islamic geometric patterns Islamic interlace patterns Jali Mocárabe Mosque lamp Muqarnas Nagash painting Qashani Shabaka Socarrat Yeseria Zellige rooms Andaruni Harem Qa'a Zenana garden Bagh Charbagh Islamic garden Mughal gardens Ottoman gardens Paradise garden Persian gardens Reflecting pool outdoor objects Chhatri Eidgah Howz Shading Umbrellas Mechouar Sebil Shadirvan types religious Dargah Gongbei Jama Masjid Jama'at Khana Khanqah Külliye Madrasa Maqam Maqbara Mazar Mosque Musalla Qubba Rauza Surau Tekyeh Türbe Zawiya civilian Baradari Bazaar Caravanserai Dar al - Shifa Ghorfa Kasbah Mahal Medina quarter Souq Turkish bath Well house military Albarrana tower Alcazaba Alcázar Amsar Bab Kasbah Ksar Qalat Ribat resources Aga Khan Award for Architecture ArchNet influences Indo - Saracenic Revival Influences on Western architecture Moorish Revival Part of Islamic arts Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qibla&oldid=834340289 '' Categories : Salat Mosque architecture Islamic architecture Islamic architectural elements Arabic words and phrases Kaaba Salah terminology Islamic terminology Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing Arabic - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Kurdî Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English سنڌي Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche 中文 48 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 05 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where do you face when praying to mecca | [
"The Qibla (Arabic: قِـبْـلَـة, \"Direction\"), also transliterated as Qiblah, Qibleh, Kiblah, Kıble or Kibla, is the direction that should be faced when a Muslim prays during Ṣalāṫ (Arabic: صَـلَاة). It is fixed as the direction of the Kaaba in the Hejazi[2] city of Mecca. Most mosques contain a wall niche that indicates the Qiblah, which is known as a miḥrâb (Arabic: مِـحْـرَاب). Most multifaith prayer rooms will also contain a Qibla, although usually less standardized in appearance than one would find within a mosque.[3]"
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-8610827143481101656 | Weekend at Bernie's | Weekend at Bernie 's - wikipedia Weekend at Bernie 's Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1989 comedy film . For its 1993 sequel , see Weekend at Bernie 's II . For the 2006 album by The Queers , see Weekend at Bernie 's ( album ) . For the episode of How I Met Your Mother , see Weekend at Barney 's . Weekend at Bernie 's Theatrical release poster Directed by Ted Kotcheff Produced by Victor Drai Written by Robert Klane Starring Andrew McCarthy Jonathan Silverman Catherine Mary Stewart Terry Kiser Music by Andy Summers Cinematography François Protat Edited by Joan E. Chapman Production company Gladden Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date July 5 , 1989 ( 1989 - 07 - 05 ) Running time 97 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $15 million Box office $30,218,387 Weekend at Bernie 's is a 1989 American comedy film written by Robert Klane and directed by Ted Kotcheff . The film stars Andrew McCarthy and Jonathan Silverman as young insurance corporation employees who discover their boss , Bernie , dead . While attempting to convince people that Bernie is still alive , they discover that Bernie had ordered their deaths to cover up his embezzlement . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Reception 4 Sequel 5 Lawsuit 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Larry Wilson ( Andrew McCarthy ) and Richard Parker ( Jonathan Silverman ) are two low - level financial employees at an insurance corporation in New York City . While going over actuarial reports , Richard discovers a series of payments made for the same death . Richard and Larry take their findings to the CEO , Bernie Lomax ( Terry Kiser ) , who commends them for discovering insurance fraud and invites them to his Hamptons island beach house for the Labor Day weekend . Unbeknownst to Larry and Richard , Bernie is behind the fraud . Nervously meeting with his mob partner Vito ( Louis Giambalvo ) , Bernie asks to have Larry and Richard killed . However , after Bernie leaves , Vito decides Bernie has been attracting too much attention with his greed and his relationship with Vito 's girlfriend , Tina ( Catherine Parks ) , and orders that he be killed instead . Bernie arrives at the island before Larry and Richard and plans the murders with Paulie ( Don Calfa ) , the hitman , on the phone , unaware the conversation is being recorded on his answering machine . Bernie then plants cash and a fake confession note implicating Larry and Richard in the insurance fraud . Paulie arrives , killing Bernie with a drug overdose . When Larry and Richard arrive at Bernie 's house , they find Bernie 's body . Before they can call the police , guests arrive for a party that Bernie used to host every weekend . To Larry and Richard 's amazement , the guests are too engrossed in their partying to notice he is dead , with the dopey grin from the fatal injection and his sunglasses concealing his lifeless state . Fearing implication in Bernie 's death , and wanting to enjoy the luxury of the house for the weekend , Larry proposes he and Richard maintain the illusion that Bernie is still alive , a notion that Richard finds absurd . Only the arrival of Richard 's office crush , Gwen Saunders ( Catherine Mary Stewart ) , a summer intern for the company , convinces him to go along with Larry 's plan . Later that night , Tina arrives at the house , and has Larry and Richard direct her to Bernie . There , she also fails to realize he is dead . At that moment , Marty , one of Vito 's mobsters witnesses the two of them apparently making love . Fooled into thinking Bernie 's assassination failed , he notifies Paulie . The next morning , Richard is appalled to discover Larry furthering the illusion of Bernie being alive by manipulating his body 's limbs . Richard attempts to call the police but instead activates the phone message detailing Bernie 's plot against them . Unaware of the circumstances of Bernie 's death , they mistakenly believe they are still the targets of a mob hit and decide to use Bernie 's corpse as a prop for protection . Richard and Larry make various attempts to leave the island . All attempts are thwarted , as they repeatedly misplace and recover Bernie 's body . Finally , Larry and Richard are forced to return to Bernie 's home . Meanwhile , Paulie , unhinged at his apparent failure to kill Bernie , returns to the island . At the house , Gwen confronts Larry and Richard , who confess that Bernie has been dead since their arrival . Paulie then appears and opens fire at Bernie , then turns his attention to Larry , Richard , and Gwen . Chasing after the trio , Paulie corners Larry , who clumsily manages to subdue him with a phone cord and a punch . The police eventually arrive and place Paulie under arrest , taking him away in a straitjacket as he continues to insist Bernie is still alive . Bernie is loaded into an ambulance , however , his gurney rolls away and topples off the boardwalk , dumping him onto the beach right behind Richard , Larry , and Gwen , who run away after noticing him . Eventually , a young boy comes along and starts to `` play '' with Bernie , scooping buckets of sand over his body . Cast ( edit ) Andrew McCarthy as Lawrence `` Larry '' Wilson Jonathan Silverman as Richard Parker Terry Kiser as Bernie Lomax Catherine Mary Stewart as Gwen Saunders Don Calfa as Paulie Catherine Parks as Tina Eloise Broady as Tawny Gregory Salata as Marty Louis Giambalvo as Vito Ted Kotcheff as Mr. Parker Margaret Hall as Lomax 's secretary Jason Woliner as Bratty kid Reception ( edit ) The film received mixed reviews from critics , holding a 52 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone called the film `` tasteless '' and `` crude '' and felt that in the end it was impossible to `` drag one tired joke around for nearly two hours . Like Bernie , the movie ends up dead on its feet . '' Roger Ebert echoed this sentiment , arguing that movies centered on dead bodies are rarely funny . Ebert gave the film 1 out of 4 stars overall . Nevertheless , the film was a financial success , grossing US $30 million at the box office , and was profitable on home video , as well as becoming a cult classic . Sequel ( edit ) The film 's commercial success inspired a 1993 sequel , Weekend at Bernie 's II . Lawsuit ( edit ) On January 24 , 2014 , director Ted Kotcheff and screenwriter Robert Klane filed a lawsuit against Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer and 20th Century Fox for breach of contract for profits they claimed were due from the film . See also ( edit ) The Two Deaths of Quincas Wateryell References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Box Office Information for Weekend at Bernie 's . The Wrap . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Weekend at Bernie 's at Rotten Tomatoes Jump up ^ `` Weekend at Bernie 's '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . `` Weekend at Bernie 's Movie Review ( 1989 ) Roger Ebert '' . www.rogerebert.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Steve ( Jul 13 , 1993 ) . `` Resurrection ' Weekend at Bernie 's II ' Feels More Like a Month '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Familiarity Breeds Film Hits '' . Daily News of Los Angeles . Jul 13 , 1993 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( 24 January 2014 ) . `` Fox & MGM Sued In Multimillion - Dollar ' Weekend At Bernie 's ' Profits Suit '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 30 March 2015 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 24 January 2014 ) . `` ' Weekend at Bernie 's ' Filmmakers Sue Fox , MGM Over Profits '' . Variety . Retrieved 2 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowrey , Brandon ( 15 October 2014 ) . `` MGM Tries To Kill ' Weekend At Bernie 's ' Contract Claims '' . Retrieved 2 April 2015 . External links ( edit ) Weekend at Bernie 's on IMDb Weekend at Bernie 's at the TCM Movie Database Weekend at Bernie 's at AllMovie Weekend at Bernie 's at the American Film Institute Catalog Weekend at Bernie 's at Box Office Mojo Weekend at Bernie 's at Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) Films directed by Ted Kotcheff Tiara Tahiti ( 1962 ) Life at the Top ( 1965 ) Two Gentlemen Sharing ( 1969 ) Wake in Fright ( 1971 ) Billy Two Hats ( 1974 ) The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz ( 1974 ) Fun with Dick and Jane ( 1977 ) Who Is Killing the Great Chefs of Europe ? ( 1978 ) North Dallas Forty ( 1979 ) Split Image ( 1982 ) First Blood ( 1982 ) Uncommon Valor ( 1983 ) Joshua Then and Now ( 1985 ) Switching Channels ( 1988 ) Winter People ( 1989 ) Weekend at Bernie 's ( 1989 ) Folks ! ( 1992 ) The Shooter ( 1995 ) Family of Cops ( 1995 ) Borrowed Hearts ( 1997 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Weekend_at_Bernie%27s&oldid=806288117 '' Categories : 1989 films English - language films 1980s black comedy films 1980s buddy films 1980s criminal comedy films 20th Century Fox films American black comedy films American buddy films American criminal comedy films American films Films about contract killing Films directed by Ted Kotcheff Films set in Long Island Films set in New York City Films set on beaches Films shot in New York City Films shot in North Carolina Mafia comedy films Necrophilia in fiction Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Euskara Français Italiano עברית Latina Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2017 , at 00 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played the dead guy in weekend at bernie's | [
"Terry Kiser as Bernie Lomax"
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"Terry Kiser"
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6227959383875951235 | Carly Foulkes | Carly Foulkes - Wikipedia Carly Foulkes Jump to : navigation , search Carly Foulkes ( 1988 - 08 - 04 ) August 4 , 1988 ( age 29 ) Toronto , Ontario , Canada Nationality Canadian Occupation Model , television commercial actress Modeling information Height 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) Hair color Brown Eye color Brown Agency Modelwerk , Sutherland Models Carly Foulkes ( born August 4 , 1988 ) , also known colloquially as The T - Mobile Girl , is a Canadian model and actress who became known for appearing in a series of T - Mobile myTouch 4G television commercials , in which she often wore pink / magenta - and - white summer dresses . She continued as spokeswoman in other T - Mobile ads in which she was depicted as a pink - and - black leather - clad biker girl . She served as the T - Mobile spokesman primarily from fall 2010 until spring 2013 , with occasional appearances since then . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 1.1 Modeling 1.2 T - Mobile television ads 2 Personal life 3 References 4 External links Career ( edit ) Modeling ( edit ) In 2001 , at age 13 , Foulkes began modeling in the Toronto area . After high school , she moved to New York City to model for agents . Subsequently , she found modeling work in Singapore and Europe . After returning to New York to model , she began to pursue acting . Foulkes appeared on the April 2009 cover of Mexican Elle magazine and in advertisements for Rugby Ralph Lauren , Abercrombie & Fitch , Macy 's , and Tommy Hilfiger . She is represented by Modelwerk and Sutherland Models . As of early 2011 , a Los Angeles Times writer described her look as Anne Hathaway meets Kim Basinger , nothing that she was still often confused with fellow Canadian Jessica Paré . T - Mobile television ads ( edit ) After struggling for several years as an aspiring model / actress , Foulkes became the T - Mobile 4G spokesperson in fall 2010 , despite not using the usual American English pronunciation of `` mobile '' in her summer 2009 audition , but rather pronouncing the word as rhyming with `` smile '' , an accepted pronunciation more common in Canadian English . Her advertising campaign was at first noted for similarities to the 2006 -- 2010 Justin Long / John Hodgman `` Get a Mac '' ads . Foulkes derides the iPhone 4 and its exclusive provider at the time , AT&T , the same way the Apple Inc. derided Windows - based personal computers . As a T - Mobile spokesperson , her most immediate predecessor was Catherine Zeta - Jones . Her T - Mobile USA ads ran on major United States networks and multiple web sites . Although Foulkes was originally only expected to perform in two or three commercials , as of December 2011 , she has produced a dozen commercials with more anticipated . Foulkes has been described as a `` picture - perfect brunette '' . Since becoming the T - Mobile girl , she is known for the pink summer dresses that she wears in most of the ads . She has been styled by Debra LeClair , a stylist at T - Mobile . In August 2011 , Sprint Nextel 's Virgin Mobile prepaid service referred to T - Mobile and Foulkes with caricature ads featuring a brunette in a pink dress . Two months earlier , Cricket Wireless used negative attack marketing against T - Mobile without referring to Foulkes . Although dresses in the earlier commercials were frequently described as pink , more recent commercials are noted for the use of magenta dresses . T - mobile has a color trademark for the color magenta and markets itself using its corporate colors . One of her more notable commercials was a 2011 holiday season production . On November 30 , 2011 , T - mobile announced a surprise event at the Woodfield Mall . On December 1 , 2011 , veteran Glee director Alfonso Gomez - Rejon directed about six surprise singing and dancing mall performances of `` Home for the Holidays '' by Foulkes and 100 Chicago - area women in magenta dresses . The performances were later edited into a music video with the hope that it would go viral . The full video was posted on YouTube with a run time of 3 : 48 , and it was presented in a 60 - second national television commercial starting on December 12 , 2011 . The video was produced by Ridley and Tony Scott 's RSA Films . The musical director was Paul Mirkovich . On April 17 , 2012 , T - Mobile launched a rebranded ad campaign that included broadcast and cable TV , Hulu , YouTube , and mobile , as well as print . In the refreshed ad campaign Foulkes starred in a commercial , entitled `` Alter Ego '' , in which she discards her usual pink dresses and high heels for a black - and - pink biker outfit and boots before embarking on a motorcycle ride . The commercials are perceived as a departure from previous female - friendly Foulkes ads . The commercial was planned to run until Fall 2012 , when the complete relaunch of the T - Mobile ad campaign was to have been scheduled . In announcing the ad to the media , T - Mobile said : `` With this new ad , there is a distinctive departure from our existing campaign as Carly 's magenta summer dresses are replaced by motorcycle leathers and a 1000 cc Ducati superbike , which symbolizes the speed and capabilities of our 4G network . Entitled ' Alter Ego ' , the ad is a metaphor for what T - Mobile is all about -- challenging the status quo and taking bold steps in the marketplace as a challenger brand . '' She has also been a popular sex symbol since the ads started . After months of email support , Foulkes was included in the SI.com feature `` Hot Clicks '' on May 18 , 2011 . During a rash of servicemen 's online request of celebrities as escorts to military balls , Airman Adam Stelmack asked Foulkes to the Air Force Ball on Guam , and she declined by posting a video . In March 2013 , Foulkes was described as `` one of the most recognizable brand spokespeople '' by Business Insider journalist Laura Stampler even after converting from a pink dress wardrobe to a bad girl / biker chick image . Later that spring , when T - Mobile prepared for its April rollout of the iPhone 5 , it selected an advertising campaign without Foulkes , ending her two and a half year tenure as spokesperson . Foulkes ' last new commercial was posted to YouTube on February 25 , 2013 . The new ad campaign featured Cowboys . T - Mobile debuted its new ad campaign on March 26 , 2013 , without Foulkes . The company has said that the ' T - Mobile Girl ' character has been sidelined for now , but this is believed to be a permanent advertising change . An official T - Mobile statement said : `` This campaign represents a new direction for the brand -- offering consumers a simple choice . As such , the current campaign will not feature the character of the T - Mobile Girl , but she is still a part of the company 's brand family . '' In early July 2013 , Foulkes returned to participate in T - Mobile press events . At the same time , she tweeted a six - second Vine video hinting that she would be returning to the ad campaign . In September , Foulkes appeared in a T - Mobile public service announcement regarding texting and driving . On October 10 , 2013 , T - Mobile announced that they had signed a multi-year contract with Shakira as a corporate spokesperson . Foulkes would not be part of the campaign , but remained under contract with T - Mobile and vaguely remained in the future plans . Personal life ( edit ) Foulkes ' parents are British , although she was raised in Toronto and attended Loretto Abbey . She has two sisters , Kimmy and Angie . She spent summers in England while growing up . Foulkes claims to be a video game junkie who plays on a PlayStation 3 . She also describes herself as adept at skateboarding . Despite the association with pink dresses due to the T - Mobile ad campaign , she claims not to wear pink in her personal wardrobe , and in fact used to wear a lot of black and leather cuffs in high school . When asked about her status as an Internet sex symbol , Foulkes said she does not classify herself as such : `` I 'm flattered , but it 's funny . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Tschorn , Adam ( November 16 , 2010 ) . `` Burning Questions : Just who is T - Mobile 's stylish new 4G girl , and who made that pink - and - white dress ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carly Foulkes '' . SutherlandModels.com. 2011 . Retrieved July 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Sole - Smith , Virginia ( February 15 , 2011 ) . `` 'T - Mobile 4G Girl ' Carly Foulkes is More Than a Pretty Face '' . My Daily . Retrieved July 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Beck , Marilyn ; Smith , Stacy Jenel ( March 26 , 2011 ) . `` Ask Stacy - Week of March 26 , 2011 '' . Creators.com . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2011 . Retrieved April 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Carly Foulkes '' . Fashion Model Directory . Retrieved July 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Segan , Sascha ( January 6 , 2011 ) . `` I , Carly : Interviewing `` Miss T - Mobile '' `` . PC Magazine . Retrieved October 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Jim ( November 5 , 2010 ) . `` How Apple Turned AT&T Into the Red - Headed Stepchild of Wireless '' . CBS Business Network . Retrieved July 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kurlyandchik , Mark ( November 3 , 2010 ) . `` T - Mobile Takes AT&T and iPhone Head - On in New Ad '' . DailyTech LLC . Retrieved July 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mello , John P. , Jr . ( November 3 , 2010 ) . `` T - Mobile Gets Tough With Competitors Over 4G '' . PC World . Retrieved July 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Elizabeth ( 2011 - 12 - 08 ) . `` Pretty in Pink '' . Paper . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ Van Sack , Jessica ( May 2 , 2011 ) . `` T - Mobile ads still bashing merger partner AT&T '' . Boston Herald . Retrieved July 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Yin , Sara ( August 9 , 2011 ) . `` Virgin Mobile Mocks T - Mobile 's ' Carly ' Spokeswoman '' . PC Magazine . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cheng , Roger ( August 8 , 2011 ) . `` Virgin Mobile takes on T - Mobile '' . CNET . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ David ( June 10 , 2011 ) . `` Cricket Ramps Up The T - Mobile Attack Marketing '' . TmoNews . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Bob ( June 10 , 2011 ) . `` Cricket Takes on T - Mobile in the Desert '' . Agency Spy . Mediabistro.com . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Video shows off new magenta dress chosen by T - Mobile fans for actress Carly Foulkes '' . Tech Mobile News . 2011 - 11 - 04 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Mark ( 2007 - 11 - 07 ) . `` T - Mobile Owns Magenta '' . Gizmodo . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` It 's T - Mobile 's `` Magenta Saturday '' Sale , Are You Shopping ? `` . TMoNews. 2011 - 11 - 19 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` T - Mobile to Hold `` Magenta Saturday '' Sale With Smartphones and Tablets for as Little as $0 -- $49.99 Net Down : On Nov. 19 , T - Mobile will help holiday shoppers escape the dark lines of Black Friday and help them step up to data and the smartphone revolution with minimal upfront cost. `` . Market Watch . 2011 - 11 - 15 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ T - Mobile USA ( 2011 - 11 - 30 ) . `` @ TMobile status '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Todd ( 2011 - 12 - 07 ) . `` Video : T - Mobile stages holiday musical in middle of a mall '' . Geekwire . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Baar , Aaron ( 2011 - 12 - 08 ) . `` Magenta Meets New Directions For T - Mobile '' . Media Post News . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ McGlynn , Tim ( 2011 - 12 - 09 ) . `` Schaumburg High School students in T - Mobile ad '' . Daily Herald . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` T - Mobile 's Home For The Holidays Surprise '' . CastTV. 2011 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ T - Mobile USA ( 2012 - 04 - 17 ) . `` @ TMobile status '' . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Chang , Alexandra ( 2012 - 04 - 18 ) . `` Why the ' T - Mobile Girl ' Is Really Getting a Makeover -- Reading Between the Lines '' . Wired . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ Patel , Kanur ( 2012 - 04 - 16 ) . `` T - Mobile Talks Tough for Its Comeback , Vowing ' No More Mr. Nice Girl ' : Struggling Carrier Embarks on Big - Budget Rebrand , Makes Over Spokeswoman '' . Advertising Age . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander , Anila ( 2012 - 04 - 18 ) . `` T - Mobile Girl Carly Ditches Pink Dresses For Sexy Leather Suit : Reasons For The Makeover ( VIDEO ) '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Gilber , Jason ( 2012 - 04 - 17 ) . `` Carly , T - Mobile Girl , Gets New Look : Leather Makeover Debuts In New Commercials ( VIDEO ) '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ Traina , Jimmy ( May 18 , 2011 ) . `` Hot Clicks '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved July 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Eclavea , Leah ( August 1 , 2011 ) . `` Guam airman asks T - Mobile Girl to Air Force Ball '' . KUAM News . Retrieved August 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Foulkes , Carly ( July 29 , 2011 ) . `` @ eif_hearted Sorry I took so long : ) '' . Twitvid . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2011 . Retrieved August 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stampler , Laura ( 2013 - 03 - 03 ) . `` Meet Carly Foulkes : T - Mobile 's Girl In Pink Turned Biker Babe '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Edwards , Jim ( 2013 - 03 - 27 ) . `` CONFIRMED : T - Mobile Ditches Carly Foulkes , The Beloved ' Girl In Pink , ' From New Ads '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Gilbert , Jason ( 2013 - 03 - 27 ) . `` Carly Foulkes , ' T - Mobile Girl , ' Looks Like She 's Been Fired '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Chavez , Chris ( 2013 - 07 - 10 ) . `` T - Mobile girl Carly Foulkes back after hiatus ( and in lots of leather ) '' . Phandroid.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Jim ( 2013 - 07 - 09 ) . `` Girl - In - Pink Carly Foulkes Hints She May Return To Rescue T - Mobile From Sales Decline '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Foulkes , Carly ( @ FoulkesCarly ) ( 2013 - 07 - 09 ) . `` Stay tuned # tmobile # magenta # surprise vine.co/v/h7gYehEtrEF '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 20 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ @ TmoNews ( 2013 - 09 - 20 ) . ``. @ FoulkesCarly Carly is back on T - Mobile ya 'll ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 20 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Frank , Blair Hanley ( 2013 - 10 - 09 ) . `` T - Mobile shakes things up with Shakira , unveils new celebrity ' collaborator ' '' . GeekWire . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Marek , Sue ( 2013 - 10 - 10 ) . `` T - Mobile hitches brand to Shakira in hopes of drawing Latino market '' . FierceWIreless . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Foulkes , Carly ( @ FoulkesCarly ) ( May 3 , 2011 ) . `` @ cameron_macc I went to Loretto Abbey , in Toronto : ) '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved June 12 , 2011 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ @ FoulkesCarly ( June 18 , 2011 ) . `` My other sis Kimmy . We always end up wearing the same thing . Always . # itsnotplanned yfrog.com/h2aafwbj '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 24 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Foulkes , Carly ( August 26 , 2013 ) . `` My sister is really a mister '' . Vine.co . External links ( edit ) Official website Carly Foulkes on Twitter Carly Foulkes on IMDb Carly Foulkes at the Fashion Model Directory Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carly_Foulkes&oldid=799756275 '' Categories : 1988 births Actresses from Toronto Canadian expatriate actresses in the United States Canadian female models Canadian film actresses Canadian television actresses Living people Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2011 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2011 All articles containing potentially dated statements All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2016 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Edit links This page was last edited on 9 September 2017 , at 17 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is girl in t mobile tv commercial | [
"Carly Foulkes (born August 4, 1988), also known colloquially as The T-Mobile Girl, is a Canadian model and actress who became known for appearing in a series of T-Mobile myTouch 4G television commercials, in which she often wore pink/magenta-and-white summer dresses. She continued as spokeswoman in other T-Mobile ads in which she was depicted as a pink-and-black leather-clad biker girl. She served as the T-Mobile spokesman primarily from fall 2010 until spring 2013, with occasional appearances since then.[citation needed]",
"Carly Foulkes (born August 4, 1988), also known colloquially as The T-Mobile Girl, is a Canadian model and actress who became known for appearing in a series of T-Mobile myTouch 4G television commercials, in which she often wore pink/magenta-and-white summer dresses. She continued as spokeswoman in other T-Mobile ads in which she was depicted as a pink-and-black leather-clad biker girl. She served as the T-Mobile spokesman primarily from fall 2010 until spring 2013, with occasional appearances since then.[citation needed]"
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"Carly Foulkes",
"Canadian model and actress"
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8311052109282466718 | Lookin' for Love | Lookin ' for Love - wikipedia Lookin ' for Love Jump to : navigation , search For other songs with similar titles , see Looking for Love ( disambiguation ) . for Diesel ( musician ) song of the same name , see `` Lookin ' for Love ( Diesel song ) '' This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Lookin ' for Love '' Single by Johnny Lee from the album Urban Cowboy soundtrack B - side `` Lyin ' Eyes '' ( by The Eagles ) Released June 30 , 1980 Format 7 '' Recorded 1980 Genre Country Length 3 : 37 Label Full Moon 47004 Songwriter ( s ) Wanda Mallette , Bob Morrison , Patti Ryan Producer ( s ) John Boylan Johnny Lee singles chronology `` This Time '' ( 1978 ) `` Lookin ' for Love '' ( 1980 ) `` One in a Million '' ( 1980 ) `` This Time '' ( 1978 ) `` Lookin ' for Love '' ( 1980 ) `` One in a Million '' ( 1980 ) `` Lookin ' for Love '' is a song written by Wanda Mallette , Bob Morrison and Patti Ryan , and recorded by American country music singer Johnny Lee . It was released in June 1980 as part of the soundtrack to the film Urban Cowboy , released that year . Marcy Levy was one of the female singers who provided backing vocals on the track . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Charts 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 Series 4 Cover versions , parodies and tributes 5 Sources 5.1 References 5.2 Other sources Background ( edit ) Lee whose biggest hit to date had been a 1977 cover of Ricky Nelson 's `` Garden Party '' had previously been one of the main nightclub acts at Gilley 's , a nightclub owned by country music superstar Mickey Gilley . Record executive Irving Azoff offered Lee the chance to record `` Lookin ' For Love '' , a song that 20 - plus artists had rejected . Critics were not kind to Lee nor the song . Country music historian Bill Malone once noted that `` Lookin ' for Love '' -- in his words , a `` lilting little pop song '' -- became the featured song of Urban Cowboy and a huge commercial hit largely because `` actor John Travolta ( the movie 's co-star ) expressed a liking for it . '' Critic Kurt Wolff panned the song as an example of `` watered - down cowboy music . '' Public reaction was much better . `` Lookin ' for Love '' rose to No. 1 ( for a three - week stay ) on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart , and was a No. 5 Billboard Hot 100 hit as well . On the US Cash Box Top 100 , the song spent two weeks at No. 4 . `` Lookin ' for Love '' was certified gold for sales of 1 million units by the Recording Industry Association of America . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1980 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 5 US Cash Box Top 100 US Billboard Adult Contemporary 10 Canadian RPM Country Tracks 18 Canadian RPM Top Singles 54 Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary Tracks 20 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1980 ) Rank US Cash Box 37 Series ( edit ) The song was performed by Johnny Lee in an episode of Chips . It could also be heard in two episodes of Dallas . The first one is episode 274 `` To Have and to Hold '' , where it plays at the bar where Bobby Ewing and Kay Lloyd are enjoying each other 's company . The second episode is episode 275 `` Dead Reckoning '' , where Ray Krebbs listens to it on his car stereo after dropping off his wife Jenna and her daughter Charlie at the airport . Cover versions , parodies and tributes ( edit ) Country music group Sawyer Brown recorded a cover of the song on the 2000 album The Hits Live . This version peaked at No. 44 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart . The song is also featured in the classic Saturday Night Live sketch Buh - Weet Sings , in which Buckwheat from Our Gang ( played by Eddie Murphy ) sings the song as `` Wookin Pa Nub '' . The Star Trek : Deep Space Nine episode `` Looking for par'Mach in All the Wrong Places '' is titled in tribute to this song ( `` par'Mach '' is defined in the episode as `` the Klingon word for love , but with more aggressive overtones '' ) . Al Lowe 's second Leisure Suit Larry game , Leisure Suit Larry Goes Looking for Love ( in Several Wrong Places ) , is named after the song . The song was referenced in Operation Repo in season 11 episode 7 . The Mexican group , Los Felinos did a Spanish cover `` Buscando Amor . '' Sources ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mark Deming ( 1946 - 07 - 03 ) . `` Johnny Lee Biography & History '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Malone , Bill , `` Country Music U.S.A , '' 2nd rev . ed . ( University of Texas Press , Austin , 2002 ) , p. 371 . Jump up ^ Wolff , Kurt , `` Country Music : The Rough Guide , '' Rough Guides Ltd. , London ; Penguin Putnam , New York , distributor . p. 424 ( ISBN 1 - 85828 - 534 - 8 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Lee Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Lee Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 137 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ Erdman , Terry J. ; Block , Paula M. ( 2000 ) . Star Trek : Deep Space Nine Companion . New York : Pocket Books . p. 377 . ISBN 0 - 671 - 50106 - 2 . Other sources ( edit ) Allmusic -- `` Johnny Lee '' entry by Tom Roland . Roland , Tom , `` The Billboard Book of Number One Country Hits , '' Billboard Books , Watson - Guptill Publications , New York , 1991 . ( ISBN 0 - 82 - 307553 - 2 ) Whitburn , Joel , `` Top Country Songs : 1944 - 2005 , '' 2006 . Preceded by `` Cowboys and Clowns '' by Ronnie Milsap Billboard Hot Country Singles number - one single September 6 - September 20 , 1980 Succeeded by `` Old Flames Ca n't Hold a Candle to You '' by Dolly Parton Johnny Lee Notable singles `` Red Sails in the Sunset '' `` Country Party '' `` Lookin ' for Love '' `` One in a Million '' `` Pickin ' Up Strangers '' `` Prisoner of Hope '' `` Bet Your Heart on Me '' `` Be There for Me Baby '' `` When You Fall in Love '' `` Cherokee Fiddle '' `` Sounds Like Love '' `` Hey Bartender '' `` My Baby Do n't Slow Dance '' `` The Yellow Rose '' ( with Lane Brody ) `` You Could 've Heard a Heart Break '' `` Rollin ' Lonely '' `` Save the Last Chance '' Related articles Full Moon Records Asylum Records Warner Bros. Records Sawyer Brown Studio albums Sawyer Brown Shakin ' Out Goin ' Cattin ' Somewhere in the Night Wide Open The Boys Are Back Buick The Dirt Road Cafe on the Corner Outskirts of Town This Thing Called Wantin ' and Havin ' It All Six Days on the Road Hallelujah , He Is Born Drive Me Wild Can You Hear Me Now Mission Temple Fireworks Stand Travelin ' Band Compilation albums Greatest Hits Greatest Hits 1990 - 1995 The Hits Live True Believer Best of Sawyer Brown Notable singles `` Leona '' `` Step That Step '' `` Used to Blue '' `` Betty 's Bein ' Bad '' `` Heart Do n't Fall Now '' `` Shakin ' '' `` Out Goin ' Cattin ' '' `` Gypsies on Parade '' `` Somewhere in the Night '' `` This Missin ' You Heart of Mine '' `` Old Photographs '' `` My Baby 's Gone '' `` The Race Is On '' `` Did It for Love '' `` Puttin ' the Dark Back into the Night '' `` When Love Comes Callin ' '' `` The Walk '' `` The Dirt Road '' `` Some Girls Do '' `` Cafe on the Corner '' `` All These Years '' `` Trouble on the Line '' `` Thank God for You '' `` The Boys and Me '' `` Outskirts of Town '' `` Hard to Say '' `` This Time '' `` I Do n't Believe in Goodbye '' `` ( This Thing Called ) Wantin ' and Havin ' It All '' `` ' Round Here '' `` Treat Her Right '' `` Six Days on the Road '' `` This Night Wo n't Last Forever '' `` Drive Me Wild '' `` 800 Pound Jesus '' `` Lookin ' for Love '' `` They Do n't Understand '' Related articles Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lookin%27_for_Love&oldid=809755676 '' Categories : 1980 singles Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Johnny Lee ( singer ) songs Sawyer Brown songs Song recordings produced by John Boylan ( record producer ) Full Moon Records singles Curb Records singles Songs written by Bob Morrison ( songwriter ) 1980 songs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 November 2017 , at 05 : 23 . About Wikipedia | who sings lookin for love in all the wrong places | [
"\"Lookin' for Love\" is a song written by Wanda Mallette, Bob Morrison and Patti Ryan, and recorded by American country music singer Johnny Lee. It was released in June 1980 as part of the soundtrack to the film Urban Cowboy, released that year. Marcy Levy was one of the female singers who provided backing vocals on the track."
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"Johnny Lee"
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8031368316534154985 | Theory of mind | Theory of mind - wikipedia Theory of mind Jump to : navigation , search Theory of mind ( often abbreviated ToM ) is the ability to attribute mental states -- beliefs , intents , desires , pretending , knowledge , etc. -- to oneself , and to others , and to understand that others have beliefs , desires , intentions , and perspectives that are different from one 's own . Deficits can occur in people with autism spectrum disorders , schizophrenia , attention deficit hyperactivity disorder , cocaine addiction , and brain damage suffered from alcohol 's neurotoxicity . Although philosophical approaches to this exist , the theory of mind as such is distinct from the philosophy of mind . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 Philosophical and psychological roots 3 Development 3.1 Language 3.2 Aging 4 Empirical investigation 4.1 False - belief task 4.2 Unexpected contents 4.3 Other tasks 4.4 Early precursors 5 Deficits 5.1 Autism 5.2 Schizophrenia 5.3 Alcohol use disorders 5.4 Depression and dysphoria 5.5 Specific language impairment 6 Brain mechanisms 6.1 In typically developing humans 6.2 In autism 6.3 In schizophrenia 7 Practical validity 8 Evolution 9 Non-human 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Definition ( edit ) Theory of mind is a theory insofar as the mind is the only thing being directly observed . The presumption that others have a mind is termed a theory of mind because each human can only intuit the existence of their own mind through introspection , and no one has direct access to the mind of another . It is typically assumed that others have minds analogous to one 's own , and this assumption is based on the reciprocal , social interaction , as observed in joint attention , the functional use of language , and the understanding of others ' emotions and actions . Having theory of mind allows one to attribute thoughts , desires , and intentions to others , to predict or explain their actions , and to posit their intentions . As originally defined , it enables one to understand that mental states can be the cause of -- and thus be used to explain and predict -- the behavior of others . Being able to attribute mental states to others and understanding them as causes of behavior implies , in part , that one must be able to conceive of the mind as a `` generator of representations '' . If a person does not have a complete theory of mind it may be a sign of cognitive or developmental impairment . Theory of mind appears to be an innate potential ability in primates including humans , that requires social and other experience over many years for its full development . Different people may develop more , or less , effective theory of mind . Empathy is a related concept , meaning the recognition and understanding of the states of mind of others , including their beliefs , desires and particularly emotions . This is often characterized as the ability to `` put oneself into another 's shoes '' . Recent neuro - ethological studies of animal behaviour suggest that even rodents may exhibit ethical or empathetic abilities . Neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development maintain that theory of mind is a byproduct of a broader hypercognitive ability of the human mind to register , monitor , and represent its own functioning . Research on theory of mind , in humans and animals , adults and children , normally and atypically developing , has grown rapidly in the 35 years since Premack and Guy Woodruff 's paper , `` Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind ? '' . The emerging field of social neuroscience has also begun to address this debate , by imaging the brains of humans while they perform tasks demanding the understanding of an intention , belief or other mental state in others . An alternative account of Theory of Mind is given within operant psychology and provides significant empirical evidence for a functional account of both perspective - taking and empathy . The most developed operant approach is founded on research on derived relational responding and is subsumed within what is called `` relational frame theory '' . According to this view , empathy and perspective - taking comprise a complex set of derived relational abilities based on learning to discriminate and respond verbally to ever more complex relations between self , others , place , and time , and through established relations . Philosophical and psychological roots ( edit ) Contemporary discussions of ToM have their roots in philosophical debate -- most broadly , from the time of Descartes ' Second Meditation , which set the groundwork for considering the science of the mind . Most prominent recently are two contrasting approaches in the philosophical literature , to theory of mind : theory - theory and simulation theory . The theory - theorist imagines a veritable theory -- `` folk psychology '' -- used to reason about others ' minds . The theory is developed automatically and innately , though instantiated through social interactions . It is also closely related to person perception and attribution theory from social psychology . The intuitive assumption that others are minded is an apparent tendency we all share . We anthropomorphize non-human animals , inanimate objects , and even natural phenomena . Daniel Dennett referred to this tendency as taking an `` intentional stance '' toward things : we assume they have intentions , to help predict future behavior . However , there is an important distinction between taking an `` intentional stance '' toward something and entering a `` shared world '' with it . The intentional stance is a detached and functional theory we resort to during interpersonal interactions . A shared world is directly perceived and its existence structures reality itself for the perceiver . It is not just automatically applied to perception ; it in many ways constitutes perception . The philosophical roots of the relational frame theory ( RFT ) account of ToM arise from contextual psychology and refer to the study of organisms ( both human and non-human ) interacting in and with a historical and current situational context . It is an approach based on contextualism , a philosophy in which any event is interpreted as an ongoing act inseparable from its current and historical context and in which a radically functional approach to truth and meaning is adopted . As a variant of contextualism , RFT focuses on the construction of practical , scientific knowledge . This scientific form of contextual psychology is virtually synonymous with the philosophy of operant psychology . Development ( edit ) The study of which animals are capable of attributing knowledge and mental states to others , as well as the development of this ability in human ontogeny and phylogeny , has identified several behavioral precursors to theory of mind . Understanding attention , understanding of others ' intentions , and imitative experience with other people are hallmarks of a theory of mind that may be observed early in the development of what later becomes a full - fledged theory . In studies with non-human animals and pre-verbal humans , in particular , researchers look to these behaviors preferentially in making inferences about mind . Simon Baron - Cohen identified the infant 's understanding of attention in others , a social skill found by 7 to 9 months of age , as a `` critical precursor '' to the development of theory of mind . Understanding attention involves understanding that seeing can be directed selectively as attention , that the looker assesses the seen object as `` of interest '' , and that seeing can induce beliefs . Attention can be directed and shared by the act of pointing , a joint attention behavior that requires taking into account another person 's mental state , particularly whether the person notices an object or finds it of interest . Baron - Cohen speculates that the inclination to spontaneously reference an object in the world as of interest ( `` protodeclarative pointing '' ) and to likewise appreciate the directed attention and interests of another may be the underlying motive behind all human communication . Understanding of others ' intentions is another critical precursor to understanding other minds because intentionality , or `` aboutness '' , is a fundamental feature of mental states and events . The `` intentional stance '' has been defined by Daniel Dennett as an understanding that others ' actions are goal - directed and arise from particular beliefs or desires . Both 2 - and 3 - year - old children could discriminate when an experimenter intentionally vs. accidentally marked a box with stickers as baited . Even earlier in ontogeny , Andrew N. Meltzoff found that 18 - month - old infants could perform target manipulations that adult experimenters attempted and failed , suggesting the infants could represent the object - manipulating behavior of adults as involving goals and intentions . While attribution of intention ( the box - marking ) and knowledge ( false - belief tasks ) is investigated in young humans and nonhuman animals to detect precursors to a theory of mind , Gagliardi et al. have pointed out that even adult humans do not always act in a way consistent with an attributional perspective . In the experiment , adult human subjects made choices about baited containers when guided by confederates who could not see ( and therefore , not know ) which container was baited . Recent research in developmental psychology suggests that the infant 's ability to imitate others lies at the origins of both theory of mind and other social - cognitive achievements like perspective - taking and empathy . According to Meltzoff , the infant 's innate understanding that others are `` like me '' allows it to recognize the equivalence between the physical and mental states apparent in others and those felt by the self . For example , the infant uses his own experiences , orienting his head / eyes toward an object of interest to understand the movements of others who turn toward an object , that is , that they will generally attend to objects of interest or significance . Some researchers in comparative disciplines have hesitated to put a too - ponderous weight on imitation as a critical precursor to advanced human social - cognitive skills like mentalizing and empathizing , especially if true imitation is no longer employed by adults . A test of imitation by Alexandra Horowitz found that adult subjects imitated an experimenter demonstrating a novel task far less closely than children did . Horowitz points out that the precise psychological state underlying imitation is unclear and can not , by itself , be used to draw conclusions about the mental states of humans . While much research has been done on infants , theory of mind develops continuously throughout childhood and into late adolescence as the synapses ( neuronal connections ) in the prefrontal cortex develop . The prefrontal cortex is responsible for planning and decision - making . Children seem to develop theory of mind skills sequentially . The first skill to develop is the ability to recognize that others have diverse desires . Children are able to recognize that others have diverse beliefs soon after . The next skill to develop is recognizing that others have access to different knowledge bases . Finally , children are able to understand that others may have false beliefs and that others are capable of hiding emotions . While this sequence represents the general trend in skill acquisition , it seems that more emphasis is placed on some skills in certain cultures , leading to more valued skills to develop before those that are considered not as important . For example , in individualistic cultures such as the United States , a greater emphasis is placed on the ability to recognize that others have different opinions and beliefs . In a collectivistic culture , such as China , this skill may not be as important and therefore may not develop until later . Language ( edit ) There is evidence to believe that the development of theory of mind is closely intertwined with language development in humans . One meta - analysis showed a moderate to strong correlation ( r = 0.43 ) between performance on theory of mind and language tasks . One might argue that this relationship is due solely to the fact that both language and theory of mind seem to begin to develop substantially around the same time in children ( between ages 2 -- 5 ) . However , many other abilities develop during this same time period as well , and do not produce such high correlations with one another nor with theory of mind . There must be something else going on to explain the relationship between theory of mind and language . Carol A. Miller posed a few possible explanations for this relationship . One idea was that the extent of verbal communication and conversation involving children in a family could explain theory of mind development . The belief is that this type of language exposure could help introduce a child to the different mental states and perspectives of others . This has been suggested empirically by findings indicating that participation in family discussion predict scores on theory of mind tasks , as well as findings showing that deaf children who have hearing parents and may not be able to communicate with their parents much during early years of development tend to score lower on theory of mind tasks . Another explanation of the relationship between language and theory of mind development has to do with a child 's understanding of mental state words such as `` think '' and `` believe '' . Since a mental state is not something that one can observe from behavior , children must learn the meanings of words denoting mental states from verbal explanations alone , requiring knowledge of the syntactic rules , semantic systems , and pragmatics of a language . Studies have shown that understanding of these mental state words predicts theory of mind in four - year - olds . A third hypothesis is that the ability to distinguish a whole sentence ( `` Jimmy thinks the world is flat '' ) from its embedded complement ( `` the world is flat '' ) and understand that one can be true while the other can be false is related to theory of mind development . Recognizing these sentential complements as being independent of one another is a relatively complex syntactic skill and has been shown to be related to increased scores on theory of mind tasks in children . In addition to these hypotheses , there is also evidence that the neural networks between the areas of the brain responsible for language and theory of mind are closely connected . The temporoparietal junction has been shown to be involved in the ability to acquire new vocabulary , as well as perceieve and reproduce words . The temporoparietal junction also contains areas that specialize in recognizing faces , voices , and biological motion , in addition to theory of mind . Since all of these areas are located so closely together , it is reasonable to conclude that they work together . Moreover , studies have reported an increase in activity in the TPJ when patients are absorbing information through reading or images regarding other peoples ' beliefs but not while observing information about physical control stimuli . Aging ( edit ) In older age , theory of mind capacities decline , irrespective of how exactly they are tested ( e.g. stories , eyes , videos , false belief - video , false belief - other , faux pas ) . However , the decline in other cognitive functions is even stronger , suggesting that social cognition is somewhat preserved . In contrast to theory of mind , empathy shows no impairments in aging . There are two kinds of theory of mind representations : cognitive ( concerning the mental states , beliefs , thoughts , and intentions of others ) and affective ( concerning the emotions of others ) . Cognitive theory of mind is further separated into first order ( e.g. , I think she thinks that ... ) and second order ( e.g. , he thinks that she thinks that ... ) . There is evidence that cognitive and affective theory of mind processes are functionally independent from one another . In studies of Alzheimer 's disease , which typically occurs in older adults , the patients display impairment with second order cognitive theory of mind , but usually not with first order cognitive or affective theory of mind . However , it is difficult to discern a clear pattern of theory of mind variation due to age . There have been many discrepancies in the data collected thus far , likely due to small sample sizes and the use of different tasks that only explore one aspect of theory of mind . Many researchers suggest that the theory of mind impairment is simply due to the normal decline in cognitive function . Empirical investigation ( edit ) Whether children younger than 3 or 4 years old may have any theory of mind is a topic of debate among researchers . It is a challenging question , due to the difficulty of assessing what pre-linguistic children understand about others and the world . Tasks used in research into the development of ToM must take into account the umwelt -- ( the German word ' Umwelt ' means `` environment '' or `` surrounding world '' ) -- of the pre-verbal child . False - belief task ( edit ) One of the most important milestones in theory of mind development is gaining the ability to attribute false belief : that is , to recognize that others can have beliefs about the world that are diverging . To do this , it is suggested , one must understand how knowledge is formed , that people 's beliefs are based on their knowledge , that mental states can differ from reality , and that people 's behavior can be predicted by their mental states . Numerous versions of the false - belief task have been developed , based on the initial task done by Wimmer and Perner ( 1983 ) . In the most common version of the false - belief task ( often called the `` ' Sally - Anne ' test '' or `` ' Sally - Anne ' task '' ) , children are told or shown a story involving two characters . For example , the child is shown two dolls , Sally and Anne , who have a basket and a box , respectively . Sally also has a marble , which she places into her basket , and then leaves the room . While she is out of the room , Anne takes the marble from the basket and puts it into the box . Sally returns , and the child is then asked where Sally will look for the marble . The child passes the task if she answers that Sally will look in the basket , where Sally put the marble ; the child fails the task if she answers that Sally will look in the box , where the child knows the marble is hidden , even though Sally can not know this , since she did not see it hidden there . To pass the task , the child must be able to understand that another 's mental representation of the situation is different from their own , and the child must be able to predict behavior based on that understanding . Another example is when a boy leaves chocolate on a shelf and then leaves the room . His mother puts it in the fridge . To pass the task , the child must understand that the boy , upon returning , holds the false belief that his chocolate is still on the shelf . The results of research using false - belief tasks have been fairly consistent : most normally developing children are able to pass the tasks from around age four . Notably , while most children , including those with Down syndrome , are able to pass this test , in one study , 80 % of children diagnosed with autism were unable to do so . Also adults can experience problems with false beliefs . For instance , when they show hindsight bias , defined as : `` the inclination to see events that have already happened as being more predictable than they were before they took place . '' In an experiment by Fischhoff in 1975 , adult subjects who were asked for an independent assessment were unable to disregard information on actual outcome . Also in experiments with complicated situations , when assessing others ' thinking , adults can be unable to disregard certain information that they have been given . Unexpected contents ( edit ) Other tasks have been developed to try to solve the problems inherent in the false - belief task . In the `` Unexpected contents '' , or `` Smarties '' task , experimenters ask children what they believe to be the contents of a box that looks as though it holds a candy called `` Smarties '' . After the child guesses ( usually ) `` Smarties '' , it is shown that the box in fact contained pencils . The experimenter then re-closes the box and asks the child what she thinks another person , who has not been shown the true contents of the box , will think is inside . The child passes the task if he / she responds that another person will think that `` Smarties '' exist in the box , but fails the task if she responds that another person will think that the box contains pencils . Gopnik & Astington ( 1988 ) found that children pass this test at age four or five years . Other tasks ( edit ) The `` false - photograph '' task is another task that serves as a measure of theory of mind development . In this task , children must reason about what is represented in a photograph that differs from the current state of affairs . Within the false - photograph task , either a location or identity change exists . In the location - change task , the examiner puts an object in one location ( e.g. , chocolate in an open green cupboard ) , whereupon the child takes a Polaroid photograph of the scene . While the photograph is developing , the examiner moves the object to a different location ( e.g. , a blue cupboard ) , allowing the child to view the examiner 's action . The examiner asks the child two control questions : `` When we first took the picture , where was the object ? '' and `` Where is the object now ? '' . The subject is also asked a `` false - photograph '' question : `` Where is the object in the picture ? '' The child passes the task if he / she correctly identifies the location of the object in the picture and the actual location of the object at the time of the question . However , the last question might be misinterpreted as : `` Where in this room is the object that the picture depicts ? '' and therefore some examiners use an alternative phrasing . To make it easier for animals , young children , and individuals with classical ( Kanner - type ) autism to understand and perform theory of mind tasks , researchers have developed tests in which verbal communication is de-emphasized : some whose administration does not involve verbal communication on the part of the examiner , some whose successful completion does not require verbal communication on the part of the subject , and some that meet both of the foregoing standards . One category of tasks uses a preferential looking paradigm , with looking time as the dependent variable . For instance , 9 - month - old infants prefer looking at behaviors performed by a human hand over those made by an inanimate hand - like object . Other paradigms look at rates of imitative behavior , the ability to replicate and complete unfinished goal - directed acts , and rates of pretend play . Early precursors ( edit ) Recent research on the early precursors of theory of mind has looked at innovative ways at capturing preverbal infants ' understanding of other people 's mental states , including perception and beliefs . Using a variety of experimental procedures , studies have shown that infants in their second year of life have an implicit understanding of what other people see and what they know . A popular paradigm used to study infants ' theory of mind is the violation of expectation procedure , which predicates on infants ' tendency to look longer at unexpected and surprising events compared to familiar and expected events . Therefore , their looking - times measures would give researchers an indication of what infants might be inferring , or their implicit understanding of events . One recent study using this paradigm found that 16 - month - olds tend to attribute beliefs to a person whose visual perception was previously witnessed as being `` reliable '' , compared to someone whose visual perception was `` unreliable '' . Specifically , 16 - month - olds were trained to expect a person 's excited vocalization and gaze into a container to be associated with finding a toy in the reliable - looker condition or an absence of a toy in the unreliable - looker condition . Following this training phase , infants witnessed , in an object - search task , the same persons either searching for a toy in the correct or incorrect location after they both witnessed the location of where the toy was hidden . Infants who experienced the reliable looker were surprised and therefore looked longer when the person searched for the toy in the incorrect location compared to the correct location . In contrast , the looking time for infants who experienced the unreliable looker did not differ for either search locations . These findings suggest that 16 - month - old infants can differentially attribute beliefs about a toy 's location based on the person 's prior record of visual perception . Deficits ( edit ) The theory of mind ( ToM ) impairment describes a difficulty someone would have with perspective - taking . This is also sometimes referred to as mind - blindness . This means that individuals with a ToM impairment would have a difficult time seeing phenomena from any other perspective than their own . Individuals who experience a theory of mind deficit have difficulty determining the intentions of others , lack understanding of how their behavior affects others , and have a difficult time with social reciprocity . ToM deficits have been observed in people with autism spectrum disorders , people with schizophrenia , people with nonverbal learning disorder , people with attention deficit disorder , persons under the influence of alcohol and narcotics , sleep - deprived persons , and persons who are experiencing severe emotional or physical pain . Theory of mind deficits have also been observed in deaf children who are late signers ( i.e. , are born to hearing parents ) , but the deficit is due to the delay in language learning , not any cognitive deficit , and therefore disappears once the child learns sign language . Autism ( edit ) In 1985 Simon Baron - Cohen , Alan M. Leslie and Uta Frith suggested that children with autism do not employ Theory of Mind and suggested that autistic children have particular difficulties with tasks requiring the child to understand another person 's beliefs . These difficulties persist when children are matched for verbal skills and have been taken as a key feature of autism . Many individuals classified as autistic have severe difficulty assigning mental states to others , and they seem to lack theory of mind capabilities . Researchers who study the relationship between autism and theory of mind attempt to explain the connection in a variety of ways . One account assumes that theory of mind plays a role in the attribution of mental states to others and in childhood pretend play . According to Leslie , theory of mind is the capacity to mentally represent thoughts , beliefs , and desires , regardless of whether or not the circumstances involved are real . This might explain why some autistic individuals show extreme deficits in both theory of mind and pretend play . However , Hobson proposes a social - affective justification , which suggests that with an autistic person , deficits in theory of mind result from a distortion in understanding and responding to emotions . He suggests that typically developing human beings , unlike autistic individuals , are born with a set of skills ( such as social referencing ability ) that later lets them comprehend and react to other people 's feelings . Other scholars emphasize that autism involves a specific developmental delay , so that autistic children vary in their deficiencies , because they experience difficulty in different stages of growth . Very early setbacks can alter proper advancement of joint - attention behaviors , which may lead to a failure to form a full theory of mind . It has been speculated that ToM exists on a continuum as opposed to the traditional view of a discrete presence or absence . While some research has suggested that some autistic populations are unable to attribute mental states to others , recent evidence points to the possibility of coping mechanisms that facilitate a spectrum of mindful behavior . Tine et al. suggest that autistic children score substantially lower on measures of social theory of mind in comparison to children diagnosed with Asperger syndrome . Generally , children with more advanced theory of mind abilities display more advanced social skills , greater adaptability to new situations , and greater cooperation with others . As a result , these children are typically well - liked . However , `` children may use their mind - reading abilities to manipulate , outwit , tease , or trick their peers '' . Individuals possessing inferior theory of mind skills , such as children with autism spectrum disorder , may be socially rejected by their peers since they are unable communicate effectively . Social rejection has been proven to negatively impact a child 's development and can put the child at greater risk of developing depressive symptoms . Peer - mediated interventions ( PMI ) are a school - based treatment approach for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder in which peers are trained to be role models in order to promote social behavior . Laghi et al studied if analysis of prosocial ( nice ) and antisocial ( nasty ) theory of mind behaviors could be used , in addition to teacher recommendations , to select appropriate candidates for PMI programs . Selecting children with advanced theory of mind skills who use them in prosocial ways will theoretically make the program more effective . While the results indicated that analyzing the social uses of theory of mind of possible candidates for a PMI program is invaluable , it may not be a good predictor of a candidate 's performance as a role model . Schizophrenia ( edit ) Individuals with the diagnosis of schizophrenia can show deficits in theory of mind . Mirjam Sprong and colleagues investigated the impairment by examining 29 different studies , with a total of over 1500 participants . This meta - analysis showed significant and stable deficit of theory of mind in people with schizophrenia . They performed poorly on false - belief tasks , which test the ability to understand that others can hold false beliefs about events in the world , and also on intention - inference tasks , which assess the ability to infer a character 's intention from reading a short story . Schizophrenia patients with negative symptoms , such as lack of emotion , motivation , or speech , have the most impairment in theory of mind and are unable to represent the mental states of themselves and of others . Paranoid schizophrenic patients also perform poorly because they have difficulty accurately interpreting others ' intentions . The meta - analysis additionally showed that IQ , gender , and age of the participants does not significantly affect the performance of theory of mind tasks . Current research suggests that impairment in theory of mind negatively affects clinical insight , the patient 's awareness of their mental illness . Insight requires theory of mind -- a patient must be able to adopt a third - person perspective and see the self as others do . A patient with good insight would be able to accurately self - represent , by comparing oneself with others and by viewing oneself from the perspective of others . Insight allows a patient to recognize and react appropriately to his symptoms ; however , a patient who lacks insight would not realize that he has a mental illness , because of his inability to accurately self - represent . Therapies that teach patients perspective - taking and self - reflection skills can improve abilities in reading social cues and taking the perspective of another person . The majority of the current literature supports the argument that the theory of mind deficit is a stable trait - characteristic rather than a state - characteristic of schizophrenia . The meta - analysis conducted by Sprong et al. showed that patients in remission still had impairment in theory of mind . The results indicate that the deficit is not merely a consequence of the active phase of schizophrenia . Schizophrenic patients ' deficit in theory of mind impairs their daily interactions with others . An example of a disrupted interaction is one between a schizophrenic parent and a child . Theory of mind is particularly important for parents , who must understand the thoughts and behaviors of their children and react accordingly . Dysfunctional parenting is associated with deficits in the first - order theory of mind , the ability to understand another person 's thoughts , and the second - order theory of mind , the ability to infer what one person thinks about another person 's thoughts . Compared with healthy mothers , mothers with schizophrenia are found to be more remote , quiet , self - absorbed , insensitive , unresponsive , and to have fewer satisfying interactions with their children . They also tend to misinterpret their children 's emotional cues , and often misunderstand neutral faces as negative . Activities such as role - playing and individual or group - based sessions are effective interventions that help the parents improve on perspective - taking and theory of mind . Although there is a strong association between theory of mind deficit and parental role dysfunction , future studies could strengthen the relationship by possibly establishing a causal role of theory of mind on parenting abilities . Alcohol use disorders ( edit ) Impairments in theory of mind , as well as other social - cognitive deficits are commonly found in people suffering from alcoholism , due to the neurotoxic effects of alcohol on the brain , particularly the prefrontal cortex . Depression and dysphoria ( edit ) Individuals in a current major depressive episode , a disorder characterized by social impairment , show deficits in theory of mind decoding . Theory of mind decoding is the ability to use information available in the immediate environment ( e.g. , facial expression , tone of voice , body posture ) to accurately label the mental states of others . The opposite pattern , enhanced theory of mind , is observed in individuals vulnerable to depression , including those individuals with past MDD , dysphoric individuals , and individuals with a maternal history of MDD . Specific language impairment ( edit ) Children diagnosed with specific language impairment ( SLI ) exhibit much lower scores on reading and writing sections of standardized tests , yet have a normal nonverbal IQ . These language deficits can be any specific deficits in lexical semantics , syntax , or pragmatics , or a combination of multiple problems . They often exhibit poorer social skills than normally developing children , and seem to have problems decoding beliefs in others . A recent meta - analysis confirmed that children with SLI have substantially lower scores on Theory of Mind tasks compared to typically developing children . This strengthens the claim that language development is related to Theory of Mind . Brain mechanisms ( edit ) In typically developing humans ( edit ) Research on theory of mind in autism led to the view that mentalizing abilities are subserved by dedicated mechanisms that can - in some cases - be impaired while general cognitive function remains largely intact . Neuroimaging research has supported this view , demonstrating specific brain regions consistently engaged during theory of mind tasks . PET research on theory of mind , using verbal and pictorial story comprehension tasks , has identified a set of brain regions including the medial prefrontal cortex ( mPFC ) , and area around posterior superior temporal sulcus ( pSTS ) , and sometimes precuneus and amygdala / temporopolar cortex . Subsequently , research on the neural basis of theory of mind has diversified , with separate lines of research focused on the understanding of beliefs , intentions , and more complex properties of minds such as psychological traits . Studies from Rebecca Saxe 's lab at MIT , using a false - belief versus false - photograph task contrast aimed at isolating the mentalizing component of the false - belief task , have very consistently found activation in mPFC , precuneus , and temporo - parietal junction ( TPJ ) , right - lateralized . In particular , it has been proposed that the right TPJ ( rTPJ ) is selectively involved in representing the beliefs of others . However , some debate exists , as some scientists have noted that the same rTPJ region has been consistently activated during spatial reorienting of visual attention ; Jean Decety from the University of Chicago and Jason Mitchell from Harvard have thus proposed that the rTPJ subserves a more general function involved in both false - belief understanding and attentional reorienting , rather than a mechanism specialized for social cognition . However , it is possible that the observation of overlapping regions for representing beliefs and attentional reorienting may simply be due to adjacent , but distinct , neuronal populations that code for each . The resolution of typical fMRI studies may not be good enough to show that distinct / adjacent neuronal populations code for each of these processes . In a study following Decety and Mitchell , Saxe and colleagues used higher - resolution fMRI and showed that the peak of activation for attentional reorienting is approximately 6 - 10mm above the peak for representing beliefs . Further corroborating that differing populations of neurons may code for each process , they found no similarity in the patterning of fMRI response across space . Functional imaging has also been used to study the detection of mental state information in Heider - Simmel-esque animations of moving geometric shapes , which typical humans automatically perceive as social interactions laden with intention and emotion . Three studies found remarkably similar patterns of activation during the perception of such animations versus a random or deterministic motion control : mPFC , pSTS , fusiform face area ( FFA ) , and amygdala were selectively engaged during the ToM condition . Another study presented subjects with an animation of two dots moving with a parameterized degree of intentionality ( quantifying the extent to which the dots chased each other ) , and found that pSTS activation correlated with this parameter . A separate body of research has implicated the posterior superior temporal sulcus in the perception of intentionality in human action ; this area is also involved in perceiving biological motion , including body , eye , mouth , and point - light display motion . One study found increased pSTS activation while watching a human lift his hand versus having his hand pushed up by a piston ( intentional versus unintentional action ) . Several studies have found increased pSTS activation when subjects perceive a human action that is incongruent with the action expected from the actor 's context and inferred intention . Examples would be : a human performing a reach - to - grasp motion on empty space next to an object , versus grasping the object ; a human shifting eye gaze toward empty space next to a checkerboard target versus shifting gaze toward the target ; an unladen human turning on a light with his knee , versus turning on a light with his knee while carrying a pile of books ; and a walking human pausing as he passes behind a bookshelf , versus walking at a constant speed . In these studies , actions in the `` congruent '' case have a straightforward goal , and are easy to explain in terms of the actor 's intention . The incongruent actions , on the other hand , require further explanation ( why would someone twist empty space next to a gear ? ) , and then apparently would demand more processing in the STS . Note that this region is distinct from the temporo - parietal area activated during false belief tasks . Also note that pSTS activation in most of the above studies was largely right - lateralized , following the general trend in neuroimaging studies of social cognition and perception . Also right - lateralized are the TPJ activation during false belief tasks , the STS response to biological motion , and the FFA response to faces . Neuropsychological evidence has provided support for neuroimaging results regarding the neural basis of theory of mind . Studies with patients suffering from a lesion of the frontal lobes and the temporoparietal junction of the brain ( between the temporal lobe and parietal lobe ) reported that they have difficulty with some theory of mind tasks . This shows that theory of mind abilities are associated with specific parts of the human brain . However , the fact that the medial prefrontal cortex and temporoparietal junction are necessary for theory of mind tasks does not imply that these regions are specific to that function . TPJ and mPFC may subserve more general functions necessary for ToM . Research by Vittorio Gallese , Luciano Fadiga and Giacomo Rizzolatti ( reviewed in ) has shown that some sensorimotor neurons , which are referred to as mirror neurons , first discovered in the premotor cortex of rhesus monkeys , may be involved in action understanding . Single - electrode recording revealed that these neurons fired when a monkey performed an action , as well as when the monkey viewed another agent carrying out the same task . Similarly , fMRI studies with human participants have shown brain regions ( assumed to contain mirror neurons ) that are active when one person sees another person 's goal - directed action . These data have led some authors to suggest that mirror neurons may provide the basis for theory of mind in the brain , and to support simulation theory of mind reading ( see above ) . However , there is also evidence against the link between mirror neurons and theory of mind . First , macaque monkeys have mirror neurons but do not seem to have a ' human - like ' capacity to understand theory of mind and belief . Second , fMRI studies of theory of mind typically report activation in the mPFC , temporal poles and TPJ or STS , but these brain areas are not part of the mirror neuron system . Some investigators , like developmental psychologist Andrew Meltzoff and neuroscientist Jean Decety , believe that mirror neurons merely facilitate learning through imitation and may provide a precursor to the development of ToM . Others , like philosopher Shaun Gallagher , suggest that mirror - neuron activation , on a number of counts , fails to meet the definition of simulation as proposed by the simulation theory of mindreading . However , in a recent paper , Keren Haroush and Ziv Williams outlined the case for a group of neurons in primates ' brains that uniquely predicted the choice selection of their interacting partner . These primates ' neurons , located in the anterior cingulate cortex of rhesus monkeys , were observed using single - unit recording while the monkeys played a variant of the iterative prisoner 's dilemma game . By identifying cells that represent the yet unknown intentions of a game partner , Haroush & Williams ' study supports the idea that theory of mind may be a fundamental and generalized process , and suggests that anterior cingulate cortex neurons may potentially act to complement the function of mirror neurons during social interchange . In autism ( edit ) Several neuroimaging studies have looked at the neural basis theory of mind impairment in subjects with Asperger syndrome and high - functioning autism ( HFA ) . The first PET study of theory of mind in autism ( also the first neuroimaging study using a task - induced activation paradigm in autism ) replicated a prior study in normal individuals , which employed a story - comprehension task . This study found displaced and diminished mPFC activation in subjects with autism . However , because the study used only six subjects with autism , and because the spatial resolution of PET imaging is relatively poor , these results should be considered preliminary . A subsequent fMRI study scanned normally developing adults and adults with HFA while performing a `` reading the mind in the eyes '' task : viewing a photo of a human 's eyes and choosing which of two adjectives better describes the person 's mental state , versus a gender discrimination control . The authors found activity in orbitofrontal cortex , STS , and amygdala in normal subjects , and found no amygdala activation and abnormal STS activation in subjects with autism . A more recent PET study looked at brain activity in individuals with HFA and Asperger syndrome while viewing Heider - Simmel animations ( see above ) versus a random motion control . In contrast to normally developing subjects , those with autism showed no STS or FFA activation , and significantly less mPFC and amygdala activation . Activity in extrastriate regions V3 and LO was identical across the two groups , suggesting intact lower - level visual processing in the subjects with autism . The study also reported significantly less functional connectivity between STS and V3 in the autism group . Note , however , that decreased temporal correlation between activity in STS and V3 would be expected simply from the lack of an evoked response in STS to intent - laden animations in subjects with autism . A more informative analysis would be to compute functional connectivity after regressing out evoked responses from all - time series . A subsequent study , using the incongruent / congruent gaze - shift paradigm described above , found that in high - functioning adults with autism , posterior STS ( pSTS ) activation was undifferentiated while they watched a human shift gaze toward a target and then toward adjacent empty space . The lack of additional STS processing in the incongruent state may suggest that these subjects fail to form an expectation of what the actor should do given contextual information , or that feedback about the violation of this expectation does n't reach STS . Both explanations involve an impairment in the ability to link eye gaze shifts with intentional explanations . This study also found a significant anticorrelation between STS activation in the incongruent - congruent contrast and social subscale score on the Autism Diagnostic Interview - Revised , but not scores on the other subscales . In 2011 , an fMRI study demonstrated that the right temporoparietal junction ( rTPJ ) of higher - functioning adults with autism was not more selectively activated for mentalizing judgments when compared to physical judgments about self and other . rTPJ selectivity for mentalizing was also related to individual variation on clinical measures of social impairment : individuals whose rTPJ was increasingly more active for mentalizing compared to physical judgments were less socially impaired , while those who showed little to no difference in response to mentalizing or physical judgments were the most socially impaired . This evidence builds on work in typical development that suggests rTPJ is critical for representing mental state information , irrespective of whether it is about oneself or others . It also points to an explanation at the neural level for the pervasive mind - blindness difficulties in autism that are evident throughout the lifespan . In schizophrenia ( edit ) The brain regions associated with theory of mind include the superior temporal gyrus ( STS ) , the temporoparietal junction ( TPJ ) , the medial prefrontal cortex ( MPFC ) , the precuneus , and the amygdala . The reduced activity in the MPFC of individuals with schizophrenia is associated with the Theory of mind deficit and may explain impairments in social function among people with schizophrenia . Increased neural activity in MPFC is related to better perspective - taking , emotion management , and increased social functioning . Disrupted brain activities in areas related to theory of mind may increase social stress or disinterest in social interaction , and contribute to the social dysfunction associated with schizophrenia . Practical validity ( edit ) Main article : Collective intelligence Group member average scores of theory of mind abilities , measured with the Reading the Mind in the Eyes test ( RME ) , are suggested as drivers of successful group performance . In particular , high group average scores on the RME are shown to be correlated with the collective intelligence factor c defined as a group 's ability to perform a wide range of mental tasks , a group intelligence measure similar to the g factor for general individual intelligence . RME is a ToM test for adults that shows sufficient test - retest reliability and constantly differentiates control groups from individuals with functional autism or Asperger syndrome . It is one of the most widely accepted and well - validated tests for ToM abilities within adults . Evolution ( edit ) The evolutionary origin of theory of mind remains obscure . While many theories make claims about its role in the development of human language and social cognition few of them specify in detail any evolutionary neurophysiological precursors . A recent theory claims that ToM has its roots in two defensive reactions , namely immobilization stress and tonic immobility , which are implicated in the handling of stressful encounters and also figure prominently in mammalian childrearing practices ( Tsoukalas , 2017 ) . Their combined effect seems capable of producing many of the hallmarks of theory of mind , e.g. , eye - contact , gaze - following , inhibitory control and intentional attributions . Non-human ( edit ) See also : Animal consciousness and Theory of mind in animals An open question is if other animals besides humans have a genetic endowment and social environment that allows them to acquire a theory of mind in the same way that human children do . This is a contentious issue because of the problem of inferring from animal behavior the existence of thinking or of particular thoughts , or the existence of a concept of self or self - awareness , consciousness and qualia . One difficulty with non-human studies of ToM is the lack of sufficient numbers of naturalistic observations , giving insight into what the evolutionary pressures might be on a species ' development of theory of mind . Non-human research still has a major place in this field , however , and is especially useful in illuminating which nonverbal behaviors signify components of theory of mind , and in pointing to possible stepping points in the evolution of what many claim to be a uniquely human aspect of social cognition . While it is difficult to study human - like theory of mind and mental states in species whose potential mental states we have an incomplete understanding , researchers can focus on simpler components of more complex capabilities . For example , many researchers focus on animals ' understanding of intention , gaze , perspective , or knowledge ( or rather , what another being has seen ) . Call and Tomasello 's study that looked at understanding of intention in orangutans , chimpanzees and children showed that all three species understood the difference between accidental and intentional acts . Part of the difficulty in this line of research is that observed phenomena can often be explained as simple stimulus - response learning , as it is in the nature of any theorizers of mind to have to extrapolate internal mental states from observable behavior . Recently , most non-human theory of mind research has focused on monkeys and great apes , who are of most interest in the study of the evolution of human social cognition . Other studies relevant to attributions theory of mind have been conducted using plovers and dogs , and have shown preliminary evidence of understanding attention -- one precursor of theory of mind -- in others . There has been some controversy over the interpretation of evidence purporting to show theory of mind ability -- or inability -- in animals . Two examples serve as demonstration : first , Povinelli et al. ( 1990 ) presented chimpanzees with the choice of two experimenters from whom to request food : one who had seen where food was hidden , and one who , by virtue of one of a variety of mechanisms ( having a bucket or bag over his head ; a blindfold over his eyes ; or being turned away from the baiting ) does not know , and can only guess . They found that the animals failed in most cases to differentially request food from the `` knower '' . By contrast , Hare , Call , and Tomasello ( 2001 ) found that subordinate chimpanzees were able to use the knowledge state of dominant rival chimpanzees to determine which container of hidden food they approached . William Field and Sue Savage - Rumbaugh have no doubt that bonobos have developed ToM and cite their communications with a well known captive bonobo , Kanzi , as evidence . In a 2016 experiment , ravens Corvus corax were shown to take into account visual access of unseen conspecifics . It is suspected that `` ravens can generalize from their own perceptual experience to infer the possibility of being seen '' . A 2016 study published by evolutionary anthropologist Christopher Krupenye brings new light to the existence of ToM , and particularly false beliefs , in non-human primates . 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Psychiatry Research . 225 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 169 -- 174 . doi : 10.1016 / j. psychres. 2014.11. 010 . PMC 4269286 . PMID 25467703 . Jump up ^ Konstantakopoulos , G. ; Ploumpidis , D. ; Oulis , P. ; Patrikelis , P. ; Nikitopoulou , S. ; Papadimitriou , G.N. ; David , A.S. ( 2014 ) . `` The relationship between insight and theory of mind in schizophrenia '' . Schizophrenia Research . 152 ( 1 ) : 217 -- 222 . doi : 10.1016 / j. schres. 2013.11. 022 . PMID 24321712 . Jump up ^ Cassetta , B. ; Goghari , V. ( 2014 ) . `` Theory of mind reasoning in schizophrenia patients and non-psychotic relatives '' . Psychiatry Research . 218 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 12 -- 19 . doi : 10.1016 / j. psychres. 2014.03. 043 . PMID 24745472 . ^ Jump up to : Mehta , U.M. ; Bhagyavathi , H.D. ; Kumar , C.N. ; Thirthalli , J. ; Gangadhar , B.N. ( 2014 ) . `` Cognitive deconstruction of parenting in schizophrenia : The role of theory of mind '' . Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry . 48 ( 3 ) : 249 -- 258 . doi : 10.1177 / 0004867413500350 . Jump up ^ Lee , L. ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` Mental state decoding abilities in clinical depression '' . Journal of Affective Disorders. 86 ( 2 -- 3 ) : 247 -- 58 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jad. 2005.02. 007 . PMID 15935244 . Jump up ^ Sabbagh , M.A. ( 2004 ) . `` Recognizing and reasoning about mental states : Understanding orbitofrontal contributions to theory of mind and autism '' . Brain and Cognition . 55 ( 1 ) : 209 -- 19 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bandc. 2003.04. 002 . PMID 15134854 . Jump up ^ Harkness , K.L. ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` Enhanced accuracy of mental state decoding in dysphoric college students '' . Cognition and Emotion. 19 ( 7 ) : 999 -- 1025 . doi : 10.1080 / 02699930541000110 . Jump up ^ Harkness , K.L. ; et al. ( 2011 ) . `` Maternal history of depression is associated with enhanced theory of mind ability in depressed and non-depressed women '' . Psychiatry Research . 189 ( 1 ) : 91 -- 96 . doi : 10.1016 / j. psychres. 2011.06. 007 . PMID 21733579 . Jump up ^ Nilsson , Kristine Kahr ; de López , Kristine Jensen ( January -- February 2016 ) . `` Theory of mind in children with specific language impairment : A systematic review and meta - analysis '' . Child Development . Wiley . 87 ( 1 ) : 143 -- 153 . doi : 10.1111 / cdev. 12462 . PMID 26582261 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Helen L. ; Frith , Christopher D. ( 2003 ) . `` Functional imaging of ' theory of mind ' '' . Trends in Cognitive Sciences . 7 ( 2 ) : 77 -- 83 . doi : 10.1016 / S1364 - 6613 ( 02 ) 00025 - 6 . PMID 12584026 . Jump up ^ Saxe , R ; Kanwisher , N ( 2003 ) . `` temporo - parietal junction '' . NeuroImage. 19 ( 4 ) : 1835 -- 42 . doi : 10.1016 / S1053 - 8119 ( 03 ) 00230 - 1 . PMID 12948738 . Jump up ^ Saxe , Rebecca ; Schulz , Laura E. ; Jiang , Yuhong V. ( 2006 ) . `` Reading minds versus following rules : Dissociating theory of mind and executive control in the brain '' . Social Neuroscience. 1 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 284 -- 98 . doi : 10.1080 / 17470910601000446 . PMID 18633794 . Jump up ^ Saxe , R. ; Powell , L.J. ( 2006 ) . `` It 's the Thought That Counts : Specific Brain Regions for One Component of Theory of Mind '' . Psychological Science . 17 ( 8 ) : 692 -- 9 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 9280.2006. 01768. x . PMID 16913952 . ^ Jump up to : Decety , J. ; Lamm , C. ( 2007 ) . `` The Role of the Right Temporoparietal Junction in Social Interaction : How Low - Level Computational Processes Contribute to Meta - Cognition '' . The Neuroscientist. 13 ( 6 ) : 580 -- 93 . doi : 10.1177 / 1073858407304654 . PMID 17911216 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , J.P. ( 2007 ) . `` Activity in Right Temporo - Parietal Junction is Not Selective for Theory - of - Mind '' . Cerebral Cortex. 18 ( 2 ) : 262 -- 71 . doi : 10.1093 / cercor / bhm051 . PMID 17551089 . Jump up ^ Scholz , Jonathan ; Triantafyllou , Christina ; Whitfield - Gabrieli , Susan ; Brown , Emery N. ; Saxe , Rebecca ( 2009 ) . Lauwereyns , Jan , ed . `` Distinct Regions of Right Temporo - Parietal Junction Are Selective for Theory of Mind and Exogenous Attention '' . PLoS ONE . 4 ( 3 ) : e4869 . Bibcode : 2009PLoSO ... 4.4869 S . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0004869 . PMC 2653721 . PMID 19290043 . Jump up ^ Castelli , Fulvia ; Happé , Francesca ; Frith , Uta ; Frith , Chris ( 2000 ) . `` Movement and Mind : A Functional Imaging Study of Perception and Interpretation of Complex Intentional Movement Patterns '' . NeuroImage. 12 ( 3 ) : 314 -- 25 . doi : 10.1006 / nimg. 2000.0612 . PMID 10944414 . Jump up ^ Martin , Alex ; Weisberg , Jill ( 2003 ) . `` Neural Foundations for Understanding Social and Mechanical Concepts '' . Cognitive Neuropsychology. 20 ( 3 -- 6 ) : 575 -- 87 . doi : 10.1080 / 02643290342000005 . PMC 1450338 . PMID 16648880 . Jump up ^ Schultz , R.T. ; Grelotti , D.J. ; Klin , A. ; Kleinman , J. ; Van Der Gaag , C. ; Marois , R. ; Skudlarski , P. ( 2003 ) . `` The role of the fusiform face area in social cognition : Implications for the pathobiology of autism '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences . 358 ( 1430 ) : 415 -- 427 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 2002.1208 . PMC 1693125 . PMID 12639338 . Jump up ^ Schultz , Johannes ; Friston , Karl J. ; O'Doherty , John ; Wolpert , Daniel M. ; Frith , Chris D. ( 2005 ) . `` Activation in Posterior Superior Temporal Sulcus Parallels Parameter Inducing the Percept of Animacy '' . Neuron. 45 ( 4 ) : 625 -- 35 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neuron. 2004.12. 052 . PMID 15721247 . Jump up ^ Allison , Truett ; Puce , Aina ; McCarthy , Gregory ( 2000 ) . `` Social perception from visual cues : Role of the STS region '' . Trends in Cognitive Sciences . 4 ( 7 ) : 267 -- 278 . doi : 10.1016 / S1364 - 6613 ( 00 ) 01501 - 1 . PMID 10859571 . Jump up ^ Morris , James P. ; Pelphrey , Kevin A. ; McCarthy , Gregory ( 2008 ) . `` Perceived causality influences brain activity evoked by biological motion '' . Social Neuroscience. 3 ( 1 ) : 16 -- 25 . doi : 10.1080 / 17470910701476686 . PMID 18633843 . Jump up ^ Pelphrey , Kevin A. ; Morris , James P. ; McCarthy , Gregory ( 2004 ) . `` Grasping the Intentions of Others : The Perceived Intentionality of an Action Influences Activity in the Superior Temporal Sulcus during Social Perception '' . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 16 ( 10 ) : 1706 -- 16 . doi : 10.1162 / 0898929042947900 . PMID 15701223 . Jump up ^ Mosconi , Matthew W. ; Mack , Peter B. ; McCarthy , Gregory ; Pelphrey , Kevin A. ( 2005 ) . `` Taking an `` intentional stance '' on eye - gaze shifts : A functional neuroimaging study of social perception in children `` . NeuroImage. 27 ( 1 ) : 247 -- 52 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neuroimage. 2005.03. 027 . PMID 16023041 . Jump up ^ Brass , Marcel ; Schmitt , Ruth M. ; Spengler , Stephanie ; Gergely , György ( 2007 ) . `` Investigating Action Understanding : Inferential Processes versus Action Simulation '' . Current Biology . 17 ( 24 ) : 2117 -- 21 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2007.11. 057 . PMID 18083518 . ^ Jump up to : Saxe , R ; Xiao , D. - K ; Kovacs , G ; Perrett , D.I ; Kanwisher , N ( 2004 ) . `` A region of right posterior superior temporal sulcus responds to observed intentional actions '' . Neuropsychologia. 42 ( 11 ) : 1435 -- 46 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neuropsychologia. 2004.04. 015 . PMID 15246282 . Jump up ^ Rowe , Andrea D ; Bullock , Peter R ; Polkey , Charles E ; Morris , Robin G ( 2001 ) . `` ' Theory of mind ' impairments and their relationship to executive functioning following frontal lobe excisions '' . Brain . 124 ( 3 ) : 600 -- 616 . doi : 10.1093 / brain / 124.3. 600 . PMID 11222459 . Jump up ^ Samson , Dana ; Apperly , Ian A ; Chiavarino , Claudia ; Humphreys , Glyn W ( 2004 ) . `` Left temporoparietal junction is necessary for representing someone else 's belief '' . Nature Neuroscience. 7 ( 5 ) : 499 -- 500 . doi : 10.1038 / nn1223 . PMID 15077111 . Jump up ^ Stone , Valerie E. ; Gerrans , Philip ( 2006 ) . `` What 's domain - specific about theory of mind ? '' . Social Neuroscience. 1 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 309 -- 19 . doi : 10.1080 / 17470910601029221 . PMID 18633796 . Jump up ^ Rizzolatti , Giacomo ; Craighero , Laila ( 2004 ) . `` The Mirror - Neuron System '' . Annual Review of Neuroscience. 27 ( 1 ) : 169 -- 92 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. neuro. 27.070203. 144230 . PMID 15217330 . Jump up ^ Iacoboni , Marco ; Molnar - Szakacs , Istvan ; Gallese , Vittorio ; Buccino , Giovanni ; Mazziotta , John C. ; Rizzolatti , Giacomo ( 2005 ) . `` Grasping the Intentions of Others with One 's Own Mirror Neuron System '' . PLoS Biology . 3 ( 3 ) : e79 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pbio. 0030079 . PMC 1044835 . PMID 15736981 . Jump up ^ Gallese , V ; Goldman , A ( 1998 ) . `` Mirror neurons and the simulation theory of mind - reading '' . Trends in Cognitive Sciences . 2 ( 12 ) : 493 -- 501 . doi : 10.1016 / S1364 - 6613 ( 98 ) 01262 - 5 . PMID 21227300 . Jump up ^ Frith , U. ; Frith , C.D. ( 2003 ) . `` Development and neurophysiology of mentalizing '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences . 358 ( 1431 ) : 459 -- 73 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 2002.1218 . PMC 1693139 . PMID 12689373 . Jump up ^ Meltzoff , A.N. ; Decety , J. ( 2003 ) . `` What imitation tells us about social cognition : A rapprochement between developmental psychology and cognitive neuroscience '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences . 358 ( 1431 ) : 491 -- 500 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 2002.1261 . PMC 1351349 . PMID 12689375 . Jump up ^ Sommerville , Jessica A. ; Decety , Jean ( 2006 ) . `` Weaving the fabric of social interaction : Articulating developmental psychology and cognitive neuroscience in the domain of motor cognition '' . Psychonomic Bulletin & Review . 13 ( 2 ) : 179 -- 200 . doi : 10.3758 / BF03193831 . PMID 16892982 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Shaun ( 2007 ) . `` Simulation trouble '' . Social Neuroscience. 2 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 353 -- 65 . doi : 10.1080 / 17470910601183549 . PMID 18633823 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Shaun ( 2008 ) . `` Neural Simulation and Social Cognition '' . Mirror Neuron Systems . Mirror Neuron Systems . pp. 355 -- 371 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 59745 - 479 - 7_16 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 934115 - 34 - 3 . Jump up ^ Haroush K , Williams Z ( 2015 ) . `` Neuronal Prediction of Opponent 's Behavior during Cooperative Social Interchange in Primates '' . Cell. 160 ( 6 ) : 1233 -- 1245 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cell. 2015.01. 045 . PMC 4364450 . PMID 25728667 . Jump up ^ Sanfey AG , Civai C , Vavra P ( 2015 ) . `` Predicting the other in cooperative interactions '' . Trends Cogn. Sci. 19 ( 7 ) : 364 -- 365 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tics. 2015.05. 009 . PMID 26055140 . Jump up ^ Happe , F ; et al. ( 1996 ) . `` ' Theory of mind ' in the brain . Evidence from a PET scan study of Asperger syndrome '' . NeuroReport. 8 ( 1 ) : 197 -- 201 . doi : 10.1097 / 00001756 - 199612200 - 00040 . PMID 9051780 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , PC ; et al. ( 1995 ) . `` Other minds in the brain : a functional imaging study of ' theory of mind ' in story comprehension '' . Cognition . 57 ( 2 ) : 109 -- 128 . doi : 10.1016 / 0010 - 0277 ( 95 ) 00692 - R. PMID 8556839 . Jump up ^ Baron - Cohen , Simon ; et al. ( June 1999 ) . `` Social intelligence in the normal and autistic brain : an fMRI study '' . European Journal of Neuroscience . Wiley . 11 ( 6 ) : 1891 -- 1898 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1460 - 9568.1999. 00621. x . PMID 10336657 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Castelli , F ; et al. ( 2002 ) . `` Autism , Asperger syndrome and brain mechanisms for the attribution of mental states to animated shapes '' . Brain . 125 ( Pt 8 ) : 1839 -- 1849 . doi : 10.1093 / brain / awf189 . PMID 12135974 . Jump up ^ Pelphrey , KA ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` Neural basis of eye gaze processing deficits in autism '' . Brain . 128 ( Pt 5 ) : 1038 -- 1048 . doi : 10.1093 / brain / awh404 . PMID 15758039 . Jump up ^ Specialization of right temporo - parietal junction for mentalizing and its relation to social impairments in autism . NeuroImage. 2011 ; 56 ( 3 ) : 1832 -- 1838 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neuroimage. 2011.02. 067 . PMID 21356316 . Jump up ^ Mindblind eyes : an absence of spontaneous theory of mind in Asperger syndrome . Science . 2009 ; 325 ( 5942 ) : 883 -- 885 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1176170 . PMID 19608858 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , A. ; Koelkebeck , K. ; Brandt , M. ; Wee , M. ; Kueppers , K.A. ; Kugel , H. ; Kohl , W. ; Bauer , J. ; Ohrmann , P. ( 2012 ) . `` Theory of mind in patients with schizophrenia : Is mentalizing delayed ? '' . Schizophrenia Research . 137 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 224 -- 229 . doi : 10.1016 / j. schres. 2012.02. 022 . PMID 22406281 . ^ Jump up to : Dodell - Feder , D. ; Tully , L.M. ; Lincoln , S.H. ; Hooker , C.I. ( 2013 ) . `` The neural basis of theory of mind and its relationship to social functioning and social anhedonia in individuals with schizophrenia '' . NeuroImage : Clinical . 4 : 154 -- 163 . doi : 10.1016 / j. nicl. 2013.11. 006 . ^ Jump up to : Baron - Cohen , Simon ; Wheelwright , Sally ; Hill , Jacqueline ; Raste , Yogini ; Plumb , Ian ( February 2001 ) . `` The `` Reading the Mind in the Eyes '' Test revised version : a study with normal adults , and adults with Asperger syndrome or high - functioning autism `` . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry . Wiley . 42 ( 2 ) : 241 -- 251 . doi : 10.1111 / 1469 - 7610.00715 . PMID 11280420 . Pdf . ^ Jump up to : Woolley , Anita Williams ; Chabris , Christopher F. ; Pentland , Alex ; Hashmi , Nada ; Malone , Thomas W. ( 2010 - 10 - 29 ) . `` Evidence for a Collective Intelligence Factor in the Performance of Human Groups '' . Science . 330 ( 6004 ) : 686 -- 688 . Bibcode : 2010Sci ... 330 ... 686W . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1193147 . PMID 20929725 . Jump up ^ Engel , David ; Woolley , Anita Williams ; Jing , Lisa X. ; Chabris , Christopher F. ; Malone , Thomas W. ( 2014 - 12 - 16 ) . `` Reading the Mind in the Eyes or Reading between the Lines ? Theory of Mind Predicts Collective Intelligence Equally Well Online and Face - To - Face '' . PLoS ONE . 9 ( 12 ) : e115212 . Bibcode : 2014PLoSO ... 9k5212E . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0115212 . PMC 4267836 . PMID 25514387 . Jump up ^ Hallerbäck , Maria Unenge ; Lugnegård , Tove ; Hjärthag , Fredrik ; Gillberg , Christopher ( 2009 ) . `` The Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test : test - retest reliability of a Swedish version '' . Cognitive Neuropsychiatry . Taylor and Francis . 14 ( 2 ) : 127 -- 143 . doi : 10.1080 / 13546800902901518 . PMID 19370436 . Jump up ^ Pinkham , Amy E. ; Penn , David L. ; Green , Michael F. ; Buck , Benjamin ; Healey , Kristin ; Harvey , Philip D. ( 2014 - 07 - 01 ) . `` The Social Cognition Psychometric Evaluation Study : Results of the Expert Survey and RAND Panel '' . Schizophrenia Bulletin . 40 ( 4 ) : 813 -- 823 . doi : 10.1093 / schbul / sbt081 . PMC 4059426 . PMID 23728248 . Jump up ^ Tsoukalas , Ioannis ( 2017 ) . `` Theory of Mind : Towards an Evolutionary Theory '' . Evolutionary Psychological Science : 1 -- 29 . doi : 10.1007 / s40806 - 017 - 0112 - x . Pdf . Jump up ^ Ristau , Carolyn A. ( 1991 ) . `` Aspects of the cognitive ethology of an injury - feigning bird , the piping plovers '' . In Ristau , Carolyn A. Cognitive Ethology : Essays in Honor of Donald R. Griffin . Hillsdale , New Jersey : Lawrence Erlbaum . pp. 91 -- 126 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 99085 - 6 . Jump up ^ Horowitz , Alexandra ( 2008 ) . `` Attention to attention in domestic dog ( Canis familiaris ) dyadic play '' . Animal Cognition . 12 ( 1 ) : 107 -- 18 . doi : 10.1007 / s10071 - 008 - 0175 - y . PMID 18679727 . Jump up ^ Povinelli , Daniel J. ; Vonk , Jennifer ( 2003 ) . `` Chimpanzee minds : Suspiciously human ? '' . Trends in Cognitive Sciences . 7 ( 4 ) : 157 -- 160 . doi : 10.1016 / S1364 - 6613 ( 03 ) 00053 - 6 . PMID 12691763 . Jump up ^ Povinelli , D.J. ; Nelson , K.E. ; Boysen , S.T. ( 1990 ) . `` Inferences about guessing and knowing by chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes ) '' . Journal of Comparative Psychology . 104 ( 3 ) : 203 -- 210 . doi : 10.1037 / 0735 - 7036.104. 3.203 . PMID 2225758 . Jump up ^ Hare , B. ; Call , J. ; Tomasello , M. ( 2001 ) . `` Do chimpanzees know what conspecifics know and do not know ? '' . Animal Behaviour. 61 ( 1 ) : 139 -- 151 . doi : 10.1006 / anbe. 2000.1518 . PMID 11170704 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Jon ( 8 July 2006 ) . `` A Voluble Visit with Two Talking Apes '' . NPR . Retrieved 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Thomas Bugnyar ; Stephan A. Reber & Cameron Buckner ( 2015 ) . `` Ravens attribute visual access to unseen competitors '' . Nature Communications . 7 : 10506 . Bibcode : 2016NatCo ... 710506B . doi : 10.1038 / ncomms10506 . PMC 4740864 . PMID 26835849 . Jump up ^ Christopher Krupenye ; Fumihiro Kano ; Satoshi Hirata ; Josep Call ; Michael Tomasello ( 2016 ) . `` Great apes anticipate that other individuals will act according to false beliefs '' . Science . 354 ( 6308 ) : 110 -- 114 . doi : 10.1126 / science. aaf8110 . PMID 27846501 . Further reading ( edit ) Excerpts taken from : Davis , E. ( 2007 ) Mental Verbs in Nicaraguan Sign Language and the Role of Language in Theory of Mind . Undergraduate senior thesis , Barnard College , Columbia University . External links ( edit ) Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Consciousness The Computational Theory of Mind The Identity Theory of Mind Sally - Anne and Smarties tests Functional Contextualism Theory of Mind article in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( hide ) Philosophy of mind Theories Behaviorism ( Radical ) Biological naturalism Cognitive psychology Mind -- body dualism Eliminative materialism Emergent materialism Emergentism Epiphenomenalism Functionalism Idealism Interactionism Materialism Monism Naïve realism Neurophenomenology Neutral monism Occasionalism Psychoanalysis Parallelism Phenomenalism Phenomenology Physicalism identity theory Property dualism Representational Solipsism Substance dualism Concepts Abstract object Artificial intelligence Chinese room Cognition Cognitive closure Concept Concept and object Consciousness Hard problem of consciousness Hypostatic abstraction Idea Identity Ingenuity Intelligence Intentionality Introspection Intuition Language of thought Materialism Mental event Mental image Mental process Mental property Mental representation Mind Mind -- body problem Non-physical entity New mysterianism Pain Problem of other minds Propositional attitude Qualia Tabula rasa Understanding Zombie more ... Related topics Metaphysics Philosophy of artificial intelligence / information / perception / self Portal Philosophers category Project Task Force Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theory_of_mind&oldid=819782518 '' Categories : Cognitive science Theory of mind Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 January 2018 , at 07 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | examples of theory of mind in child development | [
"Understanding of others' intentions is another critical precursor to understanding other minds because intentionality, or \"aboutness\", is a fundamental feature of mental states and events. The \"intentional stance\" has been defined by Daniel Dennett[18] as an understanding that others' actions are goal-directed and arise from particular beliefs or desires. Both 2- and 3-year-old children could discriminate when an experimenter intentionally vs. accidentally marked a box with stickers as baited.[19] Even earlier in ontogeny, Andrew N. Meltzoff found that 18-month-old infants could perform target manipulations that adult experimenters attempted and failed, suggesting the infants could represent the object-manipulating behavior of adults as involving goals and intentions.[20] While attribution of intention (the box-marking) and knowledge (false-belief tasks) is investigated in young humans and nonhuman animals to detect precursors to a theory of mind, Gagliardi et al. have pointed out that even adult humans do not always act in a way consistent with an attributional perspective.[21] In the experiment, adult human subjects made choices about baited containers when guided by confederates who could not see (and therefore, not know) which container was baited.",
"Understanding of others' intentions is another critical precursor to understanding other minds because intentionality, or \"aboutness\", is a fundamental feature of mental states and events. The \"intentional stance\" has been defined by Daniel Dennett[18] as an understanding that others' actions are goal-directed and arise from particular beliefs or desires. Both 2- and 3-year-old children could discriminate when an experimenter intentionally vs. accidentally marked a box with stickers as baited.[19] Even earlier in ontogeny, Andrew N. Meltzoff found that 18-month-old infants could perform target manipulations that adult experimenters attempted and failed, suggesting the infants could represent the object-manipulating behavior of adults as involving goals and intentions.[20] While attribution of intention (the box-marking) and knowledge (false-belief tasks) is investigated in young humans and nonhuman animals to detect precursors to a theory of mind, Gagliardi et al. have pointed out that even adult humans do not always act in a way consistent with an attributional perspective.[21] In the experiment, adult human subjects made choices about baited containers when guided by confederates who could not see (and therefore, not know) which container was baited."
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"discriminate when an experimenter intentionally vs. accidentally marked a box with stickers as baited",
"perform target manipulations that adult experimenters attempted and failed, suggesting the infants could represent the object-manipulating behavior"
] |
2317398226199563365 | I Think It's Going to Rain Today | I Think It 's Going to Rain Today - wikipedia I Think It 's Going to Rain Today Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` I Think It 's Going to Rain Today '' ( or `` I Think It 's Gonna Rain Today '' ) is a song by Randy Newman . It appears on his 1968 debut album Randy Newman , in The Randy Newman Songbook Vol. 1 ( 2003 ) , and in Newman 's official and bootleg live albums . It is one of his most covered songs . Despite the many covers , it charted only twice , once in Canada in 1970 for Tom Northcott and in the UK in 1980 for UB40 . The UB40 single was a double A-side with `` My Way of Thinking '' , which was the first - named track and received most of the radio airplay . However , the German single ( which appeared later ) had `` I Think It 's Going to Rain Today '' as the A-side . Newman said in 2017 , that he signed away the publishing rights on his first album , does n't see any money from people doing covers of those songs and advised people getting into the business to never sign away their publishing . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.wtfpod.com/podcast/episode-831-randy-newman Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Think_It%27s_Going_to_Rain_Today&oldid=797316862 '' Categories : 1966 songs Songs written by Randy Newman Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from January 2011 All articles lacking sources All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Talk About Wikipedia Norsk nynorsk Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2017 , at 08 : 13 . About Wikipedia | who wrote i think it's going to rain today | [
"\"I Think It's Going to Rain Today\" (or \"I Think It's Gonna Rain Today\") is a song by Randy Newman. It appears on his 1968 debut album Randy Newman, in The Randy Newman Songbook Vol. 1 (2003), and in Newman's official and bootleg live albums. It is one of his most covered songs."
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"Randy Newman"
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7410623087585520379 | The Village (The Prisoner) | The Village ( the Prisoner ) - wikipedia The Village ( the Prisoner ) Jump to : navigation , search A part of Portmeirion , the real - life filming location for exterior shots of the Village The Stone Boat The Village is the fictional setting of the 1960s UK television series The Prisoner where the main character , Number Six , is held with other former spies and operatives . The theme of the series is his captors ' attempts to extract information from him and his attempts to learn the identity of Number One and escape . Beyond its explicit physical setting , the Village is also viewed as an allegory for humanity and society during the Cold War era . Patrick McGoohan notes that the Village is `` within all of us ... we all live in a little Village ... Your village may be different from other people 's villages but we are all prisoners . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Filming locations 3 Infrastructure 4 Authorities 5 Security 6 Customs 7 Fate 8 In other media 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Description ( edit ) The Village 's penny - farthing logo The location of the Village is unknown for most of the series ; clues in the series as to its whereabouts until the final episode are contradictory . In `` Many Happy Returns '' , it is said to be on the coast of Morocco or southern Portugal , possibly an island , and is located by Number Six in this area while making reconnaissance passes in an aircraft . Prior to this , in `` The Chimes of Big Ben '' , it is claimed to be located on the Baltic Sea . ( The episode states `` in Lithuania , 30 miles from the Polish border '' . ) In the unbroadcast version of the episode `` The Chimes of Big Ben '' , Number Six constructs a device that allows him to work out the Village 's location ; this scene was cut presumably to remove the reference to navigation by stars which would have allowed an estimation of the Village 's region , at the least , thereby undermining the storyline of the episode ( if not a key element in the entire series ) . This version of the episode is not considered part of the series canon . The series finale episode , `` Fall Out '' , reveals that the Village is located in the United Kingdom . Number Six and other characters are able to drive from the Village to central London . Although a line of dialogue in `` Many Happy Returns '' has a character speculating that the Village is on an island , this is never confirmed in the series , and in fact all given locations ( save for that in `` Fall Out '' ) should be considered unreliable evidence given the fact they are mentioned as part of a deception aimed at getting Number Six to reveal why he resigned from his secret British government job . The Italianate architecture of the Village is somewhat deceptive as the interiors of the buildings are frequently Georgian , 1960s ' Mod ' , or in a number of instances , an oddly sparse kind of ' ultra modern ' design . Throughout the Village , music plays in the background , nearly all of it alternating between rousing marching band music and lullabies , periodically interrupted by public announcements . The media and signage consistently incorporate sailing and resort themes . The Village has a logo in the form of a canopied penny - farthing bicycle ( commonly referred to as an `` Ordinary '' ) which appears on almost everything , including the daily newspaper called the Tally Ho . Exactly who operates the Village is deliberately obscured . Ostensibly , the Village is run by a democratically elected council , with a popularly elected executive officer known as `` Number Two '' presiding over it and the Village itself , although internal dialogue indicates that the entire process is rigged . `` Work units '' or `` credits '' serve as currency in its shops , and are kept track of with a hole - punched credit card . Although various members of the community in the Village hold down jobs or even own businesses , most , including Number Six do not have jobs , though are given a comfortable lifestyle . The exact size of the environs of the Village is never established on screen . Besides the townsite , which is known to include a hospital building , there are forested , mountainous and coastal areas . The Village is large enough that one episode ( `` Living in Harmony '' ) established that an entire Old West town and environs was built somewhere in the vicinity . In `` Arrival '' , `` Many Happy Returns '' and other episodes , Number Six actually views the Village from the air , yet is apparently unable to spot any surrounding towns or cities . In other episodes ( depending upon the camera angle ) , buildings can clearly be seen on the far side of the bay . Nevertheless , all maps of the Village seen in the series display little beyond the central townsite , indicating that the village is surrounded on three sides by mountains ( said mountains are seen by No. 6 in `` Many Happy Returns '' ) and sea on the fourth , though the map does show a road leading off the map which may connect to the other areas , such as the Village hospital which is depicted as being in a field - like area away from the core Village ( at least in some episodes like `` Arrival '' ; in others , such as `` Chimes of Big Ben '' , it is shown to be overlooking the central plaza of the Village ) . For official identification purposes , all residents and staff of the Village are assigned numbers in lieu of names , and with very few exceptions the use of proper names is forbidden . Numbers are reassigned as and when the current holder leaves the Village . The actual population of the Village is unknown - other than that there are some residents whose numbers are in the low triple digits ( and in `` The Schizoid Man '' a private residence is briefly seen with the number 241 ) and save for Number 2 , the numbering appears to have no bearing on one 's authority or rank within the Village . Most identification badges are white , but some are black . The only character never seen wearing a number badge ( other than Number 6 , who refuses and is only seen wearing a badge on a couple of occasions ) is the unnamed Butler who serves Number 2 ; his number ( if he has one ) is never revealed . Similarly , only one character - a woman in `` The Schizoid Man '' who befriends Number 6 - is consistently identified by a proper name , and never by her number . Filming locations ( edit ) Scenes of the Village were filmed in the grounds of Clough Williams - Ellis 's Italianate Hotel Portmeirion , a resort near Penrhyndeudraeth in North Wales . Principal location shooting took place over four weeks in September 1966 , with a return visit for additional , second unit - style shots for later episodes in March 1967 . Sections of the resort ( such as Number 6 's residence interior with exterior ) were replicated at MGM Borehamwood Studios in England . Later episodes were shot almost entirely on the sets on MGM 's sound stages and backlot and locations within easy reach of the studio at Borehamwood , ( e.g. , in `` It 's Your Funeral '' , `` A Change of Mind '' , `` Living in Harmony '' , and `` The Girl Who Was Death '' ) , and by reusing Portmeirion footage from earlier episodes the production company was able to save the expense that further principal photography at Portmeirion would have cost . Note that Portmerion was used as a background in Danger Man to show a foreign location -- the episodes were `` View From The Villa '' , `` Under the Lake '' , `` The Honeymooners '' , `` Find and Return '' , `` The Journey Ends Halfway '' and `` Bury the Dead '' . Infrastructure ( edit ) There is an extensive network of tunnels and caverns under the Village , connecting many of the public buildings , and a number of secret facilities and support services ( plumbing , waste disposal , observation cameras , etc . ) . These are generally off - limits to all prisoners above , but they appear to be extensively utilised , given the amount of motorcycle traffic observed in them in the final episode . There appears to be a large liquid - filled underground chamber that looks similar to a lava lamp , probably a short distance off the coast , in which Rover resides when it is not being used . The normal background display of the large monitor in Number Two 's office is a view of this chamber , and lava lamps are visible in virtually every public building in the Village , giving rise to the speculation that these lamps may have functioned as some extension of Rover itself . This was never directly referred to on screen . Number Two 's residence as it stands today , known in the TV series as the Green Dome The Village is a self - contained society , and appears to be mostly self - sufficient as well , although no farming areas are ever seen , so it appears that food and supplies are shipped in from outside . It is sprawling enough to contain several hundred prisoners , in a comfort level similar to that of a hotel or a resort . As seen in `` The Girl Who Was Death '' , the population includes several children , implying that some prisoners are so resigned to their fates that they have married and started families . The Village has its own daily newspaper ( The Tally Ho ) , a cinema , a statue garden , a retirement home , a gymnasium , a fully equipped hospital , taxi service , a radio station ( like George Orwell 's telescreens in Nineteen - Eighty - Four , the receivers can not be turned off ) , a television studio ( used mostly for news reports and announcements ) , a restaurant , a music shop , several other stores , and its own graveyard . In addition , there are extensive recreation facilities . Although alcohol is officially outlawed in the Village , in one episode Number Six stumbles onto a hidden bar located in a cave on the beach , run by a single bartender and a home - made distillery that serves real alcohol . An old acquaintance he meets there informs him that the Village authorities tolerate its presence partially to mollify harder cases with alcohol , and because the proprietor is an eccentric genius who doodles groundbreaking equations when not serving customers , which the authorities periodically steal . The local economy functions on a credit chit system . The final episode also revealed that the Village conceals a missile launch facility deep underground . The exact dimensions of the Village are never explicitly defined . Although a map of the Village is shown on screen on several occasions , it only seems to show the core residential and business area of the village , which is shown as being surrounded on three sides by mountain ranges and the fourth by `` the sea '' . The episode `` Living in Harmony '' reveals that the Village is large enough to house a complete western town mock - up ( presumably an area ear - marked for `` official '' use , and therefore not shown on the Village maps ) . Other episodes also indicate that the Village includes an expanse of beach and seaside cliffs ( with caves ) . The jurisdiction of the Village over water is said to extend for several miles , or otherwise the range of Rover , the Village guardian system . There is visual evidence in many episodes that the Village also includes large areas of countryside ( with residences ) as these are often visible in the distance in aerial shots and views looking out to sea . The small Jeep - like vehicles used as taxis in the Village are Mini Mokes . The Village 's ubiquitous typeface is a modified Albertus . Authorities ( edit ) The village of Portmeirion today Ostensibly , the Village is run by a democratically elected council , with a popularly elected executive officer known as `` Number Two '' presiding over it and the Village itself . Though most Village inhabitants seem to go along with this , internal dialogue indicates that the entire process is rigged : `` Number Six : `` Where 'd you get this bunch of tailor 's dummies ? '' ( indicating the Council ) Number Two : `` They 'd be here when I arrived . '' '' Whenever the council is seen , none of its members speak or move in any way . In actuality , the Village is a brutal dictatorship , best described by Number Six himself as `` This farce , this 20th century Bastille that pretends to be a pocket democracy . '' It is ruled by a revolving series of Chief Administrators designated `` Number Two '' , some of whom return to the office after lengthy absences . They vary greatly in personality and in methodology : some of them are quite amiable , some are sadistic , and some are mere bureaucratic functionaries bordering on functional impotence . Number Two appears to be directly answerable to unseen superiors , the shadowy `` They '' or `` Number 1 '' pulling all the strings from behind the scenes , with direct contact via a red hotline phone . It appears that Number Two is continually being observed by hidden cameras , and indeed one of the Number Twos confides to Number Six in `` The Chimes of Big Ben '' , `` I 'm as much of a prisoner here as you are . We 're both lifers , my boy ! '' Whether Number Two literally means that he is a captive is not known for certain ; several Number Twos are shown coming and going from the Village at will , and the very first Number Two , when he receives orders regarding his replacement in `` Arrival '' , takes it calmly with understanding ( as opposed to other Number Twos such as the one in `` A.B. and C . '' who live in fear of such an order ) . However , when the Number Two of `` Chimes of Big Ben '' returns in `` Once Upon a Time '' , it is made clear that it is against his will . In the final episode , `` Fall Out '' , Number Two makes it clear that he had been kidnapped in much the same way as Number Six , but chose to quickly give in instead of fighting his captors . The episode `` It 's Your Funeral '' suggests that most of the Number Twos encountered in the series are in fact only temporary appointments , standing in for an older Number Two who has been away from the Village for reasons not explained . This Old Number Two eventually returns , ostensibly in order to retire , but becomes the target of an assassination plot by the current `` temporary '' Number Two . Exactly who operates the Village is deliberately obscured . At first glance , it appears to be run by Communist types , suggesting it is a holding cell for captured western agents . Later on it appears to be operating with some assistance from British Intelligence , implying that it is a holding area for western agents who have been compromised , or are feared to be untrustworthy by their own agencies . Several of the Number Twos in the course of the show appear to be unclear as to whom they are actually working for , and one explicitly says , `` It does n't matter ' who ' Number One is . It does n't matter which ' side ' runs the Village ( ... ) both sides are becoming identical . What in fact has been created ( here ) ? An international community . '' Another Number Two implies that both East and West are covertly operating the Village together for unknown reasons . The overall impression given by the series is that some kind of nebulous organisation is manipulating all the Cold War powers for its own ends . Security ( edit ) Weapons , alcohol , and tools are forbidden in the Village , but there are no walls or visible barriers to prevent escape , and no apparent prison guards . Indeed , aside from Number Two functioning as warden , the Village at first appears to have no real security infrastructure . This is merely a ruse , however , as subsequent episodes reveal that many of the other people in the Village are , in fact , warders planted unobtrusively in the community and reporting back to the current Number Two . It is strongly implied that `` They '' ( the never - revealed masters of the Village ) have several plants in the Village as well , whose identities are unknown to Number Two , and who report back to Them directly ; one of the more sadistic Number Twos ( seen in `` Hammer Into Anvil '' ) is particularly paranoid about this possibility . An underground control room monitors closed - circuit television cameras located throughout the Village . Observers continually spy on Villagers and foil escape attempts with the aid of Rover , a large white balloon - like device that chases would - be escapees . The perimeter of the Village is surrounded by a pleasant wooded area , including one or two caves ( which may or may not connect to the network of underground tunnels ) . Beyond this , Rover patrols : if anyone ventures too far from town , they will be intercepted and nudged back towards home . If anyone attempts to escape , Rover will capture them and they wake up in the Village hospital . Rover has also been shown to kill on two occasions ; the exact cause of death is not revealed ( the target is `` enveloped '' / suffocated ; this happens to the victims in `` Arrival '' and `` The Schizoid Man '' ) , however , in `` Free for All '' , Number 6 it attacked in a similar manner , but survives . Customs ( edit ) Citizens use the phrase `` Be seeing you '' as a farewell , accompanied by a waving gesture consisting of thumb and forefinger forming a circle over the eye , then tipped forward in a salute . This may be a reminder that in the Village you are under constant surveillance ; anyone may be a Warder , a stooge working for Number Two -- although a simpler theory of the salute could be that the fingers are formed into the shape of a number six . Moreover , the hand gesture resembles the show 's revolving penny - farthing bicycle logo . In their book , The Official Prisoner Companion , Matthew White and Jaffer Ali state that actress Norma West said that McGoohan told her the gesture was used by early Christians ; it was the sign of the fish ( the documentary The Prisoner Video Companion , originally released on VHS in the 1980s and later on DVD by A&E , also makes this statement ) . In Danger Man and Secret Agent , John Drake uses that expression often . Most ( but not all ) guards wear the same style of resort clothing and numbered badges as the prisoners , and mingle seamlessly among the general population . Thus , it is nearly impossible for prisoners to determine which Villagers can be trusted and which ones can not . Fate ( edit ) When last seen in the finale episode , `` Fall Out '' , the residents of the Village are evacuated by helicopter after Number Six primes a missile or rocket ( located within a silo beneath the Village ) to launch . The episode and the series never reveal what happens to the Village or its people after Number Six finally escapes . The Village did appear again in a DC Comics mini-series based on the series published in the 1980s , which picked up the story 20 years later . In this version ( published later as the graphic novel , Shattered Visage ) , the Village is abandoned and falls into disrepair . Number Six seemingly never left the Village , instead choosing a hermit - like existence as its Number One . This existence comes to an end when Number Two writes a book about the Village , inspiring a joint effort by American and British agents to investigate the site . However , a young woman washes ashore before their arrival , awakening to find herself dubbed Number Six . One and Six are able to establish an odd camaraderie before Two arrives , seeking to complete unfinished business . Ultimately , in this version of the storyline , the Village is destroyed in a massive explosion . In reality , Portmeirion continues to be a popular tourist attraction in Wales , and frequently hosts events related to celebrating the series . The building in Portmeirion shown in the series as Number Six 's house was later converted into a shop selling Prisoner - related souvenirs , with a penny - farthing bicycle parked outside . In other media ( edit ) In The Simpsons episode `` The Computer Wore Menace Shoes '' , Homer Simpson is imprisoned in a location called `` The Island '' after accidentally uncovering a secret flu shot scheme . He escapes by stealing Number Six 's raft ( which he had spent thirty years building ) and uses a spork to pop the Rover sent to capture him . Patrick McGoohan guest - starred in the episode , reprising the role of Six . It is revealed in this episode that the reason for Six 's imprisonment was his invention of the bottomless peanut bag . In Alan Moore 's crossover comic , The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen : Black Dossier , The Village is stated as having been built by the Thought Police to house enemies of Big Brother . After the death of Big Brother and the collapse of the Ingsoc regime , MI5 continues to operate The Village . In the comic , The Village is specifically stated as being located in Portmeirion . In the TV series 2Point4 Children , the episode `` Seven Dials '' sees one of the main characters Ben played by Gary Olson wake up in the Village at a Prisoner convention , as part of an ongoing and increasingly surreal vendetta plot with rival plumber Jake Klinger , played by Roger Lloyd - Pack . In the TV series The Invisible Man ( 2000 ) , the episode `` A Sense of Community '' featured a village called `` The Community '' where troublesome spies were forced to ' retire ' to . The Village is recreated in the late - 1970s Edu - Ware computer game , The Prisoner and its sequel , Prisoner 2 . In both games , however , the location is renamed `` The Island '' . In the 2009 remake , the Village is located in the middle of a desert , instead of by the sea , though it was later revealed that this version of The Village does not exist in reality , only in a virtual reality computer environment . The area that was used for filming was Swakopmund , Namibia . Iron Maiden wrote a song that appeared on their 1982 release of The Number of the Beast called `` The Prisoner '' . The group later wrote a second composition that appeared on the Powerslave album called `` Back in The Village '' . In the second volume of the Tales of the Shadowmen anthology series , Xavier Mauméjean 's short story `` Be Seeing You ! '' describes the origin of The Village . It was established in 1912 by Winston Churchill , the original Number 1 , to interrogate his enemies , including Sherlock Holmes . In the science fiction TV series Babylon 5 , the culture of the Psi Corps organization pays homage to aspects of The Prisoner , including a modified salute and use of the phrase `` Be seeing you '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Troyer , Warner ; Patrick McGoohan ( March 1977 ) . Interview . TVOntario . The Ontario Educational Communications Authority . Jump up ^ The published versions of the scripts ( edited by Robert Fairclough , 2005 and 2006 ) consistently use `` the Village '' as opposed to `` The Village '' . Jump up ^ The Danger Man Website Jump up ^ The Prisoner -- Download Posters and Comic , Watch Preview Footage ! -- AMC Jump up ^ Thill , Scott ( 13 November 2009 ) . `` The Prisoner : An All - Star Appreciation '' . Wired . Further reading ( edit ) Britton , Piers D. Simon J. Barker ( 2010 ) . Reading between Designs : Visual Imagery and the Generation of Meaning in The Avengers , The Prisoner , and Doctor Who . University of Texas Press . ISBN 0292783299 . External links ( edit ) Official Portmeirion village website The Prisoner and Portmeirion News and Articles ( hide ) The Prisoner Episodes `` Arrival '' `` The Chimes of Big Ben '' `` A.B. and C . '' `` Free for All '' `` The Schizoid Man '' `` The General '' `` Many Happy Returns '' `` Dance of the Dead '' `` Checkmate '' `` Hammer into Anvil '' `` It 's Your Funeral '' `` A Change of Mind '' `` Do Not Forsake Me Oh My Darling '' `` Living in Harmony '' `` The Girl Who Was Death '' `` Once Upon a Time '' `` Fall Out '' Characters Number Two Number Six Related The Prisoner ( 2009 ) Portmeirion The Village Popular culture Other media Video game Shattered Visage Rover Opening and closing sequences Danger Man John Drake `` The Computer Wore Menace Shoes '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Village_(The_Prisoner)&oldid=793438642 '' Categories : Fictional populated places Fictional prisons The Prisoner Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2010 Use British English from August 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 August 2017 , at 19 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where was the tv series the prisoner filmed | [
"Scenes of the Village were filmed in the grounds of Clough Williams-Ellis's Italianate Hotel Portmeirion, a resort near Penrhyndeudraeth in North Wales. Principal location shooting took place over four weeks in September 1966, with a return visit for additional, second unit-style shots for later episodes in March 1967. Sections of the resort (such as Number 6's residence interior with exterior) were replicated at MGM Borehamwood Studios in England. Later episodes were shot almost entirely on the sets on MGM's sound stages and backlot and locations within easy reach of the studio at Borehamwood, (e.g., in \"It's Your Funeral\", \"A Change of Mind\", \"Living in Harmony\", and \"The Girl Who Was Death\"), and by reusing Portmeirion footage from earlier episodes the production company was able to save the expense that further principal photography at Portmeirion would have cost. Note that Portmerion was used as a background in Danger Man to show a foreign location—the episodes were \"View From The Villa\", \"Under the Lake\", \"The Honeymooners\", \"Find and Return\", \"The Journey Ends Halfway\" and \"Bury the Dead\".[3]"
] | [
"Hotel Portmeirion"
] |
-1809977262557153044 | Live and Let Die (song) | Live and Let Die ( song ) - wikipedia Live and Let Die ( song ) `` Live and Let Die '' A-side label of the UK 7 - inch single Single by Paul McCartney and Wings from the album Live and Let Die B - side `` I Lie Around '' Released 1 June 1973 ( UK ) 18 June 1973 ( US ) Format 7 '' single Recorded October 1972 Genre Symphonic rock Length 3 : 12 Label Apple Songwriter ( s ) Paul McCartney Linda McCartney Producer ( s ) George Martin Paul McCartney and Wings singles chronology `` My Love '' ( 1973 ) `` Live and Let Die '' ( 1973 ) `` Helen Wheels '' ( 1973 ) `` My Love '' ( 1973 ) `` Live and Let Die '' ( 1973 ) `` Helen Wheels '' ( 1973 ) James Bond theme singles chronology `` Diamonds Are Forever '' ( 1971 ) Diamonds Are Forever 1971 `` Live and Let Die '' ( 1973 ) Live and Let Die1973 `` The Man With the Golden Gun '' ( 1975 ) The Man With the Golden Gun 1975 `` Live and Let Die '' is the main theme song of the 1973 James Bond film Live and Let Die , written by Paul and Linda McCartney and performed by Wings . It was the most successful Bond theme to that point , charting at No. 2 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and No. 9 on the UK Singles Chart . Commissioned specifically for the movie , it reunited the former Beatle with the band 's producer , George Martin , who produced the song and arranged the orchestra . It has been covered by several bands , with the Guns N ' Roses version being the most popular cover . Both the McCartney and the Guns N ' Roses versions were nominated for Grammy Awards . In 2012 , McCartney was awarded the Million - Air Award from Broadcast Music , Inc . ( BMI ) , for more than 4 million performances of the song in the US . Contents 1 Background and recording 2 Release and aftermath 3 Personnel 4 Charts 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 5 Parody 6 Guns N ' Roses version 6.1 Charts 6.2 Track listing 6.3 Personnel 7 See also 8 References Background and Recording ( edit ) Even before Tom Mankiewicz had finished writing the screenplay to Live and Let Die , producers Harry Saltzman and Albert R. Broccoli invited Paul McCartney to write the theme song . McCartney asked to be sent a copy of Ian Fleming 's novel . `` I read it and thought it was pretty good . That afternoon I wrote the song and went in the next week and did it ... It was a job of work for me in a way because writing a song around a title like that 's not the easiest thing going . '' Originally , producer Harry Saltzman was interested in having Shirley Bassey or Thelma Houston perform it instead of Wings . Martin said McCartney would allow the song to be used in the movie only if Wings was able to perform the song in the opening credits . Saltzman , who had previously rejected the chance to produce A Hard Day 's Night , decided not to make the same mistake twice and agreed . A second version of the song , performed by B.J. Arnau , also appears in the film . Arnau 's performance originally was meant for the group Fifth Dimension . The Arnau version of the song appears on the soundtrack album as a component in a medley that also contains two George Martin - composed instrumental pieces , `` Fillet of Soul -- New Orleans '' and `` Fillet of Soul -- Harlem '' . It was also released by RCA Records as a single in late June 1973 . Wings recorded `` Live and Let Die '' during the sessions for the Red Rose Speedway album , in October 1972 . The song was recorded at AIR Studios , with Ray Cooper providing percussion instruments . Release and aftermath ( edit ) The song `` Live and Let Die '' was previewed in the 1973 television special James Paul McCartney , which aired on 16 April in the United States and 10 May in the United Kingdom . In the segment , McCartney and Wings were shown performing the song in his studio while clips of the film were shown , before the film 's US theatrical release on 27 June . The single reached No. 2 in the US and No. 9 in the UK . The single was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for sales of over one million copies . Sales of the single release and of the sheet music were `` solid . '' The sheet music used the line `` in this ever - changing world in which we live in '' as part of the opening verse of the song . In the Washington Post interview more than 30 years later , McCartney told the interviewer , `` I do n't think about the lyric when I sing it . I think it 's ' in which we 're living ' , or it could be ' in which we live in ' , and that 's kind of , sort of , wronger but cuter , '' before deciding that it was `` in which we 're living . '' `` Live and Let Die '' was not featured on a McCartney album until the Wings Greatest compilation in 1978 , and was included again on 1987 's All the Best ! and 2001 's Wingspan : Hits and History . The entire soundtrack also was released in quadrophonic . United Artists promoted the song in trade advertisements for Academy Award consideration , though producer Broccoli opposed the marketing tactic as unnecessary . The song became the first James Bond theme song to be nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song ( garnering McCartney his second Academy Award nomination and Linda her first ) . In the Academy Award performance of the song , entertainer Connie Stevens dressed in a `` silver - lamé outfit '' with a Native American - looking headdress `` descended from the ceiling '' and then was `` variously lifted and tossed about '' by dancers dressed in various colours until she left the scene . The song lost to the eponymous theme song from the musical film The Way We Were . In Wings ' live performances of the song , the instrumental break featured flashpots and a laser light show . McCartney has continued to play the song on his solo tours , often using pyrotechnics . `` Live and Let Die '' is the only song to appear on all of McCartney 's live albums ( except for the acoustic - based Unplugged . ) Following the 9 / 11 attacks , the song was placed on Clear Channel 's list of inappropriate song titles . The song was included in the movie Shrek The Third ( 2007 ) and on its soundtrack . The song was featured in American Hustle , directed by David O. Russell . Personnel ( edit ) Paul McCartney -- lead vocals , piano Linda McCartney -- backing vocals , keyboards Henry McCullough -- lead guitar Denny Laine -- backing vocals , bass guitar Denny Seiwell -- drums Ray Cooper -- percussion George Martin -- orchestral arrangement Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 5 Canada ( RPM 100 Top Singles ) Germany ( Media Control ) 31 Japan ( Oricon ) 25 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 29 New Zealand ( Listener ) 20 Norway ( VG - lista ) UK ( Official Charts Company ) 9 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Easy Listening 8 US Cash Box Top 100 US Record World Singles Chart Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 ) Rank Australia 36 Canada 39 US Cash Box 33 US Billboard Hot 100 56 Parody ( edit ) In 1984 , McCartney asked `` Weird Al '' Yankovic when he was going to parody one of his songs . In 1992 , Yankovic asked for permission to put his parody `` Chicken Pot Pie '' on an album ( as a courtesy ; legally , he did not need permission ) . McCartney denied the use because he is a vegetarian and did not want to promote the consumption of meat . Yankovic , a vegetarian himself , said he respected the decision ; however , he has performed the song live . Guns N ' Roses version ( edit ) `` Live and Let Die '' Single by Guns N ' Roses from the album Use Your Illusion I A-side `` Live and Let Die '' ( LP Version ) B - side `` Live and Let Die '' ( Live at Wembley Stadium , London on 31 August 1991 ) `` Shadow of Your Love '' Released 3 December 1991 Format CD 7 '' 12 '' Genre Hard rock , heavy metal Length 3 : 04 Label Geffen Songwriter ( s ) Paul McCartney Linda McCartney Producer ( s ) Mike Clink Guns N ' Roses Guns N ' Roses singles chronology `` Do n't Cry '' ( 1991 ) `` Live and Let Die '' ( 1991 ) `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' ( 1992 ) `` Do n't Cry '' ( 1991 ) `` Live and Let Die '' ( 1991 ) `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' ( 1992 ) `` Live and Let Die '' was released as the second single from Use Your Illusion I album and the fourth out of all the Use Your Illusion singles . A music video was made in November 1991 featuring the band playing live on stage and showing old pictures . The video also was made shortly before Izzy Stradlin 's departure , and it is the last video where he appears . It charted at No. 20 on the Mainstream Rock chart . The song was nominated for `` Best Hard Rock Performance '' during the 1993 Grammy Awards . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts Chart ( 1991 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 10 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 27 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 20 Finland ( The Official Finnish Charts ) France ( SNEP ) 39 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 33 Ireland ( IRMA ) 5 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 13 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 15 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 19 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 33 Year - end charts Chart ( 1992 ) Position New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 27 Track listing ( edit ) `` Live and Let Die '' -- 2 : 59 `` Live and Let Die '' ( Live ) -- 3 : 37 `` Shadow of Your Love '' ( Live ) -- 2 : 50 Personnel ( edit ) Guns N ' Roses Axl Rose -- lead vocals , keyboards , programming , backing vocals Slash -- lead guitar , 6 - string bass Izzy Stradlin -- rhythm guitar Duff McKagan -- bass Matt Sorum -- drums Dizzy Reed -- piano Additional musicians Shannon Hoon -- backing vocals Johann Langlie -- programming Jon Thautwein -- horn Matthew McKagan -- horn Rachel West -- horn Robert Clark -- horn See also ( edit ) Outline of James Bond References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Benitez , Vincent P. ( 2010 ) . The Words and Music of Paul McCartney : The Solo Years . Santa Barbara , Calif. : Praeger . p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 34969 - 0 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums . London : Guinness World Records Limited Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2006 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits . Billboard Books Jump up ^ `` Live and Let Die Recognized for over 4 Million Performances in the USA '' . Broadcast Music , Inc. 16 October 2012 . Retrieved 3 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Alan ; Hearn , Marcu ( 1997 ) . Kiss Kiss Bang ! Bang ! : the Unofficial James Bond Film Companion . Batsford Books . pp. 110 -- 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7134 - 8182 - 2 . Jump up ^ Lindner , Christoph ( 2003 ) . The James Bond Phenomenon : a Critical Reader . Manchester University Press . pp. 130 , 134 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 6541 - 5 . Jump up ^ Burlingame 2012 , p. 111 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` The McCartney Recording Sessions - 1972 '' . Webpages.charter.net . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Luca Perasi , Paul McCartney : Recording Sessions ( 1969 - 2013 ) , L.I.L.Y. Publishing , 2013 , ISBN 978 - 88 - 909122 - 1 - 4 , p. 89 . ^ Jump up to : Burlingame 2012 , p. 112 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Paul McCartney singles '' . allmusic . Retrieved 12 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Official Charts : Paul McCartney '' . The Official UK Charts Company . Retrieved 13 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Paul Grein ( 3 January 2013 ) . `` Chart Watch Extra : Top Songs of 2012 '' . Chart Watch . Yahoo Music . Retrieved 5 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum Searchable Database - June 06 , 2014 '' . RIAA . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Smith , Jeff ( 1998 ) . `` The Midas Touch '' . The Sounds of Commerce : Marketing Popular Film Music . Columbia University Press . p. 115 . ISBN 0 - 231 - 10862 - 1 . LCCN 98 - 17923 . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Burlingame 2012 , pp. 113 -- 114 ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Burlingame 2012 , p. 114 ( 4 ) Jump up ^ `` It 's the End of the World as Clear Channel Knows It '' . Slate Magazine . Retrieved 17 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shrek the Third - Original Soundtrack - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Chart '' . www.collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` charts.de '' . GfK Entertainment . Retrieved 24 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Chart '' . nifty.com . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl Paul McCartney discography '' . Hung Medien . MegaCharts . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` flavour of new zealand - search listener '' . Flavourofnz.co.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegian Chart '' . norwegiancharts.com . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2015 ) . The Comparison Book . Menonomee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 333 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89820 - 213 - 7 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 157 . Jump up ^ Australian-charts.com Jump up ^ Canada , Library and Archives ( March 17 , 2018 ) . `` Image : RPM Weekly '' . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1973 '' . tropicalglen.com . Jump up ^ `` Top Pop Singles '' Billboard December 29 , 1973 : TA - 28 Jump up ^ Weird Al Yankovic Interviews on Yahoo ! Music Archived 7 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Dan Epstein . `` '' Weird Al '' Yankovic : The Icon Profile `` . Al-oholicsanonymous.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Andy Greene . `` Flashback : Weird Al 's Rejected Wings Parody , ' Chicken Pot Pie ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Stephen Thomas Erlewine . `` Guns N ' Roses Biography '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 35th Grammy Awards - 1993 '' . rockonthenet.com . Retrieved 15 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Live and Let Die '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Guns N ' Roses -- Live and Let Die '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Guns N ' Roses -- Live and Let Die '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pennanen , Timo . Sisältää hitin : levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 . Otava Publishing Company Ltd , 2003 . ISBN 951 - 1 - 21053 - X Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Live and Let Die '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Guns N ' Roses -- Live and Let Die '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Guns N ' Roses '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Guns N ' Roses -- Live and Let Die '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Guns N ' Roses -- Live and Let Die '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Live and Let Die '' . VG - lista . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Live and Let Die '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Live and Let Die '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guns N ' Roses : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Guns N ' Roses Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1992 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . General Burlingame , Jon ( 2012 ) . The Music of James Bond . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 986330 - 3 . LCCN 2012006979 . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Preceded by Shirley Bassey Diamonds Are Forever , 1971 James Bond title artist Live and Let Die ( song ) , 1973 Succeeded by Lulu The Man with the Golden Gun , 1974 James Bond music Themes `` James Bond Theme '' ( Monty Norman ) `` James Bond Is Back '' ( John Barry ) `` 007 Theme '' ( John Barry ) `` On Her Majesty 's Secret Service '' ( John Barry ) `` Bond 77 '' ( Marvin Hamlisch ) `` James Bond Theme '' ( Moby ) Soundtracks Dr. No From Russia with Love Goldfinger Thunderball Casino Royale You Only Live Twice On Her Majesty 's Secret Service Diamonds Are Forever Live and Let Die The Man with the Golden Gun The Spy Who Loved Me Moonraker For Your Eyes Only Octopussy Never Say Never Again A View to a Kill The Living Daylights Licence to Kill GoldenEye Tomorrow Never Dies The World Is Not Enough Die Another Day Casino Royale Quantum of Solace Skyfall Spectre Composers Monty Norman John Barry Burt Bacharach George Martin Marvin Hamlisch Bill Conti Michel Legrand Michael Kamen Éric Serra David Arnold Thomas Newman Eon themes `` Kingston Calypso '' `` From Russia with Love '' `` Goldfinger '' `` Thunderball '' `` You Only Live Twice '' `` We Have All the Time in the World '' `` Diamonds Are Forever '' `` Live and Let Die '' `` The Man with the Golden Gun '' `` Nobody Does It Better '' `` Moonraker '' `` For Your Eyes Only '' `` All Time High '' `` A View to a Kill '' `` The Living Daylights '' `` Where Has Everybody Gone ? '' `` Licence to Kill '' `` If You Asked Me To '' `` GoldenEye '' `` Tomorrow Never Dies '' `` The World Is Not Enough '' `` Die Another Day '' `` You Know My Name '' `` Another Way to Die '' `` Skyfall '' `` Writing 's on the Wall '' Non-Eon themes `` Casino Royale '' `` The Look of Love '' `` Never Say Never Again '' Compilations Shaken and Stirred The Incredible World of James Bond The Best of Bond ... James Bond Related articles Eon films secondary songs Non-Eon films secondary songs Wings Paul McCartney Linda McCartney Denny Laine Denny Seiwell Henry McCullough Jimmy McCulloch Geoff Britton Joe English Laurence Juber Steve Holley Studio albums Wild Life ( 1971 ) Red Rose Speedway ( 1973 ) Band on the Run ( 1973 ) Venus and Mars ( 1975 ) Wings at the Speed of Sound ( 1976 ) London Town ( 1978 ) Back to the Egg ( 1979 ) Live albums Wings over America ( 1976 ) Compilation albums Wings Greatest ( 1978 ) Cold Cuts Wingspan : Hits and History ( 2001 ) Singles `` Give Ireland Back to the Irish '' `` Mary Had a Little Lamb '' / `` Little Woman Love '' `` Hi , Hi , Hi '' / `` C Moon '' `` My Love '' `` Live and Let Die '' / `` I Lie Around '' `` Helen Wheels '' / `` Country Dreamer '' `` Mrs. Vandebilt '' / `` Bluebird '' `` Jet '' / `` Mamunia '' `` Let Me Roll It '' `` Band on the Run '' / `` Zoo Gang '' `` Nineteen Hundred and Eighty - Five '' `` Junior 's Farm '' / `` Sally G '' `` Listen to What the Man Said '' / `` Love in Song '' `` Letting Go '' / `` You Gave Me the Answer '' `` Venus and Mars / Rock Show '' / `` Magneto and Titanium Man '' `` Silly Love Songs '' / `` Cook of the House '' `` Let ' Em In '' / `` Beware My Love '' `` Maybe I 'm Amazed '' / `` Soily '' `` Seaside Woman '' `` Mull of Kintyre '' / `` Girls ' School '' `` With a Little Luck '' / `` Backwards Traveller '' / `` Cuff Link '' `` I 've Had Enough '' / `` Deliver Your Children '' `` London Town '' / `` I 'm Carrying '' `` Goodnight Tonight '' / `` Daytime Nighttime Suffering '' `` Old Siam , Sir '' `` Getting Closer '' `` Arrow Through Me '' `` Rockestra Theme '' `` Coming Up ( Live at Glasgow ) '' Tours Wings University Tour ( 1972 ) Wings Over Europe Tour ( 1972 ) Wings 1973 UK Tour ( May 1973 ) Wings Over the World tour ( 1975 - 1976 ) Wings UK Tour 1979 ( 1979 ) Concerts for the People of Kampuchea ( 1979 ) Filmography Wings Over the World ( 1979 ) Concert for Kampuchea ( 1980 ) Rockshow ( 1980 ) Back to the Egg ( 1981 ) Wingspan -- An Intimate Portrait ( 2001 ) Related articles Discography Songs The Beatles Ginger Baker 's Air Force Japanese Tears The Moody Blues Standard Time Suzy and the Red Stripes Small Faces The Oriental Nightfish Paul McCartney Paul `` Wix '' Wickens Rusty Anderson Brian Ray Abe Laboriel Jr . Linda McCartney Hamish Stuart Robbie McIntosh Chris Whitten Blair Cunningham Studio albums McCartney Ram ( with Linda McCartney ) McCartney II Tug of War Pipes of Peace Give My Regards to Broad Street Press to Play Снова в СССР Flowers in the Dirt Off the Ground Flaming Pie Run Devil Run Driving Rain Chaos and Creation in the Backyard Memory Almost Full Kisses on the Bottom New Egypt Station with Wings Wild Life Red Rose Speedway Band on the Run Venus and Mars Wings at the Speed of Sound London Town Back to the Egg Classical The Family Way Thrillington Paul McCartney 's Liverpool Oratorio Standing Stone Working Classical Ecce Cor Meum Ocean 's Kingdom Electronica Strawberries Oceans Ships Forest ( The Fireman ) Rushes ( The Fireman ) Liverpool Sound Collage Twin Freaks Electric Arguments ( The Fireman ) Unreleased albums Return to Pepperland Live albums Wings over America Tripping the Live Fantastic Unplugged ( The Official Bootleg ) Paul Is Live Back in the U.S. Back in the World Live Amoeba 's Secret Good Evening New York City Live in Los Angeles iTunes Live from Capitol Studios Compilations Wings Greatest Cold Cuts ( unreleased ) All the Best ! The Paul McCartney Collection Costello Album ( bootleg ) Wingspan : Hits and History Pure McCartney Tours Wings University Tour Wings Over Europe Tour Wings 1973 UK Tour Wings Over the World tour Wings UK Tour 1979 The Paul McCartney World Tour The New World Tour Driving World Tour Back in the World 2004 Summer Tour The ' US ' Tour Summer Live ' 09 Good Evening Europe Tour Up and Coming Tour On the Run Out There One on One 2018 Secret Gigs Freshen Up Filmography A Hard Day 's Night ( 1964 ) Help ! ( 1965 ) Magical Mystery Tour ( 1967 ) Yellow Submarine ( 1968 ) Let It Be ( 1970 ) James Paul McCartney ( 1973 ) Wings Over the World ( 1979 ) Rockestra ( unreleased ) ( 1979 ) Concert for Kampuchea ( 1980 ) Rockshow ( 1980 ) Back to the Egg ( 1981 ) Give My Regards to Broad Street ( 1984 ) Put It There ( 1990 ) Get Back ( 1991 ) Paul Is Live ( 1993 ) In the World Tonight ( 1997 ) Live at the Cavern Club ( 1999 ) Wingspan ( 2001 ) Back in the U.S. ( 2002 ) Paul McCartney in Red Square ( 2005 ) Between Chaos and Creation ( 2005 ) Chaos and Creation at Abbey Road ( 2005 ) The Space Within US ( 2006 ) The McCartney Years ( 2007 ) Good Evening New York City ( 2009 ) The Love We Make ( 2011 ) Related Articles Discography Song list Awards Music contributions and appearances Paul McCartney concerts Maxi - singles Paul McCartney : Many Years from Now MPL Communications Oobu Joobu Paul is dead `` Lisa the Vegetarian '' The Concert for New York City People / Artists The Quarrymen The Beatles Wings Heather Mills Personal relationships Music Wide Prairie A Garland for Linda Paul McCartney 's Glastonbury Groove Let Us in Americana : The Music of Paul McCartney A Toot and a Snore in ' 74 The Art of McCartney `` Cut Me Some Slack '' Book Category Guns N ' Roses Axl Rose Duff McKagan Slash Dizzy Reed Richard Fortus Frank Ferrer Melissa Reese Tracii Guns Izzy Stradlin Ole Beich Rob Gardner Steven Adler Matt Sorum Gilby Clarke Paul Tobias Robin Finck Josh Freese Tommy Stinson Chris Pitman Buckethead Bryan `` Brain '' Mantia Ron `` Bumblefoot '' Thal DJ Ashba Studio albums Appetite for Destruction G N ' R Lies Use Your Illusion I Use Your Illusion II `` The Spaghetti Incident ? '' Chinese Democracy Live albums Live Era ' 87 -- ' 93 Appetite for Democracy 3D Extended plays Live ? ! * @ Like a Suicide Guns N ' Roses The `` Civil War '' EP Compilation albums Use Your Illusion Greatest Hits Appetite for Destruction : Locked N ' Loaded edition Singles `` It 's So Easy '' `` Welcome to the Jungle '' `` Sweet Child o ' Mine '' `` Paradise City '' `` Patience '' `` Nightrain '' `` You Could Be Mine '' `` Do n't Cry '' `` Live and Let Die '' `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' `` November Rain '' `` Yesterdays '' `` Civil War '' `` Ai n't It Fun '' `` Estranged '' `` Since I Do n't Have You '' `` Sympathy for the Devil '' `` Chinese Democracy '' `` Shadow of Your Love '' Promo singles `` Mr. Brownstone '' `` My Michelle '' `` 14 Years '' `` Pretty Tied Up '' `` So Fine '' `` Dead Horse '' `` Garden of Eden '' `` Hair of the Dog '' `` New Rose '' `` Oh My God '' `` Better '' `` Street of Dreams '' `` Welcome to the Jungle ( 1986 Sound City Session ) '' `` Move to The City ( 1988 Acoustic Version ) '' `` November Rain ( Piano Version / 1986 Sound City Session ) '' Other songs `` Think About You '' `` Rocket Queen '' `` Used to Love Her '' `` One in a Million '' `` Coma '' `` Get in the Ring '' `` The Garden '' `` Shackler 's Revenge '' `` Madagascar '' `` Prostitute '' Videos and DVDs Use Your Illusion I Use Your Illusion II Garden of Eden : Strictly Limited Edition Welcome to the Videos Appetite for Democracy 3D Tours The Early Days of Guns N ' Roses Appetite for Destruction Tour Use Your Illusion Tour Guns N ' Roses / Metallica Stadium Tour Chinese Democracy Tour Up Close and Personal Tour Appetite for Democracy Not in This Lifetime ... 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Guns Neurotic Outsiders Road Crew Velvet Revolver Book Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Live_and_Let_Die_(song)&oldid=852562117 '' Categories : 1973 singles 1991 singles Paul McCartney songs Song recordings produced by George Martin Songs from James Bond films Apple Records singles Wings ( band ) songs Guns N ' Roses songs Number - one singles in New Zealand Live and Let Die ( film ) Songs written by Paul McCartney Songs written by Linda McCartney Music published by MPL Music Publishing Geffen Records singles Symphonic rock songs Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist ( s ) Rock ballads Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Use British English from January 2018 Use dmy dates from October 2011 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 July 2018 , at 21 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the song live and let die come out | [
"The song \"Live and Let Die\" was previewed in the 1973 television special James Paul McCartney, which aired on 16 April in the United States and 10 May in the United Kingdom. In the segment, McCartney and Wings were shown performing the song in his studio while clips of the film were shown, before the film's US theatrical release on 27 June.[10]\n"
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"1973"
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5932525076927465302 | Encomienda | Encomienda - wikipedia Encomienda Jump to : navigation , search Francisco Hernández Giron was a Spanish encomendero in the Viceroyalty of Peru who protested the New Laws in 1553 . These laws , passed in 1542 , gave certain rights to indigenous peoples and protected them against abuses . Drawing by Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala . Encomienda ( Spanish pronunciation : ( eŋkoˈmjenda ) ) was a labor system , rewarding conquerors with the labor of particular groups of people . It was first established in Spain during the Roman period , but used also following the Christian reconquest of Muslim territory . It was applied on a much larger scale during the Spanish colonization of the Americas and the Philippines . Conquered peoples were considered vassals of the Spanish monarch and the awarding of an encomienda was a grant from the crown to a particular individual . In the conquest era of the sixteenth century , the grants were considered to be a monopoly on the labor of particular Indians , held in perpetuity by the grant holder , called the encomendero , and his descendants . In the encomienda , the Spanish crown granted a person a specified number of natives from a specific community , with the indigenous leaders in charge of mobilizing the assessed tribute and labor . In turn , encomenderos were to take responsibility for instruction in the Christian faith , protection from warring tribes , suppressing rebellion against Spaniards , protection against pirates , instruction in the Spanish language and development , and maintenance of infrastructure . In return , the natives would provide tributes in the form of metals , maize , wheat , pork or any other agricultural product . In the first decade of Spanish presence in the Caribbean , Spaniards divided up the natives , who in some cases were worked relentlessly . With the ouster of Christopher Columbus , the Spanish crown sent a royal governor , Fray Nicolás de Ovando , who established the formal encomienda system . In many cases natives were forced to do hard labor and subjected to extreme punishment and death if they resisted . However , Queen Isabella of Castile had forbidden Indian slavery and deemed the indigenous `` free vassals of the crown '' , allowing many natives and Spaniards to appeal to the Real Audiencias . Encomiendas were often characterized by the geographical displacement of those enslaved and the breakup of several communities and family units , but the encomienda in Mexico functioned to rule these free vassals of the crown via existing community hierarchies , with the indigenous not forced permanently from their families , homes , or land . In the former Inca Empire , for example , the system continued the Incaic ( and even pre-Incaic ) traditions of extracting tribute in the form of labor . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Encomenderos 3 Establishment 4 Abolition 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links History ( edit ) The heart of encomienda and encomendero lies in the Spanish verb encomendar , `` to entrust '' . The encomienda was based on the reconquista institution in which adelantados were given the right to extract tribute from Muslims or other peasants in areas that they had conquered and resettled . The encomienda system in Spanish America differed from the Peninsular institution in that encomenderos did not own the land on which the natives lived . The system did not entail any direct land tenure by the encomendero ; Indian lands were to remain in the possession of their communities . This right was formally protected by the crown of Castile because the rights of administration in the New World belonged to this crown and not to the Catholic monarchs as a whole . Encomenderos ( edit ) The first grantees of the encomienda or encomenderos were usually conquerors who received these grants of labor by virtue of participation in a successful conquest . Later , some receiving encomiendas in New Spain ( Mexico ) were not conquerors themselves but were sufficiently well connected that they received grants . In his study of the encomenderos of early colonial Mexico , Robert Himmerich y Valencia divides conquerors into those who were part of Hernan Cortes 's original expedition , calling them `` first conquerors '' and those who were members of the later Narváez expedition who were incorporated into Cortes 's contingent , calling them `` conquerors '' . He designated as pobladores antiguos ( old settlers ) , a group of undetermined number of encomenderos in New Spain , men who were resident in the Caribbean prior to the Spanish conquest of Mexico . Holders of encomiendas also included women and indigenous notables . The daughter of Doña Marina and conqueror Juan Jaramillo , Doña Maria Jaramillo , received income from her deceased father 's encomiendas . Two of Moctezuma 's daughters , Doña Isabel Moctezuma and her younger sister , Doña Leonor Moctezuma , were granted extensive encomiendas in perpetuity by Hernan Cortes . Doña Leonor Moctezuma married in succession two Spaniards , and left the encomiendas to her daughter by her second husband . Vassal Inca rulers established after the conquest also sought and were granted encomiendas . The status of humans as wards of the trustees under the encomienda system served to `` define the status of the Indian population '' : the natives were free men , not slaves or serfs , even though some Spaniards often treated them as poorly as slaves . The encomienda was essential to the Spanish crown 's sustaining its control over North , Central and South America in the first decades after the colonization , because it was the first major organizational law instituted on a continent where disease , war and turmoil reigned . Indeed , the settler - conquistadors knew the fury of the aroused Indian lords ; voyagers , explorers , and the friars did not . Initially , the encomienda system was devised to meet the needs of the early agricultural economies in the Caribbean . Later it was adopted to the mining economy of Peru and Upper Peru . The encomienda lasted from the beginning of the sixteenth century to the seventeenth century . In the Philippines , the encomienda was granted also to the local nobles ( principalía ) , through the law enacted by Philip II , on 11 June , 1594 . It was used to acquire ownership of large expanses of land , many of which ( like Makati ) continue to be owned by affluent families . Establishment ( edit ) In 1503 , the crown began to formally grant encomiendas to conquistadors and officials as rewards for service to the crown . The system of encomiendas was aided by the crown 's organizing the indigenous into small harbors known as reducciones , with the intent of establishing new towns and populations . Each reducción had a native chief responsible for keeping track of the laborers in his community . The encomienda system did not grant people land , but it indirectly aided in the settlers ' acquisition of land . As initially defined , the encomendero and his heirs expected to hold these grants in perpetuity . After a major crown reform in 1542 , known as the New Laws , encomendero families were restricted to holding the grant for two generations . When the crown attempted to implement the policy in Peru , shortly after the 1535 Spanish conquest , recipients rebelled against the crown , killing the viceroy , Don Blasco Núñez Vela . In Mexico , viceroy Don Antonio de Mendoza prudently decided to not institute the reform , citing local circumstances of the potential for a similar conqueror rebellion . To the crown he said , `` I obey crown authority but do not comply with this order . '' The encomienda system did eventually come to a legal end in 1720 , when the crown made a new attempt at eradicating the institution . The encomenderos were then required to pay remaining encomienda laborers for their work . The encomiendas became very corrupt and harsh . In the neighborhood of La Concepcion , north of Santo Domingo , the adelantado of Santiago heard rumors of a 15,000 - man army planning to stage a rebellion . Upon hearing this , the Adelantado captured the caciques involved and had most of them hanged . Later on , a chieftain named Guarionex laid havoc to the countryside before an Indian - Spanish army of about 3,090 routed the Ciguana forces under his leadership . Although expecting Spanish protection from warring tribes , the islanders sought to join the Spanish forces and , through sheer exasperation , helped the Spaniards deal with the ignorance to the surrounding environment . Initially , the encomendado was supposed to be returned to the crown after two generations ; however , in some regions this was frequently overlooked . In Codice Osuna , one of many colonial era Aztec codices ( indigenous manuscripts ) with native pictorials and alphabetic text in Nahuatl there is evidence that indigenous were well aware of the status of indigenous communities as being held by individual encomenderos and those held by the crown . In 1574 , the Viceroy of Peru Diego Lopez de Velasco investigated the encomiendas and concluded that there were 32,000 Spanish families in the New World , 4,000 of which had encomiendas . There were 1,500,000 natives paying tribute , and 5 million `` civilized '' natives . The phrase `` sin indios no hay Indias '' ( without Indians , there are no Indies -- i.e. America ) , popular in America especially in the 16th century , emphasizes the economic importance and appeal of this indentured labor , even above that of precious metals or other natural resources . Land awardees customarily complained about how `` worthless '' territory was , unless it also comprised a population of encomendados . Abolition ( edit ) The encomienda system has been the subject of controversy since 1510 . When an Hispaniola encomendero named Valenzuela had Native American leaders killed who had turned in for peace talks in full confidence , the Taino Cacique Enriquillo rebelled against the Spaniards between 1519 and 1533 . By 1538 , Emperor Charles V realized the seriousness of the Taíno revolt and compelled policy changes over the labor of the Indians . Conceding to Las Casas 's viewpoint , the peace treaty between the Taínos and the audiencia was eventually disrupted in four to five years . The crown also made two failed attempts to end the abuses of the encomienda system , through the Law of Burgos ( 1512 -- 13 ) and the New Law of the Indies ( 1542 ) . Furthermore , these laws were indeed beneficial to the authorities . The priest of Hispaniola and former encomendero Bartolomé de las Casas underwent a profound conversion after seeing the abuse of the native people . He dedicated his life to writing and lobbying to abolish the encomienda system , which he thought systematically enslaved the native people of the New World . Las Casas participated in an important debate , where he pushed for the enactment of the New Laws and an end to the encomienda system . The Laws of Burgos and the New Laws of the Indies failed in the face of colonial opposition and , in fact , the New Laws were postponed in the Viceroyalty of Peru . When Blasco Núñez Vela , the first viceroy of Peru , tried to enforce the New Laws , which provided for the gradual abolition of the encomienda , many of the encomenderos were unwilling to comply with them and revolted against him . Nevertheless , the encomienda system was generally replaced by the crown - managed repartimiento system throughout Spanish America after mid-century . Like the encomienda , the new repartimento did not include the attribution of land to anyone , rather only the allotment of native workers . But they were directly allotted to the crown , who , through a local crown official , would assign them to work for settlers for a set period of time , usually several weeks . The repartimiento was an attempt `` to reduce the abuses of forced labour '' . As the number of natives declined and mining activities were replaced by agricultural activities in the seventeenth century , the hacienda , or large landed estates in which laborers were directly employed by the hacienda owners ( hacendados ) , arose because land ownership became more profitable than acquisition of forced labor . The encomienda was strongly based on the encomendado 's tribal identity . Mixed - race ( Mestizo ) individuals , for example , could not by law be subjected to the encomienda . This moved many Amerindians to deliberately seek to dilute their tribal identity and that of their descendants as a way for them to escape the service , by seeking intermarriage with people from different ethnicities , especially Spaniards or Creoles . In this way the encomienda somewhat weakened Amerindians ' tribal identification and ethnicity , which in turn diminished the pool of available encomendados . See also ( edit ) 1712 Huilliche rebellion Black Legend Cargo system Gregorio de San Juan Historiography of Colonial Spanish America Jesuit reductions Reductions References ( edit ) Jump up ^ James Lockhart and Stuart Schwartz , Early Latin America . New York : Cambridge University Press 138 . Jump up ^ Ida Altman , et al. , The Early History of Greater Mexico , Pearson , 2003 , p. 47 Jump up ^ Rodriguez , Junius P. ( 2007 ) . Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion. 1 . p. 184 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33272 - 2 . Jump up ^ Ida Altman , et al. , The Early History of Greater Mexico , Pearson , 2003 , 143 Jump up ^ Charles Gibson , The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule , Stanford , 1964 . Jump up ^ `` Encomienda . '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . 26 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Scott , Meredith , `` The Encomienda System Archived 2005 - 12 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . '' . Jump up ^ Robert Himmerich y Valencia , The Encomenderos of New Spain , 1521 - 1555 , Austin , University of Texas Press , 1991 p. 178 Jump up ^ Robert Himmerich y Valencia , The Encomenderos of New Spain , 1521 - 1555 , Austin , University of Texas Press , 1991 pp. 195 - 96 Jump up ^ Samora , Julian ; Patricia Vandel Simon . `` A History of the Mexican - American People '' . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ Himmerich y Valencia ( 1991 ) , 27 Jump up ^ Clendinnen , Inga ; Ambivalent Conquests : Maya and Spaniard in Yucatán , 1517 -- 1570 . ( p. 83 ) ISBN 0 - 521 - 37981 - 4 ^ Jump up to : `` Encomienda '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . 26 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Dr. Eric A ( 1976 ) . The encomienda in early Philippine colonial history ( PDF ) . Quezon City : Journal of Asian Studies . pp. 27 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Arthur S. Aiton , Antonio de Mendoza , First Viceroy of New Spain , Durham : Duke University Press 1972 . Jump up ^ Pietro Martire D'Anghiera . De Orbe Novo , the Eight Decades of Peter Martyr D'Anghera . p. 121 . Retrieved 10 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Pietro Martire D'Anghiera . De Orbe Novo , the Eight Decades of Peter Martyr D'Anghera . p. 143 . Retrieved 10 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Pietro Martire D'Anghiera . De Orbe Novo , the Eight Decades of Peter Martyr D'Anghera . p. 132 . Retrieved 10 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Codice Osuna , Ediciones del Instituto Indigenista Interamericano , Mexico 1947 , pp. 250 - 254 Jump up ^ Crow , John A . The Epic of Latin America . Jump up ^ David M. Traboulay . Columbus and Las Casas : the conquest and Christianization of America , 1492 -- 1566 . p. 44 . Retrieved 10 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Benjamin Keen , Bartolome de las Casas in history : toward an understanding of the man and his work . ( DeKalb : Northern Illinois University , 1971 ) , 364 -- 365 . Jump up ^ Tindall , George Brown & David E. Shi ( 1984 ) . America : A Narrative History ( Sixth ed . ) . W.W. Norton & Company , Inc. , 280 . Further reading ( edit ) Austin , Shawn Michael . ( 2015 ) `` Guaraní kinship and the encomienda community in colonial Paraguay , sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries '' , Colonial Latin American Review , 24 : 4 , 545 - 571 , DOI : 10.1080 / 10609164.2016. 1150039 * Avellaneda , Jose Ignacio ( 1995 ) . The Conquerors of the New Kingdom of Granada . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press . ISBN 0 - 8263 - 1612 - 3 . Chamberlain , Robert S. , `` Simpson 's the Encomienda in New Spain and Recent Encomienda Studies '' The Hispanic American Historical Review 34. 2 ( May 1954 ) : 238 -- 250 . Gibson , Charles , The Aztecs Under Spanish Rule . Stanford : Stanford University Press 1964 . Guitar , Lynne ( 1997 ) . `` Encomienda System '' . In Junius P. Rodriguez ( ed . ) . The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery . vol. 1 , A-K . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . pp. 250 -- 251 . ISBN 0 - 87436 - 885 - 5 . OCLC 37884790 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Himmerich y Valencia , Robert ( 1991 ) . The Encomenderos of New Spain , 1521 -- 1555 . Austin : University of Texas Press . ISBN 0 - 292 - 72068 - 8 . Keith , Robert G. `` Encomienda , Hacienda , and Corregimiento in Spanish America : A Structural Analysis , '' Hispanic American Historical Review 52 , no . 3 ( 1971 ) : 431 - 446 . Lockhart , James , `` Encomienda and Hacienda : The Evolution of the Great Estate in the Spanish Indies , '' Hispanic American Historical Review 49 , no . 3 ( 1969 ) Ramirez , Susan E. `` Encomienda '' in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture , vol. 2 , pp. 492 -- 3 . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons 1996 . Simpson , Leslie Byrd Simpson , The Encomienda in New Spain : The Beginning of Spanish Mexico ( 1950 ) Zavala , Silvio . De Encomienda y Propiedad Territorial en Algunas Regiones de la América Española . Mexico City : Aurrúa 1940 . 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Spanish missions in the Americas Architecture Mesoamerican codices Cusco painting tradition Indochristian painting in New Spain Quito painting tradition Colonial universities in Latin America Colonial universities in the Philippines General Archive of the Indies Colonial Spanish Horse Castas Old inquisition Slavery in Spanish Empire British and American slaves granted their freedom by Spain Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encomienda&oldid=802436100 '' Categories : Encomenderos Spanish colonization of the Americas Spanish West Indies Captaincy General of the Philippines Colonial Puerto Rico Unfree labour Labor history History of labour relations in Chile Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Беларуская Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Runa Simi Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Tagalog Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 04 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how were some of the indigenous workers able to escape the encomienda system | [
"The encomienda was strongly based on the encomendado's tribal identity. Mixed-race (Mestizo) individuals, for example, could not by law be subjected to the encomienda. This moved many Amerindians to deliberately seek to dilute their tribal identity and that of their descendants as a way for them to escape the service, by seeking intermarriage with people from different ethnicities, especially Spaniards or Creoles. In this way the encomienda somewhat weakened Amerindians' tribal identification and ethnicity, which in turn diminished the pool of available encomendados."
] | [
"dilute their tribal identity and that of their descendants"
] |
-3333441654744127532 | Wanna Be Startin' Somethin' | Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' - wikipedia Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' Jump to : navigation , search `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' One of US 7 - inch vinyl releases Single by Michael Jackson from the album Thriller B - side `` Rock with You '' ( live ) Released May 8 , 1983 ( 1983 - 05 - 08 ) Format 7 '' vinyl 12 '' single Recorded 1978 ( original recording ) 1982 Genre Post-disco funk Length 6 : 03 ( album version ) 4 : 21 ( single version ) 6 : 30 ( 12 '' version ) Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Michael Jackson Producer ( s ) Quincy Jones Michael Jackson ( co-producer ) Michael Jackson singles chronology `` Beat It '' ( 1983 ) `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' ( 1983 ) `` Human Nature '' ( 1983 ) `` Beat It '' ( 1983 ) `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' ( 1983 ) `` Human Nature '' ( 1983 ) Music video `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' ( Live ) on YouTube Audio sample file help `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' is a song by American singer Michael Jackson recorded for his sixth studio album Thriller ( 1982 ) . It is the opening track of the album and was released as its fourth single on May 8 , 1983 by Epic Records . The song was written , composed by Jackson and produced by Quincy Jones ( with Jackson as co-producer ) . The song 's lyrics pertain to strangers spreading rumors to start an argument for no good reason . Musically , `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' evokes the disco sound of Jackson 's previous studio album , Off the Wall , released in 1979 . The song is characterized by a complex rhythm arrangement and a distinctive horn arrangement . `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' has been covered and sampled by multiple recording artists since its release . Aside from Thriller , the song appears on multiple compilation and greatest hits albums by Jackson . `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' was generally well received by contemporary music critics . The song was also commercially successful , charting within the top 20 and top 30 in several countries . It topped the charts in Canada as well as the Netherlands and became Jackson 's fifth consecutive top 10 single in the United States on the Billboard Hot 100 , peaking at number five , and later re-entered charts in 2008 after the release of Thriller 25 . Following Jackson 's death in June 2009 , the song re-entered music charts worldwide , mainly due to digital download sales . Unlike previous singles from Thriller , `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' did not have a music video to accompany it , but was performed by Jackson on world concert tours , as both a member of The Jacksons and as a solo artist . As part of the release of Thriller 25 , a remix of `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' , entitled `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' 2008 with Akon '' , was recorded with Akon , and released as the second single from the album . The remix was commercially successful , mainly charting within the top 10 in six countries , as well as the top 20 in several territories worldwide and top 40 in Canada . It was more successful internationally than in the United States , having peaked on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 81 , which was the song 's lowest charting position . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Critical reception 4 Chart performance 5 Live performances 6 Manu Dibango controversy 7 Charts 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 7.3 Charts successions 8 Personnel 9 Track listing 10 Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' 2008 10.1 Chart performance 10.2 Track listing 10.3 Remix credits 11 Cover versions and uses in popular culture 12 References Background ( edit ) `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' was written , composed and co-produced by Michael Jackson , and produced by Quincy Jones . It was originally written for his sister La Toya Jackson about her troubled relationship with her sisters - in - law , but Michael ended up recording the song , and La Toya sometimes performs the song at her concerts . The song was originally recorded in 1978 for the inclusion on the Off the Wall album , but was later re-recorded in fall 1982 , in Los Angeles , California . `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' was one of the four songs that Jackson received writing credits on for his sixth studio album Thriller in 1982 . The song was released by Epic Records as the fourth single from the album . Unlike Thriller 's previous singles , `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' did not have a film or a music video released to promote it . Aside from Thriller , `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' has appeared on multiple compilation and greatest hits albums by Jackson since the song 's release . `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' appeared on the first disc of Jackson 's two - disc compilation album HIStory : Past , Present and Future , Book I in 1995 as well as the 25th anniversary edition of Thriller , entitled Thriller 25 , and the greatest hits album King of Pop ; both albums were released in 2008 . The song is also included on the box set collection released in 2004 , The Ultimate Collection , the greatest hits album The Essential Michael Jackson , the compilation album This Is It , and the special box set The Collection released days after Jackson 's death . Some versions of the 1995 Earth Song CD single included the Brothers in Rhythm Mix and Tommy D 's Main Mix as B - sides . The song was also remixed to the Immortal album in 2011 . The demo version of the song was also released in This Is It ( 2009 ) . Composition ( edit ) A post-disco and funk song , `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' was viewed as a nod to the disco sound of Jackson 's material on his previous studio album , Off the Wall , released in 1979 . Arranged by Jackson himself and played by percussionist Paulinho da Costa , the song 's rhythm was regarded as a `` complex interweaving of drum - machine patterns and work '' , while the horn section , arranged by Jerry Hey , was described as both `` brassy and precise '' . Slant Magazine commented that the song was a `` complicated tapestry of colliding hooks and pop references . '' The song 's lyrics , `` Too high to get over , too low to get under '' , has strong similarities to Funkadelic 's opening salvo for `` One Nation Under a Groove '' . The lyrics pertain to the media and press , as well as gossip and people trying to start arguments or problems for no reason , which he states in the lyrics , `` Someone 's always tryin ' to start my baby crying , '' and then goes to a more `` quasi paranoia '' yield in the `` near - bitterness '' chorus , ' You 're a vegetable , you 're a vegetable / You 're just a buffet , you 're a vegetable / They 'll eat off you , you 're a vegetable . ' '' In `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' , Jackson 's vocal range spans from G # 3 to E5 . Played in the key of E major , the song is moderately bright with a tempo of 122 beats per minute . It has a basic sequence of D / E -- E -- D / E -- E as its chord progression . The coda at the end of the song , which comes directly from Cameroonian saxophonist Manu Dibango 's 1972 disco song `` Soul Makossa '' , is `` Mama - say mama - sah ma - ma - coo - sah '' . Makossa is a Cameroonian music genre and dance . Dibango sued Jackson and settled out of court for one million French francs , agreeing thereby to waive future rights to this recording but not future use of the material . Critical reception ( edit ) Christopher Connelly , a writer for Rolling Stone , described `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' as being Thriller 's `` most combative track '' . Connelly noted that in the `` hyperactive '' song , Jackson 's `` emotions are so raw that the song nearly goes out of control '' . He further commented that the song has a `` tune that 's almost as exciting as seeing Jackson motivate himself across a concert stage -- and a lot more unpredictable '' . Remarking that while the song 's lyrics `` wo n't keep Elvis Costello awake nights ( sic ) '' , they `` do show that Jackson has progressed past the hey - let 's - hustle sentiments that dominated Off the Wall '' . He added that Jackson 's `` raw ability and conviction make material like '' , citing `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' , as well as other of Thriller 's songs , `` into first - class cuts '' . Stephen Thomas Erlewine , a writer for AllMusic , listed `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' , along with `` Beat It '' , `` Billie Jean '' , and `` Human Nature '' , as being the best songs from Thriller . He also described the song as the `` freshest funk on the album '' . Eric Herderson , a writer for Slant Magazine , commented that with `` three quick rimshots '' , he felt that `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' was like a `` court fanfare '' . Robert Christgau , a music critic , commented that he 'd `` expect to bear more '' of Thriller 's `` Wanna Be Startin ' Something '' and `` Thriller '' on the `` dancefloor '' rather than in his `` living room '' . `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' received one Grammy Award nomination ; it was nominated for `` Best R&B Song '' at the 1984 Grammy Awards , but lost to `` Billie Jean , '' another of Jackson 's singles from Thriller . Pitchfork ranked this song No. 2 on its list of `` The 200 Best Songs of the 1980s '' , saying that `` if you 're going to become the biggest star in the world , it helps to make the biggest song '' . Chart performance ( edit ) In 1983 , `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' had a good chart performance worldwide . The song entered the Billboard Hot 100 chart top ten positions on July 2 , 1983 , at number nine , having moved up six places from the song 's previous week . On July 16 , `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' charted at number five , which was the song 's peak position on the chart . The song 's peak position made `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' Thriller 's fourth consecutive single to peak within the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100 . It was more commercially successful than Thriller 's follow - up single `` Human Nature '' on the Billboard Hot 100 , with the song peaking on the chart at number seven . The song also peaked within the top ten , at number five , on the Black Singles Chart . Internationally , the song was commercially successful , mainly charting within the top 20 and top 30 on music charts . In the United Kingdom , on June 11 , 1983 , the song entered the chart 's top 40 positions at number 38 . The following week , the song moved up 24 positions to number 14 , and on June 25 , the song peaked within the top ten at number eight . The song remained on the charts for a total of nine weeks in 1983 . In New Zealand , on July 24 , 1983 , `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' entered the charts at number 47 . The following week , the song peaked at number 35 , which was its peak position , and remained in the top 50 of the chart for three weeks . `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' entered the Dutch charts on July 9 , 1983 , charting within the top five at number four . The following week , the song charted at number three , which was its peak position , for three consecutive weeks . The song charted within the top ten for several weeks , and remained in the top 20 for ten weeks in 1983 . In 2008 , after the release of Thriller 25 the song re-entered music charts worldwide . `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' entered the Italian music charts on February 21 , 2008 , charting at number 14 ; it remained on the chart for only one week . The song entered the Danish music charts on February 28 , charting within the top 30 at number 29 . The following week , it peaked at number 22 . In Switzerland , the song entered the top 50 at number 47 on February 24 , 2008 . The following week , the song peaked at number 30 . After a total of six weeks on the chart the song , fell out of the top 100 , and after four weeks re-entered the chart at number 83 , before falling off the chart again . Following Jackson 's death in June 2009 , his music experienced a surge in popularity . `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' re-entered the United Kingdom charts on July 4 , 2009 and peaked at number 57 the following week . On July 12 , `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' re-entered Switzerland music charts for the second time . The song charted at number 37 , which was its peak position , and remained on the charts for three weeks , before charting out of the top 100 positions . Live performances ( edit ) Jackson and background dancers performing `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' during rehearsals for the This Is It concerts . Video footage of performances of the song were used in the film Michael Jackson 's This Is It in 2009 . `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' was one of the songs released as a single without an accompanying video . It nonetheless has attained a popularity rivaling its sister compositions on the album , and became Jackson 's song of choice for opening live concerts , although not being as strictly associated with a specific dance routine as those others has arguably allowed for more flexibility in performances and staging . Three notable occurrences during live performances are the physically complicated `` stop / start '' dance technique that brings Jackson and his dancers to a frozen stop several times , the sing - along between performer and audience during the bridge , and him singing `` Hard To Get Over , Hard To Get Under '' instead of `` Too High To Get Over , Too Low To Get Under '' in the studio version . `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' , along with `` Thriller '' , `` Beat It '' and `` Billie Jean '' , was also used on every set list of Jackson 's tours , from the Victory Tour in 1984 , right the way through to the HIStory Tour in 1997 . Unlike most of the other songs performed live , `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' has never been lip - synced during any of Jackson 's tours . The song was first performed by Jackson as both a member of The Jacksons as well as a solo artist during world concert tours . It was performed by Jackson during the Jacksons final world concert series , including the Victory Tour in 1984 , for which it was the tour 's opening song . Similar to the Victory Tour , `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' was the Bad World Tour opening song on both tour legs . The concert series lasted from 1987 to 1989 . A version was released on the 2012 DVD Live at Wembley July 16 , 1988 . `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' was also performed during Jackson 's Dangerous World Tour from June 1992 to November 1993 . The next , and what would be the last performance of the song , was during Jackson 's world concert tour , HIStory World Tour , from 1996 to 1997 . Since March 2009 , Jackson was preparing to perform `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' during his This Is It concert series from 2009 to 2010 . During rehearsals for the This Is It concerts , Jackson 's performance of `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' contained an a cappella snippet of `` Speechless '' , from Jackson 's studio album Invincible ( 2001 ) . Following Jackson 's death in June of the same year , video footage of Jackson rehearsing the song was used as the opening song in the 2009 concert documentary , Michael Jackson 's This Is It . Manu Dibango controversy ( edit ) After Barbadian pop singer Rihanna sampled the song in her 2007 hit single `` Do n't Stop the Music '' , she and Jackson were both sued in February 2009 by Cameroonian musician Manu Dibango , who claimed that both songs stole the `` mama - say mama - sa mama - coo - sa '' hook from his 1972 single `` Soul Makossa '' without permission . According to Agence France - Presse , Jackson admitted that he borrowed the line for `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' and settled out of court . When Rihanna asked Jackson in 2007 for permission to sample the line , he allegedly approved the request without contacting Dibango beforehand . Dibango 's attorneys brought the case before a court in Paris , demanding € 500,000 in damages and for Sony BMG , EMI and Warner Music to be `` barred from receiving ' mama - say mama - sa ' - related income until the matter is resolved '' . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1983 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 25 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 7 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 16 Ireland ( IRMA ) 5 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 35 Spain ( AFYVE ) 14 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 8 US Billboard Hot 100 5 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 5 US Cash Box Top 100 6 Chart ( 2008 ) Peak position Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 22 Italy ( FIMI ) 14 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 30 Chart ( 2009 ) Peak position Canada ( Hot Canadian Digital Singles ) 52 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 31 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 37 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 57 US Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 20 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1983 ) Position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 11 Canada ( RPM Top Singles ) 38 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 17 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 23 US Billboard Hot 100 68 US Cash Box 51 Charts successions ( edit ) Preceded by `` I 'm Still Standing '' by Elton John Canadian RPM number - one single July 23 , 1983 -- July 30 , 1983 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` White Wedding '' by Billy Idol Preceded by `` Stars on 45 Proudly Presents The Star Sisters '' by Stars on 45 Dutch Top 40 number - one single July 30 , 1983 -- August 6 , 1983 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Rondo Russo '' by Berdien Stenberg Personnel ( edit ) Michael Jackson : lead and backing vocals , drum machine , writer , composer Produced by Quincy Jones Co-produced by Michael Jackson Greg Phillinganes : Rhodes , synthesizer Michael Boddicker and Bill Wolfer : synthesizers David Williams : guitar Louis Johnson : bass Paulinho da Costa : percussion Jerry Hey , Gary Grant : trumpets , flugelhorns Larry Williams : saxophone , flute Bill Reichenbach : trombone Michael Jackson , Nelson Hayes , and Steven Ray : bathroom stomp board Vocal arrangement by Michael Jackson Rhythm arrangement by Michael Jackson and Quincy Jones Horn arrangement by Jerry Hey and Michael Jackson Background vocals : Julia Waters , Maxine Waters , Oren Waters , James Ingram , Michael Jackson , Bunny Hull , Becky Lopez Track listing ( edit ) United States 7 '' version `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' ( single version ) -- 4 : 19 `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' ( instrumental ) -- 4 : 19 United States 12 '' version `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' ( 12 '' version ) -- 6 : 31 `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' ( instrumental ) -- 6 : 31 United Kingdom 7 '' version `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' ( single version ) -- 4 : 19 `` Rock with You '' ( live with The Jacksons ) -- 3 : 58 Europe 12 '' version `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' ( 12 '' version ) -- 6 : 31 `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' ( instrumental ) -- 6 : 31 `` Rock with You '' ( live with The Jacksons ) -- 3 : 58 Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' 2008 ( edit ) `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' 2008 '' Single by Michael Jackson with Akon from the album Thriller 25 Released January 23 , 2008 Format CD single Digital download Recorded November 25 , 2007 Length 4 : 14 ( album version ) 3 : 51 ( radio edit ) Label Epic Legacy Songwriter ( s ) Michael Jackson Aliaune Thiam Giorgio Tuinfort Producer ( s ) Michael Jackson Akon Giorgio Tuinfort Michael Jackson singles chronology `` The Girl Is Mine 2008 '' ( 2008 ) `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' 2008 '' ( 2008 ) `` Mind Is the Magic '' ( 2010 ) `` The Girl Is Mine 2008 '' ( 2008 ) `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' 2008 '' ( 2008 ) `` Mind Is the Magic '' ( 2010 ) Akon singles chronology `` I 'll Still Kill '' ( 2007 ) I 'll Still Kill 2007 `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' 2008 '' ( 2008 ) Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' 20082008 `` What You Got '' ( 2008 ) What You Got 2008 Thriller 25 track listing `` P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) 2008 '' ( 12 ) `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' 2008 '' ( 13 ) `` Beat It 2008 '' ( 14 ) `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' was re-recorded for the 2008 re-issue of Thriller , entitled Thriller 25 . Similar to `` Beat It 2008 '' , the song was titled on the CD sleeve as `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' 2008 with Akon '' . Recorded in 2007 , the 2008 version contains remix elements and additional vocals from Akon . The 2008 version was written and produced by Akon . The single of that song was the last one released during Jackson 's lifetime . `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' received mixed to positive reviews from contemporary music critics , with critics having felt that while the 2008 version was good , it was not better than the original , but was better than other re-issues on Thriller 25 . Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic commented that `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' was turned into a `` moody piano murk '' . He further commented that while the song is not great , `` it is better than Fergie parroting the lyrics of `` Beat It '' back to a recorded Jackson , and it 's better than will.i.am turning `` The Girl Is Mine '' into a hapless dance number . '' Rob Sheffield , a writer for Rolling Stone , commented that `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' is `` actually kind of great '' and praised the song 's composition . The song was released by Epic Records and Legacy Recordings in January 2008 , as the second single from the re-issue album . It was commercially a modest success internationally , charting within the top 20 in several countries , as well charting within the top ten in four territories . The song charted at number three in Sweden , number four in New Zealand , number eight in Australia and number ten in France . `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' 2008 '' charted at number 15 in Belgium 's Flanders and Wallonia charts . and also charted at number 20 in Italy . In the US , `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' 2008 '' peaked at number 81 on the Billboard ' Hot 100 , giving the song its lowest charting position . The song also charted on the Pop charts at number 48 , as well as number 47 on the Pop Hot 100 Airplay . Other charting positions include number 47 on the Billboard Hot Digital Songs and the Hot Canadian Digital Singles Chart at number 33 . It also peaked at number 2 on the Dance Club Songs chart . `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' 2008 '' also reached number 19 on the year - end chart of Dance Club Play Song . A music video to promote the single and album consisted of a montage of previous Michael Jackson music videos and concert footage , and also clips of Akon singing his parts . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 2008 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 8 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 15 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 15 Canada ( Hot Canadian Digital Singles ) 33 France ( SNEP ) 10 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 63 Italy ( FIMI ) 20 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) UK ( Official Charts Company ) 69 US Billboard Hot 100 81 US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play US Billboard Hot Digital Songs 47 US Billboard Pop 100 48 US Billboard Pop 100 Airplay 47 Chart ( 2009 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 52 Chart ( 2010 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 98 Track listing ( edit ) CD single `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' 2008 '' Radio Edit -- 3 : 51 `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' 2008 '' Johnny Vicious Club -- Radio Edit -- 3 : 36 `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' 2008 '' Johnny Vicious Full Club Remix -- 9 : 03 Remix credits ( edit ) Written and produced by Michael Jackson , Aliaune `` Akon '' Thiam , Giorgio Tuinfort Lead vocals by Aliaune `` Akon '' Thiam and Michael Jackson ( on 2nd Verse ) Background vocals by Michael Jackson Mixed by Mark `` Evil '' Goodchild Recorded on November 25 , 2007 Cover versions and uses in popular culture ( edit ) At her Sticky & Sweet Tour , Madonna and a dancer impersonating Jackson performed a medley of Jackson 's music while photos of Jackson throughout his life were shown on a screen behind them . `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' has been covered and sampled by multiple recording artists since its release . Jackson 's elder sister La Toya Jackson has frequently covered the song . She used it to open her set at 1993 's Sopot Song Festival , on MDR in the 1990s , and on the sixth season of the United Kingdom television show Celebrity Big Brother in 2009 . Whitney Houston performed `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' as the opening selection throughout her Greatest Love World Tour in 1986 , which ran from July to December . In February 2010 , she again performed the song , along with Jackson 's `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' , during her Nothing but Love World Tour . One week after Jackson 's death , Madonna used that song as part a medley of Jackson 's songs as a tribute , during her second leg of her Sticky & Sweet Tour in July 2009 . A dancer impersonated Jackson , performing his signature moves , like spinning , moonwalking and gyrating . Glee used it as the opening song in its `` Michael '' episode ( 2012 ) . This cover debuted and peaked at number 78 on the Billboard Hot 100 , number 46 on the Digital Songs chart and number 88 on the Canadian Hot 100 chart at the week of February 18 , 2012 . Darren Criss performed the song . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Thriller ( Media notes ) . Epic Records . 1982 . ^ Jump up to : Bush , John . `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' -- Song Review '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Baca , Ricardo ( June 26 , 2009 ) . `` Michael Jackson 's musical career '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Michael Jackson -- Thriller '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Herderson , Eric ( October 18 , 2003 ) . `` Michael Jackson : Thriller '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Connelly , Christopher ( January 23 , 1983 ) . `` Michael Jackson -- Thriller -- Album Review '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' By Michael Jackson -- Digital Sheet Music '' . Musicnotes.com . Sony / ATV Music Publishing . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Breihan , Tom ( February 4 , 2009 ) . `` Manu Dibango Sues Rihanna , Michael Jackson '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved July 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michaels , Sean ( February 4 , 2009 ) . `` Rihanna and Michael Jackson sued by African singer '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved July 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gbadamassi , Falila ( June 30 , 2009 ) . `` Michael Jackson and his African affairs '' . Afrik - News . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert ( December 28 , 1982 ) . `` Christgau 's Consumer Guide '' . The Village Voice . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 26th Grammy Awards -- 1984 '' . Rock On The Net . February 28 , 1984 . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cox , Jamieson ( August 24 , 2015 ) . `` The 200 Best Songs of the 1980s -- Page 10 '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 : July 2 , 1983 '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 : July 16 , 1983 '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Thriller -- Awards '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 : 05 June 1983 -- 11 June 1983 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 : 12 June 1983 -- 18 June 1983 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charts.org.nz -- Michael Jackson -- Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Michael Jackson -- Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Italiancharts.com -- Michael Jackson -- Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Danishcharts.com -- Michael Jackson -- Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Swisscharts.com -- Michael Jackson -- Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bruno , Antony ( July 2 , 2009 ) . `` Michael Jackson Music Sales Surge Could Last For Months '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Jackson : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson 's London O2 Arena setlist revealed '' . NME . March 12 , 2009 . Retrieved March 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kara , Scott ( October 31 , 2009 ) . `` Michael Jackson 's This Is It '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Levine , Nick ( January 8 , 2008 ) . `` Rihanna : ' Do n't Stop The Music ' '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Huff , Quentin B. ( June 25 , 2007 ) . `` Rihanna : Good Girl Gone Bad '' . PopMatters . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Michaels , Sean ( February 4 , 2009 ) . `` Rihanna and Michael Jackson sued by African singer '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved January 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 2003 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 - 1992 . St Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Michael Jackson -- Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 6294 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 6312 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Michael Jackson -- Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- I Wanna Be Startin ' '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved July 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Michael Jackson - Wanna Be '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( in Spanish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- Week ending JULY 30 , 1983 '' . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2012 ... Cash Box . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson Chart History ( Digital Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1983 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 39 , No. 17 , December 24 , 1983 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 - Jaaroverzicht van 1983 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 1983 '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits for 1983 '' . The Longbored Surfer . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The CASH BOX Year - End Charts : 1983 '' . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2012 ... Cash Box . ^ Jump up to : Thriller 25 ( Media notes ) . Epic Records . 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas Erlewine , Stephen . `` The Funk of 25 Years : Thriller Hits The Quarter Century Mark '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sheffield , Rob ( February 21 , 2008 ) . `` Michael Jackson -- Thriller 25 Deluxe Edition '' . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2008 ... Rolling Stone . ^ Jump up to : `` Ultratop.be -- Michael Jackson with Akon -- Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' 2008 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Swedishcharts.com -- Michael Jackson with Akon -- Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' 2008 '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charts.org.nz -- Michael Jackson with Akon -- Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' 2008 '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Australian-charts.com -- Michael Jackson with Akon -- Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' 2008 '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lescharts.com -- Michael Jackson with Akon -- Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' 2008 '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Italiancharts.com -- Michael Jackson with Akon -- Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' 2008 '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Michael Jackson with Akon -- Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' 2008 '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Michael Jackson with Akon -- Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' 2008 '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved June 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lescharts.com -- Michael Jackson with Akon -- Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' 2008 '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Martyn ( January 5 , 2009 ) . `` Do n't bother with Big Brother , Tommy '' . The Scotsman . Edinburgh . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston struggles through first concert '' . The Daily Telegraph . February 23 , 2010 . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Woods , Travis ( February 24 , 2010 ) . `` Whitney Houston Stumbles Through Australian Concert '' . BeatCrave . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rodriquez , Jason ( July 5 , 2009 ) . `` Madonna Salutes Michael Jackson At London 's O2 Arena '' . MTV . Viacom . Retrieved March 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( February 10 , 2012 ) . `` Weekly Chart Notes : Madonna , Michael Jackson , ' Godspell ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 13 , 2012 . Michael Jackson : Thriller Side one `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' `` The Girl Is Mine '' `` Thriller '' Side two `` Beat It '' `` Billie Jean '' `` Human Nature '' `` P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) '' Related articles Quincy Jones Victory Tour Michael Jackson 's Thriller Thriller jacket Thriller 25 ( Limited Japanese Single Collection ) Thrill the World Thriller viral video Thriller -- Live Parodied in films Kasam Paida Karne Wale Ki Donga Michael Jackson songs Discography 1970s songs `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' `` I Wanna Be Where You Are '' `` Got to Be There '' `` Rockin ' Robin '' `` Love Is Here and Now You 're Gone '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' `` Ben '' `` Everybody 's Somebody 's Fool '' `` My Girl '' `` Shoo - Be-Doo - Be-Doo - Da - Day '' `` We 've Got a Good Thing Going '' `` With a Child 's Heart '' `` All the Things You Are '' `` Happy '' `` Too Young '' `` Doggin ' Around '' `` Music and Me '' `` We 're Almost There '' `` One Day in Your Life '' `` Just a Little Bit of You '' `` You Ca n't Win '' `` Ease on Down the Road '' `` A Brand New Day '' `` Do n't Stop ' Til You Get Enough '' `` Rock with You '' `` Working Day and Night '' `` Off the Wall '' `` Girlfriend '' `` She 's Out of My Life '' `` It 's the Falling in Love '' 1980s songs `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' `` The Girl Is Mine '' `` Thriller '' `` Beat It '' `` Billie Jean '' `` Human Nature '' `` P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) '' `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' `` Here I Am ( Come and Take Me ) '' `` I Hear a Symphony '' `` Lonely Teardrops '' `` That 's What Love Is Made Of '' `` I Was Made to Love Her '' `` Bad '' `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' `` Speed Demon '' `` Liberian Girl '' `` Just Good Friends '' `` Another Part of Me '' `` Man in the Mirror '' `` I Just Ca n't Stop Loving You '' `` Dirty Diana '' `` Smooth Criminal '' `` Leave Me Alone '' `` Twenty - Five Miles '' 1990s songs `` Jam '' `` In the Closet '' `` Remember the Time '' `` Ca n't Let Her Get Away '' `` Heal the World '' `` Black or White '' `` Who Is It '' `` Give In to Me '' `` Will You Be There '' `` Gone Too Soon '' `` Dangerous '' `` Someone Put Your Hand Out '' `` Scream '' `` They Do n't Care About Us '' `` Stranger in Moscow '' `` This Time Around '' `` Earth Song '' `` D.S. '' `` Come Together '' `` You Are Not Alone '' `` Childhood '' `` Tabloid Junkie '' `` HIStory '' `` Smile '' `` Mind Is the Magic '' `` Blood on the Dance Floor '' `` Ghosts '' `` Is It Scary '' `` On the Line '' 2000s songs `` Heaven Can Wait '' `` You Rock My World '' `` Butterflies '' `` Speechless '' `` Cry '' `` One More Chance '' `` Cheater '' `` Fall Again '' `` The Girl Is Mine 2008 '' `` P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) 2008 '' `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' 2008 '' `` Beat It 2008 '' `` Billie Jean 2008 '' `` This Is It '' 2010s songs `` Hold My Hand '' `` Hollywood Tonight '' `` ( I Like ) The Way You Love Me '' `` Monster '' `` Breaking News '' `` ( I Ca n't Make It ) Another Day '' `` Behind the Mask '' `` Immortal Megamix : Can You Feel It / Do n't Stop ' Til You Get Enough / Billie Jean / Black or White ( Immortal Version ) '' `` Do n't Be Messin ' ' Round '' `` Price of Fame '' `` Bad ( Afrojack Remix ) ( DJ Buddha Edit ) '' `` Love Never Felt So Good '' `` Chicago '' `` Loving You '' `` A Place with No Name '' `` Slave to the Rhythm '' `` Blue Gangsta '' `` Blood on the Dance Floor x Dangerous ( The White Panda Mash - Up ) '' Other `` We Are the World '' `` What More Can I Give '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' Featured `` Night Time Lover '' `` Say Say Say '' `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' `` Tell Me I 'm Not Dreamin ' ( Too Good to Be True ) '' `` Get It '' `` 2300 Jackson Street '' `` Do the Bartman '' `` Whatzupwitu '' `` Why '' `` I Need You '' `` We Be Ballin ' '' `` All in Your Name '' `` There Must Be More To Life Than This '' Book Category Portal Akon Discography Awards and nominations Trouble `` Locked Up '' `` Ghetto '' `` Lonely '' `` Belly Dancer ( Bananza ) '' `` Pot of Gold '' Konvicted `` Smack That '' `` I Wanna Love You '' `` Do n't Matter '' `` Mama Africa '' `` Sorry , Blame It on Me '' `` Never Took the Time '' `` I Ca n't Wait '' Freedom `` Right Now ( Na Na Na ) '' `` I 'm So Paid '' `` Beautiful '' `` We Do n't Care '' Extended plays Operations of Nature Featured singles `` Find Us '' `` Moonshine '' `` Slow Wind ( Remix ) '' `` Soul Survivor '' `` Snitch '' `` I Am Not My Hair '' `` Girls '' `` The Sweet Escape '' `` I Tried '' `` We Takin ' Over '' `` Bartender '' `` The Way She Moves '' `` Speaker '' `` Sweetest Girl ( Dollar Bill ) '' `` Am I Dreaming '' `` Hypnotized '' `` Get Buck in Here '' `` I 'll Still Kill '' `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' 2008 '' `` What You Got '' `` Dangerous '' `` Frozen '' `` Get Low Wit It '' `` Out Here Grindin '' `` Wake It Up '' `` Body on Me '' `` What 's Love '' `` Day Dreaming '' `` Stuck with Each Other '' `` Silver & Gold '' `` One '' `` Just Go '' `` Overtime '' `` All Up 2 You '' `` Sexy Bitch '' `` Let 's Get Crazy '' `` On Top '' `` Shut It Down '' `` Push Push '' `` Body Bounce '' `` Move That Body '' `` Hold My Hand '' `` Kush '' `` I Just Had Sex '' `` Who Dat Girl '' `` Boomerang '' `` Chop My Money '' `` Like Money '' `` Play Hard '' `` Holiday '' `` Heatwave '' Promotional singles `` Holla Holla '' `` Troublemaker '' `` Dirty Work '' Other songs `` Crank It Up '' `` Oh Africa '' Book Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wanna_Be_Startin%27_Somethin%27&oldid=827068351 '' Categories : 1982 songs 1983 singles 2008 singles Akon songs Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Epic Records singles La Toya Jackson songs Michael Jackson songs Songs involved in plagiarism controversies Post-disco songs RPM Top Singles number - one singles Song recordings produced by Akon Song recordings produced by Michael Jackson Song recordings produced by Quincy Jones Songs written by Akon Songs written by Michael Jackson Songs about the media Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Good articles Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011 Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKchartarchive Singlechart usages for Billboarddigitalsongs Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Sweden Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano ქართული Kiswahili Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 22 February 2018 , at 16 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | michael jackson wanna be starting something release date | [
"\"Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'\" is a song by American singer Michael Jackson recorded for his sixth studio album Thriller (1982). It is the opening track of the album and was released as its fourth single on May 8, 1983 by Epic Records. The song was written, composed by Jackson and produced by Quincy Jones (with Jackson as co-producer)."
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"May 8, 1983"
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1318593898321998926 | Fifty Shades (novel series) | Fifty Shades ( novel series ) - wikipedia Fifty Shades ( novel series ) For the film series , see Fifty Shades ( film series ) . Fifty Shades Trilogy pack set Fifty Shades of Grey Fifty Shades Darker Fifty Shades Freed Grey Darker Author E.L. James Country United Kingdom Language English Genre Erotic romance Publisher Vintage Books Published 2011 -- 2017 Media type Print ( Paperback ) Fifty Shades is a series of erotic novels by E.L. James . Initially a trilogy consisting of Fifty Shades of Grey ( 2011 ) , Fifty Shades Darker , and Fifty Shades Freed ( 2012 ) , the series traces the deepening relationship between a college graduate , Anastasia Steele , and a young business magnate , Christian Grey . Grey introduces Ana to the world of BDSM . James has spoken of her shock at the success of the book , `` The explosion of interest has taken me completely by surprise '' she said . James has described the Fifty Shades trilogy as `` my midlife crisis , writ large . All my fantasies in there , and that 's it . '' She did not start to write until January 2009 , as she revealed while still active on FanFiction.Net : `` I started writing in January 2009 after I finished the Twilight saga , and I have n't stopped since . I discovered Fan Fiction in August 2009 . Since then I have written my two fics and plan on doing at least one more . After that ... who knows ? '' In August 2013 , sales of the trilogy saw James top the Forbes ' list of the highest - earning authors with earnings of $95 m which included $5 m for the film rights to Fifty Shades of Grey . However , the books have also been largely panned by critics , with the first entry in particular `` being ridiculed by virtually every critic who has read it . '' Since 2015 the series has been expanded with a parallel set of novels `` as told by Christian '' : Grey follows the events of Fifty Shades of Grey but from the perspective of Christian Grey , while Darker ( 2017 ) does the same for the plot of Fifty Shades Darker . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot overview 2 Main characters 3 Critical reception 3.1 Depiction of BDSM 3.2 Censorship or removal of books 4 Film adaptations 5 See also 6 Further reading 7 References 8 External links Plot overview ( edit ) Original trilogy Fifty Shades of Grey ( 2011 ) Fifty Shades Darker ( 2012 ) Fifty Shades Freed ( 2012 ) Retold by Christian series Grey ( 2015 ) Darker ( 2017 ) Main characters ( edit ) Christian Grey : 27 - year - old incredibly successful , wealthy entrepreneur and CEO of Grey Enterprises Holdings , Inc . Anastasia `` Ana '' Steele : College graduate , PA to Jack Hyde and primary love interest and wife of Christian Grey . Elena Lincoln : Christian 's longtime friend and business partner . She is described as a tall , elegant , sexy , regal platinum blonde and appears to be in her late 30s or early 40s . Elliot Grey : Adopted son of Carrick Grey and Dr. Grace Trevelyan - Grey , and older brother to Christian Grey and Mia Grey . Mia Grey : Adopted daughter of Carrick Grey and Dr. Grace Trevelyan Grey and younger sister of Christian Grey and Elliot Grey . Katherine `` Kate '' Kavanagh : Ana 's best friend and roommate . Jack Hyde : Commissioning Editor at Seattle Independent Publishing ( SIP ) . Leila Williams : A former submissive of Christian . Jason Taylor : Christian 's most trusted bodyguard and the head of Christian 's security team . Dr. Grace Trevelyan - Grey : Christian 's adoptive mother . Carrick Grey : Christian 's adoptive father . Carla May Wilks : Ana 's mother . Ethan Kavanagh : Kate Kavanagh 's older brother . Critical reception ( edit ) Salman Rushdie said about the book : `` I 've never read anything so badly written that got published . It made Twilight look like War and Peace . '' Maureen Dowd described the book in The New York Times as being written `` like a Brontë devoid of talent , '' and said it was `` dull and poorly written . '' Jesse Kornbluth of The Huffington Post said : `` As a reading experience , Fifty Shades ... is a sad joke , puny of plot '' . Princeton professor April Alliston wrote , `` Though no literary masterpiece , Fifty Shades is more than parasitic fan fiction based on the recent Twilight vampire series . '' Entertainment Weekly writer Lisa Schwarzbaum gave the book a `` B + '' rating and praised it for being `` in a class by itself . '' British author Jenny Colgan in The Guardian wrote `` It is jolly , eminently readable and as sweet and safe as BDSM ( bondage , discipline , sadism and masochism ) erotica can be without contravening the trade descriptions act '' and also praised the book for being `` more enjoyable '' than other `` literary erotic books '' . However , The Telegraph criticized the book as `` treacly cliché '' but also wrote that the sexual politics in Fifty Shades of Grey will have female readers `` discussing it for years to come . '' A reviewer for the Ledger - Enquirer described the book as guilty fun and escapism , but that it `` also touches on one aspect of female existence ( female submission ) . And acknowledging that fact -- maybe even appreciating it -- should n't be a cause for guilt . '' The New Zealand Herald stated that the book `` will win no prizes for its prose '' and that `` there are some exceedingly awful descriptions , '' but it was also an easy read ; `` ( If you only ) can suspend your disbelief and your desire to -- if you 'll pardon the expression -- slap the heroine for having so little self respect , you might enjoy it . '' The Columbus Dispatch stated that , `` Despite the clunky prose , James does cause one to turn the page . '' Metro News Canada wrote that `` suffering through 500 pages of this heroine 's inner dialogue was torturous , and not in the intended , sexy kind of way '' . Jessica Reaves , of the Chicago Tribune , wrote that the `` book 's source material is n't great literature '' , noting that the novel is `` sprinkled liberally and repeatedly with asinine phrases '' , and described it as `` depressing '' . The book garnered some accolades . In December 2012 , it won both `` Popular Fiction '' and `` Book of the Year '' categories in the UK National Book Awards . In that same month , Publishers Weekly named E.L. James the ' Publishing Person of the Year ' , causing an `` outcry from the literary world '' . For example , `` What was Publishers Weekly thinking ? '' asked Los Angeles Times writer Carolyn Kellogg , while a New York Daily News headline read , `` Civilization ends : E.L. James named Publishers Weekly 's ' Person of the Year ' . '' Depiction of BDSM ( edit ) Fifty Shades trilogy has also attracted criticism due to its depictions of BDSM , with Katie Roiphe of Newsweek asking `` But why , for women especially , would free will be a burden ? ... It may be that power is not always that comfortable , even for those of us who grew up in it ; it may be that equality is something we want only sometimes and in some places and in some arenas ; it may be that power and all of its imperatives can be boring . '' Zap2it 's Andrea Reiher expressed frustration at Roiphe 's depiction of the series , stating that `` ( b ) eing submissive sexually is not tantamount to being the victim of abuse '' or that they 're `` giving up their power or their equality with their partner '' . Other sites such as Jezebel have responded to the article , with Jezebel listing reasons for Fifty Shades of Grey 's popularity , stating that `` the vast majority of fans fawn over the emotional relationship Anastasia and Christian have , not about the sex . '' In an interview with Salon , several dominatrices have responded that while submission can be an escape from daily stresses , they also frequently have male clients and that trust is a big factor in dominant / submissive relationships . One interviewed former dominatrix and author , Melissa Febos , stated that even if the book 's popularity was a result of women 's `` current anxieties about equality '' that it `` does n't mean that it 's ' evidence of unhappiness , or an invalidation of feminism , ' ... it might actually be a sign of progress that millions of women are so hungrily pursuing sexual fantasies independent of men . '' Writing in The Huffington Post , critic Soraya Chemaly argued that interest in the series was not a trend , but squarely within the tradition and success of the romance category which is driven by tales of virgins , damaged men and submission / dominance themes . Instead , she wrote , the books are notable not for transgressive sex but for how women are using technology to subvert gendered shame by exploring explicit sexual content privately using e-readers . Instead of submission fantasies representing a post-feminist discomfort with power and free will , women 's open consumption , sharing and discussion of sexual content is a feminist success . At the beginning of the media hype , Dr. Drew and sexologist Logan Levkoff discussed the book on The Today Show , about whether Fifty Shades perpetuated violence against women ; Levkoff said that while that is an important subject , this trilogy had nothing to do with it -- this was a book about a consensual relationship . Dr. Drew commented that the book was `` horribly written '' in addition to being `` disturbing '' but stated that `` if the book enhances women 's real - life sex lives and intimacy , so be it . '' Amy Bonomi , a Human Development and Family Studies professor argues that the relationship portrayed is non-consensual : `` Unable to bear the thought of being alone , Christian employs strategies to `` trap '' Anastasia , including keeping his violent tendencies private , limiting Anastasia 's availability of help and support from her friends and family through his nondisclosure agreement and through verbal and nonverbal intimidation , and attempts to convince Anastasia that she finds his punishments pleasurable '' Censorship or removal of books ( edit ) In March 2012 , branches of the public library in Brevard County , Florida , removed copies of Fifty Shades of Grey from their shelves , with an official stating that it did not meet the selection criteria for the library and that reviews for the book had been poor . A representative for the library stated that it was due to the book 's sexual content and that other libraries had declined to purchase copies for their branches . Deborah Caldwell - Stone of the American Library Association commented that `` If the only reason you do n't select a book is that you disapprove of its content , but there is demand for it , there 's a question of whether you 're being fair . In a public library there is usually very little that would prevent a book from being on the shelf if there is a demand for the information . '' Brevard County public libraries later made their copies available to their patrons due to public demand . In Macaé , Brazil , Judge Raphael Queiroz Campos ruled in January 2013 that bookstores throughout the city must either remove the series entirely from their shelves or ensure that the books are wrapped and placed out of the reach of minors . The judge stated that he was prompted to make such an order after seeing children reading them , basing his decision on a law stating that `` magazines and publications whose content is improper or inadequate for children and adolescents can only be sold if sealed and with warnings regarding their content '' . Film adaptations ( edit ) Main articles : Fifty Shades ( film series ) , Fifty Shades of Grey ( film ) , Fifty Shades Darker ( film ) , and Fifty Shades Freed ( film ) A film adaptation of the book was produced by Focus Features , Michael De Luca Productions , and Trigger Street Productions , with Universal Pictures and Focus Features securing the rights to the trilogy in March 2012 . Universal is also the film 's distributor . Charlie Hunnam was originally cast in the role of Christian Grey alongside Dakota Johnson in the role of Anastasia Steele , but Hunnam gave up the part in October 2013 , with Jamie Dornan announced for the role on 23 October . The film was released on 13 February 2015 , and became an immediate success , making it to # 1 at the box office with $558.5 million . However , critical reactions were generally negative . After the first film premiered at a special fan screening in New York City on 6 February 2015 , director Sam Taylor - Johnson confirmed two sequels to be succeeded after the first film , with Fifty Shades Darker to be released February 10 , 2017 . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fifty Shades ( franchise ) . BDSM in culture and media Sadism and masochism in fiction Further reading ( edit ) Upstone , Sara ( 2016 ) . `` Beyond the bedroom : motherhood in E.L. James 's Fifty Shades of Grey Trilogy '' . Frontiers : A Journal of Women Studies . University of Nebraska Press . 37 ( 2 ) : 138 -- 164 . JSTOR 10.5250 / fronjwomestud. 37.2. 0138 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bentley , Paul ( 17 June 2012 ) . `` ' Mummy porn ' Fifty Shades Of Grey outstrips Harry Potter to become fastest selling paperback of all time '' . Daily Mail . London . Jump up ^ Julie Bosman ( 21 May 2012 ) . `` Libraries Debate Stocking ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Trilogy '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` The Shy British Mum Behind 50 Shades of Grey '' . Time Magazine . 29 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Ryan James Girdusky ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' is not going to ruin your daughters '' . Fox News . Retrieved February 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey author EL James -- Exclusive interview '' ( 16 July 2012 ) Shropshire Star . Retrieved 16 July 2012 Jump up ^ ' Fifty Shades ' author ' stunned ' at success of erotic trilogy Archived 2012 - 04 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . TODAY MSNBC Jump up ^ The Lost History of Fifty Shades of Grey Jump up ^ `` E.L. James Seals A Spot On List of Britain 's Richest Authors '' . Lia . Retrieved 23 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades makes EL James top - earning author '' . BBC News . 13 August 2013 . Retrieved 15 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Hill , Libby ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` First ' Fifty Shades Darker ' trailer filled with lots of plot , little kissing '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . `` The books were critically savaged hot messes that sold over 100 million copies for the sex . '' Jump up ^ Lyall , Sarah ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey , ' the Movie , as a Fairy Tale '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Irvine , Chris ( 9 October 2012 ) . `` Sir Salman Rushdie : ' Fifty Shades of Grey makes Twilight look like War and Peace ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Dowd , Maureen ( 31 March 2012 ) . `` She 's Fit to Be Tied '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Kornbluth , Jesse ( 12 March 2012 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' : Is The Hottest - Selling Book In America Really Just ' S&M For Dummies ? ' '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Mommy porn ' novel has retro message '' . CNN . 29 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Schwarzbaum , Lisa ( 21 March 2012 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 24 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Colgan , Jenny ( 13 April 2012 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 24 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Barnett , Laura ( 13 April 2012 ) . `` Mommy porn ? : Fifty Shades of Grey by EL James : review '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ Sorich , Sonya ( 11 April 2012 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey : The undressed review '' . Ledger - Enquirer . Jump up ^ Sheehy , Christine ( 13 April 2012 ) . `` The ' mommy porn ' seducing women '' . The New Zealand Herald . Jump up ^ Osterheldt , Jenee ( 26 March 2012 ) . `` Book Review -- Fifty Shades of Grey : Sultry subject spells success '' . The Columbus Dispatch . Jump up ^ Napier , Jessica ( 16 April 2012 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey as dull as a razor blade commercial '' . Metro News Canada . Jump up ^ Reaves , Jessica ( 14 April 2012 ) . `` Fifty shades of retrograde '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 25 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( 5 December 2012 ) . `` EL James comes out on top at National Book awards '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( 26 December 2012 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey voted the most popular book of 2012 '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Driscoll , Molly ( 3 December 2012 ) . `` EL James as ' Publishing Person of the Year ' draws outcry from literary world '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Roiphe , Katie ( 15 April 2012 ) . `` Spanking Goes Mainstream '' . The Daily Beast . Newsweek . Jump up ^ Reiher , Andrea ( 16 April 2012 ) . `` Katie Roiphe 's Fifty Shades of Grey diatribe misses several points '' . Zap2it . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey 's Success Has Nothing to Do with Repressed Feminist Fantasies '' . Jezebel. 16 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Tomazos , Kostas ; O'Gorman , Kevin ; MacLaren , Andrew C ( June 2017 ) . `` From leisure to tourism : How BDSM demonstrates the transition of deviant pursuits to mainstream products '' . Tourism Management . 60 : 30 -- 41 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tourman. 2016.10. 018 . Jump up ^ Clark - Flory , Tracy ( 20 April 2012 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey : Dominatrixes ( sic ) take on Roiphe '' . Salon . Jump up ^ Chemaly , Soraya ( 20 April 2012 ) . `` Virgins , Bondage and A Shameful Media Fail '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Logan Levkoff on The Today Show -- Fifty Shades of Grey on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Dr. Drew : 50 Shades of Grey pathological , poorly written '' . WTOP - FM . 22 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Bonomi , Amy E. , Lauren E. Altenburger , and Nicole L. Walton . `` ' Double Crap ! ' Abuse And Harmed Identity In Fifty Shades Of Grey . '' Journal of Women 's Health ( 15409996 ) 22.9 ( 2013 ) : 733 - 744 . SocINDEX with Full Text . Web . 20 Apr. 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Meredith ( 11 May 2012 ) . `` Florida County Pulls Fifty Shades of Grey From Shelves '' . Library Journal . Jump up ^ Clarke , Suzan ( 30 May 2012 ) . `` Florida County Library Lifts Ban on 50 Shades of Grey '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ `` BRAZIL JUDGE ORDERS ' 50 SHADES OF GREY ' SEALED '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2015 . Retrieved 18 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil judge orders ' 50 Shades of Grey ' removed '' . USA Today . 18 January 2013 . Retrieved 1 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brazilian bondage browsers tied down by court order '' . Global Legal Post . Retrieved 1 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( 26 March 2012 ) . `` Universal Pictures and Focus Features win Fifty Shades of Grey '' . Deadline Hollywood . PMC . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Miller , Julie ( 10 July 2012 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey Film Gets Oscar - Nominated Producers , Christian Grey -- Casting Inspiration '' . Vanity Fair ( online ) . Retrieved 12 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( 26 March 2012 ) . `` Universal Pictures and Focus Features win Fifty Shades of Grey '' . Deadline Hollywood . PMC . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades Of Grey Movie Casts Dakota Johnson In a Lead Role '' . EntertainmentWise ( Yahoo ! UK ) . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2015 . Retrieved 3 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( 2 September 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' casts Dakota Johnson and Charlie Hunnam '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 3 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam : Quitting Fifty Shades of Grey Was `` Heartbreaking '' - Us Weekly `` . usmagazine.com. 21 July 2014 . Retrieved 27 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 23 October 2013 ) . `` Jamie Dornan Will Play Christian Grey in ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schumann , Rebecka ( 6 February 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Sequels Confirmed ; Fans React to ' Fifty Shades Darker ' and ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Movie Announcement '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website Fifty Shades of Grey Ebook hide Fifty Shades by E.L. James Novels Original trilogy Fifty Shades of Grey Fifty Shades Darker Fifty Shades Freed Retold Grey : Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian Darker : Fifty Shades Darker as Told by Christian Film series Films Fifty Shades of Grey Fifty Shades Darker Fifty Shades Freed Music Fifty Shades of Grey `` Earned It '' `` Love Me like You Do '' `` I Know You '' Fifty Shades Darker `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' `` Not Afraid Anymore '' Fifty Shades Freed `` For You '' `` Capital Letters '' `` Heaven '' Parodies Fifty Shades of Oy Vey : A Parody Spank ! The Fifty Shades Parody Fifty Shades of Black Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fifty_Shades_(novel_series)&oldid=844785378 '' Categories : BDSM literature British erotic novels Fan fiction works Novels set in Seattle Women 's erotica and pornography Works based on Twilight series Fifty Shades Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 한국어 Latviešu ไทย Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 7 June 2018 , at 04 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what are the names of the fifty shades of grey series | [
"\nFifty Shades\n\n\nTrilogy pack set\n\n\n\n\n\nFifty Shades of Grey\nFifty Shades Darker\nFifty Shades Freed\nGrey\nDarker\n\n\n\nAuthor\nE. L. James\n\n\nCountry\nUnited Kingdom\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nGenre\nErotic romance\n\n\nPublisher\nVintage Books\n\n\nPublished\n2011–2017\n\n\nMedia type\nPrint (Paperback)\n\n",
"\nFifty Shades\n\n\nTrilogy pack set\n\n\n\n\n\nFifty Shades of Grey\nFifty Shades Darker\nFifty Shades Freed\nGrey\nDarker\n\n\n\nAuthor\nE. L. James\n\n\nCountry\nUnited Kingdom\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nGenre\nErotic romance\n\n\nPublisher\nVintage Books\n\n\nPublished\n2011–2017\n\n\nMedia type\nPrint (Paperback)\n\n",
"\nFifty Shades\n\n\nTrilogy pack set\n\n\n\n\n\nFifty Shades of Grey\nFifty Shades Darker\nFifty Shades Freed\nGrey\nDarker\n\n\n\nAuthor\nE. L. James\n\n\nCountry\nUnited Kingdom\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nGenre\nErotic romance\n\n\nPublisher\nVintage Books\n\n\nPublished\n2011–2017\n\n\nMedia type\nPrint (Paperback)\n\n",
"\nFifty Shades\n\n\nTrilogy pack set\n\n\n\n\n\nFifty Shades of Grey\nFifty Shades Darker\nFifty Shades Freed\nGrey\nDarker\n\n\n\nAuthor\nE. L. James\n\n\nCountry\nUnited Kingdom\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nGenre\nErotic romance\n\n\nPublisher\nVintage Books\n\n\nPublished\n2011–2017\n\n\nMedia type\nPrint (Paperback)\n\n",
"\nFifty Shades\n\n\nTrilogy pack set\n\n\n\n\n\nFifty Shades of Grey\nFifty Shades Darker\nFifty Shades Freed\nGrey\nDarker\n\n\n\nAuthor\nE. L. James\n\n\nCountry\nUnited Kingdom\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nGenre\nErotic romance\n\n\nPublisher\nVintage Books\n\n\nPublished\n2011–2017\n\n\nMedia type\nPrint (Paperback)\n\n"
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116003395979815010 | Ise Grand Shrine | Ise Grand shrine - Wikipedia Ise Grand shrine Ise Grand Shrine 伊勢 神宮 ( Ise Jingū ) Naikū , Ise Shrine . Shown within Japan Basic information Location Ise , Mie , Japan Geographic coordinates 34 ° 27 ′ 18 '' N 136 ° 43 ′ 33 '' E / 34.45500 ° N 136.72583 ° E / 34.45500 ; 136.72583 Coordinates : 34 ° 27 ′ 18 '' N 136 ° 43 ′ 33 '' E / 34.45500 ° N 136.72583 ° E / 34.45500 ; 136.72583 Affiliation Shinto Deity Amaterasu Date established 4 BCE Glossary of Shinto The Ise Grand Shrine ( 伊勢 神宮 , Ise Jingū ) , located in the city of Ise , Mie Prefecture of Japan , is a Shinto shrine dedicated to the sun goddess Amaterasu . Officially known simply as Jingū ( 神宮 ) , Ise Jingū is a shrine complex composed of a large number of Shinto shrines centered on two main shrines , Naikū ( 内宮 ) and Gekū ( 外宮 ) . The Inner Shrine , Naikū ( also officially known as `` Kotai Jingū '' ) , is located in the town of Uji - tachi , south of central Ise , and is dedicated to the worship of Amaterasu , where she is believed to dwell . The shrine buildings are made of solid cypress wood and use no nails but instead joined wood . The Outer Shrine , Gekū ( also officially known as `` Toyouke Daijingū '' ) , is located about six kilometers from Naikū and dedicated to Toyouke - Ōmikami , the god of agriculture , rice harvest and industry . Besides Naikū and Gekū , there are an additional 123 Shinto shrines in Ise City and the surrounding areas , 91 of them connected to Naikū and 32 to Gekū . Bird 's eye view of the area surrounding the Gekū shrine Purportedly the home of the Sacred Mirror , the shrine is one of Shinto 's holiest and most important sites . Access to both sites is strictly limited , with the common public not allowed beyond sight of the thatched roofs of the central structures , hidden behind four tall wooden fences . However , tourists are free to roam the forest , including its ornamental walkways after Meiji period . During the Edo period , it is estimated that one out of ten Japanese conducted an Okage Mairi pilgrimage to the shrine . Accordingly , pilgrimage to the shrine flourished in both commercial and religious frequency . Because the shrine is considered sanctuary , no security checkpoints were conducted , as it was considered sacrilege by the faithful . The two main shrines of Ise are joined by a pilgrimage road that passes through the old entertainment district of Furuichi . The chief priest or priestess of Ise Shrine must come from the Imperial House of Japan and is responsible for watching over the Shrine . The current high priestess of the shrine is Emperor Akihito 's daughter , Sayako Kuroda . Part of a series on Shinto Practices and beliefs Kami Ritual dance Ritual purity Polytheism Animism Japanese festivals Mythology Shinto shrines List of Shinto shrines Ichinomiya Twenty - Two Shrines Modern system of ranked Shinto shrines Association of Shinto Shrines Shinto architecture Notable Kami Amaterasu Sarutahiko Ame no Uzume Inari Izanagi Izanami Susanoo Tsukuyomi Important literature Kojiki ( ca . 711 CE ) Nihon Shoki ( 720 CE ) Fudoki ( 713 -- 723 CE ) Shoku Nihongi ( 797 CE ) Kogo Shūi ( 807 CE ) Kujiki ( 807 to 936 CE ) Engishiki ( 927 CE ) See also Religion in Japan Glossary of Shinto List of Japanese deities Sacred objects Japanese Buddhism Edo Neo-Confucianism Koshintō State Shinto Nippon Kaigi Mythical creatures Shinto portal Contents 1 Establishment of the Shrine 2 Chief priestess / chief priest 3 Shrine architecture 4 Rebuilding the Shrine 5 Annual festivals 6 Naikū - the inner shrine 6.1 The Uji Bridge 6.2 Temizusha 6.3 Saikan and Anzaisho 6.4 Kaguraden 6.5 Imibiyaden 6.6 Kotaijingu - the main shrine 7 Shrines and facilities 7.1 Shrines 7.2 Facilities 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Establishment of the shrine ( edit ) Aerial view of the Naikū ( inner shrine ) and its borders in relation to Mount Shimaji and Mount Kamiji A free - range chicken roaming the grounds , considered to be the divine messenger of Amaterasu . According to the Nihon Shoki , around 2000 years ago the divine Yamatohime - no - mikoto , daughter of the Emperor Suinin , set out from Mt . Miwa in modern Nara Prefecture in search of a permanent location to worship the goddess Amaterasu , wandering for 20 years through the regions of Ohmi and Mino . Her search eventually brought her to Ise , in modern Mie Prefecture , where she is said to have established Naikū after hearing the voice of Amaterasu saying `` ( Ise ) is a secluded and pleasant land . In this land I wish to dwell . '' Before Yamatohime - no - mikoto 's journey , Amaterasu had been worshiped at the imperial residence in Yamato , then briefly at Kasanui in the eastern Nara basin . When Princess Yamatohime - no - mikoto arrived at the village of Uji - tachi , she set up fifty bells to designate the area as enshrined for the goddess Amaterasu , which is why the river is called the Isuzu , or `` fifty bells '' . Besides the traditional establishment date of 4 BCE , other dates of the 3rd and 5th centuries have been put forward for the establishment of Naikū and Gekū respectively . The first shrine building at Naikū was erected by Emperor Tenmu ( 678 - 686 ) , with the first ceremonial rebuilding being carried out by his wife , Empress Jitō , in 692 . The shrine was foremost among a group of shrines which became objects of imperial patronage in the early Heian period . In 965 , Emperor Murakami ordered imperial messengers to be sent to report important events to the guardian kami of Japan . These heihaku were initially presented to 16 shrines including the Ise Shrine . Chief priestess / chief priest ( edit ) Mishine - no - mikura . From the late 7th century until the 14th century , the role of chief priestess of Ise Shrine was carried out by a female member of the Imperial House of Japan known as a saiō . According to the Man'yōshū , the first saiō to serve at the shrine was Princess Ōku , daughter of Emperor Tenmu , during the Asuka period . Mention of Ise Shrine 's saiō is also made in the Aoi , Sakaki and Yugao chapters of The Tale of Genji as well as in the 69th chapter of The Tales of Ise . The saiō system ended during the turmoil of the Nanboku - chō period . During the Empire of Japan and the establishment of State Shinto , the position of chief priest of the Ise Shrine was fulfilled by the reigning emperor and the Meiji , Taisho and Shōwa Emperors all played the role of chief priest during their reigns . Since the disestablishment of State Shinto during the Occupation of Japan , the offices of chief priest and most sacred priestess have been held by former members of the imperial family or their descendants . The current chief priest of the shrine is Takatsukasa Naotake , adoptive son of Takatsukasa Kazuko . He succeeded Kitashirakawa Michihisa , a great - grandson of the Meiji Emperor , in 2007 . Kitashirakawa Michihisa succeeded his cousin Kuni Kuniaki , the eldest son of former Prince Kuni Asaakira ( brother of Empress Kōjun ) , in 2001 . Kitashirakawa 's grandmother , Kitashirakawa Fusako , the seventh daughter of the Meiji Emperor , served as most sacred priestess of the Ise Shrine from 1947 until her death in 1974 . She was succeeded in that post by Takatsukasa Kazuko , third daughter of the Emperor Shōwa , who held the post until ill health forced her retirement in 1988 . Takatsukasa Kazuko was succeeded by her younger sister , Ikeda Atsuko . In 2012 , Ikeda was joined by her niece Kuroda Sayako , sole daughter of reigning Emperor Akihito , to serve as a high priestess under her . On 19 June 2017 , Kuroda officially replaced her aunt as supreme priestess . Shrine Architecture ( edit ) Main shrine building , Naiku . The architectural style of the Ise shrine is known as shinmei - zukuri , characterized by extreme simplicity and antiquity : its basic principles date back to the Kofun period ( 250 - 538 C.E. ) . The shrine buildings use a special variant of this style called Yuitsu - shinmei - zukuri ( 唯一 神明 造 ) , which may not be used in the construction of any other shrine . The old shrines are dismantled and new ones built on an adjacent site to exacting specifications every 20 years at exorbitant expense , so that the buildings will be forever new and forever ancient and original . The present buildings , dating from 2013 , are the 62nd iteration to date and are scheduled for rebuilding in 2033 . The shrine at Naikū is constructed of Japanese cypress . Built on pillars set directly in the ground , the shrine building measures 10.9 by 5.5 meters and includes a raised floor , verandas all the way around the building and a staircase leading to a single central doorway . The roof is made of thatched reed with ten billets ( katsuogi ) located on the ridge of the roof , the bargeboards of which project beyond the roof to form the distinctive forked finials ( chigi ) at the ends of the ridge . The roof ridge is supported by two free - standing columns called the munamochi - bashira . The katsuogi , chigi and munamochi - bashira are stylised forms of older storehouse building techniques that pre-date the introduction of Buddhist architecture in Japan . The empty site beside the shrine building , the site where the previous shrine once stood and where the next will be built , is called the kodenchi . This area is strewn with large white pebbles and is left totally empty apart from the oi - ya , a small wooden hut containing a wooden pole a little over 2 metres in height called the shin - no - mihashira ( new sacred central pole ) . When a new shrine is built , it is built around the sacred central pole before the removal of the oi - ya , so that the central pole is never seen . The central pole of the old shrine will then have a new oi - ya erected so that the shin - no - mihashira also remains unseen . The erection of a single post in the center of a sacred area strewn with stones represents the form taken by Japanese places of worship in very ancient times ; the shin - no - mihashira would thus be the survival of a symbolism from a very primitive symbolism to the present day . Rebuilding the shrine ( edit ) Okihiki Festival in May 2007 exhibiting wood to build the next shrine . Land Before Sengū ceremony Photo at 2005 . The shrine buildings at Naikū and Gekū , as well as the Uji Bridge , are rebuilt every 20 years as a part of the Shinto belief of the death and renewal of nature and the impermanence of all things and as a way of passing building techniques from one generation to the next . The twenty year renewal process is called the Sengu . In August , in a long - standing tradition , the people who live in Ise are allowed to enter the area around the Inner Sanctum of the Naiku as well as the Geku . Some villages drag a wooden carriage laden with white stones up the Isuzu River onto the grounds of the Naiku . Each participant gets two white stones in a white handkerchief and these allow them to place the stones in the area around the Inner Sanctum . Other villages drag a huge wooden car or Noburi Kuruma laden with white stones to the Uji bridge at the entrance of the grounds of the Naiku . Participants receive two white stones which are also placed in the sacred space around the Inner Sanctum . The entire tradition is called Shiraisshiki and it is very colourful with every participant wearing a ' happi ' coat representing a particular village . The rebuilding of the main shrine takes place on a site adjacent to the old , and each rebuilding alternates between the two sites . The next scheduled rebuilding of Naikū is due in 2033 on the lower , northern site . In the lead - up to the rebuilding of the shrines , a number of festivals are held to mark special events . The Okihiki Festival is held in the spring over two consecutive years and involves people from surrounding towns dragging huge wooden logs through the streets of Ise to Naikū and Gekū . In the lead - up to the 2013 rebuilding , the Okihiki festival was held in 2006 and 2007 . A year after the completion of the Okihiki festival , carpenters begin preparing the wood for its eventual use in the Shrine . Annual festivals ( edit ) The Otaue ceremony . From the late seventh century , when the festivals and offerings of Ise Shrine became more formalised , a number of annual events have been performed at both Naikū and Gekū . The Tsukinamisai , which was held in June and December , as well as the Kannamesai Festival in September , were the only three offerings performed by the Saiō , an imperial princess who served as high priestess of the shrine until the 14th century . These offerings are based on the cycle of the agricultural year and are still performed today . The hatadono . The first important ceremony of the modern calendar year is the Kinensai , where prayers are offered for a bountiful harvest . Kannamesai , where prayers for fair weather and sufficient rains are made , is held twice a year in May and August at both Naikū and Gekū . Autumn Kagura Festival . The most important annual festival held at Ise Shrine is the Kannamesai Festival ( 神嘗祭 ) . Held in October each year , this ritual makes offerings of the first harvest of crops for the season to Amaterasu . An imperial envoy carries the offering of rice harvested by the Emperor himself to Ise , as well as five - coloured silk cloth and other materials , called heihaku . Besides the agricultural ceremonies already mentioned , ceremonies and festivals are held throughout the year at both Naikū and Gekū to celebrate things such as the new year , the foundation of Japan , the past emperors , purification rituals for priests and court musicians , good sake fermentation and the Emperor 's birthday . There are also daily food offerings to the shrine kami held both in the mornings and evenings . Naikū - the Inner shrine ( edit ) Isuzu River 2006 The official name of the main shrine of Naikū is Kotaijingu and is the place of worship of the goddess Amaterasu . The grounds of Naikū contain a number of structures , including the following : The Uji Bridge ( edit ) The Uji Bridge 2012 This 100 meter wooden bridge , built in a traditional Japanese style , stretches across the Isuzu River at the entrance of Naikū . Like the shrine buildings of Naikū , it is rebuilt every 20 years as a part of the Shikinen Sengū ceremony . On crossing the bridge , the path turns to the right along the banks of the Isuzu river and passes through large landscaped gardens . Temizusha ( edit ) Temizusha for ritual purification . After crossing a short , wide bridge , pilgrims to the shrine encounter the Temizusha , a small , roofed structure containing a pool of water for use in ritual purification . Visitors are encouraged to wash their hands and rinse their mouths at Temizusha as a symbolic act to clean the mind and body of impurity . The first of two large torii gates stands just beyond the Temizusha . Saikan and Anzaisho ( edit ) After passing the first large torii gate , the Purification Hall ( Saikan ) , and the hall for visitors from the imperial household ( Anzaisho ) is located to the left . The Saikan is used by shrine priests to purify themselves before performing ceremonies at the shrine . They are required to spend one or two nights to free their minds of worldly issues , partaking in baths and eating meals cooked with the sacred fire . Kaguraden ( edit ) Kagura - den This hall for special prayer , located just after the second large torii gate , is open to the public for the offering of individual prayers to the kami , the giving of donations and the purchase of special talisman of protection , amulets and hanging scrolls of Amaterasu Omikami . Charge field prayer , Toyouke Daijingū ( Gekū ). 2005 . Imibiyaden ( edit ) Imibiyaden 2007 This hall contains the sacred fire used to cook all of the food offerings to the kami of Ise Shrine . Rice and other offerings cooked on the sacred fire are stored in a box made of Japanese cypress , then purified at the Haraedo immediately in front of the Imibiyaden before being offered to the kami . Kotaijingu - the main shrine ( edit ) Steps leading to the main shrine , Naikū , 2007 . The pilgrimage path then approaches the main shrine of Naikū by a set of large stone steps . Visitors are supposed to keep to the sides of the path as the middle is set aside for the goddess Amaterasu . Etiquette is the same as for most Shinto shrines . Though the actual shrine is hidden behind a large fence , pilgrims can approach the gate to offer their prayers . Photographs in this area are prohibited and this restriction is strictly policed . Place of prayer of the main shrine , Naikū , 2005 . Kotai Jingū is said to hold the Sacred Mirror , one of three Imperial Regalia of Japan said to have been given to the first Emperor by the gods . From a path that follows the line of the outer wall , the distinctive roof of the shrine building can be seen through the trees . In front of the walled shrine compound can be seen an open area which was the location of the rebuilding of the shrine in 2013 . Shrines and facilities ( edit ) Shrines ( edit ) There are 125 shrines within Ise Shrine . Shōgū name kanji enshrined kanji location Kōtai Jingū ( Naikū ) 皇 大 神宮 Amaterasu Ōmikami Ameno Tajikarao no kami Yorozuhata - Toyoakitsuhime no mikoto 天 照 大御神 天 手 力 男 神 万 幡 豊 秋津 姫 命 Ujitachi , Ise city Toyouke Daijingū ( Gekū ) 豊 受 大 神宮 Toyouke no Ōmikami 3 Mitomo no kami 豊 受 大御神 御 伴 神 3 座 Toyokawa , Ise city Betsugū of Kōtai Jingū name kanji enshrined kanji location Aramatsuri no miya 荒 祭 宮 Amaterasu Ōmikami no Aramitama 天 照 大御神 荒 御 魂 in Naikū Tsukiyomi no miya 月 讀 宮 Tsukiyomi no mikoto 月 讀 尊 Nakamura , Ise city Tsukiyomi no Aramitama no miya 月 讀 荒 御 魂 宮 Tsukiyomi no mikoto no Aramitama 月 讀 尊 荒 御 魂 in Tsukiyomi no miya Izanagi no miya 伊佐 奈岐 宮 Izanagi no mikoto 伊佐 奈岐 尊 in Tsukiyomi no miya 5 Izanami no miya 伊佐 奈弥 宮 Izanami no mikoto 伊佐 奈弥 尊 in Tsukiyomi no miya 6 Takihara no miya 瀧原 宮 Amaterasu Ōmikami no Mitama 天 照 大御神 御 魂 Takihara , Taiki town , Watarai district 7 Takihara no narabi no miya 瀧原 竝 宮 Amaterasu Ōmikami no Mitama 天 照 大御神 御 魂 in Takihara no miya 8 Izawa no miya 伊 雑 宮 Amaterasu Ōmikami no Mitama 天 照 大御神 御 魂 Isobe - chō - Kaminogō , Shima city 9 Yamatohime no miya 倭 姫宮 Yamatohime no mikoto 倭 姫 命 Kusube , Ise city 10 Kazahinomi no miya 風 日 祈 宮 Shinatsuhiko no mikoto Shinatobe no mikoto 級 長津 彦命 級長 戸辺 命 in Naikū Betsugū of Toyouke Daijingū name kanji enshrined kanji location Taka no miya 多賀 宮 Toyouke no Ōmikami no Aramitama 豊 受 大御神 荒 御 魂 in Gekū Tsuchi no miya 土 宮 Ōtsuchi no mioya no kami 大 土 御 祖神 in Gekū Tsukiyomi no miya 月夜 見 宮 Tsukiyomi no mikoto Tsukiyomi no mikoto no Aramitama 月夜 見 尊 月夜 見 尊 荒 御 魂 Miyajiri , Ise city Kaze no miya 風 宮 Shinatsuhiko no mikoto Shinatobe no mikoto 級 長津 彦命 級長 戸辺 命 in Gekū Sessha of Kōtai Jingū name kanji enshrined kanji location Asakuma jinja 朝熊 神社 Ōtoshi no kami Kokemushi no kami Asakuma no mizu no kami 大 歳 神 苔 虫 神 朝熊 水神 Asama , Ise city Asakuma mimae jinja 朝熊 御前 神社 Asakuma no mimae no kami 朝熊 御前 神 in Asakuma jinja Sonai ( Sonō ) jinja 園 相 神社 Sonahihiko no mikoto Mimae no kami 曾 奈 比比 古 命 御前 神 Tsumura , Ise city Kamo jinja 鴨 神社 Ishikorowake no mikoto Mimae no kami 石 己 呂 和 居 命 御前 神 Yamagammi , Tamaki , Watarai district 5 Tanoe jinja 田 乃家 神社 Ōkami no Misamukawa no kami 大神 御 滄 川 神 Yano , Tamaki , Watarai district 6 Tanoe mimae jinja 田 乃家 御前 神社 Mimae no kami 御前 神 same as Tanoe jinja 7 Kano jinja 蚊野 神社 Ōkami no mikage no - kawa no kami 大神 御蔭 川 神 Kano , Tamaki , Watarai district 8 Kano mimae jinja 蚊野 御前 神社 Mimae no kami 御前 神 same as Kano jinja 9 Yuta jinja 湯田 神社 Ōtoshi no mioya no mikoto Mimae no kami 大 歳 御 祖 命 御前 神 Obata - chō - Yuta , Ise city 10 Ōtsuchi mioya jinja 大 土 御 祖 神社 Ōkunitama no mikoto Mizusasarahiko no mikoto Mizusasarahime no mikoto 大国 玉 命 水 佐 佐良 比 古 命 水 佐 佐良 比 賣命 Kusube , Ise city 11 Kunitsu mioya jinja 国津 御 祖 神社 Ujihime no mikoto Tamurahime no mikoto 宇治 比 賣命 田村 比 賣命 in Ōtoshi mioya jinja 12 Kuchira jinja 朽 羅 神社 Chiyorihime no mikoto Chiyorihiko no mikoto 千 依 比 賣命 千 依 比 古 命 Hara , Tamaki , Watarai district 13 Ujiyōda jinja 宇治 山田 神社 Yamatahime no mikoto 山田 姫 命 Nakamura , Ise city 14 Tsunaga jinja 津 長 神社 Sunagahime no mikoto 栖 長 比 賣命 Uji - Imazaike , Ise city ( in front of Kōtai Jingū ) 15 Katada jinja 堅田 神社 Samitsuhime no mikoto 佐 見 都 比 女 命 Futami - chō - Chaya , Ise city 16 Ōmizu jinja 大 水 神社 Ōyamazumi no mioya no mikoto 大 山祇 御 祖 命 Uji - imazaike , Ise city ( in front of Kōtai Jingū ) 17 E jinja 江 神社 Nagakuchime no mikoto Ōtoshi no mioya no mikoto Ukano mitama no mikoto 長 口 女 命 大 歳 御 祖 命 宇 加 乃御 玉 命 Futami - chō - E , Ise city 18 Kōzaki jinja 神前 神社 Arasakihime no mikoto 荒崎 比 賣命 Futami - chō - Matsushita , Ise city 19 Awamiko jinja 粟 皇子 神社 Susanō no mikoto no Mitama no - michinushi no mikoto 須佐 乃 乎 命 御玉 道 主命 Futami - chō - Matsushita , Ise city 20 Kawara jinja 川原 神社 Tsukiyomi no mikoto no Mitama 月 讀 尊 御 魂 Sōchi , Ise city 21 Kugutsuhime jinja 久具 都 比 賣 神社 kugutsuhime no mikoto kugutsuhiko no mikoto MImae no kami 久具 都 比 賣命 久具 都 比 古 命 御前 神 Kamikugu , Watarai town , Watarai district 22 Narahara jinja 奈良 波 良 神社 Naraharahime no mikoto 那 良原 比 女 命 Miyako , Tamaki town , Watarai district 23 Sugihara jinja 棒 原 神社 Ama no subarume no mikoto - no Mitama Mimae no kami 天 須 婆 留 女 命 御 魂 御前 神 Kami - Tanui , Tamaki town , Watarai district 24 Mifune jinja 御船 神社 Ōkami no mikage no - kawa no mikoto 大神 御蔭 川 神 Toba , Taki town , Taki district 25 Sakatekunari jinja 坂手 国生 神社 Takaminakami no mikoto ( Takaminakami no kami ) 高 水上 命 ( 高 水上 神 ) Kami - Tanui , Tamaki town , Watarai district 26 Satakunari jinja 狭 田 國生 神社 Hayakawahiko no mikoto Hayakawahime no mikoto Yamazue no Mitama 速川 比 古 命 速川 比 女 命 山 末 御 魂 Sata , Tamaki town , Watarai district 27 Takihara jinja 多岐 原 神社 Manako no Kami 真奈 胡 の 神 Misegawa , Taiki town , Watarai district Sessha of Toyouke Daijingū name kanji enshrined kanji location Kusanagi jinja 草 奈 伎 神社 Mishirushi no tsurugi no kami 御剣 仗 神 ( 標 劔 仗 神 ) Tokiwa , Ise city Ōmakunari jinja 大間 国生 神社 Ōwakako no mikoto Otowakako no mikoto 大 若子 命 乙 若子 命 Tokiwa , Ise city Watarai kuimii jinja 度 会 国 御 神社 Hikokunimigakitakeyotsuka no mikoto 彦 国見 賀 岐建 與 束 命 in Gekū Watarai ōkunitamahime jinja 度 会 大国 玉 比 賣 神社 Ōkunitama no mikoto Mizusasarahime no mikoto 大国 玉 姫 命 弥 豆 佐 佐良 比 賣命 in Gekū 5 Tanoe ōmizu jinja 田上 大 水 神社 Ogoto kan - nushi 小事 神主 Fujisato , Ise city 6 Tanoe ōmizu mimae jinja 田上 大 水 御前 神社 Miyako 宮子 in Tanoe ōmizu jinja 7 Shitomi jinja 志 等 美 神社 Kukunochi no kami 久久 能 智 神 Tsujikuru , Ise city 8 Ōkōchi jinja 大河内 神社 Ōyamazumi no kami 大 山祇 神 in Shitomi jinja 9 Kiyonoiba jinja 清 野井 庭 神社 Kayanohime no mikoto 草野 姫 命 Tokiwa , Ise city 10 Takagawara jinja 高 河原 神社 Tsukiyomi no mikoto no Mitama 月夜 見 尊 御 魂 in Tsukiyomi no miya ( Gekū , 月夜 見 宮 ) 11 Kawara jinja 河原 神社 Kawa no kami 川 神 Misono - chō - Shingai , Ise city 12 Kawarabuchi jinja 河原 淵 神社 Sawahime no mikoto 澤 姫 命 Funae , Ise city 13 Yamazue jinja 山 末 神社 Ōyamatsuhime no mikoto 大山 津 姫 命 in Gekū 14 Usunono jinja 宇須 乃 野 神社 Usunome no mikoto 宇須 乃 女 命 Misono - chō - Takabuku , Ise city 15 Mike jinja 御 食 神社 Minato no miketsu kami 水戸 御 饗 都 Kamiyashiro , Ise city 16 Obata jinja 小俣 神社 Uka no Mitama no kami 宇賀 御 魂 神 Obata - chō - motomachi , Ise city Massha of Kōtai Jingū name kanji enshrined kanji location Kamoshimo jinja 鴨下 神社 Ishikorowake no mikoto Kamohiko no mikoto Kamohime no mikoto 石 己 呂 和 居 命 鴨 比 古 命 鴨 比 賣命 Katsuta , Tamaki , Watarai district Tsubura jinja 津 布良 神社 Tsuburahiko no mikoto Tsuburahime no mikoto 津 布良 比 古 命 津 布良 比 賣命 Tsubura , Tamaki , Watarai district Ashihara jinja 葦原 神社 Sasatsuhiko no mikoto Ukano Mitama no mioya no mikoto Ikarihime no mikoto 佐 佐津 比 古 命 宇 加 乃御 魂 御 祖 命 伊加利 比 売 命 in Tsukiyomi no miya ( Naikū , 月 讀 宮 ) Ogoso jinja 小 社 神社 Takaminakami mikoto ) 高 水上 命 Ogoso - Sone , Tamaki , Watarai district 5 Komori jinja 許 母 利 神社 Awashima no kami no mitama 粟 嶋 神 御 魂 same as Kōzaki jinja 6 Niikawa jinja 新川 神社 Niikawahime no mikoto 新川 比 賣命 same as Tsunaga jinja 7 Iwai jinja 石井 神社 Takaminakami no mikoto 高 水上 命 same as Tsunaga jinja 8 Uji no nuki jinja 宇治 乃 奴 鬼 Takaminakami no mikoto 高 水上 命 Ōtoshi mioya jinja 9 Kanumi jinja 加 努 弥 神社 Inayorihime no mikoto 稲 依 比 女 命 Kanome ( Kanomi ) , Ise city without building 10 Kawaai jinja 川相 神社 Hosokawa no mizu no kami 細川 水神 same as Ōmizu jinja 11 Kumabuchi jinja 熊 淵 神社 Takiōtoji no kami 多 支 大刀 自 神 same as Ōmizu jinja 12 Arasaki jinja 荒 前 神社 Arasakihime no mikoto 荒 前 比 賣命 same as Kōzaki jinja 13 Najime jinja 那 自 売 神社 Ōminakami no mioya no mikoto Mimonosusohime no mikoto 大 水上 御 祖 命 御 裳 乃 須 蘇 比 賣命 same as Ujiyōda jinja 14 Ashidate jinja 葦 立 弖 神社 Tamayarahime no mikoto 玉 移 良 比 女 命 same as Kunitsu mioya jinja 15 Mumino jinja 牟 弥 乃 神社 Samukawahiko no mikoto Samukawahime no mikoto 寒川 比 古 命 寒川 比 女 命 same as Mifune jinja 16 Kagaminomiya jinja 鏡宮 神社 Iwanoue no futatsu no mikagami no mitama 岩上 二 面 神鏡 霊 Asama , Ise city Massha of Toyouke Daijingū name kanji enshrined kanji location Igari jinja 伊 我 理 神社 Igarihime no mikoto 伊 我 理 比 女 命 in Gekū Agata jinja 縣 神社 Agata no kami 縣 神 same as Usuno no jinja Inaka jinja 井中 神社 Inaka no kami 井中 神 same as Ikari jinja Uchikake jinja 打 縣 神社 Uchikake myōjin 打 縣 名神 in Shitomi jinja 5 Akasaki jinja 赤崎 神社 Arasakihime no mikoto 荒崎 姫 命 Toba , Toba city 6 Mori jinja 毛 理 神社 Ki no kami 木 神 same as Kawara jinja ( 河原 神社 ) 7 Ōtsu jinja 大津 神社 Ashihara kami ( Ashihara no kami ) 葦原 神 in Gekū 8 Shioya jinja 志 宝屋 神社 Shiotsuchi no oji 塩土 老翁 Ōminato , Ise city Shokansha of Kōtai Jingū name kanji enshrined kanji location Takimatsuri no kami 滝 祭神 Takimatsuri no Ōkami 瀧 祭 大神 in Naikū without building Okitama no Kami 興 玉 神 Okitama no Kami 興 玉 神 in Naikū Shogū without building Miyabi no kami 宮 比 神 Miyabi no kami 宮 比 神 in Naikū Shogū without building Yanohahiki no kami 屋 乃 波 比 伎 神 Yanohahiki no kami 屋 乃 波 比 伎 神 in Naikū Shogū without building 5 Misakadono 御酒 殿 Misakadono no kami 御酒 殿 神 in Naikū 6 Mishine no mikura 御 稲 御倉 Mishine no mikura no kami 御 稲 御倉 神 in Naikū 7 Yuki no mikura 由貴 御倉 Yuki no mikura no kami 由貴 御倉 神 inNaikū 8 Miya no meguri no kami 四至 神 Miya no meguri no kami 四至 神 in Naikū without building 9 Kan - Hatori hatadono jinja 神 服 織機 殿 神社 Kan - hatori hatadono no - mamori no kami 神 服 織機 殿 神社 鎮守 神 Ōgaito , Matsusaka city 10 Massha of Kan - Hatori hatadono jinja ; 8 shrines 神 服 織機 殿 神社 末社 8 所 Kan - hatori hatadono no - mamori no mimae no kami 神 服 織機 殿 神社 鎮守 御前 神 in Kan - Hatori hatadono jinja 11 Kan - Omi hatadono jinja 神 麻績 機 殿 神社 Kan - Omi hatadono no - mamori no kami 神 麻績 機 殿 神社 鎮守 神 Iguchinaka , Matsusaka city 12 Massha of Kan - Omi hatadono jinja ; 8 shrines 神 麻績 機 殿 神社 末社 8 所 Kan - Omi hatadono no mamori no - mimae no kami 神 麻績 機 殿 神社 鎮守 御前 神 in Kan - Omi hatadono jinja 13 Mishiodono jinja 御 塩 殿 神社 Mishiodono no mamori no kami 御 塩 殿 神社 鎮守 神 Futami - chō - Shō , Ise city 14 Aedohashihime jinja 饗 土橋 姫 神社 Ujibashi no mamori no kami 宇治 橋 鎮守 神 Uji - Imazaike , Ise city ( in front of Kōtai Jingū ) 15 Ōyamatsumi jinja 大 山祇 神社 Ōyamazumi no kami 大 山祇 神 in Naikū 16 Koyasu jinja 子安 神社 Konohanasakuyahime no mikoto 木 華 開 耶姫 命 in Naikū ( side of Ōyamatsumi jinja ) Shokansha of Toyouke Daijingū name kanji enshrined kanji location Misakadono 御酒 殿 Misakadono no kami 御酒 殿 神 in Gekū Miya no meguri no kami 四至 神 Miya no meguri no kami 四至 神 in Gekū without building Kami no mii no jinja 上 御井 神社 Kami no mii no mamori no kami 上 御井 鎮守 神 in Gekū Shimo no mii no jinja 下 御井 神社 Shimo no mii no mamori no kami 下 御井 鎮守 神 in Gekū Shokansha of Betsugū name kanji enshrined kanji location Wakamiya jinja 若宮 神社 Wakamiya no kami 若宮 神 in Takihara no miya Nagayuke jinja 長 由介 神社 Nagayuke no kami 長 由介 神 in Takihara no miya Kawashima jinja 川島 神社 Kawashima no kami 川島 神 same as Nagayuke jinja Saminaga jinja 佐美 長 神社 Shimonomii no mamori no kami 大 歳 神 Isobe - chō - Erihara , Shima city 5 Saminaga mimae jinja ; 4 shrines 佐美 長 御前 神社 Saminaga mimae no kami 佐美 長 御前 神 in Saminaga jinja Facilities ( edit ) Facilities of Ise Shrine ( not shrine ) name kanji articles kanji location Yahirodono of Kan - Hatori hatadono jinja 神 服 織機 殿 神社 八尋 殿 Nigitae ( silk ) 和 妙 in Kan - Hatori hatadono jinja Yahirodono of Kan - Omi hatadono jinja 神 服 麻績 殿 神社 八尋 殿 Aratae ( hemp ) 荒 妙 in Kan - Omi hatadono jinja Jingu shinden ( 30,000 m2 ) 神宮 神田 Goryō - mai ( rice ) 御料 米 Kusube - chō , Ise city Izawa no miya no omita ( 1,646 m2 ) 伊 雑 宮 の 御 神田 Goryō - mai ( rice ) 御料 米 Isobe - chō - Erihara , Shima city ( side of Izawa no miya ) 5 Mishiohama ( 6,609 m2 ) 御 塩浜 brine 御 塩 Futami - chō - Nishi , Ise city 6 Mishiodono Mishio kumiiresho Mishio yakisho ( 27,785 m2 ) 御 塩 殿御 塩 汲 入所 御 塩焼 所 Mishio ( salt ) 御 塩 in Mishiodono jinja 7 Jingū misono ( 19,751 m2 ) 神宮 御園 vegetables and fruits 野菜 ・ 果物 Futami - chō - Mizoguchi , Ise city 8 Awabi chōseisho ( 5,946 m2 ) 鰒 調製 所 noshi awabi ( dried abalone ) 熨斗 鰒 Kuzaki - chō , Toba city 9 Hidai chōseisho ( 11,242 m2 ) 干鯛 調製 所 Hidai ( dried sea bream ) 干鯛 Shinojima , Minamichita town , Chita District , Aichi Prefecture 10 Doki chōseisho ( 2,878 m2 ) 土器 調製 所 earthenwares 土器 Minomura , Meiwa town , Taki District See also ( edit ) List of Shinto shrines Twenty - Two Shrines Modern system of ranked Shinto shrines Saiō Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ise Jingu official homepage , `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 30 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ Ise Jingu official homepage Archived 2012 - 05 - 30 at Archive.is ^ Jump up to : `` Emperor 's daughter becomes supreme priestess at Ise Shrine '' . Japan Times . June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Sayako Kuroda , the daughter of Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko , assumed the post of supreme priestess at Ise Shrine this week , the ancient Shinto shrine said . Jump up ^ Aston 1896 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Bocking 2013 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica - Ise Shrine http://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-9368233 ^ Jump up to : Sacred Places - Ise Shrine http://witcombe.sbc.edu/sacredplaces/ise.html Jump up ^ Teeuwen 2000 , pp. 74 - 75 . Jump up ^ Ponsonby - Fane , Richard . ( 1962 ) . Studies in Shinto and Shrines , pp. 116 - 117 . Jump up ^ Sir Banister Fletcher , A History of Architecture ( p724 ) , Architectural Press ( 1996 ) , ISBN 0 - 7506 - 2267 - 9 Jump up ^ Kenzo Tange and Noboru Kawazoe , Ise : Prototype of Japanese Architecture ( p 167 ) , Cambridge , Massachusetts : M.I.T. Press , 1965 . Jump up ^ Saikū Historical Museum information booklet , `` A Town of Bamboo Illumined Once Again '' . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 03 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 10 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) - Annual Cycle of Ceremonies and Rice , Official Ise Jingu homepage . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 04 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 10 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) - Annual Cycle of Ceremonies , Official Ise Jingu homepage . Jump up ^ The official Ise Jingu homepage : Naiku , `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 09 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Oise mairi '' ( 『 お 伊勢 まいり 』 , Jingū - shichō , Ise - Jingū - sūkei - kai , July 1 , 2006 ) p. 105 - 118 Jump up ^ `` Oise mairi '' p. 72 Jump up ^ `` Oise mairi '' p. 9 Jump up ^ `` Jingū sessha massha junhai '' ( 『 神宮 摂社 末社 順 拝 』 , Sarutahiko jinja , March 31 , 1989 ) The second volume ( 下巻 ) p. 87 Jump up ^ `` Jingū sessha massha junhai '' , The second volume ( 下巻 ) p. 31 , No Hiragana in `` Oise mairi '' . Jump up ^ Katada jinja is written at `` 伊勢 市 二見 町 江 ( Futami - chō - E , Ise city ) '' in `` Oise mairi '' , but this shrine is in Futami - chō - Chaya . Futami - chō - Chaya was independent of Futami - chō - E on November 1st 2005 , and Futami - chō - Chaya is often writeen Futami - chō - E by a mistake . Katada jinja is mapped `` 二見 町 茶屋 ( Futami - chō - Chaya ) '' in these maps , not Futami - chō - E . Google map Mapion Archived 2007 - 11 - 03 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Jingū sessha massha junhai '' , The second volume ( 下巻 ) p. 69 Jump up ^ `` Jingū sessha massha junhai '' , The first volume ( 上巻 ) p. 65 Jump up ^ `` Oisesan wo arukō ( 『 お 伊勢 さん を 歩 こう 』 , Ise - Jingū - sūkei - kai , April 1 , 2005 ) p. 15 , No Hiragana in `` Oise mairi '' and `` Jingū sessha massha junhai '' . Jump up ^ `` Oisesan wo arukō '' p. 21 Jump up ^ `` Jingū sessha massha junhai '' , The second volume ( 下巻 ) p. 15 Jump up ^ `` Jingū sessha massha junhai '' , The second volume ( 下巻 ) p. 4 Jump up ^ `` Jingū sessha massha junhai '' , The second volume ( 下巻 ) p. 37 Jump up ^ `` Oisesan wo arukō '' p. 16 Jump up ^ `` Oisesan wo arukō '' p. 17 Jump up ^ `` Oisesan wo arukō '' p. 15 ^ Jump up to : `` Oisesan wo arukō '' p. 8 ^ Jump up to : `` Oisesan wo arukō '' p. 4 Jump up ^ `` Oisesan wo arukō '' p. 5 Jump up ^ `` Oisesan wo arukō '' p. 24 Jump up ^ `` Oisesan wo arukō '' p. 24 Jump up ^ `` Oisesan wo arukō '' p. 27 ^ Jump up to : `` Oisesan wo arukō '' p. 31 ^ Jump up to : `` Oisesan wo arukō '' p. 29 Jump up ^ `` Oise mairi '' p. 98 - 103 References ( edit ) Japan portal Shinto portal Architecture portal Aston , William George ( 1896 ) . Nihongi : Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697 . London : The Japan Society , Trübner . Bock , Felicia G. ( 1974 ) . `` The Rites of Renewal at Ise '' . Monumenta Nipponica. 29 : 55 -- 68 . JSTOR 2383463 . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Bocking , Brian ( 2013 ) . The Oracles of the Three Shrines : Windows on Japanese Religion . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 84552 - 9 . Breen , John ; Teeuwen , Mark ( 2000 ) . Shinto in History : Ways of the Kami . University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 2363 - 4 . Fletcher , Sir Banister ; Cruickshank , Dan ( 1996 ) . Sir Banister Fletcher 's a History of Architecture . Architectural Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7506 - 2267 - 7 . Hvass , Svend M. ( 1998 ) . Ise - Japan 's Ise Shrines - Ancient yet New . Copenhagen . Aristo Publishing . ISBN 87 - 985103 - 3 - 9 Ponsonby - Fane , Richard . ( 1962 ) . Studies in Shinto and Shrines . ) Kyoto : Ponsonby Memorial Society . OCLC 399449 Kenzo Tange ; Noboru Kawazoe ( 1965 ) . Ise : Prototype of Japanese Architecture . MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 20006 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Ise Shrine ( category ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Ise . Official website Ise Jingu - Iseshima General Sightseeing Guide Ise City Tourist Industry Society New York Public Library Digital Gallery , early photograph of Ise Shrine compound Wheelchair Accessibility of Shrine Shinto shrines Shinto architecture Buildings chōzuya or temizuya haiden heiden hokora honden / shinden / shōden kagura - den massha sessha Architectonic elements Chinjusha chigi hidden roof kaerumata : see nakazonae kairō karahafu karamon katōmado katsuogi ken kentozuka : see nakazonae kitsune ( fox ) komainu mon nakazonae sandō shinboku shōrō sōrin tamagaki tokyō torii tōrō Styles hirairi - zukuri tsumairi - zukuri gongen - zukuri hachiman - zukuri hiyoshi - zukuri irimoya - zukuri ishi - no - ma - zukuri kasuga - zukuri kibitsu - zukuri misedana - zukuri nagare - zukuri ōtori - zukuri owari - zukuri ryōnagare - zukuri shinmei - zukuri sumiyoshi - zukuri taisha - zukuri Others Implements An ema gohei hakama jōe kamidana mikoshi ofuda omamori ōnusa saisen shaku shide shimenawa shinboku shintai tamagushi tamaya Main kami Amaterasu Hachiman Inari Ōkami Tenjin Staff kannushi miko Head shrines Fushimi Inari Taisha Usa Hachiman - gū Ise Grand Shrine Dazaifu Tenman - gū Munakata Taisha Suwa Taisha Hiyoshi Taisha Kumano Nachi Taisha Tsushima Shrine Yasaka Shrine Miscellaneous A-un Glossary of Shinto jingū - ji Jinja Honchō miyadera ( in order of the size of the shrine network they head ) Sun temples Amanawa Shinmei Shrine Amanoiwato - jinja Arasavalli Sun Temple Balaji 's Sun Temple Beijing 's Temple of the Sun Biranchinarayan Temple , Buguda Biranchinarayan Temple , Palia Egyptian sun temple Ise Grand Shrine Katarmal 's Sun Temple Konark Sun Temple Martand Sun Temple Mesa Verde 's Sun Temple Modhera 's Sun Temple Multan Sun Temple Navlakha Temple , Ghumli Qurikancha Rome 's Temple of the Sun Suryanar Kovil Temple of the Cross Complex WorldCat Identities GND : 4307320 - 7 LCCN : n81144026 NDL : 00629980 VIAF : 139569999 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ise_Grand_Shrine&oldid=863744141 '' Categories : 692 establishments 7th - century establishments in Japan 7th - century religious buildings Jingū Shinto shrines in Mie Prefecture Asuka period Yayoi period Sun temples Rebuilt buildings and structures in Japan Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Webarchive template archiveis links Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing Japanese - language text Coordinates on Wikidata Pages with login required references or sources Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2018 , at 18 : 44 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | why is the naiku (inner) shrine at ise rebuilt every twenty years | [
"The shrine buildings at Naikū and Gekū, as well as the Uji Bridge, are rebuilt every 20 years as a part of the Shinto belief of the death and renewal of nature and the impermanence of all things and as a way of passing building techniques from one generation to the next. The twenty year renewal process is called the Sengu. In August, in a long-standing tradition, the people who live in Ise are allowed to enter the area around the Inner Sanctum of the Naiku as well as the Geku. Some villages drag a wooden carriage laden with white stones up the Isuzu River onto the grounds of the Naiku. Each participant gets two white stones in a white handkerchief and these allow them to place the stones in the area around the Inner Sanctum. Other villages drag a huge wooden car or Noburi Kuruma laden with white stones to the Uji bridge at the entrance of the grounds of the Naiku. Participants receive two white stones which are also placed in the sacred space around the Inner Sanctum. The entire tradition is called Shiraisshiki and it is very colourful with every participant wearing a 'happi' coat representing a particular village. The rebuilding of the main shrine takes place on a site adjacent to the old, and each rebuilding alternates between the two sites. The next scheduled rebuilding of Naikū is due in 2033 on the lower, northern site.\n"
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"as a part of the Shinto belief of the death and renewal of nature and the impermanence of all things and as a way of passing building techniques from one generation to the next"
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2266923881282382756 | The Thing from Another World | The Thing from Another World - wikipedia The Thing from Another World Jump to : navigation , search This article is incomplete . Please help to improve it , or discuss the issue on the talk page . ( October 2017 ) The Thing from Another World Theatrical release poster Directed by Christian Nyby Produced by Edward Lasker Screenplay by Charles Lederer Uncredited : Howard Hawks Ben Hecht Based on Who Goes There ? 1938 novella by John W. Campbell , Jr . Starring Margaret Sheridan Kenneth Tobey Douglas Spencer Robert O. Cornthwaite James Arness Music by Dimitri Tiomkin Cinematography Russell Harlan , ASC Edited by Roland Gross Production company Winchester Pictures Corporation Distributed by RKO Radio Pictures Release date April 27 , 1951 ( 1951 - 04 - 27 ) ( ( US ) ) Running time 87 minutes Country United States Language English Box office $1.95 million ( US rentals ) The Thing from Another World , sometimes referred to as The Thing , is a 1951 American black - and - white science fiction - horror film , directed by Christian Nyby , produced by Edward Lasker for Howard Hawks ' Winchester Pictures Corporation , and released by RKO Pictures . The film stars Margaret Sheridan , Kenneth Tobey , Robert Cornthwaite , and Douglas Spencer . James Arness plays The Thing , but he is difficult to recognize in costume and makeup due to both low lighting and other effects used to obscure his features . The film is based on the 1938 novella Who Goes There ? by John W. Campbell ( writing under the pseudonym of Don A. Stuart ) . The storyline concerns a U.S. Air Force crew and scientists who find a crashed flying saucer and a body frozen nearby in the Arctic ice . Returning to their remote research outpost with the humanoid body in a block of ice , they are forced to defend themselves against this malevolent , plant - based alien when it is accidentally revived . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Screenplay 3.2 Director 4 Reception 4.1 Critical and box office reception 4.2 Legacy 5 Related productions 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 8.1 Bibliography 9 External links Plot ( edit ) A United States Air Force crew is dispatched from Anchorage , Alaska at the request of Dr. Carrington ( Robert Cornthwaite ) , the chief scientist of a North Pole scientific outpost . They have evidence that an unknown flying craft has crashed in their vicinity , so reporter Ned Scott ( Douglas Spencer ) tags along for the story . Dr. Carrington later briefs Captain Hendry ( Kenneth Tobey ) and his airmen , and Dr. Redding ( George Fenneman ) shows photos of a flying object moving erratically before crashing -- not the movements of a meteorite . Following erratic magnetic pole anomalies , the crew and scientists fly to the crash site where the mysterious craft lies buried beneath refrozen ice . As they spread out to outline the craft 's general shape , the men realize they are standing in a circle ; they have discovered a crashed flying saucer . They try de-icing the buried craft with thermite heat bombs , but only ignite its metal alloy , causing an explosion that destroys the saucer . Their Geiger counter then points to a slightly radioactive frozen shape buried nearby in the refrozen ice . They excavate a large block of ice around what appears to be a tall body and fly it to the research outpost , just as a major storm moves in , cutting off their communications with Anchorage . Some of the scientists want to thaw out the body , but Captain Hendry insists on waiting until he receives further instructions from the Air Force . Later , Corporal Barnes ( William Self ) takes the second watch over the ice block and to avoid looking at the body within , covers it with an electric blanket that the previous guard left turned on . As the ice slowly melts , the Thing inside revives ; Barnes panics and shoots at it with his sidearm , but the alien escapes into the raging storm . The Thing is attacked by sled dogs and the airmen recover a severed arm . A microscopic examination of a tissue sample reveals that the arm is vegetable rather than animal matter , demonstrating that the alien is a very advanced form of plant life . As the arm warms to ambient temperature , it ingests some of the dogs ' blood covering it , and the hand begins moving . Seed pods are discovered in the palm . The Air Force personnel believe the creature is a danger to all of them , but Dr. Carrington is convinced that it can be reasoned with and has much to teach them . Carrington deduces their visitor requires blood to survive and reproduce . He later discovers the body of a dead sled dog hidden in the outpost 's greenhouse . Carrington has Dr. Voorhees ( Paul Frees ) , Dr. Olsen ( William Neff ) and Dr. Auerbach stand guard overnight , waiting for The Thing to return . Carrington secretly uses blood plasma from the infirmary to incubate seedlings grown from the alien seed pods . The strung - up bodies of Olsen and Auerbach are discovered in the greenhouse , drained of blood . Dr. Stern is almost killed by the Thing but escapes . Hendry rushes to the greenhouse after hearing about the bodies , and is attacked by the alien . Hendry slams the door on the Thing 's regenerated arm as it tries to grab him . The alien then escapes through the greenhouse 's exterior door , breaking into another building in the compound . Nikki Nicholson ( Margaret Sheridan ) , Carrington 's secretary , reluctantly updates Hendry when he asks about missing plasma and confronts Carrington in his lab , where he discovers the alien seeds have grown at an alarming rate . Following Nicholson 's suggestion , Hendry and his men lay a trap in a nearby room : after dousing the alien with buckets of kerosene , they set it ablaze with a flare gun , forcing it to jump through a closed window into the Arctic storm . Nicholson notices that the temperature inside the station is falling ; a heating fuel line has been sabotaged by the alien . The cold forces everyone to make a final stand near the generator room . They rig an electrical `` fly trap '' , hoping to electrocute their visitor . As the Thing advances , Carrington shuts off the power and tries to reason with it , but is knocked aside . On Hendry 's direct order that nothing of the Thing remain , it is reduced by arcs of electricity to a smoldering pile of ash ; Dr. Carrington 's growing seed pods and the Thing 's severed arm destroyed as well . When the weather clears , Scotty files his `` story of a lifetime '' by radio to a roomful of reporters in Anchorage . Scotty begins his broadcast with a warning : `` Tell the world . Tell this to everybody , wherever they are . Watch the skies everywhere . Keep looking . Keep watching the skies '' . Cast ( edit ) Margaret Sheridan as Nikki Nicholson Kenneth Tobey as Captain Patrick Hendry Robert Cornthwaite as Dr. Arthur Carrington Douglas Spencer as `` Scotty '' ( Ned Scott ) James Young as Lt. Eddie Dykes Dewey Martin as Crew Chief ( Bob ) Robert Nichols as Lt. Ken MacPherson William Self as Corporal Barnes Eduard Franz as Dr. Stern Paul Frees as Dr. Voorhees John Dierkes as Dr. Chapman George Fenneman as Dr. Redding Everett Glass as Dr. Wilson Edmund Breon as Dr. Ambrose Sally Creighton as Mrs. Chapman David McMahon as General Fogerty James Arness as ' The Thing ' Production ( edit ) No actors are named during the film 's dramatic `` slow burning letters through background '' opening title sequence ; the cast credits appear at the end of the film . Appearing in a small role was George Fenneman , who at the time was gaining fame as Groucho Marx 's announcer on the popular quiz show You Bet Your Life . Fenneman later said he had difficulty with the overlapping dialogue in the film . The film was partly shot in Glacier National Park and interior sets built at a Los Angeles ice storage plant . The film took full advantage of the national feelings of the time to help enhance the horror elements of the story . The film reflected a post-Hiroshima skepticism about science and negative views of scientists who meddle with things better left alone . In the end it is American servicemen and several sensible scientists who win the day over the alien invader . Screenplay ( edit ) The film was loosely adapted by Charles Lederer , with uncredited rewrites from Howard Hawks and Ben Hecht , from the 1938 novella Who Goes There ? by John W. Campbell , Jr. ; the story was first published in Astounding Science Fiction under Campbell 's pseudonym Don A. Stuart ( Campbell had just become Astounding 's managing editor when his novella appeared in its pages ) . The film 's screenplay changes the fundamental nature of the alien as presented in Campbell 's 1938 novella : Lederer 's `` Thing '' is a humanoid life form whose cellular structure is closer to vegetation , although it must feed on blood to survive ; reporter Scott even refers to it in the film as a `` super carrot . '' The internal , plant - like structure of the creature makes it impervious to bullets ( but not to other destructive forces ) . Campbell 's `` Thing '' is a life form capable of assuming the physical and mental characteristics of any living thing it encounters ; this characteristic was later realized in John Carpenter 's adaptation of the novella , the 1982 film The Thing . Director ( edit ) There is debate as to whether the film was directed by Hawks with Christian Nyby receiving the credit so that Nyby could obtain his Director 's Guild membership , or whether Nyby directed it with considerable input in both screenplay and advice in directing from producer Hawks for Hawks ' Winchester Pictures , which released it through RKO Radio Pictures Inc . Hawks gave Nyby only $5,460 of the $50,000 director 's fee that RKO paid and kept the rest , but Hawks denied that he directed the film . Cast members disagree on Hawks ' and Nyby 's contributions . Tobey said that `` Hawks directed it , all except one scene '' while , on the other hand , Fenneman said that `` Hawks would once in a while direct , if he had an idea , but it was Chris ' show . '' Cornthwaite said that `` Chris always deferred to Hawks , ... Maybe because he did defer to him , people misinterpreted it . '' Although Self has said that `` Hawks was directing the picture from the sidelines '' , he also has said that `` Chris would stage each scene , how to play it . But then he would go over to Howard and ask him for advice , which the actors did not hear ... Even though I was there every day , I do n't think any of us can answer the question . Only Chris and Howard can answer the question . '' One of the film 's stars , William Self , later became President of 20th Century Fox Television . In describing the production , Self said , `` Chris was the director in our eyes , but Howard was the boss in our eyes . '' At a reunion of The Thing cast and crew members in 1982 , Nyby said : Did Hawks direct it ? That 's one of the most inane and ridiculous questions I 've ever heard , and people keep asking . That it was Hawks ' style . Of course it was . This is a man I studied and wanted to be like . You would certainly emulate and copy the master you 're sitting under , which I did . Anyway , if you 're taking painting lessons from Rembrandt , you do n't take the brush out of the master 's hands . Reception ( edit ) Critical and box office reception ( edit ) The Thing from Another World was released in April 1951 . By the end of that year , the film had accrued $1,950,000 in distributors ' domestic ( U.S. and Canada ) rentals , making it the year 's 46th biggest earner , beating all other science fiction films released that year , including The Day The Earth Stood Still and When Worlds Collide . Bosley Crowther in The New York Times observed , `` Taking a fantastic notion ( or is it , really ? ) , Mr. Hawks has developed a movie that is generous with thrills and chills ... Adults and children can have a lot of old - fashioned movie fun at ' The Thing ' , but parents should understand their children and think twice before letting them see this film if their emotions are not properly conditioned . '' `` Gene '' in Variety complained that the film `` lacks genuine entertainment values . '' More than 20 years after its theatrical release , science fiction editor and publisher Lester del Rey compared the film unfavorably to the source material , John W. Campbell 's Who Goes There ? , calling it `` just another monster epic , totally lacking in the force and tension of the original story . '' The Thing is now considered by many to be one of the best films of 1951 . The film holds an 88 % `` Fresh '' rating on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , with the consensus that the film `` is better than most flying saucer movies , thanks to well - drawn characters and concise , tense plotting . '' In 2001 , the United States Library of Congress deemed the film `` culturally significant '' and selected it for preservation in the National Film Registry . Additionally , Time magazine named The Thing from Another World `` the greatest 1950s sci - fi movie . '' Legacy ( edit ) The Thing from Another World is considered one of the great science fiction films of the 1950s . American Film Institute lists AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills -- # 87 Related productions ( edit ) In 1980 , Fantasy Newsletter reported that Wilbur Stark had bought the rights to several old RKO Pictures fantasy films , intending to remake them , and suggested the most significant of these purchases was The Thing From Another World . This soon led to the making of a more faithful adaptation of Campbell 's story , directed by John Carpenter , released in 1982 under the title The Thing , with Stark as executive producer . It paid homage to the 1951 film by using the same `` slow burning letters through background '' opening title sequence . Matthijs van Heijningen Jr. made a 2011 prequel to Carpenter 's 1982 film using the same title , The Thing . A colorized version was released on VHS in 1989 by Turner Home Entertainment as an `` RKO Color Classic '' . See also ( edit ) 1951 in film Christian Nyby List of films featuring extraterrestrials Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` And let 's get the record straight . The movie was directed by Howard Hawks . Verifiably directed by Howard Hawks . He let his editor , Christian Nyby , take credit . But the kind of feeling between the male characters -- the camaraderie , the group of men that has to fight off the evil -- it 's all pure Hawksian . '' Jump up ^ `` Rentals '' refers to the distributor / studio 's share of the box office gross , which , according to Gebert , is roughly half of the money generated by ticket sales . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Thing from Another World : Detail View . '' American Film Institute . Retrieved : May 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Top Box Office Hits of 1951 . '' Variety , January 2 , 1952 . ^ Jump up to : Warren 1982 , pp. 151 -- 163 . Jump up ^ Hamilton 2007 , pp. 8 -- 11 . ^ Jump up to : Fuhrmann , Henry `` A ' Thing ' to His Credit . '' Los Angeles Times , May 25 , 1997 . Retrieved : April 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Weaver 2003 , p. 346 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , John ( speaker ) . `` Hidden Values : The Movies of the ' 50s . '' Turner Classic Movies , September 4 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Christian Nyby : About This Person . '' The New York Times . Retrieved : January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mast 1982 , p. 344 . Jump up ^ Matthews 1997 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Weaver 2003 , p. 272 . Jump up ^ `` Self Promoted to Presidency of 20th - Fox TV '' Daily Variety ( 1968 11 1 ) Pgs. 1 ; 26 ^ Jump up to : Gebert 1996 , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Crowther , Bosley . `` The Screen : Two films have local premieres ; ' The Thing ' , an eerie scientific number by Howard Hawks , opens at the Criterion . '' The New York Times , May 3 , 1951 . Jump up ^ Willis 1985 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ del Ray , Lester 1973 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Films of 1951 . '' AMC Filmsite.org . Retrieved : May 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Best Movies of 1951 by Rank . '' Films101.com . Retrieved : May 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Most Popular Feature Films Released in 1951 . '' IMDb.com . Retrieved : May 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Thing from Another World Movie Reviews , Pictures . '' Rotten Tomatoes , Retrieved : May 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Librarian of Congress Names 25 More Films to National Film Registry ( press release ) . '' Library of Congress . Retrieved : April 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` National Film Registry . '' National Film Registry ( National Film Preservation Board , Library of Congress ) . Retrieved : November 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1950s Sci - Fi Movies : Full List . '' Time , December 12 , 2008 . Retrieved : June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1950s Sci - Fi Movies . '' Time , December 12 , 2008 . Retrieved : June 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Booker 2010 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills . '' American Film Institute , Retrieved : March 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fantasy Newsletter , Volume 3 , Issues 20 - 31 ( 1980 ) , p. 12 Jump up ^ Ian Conrich , David Woods , The Cinema of John Carpenter : The Technique of Terror ( 2004 ) , p. 184 Jump up ^ Maçek III , J.C. `` Building the Perfect Star Beast : The Antecedents of ' Alien ' . '' PopMatters , November 21 , 2012 . Retrieved : January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Collura , Scott . `` Exclusive : Moore Talks The Thing . '' movies.ign.com . Retrieved : January 10 , 2015 . Bibliography ( edit ) Booker , M. Keith . Historical Dictionary of Science Fiction Cinema . Metuchen , New Jersey : Scarecrow Press , Inc. , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 5570 - 0 . Campbell , John W. and William F. Nolan . Who Goes There ? The Novella That Formed The Basis Of ' The Thing ' . '' Rocket Ride Books , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9823322 - 0 - 7 . del Ray , Lester . `` The Three Careers of John W. Campbell '' , introduction to The Best of John W. Campbell 1973 . ISBN 0 - 283 - 97856 - 2 . `` Doctor Who Classic Episode Guide -- The Seeds of Doom -- Details . '' BBC . Gebert , Michael . The Encyclopedia of Movie Awards , New York : St. Martin 's Press , 1996 . ISBN 0 - 668 - 05308 - 9 . Hamilton , John . The Golden Age and Beyond : The World of Science Fiction . Edina Minnesota : ABDO Publishing Company , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59679 - 989 - 9 . Mast , Gerald . Howard Hawks : Storyteller . New York : Oxford University Press , 1982 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19503 - 091 - 4 . Matthews , Melvin E. Jr. 1950s Science Fiction Films and 9 / 11 : Hostile Aliens , Hollywood , and Today 's News . New York : Algora Publishing , 1997 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87586 - 499 - 0 . Warren , Bill . Keep Watching The Skies , Vol I : 1950 -- 1957 . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company , 1982 . ISBN 0 - 89950 - 032 - 3 . Weaver , Tom . Eye on Science Fiction : 20 Interviews With Classic Sf and Horror Filmmakers . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company , 2003 . 0 - 7864 - 1657 - 2 . Weaver , Tom . `` Kenneth Tobey Interview . '' Double Feature Creature Attack . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company , 2003 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 78641 - 366 - 9 . Willis , Don , ed . Variety 's Complete Science Fiction Reviews . New York : Garland Publishing , Inc. , 1985 . ISBN 0 - 8240 - 6263 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Thing from Another World The Thing from Another World at AllMovie The Thing from Another World on IMDb The Thing from Another World at Rotten Tomatoes The Thing from Another World at the TCM Movie Database The Thing from Another World at the American Film Institute Catalog Films by Charles Lederer As director Fingers at the Window ( 1942 ) On the Loose ( 1951 ) Never Steal Anything Small ( 1959 ) As writer The Front Page ( 1931 ) Cock of the Air ( 1932 ) Baby Face Harrington ( 1935 ) Mountain Music ( 1937 ) Double or Nothing ( 1937 ) Within the Law ( 1939 ) Broadway Serenade ( 1939 ) His Girl Friday ( 1940 ) I Love You Again ( 1940 ) Comrade X ( 1940 ) Love Crazy ( 1941 ) The Youngest Profession ( 1943 ) Slightly Dangerous ( 1943 ) Kiss of Death ( 1947 ) Ride the Pink Horse ( 1947 ) Her Husband 's Affairs ( 1947 ) The Lady from Shanghai ( 1947 ) I Was a Male War Bride ( 1949 ) Wabash Avenue ( 1950 ) The Thing from Another World ( 1951 ) Fearless Fagan ( 1952 ) Monkey Business ( 1952 ) O. Henry 's Full House ( 1952 ) Gentlemen Prefer Blondes ( 1953 ) Kismet ( 1955 ) Gaby ( 1956 ) The Spirit of St. Louis ( 1957 ) Tip on a Dead Jockey ( 1957 ) The Fiend Who Walked the West ( 1958 ) Never Steal Anything Small ( 1959 ) It Started with a Kiss ( 1959 ) Can - Can ( 1960 ) Ocean 's 11 ( 1960 ) Follow That Dream ( 1962 ) Mutiny on the Bounty ( 1962 ) A Global Affair ( 1964 ) Who Goes There ? by John W. Campbell Films The Thing from Another World ( 1951 ) The Thing ( 1982 ) The Thing ( 2011 ) Related `` Ice '' ( The X-Files ) The Thing ( video game ) Book Film in the United States portal Horror portal Science Fiction portal 1950s portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Thing_from_Another_World&oldid=823622111 '' Categories : 1951 films English - language films 1950s science fiction horror films Alien invasions in films American films American black - and - white films American science fiction horror films Cold War films Directorial debut films Films scored by Dimitri Tiomkin Films about extraterrestrial life Films based on science fiction short stories Films directed by Christian Nyby Films set in the Arctic Films shot in Montana Monster movies Screenplays by Charles Lederer United States National Film Registry films 1950s monster movies Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from October 2017 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 2 February 2018 , at 11 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the original movie the thing made | [
"The Thing from Another World, sometimes referred to as The Thing, is a 1951 American black-and-white science fiction-horror film, directed by Christian Nyby, produced by Edward Lasker for Howard Hawks' Winchester Pictures Corporation, and released by RKO Pictures. The film stars Margaret Sheridan, Kenneth Tobey, Robert Cornthwaite, and Douglas Spencer. James Arness plays The Thing, but he is difficult to recognize in costume and makeup due to both low lighting and other effects used to obscure his features. The film is based on the 1938 novella Who Goes There? by John W. Campbell (writing under the pseudonym of Don A. Stuart).[3]"
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-504133050163020304 | Dance the Night Away (The Mavericks song) | Dance the Night Away ( the Mavericks song ) - wikipedia Dance the Night Away ( the Mavericks song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Dance the Night Away '' Single by The Mavericks from the album Trampoline B - side `` All I Get '' Released 10 March 1998 Format CD single , cassette Recorded Genre Country , neotraditional country , western swing Length 4 : 22 Label MCA Nashville Songwriter ( s ) Raul Malo Producer ( s ) Don Cook , Raul Malo The Mavericks singles chronology `` To Be with You '' ( 1998 ) `` Dance the Night Away '' ( 1998 ) `` I 've Got This Feeling '' ( 1999 ) `` To Be with You '' ( 1998 ) `` Dance the Night Away '' ( 1998 ) `` I 've Got This Feeling '' ( 1999 ) `` Dance the Night Away '' is a 1998 song written by Raul Malo and recorded by American country band The Mavericks , on their fifth studio album Trampoline ( 1998 ) . The song was also released as a single in 1998 . It reached number 63 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart and number 4 on the UK Singles Chart . Contents ( hide ) 1 Music video 2 Charts 3 Certifications 4 References 5 External links Music video ( edit ) This section may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( April 2018 ) The music video is set in a supermarket in America . It starts off like any general day in the supermarket , however once the music starts lots of things happen as The Mavericks play throughout the video , A security guard tries to find the band in the different locations , one shopper is sitting and eating some of the stock , girls playing trombones and trumpets , a set of dancers dancing down the aisles , an elderly couple with a dummy in the child seat and a man who plays a keyboard madly , even the staff get involved in the dancing while the security guard tries to find the band playing but by the end he gives up as the music ends with the band looking into the security cameras . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 72 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 66 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 23 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 25 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) 63 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 63 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 400,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 3660 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . August 17 , 1998 . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- The Mavericks -- Dance the Night Away '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 17 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 32 , 1998 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 17 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- The Mavericks -- Dance the Night Away '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 17 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 17 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 17 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Mavericks Chart History ( Country Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 17 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Mavericks Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 17 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- The Mavericks -- Dance the Night Away '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 17 April 2018 . Enter Dance the Night Away in the search field and then press Enter . External links ( edit ) The Mavericks - Dance the Night Away on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) The Mavericks Paul Deakin Raul Malo Jerry Dale McFadden Eddie Perez David Lee Holt Nick Kane Ben Peeler Robert Reynolds Studio albums The Mavericks From Hell to Paradise What a Crying Shame Music for All Occasions Trampoline The Mavericks In Time Mono Brand New Day Compilation albums Super Colossal Smash Hits of the 90 's : The Best of The Mavericks Notable singles `` Hey , Good Lookin ' '' `` What a Crying Shame '' `` O What a Thrill '' `` There Goes My Heart '' `` Here Comes the Rain '' `` All You Ever Do Is Bring Me Down '' `` Dance the Night Away '' `` I Should Have Been True '' `` Here Comes My Baby '' `` The Air That I Breathe '' Related articles Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dance_the_Night_Away_(The_Mavericks_song)&oldid=836898861 '' Categories : The Mavericks songs 1998 singles Song recordings produced by Don Cook MCA Nashville Records singles Songs written by Raul Malo 1998 songs Songs about dancing Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from April 2018 All articles needing rewrite Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardcountryairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 14 : 31 . About Wikipedia | who sang just want to dance the night away | [
"\"Dance the Night Away\" is a 1998 song written by Raul Malo and recorded by American country band The Mavericks, on their fifth studio album Trampoline (1998). The song was also released as a single in 1998. It reached number 63 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart and number 4 on the UK Singles Chart."
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5841075888121538735 | Elimination Chamber (2017) | Elimination Chamber ( 2017 ) - Wikipedia Elimination Chamber ( 2017 ) Jump to : navigation , search Elimination Chamber ( 2017 ) Promotional poster featuring John Cena Theme song ( s ) `` Air '' by No Wyld featuring Kamau and Wynne Information Promotion WWE Brand ( s ) SmackDown Sponsor ( s ) Hulu Date February 12 , 2017 Attendance 14,367 Venue Talking Stick Resort Arena City Phoenix , Arizona WWE Network event chronology Royal Rumble ( 2017 ) Elimination Chamber ( 2017 ) Fastlane ( 2017 ) Elimination Chamber chronology Elimination Chamber ( 2015 ) Elimination Chamber ( 2017 ) Elimination Chamber ( 2018 ) Elimination Chamber ( 2017 ) ( known as No Escape ( 2017 ) in Germany ) was a professional wrestling pay - per - view ( PPV ) event and WWE Network event produced by WWE for the SmackDown brand . It took place on February 12 , 2017 , at the Talking Stick Resort Arena in Phoenix , Arizona . This was the seventh event under the Elimination Chamber chronology , the first to be held since 2015 , and this was also the first pay - per - view to feature three women 's matches on the main card . Eight matches were contested at the event , including one on the pre-show . In the main event , Bray Wyatt won the titular Elimination Chamber match to become the new WWE Champion , the first singles championship of his career . On the undercard , Naomi defeated Alexa Bliss to become the new SmackDown Women 's Champion , marking her first championship in WWE , Randy Orton defeated Luke Harper , American Alpha retained the SmackDown Tag Team Championship in a tag team turmoil match , and Becky Lynch defeated Mickie James . Contents ( hide ) 1 Storylines 2 Event 2.1 Pre-show 2.2 Preliminary matches 2.3 Main event 3 Aftermath 4 Results 4.1 Tag Team Turmoil match 4.2 Elimination Chamber match 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Storylines ( edit ) The card featured eight matches , including one on the pre-show , that resulted from scripted storylines and had results predetermined by WWE on the SmackDown brand . Storylines were produced on WWE 's weekly television show SmackDown Live . 2017 's Elimination Chamber event was the first to happen in two years , the last being in 2015 . The 2017 event also saw a redesign of the chamber structure , becoming square in design , instead of circular . The redesigned Elimination Chamber structure introduced at the event . On the January 17 , 2017 , episode of SmackDown , commissioner Shane McMahon scheduled an Elimination Chamber match for the WWE Championship as the main event of Elimination Chamber . At the Royal Rumble on January 29 , John Cena defeated AJ Styles to win the WWE Championship for a record thirteenth time , as well as tying Ric Flair 's record of sixteen recognized world titles . The following day , Styles was added to the Elimination Chamber match . On the January 31 episode of SmackDown , McMahon and General Manager Daniel Bryan assured Styles that he would eventually get a one - on - one rematch , before revealing the other participants in the Elimination Chamber match : Intercontinental Champion Dean Ambrose , The Miz , Baron Corbin , and Bray Wyatt . Royal Rumble winner Randy Orton warned Cena that if he is still champion after Elimination Chamber , he will take the title from him at WrestleMania 33 . Orton and Wyatt then faced Cena and Luke Harper , who had been at odds with Orton ever since they lost the tag team titles ; Orton and Wyatt won the match when Orton pinned Cena . Later that night , Styles faced Ambrose with The Miz on commentary . Corbin came out during the match and joined on commentary , but eventually attacked Miz . Ambrose attacked both Corbin and Miz before re-entering the ring allowing Styles to defeat him . The following week , Ambrose , Corbin , Miz , and Styles had a fatal four - way match that Corbin won by pinning Styles . Later , Orton faced Cena . During the match , Harper came out and attacked Wyatt . Orton attempted an RKO on Harper but got surprised by Cena with an Attitude Adjustment and a win for Cena ; Orton was scheduled to face Harper at Elimination Chamber . At Survivor Series on November 20 , 2016 , Nikki Bella was originally the captain of Team SmackDown 's women 's team , but before the match , she was attacked backstage and was unable to compete ; Natalya , who was the team 's coach , replaced Nikki in the match . On the following SmackDown , Nikki accused Carmella of being the attacker , since the two had been feuding for the few months prior , and the two faced each other at TLC : Tables , Ladders & Chairs on December 4 in a no disqualification match that Nikki won . After the match , Carmella claimed that Natalya was the attacker . For the next couple of weeks , Natalya denied the accusation until the December 20 episode of SmackDown , where she admitted to being the attacker due to pent up jealousy of the Bella Twins , believing they had everything handed to them . The two went back and forth at each other over the next few weeks and were involved in the six - woman tag team match at the Royal Rumble , where Nikki 's team defeated Natalya 's . On the January 31 episode of SmackDown , Daniel Bryan scheduled a match between Nikki and Natalya at Elimination Chamber to settle their differences . The following week , the two traded barbs with one another , and afterwards on Talking Smack , Natalya attacked Nikki . On the December 20 , 2016 , episode of SmackDown , Becky Lynch , disguised as newcomer La Luchadora , defeated SmackDown Women 's Champion Alexa Bliss in a non-title match when she made the champion submit to the Dis - arm - her ; after the match , Lynch unmasked herself . Over the next few weeks , an unknown female dressed as La Luchadora began to aid Bliss in matches against Lynch , including Bliss 's successful title defense in a steel cage match in the main event of the January 17 episode , where La Luchadora was unmasked as the returning Mickie James . The following week , James explained that she became forgotten due to the Women 's Revolution ; Lynch then came out , but was ambushed by Bliss and James . Also , on the January 24 episode of SmackDown , Naomi was set to face Natalya , but the match was canceled after Nikki Bella attacked Natalya backstage . Naomi then made an open challenge . Bliss came out , not to accept the challenge , but to belittle Naomi . All four women then competed in the six - woman tag team match at the Royal Rumble , where Lynch and Naomi 's team defeated Bliss and James ' team after Naomi pinned Bliss . The four were then involved in a regular tag team match on the following episode of SmackDown , where Naomi again pinned Bliss . Afterwards on Talking Smack , Bliss was scheduled to defend the SmackDown Women 's Championship against Naomi at Elimination Chamber . On February 7 , a match between Lynch and James was scheduled for Elimination Chamber . On that night 's episode of SmackDown , the four women had a contract signing for their respective matches that ended in a brawl with Naomi and Lynch getting the upper hand . On the December 13 , 2016 , episode of SmackDown , a battle royal to determine the number one contenders for the SmackDown Tag Team Championship was won by The Hype Bros. After the match , however , it was discovered that Zack Ryder had injured his knee and required surgery . In response , a championship four - way tag team elimination match occurred on the December 27 episode between American Alpha , Heath Slater and Rhyno , The Usos , and defending champions The Wyatt Family ( represented by Luke Harper and Randy Orton ) , where American Alpha won by last eliminating Orton to become the new champions . The Wyatt Family invoked their rematch clause for the January 10 episode , but American Alpha retained . On the January 31 episode , American Alpha made an open challenge to any tag team on the SmackDown roster . The Usos came out , followed by The Ascension , The Vaudevillains , Breezango , and Slater and Rhyno . A brawl ensued where American Alpha and Slater and Rhyno were the last standing . Afterwards on Talking Smack , a championship tag team turmoil match between the six teams was scheduled for Elimination Chamber . The following week , American Alpha , Breezango , and Slater and Rhyno faced The Ascension , The Usos , and The Vaudevillians in a 12 - man tag team match where Viktor of The Ascension scored the pinfall on Rhyno . On the December 27 , 2016 , episode of SmackDown , Dolph Ziggler was unsuccessful in winning the WWE Championship in a triple threat match against Baron Corbin and then - champion AJ Styles . The following week , Ziggler lost to Corbin in a singles match . After the match , Corbin attempted to beat Ziggler with a chair , but Kalisto came to Ziggler 's aid and Corbin backed down . Out of anger , Ziggler superkicked Kalisto , stating that he did not need Kalisto 's or anyone 's help . Backstage , Ziggler trashed the locker room . Apollo Crews tried talking to Ziggler , but Ziggler attacked Crews , turning heel . On the January 10 episode , Kalisto defeated Ziggler . After the match , Ziggler took out his anger on Kalisto , beating him with a chair . Crews came to Kalisto 's aid , but was also hit with the chair . The following week , Ziggler appeared in the King 's Court with Jerry Lawler to discuss his actions , which ended with Ziggler superkicking Lawler . On the January 24 episode , Ziggler defeated Kalisto . After the match , he again tried to beat Kalisto with a chair , but was instead attacked by Crews . Ziggler defeated Kalisto again the following week , and after the match , he tried removing Kalisto 's mask , but Crews made the save . Ziggler then faced Crews on the next episode , where Crews quickly won with a roll up pin . Ziggler then attacked Crews with a chair , but was saved by Kalisto . Backstage , Ziggler claimed that he could beat both Crews and Kalisto at the same time . Daniel Bryan then scheduled Ziggler to face the two in a Handicap match at Elimination Chamber . After some run - ins and the two trading barbs at one another on social media , on February 10 , a match between Mojo Rawley and Curt Hawkins was scheduled for the Elimination Chamber pre-show . Event ( edit ) Other on - screen personnel Role : Name : English commentators Mauro Ranallo John `` Bradshaw '' Layfield David Otunga Tom Phillips Spanish commentators Carlos Cabrera Marcelo Rodríguez German commentators Tim Haber Calvin Knie Ring announcer Greg Hamilton Referees Danilo Anfibio Jason Ayers John Cone Dan Engler Ryan Tran Rod Zapata Backstage interviewers Renee Young Dasha Fuentes Pre-show panel Renee Young Booker T Sam Roberts Carmella Pre-show ( edit ) During the pre-show , Mojo Rawley faced Curt Hawkins . Rawley performed a Tilt - A-Whirl Powerslam on Hawkins for the win . Preliminary matches ( edit ) The actual pay - per - view opened with Becky Lynch facing Mickie James . James executed the Mick Kick on Lynch for a delayed near - fall . In the climax , James attempted a Mickie DDT but Lynch countered into a Schoolboy for the win . Next , Dolph Ziggler faced Apollo Crews and Kalisto in a Handicap match . Before the match , Ziggler attacked Kalisto . Mid-match , Kalisto recovered and got to the ring . In the end , Kalisto performed a Spin Kick on Ziggler , which was followed by a Delayed Spin Out Powerbomb by Crews to win the match . After the match , Ziggler attacked both men and injured Crews 's ankle with a chair . After that , American Alpha defended the SmackDown Tag Team Championship in a tag team turmoil match . Heath Slater and Rhyno and Breezango began the match . Breezango were eliminated after Rhyno performed a Gore on Fandango . The Vaudevillians entered the match next , but were quickly eliminated when Slater pinned Aiden English after a Smash Hit . The Usos came in next and eliminated Slater and Rhyno when Jimmy performed a Superkick on Slater . American Alpha , the reigning champions , entered next and eliminated The Usos when Gable pinned Jey with a Schoolboy . The Usos then attacked American Alpha before being escorted out by officials . The Ascension , the final team to enter the match , executed the Fall of Man on Jordan , but Gable broke up the pinfall . Gable and Jordan performed the Grand Amplitude on Viktor to retain the titles . In the fourth match , Nikki Bella fought Natalya . Natalya applied the Sharpshooter but Nikki countered into The Fearless Lock , with Natalya touching the ring ropes . Natalya and Nikki fought outside of the ring , leading to a double count out . As Natalya was leaving the ring , Nikki attacked her once again until referees separated them . Later , during a backstage segment , Natalya attacked Nikki from behind . During the brawl , Nikki tipped over a make - up table , spilling the powder over herself and Maryse . In the fifth match , Randy Orton faced Luke Harper . In the climax , as Harper attempted a Discus Clothesline , Orton countered into an RKO for the win . Naomi defeated Alexa Bliss to win her first championship in WWE . Next , Alexa Bliss defended the SmackDown Women 's Championship against Naomi . As Bliss attempted Twisted Bliss , Naomi countered by raising her knees and executed a Split - Legged Moonsault to win the championship . Main event ( edit ) In the main event , the WWE Championship was defended in the Elimination Chamber match . Defending champion John Cena and AJ Styles were the first two contestants . Intercontinental Champion Dean Ambrose entered next , followed by Bray Wyatt and Baron Corbin . As Miz was due to enter the chamber , he remained in his pod . Ambrose rolled - up a distracted Corbin to eliminate him . Corbin attacked Ambrose , threw him through a pod and performed the End of Days on Ambrose before leaving the chamber . Miz then quickly eliminated Ambrose . Cena eliminated Miz after an Attitude Adjustment . Styles and Wyatt attacked Cena before Wyatt attacked Styles . Styles and Cena both scored nearfalls against each other , after a Styles Clash and an Attitude Adjustment respectively . Wyatt then executed Sister Abigail on Cena , eliminating him . As Styles attempted the Phenomenal Forearm , Wyatt caught Styles and executed Sister Abigail to win his first WWE Championship . Randy Orton emerged and the two had a brief staredown before Wyatt celebrated his victory in the ring . Aftermath ( edit ) The following episode of SmackDown , John Cena invoked his rematch clause , but AJ Styles also demanded the one - on - one rematch he had been promised . A triple threat match for the WWE Championship occurred and Wyatt retained , despite being attacked by Luke Harper . Afterwards , Royal Rumble winner Randy Orton declared that he would not fight Wyatt for the title at WrestleMania 33 due to his devotion to Wyatt . A 10 - man battle royal happened the next week to find a new opponent for Wyatt . Styles , who did not get his promised one - one - one rematch , was the first confirmed entrant . The battle royal ended in a draw after Harper and Styles eliminated each other simultaneously . Styles defeated Harper the following week to become the number one contender , however , Orton betrayed Wyatt and reclaimed his right to face Wyatt at WrestleMania . Due to this confusion , Orton faced Styles on the March 7 episode of SmackDown to determine the decisive number one contender . Orton won the match , confirming that he would face Wyatt at WrestleMania . The following week , an irate Styles attacked Shane McMahon backstage . He was subsequently fired by Daniel Bryan , however , Shane appeared at the end of the show and said he would face Styles in a match at WrestleMania . Also on the episode following the pay - per - view , Naomi revealed that she had sustained a knee injury during her match with Alexa Bliss , who allowed Naomi one week to heal for a rematch . Mickie James then defeated Becky Lynch in their rematch . On the February 21 episode , Naomi was not cleared to defend her title within 30 days and was forced to vacate the SmackDown Women 's Championship . Daniel Bryan then had Bliss face Lynch for the vacant title , which Bliss won . On the March 7 episode , after claiming to be the greatest female wrestler on the SmackDown roster , Daniel Bryan scheduled Bliss to defend the title against all available female wrestlers on SmackDown 's roster at WrestleMania 33 . James then turned on Bliss after a subsequent tag team match , and James , Lynch , and Natalya were confirmed for the WrestleMania match . Carmella then confirmed that she would be in the WrestleMania match , and Naomi returned on the March 28 episode , confirming she would be in the match , making it a six - pack challenge at WrestleMania . Also on the episode following the pay - per - view , Dean Ambrose , who had been looking for Baron Corbin , was brutally attacked and hospitalized by Corbin before his match with James Ellsworth . The following week , Ambrose caused Corbin 's elimination in the battle royal and Corbin attacked Ambrose with the End of Days . Ambrose called out Corbin over the next couple of weeks , and Corbin challenged Ambrose to a match at WrestleMania 33 for the Intercontinental Championship , which Ambrose accepted . Also in the mid-card , Dolph Ziggler claimed that he would eliminate the new generation of wrestlers . During the number one contender 's battle royal , Ziggler eliminated Kalisto , but was in turn eliminated by Apollo Crews . Ziggler took out his anger on Kalisto with a chair , which caused the distracted Crews to be eliminated . Ziggler and Crews then had a chairs match on the February 28 episode that Ziggler won . Crews , Kalisto , and Ziggler were confirmed for the 2017 André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal , along with Mojo Rawley and Curt Hawkins , on the WrestleMania pre-show . After another backstage brawl , Daniel Bryan scheduled a Falls Count Anywhere match between Nikki Bella and Natalya for the February 21 episode . That episode , Natalya defeated Nikki thanks to help from Maryse , who attacked Nikki . The following week , Nikki 's boyfriend John Cena was the guest on Miz TV due to The Miz eliminating Cena in the battle royal the previous week . After Cena insulted Miz , his wife Maryse slapped Cena , and Nikki came out and ran off Maryse along with Miz . The following week , after Cena and Nikki defeated Ellsworth and Carmella , The Miz and Maryse attacked the two . A match pitting Cena and Nikki against Miz and Maryse at WrestleMania was scheduled by Daniel Bryan since Bryan could not face Miz , who had been insulting Bryan for several months . Also on the episode following the pay - per - view , SmackDown Tag Team Champions American Alpha defeated The Ascension . After the match , The Usos issued a warning to American Alpha , and continued their antagonizing the following week . The Usos defeated American Alpha in a non-title match on the March 14 episode , and subsequently defeated them for the titles the following week , becoming the first team to win both the Raw Tag Team Championship ( then known as WWE Tag Team Championship when they held it ) and SmackDown Tag Team Championship . Although The Usos wanted to defend their titles at WrestleMania , they were scheduled for the 2017 André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal , along with SmackDown 's other tag teams , including American Alpha , Breezango , The Ascension , The Vaudevillains , and Heath Slater and Rhyno . Results ( edit ) No . Results Stipulations Times Mojo Rawley defeated Curt Hawkins Singles match 08 : 05 Becky Lynch defeated Mickie James Singles match 11 : 40 Apollo Crews and Kalisto defeated Dolph Ziggler Handicap match 07 : 20 American Alpha ( Chad Gable and Jason Jordan ) ( c ) won by last eliminating The Ascension ( Konnor and Viktor ) Tag team turmoil match for the WWE SmackDown Tag Team Championship 21 : 10 5 Natalya vs. Nikki Bella ended in a double countout Singles match 13 : 40 6 Randy Orton defeated Luke Harper Singles match 17 : 15 7 Naomi defeated Alexa Bliss ( c ) Singles match for the WWE SmackDown Women 's Championship 08 : 20 8 Bray Wyatt defeated John Cena ( c ) , The Miz , Baron Corbin , AJ Styles , and Dean Ambrose Elimination Chamber match for the WWE Championship 34 : 20 ( c ) -- refers to the champion ( s ) heading into the match P -- indicates the match took place on the pre-show Tag team turmoil match ( edit ) Eliminated Team Entered Eliminated by Method of Elimination Time 01 ! 1 Breezango Heath Slater and Rhyno Rhyno pinned Fandango after a Gore . 4 : 30 02 ! 2 The Vaudevillains Heath Slater and Rhyno Slater pinned English after a Smash Hit . 6 : 45 03 ! 3 Heath Slater and Rhyno The Usos Jey Uso pinned Slater after a superkick . 9 : 45 04 ! 4 The Usos American Alpha Gable pinned Jey Uso with a roll - up . 15 : 20 05 ! 5 The Ascension 6 American Alpha Gable pinned Viktor after a Grand Amplitude . 21 : 10 06 ! Winner American Alpha ( c ) 5 N / A Elimination Chamber match ( edit ) Eliminated Wrestler Entered Eliminated by Method of Elimination Time 01 ! 1 Baron Corbin 5 Dean Ambrose Schoolboy 18 : 50 02 ! 2 Dean Ambrose The Miz End of Days from Corbin 20 : 35 03 ! 3 The Miz 6 John Cena Attitude Adjustment 23 : 25 04 ! 4 John Cena ( c ) Bray Wyatt Sister Abigail 29 : 00 05 ! 5 AJ Styles Bray Wyatt Sister Abigail 34 : 20 06 ! Winner Bray Wyatt N / A Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For Germany , it was feared that the name `` Elimination Chamber '' may remind people of the gas chambers used during the Holocaust . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Elimination Chamber Latest News , Results , Photos , Videos and More '' . WWE . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://de.wwe.com/shows/noescape/ Jump up ^ `` WWE Elimination Chamber 2017 tickets available now '' . WWE . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Grabianowski , Ed . `` How Pro Wrestling Works '' . howstuffworks.com . Discovery Communications . Retrieved 5 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Live & Televised Entertainment '' . webcitation.com . WWE . Archived from the original on 18 November 2013 . Retrieved 21 March 2012 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( 2016 - 05 - 25 ) . `` WWE 's ' Smackdown ' Will Move To Live Broadcast On USA ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Morrow , Brendan ( February 12 , 2017 ) . `` How the New WWE Elimination Chamber Design Compares to the Old One '' . Heavy.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Parks , Greg ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` 1 / 17 WWE Smackdown LIVE -- Parks 's Complete , Real - Time Report , including Alexa Bliss vs. Becky Lynch for the Smackdown Women 's Title in a Steel Cage '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Powell , Jason . `` 1 / 29 Powell 's WWE Royal Rumble 2017 live review : AJ Styles vs. John Cena for the WWE Championship , Kevin Owens vs. Roman Reigns in a No DQ match for the WWE Universal Championship with Chris Jericho in a shark cage '' . Pro Wreslting Dot Net . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Namako , Jason . `` AJ Styles added to Elimination Chamber , update on Cena - Orton '' . WrestleView . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clapp , John ( January 29 , 2017 ) . `` Randy Orton to compete in the main event of WrestleMania 33 '' . WWE . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Keller , Wade ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` KELLER 'S WWE SMACKDOWN REPORT 1 / 31 : The Royal Rumble fallout including Orton 's Rumble win , Cena 's WWE Title win , Wyatt Family drama '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Keller , Wade ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` KELLER 'S WWE SMACKDOWN REPORT 2 / 7 : Orton vs. Cena plus final Elimination Chamber hype '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Powell , Jason . `` Powell 's WWE Survivor Series 2016 live review : Goldberg vs. Brock Lesnar , three Team Raw vs. Team Smackdown elimination matches , IC and WWE Cruiserweight Title matches '' . Pro Wreslting Dot Net . Retrieved November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Keller , Wade ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` KELLER 'S WWE SMACKDOWN REPORT 11 / 22 : Full coverage of fallout from Survivor Series , Shane speech , Miz vs. Kalisto , Styles vs. Ellsworth ladder match '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Powell , Jason . `` Powell 's WWE TLC 2016 live review : AJ Styles vs. Dean Ambrose in a TLC match for the WWE Championship , The Miz vs. Dolph Ziggler in a ladder match for the Intercontinental Championship '' . Pro Wreslting Dot Net . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Parks , Greg ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` 12 / 20 WWE Smackdown LIVE -- Parks 's Complete , Real - Time Report '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Moore , John ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Moore 's WWE Talking Smack Review : Nikki Bella attacked by Natalya , John Cena comments on the attack as well as the Elimination Chamber , Daniel Bryan recalls the history of the `` Double Meat '' tag team , Baron Corbin discusses his plans for Elimination Chamber `` . Pro Wrestling Dot Net . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Parks , Greg . `` 1 / 24 WWE Smackdown LIVE -- Parks 's Ongoing , Real - Time Report , including Luke Harper vs. Randy Orton , final Royal Rumble hype '' . pwtorch.com . TDH Communications Inc . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , John ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` Moore 's WWE Talking Smack Recap : Daniel Bryan returns and talks about the lack of Smackdown representation at the Royal Rumble , Randy Orton on winning the Rumble match , Naomi talks about the glow , American Alpha appear '' . Pro Wrestling Dot Net . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Martin , Adam . `` New match added to Elimination Chamber , updated card for Sunday '' . WrestleView . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Parks , Greg ( December 13 , 2014 ) . `` 12 / 13 WWE Smackdown LIVE -- Parks 's Ongoing , Real - Time Report '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ WWE.com Staff ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATE : Zack Ryder tweets that he will undergo knee surgery '' . WWE . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Parks , Greg ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` 12 / 27 WWE Smackdown LIVE -- Parks 's Ongoing , Real - Time Report , including three title matches , John Cena 's return '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Parks , Greg . `` 1 / 10 WWE Smackdown LIVE -- Parks 's Complete , Real - Time Report , including Cena vs. Corbin , Wyatts vs. American Alpha for Tag Titles '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Parks , Greg . `` 1 / 3 WWE Smackdown LIVE -- Parks 's Ongoing , Real - Time Report , including Miz vs. Ambrose for the I.C. Title '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WWE announces the Elimination Chamber Kickoff Show match '' . Pro Wrestling Dot Net . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Powell , Jason . `` 2 / 12 Powell 's WWE Elimination Chamber Kickoff Show : Mojo Rawley vs. Curt Hawkins '' . Pro Wreslting Dot Net . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Powell , Jason . `` 2 / 12 Powell 's WWE Elimination Chamber 2017 live review : John Cena vs. AJ Styles vs. Dean Ambrose vs. The Miz vs. Baron Corbin vs. Bray Wyatt in an Elimination Chamber match for the WWE Championship '' . Pro Wreslting Dot Net . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Keller , Wade ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` KELLER 'S WWE SMACKDOWN REPORT 2 / 14 : Ongoing coverage of Bray defending WWE Title against Cena , Elimination Chamber follow - up '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Elbe , Craig . `` 2 / 14 WWE Talking Smack Review : Daniel Bryan announces Battle Royal to replace Orton as opponent for Wyatt at WrestleMania , Bliss learns Patriots won , plus Crews '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Keller , Wade ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` KELLER 'S WWE SMACKDOWN REPORT 2 / 21 : Results of Battle Royal to determine a new no . 1 contender for WWE Championship at WrestleMania '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Parks , Greg ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` 2 / 28 WWE Smackdown LIVE -- Parks 's Complete , Real - Time Report , including Luke Harper vs. A.J. Styles in a # 1 contender 's match , Mickie James vs. Becky Lynch in two - out - of - three falls '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burdick , Michael ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Breaking News : Randy Orton to battle AJ Styles Tuesday night to determine Bray Wyatt 's No. 1 contender at WrestleMania '' . WWE.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Parks , Greg . `` KELLER 'S WWE SMACKDOWN REPORT 3 / 7 : Styles vs. Orton to earn WWE Title shot at WM33 , Cena & Nikki vs. Ellsworth & Carmella '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Keller , Wade ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` KELLER 'S WWE SMACKDOWN REPORT 3 / 14 : Styles - Shane hype , Miz TV addresses Cena & Nikki , Orton addresses Bray Wyatt '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Keller , Wade ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` KELLER 'S WWE SMACKDOWN REPORT 3 / 21 : Shane reacts to Shane challenging him to a WrestleMania match , more hype for WrestleMania 33 '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keller , Wade ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` KELLER 'S WWE SMACKDOWN REPORT 3 / 28 : Bray Wyatt vs. Luke Harper , Carmella vs. Lynch , Shane - Styles contract signing , more WM33 hype '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Scott ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` 2017 Andre the Giant Memorial Battle Royal ( Kickoff Match ) '' . WWE . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adkins , Greg . `` Mojo Rawley def . Curt Hawkins '' . WWE . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Melok , Bobby . `` Becky Lynch def . Mickie James '' . WWE . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adkins , Greg . `` Kalisto & Apollo Crews def . Dolph Ziggler ( 2 - on - 1 Handicap Match ) '' . WWE . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Melok , Bobby . `` SmackDown Tag Team Champions American Alpha win Tag Team Turmoil '' . WWE . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adkins , Greg . `` Nikki Bella vs. Natalya ends in a Double Count - out '' . WWE . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Melok , Bobby . `` Randy Orton def . Luke Harper '' . WWE . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adkins , Greg . `` Naomi def . Alexa Bliss ( SmackDown Women 's Championship ) '' . WWE . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Melok , Bobby . `` Bray Wyatt def . John Cena , The Miz , Baron Corbin , AJ Styles and Dean Ambrose in a WWE Championship Elimination Chamber Match '' . WWE . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Professional wrestling portal Elimination Chamber Official Website ← 2016 2017 ( 2017 ) WWE Network events 2018 → WWE United Kingdom Championship Tournament Royal Rumble Elimination Chamber Fastlane WrestleMania 33 Payback United Kingdom Championship Special Backlash Extreme Rules Money in the Bank Great Balls of Fire Battleground SummerSlam Mae Young Classic Finale No Mercy Hell in a Cell TLC : Tables , Ladders & Chairs Survivor Series Clash of Champions NXT TakeOver : San Antonio TakeOver : Orlando TakeOver : Chicago TakeOver : Brooklyn III TakeOver : WarGames WWE pay - per - view and WWE Network events Elimination Chamber 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2017 2018 Current Royal Rumble ( 1989 -- present ) Elimination Chamber ( 2010 -- 2015 , 2017 -- present ) Fastlane ( 2015 -- present ) WrestleMania ( 1985 -- present ) Greatest Royal Rumble ( 2018 -- present ) King of the Ring ( 1993 -- 2002 , 2015 , 2018 -- present ) Backlash ( 1999 -- 2009 , 2016 -- present ) Money in the Bank ( 2010 -- present ) Extreme Rules ( 2009 -- present ) SummerSlam ( 1988 -- present ) Mae Young Classic Finale ( 2017 -- present ) Hell in a Cell ( 2009 -- present ) TLC : Tables , Ladders & Chairs ( 2009 -- present ) Survivor Series ( 1987 -- present ) Clash of Champions ( 2016 -- present ) NXT TakeOver ( 2014 -- present ) Former The Wrestling Classic ( 1985 ) No Holds Barred ( 1989 ) This Tuesday in Texas ( 1991 ) One Night Only ( 1997 ) Capital Carnage ( 1998 ) In Your House ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Over the Edge ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Fully Loaded ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Invasion ( 2001 ) Rebellion ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Insurrextion ( 2000 -- 2003 ) Bad Blood ( 1997 , 2003 -- 2004 ) Taboo Tuesday ( 2004 -- 2005 ) December to Dismember ( 2006 ) New Year 's Revolution ( 2005 -- 2007 ) One Night Stand ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Unforgiven ( 1998 -- 2008 ) Cyber Sunday ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Armageddon ( 1999 -- 2000 , 2002 -- 2008 ) Judgment Day ( 1998 , 2000 -- 2009 ) The Great American Bash ( 2004 -- 2009 ) Breaking Point ( 2009 ) Fatal 4 - Way ( 2010 ) Bragging Rights ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Capitol Punishment ( 2011 ) Vengeance ( 2001 -- 2007 , 2011 ) Over the Limit ( 2010 -- 2012 ) No Way Out ( 1998 , 2000 -- 2009 , 2012 ) NXT Arrival ( 2014 ) The Beast in the East ( 2015 ) Live from Madison Square Garden ( 2015 ) Night of Champions ( 2008 -- 2015 ) Cruiserweight Classic Finale ( 2016 ) Roadblock ( 2016 ) United Kingdom Championship Tournament ( 2017 ) United Kingdom Championship Special ( 2017 ) Great Balls of Fire ( 2017 ) Battleground ( 2013 -- 2017 ) No Mercy ( 1999 -- 2008 , 2016 -- 2017 ) Payback ( 2013 -- 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elimination_Chamber_(2017)&oldid=837186211 '' Categories : 2017 WWE Network events WWE Elimination Chamber Events in Phoenix , Arizona 2017 in Arizona Professional wrestling in Phoenix , Arizona 2017 WWE pay - per - view events February 2017 events in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Deutsch فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Polski Português ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 07 : 35 . 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"Eight matches were contested at the event, including one on the pre-show. In the main event, Bray Wyatt won the titular Elimination Chamber match to become the new WWE Champion, the first singles championship of his career. On the undercard, Naomi defeated Alexa Bliss to become the new SmackDown Women's Champion, marking her first championship in WWE, Randy Orton defeated Luke Harper, American Alpha retained the SmackDown Tag Team Championship in a tag team turmoil match, and Becky Lynch defeated Mickie James."
] | [
"Naomi"
] |
8574470361048345583 | Brooke Davis | Brooke Davis - Wikipedia Brooke Davis For the writer , see Brooke Davis ( writer ) . hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This character 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( September 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's general notability guideline . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` Brooke Davis '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( June 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This television - related article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( October 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Brooke Davis Sophia Bush as Brooke Davis One Tree Hill character Portrayed by Sophia Bush Makayla McCarty ( flashbacks ) First appearance `` The Places You Have Come to Fear the Most '' ( episode 1.02 ) Last appearance `` One Tree Hill '' ( episode 9.13 ) Created by Mark Schwahn Profile Other names B. Davis ( by Peyton ) Brooke Penelope Davis Brooke Davis Baker Occupation Entrepreneur Fashion designer Residence 4915 Ocean Avenue Tree Hill , North Carolina show Family Family Robert `` Ted '' Davis , Jr . ( father ) Victoria Davis ( mother ; née Montgomery ) Spouse Julian Baker ( husband ; 2 children ) Children Davis and Jude Baker ( twin sons , with Julian ) Foster children : Angie ( former foster daughter ) Samantha `` Sam '' Walker ( former foster daughter ) Other relatives Godchildren : James Lucas `` Jamie '' Scott ( godson , via Haley and Nathan Scott ) Sawyer Brooke Scott ( goddaughter , via Lucas and Peyton Scott ) Lydia Bob Scott ( honorific niece , via Haley and Nathan Scott ) In - laws : Paul Norris ( father - in - law ) Sylvia Baker ( mother - in - law ) Brooke Penelope Davis is a fictional character from the CW television series One Tree Hill , portrayed by Sophia Bush . Initially introduced as the best friend of the show 's original female lead , Peyton Sawyer , throughout her experiences , Brooke grows from a wild and generally carefree girl into a more mature and grounded young woman . Along with Peyton , she becomes a key player in the series ' central love triangle involving Lucas Scott . In later seasons , however , her character arc shifts its attention to her career as a fashion designer at Clothes Over Bros , as well as her romance and eventual marriage to Julian Baker , with whom she would have twin sons , Davis and Jude Baker . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character development 1.1 Background 1.2 Evolution 2 Character arc 2.1 Season 1 2.2 Season 2 2.3 Season 3 2.4 Season 4 2.5 Missing years 2.6 Season 5 2.7 Season 6 2.8 Season 7 2.9 Season 8 2.10 Season 9 3 Clothes Over Bros 3.1 Clothes 4 Bros 3.2 Legal troubles 4 See also 5 References Character development ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Brooke Penelope Davis Baker was born at New Brunswick County Hospital in Tree Hill , North Carolina , to parents Robert Theodore `` Ted '' Davis , Jr. and Victoria Anne Davis ( née Montgomery ) on March 4 , 1989 . She has been Tree Hill 's it - girl and has been described as the wealthy and popular captain of the cheerleading squad of Tree Hill High . The lack of authority in her life caused Brooke 's high school years to be full of parties , drinking , and promiscuity . She shares a close bond with first - love Lucas Scott , and has also formed many close friendships . Peyton Sawyer is her best friend since the age of eight ; she is also friends with former roommates Haley James and Rachel Gatina , Haley 's husband Nathan Scott , Mouth McFadden , and former assistant Millicent Huxtable . Evolution ( edit ) Karen Roe , Lucas 's mother , was Brooke 's only mother figure growing up after she temporarily moved in with her when her parents left Tree Hill . Throughout her development , Brooke grows to become more independent and mature , partly due to her relationship with Lucas . Although the two initially broke up due to a love triangle involving Peyton , Brooke later forgave both of them , remaining close with the two . Upon reaching adulthood , Brooke becomes a successful fashion designer for her own company . Brooke 's relationships with her mother and foster daughter are shown to play a significant role in her character development . In the fifth and sixth seasons , her long - estranged mother Victoria returns , but remains cold and detached . Eventually , Brooke is motivated to become a good mother herself , which prompts her to take in a teenage foster child named Samantha . Though Sam is initially resistant , the two eventually bond as Brooke proves herself to be a dedicated parent . Sam later leaves Brooke to live with her biological mother . Later on in the series , Brooke becomes a biological mother , giving birth to twin boys Davis and Jude Baker . Character arc ( edit ) This section 's plot summaries may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve them by removing unnecessary details and making them more concise . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Season 1 ( edit ) In season one , Brooke Davis is introduced as the captain of the Tree Hill High School cheerleaders . She takes a liking to Lucas Scott when he joins the school 's basketball team , attempting to pursue him in her usual , sexual advances . Lucas , however , is only interested in her best friend , Peyton Sawyer , and constantly turns down Brooke 's advances . After a drug incident involving Peyton , Lucas comes to realize that Brooke is actually a very loyal and caring person , eventually developing feelings and entering into a relationship with her . When Lucas realizes he still has feelings for Peyton , he and Peyton begin a non-sexual affair behind Brooke 's back . Lucas breaks up with Brooke , but Peyton decides to end their secret romance because she feels guilty and does n't want to harm her relationship with her best friend . When Brooke finds out what really happened , however , she ends her friendship with Peyton and refuses to speak to her or to Lucas . During this time , Brooke experiences a pregnancy scare , eventually learning that her results were actually negative ; however , in the heat of an argument with Lucas , she lies to him and tells him that she is pregnant with his child . When she comes clean about the truth , Brooke explains that she wanted to punish Lucas for cheating on her with Peyton . After uniting against Nicki ( Jake Jagielski 's ex-girlfriend ) , Brooke and Peyton agree to a truce and slowly begin to rebuild their friendship . Season 2 ( edit ) At the start of the second season , Brooke is forced to grow up when her father loses his job , thus forcing the Davis family to sell their belongings and temporarily become destitute . Still hurt over the way things ended with Lucas , she begins relations with her neighbor , Felix Taggaro , who becomes a `` friend with benefits . '' Later , things become strained between Brooke and Mouth when he tells her that he is in love with her , despite the fact that Brooke thinks of him as a `` little brother . '' Meanwhile , she begins dating Felix after he promises to not break her heart as Lucas did . During this time , Brooke decides to run for Tree Hill 's student body president against students who are much more studious , hard - working , and experienced . Even in the face of the dirty political campaign of her rival , Erica Marsh , she does n't back down and ends up winning the student election after Mouth delivers a touching recommendation speech to a packed auditorium for her . After the election , Brooke quickly repairs her friendship with Mouth and even befriends her defeated rival , Erica . Toward the middle of the season , Brooke learns that her father was able to secure a new job and that her family is moving to California as a result . However , she is thrilled when she finds out that Lucas has convinced Brooke 's parents to let her live with Karen until the summer , where she will be staying in Lucas ' room as he is living with Dan . Meanwhile , Brooke discovers that it was Felix who spray - painted the word `` DYKE '' on Peyton 's locker and immediately breaks up with him . After ending things with Felix , sexual tension begins to arise between Brooke and Lucas ; however , after finding letters Lucas wrote to Peyton , Brooke believes that Lucas is still pining over Peyton and ultimately decides to just be friends with him . In the season finale , as Brooke is preparing to leave for the summer , Lucas kisses her and finally confesses how he really feels . Stunned and shattered all at the same time , Brooke leaves and is seen sitting in the taxi in tears in the episode 's final moments . Season 3 ( edit ) The season three premiere opens with Brooke returning from her summer vacation in California . Afraid of having her heart broken again , Brooke only agrees to date Lucas non-exclusively ; at the same time , she pretends to have spent her summer with a number of other guys , though it is later revealed that she actually spent her summer writing eighty - two letters to Lucas , one letter for each day , which she never sent . During their `` non-exclusive '' arrangement , however , Lucas refuses to date anybody else in an effort to prove his loyalty to Brooke . At the fantasy boy draft , Brooke chooses Chris Keller instead of Lucas as a way to get back at Rachel , thus causing Lucas to become angry with her . After finding out that her designs are displayed in the store 's windows , Brooke gets drunk and sleeps with Chris , with Lucas walking in on them and leaving heartbroken . In an effort to distract herself from Lucas and to mend her aching heart , Brooke launches her own clothing line , Clothes Over Bro 's . Later , Brooke finally gives Lucas the letters she wrote to him whilst on vacation , resulting in him forgiving her ; the two subsequently confess their feelings for one another and enter into an exclusive relationship . When Karen becomes engaged to Keith , Brooke offers to design her wedding dress but , after Keith 's death in the school shooting , Brooke attempts to help Lucas and Karen pick up the pieces of their lives . In the meantime , Brooke agrees to help Haley and Nathan in organizing their second wedding , becoming Haley 's maid of honor and the designer of her wedding dress . However , when Peyton reveals to Brooke that she has feelings for Lucas , again , at Nathan and Haley 's rehearsal dinner , Brooke becomes furious at her and promptly ends her friendship with a teary - eyed Peyton . At the actual wedding , things only become worse when Lucas , thinking Brooke was already aware of the situation , accidentally lets it slip that Peyton kissed him during the school shooting . Clearly upset , Brooke and Lucas argue in private , with Brooke telling him that he never `` let her all the way in . '' As their love triangle begins to reassert itself , Brooke decides that she needs time to herself and breaks things off with Lucas , though she admits that she will always love him . With her friendship with Peyton now over , Brooke is invited to move in with Rachel . In the season finale , it is revealed that someone at Nathan and Haley 's wedding is pregnant , with the evidence largely pointing toward Brooke . Season 4 ( edit ) With the news of Brooke 's `` pregnancy '' spreading around campus , the fourth season begins with pro-life advocates , calling themselves Clean Teens , pressuring Brooke to not terminate her pregnancy . However , it is soon revealed that Brooke has really been covering for her friend Haley . In an effort to get Brooke back into the dating pool , Rachel sets her up via an online dating site with a male model , Nick , under the guise of a female model named `` Peyton . '' The plan goes awry when it is revealed that Nick is also the new English teacher at Tree Hill High ; however , the two continue their relationship in secret . When Rachel catches wind of the affair , she informs Brooke that Nick hit on her . As a result , Brooke confronts him , but he denies the whole thing and her friendship with Rachel becomes strained . Upon learning that Rachel was telling the truth and that Nick is cheating on her with one of her own models , Brooke dumps him and reconciles with Rachel . Around this time , Brooke realizes that she still is in love with Lucas ; asking Lucas to be her date to the annual sports banquet , Brooke later tells him that it was a mistake and he heads home , with the two of them deciding to just remain friends . After Tree Hill 's victory in the state championship , Brooke encourages Lucas to go with Peyton . When Brooke is failing her calculus course , Rachel pretends to need Haley 's tutoring so that they can steal the answers to an upcoming calculus exam , but Haley refuses . Taking matters into their own hands , Brooke and Rachel break into the high school but are caught by Principal Turner ; to serve as their alibi , the two join Clean Teens . During her time in Clean Teens , Brooke meets Chase Adams , a newcomer to Tree Hill High and to whom Brooke becomes attracted . Initially asking Brooke to be his calculus tutor , Chase asks her out on a date . After their first date together , Brooke decides that she ca n't start a relationship with lies at its foundations and thus , during a class assignment , reveals to Chase that she cheated on her calculus test and had only joined Clean Teens as a means of attaining an alibi . With Brooke stating that she thinks she is n't pretty enough or talented enough for him , Chase tells her that she is good enough , and all she needs to do is to stop lying and just be herself . The two subsequently kiss and make up , beginning a new and truthful relationship . The following week , Brooke and Chase attend a party at Nathan 's house , but things go south when a tape , titled `` Nathan Scores '' and which shows Brooke and Nathan having a drunk one - night stand two years prior , is played at the party . As a result of seeing the tape , Peyton punches Brooke , as Peyton was in an on - again , off - again relationship with Nathan at the time it was filmed . Chase , in the meantime , decides to call things off with Brooke but , with prom quickly approaching , tells her that he 'll still be her date . Brooke , however , tells him that she does n't want to go to prom with someone who does n't want to be with her , and the two go their separate ways . Peyton becomes infuriated at the fact that Brooke completely cut her out of her life for being upfront and honest about her feelings for Lucas , when Peyton feels that Brooke was never honest with her . With more underlying issues resurfacing between Brooke and Peyton , the two former best friends enter into an intense rivalry , with Peyton going so far as taking a black light marker and writing `` WHORE '' on Brooke 's prom dress . After talking to Mouth , Brooke comes to feel that it means that Peyton still feels to that . Upon hearing that Peyton is not attending their senior prom , she leaves the prom and heads to Peyton 's house in hopes of a reconciliation . However , unanounced to anyone , Peyton is being held hostage in her own house by Ian ( otherwise known as `` Psycho Derek '' ) . Making her way to Peyton 's basement , Ian had knocked Brooke out and planned to slit her throat to show Peyton just how much he truly loves her . In an effort to free themselves , Peyton convinces him to let her do it , but stabs Ian instead . Untied , Peyton runs upstairs with Ian right behind her . Brooke , meanwhile , is able to untie herself and the two stand together against their attacker . With Ian unconscious , they are able to call the police and have Ian arrested . With `` Psycho Derek '' or otherwise known as Ian , ordeal behind them , Brooke and Peyton rekindle their friendship and go to prom together . This is where Brooke is elected Prom Queen . Brooke and Chase subsequently reconcile and get back together ; the two have sex at their graduation party before Brooke and Lucas share a special moment together as he confides in her about his book . With the birth of Nathan and Haley 's son , James Lucas Scott , Brooke is named the newborn 's godmother . In the season 's final moments , Brooke and Peyton prepare to spend their summer in Los Angeles and join the rest of the gang at the River Court . Missing years ( edit ) Two and half years later , Brooke and Chase have seemingly gone their separate ways . Brooke , now an up - and - coming fashion designer with Clothes Over Bro 's , meets up with Lucas in New York to have drinks with him ; showing her his engagement ring for Peyton , Lucas informs Brooke that Peyton turned down his proposal , much to the shock of an unbelieving Brooke . When she tries on the ring , everyone around them believes that they have become engaged , receiving free drinks and even a romantic horse - drawn carriage ride . When they arrive at his hotel room , Lucas kisses her in a drunken stupor ; despite possessing feelings for him , Brooke pulls away from him as he is still in love with Peyton . Leaving Lucas with some words of wisdom , Brooke tells him to concentrate on getting his novel published and tells him that they probably wo n't see each other for a while . Returning home , Victoria confronts her about her `` engagement '' to Lucas . After clearing the air , Brooke tells her mother , `` And Lucas Scott was the one boy I might have lost it for . '' Brooke then agrees to her mother 's offer to expand the clothing line , wishing to get lost in work in an effort to cure her broken heart from Lucas . Season 5 ( edit ) Four years after high school and having become a multimillion - dollar household name , Brooke Davis now runs her own clothing line , magazine , and fashion channel . Becoming fed up with her life as a celebrity , Brooke decides to return to Tree Hill after a distraught phone call from her old best friend , Peyton Sawyer . Upon her return , she becomes a `` fill - in nanny '' for her godson , Jamie Scott , and buys the abandoned Karen 's Café to refurbish into a C / B clothing store in order to run her fashion line from her hometown . Eager to settle back in Tree Hill , Brooke spontaneously buys a house ( furniture and all ) and invites Peyton to live with her . However , the CEO of her company , who also turns out to be her mother Victoria , is not happy about Brooke 's choice to stay in Tree Hill and makes an unexpected visit to her house to take Brooke back to New York . Brooke and Victoria `` bond '' over the store opening , but she is oblivious that Victoria is running around insulting all of her friends . The store 's opening is both a social success and a commercial failure , leading her mother to tear her down . She then reaches the breaking point after her mother attacks Peyton and rejects her daughterly love confession , beginning to rule her company her way and refusing to consider Victoria her mother any longer . Brooke considers dating Owen , a bartender , and sets Mouth up on a blind date with Milicent . She also tells Peyton to go after Lucas because they are meant to be and comforts her after she finds out he proposed to Lindsey . She uses her naked - in - the - back - of - the - car trick on Owen and successfully gets his attention but then refuses to sleep with him . Brooke then slowly becomes friends with Lindsey but after they get stuck in the library with Haley , Peyton and Mia , Peyton tells her that she 's her best friend and will always be , stopping the awkwardness . She travels to New York with Owen after she challenges him since he thinks she does nothing for her job . She shows him a space she bought to expand and they find Rachel , overdosed on drugs . Feeling guilty for firing her earlier , Brooke takes Rachel back to Tree Hill with her so she can live in Brooke 's big house with her and Peyton . She attends Lucas and Lindsey 's joint bachelor / bachelorette party with Owen , who brings along a surprise guest Chase , whom she had unknowingly set Peyton up with . She finally fires Victoria from the company after she scares Rachel off for monetary purposes . She tells Peyton and Lucas that she came back to Tree Hill to have a baby , because there was a void in her heart only having a family could fill . Due to this decision Brooke gets interviewed by a woman from an adoption agency who Brooke finds out has spoken to Victoria . Because of her young age , busy life and party past , Brooke is turned down . Owen then immediately ends his potential relationship with Brooke , after finding out she wants a baby , calling her selfish . However , she gets to have a baby , as she gains momentary custody of Angie who is there to get her heart operated on and finds it immediately challenging , but finds comfort and help in the form of Peyton and Lucas Brooke is terrified and distraught over the possibility of Angie not making it through her surgery , but Angie comes out perfectly and everything in Brooke 's world calms down . She then has to return Angie early making her distraught but strengthening her friendship with Lucas . In the season finale , Lucas calls someone asking that someone if she wants to get married at Las Vegas -- the someone could be Lindsey , Peyton or Brooke . Season 6 ( edit ) Brooke is taunted by her mother by saying she will take over the company but Brooke has a new clothing line in sketches she is presenting to the board . Victoria demands her to give her the sketches to which Brooke says no . Brooke is assaulted and badly beaten by a masked assailant at the end of the season six premiere . Not wanting to go to the authorities to report the assault and attract bad publicity , Brooke instead turns to Deb in hopes of keeping it a secret and learning to shoot a gun . Nathan visits Brooke at her home to tell her he will be there for her if she needs him because she 's always been there for his family . Nathan realizes he and Brooke are alike in many ways so he can relate to her problems . Brooke attends Quentin Field 's funeral to support Lucas , Nathan , Haley , Skills and Jamie with their loss . As Jamie places Q 's cape over his casket , Brooke breaks down for the first time since her attack . Jamie comforts her by holding her hand . Brooke regrets the lack of family in her life but after a talk with Haley and Jamie realizes she has everything she needs . She travels to New York to confront Victoria over the attack , who firmly denies any involvement . Brooke then gives up ownership of Clothes Over Bros to Victoria . Brooke bonds with Sam and eventually becomes her foster mother . Brooke also reveals to Peyton the truth about her attack . Owen returns to Tree Hill and attempts to win Brooke back , but they are slow to reconnect romantically . When they eventually discuss the issue , Brooke states that she 's not ready for a relationship since she wants to focus on her new foster daughter , Sam , for a while . Afterwards , they part on friendly terms . Brooke receives a phone call from Patricia , the woman from the adoption agency who interviewed her last season , leaving Brooke a message that there is a newborn that Brooke can adopt . When Brooke calls Patricia back , Brooke mentions that she 's fostering Sam , and Patricia tells her that could cause complications in the adoption . Following the dream episode written by Chad Michael Murray , Brooke is approached by Julian to design the costumes for Lucas ' movie , which she initially declines , but decides to think about it . Brooke briefly clashed with Sam over a boy named Jack spent the night . She later reveals to Sam that she was attacked . As Jack and Sam begin talking about Brooke , they talk about how Sam once said that Brooke needed to be `` put in her place '' . A smitten Jack listened to Sam , and had someone attack Brooke for Sam 's pleasure . Sam realizes this and gets the stolen sketches back , and when she shows them to Brooke , Brooke begins breaking down and seeing this , Sam leaves again . Brooke begins searching for Sam and gets into a fight with Owen along the way . She goes to the cafe Sam frequents and bumps into Julian , who walks out . The waitress tells Brooke that Julian inquired about Sam , and she begins considering him as a decent guy ( possibly romantically ) . At the conclusion of the episode , a heartbroken Sam gets into a car with Jack and his brother , and it is revealed that Jack 's brother was actually the one who attacked Brooke . It is also revealed that this is the same guy who murdered Quentin . Brooke Goes in search for Sam with Peyton by her side . After searching all over Tree Hill and finding little help from a police officer ( due to Sam not being missing long enough ) , she realizes Sam must be at her friend Jack Daniels ' house , and gets the address from Haley . She tells Peyton she wants to confront Sam alone because they have a lot to talk about , and goes to Jack 's house by herself . She does n't find Jack or Sam there , but she does meet with Jack 's older brother , X , who has Sam bound and gagged in a closet . X denies knowing where Sam is , and he talks in a sexually suggestive manner to Brooke , who thinks he is weird but is unfazed . As Brooke walks down the sidewalk after the visit , he says `` Have a nice night '' which is the same line her attacker uttered as she lay bleeding on the floor of her store after the attack . Brooke realizes that X is the one who beat her , and that he must have Sam . She bangs on the door and when he opens it , she sprays mace in his face and beats him until he 's incapacitated , then rushes through the house looking for Sam . As she finds her , Sam begs her to leave , but Brooke refuses . She starts to undo the tape binding her , but X sneaks up behind Brooke and drags her away as Sam screams . X tries to strangle Brooke , but she spits in his face and knocks him away . Brooke runs , but X chases her and knocks her to the floor . The pair struggle and X indicates that he is going to kill Brooke and enjoy it and that she is just a weak little rich girl . But Brooke finds her purse , grabs her gun and stands with it pointed at X 's head , telling him the rich little girl is going to stay awhile as Julian and Jack rush into the house and Sam breaks free of the last of the tape . Brooke cocks the gun , tells Rex she hates him and that she is n't the same girl that he attacked , and is about to shoot him , but Sam begs her not to , calling Brooke `` Mom '' and saying she needs her . Brooke knocks her attacker unconscious with the gun instead and kicks him over , telling him to `` Have a nice night . '' After the police arrive , they find Quentin 's wallet and Brooke realizes X is Q 's murderer and cries on Julian 's shoulder . Peyton tells Brooke about her pregnancy , and Brooke is thrilled , even though it was Brooke who wanted a family the most . Meanwhile , after agreeing to do the costumes for Lucas ' movie , Brooke invites Julian over . Sam makes fun of Brooke by saying that it 's a date , while Brooke insists it 's simply a business meeting . Sam then says `` his man junk 's got a meeting with your lady business . '' After which Brooke calls Sam Samantha in a very Mom - like fashion . After a long night of drinking and conversation about their parents , Julian and Brooke realize they are alike in many ways . At the end of the episode , the two begin making out . Peyton catches the drift that Brooke and Julian are starting a romantic relationship and warns Brooke that after she broke up with him , he slept with an A-list actress after his movie premiere at the Sundance Film Festival . Later , Peyton receives a visit from Julian 's dad , with whom Peyton seems to have a great relationship with , and he tells her that Julian not only did not have sex with a famous actress after Sundance , but did not even go to his own movie premiere because he was so depressed after their breakup . Peyton tells this to Brooke , and Brooke decides that Julian is worth the trouble , and Brooke and Julian officially start a romantic relationship . Brooke sleeps with Julian and later tells Peyton , who yet again reassures her that it 's not violating `` girl code '' since they shared three guys already : ' sex tape ' ( Nathan ) , Lucas , and now Julian . Brooke meets the girl playing her in Lucas ' movie , Missy , and Missy basically stalks Brooke trying to imitate her every move , even going so far as doing Brooke 's `` signature move '' of stripping down in Brooke 's backseat . Brooke and Julian are really happy together until she finds out Missy is always implying Brooke is a slut because she was told that Brooke 's major role in high school was sex . Brooke confronts Julian and tells him `` High School Brooke graduated '' , then temporarily breaks up with him . He then shows her a re-created manuscript in which it now reads a long list of Brooke 's character traits that she has now , and this appears to mend their relationship . Brooke storms out of her room and into the bathroom yelling at Julian for `` something inappropriate that he did '' . It turns out he told her that he loves her , and she struggles with telling him she loves him back . Brooke repeatedly tells him that she cares very deeply for him , but she 's not in love with him yet because it 's too soon . Julian decides to call it a `` deleted scene '' so they can start fresh . Brooke goes to the police station and bails out Sam after she is caught shoplifting , and yells at her , calling her `` unfixable '' . Sam thinks this is because of a fight she is having with Julian since Brooke is ignoring all his phone calls . During another argument between the two , Julian calls and Sam grabs Brooke 's phone and answers it , then gives it to Brooke , and Julian tells her the movie has been shut down and he is returning to Los Angeles . He comes and says goodbye to her , and yet again tells her he loves her before leaving . She apologizes to Sam after Julian tells her the shoplifting was only to protect Jack , and to make it up to her , Brooke finds Jack and allows him to spend the night . Thinking that Julian left for L.A. the night before , she is confused when he comes to see her in her store . She soon finds out he is leaving that night , but it 's not goodbye because he has two tickets for her and Sam to come with him . She spends the episode wrestling with her decision since she has many factors to consider such as moving Sam around , her store , being Peyton 's maid of honor , knowing him for only one month , etc . In the end she does go to the airport , but to tell him she 's not coming . They share one final kiss and Julian then boards a plane back home . Victoria returns to Tree Hill and attempts to lure Brooke back to Clothes Over Bros after the company goes under . Victoria guilts her into it by telling her if she does n't return , hundreds of employees will be out of work , and this hits a soft spot in Brooke and she returns to the company with a 51 / 49 % split between her and Victoria , and Brooke says that Victoria still does n't have a daughter . She also goes to the hospital after Peyton 's accident and Lucas tells her about Peyton 's condition , and she passes the news on to Haley . Sam also yells at her for locking her heart and letting Julian go . She finds it hard to have Victoria around again , especially since she is getting very close to Sam , which makes Brooke jealous because she believes Victoria is trying to be to Sam what she never was to Brooke . She reaches her breaking point when she finds out Victoria has been hiding and shredding letters addressed to Sam from her birth mother . She shows Sam the letters , and gives her blessing for Sam to get to know her real mother , although , in actuality , it hurts Brooke to see this . A month after Sam meets her mother , she continues to speak with her and she gets to know her well . Seeing she may be losing Sam , Brooke draws up adoption papers . However , she and Sam eventually agree that it would be best for Sam to live with her birth mom , which leads to an emotional parting between the two in Victoria 's presence . On the day of Lucas and Peyton 's wedding , Brooke puts the finishing touches on Peyton 's wedding dress and they have an emotional conversation about how Peyton wants Brooke to be there for Lucas and the baby in case she does n't make it through the dangerous delivery . Lucas surprises her by telling her that he has invited Julian to the wedding to be her date , but Julian reveals he already has a date - Missy , the girl that was to play Brooke in Lucas ' shut - down movie . In retaliation , Brooke gets Nick Lachey to be her date . Throughout the night Brooke and Julian use their respective partners to make each other jealous , but at the end of the night , Brooke and Julian are left alone and Brooke tells him she misses him and ca n't deal with seeing him again , and she leaves . He goes to the store to find her but runs into Victoria , and he tells her off about the way she belittles Brooke and then says that he loves her and is n't giving up . Brooke returns to the store after Lucas and Peyton 's wedding reception and asks Victoria if there were any messages , and she replies `` no '' without telling her what Julian said . She shows up at the hospital when Peyton has her emergency surgery . Four days later , Peyton is in a coma and Brooke has not left the hospital , and she is the second one to find out when Peyton wakes up ( after Lucas ) . She says goodbye to Julian , who has been staying with her for moral support after Peyton goes into a coma . The next day she visits Peyton and baby Sawyer , and Peyton tells Brooke that she and Lucas have made Sawyer 's middle name Brooke in honor of her best friend . Victoria later tells her to go to L.A. and tell Julian she loves him because Victoria once let a boy go and has never forgiven herself , and she also tries to give Brooke full control of the company after realizing she loved the company more than Brooke and she should n't have because Brooke is her daughter and she loves her . After an emotional bonding between the two , Brooke asks Victoria to stay on as her partner , and takes her advice by going to see Julian on his movie set in L.A. and finally telling him she loves him , and the two kiss , officially putting their future together back on track . Season 7 ( edit ) Brooke and Julian have been happily together in the 14 months between Seasons 6 and 7 , although they have spent much of the time apart . Brooke and Julian are having a romantic date at the beach when he tells her that he is leaving to produce a movie in New Zealand and will be gone for eight months , and she encourages him to do it even though she is clearly heartbroken . A few moments earlier , she wrote `` Marry Me '' in the sand but she never told Julian once she knew about his new movie . She attends Jamie 's 7th birthday party and once again writes him a check for a large sum of money . After the party , Julian and Brooke go to the beach where he tells her that he turned the movie down to be with her , and he officially moves in . Brooke hires Alex Dupre as a model for COB after seeing her acting skills and beauty in a movie . But when Millicent picks her up and brings her to the store , she is not what Brooke expected and they begin coming up with ways to get rid of her . Alex overhears them , and when she comes out of the dressing room wearing Brooke 's dress , she plays Brooke into changing her mind , unaware that the speech Alex gave to win Brooke over was actually a line from the movie Brooke watched Alex in . Alex begins taking an immediate interest in Julian . Julian begins working on a movie with Alex , until Victoria notices her crush on him and informs Brooke . After Alex tells Brooke she stripped naked for Julian Brooke fires her and tells Julian to sleep on the couch . On a girls night with Haley , she assures Brooke that Julian loves her and he 's not going anywhere . Brooke has a pregnancy scare and wants to tell Julian but he left to see Alex as he fears she will begin using drugs again , and she does n't get the chance to . Rachel returns to Tree Hill for a vacation and tries to apologize to Brooke for stealing money from her by giving her a cheque with interest , but Brooke slaps her and tells her to stay away . When she gets home to find that Julian is still with Alex , she cries in front of her bathroom mirror and says to herself `` Why ca n't you be the one who gets the baby and the boy ? '' before throwing her birth control pills in the garbage . However , it is revealed that the doctor not only told Brooke she is n't pregnant , but that she can never get pregnant . She tells this to Julian who feels guilty he was n't there ... She also battles with Millicent after she demands to be paid $500,000 for being the face of Clothes Over Bros ( which she has become after Alex got fired ) , which hurts Brooke after all she 's done for Millie and how ungrateful she 's being despite of that . She tells Victoria about her problems with Millicent and how those problems are because of Alex 's influence , and Victoria says she will `` take care of Alex '' . Brooke is furious when Julian confides Alex that she ca n't have kids and that he wants kids . After talking with Victoria about the situation , Victoria helps her realize that Julian might not be the one for her , and she asks Julian to take another movie because she wants time to be alone with herself before she can trust him again . Julian calls her after he finds Alex in her bathtub after slitting her wrists , and she goes to the hospital to support her now estranged boyfriend . After finding out about Millicent 's actions Brooke fires her and tells her to get help . Brooke and Julian spend 6 weeks apart when Brooke goes on a business trip with Alexander to start her men 's line , which she has officially named Clothes 4 Bros. She returns from her trip and runs into Julian at the airport , only to see that he 's waiting for Alex . Julian comes to see her and they yet again fight about Alex , and when they fight again at Haley 's concert . Julian tells Brooke he ca n't do it anymore and breaks up with her , leaving her heartbroken since she 's still in love with him . She agrees to be the fashion designer for Julian and Alex 's film . On the movie set , which is built to look like Lucas ' house , she watches a set crew member paint Lucas ' bedroom door brown , making her think of `` the girl behind the red door '' Brooke begins thinking about her relationship with Julian , and decides she wants to try to make things better , so she sweet - talks the hotel concierge into giving her Julian 's room key , but when she enters the room , she finds Alex naked in Julian 's bed , and hears a man in the shower , but when she sees Julian 's sweater hanging from the bedpost . Believing Julian and Alex slept together , she punches Alex in the face on set the next day and gets banned from the set by Julian only to find out she actually slept with Alexander ... Once she realizes what a huge mistake she made , she apologizes to Julian and tells him the reason she 's been acting so crazy is that she 's still in love with him and misses him , and the two kiss and make up . They attend the funeral of Haley 's mom together , Julian moves back in later that night , and they have a romantic evening alone . She attends Quinn 's gallery opening and Julian tells her about Alex and Josh 's sextape , and Brooke tells Julian he should help Alex through it , which surprises him considering her jealous history with Alex . Julian shows Brooke his finished movie , and despite him thinking it 's bad , Brooke tells him she loved it , and encourages him to enter it in a film festival he 's been too nervous to do . Victoria tells Brooke her she is returning to New York City and Alexander is coming with her to run Brooke 's men 's line , Clothes 4 Bros. As Victoria is about to leave , the two share a very emotional goodbye and Victoria tells Brooke how much she loves and how proud of her she is . Brooke the rest of the gang on a trip to Utah for the premiere of Julian 's movie . After the premiere Julian proposes to Brooke on a walk through the snow . Season 8 ( edit ) The season starts with Brooke and Julian engaged and happier than ever . The two talk about the future and how Brooke ca n't have kids , so Julian proposes they spend all day in bed trying anyway . Haley comes over to tell Brooke about her pregnancy but catches Brooke and Julian in a compromising position . Shortly after Haley leaves , the police come to the door and arrest Brooke , and she is charged with a number of money - related crimes regarding Clothes Over Bros. Knowing she had nothing to do with this , a furious Brooke is released from jail and has Julian bring her to her store to meet with Victoria and Millicent , whom Julian had fly to Tree Hill from New York to deal with this , and the two of them eventually reveal that they lied about how much money the company makes to their investors to better support the launch of Clothes 4 Bros and not involving Brooke in this decision in fear of her overruling it . Brooke watches as the company immediately goes under and her store gets shut down , its inventory then completely cleaned out . After a conversation with Millie asking her how she could have allowed and helped Victoria to do this , she seeks comfort in Julian and tells him everything 's gone , but he reminds her she still has him , and always will . After meeting with the company lawyer to hear what they are being charged with and the consequences , she finds out about Quinn and Clay 's shooting from Haley and goes to the hospital for support while Julian goes to pick up Jamie from the park . She offers moral support for Nathan and Haley , and she tells them about her legal troubles . She later asks Victoria if she was ever proud of her , saying that if she was , she never would have lied to make the company sound better than it actually is , and Victoria tells her she lied because she believes in Brooke and knew she could make miracles happen no matter what would happen , and Brooke tells Julian it 's her fault that this happened because she empowered them to do this in her absence . Brooke meets with Victoria and she tells Brooke that her and the lawyers have come up with a way for Brooke to keep the company , but wo n't tell Brooke specifically what that entails . Brooke and Julian take Jamie for the day while Nathan and Haley are at the hospital with Clay and Quinn and they play baseball at the park with him , and he sleeps over as well , telling them they will make great parents someday . Brooke gets a visit from Millicent and she is told that Victoria 's plan to have Brooke keep the company is Victoria going to prison to take the blame , and after Brooke tries to stop her and tells her she does n't want her to go , Victoria says she has to do it because it is her fault . Brooke drops her off at the prison and watches as her mother goes in , sad that things had to end this way . Brooke visits her mom in prison and is surprised that Victoria 's doing her job from behind bars , but after one of her investors comes to her store and tells her that thanks to their lies he lost all the money for his daughter 's college education , she decides to sell her company to pay back all of her investors , but when she 's told this would only return 70 % of their lost money , she tells the attorney to liquidate all of her personal fortune as well , giving away everything she 's got to help make things right . After Victoria finds out Brooke has sold the company that Victoria worked so hard to build and even went to prison to protect , she 's furious with her daughter and calls her stupid , telling her she never wants to speak to her again and for her to not come visit her at the prison anymore . After Julian and Haley help her realize it is Victoria 's own fault she 's behind bars and she 's the reason Brooke was forced to sell , she goes back to the prison and tells Victoria off , saying everything she 's ever done was only done to make her proud , and regardless of whether or not Victoria 's okay with Brooke selling the company , she tells her mother she will never have the opportunity to talk to Brooke as meanly and rudely as she did the day before , and says she wo n't be back to visit . She holds a press conference later that night , and promises her investors they will have all of their money back , then tells the press she looks forward to what comes next in her life . The morning of Halloween , a woman knocks on Brooke 's door saying `` trick or treat '' , and after Brooke insults her for being too old to be a trick or treater , she is shocked to find the woman is actually Julian 's mom , Sylvia Baker , who 's come a few weeks before the wedding , telling them that she will pay for their entire wedding to give them the wedding they 've always dreamed about . However , Brooke soon comes to find out that Sylvia is very opinionated and does not like Brooke 's tastes , wants , and desires for her wedding , arguing with Brooke on almost every topic , from the bridesmaids dresses to the food to the photographer , and even Brooke 's desire to design her own wedding dress . Once her company has officially been sold and she 's no longer affiliated with Clothes Over Bros , she takes out her frustrations on Sylvia by saying she does n't want her money or her input for the wedding and wants to do it her way with her budget , causing a rift between the two , though they later patch this up after Julian tells Brooke that Sylvia 's only been acting how she has been acting because she is threatened by Brooke , since Sylvia was always the closest person in Julian 's life before Brooke came along . After ruining most of the dishes she tries to cook for Thanksgiving dinner , she attends a large gathering at Nathan and Haley 's for the holiday , where she 's reunited with a fresh - out - of - prison Victoria , which Brooke is not pleased about at all , nor is she pleased that Victoria and Sylvia seem to be getting along great and bonding throughout the dinner . She later comes to find out that Sylvia was the one who found out about Victoria 's release and invited her to dinner hoping that her and Brooke could fix things , but only did so to make Brooke happy , so Brooke tells her future mother - in - law that Julian is the man that he is because of Sylvia 's influence and that 's all the happiness she needs . After having a bad daydream of her wedding going horribly wrong due to how poor she 's become and how bad it will be as a result , she realizes she has no inspiration whatsoever to continue re-planning her wedding now that she can no longer have the wedding of her dreams . While going through some old boxes looking for something to inspire her , she and Julian find the list of things Brooke always wanted to try but never did , which Millie created for her back in Season 6 and includes things such as skydiving , watching every James Bond movie , getting drunk at Octoberfest , learning to speak French , and more , so Julian helps her do almost everything on the list , and afterwards , he promises her that no matter what happens he will make sure that she will get to experience the final item left on her list , which is having a baby . As a huge storm is ripping through Tree Hill , Brooke and Julian argue over him suggesting they move to Los Angeles now that she no longer has her job in Tree Hill , which was one of her main reasons for staying . She accuses him of wanting her to lose her company so that they could move , and blows off steam by going for a drive despite the bad storm . Julian calls her and tells her to come home , and when she says she ca n't see the road well , he says he will come get her and she tells him where she is , but the call is then cut off when Brooke hits the brakes to avoid hitting someone standing in the middle of the road , which turns out to be Jamie 's friend Chuck . She runs out of the car and asks him what happened , and he says there was an accident and points to a flipped SUV on the side of the bridge . She runs over to the car and finds Jamie , Madison , and Lauren , who 's still unconscious . As Chuck and Madison wait in Brooke 's car , Brooke helps Lauren out of the wreckage and tries to free Jamie as well , who 's pinned down by his seatbelt . When Brooke realizes Chuck has a concussion and is having a hard time staying awake , she tells Lauren to use her car and take the kids to the hospital while she tries to free Jamie . Eventually Julian finds them , but right after he arrives , a speeding car dodges a downed powerline in the middle of the road and hits the back of the SUV , causing it to fall over the bridge and into the water with Brooke and Jamie still inside . Julian dives into the water and finds that now not only is Jamie trapped , but Brooke 's leg is stuck underneath the steering wheel . Julian tells them the car is not sinking as the wheels are touching the bottom of the river , and the mood calms slightly until the levy breaks and water comes rushing into the car , and Julian is forced to save Jamie first while Brooke is still stuck inside , since Brooke tells him Jamie is just a child and needs help before she does . After getting Jamie out of the car and up to the road , Julian jumps back into the water and finds Brooke struggling to stay above the water , and by the time he frees her , she has lost consciousness and it seems as though she 's drowned . He carries her up to the road and begins performing CPR on her , but she does not respond and he breaks down into tears thinking his fiancé has died . However , Brooke 's hand twitches and after a few more rounds of CPR she regains consciousness and coughs up water , and the ambulance arrives shortly after to take her to the hospital . After a bachelorette party thrown by Haley in which Brooke , Millie , Quinn , Alex , and Sylvia get extremely drunk and wake up not remembering the night before , the girls run around town with clues they find piecing together the events that took place . Brooke loses her engagement ring , and is also shocked to hear from a waitress that she kissed someone during their drunken outing , only to later find out that the guy she kissed was Julian , who came to the bar they were at to see her , and he also took her engagement ring so that she would n't lose it while drunk . After finding out that Sawyer is sick and Peyton will not be attending her wedding , she asks Haley to be her maid of honor . Brooke and Julian 's wedding occurs in the following episode , with Victoria walking Brooke down the aisle after her father does not show up to the wedding , and Julian finally becomes Brooke 's husband . Now that they are married , Brooke finds herself bored now that she no longer has a wedding to plan and Julian is off directing a commercial , so she comes up with the idea for her , Haley , and Quinn to dress up like superheroes and help people in need that Haley finds through the crisis center she works for . The three `` heroes '' help a young girl who 's being bullied by three high school mean girls . She spends all of Valentine 's Day playing sexual role - playing games with Julian , and at the end of the night , he tells her that they should start looking into adopting a child , which Brooke is ecstatic about . The couple goes to an adoption agency and are interviewed by a 19 - year - old mother - to - be named Chloe Hall , who 's giving her baby up for adoption . Brooke makes her and Julian seem like the perfect couple , and Chloe believes this until she goes to Brooke 's house to speak with her and walks into Haley 's baby shower , where she hears a little more than she bargained for , such as Victoria 's prison time and Brooke losing her company . Despite all of this , she ultimately decides to give her baby to Brooke and Julian when it 's born . Chloe informs them that the baby will be coming sooner than expected , causing Brooke to begin trying to get the baby 's room together . Chloe talks to Brooke as she 's painting the room and tells her about the baby 's father and why she chose to give the baby up for adoption , and soon after she leaves to go home , they get a call from the hospital that Chloe has gone into labor and the baby is coming tonight . Brooke and Julian rush to the hospital to be with Chloe for the delivery of their new baby , during which time Chloe says that she would probably be a great mother , she just does n't want to raise the baby alone . However , Brooke and Julian are shocked when Chloe 's boyfriend Eric , the father of her baby , shows up at the hospital and Chloe ends up deciding to keep the baby now that she can raise the little girl with her boyfriend , not alone , leaving Brooke crushed , especially because Chloe had a little baby girl , which is exactly what Brooke wanted . While dealing with the emotional aftermath of the adoption falling through , she receives a job offer from Clothes Over Bros to move to New York and return to the company to design . She discusses this with Victoria , who thinks it 's a great idea that she should not turn down , and after Julian tells her he thinks it 's a great idea as well , she decides to take the job . However , she later decides to turn down the job after she finds out shockingly enough that she 's pregnant , which she finds out after Chase asks Alex to take a drug test for him as he 's trying to enter the Air Force but smoked weed during the Kid Cudi show and could not take it , and when he gets a call from the lab saying the person who gave the sample is pregnant , he tells Alex she 's pregnant as he thought she took the test but it is revealed that Alex would n't have been able to pass the test either as she ate pot brownies that Quinn made so she went to ask Julian to take the test but Brooke took it instead , meaning the person pregnant is n't Alex but actually Brooke . Quinn gets a photoshoot offer for B. Davis magazine to shoot a model in Puerto Rico and she invites Alex , Brooke , and Lauren to go with her . During the trip , Brooke tries to hide her pregnancy from Quinn and Lauren ( with Alex already knowing about it because of the drug test ) as she and Julian decided they did n't want to tell anybody as it 's too early , but Quinn eventually figures it out when Brooke makes it obvious by not eating sushi and throwing all of her alcohol shots over her shoulder to avoid drinking them . When she returns to Tree Hill , she finds that Haley has decided to turn Brooke 's former store back into Karen 's Cafe now that she 's moving to New York , causing Brooke to finally tell Haley that she turned down the job and is staying in Tree Hill because she 's pregnant , and instead offers to be Haley 's partner so they can open the cafe together . In the season finale , several flash - forwards over the course of one year show Brooke at various stages throughout her pregnancy . Brooke and Haley officially re-open Karen 's Cafe as business partners , and right around this time ( approximately four months into her pregnancy ) , she finds out she 's actually carrying twins . Three months later , she falls down as she is trying to get a bag of flour off of a high shelf at the cafe and her babies are delivered prematurely , although another flash - forward shows that her twin boys , Davis and Jude , are perfectly fine and healthy , and Brooke and Julian finally have the family they 've always wanted . Season 9 ( edit ) In Season 9 , Haley and Brooke have reopened Karen 's Cafe . Brooke and Julian are shown to be very tired as Davis and Jude do not sleep much . For their christening , Brooke has Haley be godmother and asks her father to be godfather . Victoria , who is now very close to Brooke and the twins , is unhappy about this and tries to convince Brooke that Ted , her father , will never be there for Brooke or the boys . She is almost proved to be true when they are waiting in the church for Ted , but he shows up at the last minute and is made godfather to Davis and Jude . Brooke , having pitched an idea to Victoria for a new clothing line ( Baker Man ) but after Victoria rejected it , asks her father about it , wanting to spend more time with him . Ted agrees , but it soon becomes clear that all Ted is more interested in the clothing line than spending quality time with his daughter and grandsons . Julian has opened his own sound stage , and after getting very stressed out about it he leaves baby Davis in the car and Davis is rushed to hospital . Although Davis is fine , Brooke is initially very angry with Julian , but after talking to Haley , tells him she forgives him . Julian does not forgive himself so easily , punishing himself even by getting himself beaten up , and Brooke tries to help him . A rival cafe has opened across from Karen 's Cafe , called Tree Hill Cafe , and the owner Tara plays dirty tricks to win customers , including planting cockroaches and hanging a sign that says Karen 's Cafe hires murderers ( from when Dan helped out Haley when she was short - staffed ) . After Tara sends a note that says ' Fry your burgers , not your babies ! ' referring to Julian and Davis 's accident , Brooke smashes up Tree Hill Cafe . When Xavier , Brooke 's attacker and Quentin Fields ' killer , is released from prison despite Brooke speaking at his parole hearing , he asks Brooke for a job and eats at the cafe . When Julian warns him off , he gets a job at Tree Hill Cafe . After much taunting of Brooke , he attacks her in a car park . He nearly kills her with a knife , but Tara tasers him , saving Brooke . Brooke recovers from her horrific encounter with Xavier and moves past it . Tree Hill is hosting the annual burning boat festival and it brings up old memories for Brooke . She wishes her family could have just sat together and been a family . Brooke goes to a hotel to discuss Baker Man with her mom and finds her father is there . She leaves the room in a hurry disgusted by seeing her parents had slept together . Her parents realize they have made lots of mistake and confront her . They tell her they want to start fresh and be a family . They all watch the burning boat festival together as a family when Brooke decided to give them yet another chance to prove her wrong . Her family officially launches Baker Boys online , and then Brooke buys the Tree Hill Cafe across from Karen 's Cafe to open a store . She tells Haley that the corner will be their little corner of the world . Julian surprises Brooke with the house that she grew up in . He tells her a real family deserves to live there and she will always continue to be the girl behind the red door . Brooke , Julian and their boys end up living a happy life in Tree Hill where they frequently go to Ravens Basketball games to cheer on her godson , Jamie Scott . Clothes over Bros ( edit ) The initial Clothes Over Bros line features styles from casual to dressy . It was an immediate hit with her customers , selling past their expectations on the website . She was later put in the difficult position of choosing between showcasing her designs at a New York fashion show and starting her career , or leading her Tree Hill cheerleaders to their final competition . In the end , Brooke chose the latter , once she realized that she was not yet ready to enter the fast - paced world of fashion and was more than happy to finish off her senior year with her friends . During an interview with the school 's counselor , Brooke voices her intentions of studying fashion design after high school . Clothes Over Bros continues to be recognized in season four , with Brooke 's designs appearing in local fashion shows . When Brooke is involved in a cheating scandal , she 's forced to keep from turning herself in to administration in order to maintain an offer to sell her clothing line by Victoria 's Secret . She eventually does turn herself in to the principal , but does not get into trouble . In season five , Clothes Over Bros has become a full - blown fashion company headed by Brooke Davis herself , but with the business side carried out by her mother , Victoria . The Clothes Over Bros dynasty consists of B. Davis Magazine and a high - end couture line . The Clothes Over Bros logo ( C B ) is incorporated on Peyton 's drawing of a heart on fire . The label 's name itself is based on the saying between Brooke and Peyton , `` hoes over bros , '' and was first tagged in a conversation between Haley and Brooke . Brooke admits that she started her company `` Clothes Over Bros '' to deal with her broken heart after her breakup with Lucas . When she moves back to Tree Hill , she opens a C / B store at Karen 's Cafe . In season six , Brooke signs her company over to her mother , Victoria , after thinking Victoria had her attacked and robbed ( it was later revealed to be Jack 's brother ) . Her store remains empty for the majority of the season . In `` I Would For You '' , Victoria returns telling Brooke the company is going under and if she does n't return , hundreds will lose their jobs , and she reluctantly returns to the company . Victoria later signs the company back over to Brooke realizing her daughter is more important . She hires an actress , Alex Dupre , to be the new face of Clothes Over Bros , and after Millicent stands in for a model during a fashion show Brooke puts together at TRIC , she asks her to be a model as well . Currently , Victoria is President of the company with Millicent as Vice President . Brooke is still the owner but runs her small store in Tree Hill . Clothes 4 Bros ( edit ) Also , she comes up with the idea to begin making clothes for men , which Brooke is thinking of calling `` Clothes For Bros '' . She later hires Millicent to be the other face of the company after she wows the crowd during a fashion show at TRIC . She eventually fires both of them after Alex constantly flirts with Julian and causes strain to their relationship , and Millicent begins taking diet pills and doing cocaine , and also for stealing a dress from the store. Millicent is later hired back by Victoria after getting on a DUI charge because Victoria called the police . Brooke begins working with a man Victoria hired named Alexander to develop a brand new men 's line , `` Clothes FOR Bros '' . Alexander is the president of Clothes Over Bros but reports to Victoria . Legal troubles ( edit ) At the beginning of season eight , Brooke is arrested and charged with various monetary crimes which she had nothing to do with . She later finds out that Victoria and Millicent lied to C / B investors behind her back , reporting a higher company revenue in order to increase their chances of having the men 's line picked up and funded . As a result of these crimes , the company goes under , Brooke 's store is shut down , and there is the possibility of jailtime for whomever is responsible . Victoria and Millicent work closely with the company lawyers to ensure Brooke keeps the company , and eventually an agreement is proposed which would allow Brooke to keep the company in exchange for a fine and Victoria serving prison time . Victoria agrees despite Brooke asking her not to . After an investor confronts her personally and tells her he lost all the money for his daughter 's college education after investing it in her company , she decides to sell the company , as well as liquidate her own funds , to pay back all of her investors 100 % of the money they lost investing in the clothing line . She soon signs away all of her ownership rights to the company . Brooke gets an offer to move back to New York and return to the company later in the season in Episode 8.19 , but declines after finding out she 's pregnant and wants to stay in Tree Hill to raise her baby , later finding out she 's actually pregnant with twins , whom she names Davis Nathan Baker and Jude Andrew Baker , giving birth to them in the season finale . See also ( edit ) Quotes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ birth certificate shown in 4x02 , `` Things I Forgot at Birth '' Jump up ^ Brooke Davis description Retrieved : 2010 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ Brooke Davis bio Retrieved : 2010 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ Karen Roe bio Archived June 10 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved : 2010 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ One Tree Hill episode 4.16 You Call it Madness , But I Call it Love Jump up ^ Ross , Robyn ( Sep 23 , 2008 ) . `` One Tree Hill Episode 6.04 : `` Bridge Over Troubled Water '' `` . TV Guide . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2009 . Retrieved Aug 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ross , Robyn ( Nov 10 , 2008 ) . `` One Tree Hill Episode 6.10 : `` Even Fairy Tale Characters Would Be Jealous '' `` . TV Guide . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2009 . Retrieved Aug 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mark Schwahn ( writer ) , Gregory Prange ( director ) ( 2008 - 01 - 08 ) . `` 4 Years , 6 Months , 2 Days '' . One Tree Hill . Season 5 . Episode 1 . The CW . Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5x02 : Racing Like a Pro Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5.03 : My Way Home is through You Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5.04 It 's Alright Ma I 'm only bleeding Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5.06 Do n't Dream it 's Over Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5.07 In Da Club Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5.08 Please please please let me get what I want Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5.09 For Tonight You 're Only Here to Know Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5.10 Running To Stand Still Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5.11 You 're Gonna Need Someone On Your Side Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5.12 Hundred Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5.13 Echoes , Silence , Patience , and Grace Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5.14 What Do You Go Home To ? Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5.15 Life Is Short Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5x17 Hate Is Safer Than Love Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5x18 What Comes After The Blues Jump up ^ Lucas ' decision to call Payton was only revealed in Episode 6x01 ( Touch Me I 'm Going to Scream , Part 1 ) Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 6.01 Touch Me I 'm Going To Scream , Part 1 Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 6.04 Bridge Over Troubled Water Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 606 Choosing My Own Way Of Life Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 609 Sympathy For The Devil Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 610 Even Fairy Tale Characters Would Be Jealous Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 611 We Three ( My Echo , My Shadow , And Me ) Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 612 You Have Got To Be Kidding ( Autopsy Of The Devil 's Brain ) Jump up ^ One Tree Hill , Episode 613 , Things A Mama Do n't Know Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 614 A Hand To Take Hold Of The Scene ) Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 615 We Change , We Wait ) Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 616 Screenwriter 's Blues ) Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 617 You And Me And The Bottle Make Three Tonight Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 618 Searching For A Former Clarity Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 619 Letting Go Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 620 I Would For You Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 6x21 A Kiss To Build A Dream On Jump up ^ Ross , Robyn ( May 5 , 2009 ) . `` One Tree Hill Episode 6.22 : `` Show Me How To Live '' `` . TV Guide . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2009 . Retrieved Aug 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 6x23 Forever and Almost Always Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 6x24 Remember Me as a Time of Day Jump up ^ One Tree Hill season 6 episode 1 `` Touch Me I 'm Going to Scream , Part 1 '' Jump up ^ One Tree Hill season 6 episode 24 `` Remember Me as a Time of Day '' Jump up ^ One Tree Hill season 7 episode 21 `` What 's in the Ground Belongs to You '' hide One Tree Hill Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Characters Lucas Scott Nathan Scott Peyton Sawyer Haley James Scott Brooke Davis Mouth McFadden Jamie Scott Millicent Huxtable Julian Baker Clay Evans Quinn James Episodes `` Pilot '' `` With Tired Eyes , Tired Minds , Tired Souls , We Slept '' `` 4 Years , 6 Months , 2 Days '' Related Official soundtracks `` I Do n't Want to Be '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brooke_Davis&oldid=843806322 '' Categories : One Tree Hill ( TV series ) characters Fictional cheerleaders Fictional characters from North Carolina Fictional businesspeople Fictional people in fashion Fictional socialites Fictional characters introduced in 2003 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from September 2012 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles with topics of unclear notability from June 2010 All articles with topics of unclear notability Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from October 2009 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Television articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles with multiple maintenance issues Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español Français Italiano Nederlands Norsk Português Српски / srpski Svenska Türkçe 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 31 May 2018 , at 16 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who does brooke marry on one tree hill | [
"Brooke Penelope Davis is a fictional character from the CW television series One Tree Hill, portrayed by Sophia Bush. Initially introduced as the best friend of the show's original female lead, Peyton Sawyer, throughout her experiences, Brooke grows from a wild and generally carefree girl into a more mature and grounded young woman. Along with Peyton, she becomes a key player in the series' central love triangle involving Lucas Scott. In later seasons, however, her character arc shifts its attention to her career as a fashion designer at Clothes Over Bros, as well as her romance and eventual marriage to Julian Baker, with whom she would have twin sons, Davis and Jude Baker."
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"Julian Baker"
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3378727446651348755 | Mining industry of Egypt | Mining industry of Egypt - wikipedia Mining industry of Egypt The Turin mining papyrus depicts mines in the Wadi Hammamat and is the oldest known map of its kind . Mining in Egypt has had a long history that goes back to predynastic times . Egypt has substantial mineral resources , including 48 million tons of tantalite ( fourth largest in the world ) , 50 million tons of coal , and an estimated 6.7 million ounces of gold in the Eastern Desert . The total real value of minerals mined was about £ E 102 million ( US $ 18.7 million ) in 1986 , up from £ E60 million ( US $11 million ) in 1981 . The chief minerals in terms of volume output were iron ore , phosphates , and salt . The quantities produced in 1986 were estimated at 2,048 , 1,310 , and 1,233 tons , respectively , compared with 2,139 , 691 , and 883 tons in 1981 . In addition , minor amounts of asbestos ( 313 tons ) and quartz ( 19 tons ) were mined in 1986 . Preliminary exploration in Sinai indicated the presence of zinc , tin , lead , and copper deposits . Private sector exploration and exploitation activities so far have been limited . Only recently , AngloGold Ashanti with its joint Venture Partner Thani Dubai and a Canadian listed exploration company , Alexander Nubia International have been undertaking exploration in Egypt 's Eastern Desert with some success . Centamin Ltd. , a mineral exploration company founded in Australia , started a massive mining project in Sukari Hill . Contents 1 History 2 Modern technology and gold exploration 3 See more 4 References History ( edit ) See also : History of Egypt and Stone quarries of ancient Egypt Miners worshipped Hathor , the `` goddess of turquoise '' , who was believed to protect them . Gold mining in Upper Egypt can be traced back to predynastic times , and the earliest map known in the world from the Ramesside Period dating to about 1160 BCE , shows the route to the gold mines in the Wadi Hammamat , Eastern Desert . Gold mining started with alluvial workings in Egypt and was followed by shallow underground vein mining in Nubia about 1300 BCE , during the New Kingdom period . The methods of working included fire - setting to weaken rocks by thermal shock , a method described by Diodorus Siculus in his Bibliotheca historica written about 60 BCE . The technique of quarrying granite and limestone was an advanced technology by the time the pyramids were being built . Marble , alabaster and diorite were used for making statues , basalt for making sarcophagi , and dolomite for hammers to work hard stones . Precious and semi-precious stones that were extensively mined and worked as well included turquoise , beryl , amethyst , lapis lazuli and malachite . Hathor was the miner 's patron goddess , and her temples , statues or inscriptions were found in many rediscovered mining locations . A major temple to Hathor constructed by Seti II was found at the copper mines in Timna valley ; another temple was discovered in Serabit el - Khadim , where turquoise was mined in antiquity , in an expedition led by Sir Flinders Petrie . Egypt became a major gold - producer during the Old Kingdom and remained so in the next 1,500 years , with interruptions when the kingdom broke down . During the New Kingdom , the production of gold steadily increased , and mining became more intensive as new fields were developed . British historian Paul Johnson says that it was gold rather than military power which sustained the Egyptian empire and made it the world power throughout the third quarter of the second millennium BCE . Most gold mines known today in Egypt have been exploited for high - grade gold ( 15 g / t gold or greater ) by the ancient Egyptians. , however there has been limited exploration that applies modern day techniques where deposits can be viable based on gold grades as low as 0.5 g / t ( provided there is sufficient tonnage and readily available infrastructure ) . The earliest known beryl mine in the world is located in the mountain valley of Wadi Sikait , Eastern Desert . Its mining started during the Ptolemaic period , although most of mining activities date to the Roman and Byzantine periods . All the other beryl mining sites such as Gebel Zabara , Wadi Umm Debaa and Wadi Gimal are Roman - Byzantine or Islamic ( mid-6th century onward ) in date . Beryl mining ceased in Egypt when the Spanish Empire discovered superior - quality emeralds in Colombia in the 16th century . Modern technology and gold exploration ( edit ) Sukari mine Alteration zones are considered the most promising areas for mineral exploration in the Central Eastern Desert ( CED ) . Ancient gold miners in Egypt were only targeting the smoky quartz veins that contain large amounts of gold ; however , they left the alteration areas untouched . Remote sensing and geophysical techniques can provide cost - effective tools that can give valuable information about the new mineralization sites . Mapping of the potential mineralized alteration zones is a critical task to enhance mineral exploration in the CED . Previously , such mapping works had utilized standard remote - sensing techniques such as image rationing , principal component analysis , and image classifications . Recent study implemented the Spectral Angle Mapper ( SAM ) classification , surface structure , aeromagnetic data , and the Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis ( MCDA ) to aid for better mapping results of the prospective mineralized alterations in CED . For instances , Spectral Angle Mapper ( SAM ) classification is one of the powerful classification techniques that can be integrated with aeromagnetic data to map the potential gold sites associated within the alteration zone in CED . The United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) spectral signature data for alteration minerals can be used as an end - member for the SAM classification . To aid in better mapping , the SAM result can be constrained by the structural elements that restrict the mapping to the actual alteration sites . The surface lineation layer from digital remote sensing data and the geophysical information such as total magnetic intensities can be deployed to understand the tectonic regimes in the CED and to detect the structural patterns that control the existence of the gold deposits . For more details please see See more ( edit ) Economy of Egypt References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Mining in Egypt -- Unexplored Territory '' ( PDF ) . International Finance Corporation . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 1 , 2011 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Country Study : Egypt '' . US Library of Congress , Federal Research Division . December 1993 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 22 . This article incorporates text from the source , which is in the public domain . Jump up ^ fer , Cache ( August 2006 ) . `` A Gold Mine Worth LE 23 Billion ( and counting ) '' . Egypt Today . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ McDermott , Bridget ( 2001 ) . Decoding Egyptian Hieroglyphs . Chronicle Books . p. 79 . ISBN 0 - 8118 - 3225 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Spotlights on the Exploitation and Use of Minerals and Rocks through the Egyptian Civilization '' . Egypt State Information Service . 2005 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 11 - 20 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Paul . The Civilization Of Ancient Egypt . HarperCollins . p. 94 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 019434 - 0 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Paul ( 1999 ) . The Civilization Of Ancient Egypt . HarperCollins . p. 113 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 019434 - 0 . Jump up ^ Marsden , John . The Chemistry of Gold Extraction . Society of Mining Metallurgy and Exploration . p. 2 . ISBN 0 - 87335 - 240 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Paul ( 1999 ) . The Civilization Of Ancient Egypt . HarperCollins . p. 149 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 019434 - 0 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Paul ( 1999 ) . The Civilization Of Ancient Egypt . HarperCollins . p. 79 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 019434 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Harell , James A. ( June 2004 ) . `` Archaeological geology of the world 's first emerald mine '' . Geoscience Canada . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ Hasan , E. ; Fagin , T. ; El Alfy , Z. ; Hong , Y. ( 2016 ) . `` Spectral Angle Mapper and aeromagnetic data integration for gold - associated alteration zone mapping : a case study for the Central Eastern Desert Egypt '' . International Journal of Remote Sensing. 37 ( 8 ) : 1762 -- 1776 . doi : 10.1080 / 01431161.2016. 1165887 . Jump up ^ Hasan , E. ; Fagin , T. ; El Alfy , Z. ; Hong , Y. ( 2016 ) . `` Spectral Angle Mapper and aeromagnetic data integration for gold - associated alteration zone mapping : a case study for the Central Eastern Desert Egypt '' . International Journal of Remote Sensing. 37 ( 8 ) : 1762 -- 1776 . doi : 10.1080 / 01431161.2016. 1165887 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mining in Egypt . Mining in Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde ( Cabo Verde ) Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies and other territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla ( Spain ) Madeira ( Portugal ) Mayotte / Réunion ( France ) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom ) Egypt topics History Chronology Prehistoric Ancient topics Achaemenid Ptolemaic Battle of Actium Lighthouse of Alexandria Roman Diocese of Egypt Library of Alexandria Christian Sassanid Muslim Muslim conquest Islamization Fustat Tulunid dynasty Ikhshidid dynasty Fatimid Caliphate Crusader invasions Ayyubid dynasty Mamluk Sultanate Mamluk Ottoman Egypt Eyalet Muhammad Ali dynasty Al - Nahda Khedivate Ethiopian -- Egyptian War ' Urabi revolt Modern French occupation Revolt of Cairo British occupation 1919 revolution World War II Sultanate Kingdom 1948 Arab -- Israeli War Republic Nasser era 1952 coup d'état Land reform Suez Crisis United Arab Republic Six - Day War Sadat era Yom Kippur War Libyan -- Egyptian War Assassination of Anwar Sadat Mubarak era 2010s Crisis 2013 Rabaa massacre By topic Anarchism Capital Cigarette industry Constitution Copts Genetic Healthcare Jews Muslim Brotherhood 1928 - 38 1939 - 54 1954 - present Parliament Population Postal Saladin Timekeeping devices By city Alexandria Cairo Port Said Geography Biota Cities Climate Deserts Earthquakes Environmental issues Fossils Geology Halfaya Pass Islands Lakes Mountains Mount Sinai Nile Delta Northern coast Qattara Depression Red Sea Riviera Rivers Nile Sinai Peninsula Suez Canal Towns and villages Wadis Wildlife Politics Administrative divisions Governorates Postal codes Civil Code Conflicts Conscription Constitution Elections Foreign relations Missions Islamic extremism Judiciary Law enforcement Massacres Military Supreme Council Nationality law Parliament Passport Political parties President list Prime Minister list Proposed new capital Refugees of the Syrian Civil War Terrorism Terrorism and tourism Twin towns and sister cities Economy Agriculture Banking National Bank Companies Economic regions Egyptian stock exchange Egyptian pound Energy Entrepreneurship policies Fishing Impact on the environment Lighthouses Military industry Mining Mines Nuclear program Power stations Aswan Dam Role of the Egyptian Armed Forces Tallest buildings Telecommunications Internet Tourism Cultural tourism Transport Airlines Airports Railway stations Water supply and sanitation Water resources management Society General Abortion Animal welfare Billionaires Cannabis Capital punishment Censuses Corruption Crime Human trafficking Mass sexual assault Rape Demographics Diaspora Education Academic grading Law schools Medical schools Schools Universities Families Abaza family Feminism Gender inequality Health Healthcare Hospitals Homelessness Human rights Freedom of religion LGBT rights International rankings Languages Egyptian Arabic Sa'idi Arabic Sign Language Liberalism Literature Prostitution Religion Bahá'í Blasphemy law Christianity Catholic dioceses Coptic Churches Hinduism Identification card controversy Irreligion Islam Ahmadiyya Mosques Niqāb Judaism Synagogues Scientology Smoking Units of measurement Vehicle registration plates Women Culture Art Botanical gardens Castles Cinema Coat of arms Cuisine Beer Wine Films Flag list regions Football Football clubs Football stadiums Egyptians Media Magazines Newspapers Radio TV Museums Music National anthem Olympics Public holidays World Heritage Sites Portal WikiProject Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mining_industry_of_Egypt&oldid=856627477 '' Categories : Mining in Egypt Industry in Egypt History of mining by country Mining industry by country Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Català Español Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 15 : 26 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did all the gold come from in egypt | [
"Gold mining in Upper Egypt can be traced back to predynastic times,[6] and the earliest map known in the world from the Ramesside Period dating to about 1160 BCE, shows the route to the gold mines in the Wadi Hammamat, Eastern Desert.[7] Gold mining started with alluvial workings in Egypt and was followed by shallow underground vein mining in Nubia about 1300 BCE, during the New Kingdom period.[8] The methods of working included fire-setting to weaken rocks by thermal shock, a method described by Diodorus Siculus in his Bibliotheca historica written about 60 BCE.\n"
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"Wadi Hammamat, Eastern Desert"
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-3946546293516021175 | History of rugby union matches between Scotland and Wales | History of rugby union matches between Scotland and Wales - wikipedia History of rugby union matches between Scotland and Wales Jump to : navigation , search Scotland and Wales have played each other at rugby union since 1883 . A total of 123 matches have been played , with Wales winning 71 matches , Scotland winning 49 matches and three matches drawn . Scotland and Wales play each other at least once a year , as both have been in the Six Nations Championship , and its predecessor competitions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 1.1 Overall 1.2 Records 2 Results 3 References Summary ( edit ) Overall ( edit ) Details Played Won by Scotland Won by Wales Drawn Scotland points Wales points In Scotland 61 33 25 745 722 In Wales 61 16 45 0 515 918 Neutral venue 0 0 13 19 Overall 123 49 71 1273 1659 Records ( edit ) Note : Date shown in brackets indicates when the record was or last set . Record Scotland Wales Longest winning streak 5 ( 3 Feb 1923 -- 3 Feb 1927 ) 9 ( 9 Feb 2008 -- 13 Feb 2016 ) Largest points for Home 35 ( 2 February 1924 ) 51 ( 15 March 2014 ) Away 34 ( 20 March 1982 ) 46 ( 13 March 2005 ) Largest winning margin Home 25 ( 2 February 1924 ) 48 ( 15 March 2014 ) Away 16 ( 20 March 1982 ) 24 ( 13 March 2005 ) Results ( edit ) No . Date Venue Score Winner Competition Match report 8 January 1883 Raeburn Place , Edinburgh 3G -- 1G Scotland 1883 Home Nations Championship 12 January 1884 Rodney Parade , Newport 0 -- 1G Scotland 1884 Home Nations Championship 10 January 1885 Hamilton Crescent , Glasgow 0 -- 0 draw 1885 Home Nations Championship 9 January 1886 National Stadium , Cardiff 0 -- 2G Scotland 1886 Home Nations Championship 5 26 February 1887 Raeburn Place , Edinburgh 4G -- 0 Scotland 1887 Home Nations Championship 6 4 February 1888 Rodney Parade , Newport ( 1T ) 0G -- 0 Wales 1888 Home Nations Championship 7 2 February 1889 Raeburn Place , Edinburgh ( 2T ) 0G -- 0 Scotland 1889 Home Nations Championship 8 1 February 1890 National Stadium , Cardiff 2 -- 8 Scotland 1890 Home Nations Championship 9 7 February 1891 Raeburn Place , Edinburgh 15 -- 0 Scotland 1891 Home Nations Championship 10 6 February 1892 St Helen 's , Swansea 2 -- 7 Scotland 1892 Home Nations Championship 11 4 February 1893 Raeburn Place , Edinburgh 0 -- 9 Wales 1893 Home Nations Championship 12 3 February 1894 Rodney Parade , Newport 7 -- 0 Wales 1894 Home Nations Championship 13 26 January 1895 Raeburn Place , Edinburgh 5 -- 4 Scotland 1895 Home Nations Championship 14 25 January 1896 National Stadium , Cardiff 6 -- 0 Wales 1896 Home Nations Championship 15 4 March 1899 Inverleith , Edinburgh 21 -- 10 Scotland 1899 Home Nations Championship 16 27 January 1900 St Helen 's , Swansea 12 -- 3 Wales 1900 Home Nations Championship 17 9 February 1901 Inverleith , Edinburgh 18 -- 8 Scotland 1901 Home Nations Championship 18 1 February 1902 National Stadium , Cardiff 14 -- 5 Wales 1902 Home Nations Championship 19 7 February 1903 Inverleith , Edinburgh 6 -- 0 Scotland 1903 Home Nations Championship 20 6 February 1904 St Helen 's , Swansea 21 -- 3 Wales 1904 Home Nations Championship 21 4 February 1905 Inverleith , Edinburgh 3 -- 6 Wales 1905 Home Nations Championship 22 3 February 1906 National Stadium , Cardiff 9 -- 3 Wales 1906 Home Nations Championship 23 2 February 1907 Inverleith , Edinburgh 6 -- 3 Scotland 1907 Home Nations Championship 24 1 February 1908 St Helen 's , Swansea 6 -- 5 Wales 1908 Home Nations Championship 25 6 February 1909 Inverleith , Edinburgh 3 -- 5 Wales 1909 Home Nations Championship 26 5 February 1910 National Stadium , Cardiff 14 -- 0 Wales 1910 Five Nations Championship 27 4 February 1911 Inverleith , Edinburgh 10 -- 32 Wales 1911 Five Nations Championship 28 3 February 1912 St Helen 's , Swansea 21 -- 6 Wales 1912 Five Nations Championship 29 1 February 1913 Inverleith , Edinburgh 0 -- 8 Wales 1913 Five Nations Championship 30 7 February 1914 National Stadium , Cardiff 24 -- 5 Wales 1914 Five Nations Championship 31 7 February 1920 Inverleith , Edinburgh 9 -- 5 Scotland 1920 Five Nations Championship 32 5 February 1921 St Helen 's , Swansea 8 -- 14 Scotland 1921 Five Nations Championship 33 4 February 1922 Inverleith , Edinburgh 9 -- 9 draw 1922 Five Nations Championship 34 3 February 1923 National Stadium , Cardiff 8 -- 11 Scotland 1923 Five Nations Championship 35 2 February 1924 Inverleith , Edinburgh 35 -- 10 Scotland 1924 Five Nations Championship 36 7 February 1925 St Helen 's , Swansea 14 -- 24 Scotland 1925 Five Nations Championship 37 6 February 1926 Murrayfield , Edinburgh 8 -- 5 Scotland 1926 Five Nations Championship 38 5 February 1927 National Stadium , Cardiff 0 -- 5 Scotland 1927 Five Nations Championship 39 4 February 1928 Murrayfield , Edinburgh 0 -- 13 Wales 1928 Five Nations Championship 40 2 February 1929 St Helen 's , Swansea 14 -- 7 Wales 1929 Five Nations Championship 41 1 February 1930 Murrayfield , Edinburgh 12 -- 9 Scotland 1930 Five Nations Championship 42 7 February 1931 National Stadium , Cardiff 13 -- 8 Wales 1931 Five Nations Championship 43 6 February 1932 Murrayfield , Edinburgh 0 -- 6 Wales 1932 Home Nations Championship 44 4 February 1933 St Helen 's , Swansea 3 -- 11 Scotland 1933 Home Nations Championship 45 3 February 1934 Murrayfield , Edinburgh 6 -- 13 Wales 1934 Home Nations Championship 46 2 February 1935 National Stadium , Cardiff 10 -- 6 Wales 1935 Home Nations Championship 47 1 February 1936 Murrayfield , Edinburgh 3 -- 13 Wales 1936 Home Nations Championship 48 6 February 1937 St Helen 's , Swansea 6 -- 13 Scotland 1937 Home Nations Championship 49 5 February 1938 Murrayfield , Edinburgh 8 -- 6 Scotland 1938 Home Nations Championship 50 4 February 1939 National Stadium , Cardiff 11 -- 3 Wales 1939 Home Nations Championship 51 1 February 1947 Murrayfield , Edinburgh 8 -- 22 Wales 1948 Five Nations Championship 52 7 February 1948 National Stadium , Cardiff 14 -- 0 Wales 1948 Five Nations Championship 53 5 February 1949 Murrayfield , Edinburgh 6 -- 5 Scotland 1949 Five Nations Championship 54 4 February 1950 St Helen 's , Swansea 12 -- 0 Wales 1950 Five Nations Championship 55 3 February 1951 Murrayfield , Edinburgh 19 -- 0 Scotland 1951 Five Nations Championship 56 2 February 1952 National Stadium , Cardiff 11 -- 0 Wales 1952 Five Nations Championship 57 7 February 1953 Murrayfield , Edinburgh 0 -- 12 Wales 1953 Five Nations Championship 58 10 April 1954 St Helen 's , Swansea 15 -- 3 Wales 1954 Five Nations Championship 59 5 February 1955 Murrayfield , Edinburgh 14 -- 8 Scotland 1955 Five Nations Championship 60 4 February 1956 National Stadium , Cardiff 9 -- 3 Wales 1956 Five Nations Championship 61 2 February 1957 Murrayfield , Edinburgh 9 -- 6 Scotland 1957 Five Nations Championship 62 1 February 1958 National Stadium , Cardiff 8 -- 3 Wales 1958 Five Nations Championship 63 7 February 1959 Murrayfield , Edinburgh 6 -- 5 Scotland 1959 Five Nations Championship 64 6 February 1960 National Stadium , Cardiff 8 -- 0 Wales 1960 Five Nations Championship 65 11 February 1961 Murrayfield , Edinburgh 3 -- 0 Scotland 1961 Five Nations Championship 66 3 February 1962 National Stadium , Cardiff 3 -- 8 Scotland 1962 Five Nations Championship 67 2 February 1963 Murrayfield , Edinburgh 0 -- 6 Wales 1963 Five Nations Championship 68 1 February 1964 National Stadium , Cardiff 11 -- 3 Wales 1964 Five Nations Championship 69 6 February 1965 Murrayfield , Edinburgh 12 -- 14 Wales 1965 Five Nations Championship 70 5 February 1966 National Stadium , Cardiff 8 -- 3 Wales 1966 Five Nations Championship 71 4 February 1967 Murrayfield , Edinburgh 11 -- 5 Scotland 1967 Five Nations Championship 72 3 February 1968 National Stadium , Cardiff 5 -- 0 Wales 1968 Five Nations Championship 73 1 February 1969 Murrayfield , Edinburgh 3 -- 17 Wales 1969 Five Nations Championship 74 7 February 1970 National Stadium , Cardiff 18 -- 9 Wales 1970 Five Nations Championship 75 6 February 1971 Murrayfield , Edinburgh 18 -- 19 Wales 1971 Five Nations Championship 76 5 February 1972 National Stadium , Cardiff 35 -- 12 Wales 1972 Five Nations Championship 77 3 February 1973 Murrayfield , Edinburgh 10 -- 9 Scotland 1973 Five Nations Championship 78 19 January 1974 National Stadium , Cardiff 6 -- 0 Wales 1974 Five Nations Championship 79 1 March 1975 Murrayfield , Edinburgh 12 -- 10 Scotland 1975 Five Nations Championship 80 7 February 1976 National Stadium , Cardiff 28 -- 6 Wales 1976 Five Nations Championship 81 19 March 1977 Murrayfield , Edinburgh 9 -- 18 Wales 1977 Five Nations Championship 82 18 February 1978 National Stadium , Cardiff 22 -- 14 Wales 1978 Five Nations Championship 83 20 January 1979 Murrayfield , Edinburgh 13 -- 19 Wales 1979 Five Nations Championship 84 1 March 1980 National Stadium , Cardiff 17 -- 6 Wales 1980 Five Nations Championship 85 7 February 1981 Murrayfield , Edinburgh 15 -- 6 Scotland 1981 Five Nations Championship 86 20 March 1982 National Stadium , Cardiff 18 -- 34 Scotland 1982 Five Nations Championship 87 19 February 1983 Murrayfield , Edinburgh 15 -- 19 Wales 1983 Five Nations Championship 88 21 January 1984 National Stadium , Cardiff 9 -- 15 Scotland 1984 Five Nations Championship 89 2 March 1985 Murrayfield , Edinburgh 21 -- 25 Wales 1985 Five Nations Championship 90 1 February 1986 National Stadium , Cardiff 22 -- 15 Wales 1986 Five Nations Championship 91 21 March 1987 Murrayfield , Edinburgh 21 -- 15 Scotland 1987 Five Nations Championship 92 20 February 1988 National Stadium , Cardiff 25 -- 20 Wales 1988 Five Nations Championship 93 21 January 1989 Murrayfield , Edinburgh 23 -- 7 Scotland 1989 Five Nations Championship 94 3 March 1990 National Stadium , Cardiff 9 -- 13 Scotland 1990 Five Nations Championship 95 2 February 1991 Murrayfield , Edinburgh 32 -- 12 Scotland 1991 Five Nations Championship 96 21 March 1992 National Stadium , Cardiff 15 -- 12 Wales 1992 Five Nations Championship 97 20 February 1993 Murrayfield , Edinburgh 20 -- 0 Scotland 1993 Five Nations Championship 98 15 January 1994 National Stadium , Cardiff 29 -- 6 Wales 1994 Five Nations Championship 99 4 March 1995 Murrayfield , Edinburgh 26 -- 13 Scotland 1995 Five Nations Championship 100 17 February 1996 National Stadium , Cardiff 14 -- 16 Scotland 1996 Five Nations Championship 101 18 January 1997 Murrayfield , Edinburgh 19 -- 34 Wales 1997 Five Nations Championship 102 7 March 1998 Wembley Stadium , London , England 19 -- 13 Wales 1998 Five Nations Championship 103 6 February 1999 Murrayfield , Edinburgh 33 -- 20 Scotland 1999 Five Nations Championship 104 18 March 2000 Millennium Stadium , Cardiff 26 -- 18 Wales 2000 Six Nations 105 17 February 2001 Murrayfield , Edinburgh 28 -- 28 Draw 2001 Six Nations 106 6 April 2002 Millennium Stadium , Cardiff 22 -- 27 Scotland 2002 Six Nations 107 8 March 2003 Murrayfield , Edinburgh 30 -- 22 Scotland 2003 Six Nations 108 30 August 2003 Millennium Stadium , Cardiff 23 -- 9 Wales 2003 Rugby World Cup warm - up 109 14 February 2004 Millennium Stadium , Cardiff 23 -- 10 Wales 2004 Six Nations 110 13 March 2005 Murrayfield , Edinburgh 22 -- 46 Wales 2005 Six Nations 111 12 February 2006 Millennium Stadium , Cardiff 28 -- 18 Wales 2006 Six Nations 112 10 February 2007 Murrayfield , Edinburgh 21 -- 9 Scotland 2007 Six Nations 113 9 February 2008 Millennium Stadium , Cardiff 30 -- 15 Wales 2008 Six Nations 114 8 February 2009 Murrayfield , Edinburgh 13 -- 26 Wales 2009 Six Nations 115 13 February 2010 Millennium Stadium , Cardiff 31 -- 24 Wales 2010 Six Nations 116 12 February 2011 Murrayfield , Edinburgh 6 -- 24 Wales 2011 Six Nations BBC 117 12 February 2012 Millennium Stadium , Cardiff 27 -- 13 Wales 2012 Six Nations 118 9 March 2013 Murrayfield , Edinburgh 18 -- 28 Wales 2013 Six Nations 119 15 March 2014 Millennium Stadium , Cardiff 51 -- 3 Wales 2014 Six Nations 120 15 February 2015 Murrayfield , Edinburgh 23 -- 26 Wales 2015 Six Nations 121 13 February 2016 Millennium Stadium , Cardiff 27 -- 23 Wales 2016 Six Nations 122 25 February 2017 Murrayfield , Edinburgh 29 -- 13 Scotland 2017 Six Nations 123 3 February 2018 Millennium Stadium , Cardiff 34 -- 7 Wales 2018 Six Nations References ( edit ) Jump up ^ WRU Results Archive Archived 2009 - 06 - 21 at the Wayback Machine . Head - to - head records of Tier 1 rugby union national teams Argentina Argentina Australia England France Ireland Italy New Zealand Scotland South Africa Wales Australia Argentina Australia England France Ireland Italy New Zealand Scotland South Africa Wales England Argentina Australia England France Ireland Italy New Zealand Scotland South Africa Wales France Argentina Australia England France Ireland Italy New Zealand Scotland South Africa Wales Ireland Argentina Australia England France Ireland Italy New Zealand Scotland South Africa Wales Italy Argentina Australia England France Ireland Italy New Zealand Scotland South Africa Wales New Zealand Argentina Australia England France Ireland Italy New Zealand Scotland South Africa Wales Scotland Argentina Australia England France Ireland Italy New Zealand Scotland South Africa Wales South Africa Argentina Australia England France Ireland Italy New Zealand Scotland South Africa Wales Wales Argentina Australia England France Ireland Italy New Zealand Scotland South Africa Wales Six Nations Championship Teams England France Ireland Italy Scotland Wales Stadia Twickenham Stadium Stade de France Stade Vélodrome Aviva Stadium Stadio Olimpico Murrayfield Stadium Principality Stadium Seasons Home 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 Five 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 Home 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 Five 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 Six 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Head - to - head records England France Ireland Italy Scotland Wales France England Ireland Italy Scotland Wales Ireland England France Italy Scotland Wales Italy England France Ireland Scotland Wales Scotland England France Ireland Italy Wales Wales England France Ireland Italy Scotland Honours Auld Alliance Trophy Triple Crown Grand Slam Calcutta Cup Centenary Quaich Giuseppe Garibaldi Trophy Millennium Trophy Wooden Spoon Championship records Hat - tricks Under 20s Championship Women 's Championship Scotland national rugby union team Scottish Rugby Union History Records Players All Players Killed in World War I Killed in World War II Home stadiums Murrayfield Stadium Competitions and trophies Rugby World Cup Six Nations Championship Triple Crown Grand Slam Auld Alliance Trophy Calcutta Cup Centenary Quaich Hopetoun Cup Related teams Sevens Scotland A Scotland B Scotland Club XV U21s U20s U19s U18s U19s U18s Matches By opponent Argentina Australia England Barbarians Fiji France Ireland Italy New Zealand Romania Samoa South Africa Wales See also England ( 1871 ) Tours Australia 1982 1992 1998 2012 New Zealand 1981 1990 2000 South Africa 1999 2003 2006 2014 Argentina 1969 1994 2008 2014 Zimbabwe 1988 1995 Oceania 1993 1998 2012 North America 1985 2002 2014 Japan 1989 2016 See also Flower of Scotland Wales national rugby union team Welsh Rugby Union History 2004 -- present Records Players All Players Captains Killed in the World Wars Tries by Shane Williams Home stadiums Millennium Stadium Cardiff Arms Park St. Helen 's Competitions and trophies Rugby World Cup Six Nations Championship Triple Crown Grand Slam James Bevan Trophy Prince William Cup Related teams Wales A Sevens U20s U18s Matches By opponent Argentina Australia Barbarians Canada England Fiji France Italy Ireland Japan New Zealand Samoa Scotland South Africa Tonga United States See also Results Tours Oceania 1969 1978 1986 1988 1991 1994 2003 2007 2012 2016 Africa 1964 1990 1995 1998 2002 2008 2014 Argentina 1968 1999 2006 North America 1980 1989 1994 1997 2005 Asia 2001 2013 Spain See also Max Boyce Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau Calon Lân Cwm Rhondda Old Scores Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_rugby_union_matches_between_Scotland_and_Wales&oldid=833085355 '' Categories : Wales national rugby union team matches Scotland national rugby union team matches Six Nations Championship Rugby union rivalries in Wales Rugby union rivalries in Scotland Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 15 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did scotland last beat wales in rugby | [
"\n\nNo.\nDate\nVenue\nScore\nWinner\nCompetition\nMatch report\n\n\n1\n8 January 1883\nRaeburn Place, Edinburgh\n3G–1G\n Scotland\n1883 Home Nations Championship\n\n\n\n2\n12 January 1884\nRodney Parade, Newport\n0–1G\n Scotland\n1884 Home Nations Championship\n\n\n\n3\n10 January 1885\nHamilton Crescent, Glasgow\n0–0\ndraw\n1885 Home Nations Championship\n\n\n\n4\n9 January 1886\nNational Stadium, Cardiff\n0–2G\n Scotland\n1886 Home Nations Championship\n\n\n\n5\n26 February 1887\nRaeburn Place, Edinburgh\n4G–0\n Scotland\n1887 Home Nations Championship\n\n\n\n6\n4 February 1888\nRodney Parade, Newport\n(1T) 0G–0\n Wales\n1888 Home Nations Championship\n\n\n\n7\n2 February 1889\nRaeburn Place, Edinburgh\n(2T) 0G–0\n Scotland\n1889 Home Nations Championship\n\n\n\n8\n1 February 1890\nNational Stadium, Cardiff\n2–8\n Scotland\n1890 Home Nations Championship\n\n\n\n9\n7 February 1891\nRaeburn Place, Edinburgh\n15–0\n Scotland\n1891 Home Nations Championship\n\n\n\n10\n6 February 1892\nSt Helen's, Swansea\n2–7\n Scotland\n1892 Home Nations Championship\n\n\n\n11\n4 February 1893\nRaeburn Place, Edinburgh\n0–9\n Wales\n1893 Home Nations Championship\n\n\n\n12\n3 February 1894\nRodney Parade, Newport\n7–0\n Wales\n1894 Home Nations Championship\n\n\n\n13\n26 January 1895\nRaeburn Place, Edinburgh\n5–4\n Scotland\n1895 Home Nations Championship\n\n\n\n14\n25 January 1896\nNational Stadium, Cardiff\n6–0\n Wales\n1896 Home Nations Championship\n\n\n\n15\n4 March 1899\nInverleith, Edinburgh\n21–10\n Scotland\n1899 Home Nations Championship\n\n\n\n16\n27 January 1900\nSt Helen’s, Swansea\n12–3\n Wales\n1900 Home Nations Championship\n\n\n\n17\n9 February 1901\nInverleith, Edinburgh\n18–8\n Scotland\n1901 Home Nations Championship\n\n\n\n18\n1 February 1902\nNational Stadium, Cardiff\n14–5\n Wales\n1902 Home Nations Championship\n\n\n\n19\n7 February 1903\nInverleith, Edinburgh\n6–0\n Scotland\n1903 Home Nations Championship\n\n\n\n20\n6 February 1904\nSt Helen’s, Swansea\n21–3\n Wales\n1904 Home Nations Championship\n\n\n\n21\n4 February 1905\nInverleith, Edinburgh\n3–6\n Wales\n1905 Home Nations Championship\n\n\n\n22\n3 February 1906\nNational Stadium, Cardiff\n9–3\n Wales\n1906 Home Nations Championship\n\n\n\n23\n2 February 1907\nInverleith, Edinburgh\n6–3\n Scotland\n1907 Home Nations Championship\n\n\n\n24\n1 February 1908\nSt Helen’s, Swansea\n6–5\n Wales\n1908 Home Nations Championship\n\n\n\n25\n6 February 1909\nInverleith, Edinburgh\n3–5\n Wales\n1909 Home Nations Championship\n\n\n\n26\n5 February 1910\nNational Stadium, Cardiff\n14–0\n Wales\n1910 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n27\n4 February 1911\nInverleith, Edinburgh\n10–32\n Wales\n1911 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n28\n3 February 1912\nSt Helen’s, Swansea\n21–6\n Wales\n1912 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n29\n1 February 1913\nInverleith, Edinburgh\n0–8\n Wales\n1913 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n30\n7 February 1914\nNational Stadium, Cardiff\n24–5\n Wales\n1914 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n31\n7 February 1920\nInverleith, Edinburgh\n9–5\n Scotland\n1920 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n32\n5 February 1921\nSt Helen’s, Swansea\n8–14\n Scotland\n1921 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n33\n4 February 1922\nInverleith, Edinburgh\n9–9\ndraw\n1922 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n34\n3 February 1923\nNational Stadium, Cardiff\n8–11\n Scotland\n1923 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n35\n2 February 1924\nInverleith, Edinburgh\n35–10\n Scotland\n1924 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n36\n7 February 1925\nSt Helen’s, Swansea\n14–24\n Scotland\n1925 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n37\n6 February 1926\nMurrayfield, Edinburgh\n8–5\n Scotland\n1926 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n38\n5 February 1927\nNational Stadium, Cardiff\n0–5\n Scotland\n1927 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n39\n4 February 1928\nMurrayfield, Edinburgh\n0–13\n Wales\n1928 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n40\n2 February 1929\nSt Helen’s, Swansea\n14–7\n Wales\n1929 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n41\n1 February 1930\nMurrayfield, Edinburgh\n12–9\n Scotland\n1930 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n42\n7 February 1931\nNational Stadium, Cardiff\n13–8\n Wales\n1931 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n43\n6 February 1932\nMurrayfield, Edinburgh\n0–6\n Wales\n1932 Home Nations Championship\n\n\n\n44\n4 February 1933\nSt Helen's, Swansea\n3–11\n Scotland\n1933 Home Nations Championship\n\n\n\n45\n3 February 1934\nMurrayfield, Edinburgh\n6–13\n Wales\n1934 Home Nations Championship\n\n\n\n46\n2 February 1935\nNational Stadium, Cardiff\n10–6\n Wales\n1935 Home Nations Championship\n\n\n\n47\n1 February 1936\nMurrayfield, Edinburgh\n3–13\n Wales\n1936 Home Nations Championship\n\n\n\n48\n6 February 1937\nSt Helen’s, Swansea\n6–13\n Scotland\n1937 Home Nations Championship\n\n\n\n49\n5 February 1938\nMurrayfield, Edinburgh\n8–6\n Scotland\n1938 Home Nations Championship\n\n\n\n50\n4 February 1939\nNational Stadium, Cardiff\n11–3\n Wales\n1939 Home Nations Championship\n\n\n\n51\n1 February 1947\nMurrayfield, Edinburgh\n8–22\n Wales\n1948 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n52\n7 February 1948\nNational Stadium, Cardiff\n14–0\n Wales\n1948 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n53\n5 February 1949\nMurrayfield, Edinburgh\n6–5\n Scotland\n1949 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n54\n4 February 1950\nSt Helen’s, Swansea\n12–0\n Wales\n1950 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n55\n3 February 1951\nMurrayfield, Edinburgh\n19–0\n Scotland\n1951 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n56\n2 February 1952\nNational Stadium, Cardiff\n11–0\n Wales\n1952 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n57\n7 February 1953\nMurrayfield, Edinburgh\n0–12\n Wales\n1953 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n58\n10 April 1954\nSt Helen’s, Swansea\n15–3\n Wales\n1954 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n59\n5 February 1955\nMurrayfield, Edinburgh\n14–8\n Scotland\n1955 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n60\n4 February 1956\nNational Stadium, Cardiff\n9–3\n Wales\n1956 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n61\n2 February 1957\nMurrayfield, Edinburgh\n9–6\n Scotland\n1957 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n62\n1 February 1958\nNational Stadium, Cardiff\n8–3\n Wales\n1958 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n63\n7 February 1959\nMurrayfield, Edinburgh\n6–5\n Scotland\n1959 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n64\n6 February 1960\nNational Stadium, Cardiff\n8–0\n Wales\n1960 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n65\n11 February 1961\nMurrayfield, Edinburgh\n3–0\n Scotland\n1961 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n66\n3 February 1962\nNational Stadium, Cardiff\n3–8\n Scotland\n1962 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n67\n2 February 1963\nMurrayfield, Edinburgh\n0–6\n Wales\n1963 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n68\n1 February 1964\nNational Stadium, Cardiff\n11–3\n Wales\n1964 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n69\n6 February 1965\nMurrayfield, Edinburgh\n12–14\n Wales\n1965 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n70\n5 February 1966\nNational Stadium, Cardiff\n8–3\n Wales\n1966 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n71\n4 February 1967\nMurrayfield, Edinburgh\n11–5\n Scotland\n1967 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n72\n3 February 1968\nNational Stadium, Cardiff\n5–0\n Wales\n1968 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n73\n1 February 1969\nMurrayfield, Edinburgh\n3–17\n Wales\n1969 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n74\n7 February 1970\nNational Stadium, Cardiff\n18–9\n Wales\n1970 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n75\n6 February 1971\nMurrayfield, Edinburgh\n18–19\n Wales\n1971 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n76\n5 February 1972\nNational Stadium, Cardiff\n35–12\n Wales\n1972 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n77\n3 February 1973\nMurrayfield, Edinburgh\n10–9\n Scotland\n1973 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n78\n19 January 1974\nNational Stadium, Cardiff\n6–0\n Wales\n1974 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n79\n1 March 1975\nMurrayfield, Edinburgh\n12–10\n Scotland\n1975 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n80\n7 February 1976\nNational Stadium, Cardiff\n28–6\n Wales\n1976 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n81\n19 March 1977\nMurrayfield, Edinburgh\n9–18\n Wales\n1977 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n82\n18 February 1978\nNational Stadium, Cardiff\n22–14\n Wales\n1978 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n83\n20 January 1979\nMurrayfield, Edinburgh\n13–19\n Wales\n1979 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n84\n1 March 1980\nNational Stadium, Cardiff\n17–6\n Wales\n1980 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n85\n7 February 1981\nMurrayfield, Edinburgh\n15–6\n Scotland\n1981 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n86\n20 March 1982\nNational Stadium, Cardiff\n18–34\n Scotland\n1982 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n87\n19 February 1983\nMurrayfield, Edinburgh\n15–19\n Wales\n1983 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n88\n21 January 1984\nNational Stadium, Cardiff\n9–15\n Scotland\n1984 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n89\n2 March 1985\nMurrayfield, Edinburgh\n21–25\n Wales\n1985 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n90\n1 February 1986\nNational Stadium, Cardiff\n22–15\n Wales\n1986 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n91\n21 March 1987\nMurrayfield, Edinburgh\n21–15\n Scotland\n1987 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n92\n20 February 1988\nNational Stadium, Cardiff\n25–20\n Wales\n1988 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n93\n21 January 1989\nMurrayfield, Edinburgh\n23–7\n Scotland\n1989 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n94\n3 March 1990\nNational Stadium, Cardiff\n9–13\n Scotland\n1990 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n95\n2 February 1991\nMurrayfield, Edinburgh\n32–12\n Scotland\n1991 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n96\n21 March 1992\nNational Stadium, Cardiff\n15–12\n Wales\n1992 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n97\n20 February 1993\nMurrayfield, Edinburgh\n20–0\n Scotland\n1993 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n98\n15 January 1994\nNational Stadium, Cardiff\n29–6\n Wales\n1994 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n99\n4 March 1995\nMurrayfield, Edinburgh\n26–13\n Scotland\n1995 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n100\n17 February 1996\nNational Stadium, Cardiff\n14–16\n Scotland\n1996 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n101\n18 January 1997\nMurrayfield, Edinburgh\n19–34\n Wales\n1997 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n102\n7 March 1998\nWembley Stadium, London, England\n19–13\n Wales\n1998 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n103\n6 February 1999\nMurrayfield, Edinburgh\n33–20\n Scotland\n1999 Five Nations Championship\n\n\n\n104\n18 March 2000\nMillennium Stadium, Cardiff\n26–18\n Wales\n2000 Six Nations\n\n\n\n105\n17 February 2001\nMurrayfield, Edinburgh\n28–28\nDraw\n2001 Six Nations\n\n\n\n106\n6 April 2002\nMillennium Stadium, Cardiff\n22–27\n Scotland\n2002 Six Nations\n\n\n\n107\n8 March 2003\nMurrayfield, Edinburgh\n30–22\n Scotland\n2003 Six Nations\n\n\n\n108\n30 August 2003\nMillennium Stadium, Cardiff\n23–9\n Wales\n2003 Rugby World Cup warm-up\n\n\n\n109\n14 February 2004\nMillennium Stadium, Cardiff\n23–10\n Wales\n2004 Six Nations\n\n\n\n110\n13 March 2005\nMurrayfield, Edinburgh\n22–46\n Wales\n2005 Six Nations\n\n\n\n111\n12 February 2006\nMillennium Stadium, Cardiff\n28–18\n Wales\n2006 Six Nations\n\n\n\n112\n10 February 2007\nMurrayfield, Edinburgh\n21–9\n Scotland\n2007 Six Nations\n\n\n\n113\n9 February 2008\nMillennium Stadium, Cardiff\n30–15\n Wales\n2008 Six Nations\n\n\n\n114\n8 February 2009\nMurrayfield, Edinburgh\n13–26\n Wales\n2009 Six Nations\n\n\n\n115\n13 February 2010\nMillennium Stadium, Cardiff\n31–24\n Wales\n2010 Six Nations\n\n\n\n116\n12 February 2011\nMurrayfield, Edinburgh\n6–24\n Wales\n2011 Six Nations\nBBC\n\n\n117\n12 February 2012\nMillennium Stadium, Cardiff\n27–13\n Wales\n2012 Six Nations\n\n\n\n118\n9 March 2013\nMurrayfield, Edinburgh\n18–28\n Wales\n2013 Six Nations\n\n\n\n119\n15 March 2014\nMillennium Stadium, Cardiff\n51–3\n Wales\n2014 Six Nations\n\n\n\n120\n15 February 2015\nMurrayfield, Edinburgh\n23–26\n Wales\n2015 Six Nations\n\n\n\n121\n13 February 2016\nMillennium Stadium, Cardiff\n27–23\n Wales\n2016 Six Nations\n\n\n\n122\n25 February 2017\nMurrayfield, Edinburgh\n29–13\n Scotland\n2017 Six Nations\n\n\n\n123\n3 February 2018\nMillennium Stadium, Cardiff\n34–7\n Wales\n2018 Six Nations\n\n\n"
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-7563075808188060331 | Separation of church and state in the United States | Separation of church and state in the United States - Wikipedia Separation of church and state in the United States Jump to : navigation , search `` Separation of church and state '' is paraphrased from Thomas Jefferson and used by others in expressing an understanding of the intent and function of the Establishment Clause and Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States which reads : `` Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ... '' The phrase `` separation between church & state '' is generally traced to a January 1 , 1802 letter by Thomas Jefferson , addressed to the Danbury Baptist Association in Connecticut , and published in a Massachusetts newspaper . Jefferson wrote , `` `` I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their legislature should ' make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof , ' thus building a wall of separation between Church & State . '' '' Jefferson was echoing the language of the founder of the first Baptist church in America , Roger Williams who had written in 1644 , `` `` ( A ) hedge or wall of separation between the garden of the church and the wilderness of the world . '' '' Article Six of the United States Constitution also specifies that `` no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States . '' Jefferson 's metaphor of a wall of separation has been cited repeatedly by the U.S. Supreme Court . In Reynolds v. United States ( 1879 ) the Court wrote that Jefferson 's comments `` may be accepted almost as an authoritative declaration of the scope and effect of the ( First ) Amendment . '' In Everson v. Board of Education ( 1947 ) , Justice Hugo Black wrote : `` In the words of Thomas Jefferson , the clause against establishment of religion by law was intended to erect a wall of separation between church and state . '' In contrast to separationism , the Supreme Court of the United States in Zorach v. Clauson upheld accommodationism , holding that the nation 's `` institutions presuppose a Supreme Being '' and that government recognition of God does not constitute the establishment of a state church as the Constitution 's authors intended to prohibit . As such , the Court has not always interpreted the constitutional principle as absolute , and the proper extent of separation between government and religion in the U.S. remains an ongoing subject of impassioned debate . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early history 1.1 Former state churches in British North America 1.1. 1 Catholic colonies 1.1. 2 Protestant colonies 1.1. 3 Colonies with no established church 1.1. 4 Tabular summary 1.2 Colonial support for separation 1.3 Jefferson , Madison , and the `` wall of separation '' 1.4 Patrick Henry , Massachusetts , and Connecticut 1.5 Test acts 2 The U.S. Constitution 2.1 Article 6 2.2 The First Amendment 2.3 The 14th Amendment 2.4 The `` Separation '' principle and the Supreme Court 3 The Treaty of Tripoli 4 Interpretive controversies 4.1 Politics and religion in the United States 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links 8.1 American court battles over separation 8.2 Other Early history ( edit ) Many early immigrant groups traveled to America to worship freely , particularly after the English Civil War and religious conflict in France and Germany . They included nonconformists like the Puritans , who were Protestant Christians fleeing religious persecution from the Anglican King of England . Despite a common background , the groups ' views on religious toleration were mixed . While some such as Roger Williams of Rhode Island and William Penn of Pennsylvania ensured the protection of religious minorities within their colonies , others like the Plymouth Colony and Massachusetts Bay Colony had established churches . The Dutch colony of New Netherland established the Dutch Reformed Church and outlawed all other worship , though enforcement was sparse . Religious conformity was desired partly for financial reasons : the established Church was responsible for poverty relief , putting dissenting churches at a significant disadvantage . This , along with many other statements should be footnoted , as it seems more like an opinion than a fact . Former state churches in British North America ( edit ) Catholic colonies ( edit ) When New France was transferred to Great Britain in 1763 , the Catholic Church remained under toleration , but Huguenots were allowed entrance where they had formerly been banned from settlement by Parisian authorities . The Colony of Maryland was founded by a charter granted in 1632 to George Calvert , secretary of state to Charles I , and his son Cecil , both recent converts to Catholicism . Under their leadership many English Catholic gentry families settled in Maryland . However , the colonial government was officially neutral in religious affairs , granting toleration to all Christian groups and enjoining them to avoid actions which antagonized the others . On several occasions low - church dissenters led insurrections which temporarily overthrew the Calvert rule . In 1689 , when William and Mary came to the English throne , they acceded to demands to revoke the original royal charter . In 1701 the Church of England was proclaimed , and in the course of the eighteenth century Maryland Catholics were first barred from public office , then disenfranchised , although not all of the laws passed against them ( notably laws restricting property rights and imposing penalties for sending children to be educated in foreign Catholic institutions ) were enforced , and some Catholics even continued to hold public office . Spanish Florida was ceded to Great Britain in 1763 , the British divided Florida into two colonies . Both East and West Florida continued a policy of toleration for the Catholic Residents . Protestant colonies ( edit ) The colony of Plymouth was founded by Pilgrims , English Dissenters or Separatists , Calvinists . The colonies of Massachusetts Bay , New Haven , and New Hampshire were founded by Puritan , Calvinist , Protestants . New Netherland was founded by Dutch Reformed Calvinists . The colonies of New York , Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , and Georgia were officially Church of England . Colonies with no established church ( edit ) The Province of Pennsylvania was founded by Quakers , but the colony never had an established church . West Jersey , also founded by Quakers , prohibited any establishment . Delaware Colony The Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations , founded by religious dissenters , is widely regarded as the first polity to grant religious freedom to all its citizens . Tabular summary ( edit ) Colony Denomination Disestablished Connecticut Congregational 1818 Georgia Church of England 1789 Maryland Catholic / Church of England 1701 / 1776 Massachusetts Congregational 1780 ( in 1833 state funding suspended ) New Brunswick Church of England New Hampshire Congregational 1790 Newfoundland Church of England North Carolina Church of England 1776 Nova Scotia Church of England 1850 Prince Edward Island Church of England South Carolina Church of England 1790 Canada West Church of England 1854 West Florida Church of England N / A East Florida Church of England N / A Virginia Church of England 1786 West Indies Church of England 1868 ^ Note 1 : In several colonies , the establishment ceased to exist in practice at the Revolution , about 1776 ; this is the date of permanent legal abolition . ^ Note 2 : in 1789 the Georgia Constitution was amended as follows : `` Article IV . Section 10 . No person within this state shall , upon any pretense , be deprived of the inestimable privilege of worshipping God in any manner agreeable to his own conscience , nor be compelled to attend any place of worship contrary to his own faith and judgment ; nor shall he ever be obliged to pay tithes , taxes , or any other rate , for the building or repairing any place of worship , or for the maintenance of any minister or ministry , contrary to what he believes to be right , or hath voluntarily engaged to do . No one religious society shall ever be established in this state , in preference to another ; nor shall any person be denied the enjoyment of any civil right merely on account of his religious principles . '' ^ Note 3 : From 1780 Massachusetts had a system which required every man to belong to a church , and permitted each church to tax its members , but forbade any law requiring that it be of any particular denomination . This was objected to , as in practice establishing the Congregational Church , the majority denomination , and was abolished in 1833 . ^ Note 4 : Until 1877 the New Hampshire Constitution required members of the State legislature to be of the Protestant religion . ^ Note 5 : The North Carolina Constitution of 1776 disestablished the Anglican church , but until 1835 the NC Constitution allowed only Protestants to hold public office . From 1835 to 1876 it allowed only Christians ( including Catholics ) to hold public office . Article VI , Section 8 of the current NC Constitution forbids only atheists from holding public office . Such clauses were held by the United States Supreme Court to be unenforceable in the 1961 case of Torcaso v. Watkins , when the court ruled unanimously that such clauses constituted a religious test incompatible with First and Fourteenth Amendment protections . ^ Note 6 : Religious tolerance for Catholics with an established Church of England was policy in the former Spanish Colonies of East and West Florida while under British rule . ^ Note 7 : In Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) , which ended the American Revolutionary War , the British ceded both East and West Florida back to Spain ( see Spanish Florida ) . ^ Note 8 : Tithes for the support of the Anglican Church in Virginia were suspended in 1776 , and never restored . 1786 is the date of the Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom , which prohibited any coercion to support any religious body . Colonial support for separation ( edit ) The Flushing Remonstrance shows support for separation of church and state as early as the mid-17th century , stating their opposition to religious persecution of any sort : `` The law of love , peace and liberty in the states extending to Jews , Turks and Egyptians , as they are considered sons of Adam , which is the glory of the outward state of Holland , so love , peace and liberty , extending to all in Christ Jesus , condemns hatred , war and bondage . '' The document was signed December 27 , 1657 by a group of English citizens in America who were affronted by persecution of Quakers and the religious policies of the Governor of New Netherland , Peter Stuyvesant . Stuyvesant had formally banned all religions other than the Dutch Reformed Church from being practiced in the colony , in accordance with the laws of the Dutch Republic . The signers indicated their `` desire therefore in this case not to judge lest we be judged , neither to condemn least we be condemned , but rather let every man stand or fall to his own Master . '' Stuyvesant fined the petitioners and threw them in prison until they recanted . However , John Bowne allowed the Quakers to meet in his home . Bowne was arrested , jailed , and sent to the Netherlands for trial ; the Dutch court exonerated Bowne . New York Historical Society President and Columbia University Professor of History Kenneth T. Jackson describes the Flushing Remonstrance as `` the first thing that we have in writing in the United States where a group of citizens attests on paper and over their signature the right of the people to follow their own conscience with regard to God - and the inability of government , or the illegality of government , to interfere with that . '' Given the wide diversity of opinion on Christian theological matters in the newly independent American States , the Constitutional Convention believed a government sanctioned ( established ) religion would disrupt rather than bind the newly formed union together . George Washington wrote a letter in 1790 to the country 's first Jewish congregation , the Touro Synagogue in Newport , Rhode Island to state : Allowing rights and immunities of citizenship . It is now no more that toleration is spoken of , as if it were by the indulgence of one class of people , that another enjoyed the exercise of their inherent natural rights . For happily the Government of the United States , which gives to bigotry no sanction , to persecution no assistance requires only that they who live under its protection should demean themselves as good citizens , in giving it on all occasions their effectual support . There were also opponents to the support of any established church even at the state level . In 1773 , Isaac Backus , a prominent Baptist minister in New England , wrote against a state sanctioned religion , saying : `` Now who can hear Christ declare , that his kingdom is , not of this world , and yet believe that this blending of church and state together can be pleasing to him ? '' He also observed that when `` church and state are separate , the effects are happy , and they do not at all interfere with each other : but where they have been confounded together , no tongue nor pen can fully describe the mischiefs that have ensued . '' Thomas Jefferson 's influential Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom was enacted in 1786 , five years before the Bill of Rights . Most Anglican ministers , and many Anglicans , were Loyalists . The Anglican establishment , where it had existed , largely ceased to function during the American Revolution , though the new States did not formally abolish and replace it until some years after the Revolution . Jefferson , Madison , and the `` wall of separation '' ( edit ) The phrase `` ( A ) hedge or wall of separation between the garden of the church and the wilderness of the world '' was first used by Baptist theologian Roger Williams , the founder of the colony of Rhode Island , in his 1644 book The Bloody Tenent of Persecution . The phrase was later used by Thomas Jefferson as a description of the First Amendment and its restriction on the legislative branch of the federal government , in an 1802 letter to the Danbury Baptists ( a religious minority concerned about the dominant position of the Congregationalist church in Connecticut ) : Believing with you that religion is a matter which lies solely between man and his god , that he owes account to none other for his faith or his worship , that the legitimate powers of government reach actions only , and not opinions , I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their `` legislature '' should `` make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof , '' thus building a wall of separation between church and State . Adhering to this expression of the supreme will of the nation in behalf of the rights of conscience , I shall see with sincere satisfaction the progress of those sentiments which tend to restore to man all his natural rights , convinced he has no natural right in opposition to his social duties . Jefferson 's letter was in reply to a letter that he had received from the Danbury Baptist Association dated October 7 , 1801 . In an 1808 letter to Virginia Baptists , Jefferson used the same theme : We have solved , by fair experiment , the great and interesting question whether freedom of religion is compatible with order in government and obedience to the laws . And we have experienced the quiet as well as the comfort which results from leaving every one to profess freely and openly those principles of religion which are the inductions of his own reason and the serious convictions of his own inquiries . Jefferson and James Madison 's conceptions of separation have long been debated . Jefferson refused to issue Proclamations of Thanksgiving sent to him by Congress during his presidency , though he did issue a Thanksgiving and Prayer proclamation as Governor of Virginia . Madison issued four religious proclamations while President , but vetoed two bills on the grounds they violated the first amendment . On the other hand , both Jefferson and Madison attended religious services at the Capitol . Years before the ratification of the Constitution , Madison contended `` Because if Religion be exempt from the authority of the Society at large , still less can it be subject to that of the Legislative Body . '' After retiring from the presidency , Madison wrote of `` total separation of the church from the state . '' `` `` Strongly guarded as is the separation between Religion & Govt in the Constitution of the United States , '' Madison wrote , and he declared , `` practical distinction between Religion and Civil Government is essential to the purity of both , and as guaranteed by the Constitution of the United States . '' In a letter to Edward Livingston Madison further expanded , `` We are teaching the world the great truth that Govts . do better without Kings & Nobles than with them . The merit will be doubled by the other lesson that Religion flourishes in greater purity , without than with the aid of Govt . '' Madison 's original draft of the Bill of Rights had included provisions binding the States , as well as the Federal Government , from an establishment of religion , but the House did not pass them . Jefferson 's opponents said his position was the destruction and the governmental rejection of Christianity , but this was a caricature . In setting up the University of Virginia , Jefferson encouraged all the separate sects to have preachers of their own , though there was a constitutional ban on the State supporting a Professorship of Divinity , arising from his own Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom . Some have argued that this arrangement was `` fully compatible with Jefferson 's views on the separation of church and state ; '' however , others point to Jefferson 's support for a scheme in which students at the university would attend religious worship each morning as evidence that his views were not consistent with strict separation . Still other scholars , such as Mark David Hall , attempt to sidestep the whole issue by arguing that American jurisprudence focuses too narrowly on this one Jeffersonian letter while failing to account for other relevant history Jefferson 's letter entered American jurisprudence in the 1878 Mormon polygamy case Reynolds v. U.S. , in which the court cited Jefferson and Madison , seeking a legal definition for the word religion . Writing for the majority , Justice Stephen Johnson Field cited Jefferson 's Letter to the Danbury Baptists to state that `` Congress was deprived of all legislative power over mere opinion , but was left free to reach actions which were in violation of social duties or subversive of good order . '' Considering this , the court ruled that outlawing polygamy was constitutional . Patrick henry , Massachusetts , and Connecticut ( edit ) Jefferson and Madison 's approach was not the only one taken in the eighteenth century . Jefferson 's Statute of Religious Freedom was drafted in opposition to a bill , chiefly supported by Patrick Henry , which would permit any Virginian to belong to any denomination , but which would require him to belong to some denomination and pay taxes to support it . Similarly , the Constitution of Massachusetts originally provided that `` no subject shall be hurt , molested , or restrained , in his person , liberty , or estate , for worshipping God in the manner and season most agreeable to the dictates of his own conscience ... provided he doth not disturb the public peace , or obstruct others in their religious worship , '' ( Article II ) but also that : the people of this commonwealth have a right to invest their legislature with power to authorize and require , and the legislature shall , from time to time , authorize and require , the several towns , parishes , precincts , and other bodies politic , or religious societies , to make suitable provision , at their own expense , for the institution of the public worship of God , and for the support and maintenance of public Protestant teachers of piety , religion and morality , in all cases where such provision shall not be made voluntarily . And the people of this commonwealth have also a right to , and do , invest their legislature with authority to enjoin upon all the subjects an attendance upon the instructions of the public teachers aforesaid , at stated times and seasons , if there be any on whose instructions they can conscientiously and conveniently attend . ( Article III ) Since , in practice , this meant that the decision of who was taxable for a particular religion rested in the hands of the selectmen , usually Congregationalists , this system was open to abuse . It was abolished in 1833 . The intervening period is sometimes referred to as an `` establishment of religion '' in Massachusetts . The Duke of York had required that every community in his new lands of New York and New Jersey support some church , but this was more often Dutch Reformed , Quaker or Presbyterian , than Anglican . Some chose to support more than one church . He also ordained that the tax - payers were free , having paid his local tax , to choose their own church . The terms for the surrender of New Amsterdam had provided that the Dutch would have liberty of conscience , and the Duke , as an openly divine - right Catholic , was no friend of Anglicanism . The first Anglican minister in New Jersey arrived in 1698 , though Anglicanism was more popular in New York . Connecticut had a real establishment of religion . Its citizens did not adopt a constitution at the Revolution , but rather amended their Charter to remove all references to the British Government . As a result , the Congregational Church continued to be established , and Yale College , at that time a Congregational institution , received grants from the State until Connecticut adopted a constitution in 1818 partly because of this issue . Test acts ( edit ) The absence of an establishment of religion did not necessarily imply that all men were free to hold office . Most colonies had a Test Act , and several states retained them for a short time . This stood in contrast to the Federal Constitution , which explicitly prohibits the employment of any religious test for Federal office , and which through the Fourteenth Amendment later extended this prohibition to the States . For example , the New Jersey Constitution of 1776 provides liberty of conscience in much the same language as Massachusetts ( similarly forbidding payment of `` taxes , tithes or other payments '' contrary to conscience ) . It then provides : That there shall be no establishment of any one religious sect in this Province , in preference to another ; and that no Protestant inhabitant of this Colony shall be denied the enjoyment of any civil right , merely on account of his religious principles ; but that all persons , professing a belief in the faith of any Protestant sect , who shall demean themselves peaceably under the government , as hereby established , shall be capable of being elected into any office of profit or trust , or being a member of either branch of the Legislature , and shall fully and freely enjoy every privilege and immunity , enjoyed by others their fellow subjects . This would permit a Test Act , but did not require one . The original charter of the Province of East Jersey had restricted membership in the Assembly to Christians ; the Duke of York was fervently Catholic , and the proprietors of Perth Amboy , New Jersey were Scottish Catholic peers . The Province of West Jersey had declared , in 1681 , that there should be no religious test for office . An oath had also been imposed on the militia during the French and Indian War requiring them to abjure the pretensions of the Pope , which may or may not have been applied during the Revolution . That law was replaced by 1799 . The Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 provided : And each member , before he takes his seat , shall make and subscribe the following declaration , viz : I do believe in one God , the creator and governor of the universe , the rewarder of the good and the punisher of the wicked . And I do acknowledge the Scriptures of the Old and New Testament to be given by Divine inspiration . And no further or other religious test shall ever hereafter be required of any civil officer or magistrate in this State . Again , it provided in general that all tax - paying freemen and their sons shall be able to vote , and that no `` man , who acknowledges the being of a God , be justly deprived or abridged of any civil right as a citizen , on account of his religious sentiments or peculiar mode of religious worship . '' The U.S. Constitution ( edit ) Article 6 ( edit ) Article Six of the United States Constitution provides that `` no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States '' . Prior to the adoption of the Bill of Rights , this was the only mention of religion in the Constitution . The First Amendment ( edit ) The first amendment to the US Constitution states `` Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof '' The two parts , known as the `` establishment clause '' and the `` free exercise clause '' respectively , form the textual basis for the Supreme Court 's interpretations of the `` separation of church and state '' doctrine . Three central concepts were derived from the 1st Amendment which became America 's doctrine for church - state separation : no coercion in religious matters , no expectation to support a religion against one 's will , and religious liberty encompasses all religions . In sum , citizens are free to embrace or reject a faith , any support for religion - financial or physical - must be voluntary , and all religions are equal in the eyes of the law with no special preference or favoritism . The First Congress ' deliberations show that its understanding of the separation of church and state differed sharply from that of their contemporaries in Europe . As 19th century Union Theological Seminary historian Philip Schaff observed : The American separation of church and state rests upon respect for the church ; the ( European anticlerical ) separation , on indifference and hatred of the church , and of religion itself ... . The constitution did not create a nation , nor its religion and institutions . It found them already existing , and was framed for the purpose of protecting them under a republican form of government , in a rule of the people , by the people , and for the people . An August 15 , 1789 entry in Madison 's papers indicates he intended for the establishment clause to prevent the government imposition of religious beliefs on individuals . The entry says : `` Mr. Madison said he apprehended the meaning of the words to be , that Congress should not establish a religion , and enforce the legal observation of it by law , nor compel men to worship God in any manner contrary to their conscience ... '' Some legal scholars , such as John Baker of LSU , theorize that Madison 's initial proposed language -- that Congress should make no law regarding the establishment of a `` national religion '' -- was rejected by the House , in favor of the more general `` religion '' in an effort to appease the Anti-Federalists . To both the Anti-Federalists and the Federalists , the very word `` national '' was a cause for alarm because of the experience under the British crown . During the debate over the establishment clause , Rep. Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts took issue with Madison 's language regarding whether the government was a national or federal government ( in which the states retained their individual sovereignty ) , which Baker suggests compelled Madison to withdraw his language from the debate . Following the argument between Madison and Gerry , Rep. Samuel Livermore of New Hampshire proposed language stating that , `` Congress shall make no laws touching religion or the rights of conscience . '' This raised an uproar from members , such as Rep. Benjamin Huntingdon of Connecticut and Rep. Peter Sylvester of New York , who worried the language could be used to harm religious practice . Others , such as Rep. Roger Sherman of Connecticut , believed the clause was unnecessary because the original Constitution only gave Congress stated powers , which did not include establishing a national religion . Anti-Federalists such as Rep. Thomas Tucker of South Carolina moved to strike the establishment clause completely because it could preempt the religious clauses in the state constitutions . However , the Anti-Federalists were unsuccessful in persuading the House of Representatives to drop the clause from the first amendment . The Senate went through several more narrowly targeted versions before reaching the contemporary language . One version read , `` Congress shall make no law establishing one religious sect or society in preference to others , nor shall freedom of conscience be infringed , '' while another read , `` Congress shall make no law establishing one particular religious denomination in preference to others . '' Ultimately , the Senate rejected the more narrowly targeted language . At the time of the passage of the Bill of Rights , many states acted in ways that would now be held unconstitutional . All of the early official state churches were disestablished by 1833 ( Massachusetts ) , including the Congregationalist establishment in Connecticut . It is commonly accepted that , under the doctrine of Incorporation -- which uses the Due Process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to hold the Bill of Rights applicable to the states -- these state churches could not be reestablished today . Yet the provisions of state constitutions protected religious liberty , particularly the so - called freedom on conscience . During the nineteenth century ( and before the incorporation of the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution through the Fourteenth Amendment ) , litigants turned to these provisions to challenge Sunday laws ( blue laws ) , bible - reading in schools , and other ostensibly religious regulations . The 14th Amendment ( edit ) See also : Cantwell v. Connecticut The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution ( Amendment XIV ) is one of the post-Civil War amendments , intended to secure rights for former slaves . It includes the due process and equal protection clauses among others . The amendment introduces the concept of incorporation of all relevant federal rights against the states . While it has not been fully implemented , the doctrine of incorporation has been used to ensure , through the Due Process Clause and Privileges and Immunities Clause , the application of most of the rights enumerated in the Bill of Rights to the states . The incorporation of the First Amendment establishment clause in the landmark case of Everson v. Board of Education has impacted the subsequent interpretation of the separation of church and state in regard to the state governments . Although upholding the state law in that case , which provided for public busing to private religious schools , the Supreme Court held that the First Amendment establishment clause was fully applicable to the state governments . A more recent case involving the application of this principle against the states was Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet ( 1994 ) . The `` separation '' principle and the Supreme Court ( edit ) Jefferson 's concept of `` separation of church and state '' first became a part of Establishment Clause jurisprudence in Reynolds v. U.S. , 98 U.S. 145 ( 1878 ) . In that case , the court examined the history of religious liberty in the US , determining that while the constitution guarantees religious freedom , `` The word ' religion ' is not defined in the Constitution . We must go elsewhere , therefore , to ascertain its meaning , and nowhere more appropriately , we think , than to the history of the times in the midst of which the provision was adopted . '' The court found that the leaders in advocating and formulating the constitutional guarantee of religious liberty were James Madison and Thomas Jefferson . Quoting the `` separation '' paragraph from Jefferson 's letter to the Danbury Baptists , the court concluded that , `` coming as this does from an acknowledged leader of the advocates of the measure , it may be accepted almost as an authoritative declaration of the scope and effect of the amendment thus secured . '' The centrality of the `` separation '' concept to the Religion Clauses of the Constitution was made explicit in Everson v. Board of Education , 330 U.S. 1 ( 1947 ) , a case dealing with a New Jersey law that allowed government funds to pay for transportation of students to both public and Catholic schools . This was the first case in which the court applied the Establishment Clause to the laws of a state , having interpreted the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment as applying the Bill of Rights to the states as well as the federal legislature . Citing Jefferson , the court concluded that `` The First Amendment has erected a wall between church and state . That wall must be kept high and impregnable . We could not approve the slightest breach . '' While the decision ( with four dissents ) ultimately upheld the state law allowing the funding of transportation of students to religious schools , the majority opinion ( by Justice Hugo Black ) and the dissenting opinions ( by Justice Wiley Blount Rutledge and Justice Robert H. Jackson ) each explicitly stated that the Constitution has erected a `` wall between church and state '' or a `` separation of Church from State '' : their disagreement was limited to whether this case of state funding of transportation to religious schools breached that wall . Rutledge , on behalf of the four dissenting justices , took the position that the majority had indeed permitted a violation of the wall of separation in this case : `` Neither so high nor so impregnable today as yesterday is the wall raised between church and state by Virginia 's great statute of religious freedom and the First Amendment , now made applicable to all the states by the Fourteenth . '' Writing separately , Justice Jackson argued that `` ( T ) here are no good grounds upon which to support the present legislation . In fact , the undertones of the opinion , advocating complete and uncompromising separation of Church from State , seem utterly discordant with its conclusion yielding support to their commingling in educational matters . '' In 1962 , the Supreme Court addressed the issue of officially sponsored prayer or religious recitations in public schools . In Engel v. Vitale , 370 U.S. 421 ( 1962 ) , the Court , by a vote of 6 - 1 , determined it unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and require its recitation in public schools , even when the prayer is non-denominational and students may excuse themselves from participation . ( The prayer required by the New York State Board of Regents prior to the Court 's decision consisted of : `` Almighty God , we acknowledge our dependence upon Thee , and we beg Thy blessings upon us , our parents , our teachers , and our country . Amen . '' ) As the Court stated : The petitioners contend , among other things , that the state laws requiring or permitting use of the Regents ' prayer must be struck down as a violation of the Establishment Clause because that prayer was composed by governmental officials as a part of a governmental program to further religious beliefs . For this reason , petitioners argue , the State 's use of the Regents ' prayer in its public school system breaches the constitutional wall of separation between Church and State . We agree with that contention , since we think that the constitutional prohibition against laws respecting an establishment of religion must at least mean that , in this country , it is no part of the business of government to compose official prayers for any group of the American people to recite as a part of a religious program carried on by government . The court noted that it `` is a matter of history that this very practice of establishing governmentally composed prayers for religious services was one of the reasons which caused many of our early colonists to leave England and seek religious freedom in America . '' The lone dissenter , Justice Potter Stewart , objected to the court 's embrace of the `` wall of separation '' metaphor : `` I think that the Court 's task , in this as in all areas of constitutional adjudication , is not responsibly aided by the uncritical invocation of metaphors like the `` wall of separation , '' a phrase nowhere to be found in the Constitution . '' In Epperson v. Arkansas , 393 U.S. 97 ( 1968 ) , the Supreme Court considered an Arkansas law that made it a crime `` to teach the theory or doctrine that mankind ascended or descended from a lower order of animals , '' or `` to adopt or use in any such institution a textbook that teaches '' this theory in any school or university that received public funds . The court 's opinion , written by Justice Abe Fortas , ruled that the Arkansas law violated `` the constitutional prohibition of state laws respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof . The overriding fact is that Arkansas ' law selects from the body of knowledge a particular segment which it proscribes for the sole reason that it is deemed to conflict with a particular religious doctrine ; that is , with a particular interpretation of the Book of Genesis by a particular religious group . '' The court held that the Establishment Clause prohibits the state from advancing any religion , and that `` ( T ) he state has no legitimate interest in protecting any or all religions from views distasteful to them . '' Justice Sandra Day O'Connor Those who would renegotiate the boundaries between church and state must therefore answer a difficult question : Why would we trade a system that has served us so well for one that has served others so poorly ? Justice Sandra Day O'Connor in her opinion on the 2005 Ten Commandments ruling . In Lemon v. Kurtzman , 403 U.S. 602 ( 1971 ) , the court determined that a Pennsylvania state policy of reimbursing the salaries and related costs of teachers of secular subjects in private religious schools violated the Establishment Clause . The court 's decision argued that the separation of church and state could never be absolute : `` Our prior holdings do not call for total separation between church and state ; total separation is not possible in an absolute sense . Some relationship between government and religious organizations is inevitable , '' the court wrote . `` Judicial caveats against entanglement must recognize that the line of separation , far from being a `` wall , '' is a blurred , indistinct , and variable barrier depending on all the circumstances of a particular relationship . '' Subsequent to this decision , the Supreme Court has applied a three - pronged test to determine whether government action comports with the Establishment Clause , known as the `` Lemon Test '' . First , the law or policy must have been adopted with a neutral or non-religious purpose . Second , the principle or primary effect must be one that neither advances nor inhibits religion . Third , the statute or policy must not result in an `` excessive entanglement '' of government with religion . ( The decision in Lemon v. Kurtzman hinged upon the conclusion that the government benefits were flowing disproportionately to Catholic schools , and that Catholic schools were an integral component of the Catholic Church 's religious mission , thus the policy involved the state in an `` excessive entanglement '' with religion . ) Failure to meet any of these criteria is a proof that the statute or policy in question violates the Establishment Clause . In 2002 , a three judge panel on the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held that classroom recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance in a California public school was unconstitutional , even when students were not compelled to recite it , due to the inclusion of the phrase `` under God . '' In reaction to the case , Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow , both houses of Congress passed measures reaffirming their support for the pledge , and condemning the panel 's ruling . The case was appealed to the Supreme Court , where the case was ultimately overturned in June 2004 , solely on procedural grounds not related to the substantive constitutional issue . Rather , a five - justice majority held that Newdow , a non-custodial parent suing on behalf of his daughter , lacked standing to sue . When the Louisiana state legislature passed a law requiring public school biology teachers to give Creationism and Evolution equal time in the classroom , the Supreme Court ruled that the law was unconstitutional because it was intended to advance a particular religion , and did not serve the secular purpose of improved scientific education . ( See also : Creation and evolution in public education ) The display of the Ten Commandments as part of courthouse displays was considered in a group of cases decided in summer of 2005 , including McCreary County v. ACLU of Kentucky and Van Orden v. Perry . While parties on both sides hoped for a reformulation or clarification of the Lemon test , the two rulings ended with narrow 5 -- 4 and opposing decisions , with Justice Stephen Breyer the swing vote . On December 20 , 2005 , the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit ruled in the case of ACLU v. Mercer County that the continued display of the Ten Commandments as part of a larger display on American legal traditions in a Kentucky courthouse was allowed , because the purpose of the display ( educating the public on American legal traditions ) was secular in nature . In ruling on the Mount Soledad cross controversy on May 3 , 2006 , however , a federal judge ruled that the cross on public property on Mount Soledad must be removed . In what will be the case is Town of Greece v. Galloway , 12 - 696 , the Supreme Court agreed to hear a case regarding whether prayers at town meetings , which are allowed , must allow various faiths to lead prayer , or whether the prayers can be predominately Christian . On May 5 , 2014 , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5 - 4 in favor of the Town of Greece by holding that the U.S. Constitution not only allows for prayer at government meetings , but also for sectarian prayers like predominately Christian prayers . Madalyn Murray O'Hair's 1963 lawsuit led to an end of mandatory prayer in public schools after the Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional . The treaty of Tripoli ( edit ) Main article : Treaty of Tripoli In 1797 , the United States Senate ratified a treaty with Tripoli that stated in Article 11 : As the Government of the United States of America is not , in any sense , founded on the Christian religion ; as it has in itself no character of enmity against the laws , religion , or tranquillity , of Mussulmen ; and , as the said States never entered into any war , or act of hostility against any Mahometan nation , it is declared by the parties , that no pretext arising from religious opinions , shall ever produce an interruption of the harmony existing between the two countries . Interpretive controversies ( edit ) Main article : Accommodationism Some scholars and organizations disagree with the notion of `` separation of church and state '' , or the way the Supreme Court has interpreted the constitutional limitation on religious establishment . Such critics generally argue that the phrase misrepresents the textual requirements of the Constitution , while noting that many aspects of church and state were intermingled at the time the Constitution was ratified . These critics argue that the prevalent degree of separation of church and state could not have been intended by the constitutional framers . Some of the intermingling between church and state include religious references in official contexts , and such other founding documents as the United States Declaration of Independence , which references the idea of a `` Creator '' and `` Nature 's God '' , though these references did not ultimately appear in the Constitution nor do they mention any particular religious view of a `` Creator '' or `` Nature 's God . '' These critics of the modern separation of church and state also note the official establishment of religion in several of the states at the time of ratification , to suggest that the modern incorporation of the Establishment Clause as to state governments goes against the original constitutional intent . The issue is complex , however , as the incorporation ultimately bases on the passage of the 14th Amendment in 1868 , at which point the first amendment 's application to the state government was recognized . Many of these constitutional debates relate to the competing interpretive theories of originalism versus modern , progressivist theories such as the doctrine of the Living Constitution . Other debates center on the principle of the law of the land in America being defined not just by the Constitution 's Supremacy Clause , but also by legal precedence , making an accurate reading of the Constitution subject to the mores and values of a given era , and rendering the concept of historical revisionism irrelevant when discussing the Constitution . Ten commandments monument at a Minnesota courthouse . The `` religious test '' clause has been interpreted to cover both elected officials and appointed ones , career civil servants as well as political appointees . Religious beliefs or the lack of them have therefore not been permissible tests or qualifications with regard to federal employees since the ratification of the Constitution . Seven states , however , have language included in their Bill of Rights , Declaration of Rights , or in the body of their constitutions that require state office - holders to have particular religious beliefs , though some of these have been successfully challenged in court . These states are Texas , Massachusetts , Maryland , North Carolina , Pennsylvania , South Carolina , and Tennessee . The required beliefs of these clauses include belief in a Supreme Being and belief in a future state of rewards and punishments . ( Tennessee Constitution Article IX , Section 2 is one such example . ) Some of these same states specify that the oath of office include the words `` so help me God . '' In some cases these beliefs ( or oaths ) were historically required of jurors and witnesses in court . At one time , such restrictions were allowed under the doctrine of states ' rights ; today they are deemed to be in violation of the federal First Amendment , as applied to the states via the 14th amendment , and hence unconstitutional and unenforceable . While sometimes questioned as possible violations of separation , the appointment of official chaplains for government functions , voluntary prayer meetings at the Department of Justice outside of duty hours , voluntary prayer at meals in U.S. armed forces , inclusion of the ( optional ) phrase `` so help me God '' in the oaths for many elected offices , FBI agents , etc. , have been held not to violate the First Amendment , since they fall within the realm of free exercise of religion . Relaxed zoning rules and special parking privileges for churches , the tax - free status of church property , the fact that Christmas is a federal holiday , etc. , have also been questioned , but have been considered examples of the governmental prerogative in deciding practical and beneficial arrangements for the society . The national motto `` In God We Trust '' has been challenged as a violation , but the Supreme Court has ruled that ceremonial deism is not religious in nature . A circuit court ruling affirmed Ohio 's right to use as its motto a passage from the Bible , `` With God , all things are possible '' , because it displayed no preference for a particular religion . Jeffries and Ryan ( 2001 ) argue that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from the mid-twentieth century rulings of the Supreme Court . The central point , they argue , was a constitutional ban against aid to religious schools , followed by a later ban on religious observance in public education . Jeffries and Ryan argue that these two propositions -- that public aid should not go to religious schools and that public schools should not be religious -- make up the separationist position of the modern Establishment Clause . Jeffries and Ryan argue that no - aid position drew support from a coalition of separationist opinion . Most important was `` the pervasive secularism that came to dominate American public life , '' which sought to confine religion to a private sphere . Further , the ban against government aid to religious schools was supported before 1970 by most Protestants ( and most Jews ) , who opposed aid to religious schools , which were mostly Catholic at the time . After 1980 , however , anti-Catholic sentiment has diminished among mainline Protestants , and the crucial coalition of public secularists and Protestant churches has collapsed . While mainline Protestant denominations are more inclined towards strict separation of church and state , much evangelical opinion has now largely deserted that position . As a consequence , strict separationism is opposed today by members of many Protestant faiths , even perhaps eclipsing the opposition of Roman Catholics . Critics of the modern concept of the `` separation of church and state '' argue that it is untethered to anything in the text of the constitution and is contrary to the conception of the phrase as the Founding Fathers understood it . Philip Hamburger , Columbia Law school professor and prominent critic of the modern understanding of the concept , maintains that the modern concept , which deviates from the constitutional establishment clause jurisprudence , is rooted in American anti-Catholicism and Nativism . Briefs before the Supreme Court , including by the U.S. government , have argued that some state constitutional amendments relating to the modern conception of separation of church and state ( Blaine Amendments ) were motivated by and intended to enact anti-Catholicism . J. Brent Walker , Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee , responded to Hamburger 's claims noting ; `` The fact that the separation of church and state has been supported by some who exhibited an anti-Catholic animus or a secularist bent does not impugn the validity of the principle . Champions of religious liberty have argued for the separation of church and state for reasons having nothing to do with anti-Catholicism or desire for a secular culture . Of course , separationists have opposed the Catholic Church when it has sought to tap into the public till to support its parochial schools or to argue for on - campus released time in the public schools . But that principled debate on the issues does not support a charge of religious bigotry '' Steven Waldman notes that ; `` The evangelicals provided the political muscle for the efforts of Madison and Jefferson , not merely because they wanted to block official churches but because they wanted to keep the spiritual and secular worlds apart . '' `` Religious freedom resulted from an alliance of unlikely partners , '' writes the historian Frank Lambert in his book The Founding Fathers and the Place of Religion in America . `` New Light evangelicals such as Isaac Bachus and John Leland joined forces with Deists and skeptics such as James Madison and Thomas Jefferson to fight for a complete separation of church and state . '' Politics and religion in the United States ( edit ) Robert N. Bellah has in his writings that although the separation of church and state is grounded firmly in the constitution of the United States , this does not mean that there is no religious dimension in the political society of the United States . He used the term `` Civil Religion '' to describe the specific relation between politics and religion in the United States . His 1967 article analyzes the inaugural speech of John F. Kennedy : `` Considering the separation of church and state , how is a president justified in using the word ' God ' at all ? The answer is that the separation of church and state has not denied the political realm a religious dimension . '' Robert S. Wood has argued that the United States is a model for the world in terms of how a separation of church and state -- no state - run or state - established church -- is good for both the church and the state , allowing a variety of religions to flourish . Speaking at the Toronto - based Center for New Religions , Wood said that the freedom of conscience and assembly allowed under such a system has led to a `` remarkable religiosity '' in the United States that is n't present in other industrialized nations . Wood believes that the U.S. operates on `` a sort of civic religion , '' which includes a generally shared belief in a creator who `` expects better of us . '' Beyond that , individuals are free to decide how they want to believe and fill in their own creeds and express their conscience . He calls this approach the `` genius of religious sentiment in the United States . '' On July 26 , 2017 , President Donald Trump announced that the United States worships God . See also ( edit ) Americans United for Separation of Church and State American Civil Liberties Union American Humanist Association Anti-clericalism Ban on Sharia law Ceremonial deism Christian amendment Christian Left Christian Right Freedom From Religion Foundation Freedom of religion in the United States Interfaith Alliance Johnson Amendment Mount Soledad cross controversy Pledge of Allegiance Criticism of the Pledge of Allegiance Public menorah Separation of church and state Sharia State religion United States religious history References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jefferson , Thomas . Jefferson 's Letter to the Danbury Baptists : The Final Letter , as Sent . The Library of Congress Information Bulletin : June 1998 . Lib. of Cong. , June 1998 . Web . Aug 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jefferson 's Danbury letter has been cited favorably by the Supreme Court several times . Jump up ^ Wald , Kenneth D. ; Calhoun - Brown , Allison ( 16 August 2010 ) . Religion and Politics in the United States . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . p. 80 - 85 . ISBN 9781442201538 . The clarion call for accommodation was sounded by Justice William O. Douglas in 1952 : We are a religious people whose institutions presuppose a Supreme Being ... The accommodationist perspective emphasizes rather that the First Amendment was clearly not intended to be antireligious -- indeed , as already suggested , it was drafted precisely to protect the various religious practices of the states , including preferential establishments in some of them . Accomodationists therefore reinterpret the First Amendment to make of religious liberty a positive right , the exercise of which is to be encouraged by the government . By the same token , they believe that the First Amendment excludes only the direct establishment of , or preferential treatment for , a particular religion . Indeed , government should facilitate the practice of religion by both individuals and collectivities as essential to the common good . This position is very different from that of the separationists and leads to markedly different contemporary policies and practices . In addition , as the point of departure for historical interpretation , it focuses attention upon the residual religious quality of this founding period , which was hardly secularist . The same Congress that proposed the First Amendment was opened with prayer and named a chaplain . Indeed , most of the early presidents declared occasional days of thanksgiving -- and even of humiliation . Provision was made for support of religion in western lands . And , in time , the resources of religious groups were utilized in making government policy for relations with Native Americans . In sum , accommodationists consider that the operative ideal of the early republic was a nonpreferentialist posture of support for religion on the part of the government . In turn , that seems to point toward a modern ideal of accommodation of government to religin in ways that secure the greater common civil good as well as serve the spiritual ends of numbers of citizens . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ ABA Journal Sep 1962 . Much more recently , in 1952 , speaking through Mr. Justice Douglas in Zorach v. Clauson , 343 U.S. 306 , 313 , the Supreme Court repeated the same sentiments , saying : We are a religious people whose institutions presuppose a Supreme Being . Mr. Justice Brewer in the Holy Trinity case , supra , mentioned many of these evidences of religion , and Mr. Justice Douglas in the Zorach case referred to ... ( P ) rayers in our legislative halls ; the appeals to the Almighty in the messages of the Chief Executive ; the proclamation making Thanksgiving Day a holiday ; `` So help me God '' in our courtroom oaths -- these and ... other references to the Almighty ... run through our laws , our public rituals , our ceremonies ... the supplication with which the Court opens each session : `` God save the United States and this Honorable Court '' ( 312 -- 313 ) . To this list may be added tax exemption of churches , chaplaincies in the armed forces , the `` Pray for Peace '' postmark , the widespread observance of Christmas holidays , and , in classrooms , singing the fourth stanza of America which is prayer invoking the protection of God , and the words `` in God is our trust '' as found in the National Anthem , and the reciting of the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag , modified by an Act of Congress of June 14 , 1954 , to include the words `` under God '' . Jump up ^ See Lynch v. Donnelly , 465 U.S. 668 , 673 ( 1984 ) ( `` The concept of a ' wall ' of separation is a useful figure of speech probably deriving from views of Thomas Jefferson ... ( b ) ut the metaphor itself is not a wholly accurate description of the practical aspects of the relationship that in fact exists between church and state . '' ) ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Committee for Public Education & Religious Liberty v. Nyquist , 413 U.S. 756 , 760 ( 1973 ) ( `` Yet , despite Madison 's admonition and the ' sweep of the absolute prohibitions ' of the Clauses , this Nation 's history has not been one of entirely sanitized separation between Church and State . It has never been thought either possible or desirable to enforce a regime of total separation . '' ) ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Zorach v. Clauson , 343 U.S. 306 , 312 ( U.S. 1952 ) ( `` The First Amendment , however , does not say that in every and all respects there shall be a separation of Church and State . '' ) . Jump up ^ Lemon v. Kurtzman , 403 U.S. 602 ( 1971 ) ( `` Our prior holdings do not call for total separation between church and state ; total separation is not possible in an absolute sense . '' ) Jump up ^ The Cousins ' Wars , Kevin Phillips , 1999 Jump up ^ `` Rights of the People : Individual freedom and the Bill of Rights '' . US State Department . December 2003 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Article VI of the North Carolina state constitution Jump up ^ `` Remonstrance of the Inhabitants of the Town of Flushing to Governor Stuyvesant '' , Dec 27 , 1657 . Jump up ^ `` Drawing the Line Between Church and State '' , CBS News , Dec 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Library of Congress . `` To Bigotry No Sanction '' . American Treasures of the Library of Congress . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Mr. Cotton 's Letter Lately Printed , Examined and Answered , '' The Complete Writings of Roger Williams , Volume 1 , page 108 ( 1644 ) . Jump up ^ Feldman , Noah ( 2005 ) . Divided by God . Farrar , Straus and Giroux , p. 24 ( `` Williams 's metaphor was rediscovered by Isaac Backus , a New England Baptist of Jefferson 's generation , who believed , like Williams , that an established church -- which he considered to exist in the Massachusetts of his day -- would never protect religious dissenters like himself and must be opposed in order to keep religion pure . '' ) Jump up ^ To Messrs. Nehemiah Dodge and Others , a Committee of the Danbury Baptist Association , in the State of Connecticut . January 1 , 1802 . Full text available online . Jump up ^ Danbury Baptist Association 's letter to Thomas Jefferson , October 7 , 1801 . Full text available online . Jump up ^ Official Letters of the Governors of the State of Virginia ( Virginia State Library , 1928 ) , Vol. II , pp. 64 -- 66 , November 11 , 1779 . Jump up ^ Lee v. Weisman , 505 U.S. 577 ( 1992 ) ( Souter , J. , concurring ) ( `` President Jefferson , for example , steadfastly refused to issue Thanksgiving proclamations of any kind , in part because he thought they violated the Religion Clauses . '' ) Jump up ^ James D. Richardson , A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents ( Washington : Bureau of National Literature , 1897 ) , Vol. II , pp. 498 , 517 -- 518 , 543 , 545 -- 546 . Jump up ^ James Madison 's veto messages Jump up ^ Religion and the Founding of the American Republic ; Library of Congress exhibit website . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 07 Jump up ^ James Madison , Memorial and Remonstrance against Religious Assessments Jump up ^ ( March 2 , 1819 letter to Robert Walsh ) , Lambert , Frank ( 2003 ) . `` The founding fathers and the place of religion in America '' . Princeton University Press : 288 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 08829 - 7 . Jump up ^ James Madison . `` Monopolies Perpetuities Corporations -- Ecclesiastical Endowments '' . constitution.org . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ ( 1811 letter to Baptist Churches ) Jump up ^ Madison 's letter to Edward Livingston , July 10 , 1822 Jump up ^ See Morison and Commager , vol I Jump up ^ Jefferson 's letter to Thomas Cooper , November 2 , 1822 Jump up ^ Dumas Malone , Jefferson and His Times , 6 , 393 Jump up ^ Ashley M. Bell , `` God Save this Honorable Court '' : How Current Establishment Clause Jurisprudence can be Reconciled with the Secularization of Historical Religious Expressions , 50 Am. U.L. Rev. 1273 , 1282 n. 49 ( 2001 ) ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Hall , Mark David . `` Jeffersonian Walls and Madisonian Lines : The Supreme Court 's Use of History in Religion Clause Cases . '' Oregon Law Review 85 ( 2006 ) , 563 -- 614 Jump up ^ Reynolds v. U.S. , 98 U.S. 145 ( 1878 ) Jump up ^ The Story of New Jersey ; ed. , William Starr Myers ( 1945 ) Vol. II , chapter 4 Jump up ^ Article XIX , italics added . Jump up ^ Paschal , George ( 2007 - 03 - 23 ) ( 1868 ) . The Constitution of the United States Defined and Carefully Annotated . W.H. & O.H. Morrison Law Booksellers . p. 254 . Jump up ^ Boston , Rob ( 2012 ) . `` A Delicate Balance '' . Conscience. 33 ( 2 ) : 12 -- 16 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ The Founders ' Constitution Volume 5 , Amendment I ( Religion ) , Document 53 . The University of Chicago Press . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Forgotten Purposes of the First Amendment Religion Clauses Gary D. Glenn . The Review of Politics , Vol. 49 , No. 3 ( Summer , 1987 ) , pp. 340 -- 367 . Jump up ^ Kyle G. Volk , Moral Minorities and the Making of American Democracy ( Oxford University Press , 2014 ) Jump up ^ Everson v. Board of Education , 330 U.S. 1 ( 1947 ) . Jump up ^ REYNOLDS v. U.S. , 98 U.S. 145 ( 1878 ) 98 U.S. 145 Jump up ^ Engel v. Vitale , 370 U.S. 421 ( 1962 ) Jump up ^ EPPERSON v. ARKANSAS , 393 U.S. 97 ( 1968 ) Jump up ^ Sandra Day O'Connor ( June 27 , 2005 ) . `` McCreary County vs. American Civil Liberties Union of Kentucky '' . Legal Information Institute , Cornell university Law Department . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Lemon v. Kurtzman , 403 U.S. 602 , 612 -- 613 , 91 S. Ct. 2105 , 2111 , 29 L. Ed. 2d 745 ( 1971 ) . Jump up ^ Senate Pledges Allegiance Under God . Fox News , Thursday , June 27 , 2002 Jump up ^ 482 U.S. 578 ( Text of opinion in Edwards v. Aguillard from Findlaw.com ) Jump up ^ `` US federal court rejects separation of church and state '' . Catholic World News . 2005 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Onell R. Soto , City has 90 days to remove Mt . Soledad cross , The San Diego Union - Tribune , May 4 , 2006 , p . A1 . Jump up ^ June , Daniel , `` Supreme Court to Hear Case About Public Prayers '' Jump up ^ Lauren Markoe And Cathy Lynn Grossman ( May 5 , 2014 ) . `` Supreme Court approves sectarian prayer at public meetings '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ See Wikipedia article : Treaty of Tripoli Jump up ^ Ed Whelan , This Week in Liberal Judicial Activism -- Week of February 5 , National Review Online . February 5 , 2007 Jump up ^ Thomas White ( 2007 ) . First Freedom : The Baptist Perspective on Religious Liberty . B&H Publishing Group . p. 107 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8054 - 4387 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Religious discrimination in state constitutions '' . ReligiousTolerance.org . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ American Civil Liberties Union of Ohio and The Rev. Matthew Peterson v. Capitol Square Review & Advisory Board , 243 F. 3d 289 ( 6th Cir. 2001 ) . Jump up ^ LOCKE V. DAVEY 540 U.S. 712 ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Book Review : Separation of Church and State Jump up ^ The Framers and the Faithful : How modern evangelicals are ignoring their own history . By Steven Waldman Jump up ^ Bellah , Robert Neelly ( Winter 1967 ) . `` Civil Religion in America '' . Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . 96 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 21 . Archived from the original on 2005 - 03 - 06 . From the issue entitled Religion in America . ^ Jump up to : Farmer , Molly ( June 15 , 2009 ) , `` U.S. is a model of how variety of religions can flourish '' , Deseret News Jump up ^ Trump , Donald J. ( 2017 - 07 - 26 ) . `` IN AMERICA WE DON 'T WORSHIP GOVERNMENT - WE WORSHIP GOD ! http://45.wh.gov/POTUSInsta '' . @ realDonaldTrump . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 27 . Bibliography ( edit ) Barry McGowan , How to Separate Church & State : A Manual from the Trenches Hufton Mueller , LLC , 2012 ISBN 978 - 0 - 615 - 63802 - 7 Philip Hamburger , Separation of Church and State Harvard University Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 00734 - 4 OCLC : 48958015 Marci A. Hamilton , God vs. the Gavel : Religion and the Rule of Law , Cambridge University Press , 2005 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 85304 - 4 Mark DeWolfe Howe . The Garden and the Wilderness : Religion and Government in American Constitutional History ( U. of Chicago Press , 1965 ) Daniel L. Dreisbach . Thomas Jefferson and the Wall of Separation Between Church and State ( New York University Press , 2003 ) Daniel L. Dreisbach and Mark David Hall . The Sacred Rights of Conscience : Selected Readings on Religious Liberty and Church - State Relations in the American Founding ( Indianapolis : Liberty Fund Press , 2009 ) Daniel L. Dreisbach , Mark David Hall , and Jeffry Morrison . The Forgotten Founders on Religion and Public Life ( Notre Dame : University of Notre Dame Press , 2009 ) John C. Jeffries , Jr. and James E. Ryan , `` A Political History of the Establishment Clause , '' 100 Michigan Law Rev. ( 2001 ) online version Mark David Hall , `` Jeffersonian Walls and Madisonian Lines : The Supreme Court 's Use of History in Religion Clause Cases , '' 85 Oregon Law Review ( 2006 ) , 563 - 614 . http://www.law.uoregon.edu/org/olr/archives/85/852hall.pdf Isaac Kramnick and R. Laurence Moore , The Godless Constitution : The Case Against Religious Correctness ( Norton , 1996 ) Philip B. Kurland , ed. , Church and State : The Supreme Court and the First Amendment ( U. of Chicago Press , 1975 ) Adam M. Samaha ; `` Separation of Church and State . '' Constitutional Commentary. 19 # 3 2002 . pp 713 +. online version Anson P. Stokes and Leo Pfeffer , Church and Stare in the United States ( reprint , 1964 ) Kyle G. Volk , Moral Minorities and the Making of American Democracy ( Oxford University Press , 2014 ) External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Separation of church and state in the United States American Court battles over separation ( edit ) 1947 , first case concerning separation of church and state ; supporting bussing for children to private religious schools and declaring that states were required to provide the same guarantees of religious freedom as the federal government 1948 , banning religious instruction in public schools 1952 , allowing religious instruction off school property during regular school hours 1962 , banning teacher - led prayer from public schools 1963 , banning Bible - reading and the recital of the Lord 's Prayer in public schools 1973 , allowing state funding for textbooks and teachers ' salaries in religious schools ; creating the Lemon test 1987 , declared the Creation Act invalid , which had mandated the teaching of Creation if Evolution was taught 1989 , banning religious displays depicting only one religion 1992 , banning prayers given by clergy as a part of an official public school graduation ceremony . Other ( edit ) `` Rights of the People - The Roots of Religious Liberty '' . U.S. Department of State , International Information Programs . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 07 . `` Rights of the People - Religious liberty in the Modern era '' . U.S. Department of State , International Information Programs . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 07 . Christian Science Monitor analysis of George Washington 's letter and its implications `` The Intellectual Origins of the Establishment Clause '' by Noah Feldman , Asst . Professor of Law , New York University , 2002 . Robert Struble , Jr. , Treatise on Twelve Lights : To Restore America the Beautiful under God and the Written Constitution , 2007 -- 08 edition . Baptist Joint Committee for Religious Liberty Separation of Church and State Misunderstanding Jefferson 's `` wall of separation '' metaphor ' A Wall of Separation ' : FBI Helps Restore Jefferson 's Obliterated Draft , Library of Congress information Bulletin , June 1998 -- Vol. 57 , No. 6 , by James H. Hutson , Chief , Manuscript Division , Library of Congress . 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"\"Separation of church and state\" is paraphrased from Thomas Jefferson and used by others in expressing an understanding of the intent and function of the Establishment Clause and Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States which reads: \"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof...\""
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"the Establishment Clause and Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States"
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865475588780739104 | Belle (Once Upon a Time) | Belle ( once Upon a Time ) - wikipedia Belle ( once Upon a Time ) Belle Gold Promotional photograph of Emilie de Ravin as Belle . Once Upon a Time character Portrayed by Emilie de Ravin Duration 2012 - 18 First appearance `` Skin Deep '' Last appearance `` Leaving Storybrooke '' Created by Adam Horowitz Eddy Kitsis Book appearances Shadow of the Queen Out of the Past Classification Guest character Main character Recurring character Profile Other names Belle French Belle Gold Lacey Mrs. Gold Occupation Pawnbroker ( formerly ) Librarian ( formerly ) Maid ( formerly ) show Family Father Sir Maurice / Moe French Mother Colette ( deceased ) Spouse Rumplestiltskin / Mr. Gold ( deceased ) Children Gideon Stepchildren Baelfire / Neal Cassidy ( deceased ) Grandchildren Henry Mills ( step - grandson ) Lucy Vidrio ( step - great - granddaughter ) Other relatives Malcolm / Peter Pan ( father - in - law , deceased ) ) Fiona / The Black Fairy ( mother - in - law , deceased ) Belle Gold ( née French ) , briefly known as Lacey , is a fictional character in ABC 's television series Once Upon a Time . She is portrayed by Emilie de Ravin , who became a series regular in the second season and onwards after making recurring appearances in the first season , and has become a fan favorite since her debut . She is both based on the character from Beauty and the Beast by Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont , and the Disney princess of the 1991 film of the same name . Emilie de Ravin remained a series regular until the show 's sixth season . De Ravin departed the main cast at the conclusion of the sixth season , returning as a guest star for the fourth episode of the seventh season to bring the character some closure , solidified during a final appearance in the show 's series finale . Contents 1 Character background 1.1 Early life 1.2 Season 1 1.3 Season 2 1.4 Season 3 1.5 Season 4 1.6 Season 5 1.7 Season 6 1.8 Season 7 2 Character development and reception 3 References 4 External links Character background ( edit ) Belle is represented throughout the series as a hopeful individual who sees the best in people ( occasionally , to a fault ) , a knowledgeable bookworm well - versed in many languages , and a steadfast heroine determined to help those in need . Early life ( edit ) Belle grew up in the Enchanted Forest as the daughter of Sir Maurice ( Eric Keenleyside ) and his wife Colette ( Frances O'Connor ) . She always had a close relationship with her mother , having been introduced to her love for books and taught different skills such as how to translate fairy language . Belle also had a childhood friend by the name of Samuel . However , besides this , not much else is known about Belle 's life growing up . Nearing adulthood , Belle is startled to learn that war is ready to break out between her father 's kingdom and the ogres . Belle gets to know Gaston ( Wes Brown ) , her future betrothed . Her father arranges for her to marry Sir Gaston ( Wes Brown ) , a union that Belle openly objects , though she agrees to go out on a walk with him and she surprisingly takes a liking to him . This all changes when she finds him torturing a young ogre , but she reluctantly agrees to marry him once the war does officially break out . At one point during the war , Belle and her family are forced to flee their castle ; however , she and her mother spend time packing up all of their important books . An ogre storms the castle and kills Colette , and a traumatized Belle is left without any memory of the event . Desperate to know the truth , she travels to Arendelle where she meets Princess Anna ( Elizabeth Lail ) . Anna takes her to rock troll Grand Pabbie ( John Rhys - Davies ) who is able to retract her memories and put them into a pebble which she 's instructed to brew into a tea . However , due to an encounter with the Snow Queen ( Elizabeth Mitchell ) , Belle loses the rock and returns home empty handed . Maurice confesses the truth to Belle , explaining how Colette sacrificed herself to save her . This sets Belle on the track of becoming a hero , as she reveals to her father that on her trip she learned of a man who could help them : Rumplestiltskin ( Robert Carlyle ) . Rumplestiltskin agrees to protect Belle 's kingdom if she agrees to leave her life behind and live with him as his caretaker . Both Maurice and Gaston object to this , but Belle ignores their pleas and leaves with the Dark One . Belle is frightened of Rumplestiltskin and his Dark Castle , as he shows her to her `` room '' : a ghastly dungeon . Belle starts to see the softer side of her captor when she accidentally chips a teacup and he brushes it off as nothing . At one point during Belle 's stay in the Dark Castle , she and Rumplestiltskin are visited by an intruder , Robin Hood ( Tom Ellis ) , who the Dark One proceeds to torture for trying to steal from him . Feeling compassion for the thief , Belle releases Robin in her master 's absence . When Rumplestiltskin returns , he demands she accompany him on his journey to find and kill the thief for stealing a magic wand from his castle . When Belle and Rumple see that Robin had only stolen the wand to cure his sick and pregnant wife ( Christie Laing ) , Rumple spares the thief 's life . Belle embraces Rumplestiltskin in a hug , seeing that there 's a man behind the beast , and he later gifts her with a library . It is implied that Belle and Robin Hood share an encounter sometime in the future where Belle meets the thief in his true form ( Sean Maguire ) . Some time later , Rumplestiltskin returns home one day with a stolen baby , which he leaves for Belle to take care of . She 's appalled and frightened by whatever he plans to do with the child , and so she sets out to unveil his plans and save the baby 's life . Belle sneaks into Rumple 's study and translates a scroll written in ancient fairy language . This , however , was all part of Rumplestiltskin 's plan , as he needed her to translate the text , and he locks her in the library . The Blue Fairy ( Keegan Connor Tracy ) subsequently frees Belle , and she finds Rumplestiltskin using the child to summon the Black Fairy ( Jaime Murray ) , his mother . Belle is horrified by the Black Fairy 's treatment of Rumplestiltskin , but nonetheless chides him for stealing a child . She 's later given permission to return the child to his parents , Jack ( Nick Hunnings ) and Jill ( Tammy Gillis ) . Belle and Rumplestiltskin 's bond is further explored when Belle is targeted by the Queens of Darkness - Maleficent ( Kristin Bauer van Straten ) , Ursula ( Merrin Dungey ) , and Cruella De Vil ( Victoria Smurfit ) - who ransom her for Rumplestiltskin 's enchanted gauntlet . The Dark One meets the three women at Demon 's Bluff with the gauntlet , and is given no choice but to hand it over when Ursula threatens Belle 's life . Once again , she sees something good in him beneath the beast . One day , Belle is sent out to the market in order to pick up things for Rumplestiltskin when she stumbles upon her old friend Samuel , injured , so she brings him back to the Dark Castle to nurse him back to health . As it turns out however , he was only there to steal Rumplestiltskin 's dagger , giving him control over the Dark One , and so Belle betrays him to protect Rumple . As Belle and Rumple grow closer , his attitude towards her becomes more playful and lighthearted . Belle opens up Rumple 's nailed down curtains and even convinces him to share the story of his lost son ( Dylan Schmid ) . The Dark One agrees to tell Belle everything if she returns home from town with straw , this being his subtle way of setting her free , having developed genuine feelings for her . Though Belle plans not to return at first , she runs into the Evil Queen ( Lana Parrilla ) on the road and learns that Rumplestiltskin 's curse can be broken with a kiss of true love . Realizing that she 's in love with the Dark One and that he loves her back , Belle returns and attempts to break his curse , only for it to backfire when Rumplestiltskin learns it was the Queen 's idea . He lashes out at Belle and sends her back to the dungeon , and eventually kicks her out of his castle altogether . Belle argues that power wo n't be enough for Rumple and that he is only doing this because he does n't believe anyone could truly love him . Before leaving , she says , `` Now , you 've made your choice . And you 're going to regret it . Forever . All you 'll have is an empty heart ... and a chipped cup . '' Rather than return home to her friends and family , Belle spends some days in a local tavern where she meets a dwarf named Dreamy ( Lee Arenberg ) . After convincing him to go after his love ( Amy Acker ) , he encourages her to seek out adventure and join a group of men on the hunt for a beast known as the Yaoguai . She does so , but these men ignorantly discredit a woman 's ability to hunt and kick her off their wagon , so she sends them in the wrong direction and proceeds to hunt the creature herself . She winds up befriending a warrior named Mulan ( Jamie Chung ) , and she is eventually able to track the Yaoguai down . However , as it turns out , this beast has merely been trying to communicate with them . With the aid of some fairy dust given to her by Dreamy , Belle restores the creature to its true form : Prince Phillip ( Julian Morris ) . While Phillip and Mulan go off together in order to rescue Princess Aurora ( Sarah Bolger ) , Belle decides to return to Rumplestiltskin . She 's unable to do so , however , when the Evil Queen arrives to take her captive . Belle vows that the Queen can not keep her and Rumple apart forever . Regina visits Rumple in his castle and convinces him that Belle was rejected by her father upon returning home and committed suicide by throwing herself off a tower , leaving him utterly heartbroken , while secretly Belle remains a prisoner in the Queen 's castle . Belle is later sought out by Captain Hook ( Colin O'Donoghue ) , an old enemy of Rumplestiltskin 's who believes that the Dark One 's former maid may know the key to his undoing . Belle refuses to aid in his quest , so Hook knocks her unconscious and prepares to kill her , but Regina intervenes as she believes Belle to be a `` valuable chess piece '' . It is assumed that Belle remained in the Queen 's captivity until the casting of the First Curse . Season 1 ( edit ) When the Evil Queen enacts a powerful Dark Curse that puts everyone in the town of Storybrooke , Maine with false memories for the next 28 years , Belle spends that entire span of time locked away in the psychiatric ward beneath the town 's hospital . Unlike the other townspeople , Belle was left a blank slate and set to serve merely as a prisoner in order to keep her away from Rumplestiltskin or , as he 's known in Storybrooke , Mr. Gold . However , when time starts moving again and Mr. Gold regains his memories of his past life in the Enchanted Forest , he forms a vendetta against Belle 's father , believing he drove her to suicide . Sheriff Emma Swan ( Jennifer Morrison ) arrests Gold when he beats Moe French nearly to death , but when behind bars , Regina returns to him the chipped teacup in exchange for confirming to her that he knows the truth about the curse . She then proceeds to check up on a locked up Belle , who appears absolutely miserable . As the Dark Curse nears its end with the Savior beginning to believe in magic , things start to fall apart for Regina . This includes her alliance with Jefferson , the Mad Hatter ( Sebastian Stan ) , whom she refuses to hold up her end of a deal with after he procured her the poisoned apple she once used on Snow White ( Ginnifer Goodwin ) . Wanting to hurt Regina , Jefferson breaks Belle out of her cell and instructs that she seek out Mr. Gold , insisting that he will protect her . Belle does so , shocking Gold beyond belief as he spent years believing she was dead . He embraces her with a hug , though she has no memory of him , but he assures her that she soon will . The two are seen headed towards the town 's wishing well when the curse is officially broken . Belle 's memories are restored , as she embraces Gold and declares her love for him , which he reciprocates . Gold puts their reunion on a short hold though , as he proceeds to drop a vial of True Love into the well , bringing magic to Storybrooke . Season 2 ( edit ) Though Belle has been reunited with Rumplestiltskin , he continues to struggle with his dark impulses . Upon learning that Regina had locked Belle up for 28 years , he summons a Wraith to kill the Queen . A disappointed Belle temporarily leaves him . She soon returns though , deciding she ca n't give up on him just yet , and they continue to pursue a relationship . Belle moves in with Rumple , as she is oblivious to her father trying to find her ; however , when he does , he attempts to force her over the town line to make her forget about her life with Rumplestiltskin , refusing to bless their relationship . This makes her both upset with him and Rumple , who she 's learned is continuing to practice dark magic . Though she cuts ties with both of them , she eventually gives Rumple another chance upon realizing that he 's attempting to change , giving her the town 's library and setting her up with the apartment above it . They agree to then go out and get a hamburger , as Belle has never had one before . As Belle explores life in Storybrooke , she comes to befriend Ruby ( Meghan Ory ) , who turns into a werewolf during every full moon . Belle stands by Ruby and insists that she is not the monster many believe her to be , as Belle sees the goodness in her heart . Meanwhile , Belle and Rumple grow closer , as they continue to go out on dates like lunch at Granny 's Diner and a picnic in Rumple 's pawnshop . However , interruptions occur frequently as the town panics due to the arrival of Regina 's mother , Cora ( Barbara Hershey ) , who has become a new threat to them all . Belle supports Rumple in his mission to find a loophole around the town line barrier in hopes of going out in search of his long lost son , but ventures out on her own when it is revealed that Captain Hook has made it to Storybrooke and attacks her in the library . She ends up rescuing Archie Hopper ( Raphael Sbarge ) from being held hostage on the Jolly Roger , facing off against Hook . Rumple appears and beats Hook to Belle 's horror , as she begs him to show her that her faith in him is justified . After Rumple spares Hook 's life and prepares to leave town , Hook shoots Belle in an attempt at revenge . This sends her tumbling across the town line , causing her to lose her memory , just as an outsider drives into Storybrooke . Though Rumple is able to heal Belle 's gunshot wound immediately , she 's escorted to the hospital in order to be kept under intensive care while suffering from amnesia . Rumple attempts to get through to Belle by showing her the chipped teacup , a remnant of their life together , but a scared and confused Belle throws and smashes the cup . Heartbroken , Rumple leaves . Ruby visits Belle in the hospital but is disappointed that she does n't remember who she is . When Belle recalls Rumple healing her wound with magic , as well as creating a fireball to throw at Hook , Ruby acts as though Belle is n't making any sense . Belle knows what she saw though , sending her into a frenzy , prompting a nurse sedating her . She later learns that she is n't alone in her belief , for she is approached by Greg Mendell ( Ethan Embry ) , who reveals that he saw the same thing at the town line . Mr. Gold ( Robert Carlyle ) gets to know Lacey , Belle 's alter - ego . With Regina and Cora now conspiring together , Regina visits Belle in the hospital in an attempt to learn where Rumple 's Dark One dagger is located . Rumple is later poisoned with Dreamshade by Hook , and on his deathbed Rumple calls Belle at the hospital to speak to her one last time , telling her that although she can not remember it , she is a hero . Their call ends , but Rumple is cured when Mary Margaret sacrifices Cora 's life for Rumple 's . Belle is relieved when Rumple visits her , seeing that he 's still alive . Their happiness does not last though , as Regina magically instills a new persona in Belle - a party girl with loose morals by the name of Lacey - who Rumple soon finds at the local bar , after being discharged from the hospital . The two do n't initially click , but Rumple is soon able to make it work when he discovers that Lacey is attracted to his dark side . They continue to pursue a relationship , but Hook learns that Rumple is still alive when he sees the couple out walking the streets of Storybrooke . Lacey serves as a bad influence for Rumple , which goes noticed by Baelfire , now known as Neal ( Michael Raymond - James ) , who Rumple has found and brought back to Storybrooke . Lacey soon learns that Rumple has magic , as well as the ability to grant her eternal youth . She reacts positively and suggests Rumple do what he must to preserve their future , oblivious to the fact that it means killing his grandson , Henry Mills ( Jared S. Gilmore ) . Thanks to her old friend Dreamy ( or Leroy , as he is known in our world ) , Belle 's memories are eventually restored in the midst of the destruction of Storybrooke . She embraces Rumple as they prepare to die , but the town is soon saved , and Rumple must leave on a new quest to save Henry from Neverland . He leaves Belle behind with a protection spell to cast over the town . As he 's fated to die on this mission , he expects this to be their final goodbye , but Belle promises that she 'll see him again . Season 3 ( edit ) Belle and Gold finally marry . Rumplestilskin encounters a form of Belle frequently in Neverland as an illusion to act as a crutch to his cowardliness ; she is later revealed as his father Peter Pan 's shadow in disguise . In Storybrooke , Belle helps Ariel retrieve Pandora 's Box to send to the heroes in Neverland as a method of defeating Pan . Belle and Rumple are reunited when the group returns to Storybrooke after retrieving Henry , though Gold soon sacrifices himself to destroy his father and save Belle and the others . Belle breaks down , believing Rumple to be gone forever . Despite Rumple 's heroic act , Pan 's curse remains and Belle , along with the other inhabitants of Storybrooke , are sent back to their original worlds . In the Enchanted Forest , Belle and Neal travel to the Vault of the Dark One , where it is said the Dark One can be resurrected . Despite Belle 's warnings of the price of magic , Neal ignores the possible repercussions and unlocks the vault , resurrecting Rumplestiltskin but sacrificing his own life in the process . Rumple absorbs Neal 's body and consciousness into himself before Neal can die , however , and the Wicked Witch of the West obtains Rumple 's dagger . Belle returns to Snow and Charming 's castle , informing them of Rumple 's resurrection . Months later , the heroes sneak into Rumple 's Dark Castle , where he is being held prisoner by Zelena , the Wicked Witch . Belle is able to temporarily get through to Rumple , who is being driven mad by the multiple voices in his head , and he tells her that Zelena 's weakness is light magic . Belle is returned to Storybrooke with no memories of the previous year when Snow and Charming enact the Dark Curse to stop Zelena from taking their baby . In Storybrooke , Emma separates Neal from Rumple 's body in order to learn the identity of the Wicked Witch , and Neal dies shortly after . Belle mourns Neal 's death with the rest of the town and eventually deduces Zelena 's plan to change the past . She also discovers once again that Zelena is in possession of the Dark One 's dagger and is keeping Rumple captive and under her control . Belle attempts to get through to Rumple and help him break free of the dagger 's control , but Zelena stops her before she can . Belle 's memories of the missing year are returned along with everyone else 's when Regina breaks the new curse . Upon Regina 's defeat of Zelena , Mr. Gold proposes to Belle after entrusting her with his dagger ( though unbeknownst to her , it is a replica ) and the two are married at the wishing well . Season 4 ( edit ) Belle and Rumple share a blissful honeymoon in the Sorcerer 's mansion , where Rumple discovers the Sorcerer 's Hat . With Rumple 's help , Belle discovers the Snow Queen 's lair and is taunted by her reflection in the Snow Queen 's magic mirror , causing her to question her faith in Rumple and their relationship . She quickly sets these doubts aside , however . Later , Belle helps Emma and Elsa deduce the Snow Queen 's ultimate goal . Belle eventually learns of Rumple 's deception , tearfully banishing her husband from the town with the power of the real dagger before he is able to kill Hook . While Gold is gone , Belle and Hook form a kind of friendship as they work together to find a way to free the fairies from the Sorcerer 's Hat . Gold manages to return to Storybrooke with Ursula and Cruella de Vil , only to find Belle involved in a romantic relationship with Will Scarlet . In an attempt to threaten Gold , who is now working with the Queens of Darkness , Regina steals Belle 's heart . Gold and Will work together to get it back , and Gold returns the heart to Belle and apologizes once again for his actions , telling Will that it is now his job to protect Belle 's heart . In the alternate reality temporarily created by The Author , Belle and Rumple are living happily together with a child of their own . When Henry undoes The Author 's actions and returns everyone to reality , Belle tells Gold that they could have truly had that happiness if not for his actions . As Gold 's condition worsens , and he is consumed by the Dark One 's powers , Belle confesses to him that she does not love Will and vows not to let him die alone . The Sorcerer 's Apprentice removes the darkness from Gold 's heart , though he remains in a comatose state whilst the darkness is taken in by Emma Swan . Season 5 ( edit ) With the other residents of Storybrooke , Belle travels to the Enchanted Forest , taking Emma to Camelot in order to find Merlin and remove the Dark One 's power from within her . However , weeks later , they return to Storybrooke with missing memories as to how they failed . During her time in Camelot , Belle 's growing knowledge of spells helped to free Lancelot and Merida from King Arthur 's prison . Belle subsequently helped Merida of Dunbroch win back her kingdom and save her three brothers from the other clans . In Storybrooke , Dark Emma awakens Rumple from his coma . Emma then steals Merida 's heart and commands her to kill Belle in hopes that it will inspire Rumple to become a hero . Rumple insists that he and Belle leave town , but she refuses to run away from her life and the people she cares about . Dark Emma transforms Merida into a bear that chases Belle through the woods until the bear is stopped by Rumple , who feeds it anti-transformation powder in order to revert Merida to human form . Belle witnesses Rumple embrace his newfound heroism and remove Excalibur from its stone . After everyone 's memory is restored and Rumple heroically faces Dark Hook , Rumple tells Belle that he is ready to finally be the man she deserves . Belle declines his offer to rekindle their relationship , stating that she has spent too long trying to heal his heart and that she has lost track of her own in the process . Upon the arrival of all previous Dark Ones in Storybrooke , Rumple sends Belle out of town so that she may escape the immediate threat and finally see the world as she has always wanted to . Belle accepts the offer and leaves , but returns once the threat is vanquished and tells Rumple that she wants to be with him because he has proven to be truly selfless , though she is unaware that Rumple has now reclaimed the powers of the Dark One . Belle and Rumple work together to protect their unborn child . Belle remains in Storybrooke when Rumple travels with Emma to the Underworld to rescue Hook , but is unaware that she is pregnant with their first child ( although it is Rumple 's second born child ) . It is revealed that , many years ago , Rumple promised his second born child to a healer back in the Enchanted Forest in exchange for saving young Baelfire 's life . Now the healer has died and signed the contract over to Hades , whom the baby is now owed to . After she is sent through a portal along with Zelena and her daughter , Belle learns the truth from Gold about his reacquired powers and her pregnancy as well as the contract , putting her life and that of their unborn child in jeopardy once again . Belle is horrified by Rumple 's embracing of his inner darkness , but agrees to work with him to save their child from Hades . Motivated by Hades , Gaston makes multiple attempts to kill Rumplestiltskin , reuniting Belle with her ex-fiancé . After confronting Gold about his murder of Gaston decades earlier , Belle intends to help Gaston move on from the Underworld , only to learn that Gaston blames her for his death . In an attempt to rescue Rumplestiltskin , Belle inadvertently pushes Gaston into the River of Lost Souls , damning him to eternal torment . Consumed with guilt over what she did to Gaston and fearing for her child 's safety , Belle places herself under a sleeping curse given to her by Zelena , believing it would give Gold enough time to save their child from Hades . Before falling under , Belle makes Gold promise to return her to her father . Gold attempts to wake Belle with True Love 's Kiss and fails , for Belle had begun losing faith in him again . To keep her and his unborn child safe , Rumple places Belle inside of Pandora 's Box . In the season five finale , Pandora 's Box is stolen by Mr. Hyde from the Land of Untold Stories . Hyde agrees to return the box containing Belle to Gold if he allows Hyde to conquer Storybrooke , a deal which Gold readily accepts . Season 6 ( edit ) Belle remains in her self - induced sleeping curse in Pandora 's Box . Rumple enters her dreamworld to try to wake her , but fails in doing so . Her unborn son wakes her instead , and she once again rejects Rumple 's offer to make a home together . As she seeks a new place to stay , Hook offers for Belle to stay on the Jolly Roger in repentance for attacking her in the past . Belle forgives him and accepts , recognizing that Hook is a changed man . After making a deal with Gold , David delivers a cassette tape to Belle which plays a Scottish lullaby recorded by Rumple for their son . Soon after , Rumple casts a spell forbidding Belle to leave the boat due to a serious threat from Mr. Hyde . However , the spell puts her in danger when she can not flee from the true threat , Dr. Jekyll . This further deteriorates Belle and Rumple 's relationship , as she insists she does not need his protection and Rumple argues that she will come back to him when she needs him . When Zelena notifies Belle of Rumple 's relationship with the Evil Queen ( Regina 's newly - separated `` evil half '' ) and his plans to use the Shears of Destiny on their son to keep him from growing to hate Rumple , Belle confronts him . She tells him to stop trying to take their son 's love , but to be worthy of it instead . Belle briefly forges an alliance with Zelena in order to escape Storybrooke , but Rumple stops them before she can . In the episode `` Changelings '' , the Evil Queen speeds up Belle 's pregnancy and Belle gives birth to Gideon . She gives her son to the Blue Fairy , fearing Rumple will try to take the child as he previously threatened . But the Blue Fairy is ambushed by Rumple 's mother , the Black Fairy . Gideon is taken to the Dark Realm where he grows up very quickly and develops an immoral persona . Rumple apologizes for his villainous actions and tells Belle that they need to start trusting each other in order to save their son . In the mid-season finale , an adult Gideon arrives in Storybrooke and is shown confronting his mother and father in Gold 's shop . Belle and Rumple finally get their `` happy beginning '' . Gideon explains to his parents that he has arrived in Storybrooke to kill the Savior and take her powers for himself in order to defeat the Black Fairy and free the Dark Realm . Belle agrees to work with Rumple in order to save their son from the darkness growing inside of him and to prevent the looming `` war '' in Storybrooke . Rumple and Belle later learn that Gideon has been under the control of the Black Fairy , who has stolen his heart . After Rumple secretly forges an alliance with his mother in order to retrieve Gideon 's heart , he returns the heart and Gideon happily reunites with his parents . The Black Fairy then casts her curse to begin the Final Battle , which separates Belle from her husband and son and turns her into a recluse and a hermit , afraid to leave the confines of her home . This is in direct contrast to Belle 's true nature and love of travel and adventure . In addition , the Black Fairy once again steals Gideon 's heart and commands him to kill the Savior . To break the curse , Rumple kills the Black Fairy , and he and Belle happily reunite . Together they enter the mines to once again retrieve Gideon 's heart and stop him before he can kill Emma . Upon finding the heart and considering the power he could gain from Emma 's death , Rumple makes the decision to ignore his dark impulses and commands Gideon to let Emma live . The end of the Final Battle sees adult Gideon disappear and reappear to Belle and Rumple as the baby she originally gave up . Belle and Rumple celebrate their `` happy beginning '' together with the Charmings , Emma , Hook , Regina , and Zelena at Granny 's Diner . Season 7 ( edit ) One year after the events of the season six finale , Belle and Rumple are planning baby Gideon 's first birthday party . Rumple gives Belle a travel book and promises her that he 's going to give her what she 's always wanted : a chance to see the world . Ten years later , along their travels , Belle , Rumple , and Gideon explore an ancient bridge above a river said to grant people 's greatest wishes . Rumple reveals to Belle that he no longer wishes to have the powers of the Dark One , because he wants to live out a mortal life with her . He drops the dagger into the river , but it instantly reappears . Belle vows to help Rumple find a way to be rid of his curse forever . Eight years later , Belle , Rumple , and Gideon are living in a castle or large estate in an unspecified location . Belle and Rumple are ecstatic to discover that ( a now 18 - year - old ) Gideon has been accepted into a prestigious academy . Belle then reveals to Rumple that she has discovered and translated a fairy prophecy , which states : `` When the Dark One finds eternal love , at the sun 's brightest set , where time stops , the path will appear to where the darkness shall rest . '' Rumple tells Belle that the place referred to by the prophecy is the Edge of Realms , the edge of all existence where the sun never sets and time passes differently . Belle understands at this time that `` the sun 's brightest set '' means her own death , but purposely withholds this information from Rumple as she knows he would do anything to prevent it . Belle decides she would rather live a long , happy life with Rumple rather than endlessly seeking another answer . The two travel to the Edge of Realms and decide to build their home there without the use of magic . Many blissful years pass , as Belle ages into an elderly woman and Rumple remains immortal . On her deathbed , Belle reveals to a distraught Rumple that only by letting her go may he finally find the answer to getting rid of the Dark One curse and ultimately reunite with her in death . Rumple tells Belle that he is too afraid to let her go , but she reminds him of their timeless tale . As she passes , Belle 's final words to Rumple are : `` You let me go once before , and we found our way back to each other . You 're a good man , Rumple . Your heart is pure . You will find the answer you need to get rid of the dagger , and you will find your way back to me , okay ? I promise . '' ( `` Beauty '' ) As the season progresses , Rumple 's quest to reunite with her seems hopeless , until the series finale `` Leaving Storybrooke '' , in which he sacrifices his heart to save the Captain Hook from the Wish Realm . Upon his death , Belle appears to him in the afterlife in her signature golden dress . The two kiss , as Belle says , `` I knew you 'd make it home . '' Character development and reception ( edit ) The producers had planned to make the Belle only a recurring role in the series , but after sporadic appearances in the first season and an overwhelmingly positive reaction from fans to Belle and Rumplestiltskin 's relationship , she was promoted to a series regular in the second season . Had de Ravin not accepted the role of Belle , she would 've gone on to star in a television series called Americana ; ABC decided to pass on the pilot in 2012 . de Ravin 's return as Belle in the season seven episode `` Beauty '' received widespread critical acclaim . In an interview with Entertainment Weekly , de Ravin said , `` I was so excited to be able to bring their story to the fans and to bring their later years in love , and to be able to play that was really beautiful . They 've had quite a tumultuous relationship , so for them to be able to get to a place of such acceptance with each other and themselves , and with life , and this inner peace that has washed over them . ( ... ) Her acceptance of mortality is shining a lot brighter than his acceptance or non-acceptance of immortality , which you 'd expect to be the reverse in a way . That 's quite beautiful and was lovely to play . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Emilie de Ravin books return in season 7 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( June 19 , 2012 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Season 2 -- Emilie de Ravin Promoted to Series Regular '' . TV Line . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( March 28 , 2014 ) . `` Once Upon a Time 's Emilie de Ravin Talks Belle 's Big Adventure -- and Reunion With Rumple ? '' . TV Line . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` Comic - Con : ' Once Upon a Time ' Reveals First ' Frozen ' Clip '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2014 . Retrieved September 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Adam Horowitz on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram '' . Instagram . Jump up ^ Horowitz , Adam ( November 8 , 2011 ) . `` LOST 'S EMILIE DE RAVIN IS ONCE UPON A TIME 'S BELLE '' . IGN . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( June 19 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : Once Upon a Time Promotes Emilie de Ravin to Series Regular for Season 2 '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Episode 4.06 `` Family Business '' ^ Jump up to : Episode 6.09 `` Changelings '' ^ Jump up to : Canon graphic novel , Out of the Past Jump up ^ Episode 5.17 `` Her Handsome Hero '' ^ Jump up to : Episode 1.12 `` Skin Deep '' ^ Jump up to : Episode 2.19 `` Lacey '' Jump up ^ Adam Horowitz ( @ AdamHorowitzLA ) ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` @ Liv1177 @ ScottNimerfro belle and RH had an encounter subsequent to the events of Lacey we have yet to see '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Episode 4.11 `` Heroes and Villains '' Jump up ^ Episode 3.11 `` Going Home '' Jump up ^ Episode 1.14 `` Dreamy '' ^ Jump up to : Episode 2.11 `` The Outsider '' Jump up ^ Episode 2.09 `` Queen of Hearts '' Jump up ^ Episode 1.01 `` Pilot '' Jump up ^ Episode 1.21 `` An Apple Red as Blood '' Jump up ^ Episode 1.22 `` A Land Without Magic '' Jump up ^ Episode 2.01 `` Broken '' Jump up ^ Episode 2.04 `` The Crocodile '' Jump up ^ Episode 2.07 `` Child of the Moon '' Jump up ^ Episode 2.08 `` Into the Deep '' Jump up ^ Episode 2.10 `` The Cricket Game '' Jump up ^ Episode 2.12 `` In the Name of the Brother '' Jump up ^ Episode 2.13 `` Tiny '' Jump up ^ Episode 2.14 `` Manhattan '' Jump up ^ Episode 2.16 `` The Miller 's Daughter '' Jump up ^ Episode 2.20 `` The Evil Queen '' Jump up ^ Episode 2.21 `` Second Star to the Right '' Jump up ^ Episode 2.22 `` And Straight on ' Til Morning '' Jump up ^ ' Once Upon a Time ' recap : Let the Wild Rumpus Start ! by Hilary Busis , from Entertainment Weekly ( October 20 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( 8 November 2011 ) . `` Exclusive : Once Upon a Time Casts Lost 's Emilie de Ravin As Belle '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved 8 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( 19 June 2012 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' scoop : Emilie de Ravin promoted to series regular '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Leaked scenes from dropped show , Americana ; retrieved 10 / 29 / 2012 . External links ( edit ) Belle on IMDb Once Upon a Time Episodes Season 1 6 7 Characters Mary Margaret Blanchard Emma Swan Regina Mills David Nolan Henry Mills Rumplestiltskin Hook Belle Zelena Robin Hood Universe Items Related Awards and nominations List of cast members Once Upon a Time in Wonderland Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Films Animation Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Belle 's Tales of Friendship ( 1999 ) Live - action Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Adaptations Musical ( 1994 ) Live on Stage ( 1991 ) Sing Me a Story with Belle ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Be Our Guest Restaurant ( 2012 ) Video games Beauty & The Beast : Belle 's Quest ( 1993 ) Beauty & The Beast : Roar of the Beast ( 1993 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; Super NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Print Kit ( 1994 ) Disney 's Beauty & The Beast : A Boardgame Adventure ( 1999 ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Magical Ballroom ( 2000 ) Music 1991 film soundtrack `` Belle '' `` Gaston '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Something There '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` The Mob Song '' 1994 musical soundtrack `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` Human Again '' `` A Change in Me '' 2017 film soundtrack `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Related The Music Behind the Magic Characters Belle Beast Gaston Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belle_(Once_Upon_a_Time)&oldid=858862054 '' Categories : Once Upon a Time ( TV series ) characters Female characters in television Fictional characters introduced in 2012 Fictional characters who use magic Fictional nobility Fictional librarians Fictional maids Fictional characters who have made pacts with devils Fictional sidekicks Fictional victims of kidnapping Fictional domestic abuse victims Fictional servants Fictional prisoners and detainees Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2018 , at 03 : 27 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | when does belle appear in once upon a time | [
"Belle Gold\nPromotional photograph of Emilie de Ravin as Belle.Once Upon a Time characterPortrayed by\nEmilie de RavinDuration\n2012-18First appearance\n\"Skin Deep\"Last appearance\n\"Leaving Storybrooke\"Created by\nAdam HorowitzEddy KitsisBook appearances\nShadow of the QueenOut of the PastClassification\nGuest character[1]Main character[2][3][4][5][6]Recurring character[7]ProfileOther names\nBelle FrenchBelle GoldLaceyMrs. GoldOccupation\nPawnbroker (formerly)Librarian (formerly)Maid (formerly)\nshowFamilyFather\nSir Maurice/Moe FrenchMother\nColette (deceased)Spouse\nRumplestiltskin/Mr. Gold (deceased)Children\nGideonStepchildren\nBaelfire/Neal Cassidy (deceased)Grandchildren\nHenry Mills (step-grandson) Lucy Vidrio (step-great-granddaughter)Other relatives\nMalcolm/Peter Pan (father-in-law, deceased))Fiona/The Black Fairy (mother-in-law, deceased)"
] | [
"Skin Deep"
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652388219546579327 | 2012 UEFA Champions League Final | 2012 UEFA Champions League final - wikipedia 2012 UEFA Champions League final Jump to : navigation , search 2012 UEFA Champions League Final Match programme cover Event 2011 -- 12 UEFA Champions League Bayern Munich Chelsea After extra time Chelsea won 4 -- 3 on penalties Date 19 May 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 19 ) Venue Allianz Arena , Munich UEFA Man of the Match Didier Drogba ( Chelsea ) Fans ' Man of the Match Petr Čech ( Chelsea ) Referee Pedro Proença ( Portugal ) Attendance 62,500 Weather Partly cloudy 20 ° C ( 68 ° F ) 38 % humidity ← 2011 2013 → The 2012 UEFA Champions League Final was a football match which took place on Saturday , 19 May 2012 between Bayern Munich of Germany and Chelsea of England at the Allianz Arena in Munich , Germany . The match was to decide the winner of the 2011 -- 12 season of the UEFA Champions League , Europe 's premier club football tournament . Bayern were making their ninth appearance in the competition 's final , having won four and lost four , most recently losing in 2010 . Chelsea were appearing in their second final , having lost their first in 2008 . It was the first Champions League final to be held at the Allianz Arena ( known as Fußball Arena München for the final ) . As tenants of the Arena , this meant Bayern were the first finalists to have home advantage since 1984 . Both teams progressed to the knockout stages by finishing top of their group . Bayern then beat Basel , Marseille and Real Madrid to reach the final , while Chelsea knocked out Napoli , Benfica and defending champions Barcelona . Bayern took the lead late in the second half through Thomas Müller , but Didier Drogba equalised for Chelsea five minutes later to take the game to extra time , in which Arjen Robben missed an awarded penalty , Petr Čech saving the low drive . The teams stayed level at 1 -- 1 and the match went to a penalty shoot - out , which Chelsea won 4 -- 3 to clinch their first Champions League title . In doing so , they became the first London club to win the tournament , the fifth English club and 22nd overall . As winners , Chelsea took part in the 2012 UEFA Super Cup , losing 4 -- 1 to Atlético Madrid , the winners of the 2011 -- 12 UEFA Europa League . The victory also allowed them to enter the following season 's Champions League competition ( having failed to qualify for it by their league finishing position ) at the expense of fellow London team Tottenham who would otherwise have entered the competition having finished fourth in the Premier League . Chelsea also represented UEFA at the 2012 FIFA Club World Cup , entering at the semi-final stage ; however , they were beaten 1 -- 0 by Corinthians in the final . Contents ( hide ) 1 Venue 2 Background 3 Road to final 4 Pre-match 4.1 Ticketing 4.2 Ambassador 4.3 Festival and live screenings 5 Match 5.1 Team selection 5.2 Match summary 5.3 Details 5.4 Statistics 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Venue ( edit ) The Allianz Arena in Champions League final livery The Allianz Arena was announced by UEFA as the venue of the 2012 final on 30 January 2010 , although the stadium was referred to as `` Fußball Arena München '' for the match , as UEFA does not recognise sponsorship by companies that are not among its partner organisations . The stadium , which opened in 2005 , is the home stadium of both Bayern Munich and 1860 Munich , and was used for six matches at the 2006 FIFA World Cup including the opening match . The stadium was hosting its first major European final . The Olympiastadion in Munich , the previous home of Bayern Munich and 1860 Munich , hosted three European Cup finals , in 1979 , 1993 and 1997 . On each previous occasion , a European Cup final held in Munich had produced a first - time winner of the competition ( Nottingham Forest , Olympique Marseille and Borussia Dortmund ) . During the match , the stadium was illuminated in green and turquoise to represent the official UEFA emblem of the Munich final , as the outer shell of the Allianz Arena can change colour . Background ( edit ) To reach the final , in the knockout phase Bayern defeated Basel , Marseille , and Real Madrid ( 3 -- 1 on penalties after a 3 -- 3 aggregate score ) , while Chelsea overcame Napoli , Benfica , and the defending champions Barcelona ( 3 -- 2 on aggregate ) . Both teams reached the final having already lost out in their domestic leagues ( the Bundesliga and Premier League respectively ) , but having also reached the final of their domestic cup competitions ( the DFB - Pokal and FA Cup respectively ) , to be played prior to the Champions League Final . Chelsea won the FA Cup by defeating Liverpool 2 -- 1 , while Bayern lost the Final of the DFB - Pokal 5 -- 2 to Borussia Dortmund . Both clubs had lost their most recent Champions League final , Bayern in 2010 to Internazionale 2 -- 0 , Chelsea in 2008 to Manchester United on penalties after a 1 -- 1 draw . While that was Chelsea 's only Champions League final , Bayern had previously played in eight Champions League / European Cup finals , winning four ( 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 2001 ) and losing four ( 1982 , 1987 , 1999 and 2010 ) . The clubs had only met each other once in Europe before , with Chelsea winning 6 -- 5 on aggregate in the quarter - finals of the 2004 -- 05 UEFA Champions League . The match marked the fourth time that a team had played at their home ground in the history of the European Cup , after 1957 , 1965 and 1984 , and the first time since the tournament was rebranded to the UEFA Champions League . For this reason , fans of Bayern Munich called the match `` Finale dahoam '' ( Bavarian for `` final at home '' ) . This was the first time since 2007 that neither of the participants were champions of their domestic league . This was the sixth time that an English side and a German side had met in a European Cup / Champions League final ; the other occasions were 1975 , 1977 , 1980 , 1982 and 1999 . It was also Bayern 's fourth time facing an English side in the European Cup / Champions League final , having won in 1975 vs. Leeds United and lost in 1982 vs. Aston Villa and 1999 to Manchester United . Road to final ( edit ) Further information : 2011 -- 12 UEFA Champions League Bayern Munich Round Chelsea Opponent Agg . 1st leg 2nd leg Qualifying phase Opponent Agg . 1st leg 2nd leg Zürich 3 -- 0 2 -- 0 ( H ) 1 -- 0 ( A ) Play - off round Bye Opponent Result Group stage Opponent Result Villarreal 2 -- 0 ( A ) Matchday 1 Bayer Leverkusen 2 -- 0 ( H ) Manchester City 2 -- 0 ( H ) Matchday 2 Valencia 1 -- 1 ( A ) Napoli 1 -- 1 ( A ) Matchday 3 Genk 5 -- 0 ( H ) Napoli 3 -- 2 ( H ) Matchday 4 Genk 1 -- 1 ( A ) Villarreal 3 -- 1 ( H ) Matchday 5 Bayer Leverkusen 1 -- 2 ( A ) Manchester City 0 -- 2 ( A ) Matchday 6 Valencia 3 -- 0 ( H ) Group A winner Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Bayern Munich 6 11 6 + 5 13 Napoli 6 10 6 + 4 11 Manchester City 6 9 6 + 3 10 Villarreal 6 0 0 6 14 − 12 0 Final standings Group E winner Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Chelsea 6 13 + 9 11 Bayer Leverkusen 6 8 8 0 10 Valencia 6 12 7 + 5 8 Genk 6 0 16 − 14 Opponent Agg . 1st leg 2nd leg Knockout phase Opponent Agg . 1st leg 2nd leg Basel 7 -- 1 0 -- 1 ( A ) 7 -- 0 ( H ) Round of 16 Napoli 5 -- 4 1 -- 3 ( A ) 4 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) ( H ) Marseille 4 -- 0 2 -- 0 ( A ) 2 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - finals Benfica 3 -- 1 1 -- 0 ( A ) 2 -- 1 ( H ) Real Madrid 3 -- 3 ( 3 -- 1 p ) 2 -- 1 ( H ) 1 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) ( A ) Semi-finals Barcelona 3 -- 2 1 -- 0 ( H ) 2 -- 2 ( A ) Pre-match ( edit ) Ticketing ( edit ) The two teams each received 17,500 tickets to distribute to their supporters . A further 7,000 tickets were available for sale to fans worldwide via UEFA.com , with prices between € 70 and € 370 . The remaining tickets were allocated to the local organising committee , UEFA 's 53 national football associations , and commercial and broadcast partners . Ambassador ( edit ) Former German player Paul Breitner was named as the ambassador for the final . Festival and live screenings ( edit ) The UEFA Champions Festival was held at Munich 's Olympiapark from 16 -- 19 May . An official public screening of the final took place at the Olympiastadion during the match , with capacity for 65,000 fans , including a section for Chelsea supporters . A second public screening was planned on the Theresienwiese , where the famous Oktoberfest takes place . Match ( edit ) Team selection ( edit ) Didier Drogba scored the equalising goal and the winning penalty . Both clubs had players missing due to suspensions ; Bayern were missing David Alaba , Holger Badstuber and Luiz Gustavo , while Chelsea were without Branislav Ivanović , Raul Meireles , Ramires and John Terry . John Terry was suspended after being red - carded in the semi-final , which automatically excludes a player from the final . The other six all received yellow cards in the semi-finals , which took them over the limit of a third yellow card of the competition , which triggers an automatic suspension from the next match . Players union FIFPro appealed to UEFA to allow the players with yellow cards to play , seeing the punishment of `` missing the match of your life '' as too harsh ; UEFA rejected the appeal and stated the rule would not be reviewed for at least three years . Ivanović stated how he `` had no idea ( he ) was one booking away from missing the Champions League final . '' UEFA confirmed that Chelsea captain Terry would be allowed to lift the trophy should Chelsea win , in spite of his suspension . Only two of the 36 players had previously been in a winning squad in a Champions League Final : Chelsea 's Paulo Ferreira and José Bosingwa were in the Porto squad in 2004 . Ten of the Bayern 18 had earlier been in their squad that lost the 2010 final , although only four started both games : Philipp Lahm , Bastian Schweinsteiger , Arjen Robben and Thomas Müller . Eight of the Chelsea squad had been in their losing 2008 squad , including four who started both games : Petr Čech , Ashley Cole , Frank Lampard and Didier Drogba . Frank Lampard and Ashley Cole would join Carlos Mozer as the only players to score in penalty shoot - outs in two European Cup / Champions League finals . Mozer had scored for Benfica in 1988 and for Marseille in 1991 , losing both times . Match summary ( edit ) This section 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( May 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) British Prime Minister David Cameron and German Chancellor Angela Merkel watching the penalty shootout with US President Barack Obama , French President François Hollande , José Manuel Barroso and others during the G8 summit . Bayern Munich had control for most of the match , with Robben having the best chance , which Čech deflected onto the frame of the goal with his legs . Chelsea , however , also had chances , with Kalou nearly finishing at the near post . Bayern kept pushing Chelsea to the limit but missed sitters from Gómez , who sent his shot over the bar ; and Robben , who was blocked at the last second by Gary Cahill . Bayern took the lead in the 83rd minute , when Toni Kroos crossed in to Müller , who headed the ball down into the ground , causing it to bounce over Čech and in off the crossbar . Bayern took Müller off and replaced him with Daniel Van Buyten in an attempt to shore up the defence , but on 88 minutes Didier Drogba was first to a Juan Mata corner and powered a header past Neuer for the equaliser . Chelsea won a free kick just outside the area in the 93rd minute , but Drogba smashed it over . The game went to extra time . The first good chance of extra time was when Olić inside the box passed to Gómez but his shot was wide . Later , Drogba fouled Ribery in the box , injuring him and earning Bayern a penalty , which Robben took , but his shot was saved by Čech . In the second half of extra time , Olić attempted to set up Van Buyten instead of taking a shot and the ball rolled wide of Čech 's far post . Chelsea received the trophy from UEFA President Michel Platini . For the first time since 2008 , a game that Chelsea were also involved in , the European Cup would be decided by penalties . Lahm went first and scored to Čech 's left , as Čech got his fingertips to the ball but was unable to keep it out . Mata took Chelsea 's first penalty and his weak shot was saved by Neuer . Next was Gómez , who drilled his shot into the bottom right corner . David Luiz took Chelsea 's second penalty and scored with a powerful shot into the top corner after a long run up . Goalkeeper Neuer took Bayern 's third penalty , and Čech went the right way again but was unable to keep Neuer 's low shot from creeping past him into the bottom left corner . Lampard was next and he smashed it up the middle . Olić was next , but Čech , who had guessed the correct direction on every Bayern penalty up to that point , saved to his left - Olic 's final competitive kick for Bayern . With a chance to tie the shootout , Ashley Cole slotted his kick into the bottom right corner just out of Neuer 's reach , leveling the scores at 3 -- 3 and hastening sudden death . Schweinsteiger took Bayern 's next penalty , but his effort was tipped onto the post by Cech , leaving Chelsea one kick away from winning the trophy . Now given a chance to win , Drogba sent Neuer the wrong way and put his kick into the bottom left corner to win it for Chelsea . It proved to be his final kick as a Chelsea player until his return in 2014 . The victory not only marked Chelsea 's first ever European Cup , but also the first time a London team had won the competition ( previously , Arsenal had lost the 2006 final in Paris against Barcelona and Chelsea had lost the all - English 2008 final in Moscow against Manchester United ) . It also marked the first time a Premier League team had won the Champions League since United in 2008 . Details ( edit ) 19 May 2012 20 : 45 CEST Bayern Munich 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Chelsea Müller 83 ' Report Drogba 88 ' Penalties Lahm Gómez Neuer Olić Schweinsteiger 3 -- 4 Mata David Luiz Lampard Cole Drogba Allianz Arena , Munich Attendance : 62,500 Referee : Pedro Proença ( Portugal ) Bayern Munich Chelsea GK Manuel Neuer RB 21 Philipp Lahm ( c ) CB 17 Jérôme Boateng CB 44 Anatoliy Tymoshchuk LB 26 Diego Contento DM 31 Bastian Schweinsteiger 2 ' DM 39 Toni Kroos RW 10 Arjen Robben AM 25 Thomas Müller 87 ' LW 7 Franck Ribéry 97 ' CF 33 Mario Gómez Substitutes : GK 22 Hans - Jörg Butt DF 5 Daniel Van Buyten 87 ' DF 13 Rafinha MF 14 Takashi Usami MF 23 Danijel Pranjić FW 9 Nils Petersen FW 11 Ivica Olić 97 ' Manager : Jupp Heynckes GK Petr Čech RB 17 José Bosingwa CB David Luiz 86 ' CB 24 Gary Cahill LB Ashley Cole 81 ' DM 12 John Obi Mikel CM 8 Frank Lampard ( c ) RW 21 Salomon Kalou 84 ' AM 10 Juan Mata LW 34 Ryan Bertrand 73 ' CF 11 Didier Drogba 93 ' Substitutes : GK 22 Ross Turnbull DF 19 Paulo Ferreira MF 5 Michael Essien MF 6 Oriol Romeu MF 15 Florent Malouda 73 ' FW 9 Fernando Torres 120 ' 84 ' FW 23 Daniel Sturridge Manager : Roberto Di Matteo UEFA Man of the Match : Didier Drogba ( Chelsea ) Fans ' Man of the Match : Petr Čech ( Chelsea ) Assistant referees : Bertino Miranda ( Portugal ) Ricardo Santos ( Portugal ) Fourth official : Carlos Velasco Carballo ( Spain ) Additional assistant referees : Jorge Sousa ( Portugal ) Duarte Gomes ( Portugal ) Match rules 90 minutes . 30 minutes of extra time if necessary . Penalty shoot - out if scores still level . Seven named substitutes . Maximum of three substitutions . Statistics ( edit ) First half Statistic Bayern Munich Chelsea Goals scored 0 0 Total shots 13 Shots on target Saves Ball possession 60 % 40 % Corner kicks 8 0 Fouls committed 9 Offsides 0 Yellow cards 0 Red cards 0 0 Second half Statistic Bayern Munich Chelsea Goals scored Total shots 14 5 Shots on target Saves Ball possession 52 % 48 % Corner kicks 9 Fouls committed 6 9 Offsides 0 Yellow cards 0 Red cards 0 0 Extra time Statistic Bayern Munich Chelsea Goals scored 0 0 Total shots 8 Shots on target 0 Saves 0 Ball possession 59 % 41 % Corner kicks 0 Fouls committed 8 Offsides 0 Yellow cards 0 Red cards 0 0 Overall Bayern Munich Chelsea Goals scored Total shots 35 9 Shots on target 7 Saves 6 Ball possession 56 % 44 % Corner kicks 20 Fouls committed 14 26 Offsides Yellow cards Red cards 0 0 See also ( edit ) 2012 UEFA Women 's Champions League Final ( Olympiastadion , 17 May ) 2012 UEFA Europa League Final References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Player Rater -- Top Player -- Didier Drogba '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations . Archived from the original on 22 May 2012 . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Player Rater -- Top Player -- Petr Čech '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations . Archived from the original on 6 January 2014 . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Proença to officiate UEFA Champions League final '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 17 May 2012 . Archived from the original on 20 June 2012 . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full Time Report , Final -- Saturday 19 May 2012 '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 19 May 2012 . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tactical Line - ups -- Final -- Saturday 19 May 2012 '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 19 May 2012 . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA unveil 2011 and 2012 final venues '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 30 January 2009 . Archived from the original on 9 June 2011 . Retrieved 24 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Munich finals have habit for upsets '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 1 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Plays of the Day : Heroes in blue '' . ESPN . 19 May 2012 . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Allianz Arena gets a new colour '' . Süddeutsche Zeitung. 30 April 2012 . Retrieved 5 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Shootout woe for Madrid '' . ESPN Soccernet. 25 April 2012 . Archived from the original on 26 April 2012 . Retrieved 26 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 2 Chelsea 2 ( agg 2 -- 3 ) '' . Daily Mail . Associated Newspapers. 24 April 2012 . Retrieved 26 April 2012 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 5 May 2012 ) . `` Chelsea 2 -- 1 Liverpool '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 21 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dortmund rout Bayern to claim double '' . ESPN Soccernet . ESPN . 12 May 2012 . Retrieved 21 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bayern and Chelsea renew rivalry '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 26 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League Final 2012 ticket sales launched '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 29 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ambassador : Paul Breitner '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 1 March 2012 . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Olympiapark to stage UEFA Champions Festival '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 24 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official public screening of Champions League final '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 27 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Uefa to sell 65,000 new Munich stadium tickets for Bayern - Chelsea '' . Sporting Intelligence . 27 April 2012 . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Second public screening planned on Theresienwiese '' . Focus Online . 5 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Zuvela , Matt ( 25 April 2012 ) . `` Bayern in Champions League final after Madrid thriller '' . Deutsche Welle . Retrieved 25 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Haupt , Florian ( 25 April 2012 ) . `` Schock für Barcelona , Triumph und Tragödie für Chelsea '' . Die Welt ( in German ) . Retrieved 25 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Uefa stands by yellow cards rules for Champions League '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 2 May 2012 . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ivanovic had no idea he could miss final '' . ESPN UK . 26 April 2012 . Retrieved 26 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` John Terry can lift Champions League trophy if Chelsea win final '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 26 April 2012 . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Regulations of the UEFA Champions League 2011 / 12 '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Nyon : Union of European Football Associations . March 2011 . Retrieved 1 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Team statistics '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 19 May 2012 . Retrieved 20 May 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to UEFA Champions League Final 2012 . 2011 -- 12 UEFA Champions League , UEFA.com 2012 final : Fußball Arena München , UEFA.com European Cup and UEFA Champions League European Cup era , 1955 -- 1992 Seasons 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 Finals 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1989 1990 1991 UEFA Champions League era , 1992 -- present Seasons 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 2019 -- 20 Finals 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 History Finals Winning managers Winning players Records and statistics Top scorers Hat - 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off round group stage knockout phase Final Europa League qualifying phase and play - off round group stage knockout phase Final Super Cup FC Bayern Munich matches German football championship Final 1932 DFB - Pokal Finals 1957 1966 1967 1969 1971 1982 1984 1985 1986 1998 1999 2000 2003 2005 2006 2008 2012 2013 2014 2016 2018 DFL - Supercup 1983 ( unofficial ) 1989 1990 1994 2008 ( unofficial ) 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 DFL - Ligapokal Finals 1997 1998 1999 2000 2006 2007 UEFA Champions League Finals 1976 1982 1999 2001 2012 2013 European Cup Winners ' Cup Final 1967 UEFA Cup Final UEFA Super Cup 1976 2001 2013 Intercontinental Cup 1976 2001 FIFA Club World Cup Final 2013 Other matches 1984 DFB - Pokal semi-finals Deutschland - Cup ( 1990 ) Bayern Munich 1 -- 2 Norwich City ( 1993 ) Uli Hoeneß Cup ( 2013 ) 2014 MLS All - Star Game Chelsea F.C. matches FA Cup Finals 1915 1967 1970 1994 1997 2000 2002 2007 2009 2012 2017 2018 Football League War Cup Final 1945 League Cup Finals 1965 1972 1998 2005 2007 2008 2015 FA Community Shields 1955 1970 1997 2000 2005 2006 2007 2009 2012 2015 2017 2018 UEFA Champions League Finals 2008 2012 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup Finals 1971 1998 UEFA Europa League Final 2013 UEFA Super Cups 1998 2012 2013 FIFA Club World Cup Final 2012 Full Members ' Cup Finals 1986 1990 Football League play - offs Final 1988 Second Division Other matches 2006 MLS All - Star Game 2012 MLS All - Star Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2012_UEFA_Champions_League_Final&oldid=836796835 '' Categories : UEFA Champions League Finals 2011 -- 12 UEFA Champions League 2011 -- 12 in German football International club association football competitions hosted by Germany FC Bayern Munich matches Chelsea F.C. matches 2011 -- 12 in English football Association football penalty shootouts 2010s in Munich May 2012 sports events in Europe Football in Bavaria Sports competitions in Munich Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use dmy dates from May 2012 Pages using deprecated image syntax Wikipedia articles needing style editing from May 2012 All articles needing style editing Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Português Română Русский Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 22 : 12 . 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"The 2012 UEFA Champions League Final was a football match which took place on Saturday, 19 May 2012 between Bayern Munich of Germany and Chelsea of England at the Allianz Arena in Munich, Germany. The match was to decide the winner of the 2011–12 season of the UEFA Champions League, Europe's premier club football tournament. Bayern were making their ninth appearance in the competition's final, having won four and lost four, most recently losing in 2010. Chelsea were appearing in their second final, having lost their first in 2008."
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-294300848366532170 | List of best-selling music artists | List of best - selling Music artists - wikipedia List of best - selling Music artists Jump to : navigation , search This list includes music artists with claims of 75 million or more record sales . The artists in the following tables are listed with both their claimed sales figure along with their total of certified units and are ranked in descending order , with the artist with the highest amount of claimed sales at the top . If two or more artists have the same claimed sales , they are then ranked by certified units . The claimed sales figure and the total of certified units ( for each country ) within the provided sources include sales of albums , singles , compilation - albums , music videos as well as downloads of singles and full - length albums . Sales figures , such as those from Soundscan , which are sometimes published by Billboard magazine , have not been included in the certified units column . As of 2017 , based on both sales claims and certified units , The Beatles are considered the highest - selling band . Elvis Presley is considered the highest - selling individual artist based on sales claims and Rihanna is the highest - selling individual artist based on certified units . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definitions 2 Artists by reputed sales 2.1 250 million or more records 2.2 200 million to 249 million records 2.3 120 million to 199 million records 2.4 100 million to 119 million records 2.5 80 million to 99 million records 2.6 75 million to 79 million records 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References Definitions All artists included on this list , which have begun charting on official albums or singles charts have their available claimed figures supported by at least 20 % in certified units . That is why Cliff Richard , Diana Ross , Scorpions , Charles Aznavour , Bing Crosby , Gloria Estefan , Deep Purple , Iron Maiden , Tom Jones , The Jackson 5 , Dionne Warwick , the Spice Girls , Luciano Pavarotti , Dolly Parton , Ozzy Osbourne , Andrea Bocelli and others have not been included on this list . The more recent the artist , the higher the required percentage of certified units , so artists such as Rihanna , Taylor Swift , Flo Rida , Katy Perry , Justin Bieber , Adele , Lady Gaga , Bruno Mars and Nicki Minaj are expected to have their claimed figures supported by over 75 % in certified units . The certified units are sourced from available online databases of local music industry associations . All certified units are converted from Gold / Platinum / Diamond certification awards based on criteria provided by certifying bodies . The certified sales percentage varies according to the first year that an artist appeared in the charts . The requirements of certified sales are designed to avoid inflated sales figures , which are frequently practiced by record companies for promotional purposes . The claimed figures are referenced from online articles created by highly reliable sources . For clarity , the sources used , say the term `` records '' ( singles , albums , videos ) and not `` albums '' . However , if all available sources for an artist or band say `` albums '' , such sources are only used if the certified album units of the said artist meet the required percentage amount . This list uses claimed figures that are closest to artists ' available certified units : inflated claimed figures that meet the required certified units amount but are unrealistically high , are not used . The claimed figures are upgraded only when there is a significant progress in artists ' certified sales . In other words , the available certified sales for each artist should get relatively closer to already listed claimed figure in order for higher figures to replace the listed ones . The certified sales of the newer artists may sometimes be higher than their listed claimed figures . This is because Recording Industry Association of America and almost all other certifying bodies count streaming towards Gold and Platinum thresholds required for Digital Single Award certification . For this reason , some singles and even albums get over certified by hundreds of thousands of units . The over certified figures , however , are often in millions of units for RIAA certifications , one such example is Rihanna 's single `` We Found Love '' , which is certified at nine times Platinum by the RIAA , yet during the time of the certification , it had sold 5.4 million downloads . The certified sales for some artists / bands who have multi-disc albums can be higher than their listed claimed figures due to Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) counting each unit within set as one unit toward certification . Artists by reputed sales 250 million or more records The Beatles Elvis Presley Michael Jackson Madonna Elton John Led Zeppelin Pink Floyd To ensure the highest level of fact checking and editorial control , this list sources sales figures to news organizations and highly regarded music industry related organizations such as MTV , VH1 , Billboard and Rolling Stone . The figures of total certified units within the table below are based on certified units of albums , singles ( including digital downloads ) and videos . Markets ' order within the table is based on Retail Value : each market generates respectively , the largest market at the top and smallest at the bottom . Artist Country / Market Period active Release year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales The Beatles United Kingdom 1960 -- 1970 1962 Rock / Pop 7002270800000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 270.8 million ( show ) US : 212.250 million JPN : 4.950 million UK : 17.845 million GER : 8 million FRA : 3.890 million CAN : 14.455 million AUS : 3.060 million ITA : 305,000 BRA : 550,000 SWE 485,000 SPA : 1.240 million SWI : 350,000 BEL : 265,000 ARG : 1.590 million DEN : 260,000 AUT : 500,000 POL : 175,000 NZ : 660,000 600 million 500 million Elvis Presley United States 1954 -- 1977 1954 Rock and roll / Pop / Country 7002211500000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 211.5 million ( show ) US : 188.650 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 12.245 million GER : 1.2 million FRA : 2.590 million CAN : 2.925 million AUS : 1.587 million ITA : 105,000 BRA : 125,000 SWE 380,000 SPA : 300,000 MEX : 105,000 SWI : 185,000 BEL : 115,000 ARG : 110,000 DEN : 120,000 AUT : 205,000 FIN : 213,945 NZ : 117,500 600 million 500 million Michael Jackson United States 1964 -- 2009 1971 Pop / Rock / Dance / Soul / R&B 7002184100000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 184.1 million ( show ) US : 104.5 million JPN : 4.650 million UK : 27.195 million GER : 11.275 million FRA : 11.375 million CAN : 4.670 million AUS : 6.6 million ITA : 1.170 million BRA : 280,000 SWE : 1.230 million SPA : 1.995 million MEX : 3.670 million SWI : 910,000 BEL : 365,000 ARG : 100,000 DEN : 1.179 million AUT : 1.197 million POL : 530,000 FIN : 384,127 NZ : 902,500 350 million 300 million Madonna United States 1979 -- present 1982 Pop / Dance / Electronica 7002170500000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 170.5 million ( show ) US : 85.675 million JPN : 6.450 million UK : 28.845 million GER : 12.4 million FRA : 12.795 million CAN : 6.030 million AUS : 4.717 million ITA : 465,000 BRA : 3.440 million SWE : 1.070 million SPA : 2.815 million MEX : 510,000 SWI : 1.080 million BEL : 690,000 ARG : 970,000 DEN : 407,000 AUT : 602,500 POL : 530,000 FIN : 652,686 NZ : 417,500 300 million 275 million Elton John United Kingdom 1964 -- present 1969 Pop / Rock 7002169000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 169 million ( show ) US : 117.850 million JPN : 1.1 million UK : 22.295 million GER : 7.9 million FRA : 4.825 million CAN : 5.975 million AUS : 2.837 million BRA : 835,000 SWE : 740,000 SPA : 1.2 million MEX : 100,000 SWI : 1.313 million BEL : 390,000 ARG : 120,000 DEN : 150,000 AUT : 765,000 POL : 150,000 FIN : 163,481 NZ : 255,000 300 million 250 million Led Zeppelin United Kingdom 1968 -- 1980 1969 Hard rock / Blues rock / Folk rock 7002139500000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 139.5 million ( show ) US : 114.1 million JPN : 400,000 UK : 9.130 million GER : 3.775 million FRA : 2.310 million CAN : 4.710 million AUS : 2.8 million ITA : 345,000 BRA : 820,000 SPA : 450,000 SWI : 211,000 ARG : 360,000 POL : 120,000 300 million 200 million Pink Floyd United Kingdom 1965 -- 1996 , 2014 1967 Progressive rock / Psychedelic rock 7002118800000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 118.8 million ( show ) US : 78 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 11.320 million GER : 7.5 million FRA : 6.360 million CAN : 6.790 million AUS : 2.932 million ITA : 1.685 million BRA : 515,000 SWE : 220,000 SPA : 625,000 SWI : 390,000 BEL : 115,000 ARG : 430,000 AUT : 460,000 POL : 590,000 NZ : 787,500 250 million 200 million The column for certified sales above includes markets , the databases of which contain certifications representing figures of 100,000 and more . 200 million to 249 million records Rihanna Mariah Carey Celine Dion AC / DC Whitney Houston Queen The Rolling Stones To ensure the highest level of fact checking and editorial control , this list sources sales figures to news organizations and highly regarded music industry related organizations such as MTV , VH1 , Billboard and Rolling Stone . The figures of total certified units within the table below are based on certified units of albums , singles ( including digital downloads ) and videos . Markets ' order within the table is based on Retail Value each market generates respectively , the largest market at the top and the smallest at the bottom . Artist Country / Market Period active Release - year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales Rihanna Barbados United States 2005 -- present 2005 R&B / Pop / Dance / Hip - hop 7002225200000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 225.2 million ( show ) US : 167.05 million JPN : 1.4 million UK : 28.7 million GER : 4.475 million FRA : 1.425 million CAN : 2.760 million AUS : 9.115 million ITA : 1.395 million BRA : 555,000 SWE : 2.480 million SPA : 1.430 million MEX : 380,000 SWI : 840,000 BEL : 645,000 DEN : 1.072 AUT : 120,000 POL : 660,000 IRE : 240,000 NZ : 667,500 230 million Mariah Carey United States 1988 -- present R&B / Pop / Soul / Hip - hop 7002136000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 136 million ( show ) US : 92.6 million JPN : 14.5 million UK : 9.620 million GER : 3.250 million FRA : 4.690 million CAN : 4.1 million AUS : 3.445 million ITA : 200,000 BRA : 835,000 SWE : 425,000 SPA : 1 million SWI : 515,000 BEL : 150,000 DEN : 130,000 AUT : 200,000 POL : 100,000 NZ : 240,000 200 million 175 million Celine Dion Canada 1981 -- present 1981 Pop 7002125000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 125 million ( show ) US : 56.550 million JPN : 7.150 million UK : 13.555 million GER : 8 million FRA : 15.685 million CAN : 12.245 million AUS : 3.302 million BRA : 505,000 SWE : 1.105 million SPA : 1 million SWI : 1.685 million BEL : 1.885 million ARG : 340,000 DEN : 370,000 AUT : 440,000 POL : 680,000 FIN : 356,183 NZ : 192,500 200 million 175 million AC / DC Australia 1973 -- present Hard rock / Blues rock / Rock and roll 7002113100000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 113.1 million ( show ) US : 79.7 million UK : 4.2 million GER : 10.3 million FRA : 4.180 million CAN : 2.490 million AUS : 7.330 million ITA : 750,000 SWE : 350,000 SPA : 1.355 million SWI : 894,000 BEL : 100,000 ARG : 570,000 DEN : 135,000 AUT : 380,000 FIN : 321,169 NZ : 140,000 200 million 150 million Whitney Houston United States 1977 -- 2012 1984 R&B / Soul / Pop 7002112600000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 112.6 million ( show ) US : 75.275 million JPN : 4.3 million UK : 14.605 million GER : 5.6 million FRA : 2.275 million CAN : 3.430 million AUS : 1.580 million ITA : 140,000 BRA : 1.025 SWE : 1.035 million SPA : 1.260 million SWI : 845,000 BEL : 215,000 DEN : 140,000 AUT : 535,000 POL : 180,000 FIN : 247,222 200 million 170 million Queen United Kingdom 1971 -- present 1973 Rock 7002114700000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 114.7 million ( show ) US : 55.1 million JPN : 2.850 million UK : 28.615 million GER : 11.525 million FRA : 4.495 million CAN : 1.870 million AUS : 2.167 million ITA : 460,000 BRA : 970,000 SWE : 190,000 SPA : 1.720 million SWI : 1.256 million BEL : 100,000 ARG : 1.040 million AUT : 900,000 POL : 810,000 FIN : 366,152 NZ : 275,000 200 million 150 million The Rolling Stones United Kingdom 1962 -- present 1963 Rock / Blues rock 7001972000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 97.2 million ( show ) US : 74.750 million JPN : 950,000 UK : 8.510 million GER : 3.2 million FRA : 3.370 million AUS : 417,500 CAN : 3.025 million ITA : 180,000 BRA : 100,000 SWE : 310,000 SPA : 690,000 SWI : 238,000 BEL : 120,000 ARG : 710,000 AUT : 300,000 POL : 140,000 NZ : 190,000 200 million ABBA Sweden 1972 -- 1982 1972 Pop / Disco 7001607000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 60.7 million ( show ) US : 12.7 million JPN : 1.5 million UK : 18.970 million GER : 10.450 million FRA : 2.750 million CAN : 2.785 million AUS : 6.127 million BRA : 275,000 SWE : 800,000 SPA : 1.005 million MEX : 260,000 SWI : 600,000 BEL : 380,000 ARG : 230,000 DEN : 600,000 AUT : 175,000 POL : 150,000 FIN : 656,319 NZ : 297,500 200 million 100 million The column for certified sales above includes markets , the databases of which contain certifications representing figures of 100,000 and more . 120 million to 199 million records Taylor Swift Garth Brooks Eminem Eagles U2 Bruno Mars Kanye West To ensure the highest level of fact checking and editorial control , this list sources sales figures to news organizations and highly regarded music industry related organizations such as MTV , VH1 , Billboard and Rolling Stone . The figures of total certified units within the table below are based on certified units of albums , singles ( including digital downloads ) and videos . Markets ' order within the table is based on Retail Value each market generates respectively , the largest market at the top and the smallest at the bottom . Artist Country / Market Period active Release - year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales Taylor Swift United States 2006 -- present 2006 Country / Country pop / Pop / Pop - rock 7002157000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 157 million ( show ) US : 134.5 million JPN : 2.850 million UK : 7.6 million GER : 750,000 FRA : 150,000 CAN : 4.460 million AUS : 5.355 million ITA : 210,000 BRA : 170,000 SWE : 180,000 MEX : 450,000 NZ : 367,500 170 million Garth Brooks United States 1989 -- present 1989 Country 7002146000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 156 million ( show ) US : 149.4 million UK : 520,000 CAN : 5.730 million AUS : 280,000 IRE : 120,000 160 million Eminem United States 1996 -- present 1999 Hip - hop 7002132000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 132 million ( show ) US : 86.1 million JPN : 2.9 million UK : 21.425 million GER : 3.450 million FRA : 3.170 million CAN : 3.770 million AUS : 5.702 million ITA : 450,000 BRA : 200,000 SWE : 810,000 SPA : 290,000 MEX : 365,000 SWI : 805,000 BEL : 475,000 DEN : 556,000 AUT : 325,000 POL : 250,000 FIN : 124,547 IRE : 285,000 NZ : 562,500 155 million Eagles United States 1971 -- 1980 , 1994 -- present 1972 Rock 7002129190000099999 ♠ Total available certified units : 129.2 million ( show ) US : 108.9 million JPN : 600,000 UK : 7.635 million GER : 925,000 FRA : 2.040 million CAN : 4.2 million AUS : 3.395 million SWE : 140,000 SPA : 500,000 SWI : 290,000 DEN : 185,000 FIN : 124,749 NZ : 352,500 150 million U2 Ireland 1976 -- present 1980 Rock 7002106500000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 106.5 million ( show ) US : 53.1 million JPN : 1.450 million UK : 18.620 million GER : 5.125 million FRA : 5.025 million CAN : 7.115 million AUS : 4.412 million ITA : 765,000 BRA : 2.675 million SWE : 515,000 SPA : 2.275 million MEX : 835,000 SWI : 696,000 BEL : 725,000 ARG : 590,000 DEN : 473,000 AUT : 500,000 POL : 360,000 FIN : 235,460 IRE : 316,000 NZ : 765,000 150 million Billy Joel United States 1964 -- present 1971 Pop / Rock 7002102600000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 102.6 million ( show ) US : 87.950 million JPN : 2 million UK : 5.655 million GER : 1.250 million FRA : 925,000 CAN : 3.275 million AUS : 1.267 AUT : 125,000 NZ : 162,500 150 million Phil Collins United Kingdom 1980 -- 2011 , 2015 -- present 1981 Rock / Progressive rock / Adult contemporary 7001877000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 87.7 million ( show ) US : 39.850 million JPN : 800,000 UK : 15.250 million GER : 13.8 million FRA : 6.410 million CAN : 3.375 million AUS : 1.522 BRA : 1.370 million SWE : 245,000 SPA : 2.150 million SWI : 973,000 BEL : 305,000 ARG : 980 million AUT : 440,000 FIN : 182,581 NZ : 122,500 150 million Aerosmith United States 1970 -- present 1973 Hard rock 7001846009999900000 ♠ Total available certified units : 84.6 million ( show ) US : 70.250 million JPN : 2.7 million UK : 3.170 million GER : 2 million FRA : 225,000 CAN : 3.950 million AUS : 225,000 ITA : 100,000 BRA : 600,000 SWE : 260,000 SPA : 200,000 MEX : 230,000 SWI : 145,000 ARG : 290,000 AUT : 125,000 POL : 100,000 FIN : 101,722 150 million Frank Sinatra United States 1935 -- 1995 1939 Pop / Swing 7001373009999900000 ♠ Total available certified units : 37.3 million ( show ) US : 28.2 million UK : 5.445 million GER : 1 million FRA : 600,000 CAN : 650,000 AUS : 245,000 BRA : 350,000 SWE : 130,000 SPA : 500,000 ARG : 180,000 150 million Barbra Streisand United States 1960 -- present 1963 Pop / Adult contemporary 7001974000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 97.4 million ( show ) US : 82.450 million UK : 5.765 million GER : 750,000 FRA : 3.150 million CAN : 2.650 million AUS : 2.047 million SWE : 120,000 SPA : 150,000 FIN : 186,501 NZ : 137,500 145 million Bruno Mars United States 2004 -- present Pop rock / R&B 7002118000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 118 million ( show ) US : 84.5 million JPN : 1.1 million UK : 12.9 million GER : 3.4 million FRA : 1.775 million CAN : 5.240 million AUS : 4.690 million ITA : 615,000 SWE : 440,000 SPA : 470,000 MEX : 780,000 SWI : 405,000 BEL : 345,000 DEN : 365,000 AUT : 180,000 NZ : 532,500 PHL : 330,000 124 million Kanye West United States 1996 -- present Hip - hop / Electronic / Pop rock 7002102300000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 102.3 million ( show ) US : 87.750 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 10.220 million GER : 300,000 CAN : 1.180 million AUS : 2.135 million ITA : 135,000 SWE : 160,000 DEN : 404,000 121 million Bruce Springsteen United States 1972 -- present 1973 Rock 7002101500000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 101.5 million ( show ) US : 76.150 million JPN : 400,000 UK : 7.145 million GER : 4.325 million FRA : 1.887 million CAN : 3.2 million AUS : 3.362 million ITA : 575,000 BRA : 100,000 SWE : 810,000 SPA : 1.730 million SWI : 400,000 DEN : 155,000 AUT : 290,000 FIN : 449,800 IRE : 189,500 NZ : 375,000 120 million Bee Gees United Kingdom Australia 1963 -- 2003 2009 -- 2012 1963 Pop / Disco 7001673000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 67.3 million ( show ) US : 41.5 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 9.065 million GER : 6.675 million FRA : 3.4 million CAN : 3.215 million AUS : 1.187 million BRA : 350,000 SPA : 450,000 SWI : 415,000 ARG : 180,000 AUT : 125,000 POL : 100,000 NZ : 380,000 120 million The column for certified sales above includes markets , the databases of which contain certifications representing figures of 100,000 and more . 100 million to 119 million records Katy Perry Justin Bieber Adele Lady Gaga Metallica Jay Z Bon Jovi To ensure the high level of fact checking and editorial control , this list sources sales figures to news organizations and highly regarded music industry related organizations such as MTV , VH1 , Billboard and Rolling Stone . The figures of total certified units within the table below are based on certified units of albums , singles ( including digital downloads ) and videos . Markets ' order within the table is based on Retail Value each market generates respectively , the largest market at the top and the smallest at the bottom . Artist Country / Market Period active Release - year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales Lady Gaga United States 2005 -- present 2008 Pop / Dance / Electronic 7001972000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 97.2 million ( show ) US : 66.5 million JPN : 5.4 million UK : 10.985 million GER : 2.9 million FRA : 1.58 million CAN : 2.4 million AUS : 2.890 million ITA : 815,000 BRA : 470,000 SWE : 680,000 SPA : 410,000 MEX : 390,000 SWI : 445,000 BEL : 270,000 DEN : 340,000 AUT : 182,500 POL : 130,000 IRE : 165,000 NZ : 277,500 114 million Metallica United States 1981 -- present Heavy metal / Thrash metal 7001941000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 94.1 million ( show ) US : 73.3 million JPN : 900,000 UK : 3.335 million GER : 3.425 million FRA : 940,000 CAN : 3.805 million AUS : 2.637 million ITA : 180,000 BRA : 380,000 SWE : 675,000 SPA : 420,000 MEX : 430,000 SWI : 560,000 BEL : 335,000 DEN : 180,000 ARG : 770,000 AUT : 340,000 POL : 735,000 FIN : 530,676 NZ : 315,000 110 million Katy Perry United States 2001 -- present 2008 Pop 7002127200000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 127.2 million ( show ) US : 96.5 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 11.950 million GER : 2.750 million FRA : 775,000 CAN : 5.8 million AUS : 5.090 million ITA : 680,000 BRA : 625,000 SWE : 520,000 SPA : 180,000 MEX : 900,000 SWI : 160,000 BEL : 135,000 DEN : 235,000 AUT : 240,000 NZ : 360,000 100 million Justin Bieber Canada United States 2008 -- present 2009 Pop / Teen pop , Dance pop 7002126700000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 126.7 million ( show ) US : 86.5 million JPN : 750,000 UK : 14.785 million GER : 3.1 million FRA : 1.2 CAN : 4.780 million AUS : 4.340 million ITA : 1.595 million BRA : 810,000 SWE : 1.820 million SPA : 860,000 MEX : 2.910 million BEL : 435,000 DEN : 1.850 million POL : 370,000 NZ : 600,000 100 million Adele United Kingdom 2006 -- present 2008 Pop , soul 7002104500000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 104.5 million ( show ) US : 61 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 20.550 million GER : 4.7 million CAN : 6.040 million AUS : 3.955 million ITA : 1.545 million BRA : 1.310 million SWE : 240,000 SPA : 800,000 MEX : 1.490 million SWI : 510,000 BEL : 795,000 DEN : 522,500 POL : 300,000 FIN : 151,639 NZ : 577,500 100 million Jay Z United States 1996 -- present Hip - hop 7001961000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 96.1 million ( show ) US : 80.7 million JPN : 1.050 million UK : 9.320 million GER : 1.550 million FRA : 400,000 CAN : 1.6 million AUS : 1.260 ITA : 180,000 SWE : 130,000 100 million Bon Jovi United States 1983 -- present Hard rock / Glam metal 7001838000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 83.8 million ( show ) US : 49.9 million JPN : 4.400 million UK : 9.290 million GER : 5.650 million FRA : 825,000 CAN : 4.735 million AUS : 3.030 million ITA : 110,000 BRA : 435,000 SWE : 365,000 SPA : 1.620 million MEX : 250,000 SWI : 1.275 million AUT : 725,000 BEL : 165,000 ARG : 350,000 POL : 110,000 FIN : 422,500 NZ : 210,000 100 million Lil Wayne United States 1996 -- present 1999 Hip - hop 7001799000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 79.9 million ( show ) US : 77.7 million UK : 1.460 million CAN : 280,000 AUS : 525,000 100 million Linkin Park United States 1996 -- present 2000 Alternative rock / Nu metal / Rap rock 7001787000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 78.7 million ( show ) US : 58.6 million JPN : 1.550 million UK : 5.945 million GER : 5.750 million FRA : 1.025 CAN : 1.330 million AUS : 1.450 million ITA : 430,000 BRA : 595,000 SWE : 165,000 SPA : 175,000 MEX : 225,000 SWI : 425,000 BEL : 140,000 DEN : 125,000 AUT : 252,500 POL : 220,000 FIN : 120,469 NZ : 252,500 100 million Britney Spears United States 1998 -- present 1998 Pop / Dance / Dance - pop 7001785000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 78.5 million ( show ) US : 44.2 million JPN : 2.1 million UK : 10.150 million GER : 5.050 million FRA : 3.732 million CAN : 3.680 million AUS : 3.130 million ITA : 175,000 BRA : 380,000 SWE : 1.010 million SPA : 990,000 MEX : 1.175 million SWI : 485,000 AUT : 365,000 BEL : 935,000 ARG : 240,000 DEN : 187,500 POL : 210,000 FIN : 143,627 NZ : 240,000 100 million Beyoncé United States 1997 -- present 2002 R&B / Pop 7001780000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 78 million ( show ) US : 53.650 million JPN : 1.7 million UK : 13.685 million GER : 1.550 million FRA : 560,000 CAN : 1.395 million AUS : 2.905 million ITA : 260,000 BRA : 390,000 SPA : 1.010 million MEX : 110,000 SWI : 165,000 BEL : 115,000 DEN : 230,000 POL : 100,000 NZ : 210,000 100 million Rod Stewart United Kingdom 1964 -- present 1969 Rock / Pop 7001778000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 77.8 million ( show ) US : 43.650 million JPN : 450,000 UK : 18.330 million GER : 3.8 million FRA : 1.8 million CAN : 4.055 million AUS : 2.610 million BRA : 980,000 SWE : 440,000 SPA : 290,000 SWI : 100,000 ARG : 500,000 AUT : 100,000 POL : 220,000 IRE : 195,000 NZ : 280,000 100 million Fleetwood Mac United Kingdom United States 1967 -- present 1968 Rock / Pop 7001761009999900000 ♠ Total available certified units : 76.1 million ( show ) US : 51.250 million UK : 13.585 million GER : 3.5 million FRA : 800,000 AUS : 2.767 million CAN : 2.950 million SPA : 300,000 SWI : 100,000 BEL : 100,000 NZ : 572,500 100 million Guns N ' Roses United States 1985 -- present Hard rock / Heavy metal 7001737000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 73.7 million ( show ) US : 48.5 million JPN : 1.7 million UK : 5.850 million GER : 4.1 million FRA : 1 million CAN : 3.520 million AUS : 2.410 ITA : 685,000 BRA : 1.9 million SWE : 485,000 SPA : 450,000 MEX : 760,000 SWI : 365,000 BEL : 165,000 ARG : 1.080 million AUT : 365,000 IRE : 105,000 NZ : 270,000 100 million George Strait United States 1981 -- present 1984 Country 7001728000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 72.8 million ( show ) US : 72.150 million CAN : 705,000 100 million Backstreet Boys United States 1993 -- present 1995 Pop 7001720000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 72 million ( show ) US : 41.5 million JPN : 5.4 million UK : 4.835 million GER : 7 million FRA : 325,000 CAN : 3.430 million AUS : 1.4 million BRA : 1.625 million SWE : 655,000 SPA : 1.850 million MEX : 1.475 million SWI : 415,000 BEL : 425,000 ARG : 740,000 AUT : 325,000 POL : 300,000 FIN : 171,390 NZ : 132,500 100 million Neil Diamond United States 1966 -- present 1966 Pop / Rock 7001683000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 68.3 million ( show ) US : 55.9 million UK : 7.130 million GER : 1 million FRA : 400,000 CAN : 1.725 million AUS : 1.945 million SPA : 100,000 NZ : 127,500 100 million Prince United States 1976 -- 2016 1978 Funk / R&B / Pop / Soul / Rock 7001642000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 64.2 million ( show ) US : 48.950 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 7.045 million GER : 2.4 million FRA : 2.110 million CAN : 1 million AUS : 1.120 SWE : 100,000 SPA : 700,000 SWI : 250,000 AUT : 125,000 NZ : 177,500 100 million Paul McCartney United Kingdom 1960 -- present 1970 Rock 7001606000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 60.6 million ( show ) US : 41.450 million JPN : 500,000 UK : 12.365 million GER : 1.525 million FRA : 1.305 million CAN : 1.955 million AUS : 465,000 SWE : 210,000 SPA : 640,000 DEN : 210,000 100 million Kenny Rogers United States 1958 -- present Country / Pop 7001589000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 58.9 million ( show ) US : 51.550 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 2.520 million CAN : 4.6 million AUS : 100,000 SPA : 100,000 100 million Janet Jackson United States 1982 -- present 1982 R&B / Pop 7001521000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 52.1 million ( show ) US : 39.750 million JPN : 1.6 million UK : 4.760 million GER : 1.4 million FRA : 1.475 million CAN : 1.460 million AUS : 1.155 SWE : 105,000 SPA : 150,000 SWI : 170,000 BEL : 125,000 100 million Julio Iglesias Spain 1968 -- present 1968 Latin 7001510000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 51 million ( show ) US : 11 million JPN : 800,000 UK : 1.620 million GER : 250,000 FRA : 6.1 million CAN : 1.5 million AUS : 540,000 ITA : 400,000 NLD : 950,000 BRA : 12.475 million SWE : 290,000 SPA : 8.7 million MEX : 2.975 million BEL : 125,000 ARG : 3.220 million FIN : 131,636 100 million Chicago United States 1967 -- present 1969 Rock / Pop 7001483000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 48.3 million ( show ) US : 44.150 million JPN : 400,000 UK : 1.490 million GER : 250,000 FRA : 100,000 CAN : 1.865 million SPA : 100,000 100 million The Carpenters United States 1969 -- 1983 1969 Pop 7001460000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 46 million ( show ) US : 34.6 million JPN : 2.9 million UK : 7.950 million GER : 250,000 CAN : 275,000 BRA : 100,000 100 million Bob Dylan United States 1959 -- present 1963 Folk / Rock 7001451000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 45.1 million ( show ) US : 35.6 million UK : 5.825 million GER : 625,000 FRA : 800,000 CAN : 1.5 million AUS : 480,000 SWI : 175,000 NZ : 105,000 100 million Dire Straits United Kingdom 1977 -- 1995 1978 Rock 7001447000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 44.7 million ( show ) US : 15.5 million UK : 11.1 million GER : 3.750 million FRA : 5.3 million CAN : 2.575 million AUS : 2.190 million ITA : 385,000 BRA : 175,000 SWE : 360,000 SPA : 1.380 million SWI : 1 million BEL : 100,000 AUT : 300,000 FIN : 471,530 NZ : 155,000 100 million Bryan Adams Canada 1979 -- present 1979 Rock 7001445000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 44.5 million ( show ) US : 21 million JPN : 600,000 UK : 8.675 million GER : 3.850 million FRA : 650,000 CAN : 5.120 million AUS : 2.010 million BRA : 100,000 SWE : 440,000 SPA : 450,000 SWI : 805,000 BEL : 250,000 AUT : 375,000 FIN : 183,444 100 million Def Leppard United Kingdom 1977 -- present 1979 Hard rock / Heavy metal 7001418009999900000 ♠ Total available certified units : 41.8 million ( show ) US : 35.650 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 1.960 million FRA : 200,000 CAN : 2.995 million AUS : 385,000 SWE : 150,000 MEX : 200,000 SWI : 125,000 100 million Cher United States 1964 -- present 1965 Pop / Rock / Dance / Folk 7001404000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 40.4 million ( show ) US : 21.9 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 6.450 million GER : 4.175 million FRA : 1.525 million CAN : 1.340 million AUS : 1.530 million ITA : 300,000 BRA : 125,000 SWE : 850,000 SPA : 600,000 MEX : 200,000 SWI : 295,000 BEL : 275,000 DEN : 300,000 AUT : 250,000 POL : 100,000 NZ : 150,000 100 million Lionel Richie United States 1968 -- present 1981 Pop / R&B 7001402000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 40.2 million ( show ) US : 28.650 million UK : 6.155 million GER : 1.050 million FRA : 1.4 million CAN : 2.380 million AUS : 260,000 BRA : 100,000 SPA : 150,000 SWI : 145,000 100 million Genesis United Kingdom 1967 -- 1999 2006 -- present 1969 Progressive rock / Pop rock 7001399000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 39.9 million ( show ) US : 21.650 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 7.325 million GER : 5.875 million FRA : 3.460 million CAN : 805,000 SWE : 100,000 SPA : 250,000 SWI : 400,000 100 million James Taylor United States 1968 -- present 1970 Rock / Pop 7001355000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 35.5 million ( show ) US : 34.650 million UK : 655,000 CAN : 100,000 AUS : 100,000 100 million Olivia Newton - John Australia 1966 -- present 1966 Pop 7001346000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 34.6 million ( show ) US : 27 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 3.950 million GER : 250,000 CAN : 3.025 million AUS : 310,000 100 million Stevie Wonder United States 1961 -- present 1962 Funk / R&B / Soul 7001346000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 34.6 million ( show ) US : 21.650 million JPN : 1.050 million UK : 8.285 million GER : 500,000 FRA : 1.4 million CAN : 1.550 million SPA : 250,000 100 million Tina Turner United States 1955 -- present Rock / Pop 7001328009999900000 ♠ Total available certified units : 32.8 million ( show ) US : 12.7 million UK : 8.145 million GER : 6.050 million FRA : 1.135 million CAN : 1.560 million AUS : 480,000 SWE : 330,000 SPA : 700,000 SWI : 565,000 BEL : 190,000 AUT : 630,000 POL : 120,000 FIN : 241,954 100 million Linda Ronstadt United States 1967 -- present 1968 Rock / Folk / Country 7001325000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 32.5 million ( show ) US : 31.5 million UK : 435,000 FRA : 100,000 CAN : 500,000 100 million Donna Summer United States 1968 -- 2012 Pop / Disco / R&B 7001308000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 30.8 million ( show ) US : 24.5 million UK : 3.735 million FRA : 900,000 CAN : 1.550 million BRA : 100,000 SPA : 100,000 100 million The Beach Boys United States 1961 -- present 1962 Rock / Pop / Surf Rock 7001305000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 30.5 million ( show ) US : 25.6 million UK : 3.410 million GER : 250,000 FRA : 400,000 CAN : 100,000 AUS : 492,500 SPA : 250,000 100 million David Bowie United Kingdom 1962 -- 2016 1967 Art rock / Glam rock / Pop 7001296000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 29.6 million ( show ) US : 11.7 million JPN : 200,000 UK : 11.445 million GER : 525,000 FRA : 2.380 million CAN : 2.215 million AUS : 565,000 ITA : 320,000 SPA : 170,000 NZ : 142,500 100 million The Who United Kingdom 1964 -- present 1965 Rock / Hard rock 7001269000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 26.9 million ( show ) US : 22.150 million UK : 3.905 million FRA : 300,000 CAN : 425,000 ITA : 125,000 100 million Barry White United States 1972 -- 2003 1973 R&B / Soul 7001217000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 21.7 million ( show ) US : 16.5 million UK : 3.665 million FRA : 1.1 million CAN : 150,000 SPA : 200,000 BEL : 150,000 100 million The column for certified sales above includes markets , the databases of which contain certifications representing figures of 100,000 and more . 80 million to 99 million records B'z Shania Twain Coldplay Flo Rida Nicki Minaj Ayumi Hamasaki Van Halen To ensure the highest level of fact checking and editorial control , this list sources sales figures to news organizations and highly regarded music industry related organizations such as MTV , VH1 , Billboard and Rolling Stone . The figures of total certified units within the table below are based on certified units of albums , singles ( including digital downloads ) and videos . Markets ' order within the table is based on Retail Value each market generates respectively , the largest market at the top and the smallest at the bottom . Artist Country / Market Period active Release - year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales Shania Twain Canada 1993 -- present Country pop 7001756009999900000 ♠ Total available certified units : 75.6 million ( show ) US : 54.5 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 6.795 million GER : 1.750 million FRA : 975,000 CAN : 6.8 million AUS : 2.360 million BRA : 475,000 SWE : 330,000 SPA : 100,000 MEX : 100,000 SWI : 310,000 BEL : 250,000 ARG : 120,000 AUT : 115,000 NZ : 402,500 90 million Coldplay United Kingdom 1996 -- present 1999 Alternative rock , Pop rock , Pop 7001737000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 73.7 million ( show ) US : 26.6 million JPN : 750,000 UK : 23.085 million GER : 4.150 million FRA : 2.930 CAN : 3.205 million AUS : 3.585 million ITA : 2.525 million BRA : 340,000 SWE : 590,000 SPA : 1.030 million MEX : 1.890 million SWI : 510,000 BEL : 735,000 ARG : 280,000 DEN : 619,000 AUT : 197,500 POL : 220,000 IRE : 210,000 NZ : 345,000 90 million Santana United States 1966 -- present 1969 Rock 7001618000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 61.8 million ( show ) US : 47.475 million JPN : 400,000 UK : 2.980 million GER : 2.4 million FRA : 3.510 million CAN : 1.660 million AUS : 855,000 BRA : 375,000 SWE : 125,000 SPA : 450,000 MEX : 405,000 SWI : 375,000 BEL : 190,000 ARG : 150,000 AUT : 145,000 POL : 205,000 NZ : 135,000 90 million Earth , Wind & Fire United States 1969 -- present 1971 Funk / R&B / Soul 7001356000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 35.6 million ( show ) US : 31.8 million JPN : 500,000 UK : 2.525 million FRA : 500,000 CAN : 360,000 90 million Johnny Cash United States 1954 -- 2003 1956 Country / Rock and roll / Gospel 7001307000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 30.7 million ( show ) US : 25.7 million UK : 3.660 million GER : 400,000 CAN : 490,000 AUS : 522,500 90 million B'z Japan 1988 -- present Rock / Pop rock / Hard rock 7001855000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 85.5 million ( show ) JPN : 85.5 million 86 million Nicki Minaj United States 2008 -- present Hip hop , Pop 7001672000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 67.2 million ( show ) US : 54.5 million JPN : 350,000 UK : 6.3 million GER : 800,000 FRA : 225,000 CAN : 480,000 AUS : 2.835 million ITA : 350,000 BRA : 250,000 SWE : 400,000 SPA : 100,000 MEX : 150,000 SWI : 180,000 DEN : 130,000 NZ : 187,500 85 million R.E.M. United States 1980 -- 2011 Alternative rock 7001424000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 42.4 million ( show ) US : 21.150 million UK : 8.705 million GER : 4.275 million FRA : 1.450 million CAN : 2.650 million AUS : 1.030 ITA : 175,000 BRA : 100,000 SWE : 500,000 SPA : 1.1 million SWI : 450,000 BEL : 150,000 DEN : 155,000 AUT : 350,000 IRE : 127,500 NZ : 105,000 85 million Flo Rida United States 2007 -- present 2007 Hip - hop , Hip house , EDM 7001698000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 69.8 million ( show ) US : 49 million JPN : 650,000 UK : 7.960 million GER : 3 million FRA : 225,000 CAN : 2.810 million AUS : 3.535 million ITA : 330,000 SWE : 780,000 SPA : 140,000 MEX : 330,000 SWI : 420,000 DEN : 205,000 AUT : 180,000 NZ : 247,500 80 million Ayumi Hamasaki Japan 1998 -- present 1998 J - pop / Pop / dance / electronic 7001643000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 64.3 million ( show ) JPN : 64.3 million 80 million Van Halen United States 1978 -- present 1978 Hard rock / Heavy metal 7001643000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 64.3 million ( show ) US : 57.8 million JPN : 1.3 million UK : 740,000 GER : 1.5 million FRA : 400,000 CAN : 2.450 million BRA : 200,000 80 million Red Hot Chili Peppers United States 1983 -- present Funk rock / Alternative rock 7001573000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 57.3 million ( show ) US : 32.250 million JPN : 2.6 million UK : 9.595 million GER : 2.650 million FRA : 1.420 million CAN : 2.020 million AUS : 2.590 million ITA : 420,000 BRA : 515,000 SWE : 390,000 SPA : 640,000 MEX : 150,000 SWI : 405,000 BEL : 170,000 ARG : 390,000 DEN : 227,000 AUT : 247,500 POL : 245,000 FIN : 171,951 NZ : 285,000 80 million Foreigner United States United Kingdom 1976 -- present 1977 Rock / Hard Rock 7001496000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 49.6 million ( show ) US : 45.1 million UK : 1.300 million GER : 1.5 million FRA : 400,000 CAN : 700,000 AUS : 105,000 SWI : 125,000 80 million The Doors United States 1965 -- 1973 1967 Psychedelic rock 7001469000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 46.9 million ( show ) US : 36.6 million UK : 2.040 million GER : 1.750 million FRA : 1.9 million CAN : 2.780 million AUS : 1.022 million ITA : 130,000 BRA : 100,000 SPA : 300,000 SWI : 125,000 ARG : 150,000 AUT : 100,000 80 million George Michael United Kingdom 1981 -- 2016 1984 Pop 7001457000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 45.7 million ( show ) US : 19.8 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 12.850 million GER : 2.4 million FRA : 3.217 million CAN : 1.770 million AUS : 2.205 million BRA : 350,000 SWE : 310,000 SPA : 850,000 SWI : 335,000 BEL : 215,000 ARG : 110,000 DEN : 380,000 AUT : 140,000 POL : 340,000 NZ : 140,000 80 million Reba McEntire United States 1975 -- present Country / Country Pop 7001427000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 42.7 million ( show ) US : 41.9 million CAN : 850,000 80 million Meat Loaf United States 1968 -- present 1977 Rock / Hard rock 7001415000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 41.5 million ( show ) US : 23.6 million UK : 9.665 million GER : 2.350 million CAN : 3.260 million AUS : 2.382 million SWE : 100,000 SWI : 115,000 AUT : 100,000 80 million Barry Manilow United States 1973 -- present 1973 Pop / Soft rock 7001365000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 36.5 million ( show ) US : 33.3 million UK : 2.825 million CAN : 400,000 80 million Tom Petty United States 1976 -- present 1977 Rock 7001346000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 34.6 million ( show ) US : 31.250 million UK : 1 million GER : 500,000 CAN : 1.7 million SWE : 200,000 80 million Johnny Hallyday France 1957 -- present 1960 Rock / Pop 7001247000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 24.7 million ( show ) FRA : 24.035 million SWI : 268,000 BEL : 430,000 80 million The column for certified sales above includes markets , the databases of which contain certifications representing figures of 100,000 and more . 75 million to 79 million records Journey The Black Eyed Peas Kenny G Tupac Shakur Usher Robbie Williams Enya To ensure the highest level of fact checking and editorial control , this list sources sales figures to news organizations and highly regarded music industry related organizations such as MTV , VH1 , Billboard and Rolling Stone . The figures of total certified units within the table below are based on certified units of albums , singles ( including digital downloads ) and videos . Markets ' order within the table is based on Retail Value each market generates respectively , the largest market at the top and the smallest at the bottom . Artist Country / Market Period active Release - year of first charted record Genre Total certified units ( from available markets ) Claimed sales The Black Eyed Peas United States 1995 -- present 1998 Hip - hop / R&B / Dance 7001556000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 55.6 million ( show ) US : 29.4 million JPN : 1.250 million UK : 10.8 million GER : 2.250 million FRA : 2.650 million CAN : 2.7 million AUS : 3.270 million ITA : 365,000 BRA : 255,000 SWE : 300,000 SPA : 460,000 MEX : 390,000 SWI : 460,000 BEL : 460,000 DEN : 161,000 IRE : 135,000 NZ : 340,000 76 million Journey United States 1973 -- present Rock / Soft rock 7001620000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 62 million ( show ) US : 59.7 million JPN : 300,000 UK : 1.360 million CAN : 725,000 75 million Kenny G United States 1982 -- present 1984 Smooth jazz 7001519000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 51.9 million ( show ) US : 48.1 million JPN : 700,000 UK : 360,000 CAN : 950,000 BRA : 1.350 million SPA : 450,000 75 million Tupac Shakur United States 1991 -- 1996 1991 Hip hop 7001509000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 50.9 million ( show ) US : 46.2 million UK : 3.015 million GER : 500,000 CAN : 820,000 AUS : 395,000 75 million Usher United States 1991 -- present R&B / Pop 7001509000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 50.9 million ( show ) US : 37.435 million JPN : 750,000 UK : 7.925 million GER : 850,000 FRA : 210,000 CAN : 1.190 million AUS : 2.112 million SWE : 105,000 SWI : 170,000 DEN : 117,500 NZ : 150,000 75 million Robbie Williams United Kingdom 1990 -- present Pop rock 7001503000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 50.3 million ( show ) US : 500,000 UK : 27.350 million GER : 9.475 million FRA : 2.695 million CAN : 250,000 AUS : 2.905 million ITA : 360,000 SWE : 445,000 SPA : 440,000 MEX : 1.595 million SWI : 983,000 BEL : 600,000 DEN : 631,500 AUT : 917,500 POL : 140,000 ARG : 270,000 FIN : 235,743 IRE : 135,000 NZ : 445,000 75 million Enya Ireland 1982 -- present New - age / Celtic 7001500000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 50 million ( show ) US : 26.5 million JPN : 4.6 million UK : 5.250 million GER : 4.2 million FRA : 775,000 CAN : 1.540 million AUS : 1.505 BRA : 1.650 million SWE : 390,000 SPA : 1.760 million MEX : 125,000 SWI : 370,000 BEL : 460,000 ARG : 390,000 DEN : 100,000 AUT : 185,000 POL : 120,000 NZ : 135,000 75 million Alabama United States 1972 -- present 1980 Country / Pop rock 7001480000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 48 million ( show ) US : 46.8 million CAN : 1.2 million 75 million Nirvana United States 1987 -- 1994 1989 Grunge / Alternative rock 7001455000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 45.5 million ( show ) US : 26.5 million JPN : 1.3 million UK : 5.570 million GER : 1.250 million FRA : 2.5 million CAN : 2.970 million AUS : 1.257 ITA : 375,000 BRA : 725,000 SWE : 380,000 SPA : 450,000 MEX : 475,000 SWI : 190,000 BEL : 350,000 ARG : 490,000 AUT : 230,000 POL : 300,000 NZ : 215,000 75 million The Police United Kingdom 1977 -- 1986 2007 -- 2008 1978 Pop / Rock 7001388009999900000 ♠ Total available certified units : 38.8 million ( show ) US : 23.150 million JPN : 100,000 UK : 8.160 million GER : 1.775 million FRA : 3.340 million CAN : 875,000 AUS : 407,500 ITA : 100,000 BRA : 140,000 SPA : 300,000 MEX : 100,000 BEL : 115,000 ARG : 252,000 75 million Bob Marley Jamaica 1962 -- 1981 Reggae 7001385000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 38.5 million ( show ) US : 21.850 million JPN : 200,000 UK : 7.175 million GER : 1.750 million FRA : 4.735 million CAN : 600,000 AUS : 350,000 ITA : 225,000 SWE : 120,000 SPA : 450,000 SWI : 303,000 ARG : 240,000 AUT : 125,000 NZ : 427,500 75 million Kiss United States 1972 -- present Hard rock / Heavy metal 7001278000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 27.8 million ( show ) US : 26 million CAN : 1.495 million UK : 100,000 AUS : 130,000 ARG : 112,000 75 million Aretha Franklin United States 1956 -- present 1961 Soul / Jazz / Blues / R&B 7001247000000000000 ♠ Total available certified units : 24.7 million ( show ) US : 23.5 million UK : 840,000 FRA : 275,000 CAN : 150,000 75 million The column for certified sales above includes markets , the databases of which contain certifications representing figures of 100,000 and more . See also List of best - selling albums List of best - selling singles List of best - selling girl groups List of highest - certified music artists in the United States Notes Jump up ^ To be on this list , artists who began charting : before 1975 are required to have their available claimed figures supported by 20 % in certified units . between 1975 -- 1990 are required to have their available claimed figures supported by 20 -- 64 % in certified units . ( That is 2.9 % for each additional year after 1975 ) between 1990 -- 2000 are required to have their available claimed figures supported by 64 -- 70 % in certified units . ( That is 0.6 % for each additional year after 1990 ) between 2000 -- present are required to have their available claimed figures supported by 70 -- 80 % in certified units . ( That is 0.66 % for each additional year after 2000 ) ^ Jump up to : Certification systems have been established periodically throughout the past half century ; thus , certification databases are not able to cover all sales . Some ( or all ) records released and sold prior to a certification system 's establishment year may not be found within the available searchable certification databases . Year of establishment ( from largest market to smallest based on Retail Value each market generates respectively ) : United States : 1958 Japan : 1989 : United Kingdom : 1973 Germany : 1975 France : 1973 Canada : 1975 Australia : 1997 ( online certification - database has begun since 1997 . Certifications ; however , existed in Australia since the 1970s ) Italy : 2009 ( online certification - database covers certifications issued since 2009 . Certifications ; however , have existed in Italy since the 1990s ) Netherlands : 1978 Brazil : 1990 Sweden : 1987 Spain : 1979 Mexico : 1999 Switzerland : 1989 Belgium : 1997 Argentina : 1980 Denmark : 2001 ( online certifications for Denmark start from 2001 . Certifications ; however , existed in Denmark since the early 1990s ) Austria : 1990 Poland : 1995 Finland : 1971 Ireland : 2005 New Zealand : July 1978 Certified sales might sometimes be larger than actual sales , if stores order more albums than they are able to sell , due to certifications generally being determined by shipments and not actual sales . Often , however , actual sales are larger than certified sales , since record labels must pay a fee to obtain certifications . Record companies often apply for certifications only when a record reaches a multiple certification - levels , meaning certifications might not be visible in the databases for more than a short period of time after an album reached a certification level . As global music sales declined in the 2000s mostly due to CD burning and downloading from unauthorized sites , certification bodies opted to reduce their certification levels . See the changes in Certification - award - levels in the following markets : United States ( Note , U.S. certification - award - levels for singles before 1989 were : 1,000,000 for Gold and 2,000,000 for Platinum . Also , U.S. certification - awards for Shortform albums before September 1996 were : 250,000 for Gold and 500,000 for Platinum ) Japan United Kingdom Germany France Canada ( Canadian certification - award - levels for singles before February 1982 were : 75,000 for Gold and 150,000 for Platinum ) Italy Netherlands Brazil Sweden Spain Mexico Switzerland Belgium Argentina Denmark Austria : Poland Finland New Zealand : ( NZ certification levels before June 2007 were : 5,000 for Gold , 10,000 for Platinum ) ( The levels for singles were adjusted again on June 17 , 2016 from previous 7,500 for Gold , 15,000 for Platinum , to 15,000 for Gold , 30,000 for Platinum ) References Jump up ^ NEWSLINE : A Former Music Executive . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . February 14 , 2004 . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Troubles in Store . Spin Magazine . Spin Media L.L.C. February 14 , 2004 . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA Debuts Album Award With Streams '' . RIAA . February 1 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Music streaming numbers now count toward Canada 's Gold / Platinum certifications '' . National Music Centre . September 19 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` France Now Counts Streaming Towards Certified Sales Awards '' . musicbusinessworldwide.com . October 5 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA Gold and Platinum : We Found Love '' . RIAA . February 1 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Rihanna 's Best - Selling Songs & Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAJ Yearbook 2017 : IFPI Global Music Report 2017 ( Page 5 ) '' . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bundesverband Musikindustrie : Internationales : Abb. 28 / / Umsätze aus dem europäischen Musikverkauf '' . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Allmusic : The Beatles ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAA : Searchable Database '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAJ : Gold Disc Certifications '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Certified Awards Search '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` BVMI : Gold - / Platin - Datenbank '' . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` InfoDisc : Les Certifications depuis 1973 '' ( InfoDisc : Certifications from 1973 ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique ( in French ) . InfoDisc.fr . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` SNEP : Les Certifications '' . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique ( in French ) . SNEP . Retrieved February 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Music Canada : Gold & Platinum searchable database '' . Music Canada . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Australia 's Music Charts 1988 -- 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Moonlight Publishing . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` F.I.M.I : Federazione Industria Musicale Itaiana '' ( in Italian ) . Federation of the Italian Music Industry . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2015 . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ABPD : Certificados '' ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guld & Platina IFPI '' ( Gold & Platinum IFPI ) ( in Swedish ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry -- Sweden . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2011 . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` PROMUSICAE Charts : Home > Weekly charts '' ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Salaverri , Fernando ( 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año : 1959 -- 2002 . Iberautor Promociones Culturales . pp. 928 -- 939 . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hitparade.ch : Edelmetall '' . Schweizer Hitparade . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Note that the certifications for DVDs need to be retrieved by selecting the years at `` http://hitparade.ch/awards.asp '' ^ Jump up to : `` Awards 1997 -- 2003 '' . Belgian Entertainment Association . Ultratop . Retrieved February 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ultratop : Goud En Platina '' . Ultratop . Retrieved February 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` CAPIF : Discos de Oro y Platino '' . CAPIF . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2011 . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 01 - 2001 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer marts -- maj 2010 '' . IFPI Denmark . May 31 , 2010 . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` IFPI Austria : Gold & Platin '' ( in German ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry -- Austria . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2011 . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Polish certification awards 1995 -- present '' ( in Polish ) . ZPAV . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Recorded Music New Zealand : The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Recorded Music New Zealand . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Radioscope : Latest Gold / Platinum Albums '' . Radioscope . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2011 . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Loebenberg , Priscilla ( February 9 , 2014 ) . `` The Fab Four came to America 50 years ago with the help of a Maryland teenager '' . Carroll County Times . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hotten , Russell ( October 4 , 2012 ) . `` The Beatles at 50 : From Fab Four to fabulously wealthy '' . BBC News . Retrieved January 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wyman , Bill ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` Did ' Thriller ' Really Sell a Hundred Million Copies '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Allmusic : Elvis Presley ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Salaverri , Fernando ( 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año : 1959 -- 2002 . Iberautor Promociones Culturales . pp. 913 -- 929 . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Salaverri , Fernando ( 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año : 1959 -- 2002 . Iberautor Promociones Culturales . pp. 940 -- 952 . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amprofon Certificaciones '' ( in Spanish ) . AMPROFON . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` AMPROFON : Certificaciones 2016 '' . AMPROFON . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 15 - 2001 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 01 - 2003 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 43 - 2003 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tilastot : Kulta - ja platinalevyt '' . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bennet , Mark ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Elvis impersonator reviews his career highlights , wardrobe '' . Daily Herald of Arlington Heights . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shah , Sabir ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` Pakistan is not lone target of extortion , gangster crimes '' . The News International of Pakistan . Retrieved June 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Salo , Jackie ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` Elvis Presley Quotes : 10 Things He Said To Remember The Icon On Anniversary Of His Death '' . International Business Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Michael Jackson ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` InfoDisc Les Certifications depuis 1973 ( singles ) '' . InfoDisc . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Report 6th July 2009 ( Issue 1010 ) '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Report 13th July 2009 ( Issue 1011 ) '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA : ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart ( 19 / 01 / 2015 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sverige Toplistan : Sök '' . Sverige Toplistan ( in Swedish ) . Retrieved November 18 , 2013 . Note : To retrieve the certifications , type in artist 's name in the box of `` Sök '' , and then click on `` Visa '' of the desired album / single / video ^ Jump up to : Salaverri , Fernando ( 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año : 1959 -- 2002 . Iberautor Promociones Culturales . pp. 952 -- 966 . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hitlisten.nu '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2014 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guld og platin i august '' . IFPI Denmark . September 5 , 2004 . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` IFPI Denmark : Certificeringer '' . IFPI Denmark . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2011 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' King of Pop ' Michael Jackson was born today '' . Geo News . August 29 , 2016 . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jackson was star the world could not ignore '' . CNN . June 26 , 2009 . Retrieved September 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson : 100 facts about the king of pop '' . The Daily Telegraph . June 29 , 2009 . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Agencies , China Daily ( June 27 , 2009 ) . `` 50 facts about Michael Jackson that made him a legend '' . China Daily . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Madonna ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2012 . Retrieved October 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Australia 's Music Charts 1988 - 210 ( Madonna ) '' ( PDF ) . Moonlight Publishing . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guld og platin november / december / januar '' . IFPI Denmark . February 19 , 2007 . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2015 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Denmark : Certificeringer ( Page 22 ) '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin i marts '' . IFPI Denmark . April 13 , 2006 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guld & platin januar 2010 '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mandle , Chris ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` Madonna compares herself to Picasso , saying she 's going to be creative until the day she dies '' . The Independent . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Graff , Gary ( September 28 , 2015 ) . `` Madonna 's Rebel Heart beats strong on latest tour '' . The Macomb Daily . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna : healthy pop star admits to ' weakness ' for sticky toffee pudding '' . The Daily Telegraph . September 9 , 2011 . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Elton John ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Forårets guld - og platincertificeringer '' . IFPI Denmark . June 13 , 2007 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Burnham , Emily ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Elton John to play two concerts in Maine this fall '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hebditch , Jon ( June 19 , 2015 ) . `` Sir Elton John to play Aberdeen this weekend '' . The Press and Journal of Scotland . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Boyle , Jacqui ( January 17 , 2013 ) . `` Elton John to play at WSU 's Nutter Center '' . Dayton Daily News . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Mark ( March 17 , 2013 ) . `` Elton John , songtrack to my life '' . Chattanooga Times Free Press . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Led Zeppelin ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Certifications Albums -- Année 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA : ARIA Albums Chart ( 10 / 11 / 2014 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The ARIA Report : ARIA Top 100 Albums -- Week Commencing 10th August 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved September 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Morse , Steve ( October 12 , 2012 ) . `` ' Celebration Day ' for Led Zeppelin fans '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cornwell , Jane ( September 27 , 2014 ) . `` Jimmy Page reflects on Led Zeppelin '' . The Age . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Logue , Timothy ( March 1 , 2013 ) . `` Weekend : Delco man pens the real story behind Led Zeppelin 's rise '' . Delaware County Daily Times . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Barbrick , Greg ( December 14 , 2012 ) . `` Music DVD / CD Review : Led Zeppelin -- Celebration Day '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Allmusic : Pink Floyd ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michaels , Sean ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` Pink Floyd to release a new album in 2014 , entitled The Endless River '' . The Guardian . Retrieved January 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : The Record : January 1995 ( Page 6 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Stephen ( July 30 , 2017 ) . `` CONCERT REVIEW : Pink Floyd music lives on with tribute band '' . The Sun Chronicle . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ahmed , Tufayel ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Royal Mail Marks 50 Years of Pink Floyd With Special Stamps '' . Newsweek . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pink Floyd drummer fears for young musicians trying to break through '' . Irish Examiner . September 6 , 2016 . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Iconic Pink Floyd Designer Exhibiting His Work In Ely '' . Ely Standard . May 4 , 2010 . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Birchmeier , Jason . `` Allmusic : Rihanna ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` AMPROFON : Certificaciones 2017 '' . AMPROFON . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin i marts ( 31 / 03 / 2008 ) '' . IFPI Denmark . March 31 , 2008 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin i september '' . IFPI Denmark . October 6 , 2008 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Certificeringer marts -- maj 2010 '' . IFPI Denmark . May 31 , 2010 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Irish Charts : Certtifications - Awards '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2012 . Retrieved February 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Rebecca ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Rihanna and the other female stars living the life dating billionaires '' . News.com.au . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morris , Ronnie ( March 19 , 2015 ) . `` Barbados ' precious stone '' . Barbados Today . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ankeny , Jason . `` Allmusic : Mariah Carey ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 年度 別 ミリオン セラー 一覧 ( Million Seller List by Year ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australia 's Music Charts 1988 -- 2010 ( Mariah Carey ) '' ( PDF ) . Moonlight Publishing . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 4 ( UGE 51 - 2016 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Jay ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Mariah Carey will return to Vegas for a handful of Christmastime concerts '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Julie , Jackson ( August 7 , 2014 ) . `` Mariah Carey to hold solo concert in October '' . The Korea Herald . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Reporter , AFP ( January 5 , 2012 ) . `` Mariah Carey asks fans to pray for sick husband '' . ABC News . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wheeler , Brad ( February 10 , 2010 ) . `` For Mariah Carey , the angel is in the details '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Proefrock , Stacia . `` Allmusic : Celine Dion ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 年度 別 ミリオン セラー 一覧 1995 年 ( 1995 million - seller list ) ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( July 2010 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 47 - 2003 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 22 - 2008 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Denmark : Certificeringer '' . IFPI Denmark . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion to launch fashion line with The Bugatti Group '' . Kingston Whig - Standard . February 3 , 2017 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ptashnick , Victoria ( August 22 , 2013 ) . `` Céline Dion joins Twitter '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sandhu , Sukhdev ( February 2 , 2008 ) . `` Learning to love Celine Dion '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barhat , Vikram Singh ( March 6 , 2008 ) . `` Celine Dion : Taking Chances tour to heights '' . Gulf News . Retrieved February 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : AC / DC ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pladebranchen. 08 offentliggøres i dag '' . IFPI Denmark . August 27 , 2009 . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marchand , Francois ( September 23 , 2015 ) . `` Review : AC / DC thrill Vancouver fans at BC Place '' . The Vancouver Sun . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McGreevy , Ronan ( July 1 , 2015 ) . `` ' AC / DC 's music is the best antidepressant there is ' '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rock Giants AC / DC Accept The Inevitable And Agree To Make Their Music Available On iTunes '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . November 19 , 2012 . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Williams , Martin ( December 20 , 2008 ) . `` MSPs tell AC / DC ... We Salute You '' . The Herald of Glasgow . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Whitney Houston ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( January 2014 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Albums -- Week Commencing 27th February 2012 Issue No. 1148 ( for single `` I Will Always Love You '' and albums `` The Bodyguard Soundtrack '' , `` Whitney Houston '' ) '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . February 27 , 2012 . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Locker , Melissa ( August 8 , 2013 ) . `` Whitney Houston : 10 Career - Defining Moments '' . Time . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Levine , Barry ( January 24 , 2015 ) . `` Four more who should be in the Hall of Fame '' . The Albany Herald . Retrieved March 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Thurston , Michael ( February 12 , 2012 ) . `` Music world stunned at Whitney Houston 's death '' . The Australian . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ France - Presse , Agence ( February 12 , 2012 ) . `` Music world stunned at death of Whitney Houston , 48 '' . Hürriyet Daily News . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Queen ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 年度 別 ミリオン セラー 一覧 2004 年 ( 2004 Million Seller List ) ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Castle , Jill ( January 13 , 2015 ) . `` The 20 Queen facts you can share with your mates at the Hydro '' . The Herald of Glasgow . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tolhurst , Alain ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Queen guitarist reveals Sidmouth inspiration '' . Sidmouth Herald . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fox , Emily ( December 31 , 2013 ) . `` Queen rocker Brian May reveals he is undergoing ' urgent tests ' for cancer '' . Daily Express . Retrieved February 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : The Rolling Stones ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lawless , Jill ; Dixon , Louise ( July 13 , 2013 ) . `` Rolling Stones celebrate 50 years on stage '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McCall , Tris ( October 16 , 2012 ) . `` Maybe the last time ? Rolling Stones set to rock Newark , London '' . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved January 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ankeny , Jason . `` Allmusic : ABBA ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : The Record : July 2001 ( Gold Album - Page 8 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Gold and Platinum Database ( February 2009 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media , Inc ( September 8 , 1979 ) . ABBA 's Australian certifications at Billboard Magazine ( September 8 , 1979 issue ) . Billboard . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 25 - 2004 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 52 - 2008 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 52 - 2011 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Official NZ Music Charts : Top 40 Albums ( 28 April 2014 ) '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Official NZ Music Charts : Top 40 Albums ( 19 March 2007 ) '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trauth , Beti ( February 28 , 2012 ) . `` ABBA music enhances ' Mamma Mia ! ' at the Van Duzer '' . Times - Standard . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lengel , Kerry ( January 1 , 2014 ) . `` Review : ' Mamma Mia ! ' at ASU Gammage '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Murray , Philip ( August 9 , 2013 ) . `` ABBA Gold and the UK Bee Gees tribute acts to perform in Skegness '' . Skegness Standard Newspaper . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ABBA , Hollies , Genesis enter Rock Hall in NYC bash '' . The Register Citizen Newspaper . March 16 , 2010 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Taylor Swift ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wirt , John ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` Superstar Taylor Swift encores in Tiger Stadium '' . The Advocate of Louisiana . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Garth Brooks ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith , Kelly ( March 10 , 2016 ) . `` Garth Brooks is back in Raleigh , doing 3 shows at PNC '' . The News & Observer . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Eminem ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Denmark : Certificeringer ( Page 17 ) '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McAloon , Jonathan ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` Letter from Eminem to Tupac 's mother discovered '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Eagles ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ARIA : ARIA Albums Chart ( 19 / 01 / 2015 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Michelle , Mitchell ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Eagles tribute band comes to the Wayne '' . The Daily Progress . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : U2 ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA : ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart ( 22 / 09 / 2014 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved September 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pladebranchen. 08 offentliggøres i dag '' . IFPI Denmark . November 2 , 2005 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marlowe , Lara ( June 7 , 2015 ) . `` Former U2 manager Paul McGuinness : Cracking crime on the Côte d'Azur '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Billy Joel ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( May 2009 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved April 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Case , Wesley ( January 29 , 2015 ) . `` Billy Joel to perform at M&T Bank Stadium in July '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Phil Collins ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Payne , Ed ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` Phil Collins ' fans rejoice : Artist announces end of retirement '' . CNN . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Aerosmith ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 ARIA Singes Chart : Annual Charts '' . ARIA . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leimkuehler , Matthew ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Aerosmith frontman Steven Tyler to perform at Iowa State Fair '' . The Des Moines Register . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Frank Sinatra ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Kathaleen ( December 6 , 2015 ) . `` New Mexico musicians weigh in on performing with Frank Sinatra '' . Albuquerque Journal . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Barbra Streisand ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gornall , Jonathan ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Newsmaker : Barbra Streisand '' . The National of Abu Dhabi . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffries , David . `` Allmusic : Bruno Mars ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 12 - 2011 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PARI : List of PARI Gold , Platinum & Diamond Awardees '' . Philippine Association of the Record Industry . PARI . Retrieved August 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McClellan , Bill ( July 29 , 2017 ) . `` Where 's our burning love in St. Louis ? '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Birchmeier , Jason . `` Allmusic : Kanye West ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Gold / Platinum database : October 2010 '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Track Top - 40 ( Uge 01 - 2009 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cobb , Chris ( July 11 , 2015 ) . `` Bluesfest review : Twenty minutes late , Kanye West still captures massive crowd '' . Ottawa Citizen . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Bruce Springsteen ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin i april '' . IFPI Denmark . May 27 , 2009 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kidd , James ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Book review : with Born to Run , Bruce Springsteen charts a true artist 's life '' . South China Morning Post . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Colin Larkin ( 27 May 2011 ) . The Encyclopedia of Popular Music . Omnibus Press . p. 448 . Jump up ^ Maury Dean ( 2003 ) . Rock ' N ' Roll Gold Rush . Algora Publishing . p. 283 . ^ Jump up to : Eder , Bruce . `` Allmusic : Bee Gees ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : The Record : July 1996 ( Page 5 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : The Record : November 1996 ( Page 4 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McKay , Hollie ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` Barry Gibb honors brothers at sold out show , reveals Bee Gees ' best song '' . Fox News . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Lady Gaga ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barr , Gordon ( November 20 , 2014 ) . `` Lady Gaga : We chart her career as she prepares for Metro Radio Arena concert '' . Evening Chronicle . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Metallica ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ARIA : ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart ( 07 / 10 / 2013 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pashelka , Curtis ( January 20 , 2015 ) . `` Shark Hosting ' Metallica Night ' at SAP Center '' . The Mercury News . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Katy Perry ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ M. Andrews , Travis ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` Katy Perry is the first judge named for new ' American Idol ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Collar , Matt . `` Allmusic : Justin Bieber ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Alice ( August 21 , 2016 ) . `` Justin Bieber disappoints with ' hungover ' performance at V Festival '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffries , Davis . `` Allmusic : Adele ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Felicity ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Adele Australian tour 2017 : Grammy winner to sing at Brisbane 's Gabba in March '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Birchmeier , Jason . `` Allmusic : Jay - Z ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pagliery , Jose ( January 30 , 2015 ) . `` Jay - Z to buy music streaming Aspiro for $56 million '' . CNN . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Bon Jovi ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Report 28th January 2008 ( Issue 935 ) '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi 's Australian certifications sent by ARIA team '' . ARIA . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott , Mathew ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Jon Bon Jovi recalls the early days and how Livin ' on a Prayer changed everything '' . South China Morning Post . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffries , David . `` Allmusic : Lil Wayne ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Levy , Piet ( April 27 , 2016 ) . `` Lil Wayne , Jeezy coming to UW - Milwaukee Panther Arena June 12 '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Linkin Park ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Phil ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Chester Bennington : Lead singer of Linkin Park remembered '' . The Independent . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Britney Spears ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Guld og platin i april ( 01 / 05 / 2008 ) '' . IFPI Denmark . May 1 , 2008 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Denmark : Certificeringer ( Page 6 ) '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schwarz , Hunter ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` Finally , our elected officials are giving Britney Spears the respect she deserves '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Beyonce ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Charts Company : Beyoncé '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PROMUSICAE : Conciones Top 20 Anual 2007 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . PROMUSICAE . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 21 , 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 05 - 2009 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 04 - 2010 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schroats , Stephen ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Beyoncé considers investing in a rising NBA team , report says '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Rod Stewart ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Richardson , Andy ( April 16 , 2017 ) . `` Rod Stewart speaks exclusively ahead of Shrewsbury show '' . Shropshire Star . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Fleetwood Mac ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Official New Zealand Music Charts : 29 June 2003 '' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . June 29 , 2003 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Official New Zealand Music Charts : 16 September 2013 '' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . September 16 , 2013 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Urban , Kelly ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Fleetwood Mac tribute band TUSK to rock Arcadia '' . The Tribune - Democrat . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Guns N ' Roses ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ P. Mayor , Jeffrey ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` Guns N ' Roses announces August concert in Seattle '' . The News Tribune . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : George Strait ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hammontree , John ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Who won the Ultimate Southern Music Bracket ? '' . The Birmingham News . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Backstreet Boys ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 年度 別 ミリオン セラー 一覧 2001 年 ( 2001 Million Seller List ) ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Remling , Amanda ( April 30 , 2012 ) . `` Backstreet ? s Back : Kevin Re-Joins The Backstreet Boys Permanently , Eighth Album In The Future '' . International Business Times . Retrieved January 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Neil Diamond ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Martin , Michael ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Heider show will mine Neil Diamond hits '' . La Crosse Tribune . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Prince ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fong , Michelle ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Prince 's memorable performances in Dayton '' . Dayton Daily News . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Paul McCartney ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Sweden : Certifications for 1987 -- 1998 '' ( PDF ) . IFPI Sweden . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 16 , 2011 . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer ( page 75 ) '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Chirs ( December 17 , 2013 ) . `` Paul McCartney wanted a free Brooklyn Nets T - shirt more than anything '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Vinopal & Erlewine , David & Stephen . `` Allmusic : Kenny Rogers ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( June 2009 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2004 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2015 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Valcourt , Keith ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Kenny Rogers : ' Christmas Once Again ' '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved December 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Janet Jackson ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lindquist , David ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Janet Jackson will make good on postponed Indy date '' . The Indianapolis Star . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Julio Iglesias ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Julio Iglesias 30th Anniversary . Billboard . May 27 , 2000 . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Report , Staff ( March 6 , 2016 ) . `` Julio Iglesias to perform in Sharjah '' . Gulf News . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Chicago ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital downloads : February 2014 '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Flans , Robyn ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` Newbury Park drummer will rejoin Chicago for one big night '' . Ventura County Star . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Carpenters ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Gold and Platinum database ( June 2009 ) '' . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nice , Bill ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` Sugar High Theatricals presents ' An Evening with The Carpenters ' '' . The Register - Mail . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Bob Dylan ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Is Bob Dylan 's painting taken from a photo of Blackpool 's North Pier ? '' . Blackpool Gazette . January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Dire Straits ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Greaves , Amanda ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` Dire Straits tribute turns back the clock '' . The Ilkley Gazette . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Bryan Adams ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australian certifications for Bryan Adams '' ( PDF ) . ARIA . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Szaroleta , Tom ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Saturday 's Bryan Adams concert postponed by Irma '' . The Florida Times - Union . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Def Leppard ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Report Issue # 850 '' ( PDF ) . ARIA . June 19 , 2006 . Retrieved February 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mulson , Jen ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` Trifecta of rock -- Def Leppard , Poison , Tesla -- to play Colorado Springs '' . The Gazette of Colorado Springs . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eder , Bruce . `` Allmusic : Cher ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cher 's Australia 's certifications sent by ARIA team '' . ARIA . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard magazine : Believe in the Album ( Issue January 22 , 2000 page 2 ) '' . Billboard . January 22 , 2000 . Retrieved November 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official IFPI email -- Greatest Hits 1999 certification '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Scapolo , Dean ( 2007 ) . The Complete New Zealand Music Charts 1966 -- 2006 '' ( PDF ) . RIANZ . Retrieved April 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chareunsy , Don ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` Fabulous and incomparable Cher to headline at The Park Theater at Monte Carlo '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Lionel Richie ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart ( 05 / 05 / 2014 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2014 . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Travis ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' All the hits ... all night long ! ' : Lionel Richie kicks off Mid-State Fair '' . The Tribune of San Luis Obispo . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eder , Bruce . `` Allmusic : Genesis ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Book excerpt : Phil Collins ' `` Not Dead Yet '' `` . CBS News . October 22 , 2016 . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : James Taylor ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patinkin , Mark ( July 5 , 2017 ) . `` James Taylor 's quiet perseverance is pitch perfect '' . The Providence Journal . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Olivia Newton - John ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Newton - John 's new battle with cancer 25 years after initial diagnosis '' . The Australian . June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Stevie Wonder ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kinney , Michael ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` Never - ending wonder : Stevie Wonder confirms suspicions that he 's still amazing '' . The Norman Transcript . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bush , John . `` Allmusic : Tina Turner ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ben , Cosgrove ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` Tina Turner : Unpublished Photos of the Queen of Rock ' n ' Roll '' . Time . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Linda Ronstadt ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Millican , Jim ( November 23 , 2013 ) . `` Rock ' n ' roll memories '' . Winnipeg Free Press . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Donna Summer ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Graff , Gary ( July 23 , 2008 ) . `` Disco Queen Donna Summer re-Embraces the Spotlight '' . Reading Eagle . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bush , John . `` Allmusic : The Beach Boys ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tierney , Chris ( February 6 , 2016 ) . `` Remember when - The Beach Boys played Cawley Stadium '' . The Sun of Lowell . Retrieved May 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : David Bowie ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gill , Andy ( January 2 , 2016 ) . `` Rebel , rebel : We profile singing legend David Bowie '' . Belfast Telegraph . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Eder & Erlewine , Bruce & Stephen . `` Allmusic : The Who ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Huba , Nicholas ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` The Who to play Boardwalk Hall July 22 '' . The Press of Atlantic City . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hogen , Ed . `` Allmusic : Barry White ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Connor , Tracy ( September 11 , 2015 ) . `` Barry White dies at 58 while waiting for kidney transplant in 2003 '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Shania Twain ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Gavin ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Shania Twain sets North Little Rock concert '' . Arkansas Democrat - Gazette . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Leahey , Andrew . `` Allmusic : Coldplay ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Alpad , Christina ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` The ' adventure of a lifetime ' for Coldplay fans '' . The Manila Times . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Santana ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wolgamott , L. Kent ( February 26 , 2014 ) . `` Santana coming to Lincoln '' . Lincoln Journal Star . Retrieved July 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Earth , Wind & Fire ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( May 2011 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( April 2013 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kot , Greg ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Earth , Wind & Fire founder Maurice White dead at 74 '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Johnny Cash ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Belanger , Joe ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Tribute artist walks the line as legendary Johnny Cash '' . The London Free Press . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Eremenko , Alexey . `` Allmusic : B'z ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yang , Jeff ( September 8 , 2005 ) . `` ASIAN POP Hello Kitty ! Rock ! Rock ! '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffries , David . `` Allmusic : Nicki Minaj ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ofole - Prince , Samantha ( June 7 , 2013 ) . `` Nicki Minaj signs up as spokesperson and investor for Moscato wine '' . CaribPress . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : R.E.M. ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tierney , Mike ( April 20 , 2013 ) . `` Mike Mills : A Rock Star of Fantasy Sports '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kellman , Andy . `` Allmusic : Flo Rida ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Chuck ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` Society Confidential : Flo Rida hits Sabrage '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Eremenko , Alexey . `` Allmusic : Ayumi Hamasaki ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( オリコン ) 浜崎 あゆみ 、 ソロ 初 の 総 売上 5000 万 枚 超え 「 ファン の みんなの 記録 」 ( First solo artist with over 50 million in sales ) '' . Oricon . August 8 , 2012 . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 15 年間 ありがとう ! 「 ケータイ ランキング 」 発表 ! アーティスト 1 位 は EXILE 、 楽曲 は GReeeeN 「 キセキ 」 ~ レコチョク の ケータイ 向け 「 着うた ( R ) 」 「 着うた フル ( R ) 」 サービス 12 / 15 終了 '' . Oricon . December 13 , 2016 . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Van Halen ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Stacey ( February 7 , 2015 ) . `` Van Halen to Release First Concert Album With David Lee Roth '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Prato , Greg . `` Allmusic : Red Hot Chili Peppers ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer : Page 15 '' . IFPI Denmark . May 31 , 2010 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jimmy , Blake ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` Red Hot Chili Peppers make a triumphant return to Reading and Leeds festival '' . BBC News . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Prato , Greg . `` Allmusic : Foreigner ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kridlin , Jay ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` Foreigner still shines at 40 at Tampa 's MidFlorida Credit Union Amphitheatre '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Allmusic : The Doors ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stuever , Hank ( May 12 , 2010 ) . `` ' When You 're Strange ' looks at Doors , Morrison with fresh sensibility , footage '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Deming , Mark . `` Allmusic : George Michael ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( UGE 20 - 2004 '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Singer George Michael dies at age 53 '' . The New Zealand Herald . December 26 , 2016 . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Reba McEntire ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Boesveld , Sarah ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` Three decades after her first hit , Reba McEntire -- now 60 -- is poised for a comeback '' . National Post . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ankeny , Jason . `` Allmusic : Meat Loaf ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wyatt , Matt ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Meat Loaf collapses onstage in Canada '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Barry Manilow ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tuccio - Koonz , Linda ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Barry Manilow to perform at Foxwoods '' . Connecticut Post . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Tom Petty ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wetjen , Andre ( November 26 , 2015 ) . `` Tom Petty tribute band to play in Kelowna on Friday , Nov. 27 '' . The Daily Courier of Kelowna . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Huey , Steve . `` Allmusic : Johnny Hallyday ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Certifications Vidéos -- Année 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brandle , Lars ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Legendary French Singer Johnny Hallyday Is Being Treated for Cancer '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kellman , Andy . `` Allmusic : The Black Eyed Peas ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 52 - 2003 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 31 - 2009 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Apl. De. Ap completes roster of artists at ' MTV Music Evolution 2015 ' '' . The Manila Times . May 7 , 2015 . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` Allmusic : Journey ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` RIAJ : Digital Certifications ( September 2010 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Neil ( January 5 , 2011 ) . `` Neil 's glee for the journey '' . St Helens Reporter . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Yanow , Scott . `` Allmusic : Kenny G ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shields , Mel ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` How would you define his music ? Kenny G simply says it 's jazz . '' . The Sacramento Bee . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephan . `` Allmusic : 2 Pac ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lowman , Rob ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Seeing rapper Tupac Shakur 's life , death and music through ' All Eyez ' biopic '' . Los Angeles Daily News . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lane , Lynda . `` Allmusic : Usher ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Souza , Alison ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` R&B star Usher toughens up to play boxer Sugar Ray Leonard in Hands Of Stone '' . The Straits Times . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Robbie Williams ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Staffordshire Day : The county 's most famous homegrown talent '' . Express & Star . May 1 , 2016 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Enya ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 05 - 2009 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.nu : Album Top - 40 ( Uge 01 - 2010 ) '' . Tracklisten . Hitlisten.nu . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pladebranchen. 08 offentliggøres i dag '' . IFPI Denmark . August 27 , 2009 . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Roper , Kerri - Ann ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Enya on rich list despite lack of hits '' . Irish Examiner . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Alabama ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Max B ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` Alabama brings ' southern pride ' to Deadwood '' . Rapid City Journal . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Nirvana ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The ARIA Report : 7th November 2011 ( Issue No. 1132 ) '' ( PDF ) . ARIA . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gillespie , Brian ( April 1 , 2015 ) . `` Nirvana tribute night in castlebar venue '' . The Connaught Telegraph . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : The Police ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop : GOUD EN PLATINA 2002 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop : GOUD EN PLATINA 2005 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop : GOUD EN PLATINA 2007 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Graff , Gary ( August 4 , 2014 ) . `` Andy Summers finds new magic in Rock ' n ' Roll '' . Qatar Tribune . Retrieved September 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ankeny , Jason . `` Allmusic : Bob Marley ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA : ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2004 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA : ARIA Catalogue Albums Chart ( 20 / 05 / 2013 ) '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Meschino , Patricia ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` The Music and Marketing Genius of Bob Marley , 34 Years After His Passing '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen . `` Allmusic : Kiss ( Biography ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Beck , John ( August 28 , 2008 ) . `` KISS Alive at 35 '' . The Press Democrat . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Allmusic : Aretha Franklin ( Overview ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Association , Press ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Aretha Franklin to retire after recording album with Stevie Wonder '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Awards '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About RIAJ : History '' . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Les Certifications Officielles : Chronologie Albums '' . Info Disc . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media , Inc ( October 2 , 1976 ) . CRIA . Billboard . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch Certifications '' ( in Dutch ) . NVPI . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2012 . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos -- Certificados '' ( Brazilian Association of Record Producers -- Certificates ) ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones ( Earlier certification database covering the years 1999 -- 2010 ) '' ( in Spanish ) . AMPROFON . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2010 . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community -- Awards '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Awards 1997 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Capif '' ( in Spanish ) . Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Guld - og platinplader er devalueret ( Gold and Platinum awards are lowered ) . b.dk ( in Danish ) . April 24 , 2003 . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tilastot '' ( IFPI Statistics ) ( in Finnish ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry Finland . Retrieved May 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bialik , Carl ( July 15 , 2009 ) . `` Spun : The Off - the - Wall Accounting of Record Sales '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The awards : Certifications '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Recording Industry -- World Sales 2003 '' ( PDF ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved September 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Country Takes The Crop ( February 14 , 2008 ) '' . RIAA . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2008 . Retrieved January 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( May 14 , 1989 ) . `` New Golden Rule : 500,000 Sales Mark for All Singles '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` RIIA Certifications '' . Billboard . August 10 , 1996 . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ RIAJ Certs Plan Criticized . Recording Industry Association of Japan . October 25 , 2003 . Retrieved March 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 現 基準 - 旧 基準 ( ~ 2003.06 ) '' ( Current criteria - Former Criteria ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Certified Awards Timeline '' ( PDF ) . BPI . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Verleihgrenzen '' ( Guidelines for Gold and Platinum awards ) ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media , Inc ( July 26 , 2006 ) . France Lowers Gold Standard . Billboard . Retrieved April 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Les Certifications Officielles : Chronologie Singles '' . Info Disc . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Certification Definitions '' . Music Canada . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ CRIA Reports 46 % Rise for Disk Certifications . Billboard magazine . February 27 , 1982 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Newsline : Italian Label Body FIMI . Billboard magazine . February 5 , 2005 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FIMI Lowers Gold , Platinum Levels '' . Billboard . January 28 , 2008 . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch Certification - award - levels '' ( Words ) ( in Dutch ) . NVPI . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Níveis de Certificação '' ( Levels of Certification ) ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Certification Award Levels 2009 '' ( PDF ) . IFPI . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 23 , 2009 . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Swedish Certification - award - levels '' ( PDF ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Global Newsline : Spain Lowers Certifications . Billboard magazine . November 26 , 2005 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` PROMUSICAE : Top 100 Albums ( SEMANA 37 : del 07.09. 2009 al 13.09. 2009 ) '' ( PDF ) . PROMUSICAE . September 13 , 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 9 , 2013 . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones ( Earlier changes in certification - levels including levels for Pre-loaded albums / singles and Mater Ringtones ) '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2010 . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 35 . Standard for Certifying Awards of Countries ( Unit sales ) ( Page 25 ) '' ( PDF ) . IFPI . RIAJ . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Certification Award Levels 2007 '' ( PDF ) . IFPI . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ IFPI Denmark Revamps Certification Levels . Billboard . February 7 , 2007 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nye regler for platinplader til downloads ( New rule for Gold and Platinum downloads ) . gaffa.dk. April 20 , 2009 . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ IFPI Denmark : Guld og platin . IFPI ( Denmark ) . 2011 . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2011 . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certification levels for Austria ( all periods ) '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . ^ Jump up to : GSA : Austria . Billboard magazine . December 6 , 1997 . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pełny Tekst Regulaminu Przyznawania Wyróżnień '' ( Complete Rules of Awards ) ( in Polish ) . ZPAV . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Polish Certification - levels '' ( PDF ) . ZPAV . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Music Charts of NZ : June 4 , 2007 '' ( PDF ) . rianz.org.nz . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 19 , 2014 . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` On Demand Streams Added To New Zealand Top 40 Album Charts '' . scoop.co.nz . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the best selling country artist of all time | [
"\nElvis Presley\nUnited States\n1954–1977[38]\n1954[38]\nRock and roll / Pop / Country[38]\n7002211500000000000♠\n\n\nTotal available certified units: 211.5 million [show]\n\n\nUS: 188.650 million[11]\nJPN: 300,000[b][12]\nUK: 12.245 million[b][13]\nGER: 1.2 million[b][14]\nFRA: 2.590 million[b][15][16]\nCAN: 2.925 million[b][17]\nAUS: 1.587 million[b][18]\nITA: 105,000[b][20]\nBRA: 125,000[b][21]\nSWE 380,000[b][22]\nSPA: 300,000[b][23][39][40]\nMEX: 105,000[b][41][42]\nSWI: 185,000[b][25]\nBEL: 115,000[b][26][27]\nARG: 110,000[b][28]\nDEN: 120,000[b][43][44][45]\nAUT: 205,000[b][31]\nFIN: 213,945[b][46]\nNZ: 117,500[b][33][34]\n\n\n\n\n600 million[47][48]\n500 million[49]\n"
] | [
"Elvis Presley"
] |
-3299028984445990838 | Berlin Wall | Berlin Wall - Wikipedia Berlin Wall Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with the Inner German border or the chess moves also known as the Berlin Defence . For the video game , see The Berlin Wall ( video game ) . Berlin Wall View from the West Berlin side of graffiti art on the Wall in 1986 . The Wall 's `` death strip '' , on the east side of the Wall , here follows the curve of the Luisenstadt Canal ( filled in 1932 ) . Map of the location of the Berlin Wall , showing checkpoints General information Type Wall Country East Germany East Berlin ( Soviet - occupied sector of Berlin ) Coordinates 52 ° 30 ′ 58 '' N 13 ° 22 ′ 37 '' E / 52.51611 ° N 13.37694 ° E / 52.51611 ; 13.37694 Coordinates : 52 ° 30 ′ 58 '' N 13 ° 22 ′ 37 '' E / 52.51611 ° N 13.37694 ° E / 52.51611 ; 13.37694 Construction started 13 August 1961 Other dimensions Border length around West Berlin : 155 km ( 96 mi ) Border length between West Berlin and East Germany : 111.9 km ( 69.5 mi ) Border length between West and East Berlin : 43.1 km ( 26.8 mi ) Border length through residential areas in East Berlin : 37 km ( 23 mi ) Concrete segment of wall height : 3.6 m ( 11.8 ft ) Concrete segment of wall length : 106 km ( 66 mi ) Wire mesh fencing : 66.5 km ( 41.3 mi ) Anti-vehicle trenches length : 105.5 km ( 65.6 mi ) Contact / signal fence length : 127.5 km ( 79.2 mi ) Column track width : 7 m ( 7.7 yd ) Column track length : 124.3 km ( 77.2 mi ) Number of watch towers : 302 Number of bunkers : 20 Technical details Size 155 km ( 96.3 mi ) Eastern Bloc Soviet Socialist Republics ( show ) Armenia Azerbaijan Byelorussia Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kirghizia Latvia Lithuania Moldavia Russian SFSR Tajikistan Turkmenia Ukraine Uzbekistan Allied states ( show ) Hungarian People 's Republic Polish People 's Republic Czechoslovak Socialist Republic Socialist Republic of Romania German Democratic Republic People 's Republic of Bulgaria Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( to 1948 ) People 's Socialist Republic of Albania ( to 1961 ) Republic of Cuba People 's Revolutionary Government of Grenada People 's Republic of Benin People 's Republic of the Congo People 's Republic of Angola People 's Republic of Mozambique People 's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Somali Democratic Republic ( to 1977 ) People 's Democratic Republic of Yemen Democratic Republic of Afghanistan Mongolian People 's Republic People 's Republic of China ( to 1961 ) Democratic People 's Republic of Korea Socialist Republic of Vietnam Lao People 's Democratic Republic People 's Republic of Kampuchea Related organizations ( show ) Cominform COMECON Warsaw Pact World Federation of Trade Unions ( WFTU ) World Federation of Democratic Youth ( WFDY ) Dissent and opposition ( show ) Forest Brothers in Lithuania in Latvia in Estonia Operation `` Jungle '' Ukrainian Insurgent Army Goryani movement ( Bulgaria ) Romanian anti-communism Polish Cursed Soldiers 1953 uprisings in Plzeň in East Germany 1956 protests in Georgia in Poznań Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Novocherkassk massacre ( Russia ) 1968 events Prague Spring Invasion of Czechoslovakia Red Square demonstration Charter 77 ( Czechoslovakia ) Solidarity ( Poland ) Jeltoqsan ( Kazakhstan ) Braşov Rebellion ( Romania ) January Events ( Lithuania ) The Barricades ( Latvia ) April 9 tragedy ( Georgia ) Black January ( Azerbaijan ) Cold War events ( show ) Marshall Plan 1948 Czechoslovak coup Tito -- Stalin split Berlin Blockade 1961 Berlin Wall crisis Cuban Missile Crisis 1980 Moscow Olympics Decline ( show ) Singing Revolution Polish Round Table Agreement Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall January 1991 in Lithuania in Latvia Breakup of Yugoslavia Yugoslav Wars End of the Soviet Union Fall of communism in Albania Satellite image of Berlin , with the Wall 's location marked in yellow West and East Berlin borders overlaying a current road map ( interactive map ) The Berlin Wall ( German : Berliner Mauer , pronounced ( bɛʁˈliːnɐ ˈmaʊ̯ɐ ) ( listen ) ) was a guarded concrete barrier that physically and ideologically divided Berlin from 1961 to 1989 . Constructed by the German Democratic Republic ( GDR , East Germany ) , starting on 13 August 1961 , the Wall cut off ( by land ) West Berlin from virtually all of surrounding East Germany and East Berlin until government officials opened it in November 1989 . Its demolition officially began on 13 June 1990 and finished in 1992 . The barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , accompanied by a wide area ( later known as the `` death strip '' ) that contained anti-vehicle trenches , `` fakir beds '' and other defenses . The Eastern Bloc portrayed the Wall as protecting its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the `` will of the people '' in building a socialist state in East Germany . In practice , the Wall served to prevent the massive emigration and defection that had marked East Germany and the communist Eastern Bloc during the post-World War II period . GDR authorities officially referred to the Berlin Wall as the Anti-Fascist Protection Rampart ( German : Antifaschistischer Schutzwall ) , by implication equating the NATO countries ( and West Germany in particular ) with fascists . The West Berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the `` Wall of Shame '' , a term coined by mayor Willy Brandt in reference to the Wall 's restriction on freedom of movement . Along with the separate and much longer Inner German border ( IGB ) , which demarcated the border between East and West Germany , it came to symbolize physically the `` Iron Curtain '' that separated Western Europe and the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War . Before the Wall 's erection , 3.5 million East Germans circumvented Eastern Bloc emigration restrictions and defected from the GDR , many by crossing over the border from East Berlin into West Berlin ; from there they could then travel to West Germany and to other Western European countries . Between 1961 and 1989 the Wall prevented almost all such emigration . During this period over 100,000 people attempted to escape and over 5,000 people succeeded in escaping over the Wall , with an estimated death toll ranging from 136 to more than 200 in and around Berlin . In 1989 a series of revolutions in nearby Eastern Bloc countries -- Poland and Hungary in particular -- caused a chain reaction in East Germany that ultimately resulted in the demise of the Wall . After several weeks of civil unrest , the East German government announced on 9 November 1989 that all GDR citizens could visit West Germany and West Berlin . Crowds of East Germans crossed and climbed onto the Wall , joined by West Germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . Over the next few weeks , euphoric people and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the Wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . The `` fall of the Berlin Wall '' paved the way for German reunification , which formally took place on 3 October 1990 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Post-war Germany 1.2 Eastern Bloc and the Berlin airlift 1.3 Emigration westward in the early 1950s 2 Erection of the inner German border 2.1 Berlin emigration loophole 2.2 Brain drain 2.3 How Khrushchev -- Kennedy relations affected the construction of the wall 3 Construction begins , 1961 3.1 Immediate effects 3.2 Secondary response 4 Structure and adjacent areas 4.1 Layout and modifications 4.2 Surrounding municipalities 5 Official crossings and usage 5.1 Crossing 5.2 Defection attempts 6 Concerts by Western artists and growing anti-Wall sentiment 6.1 David Bowie , 1987 6.2 Bruce Springsteen , 1988 6.3 David Hasselhoff , 1989 7 `` Ich bin ein Berliner '' and `` Mr. Gorbachev , tear down this Wall . '' 8 Fall of the Berlin Wall 8.1 Demolition 8.2 Opposition 8.3 Celebrations 8.4 20th anniversary celebrations 9 Legacy 9.1 Cultural differences 9.2 Wall segments around the world 9.3 50th anniversary commemoration 10 Related media 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Background Post-war Germany After the end of World War II in Europe , what remained of pre-war Germany west of the Oder - Neisse line was divided into four occupation zones ( as per the Potsdam Agreement ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying Allied powers : the United States , the United Kingdom , France and the Soviet Union . The capital of Berlin , as the seat of the Allied Control Council , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city 's location , which was fully within the Soviet zone . Within two years , political divisions increased between the Soviets and the other occupying powers . These included the Soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post-war Germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the Soviets . France , the United Kingdom , the United States and the Benelux countries later met to combine the non-Soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and to approve the extension of the Marshall Plan . Eastern Bloc and the Berlin airlift Further information : Eastern Bloc and Berlin Blockade Play media Brandenburg Gate in 1945 , after the end of World War II Following World War II , Soviet leader Joseph Stalin headed a group of nations on his Western border , the Eastern Bloc , that then included Poland , Hungary and Czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened Soviet - controlled Germany . As early as 1945 , Stalin revealed to German communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the British position within the British occupation zone , that the United States would withdraw within a year or two , and that nothing would then stand in the way of a united communist Germany within the bloc . The major task of the ruling communist party in the Soviet zone was to channel Soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties , which in turn would be presented as internal measures . Property and industry was nationalized in the East German zone . If statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and ( for persons outside public attention ) punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . Indoctrination of Marxism - Leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the West . The East Germans created an elaborate political police apparatus that kept the population under close surveillance , including Soviet SMERSH secret police . In 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new German currency , Stalin instituted the Berlin Blockade , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in West Berlin . The United States , the United Kingdom , France , Canada , Australia , New Zealand and several other countries began a massive `` airlift '' , supplying West Berlin with food and other supplies . The Soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the Western policy change . Communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 , preceding large losses therein , while 300,000 Berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . In May 1949 , Stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of Western shipments to Berlin . The German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) was declared on 7 October 1949 . By a secret treaty , the Soviet Ministry of Foreign Affairs accorded the East German state administrative authority , but not autonomy . The Soviets permeated East German administrative , military and secret police structures and had full control . East Germany differed from West Germany ( Federal Republic of Germany ) , which developed into a Western capitalist country with a social market economy ( `` Soziale Marktwirtschaft '' in German ) and a democratic parliamentary government . Continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year `` economic miracle '' ( `` Wirtschaftswunder '' ) . As West Germany 's economy grew , and its standard of living steadily improved , many East Germans wanted to move to West Germany . Emigration westward in the early 1950s Main articles : Eastern Bloc emigration and defection and Eastern Bloc After the Soviet occupation of Eastern Europe at the end of World War II , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the Eastern Bloc aspired to independence and wanted the Soviets to leave . Taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in Germany , the number of GDR citizens moving to West Germany totaled 187,000 in 1950 ; 165,000 in 1951 ; 182,000 in 1952 ; and 331,000 in 1953 . One reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further Sovietization , given the increasingly paranoid actions of Joseph Stalin in late 1952 and early 1953 . 226,000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . Erection of the inner German border Further information : Inner German border and Eastern Bloc emigration and defection By the early 1950s , the Soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting emigration , was emulated by most of the rest of the Eastern Bloc , including East Germany . The restrictions presented a quandary for some Eastern Bloc states , which had been more economically advanced and open than the Soviet Union , such that crossing borders seemed more natural -- especially where no prior border existed between East and West Germany . Up until 1952 , the demarcation lines between East Germany and the western occupied zones could be easily crossed in most places . On 1 April 1952 , East German leaders met the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin in Moscow ; during the discussions Stalin 's foreign minister Vyacheslav Molotov proposed that the East Germans should `` introduce a system of passes for visits of West Berlin residents to the territory of East Berlin ( so as to stop ) free movement of Western agents '' in the GDR . Stalin agreed , calling the situation `` intolerable '' . He advised the East Germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that `` The demarcation line between East and West Germany should be considered a border -- and not just any border , but a dangerous one ... The Germans will guard the line of defence with their lives . '' Consequently , the inner German border between the two German states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . The border between the Western and Eastern sectors of Berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the Soviet and the Western sectors was somewhat restricted . This resulted in Berlin becoming a magnet for East Germans desperate to escape life in the GDR , and also a flashpoint for tension between the United States and the Soviet Union . In 1955 , the Soviets gave East Germany authority over civilian movement in Berlin , passing control to a regime not recognized in the West . Initially , East Germany granted `` visits '' to allow its residents access to West Germany . However , following the defection of large numbers of East Germans under this regime , the new East German state legally restricted virtually all travel to the West in 1956 . Soviet East German ambassador Mikhail Pervukhin observed that `` the presence in Berlin of an open and essentially uncontrolled border between the socialist and capitalist worlds unwittingly prompts the population to make a comparison between both parts of the city , which unfortunately does not always turn out in favour of Democratic ( East ) Berlin . '' Berlin emigration loophole With the closing of the inner German border officially in 1952 , the border in Berlin remained considerably more accessible then because it was administered by all four occupying powers . Accordingly , Berlin became the main route by which East Germans left for the West . On 11 December 1957 , East Germany introduced a new passport law that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving Eastern Germany . It had the unintended result of drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through West Berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . Those caught trying to leave East Berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and subway train access still available to West Berlin , such measures were ineffective . The Berlin sector border was essentially a `` loophole '' through which Eastern Bloc citizens could still escape . The 3.5 million East Germans who had left by 1961 totalled approximately 20 % of the entire East German population . An important reason that crossing the inner German border was not stopped earlier was that doing so would cut off much of the railway traffic in East Germany . Construction of a new railway bypassing West Berlin , the Berlin outer ring , commenced in 1951 . Following the completion of the railway in 1961 , closing the border became a more practical proposition . ( See History of rail transport in Germany . ) Brain drain The emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the `` brain drain '' feared by officials in East Germany . Yuri Andropov , then the CPSU Director on Relations with Communist and Workers ' Parties of Socialist Countries , wrote an urgent letter on 28 August 1958 , to the Central Committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of East German intelligentsia among the refugees . Andropov reported that , while the East German leadership stated that they were leaving for economic reasons , testimony from refugees indicated that the reasons were more political than material . He stated `` the flight of the intelligentsia has reached a particularly critical phase . '' An East German SED propaganda booklet published in 1955 dramatically described the serious nature of ' flight from the republic ' : Both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole German nation , leaving the GDR is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . Those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve West German Reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . Is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a `` guaranteed future '' one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favours a new war and destruction ? Is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labour in our republic to offer themselves to the American or British secret services or work for the West German factory owners , Junkers , or militarists ? Does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? ... ( W ) orkers throughout Germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the German Democratic Republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the German people , the imperialists and militarists . By 1960 , the combination of World War II and the massive emigration westward left East Germany with only 61 % of its population of working age , compared to 70.5 % before the war . The loss was disproportionately heavy among professionals : engineers , technicians , physicians , teachers , lawyers and skilled workers . The direct cost of manpower losses to East Germany ( and corresponding gain to the West ) has been estimated at $7 billion to $9 billion , with East German party leader Walter Ulbricht later claiming that West Germany owed him $17 billion in compensation , including reparations as well as manpower losses . In addition , the drain of East Germany 's young population potentially cost it over 22.5 billion marks in lost educational investment . The brain drain of professionals had become so damaging to the political credibility and economic viability of East Germany that the re-securing of the German communist frontier was imperative . The exodus of emigrants from East Germany presented two minor potential benefits : an easy opportunity to smuggle East German secret agents to West Germany , and a reduction in the number of citizens hostile to the communist regime . Neither of these advantages , however , proved particularly useful . How Khrushchev -- Kennedy relations affected the construction of the Wall In April 1961 , Khrushchev gained an impression that Kennedy is not very smart when he saw Washington supporting the failed invasion of Cuba by anti-communist exiles which were than left to their fate . Khrushchev decided to alarm rather than appease the president . He soon revealed his intention of signing the separate peace treaty with East Germany that would abolish allied rights in West Berlin . One of his intentions was therefore to get whole of the Berlin . However , this action had risks behind it . The risks that we are taking is justified . If we look at it in the terms of a percentage , there is more than a 95 % chance that there will be no war . It meant that 5 % was an actual chance of having a war . Khrushchev 's assumptions about Kennedy were false . He made clear that the chance of having a war was bigger that 5 % . He showed the unpredictability of US 's policy . All though Soviet forces were not on high alert , the plans were nonetheless changed to deal with the consequences of the Kennedy 's actions . It was then decided to block the access of the West Berlin from the East . That is when the construction of the wall started . Construction begins , 1961 East German Combat Groups of the Working Class close the border on 13 August 1961 in preparation of the Berlin Wall construction . East German construction workers building the Berlin Wall , 20 November 1961 . On 15 June 1961 , First Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party and GDR State Council chairman Walter Ulbricht stated in an international press conference , `` Niemand hat die Absicht , eine Mauer zu errichten ! '' ( No one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) . `` It was the first time the colloquial term Mauer ( wall ) had been used in this context '' . The transcript of a telephone call between Nikita Khrushchev and Ulbricht on 1 August in the same year , suggests that the initiative for the construction of the Wall came from Khrushchev . However , other sources suggest that Khrushchev had initially been wary about building a wall , fearing negative Western reaction . What is beyond dispute , though , is that Ulbricht had pushed for a border closure for quite some time , arguing that East Germany 's very existence was at stake . Khrushchev had become emboldened upon seeing US President John F. Kennedy 's youth and inexperience show as weakness against Khrushchev 's brutal , undiplomatic aggression . This feeling of miscalculation and failure is admitted by Kennedy in the U.S. ambassador 's residence with New York Times columnist James `` Scotty '' Reston . Kennedy made the regrettable error of admitting that the US would not actively oppose this action in the Soviet sector of Berlin . On Saturday , 12 August 1961 , the leaders of the GDR attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in Döllnsee , in a wooded area to the north of East Berlin . There Ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . At midnight , the police and units of the East German army began to close the border and , by Sunday morning , 13 August , the border with West Berlin was closed . East German troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 kilometres ( 97 mi ) around the three western sectors , and the 43 kilometres ( 27 mi ) that divided West and East Berlin . The date of 13 August became commonly referred to as Barbed Wire Sunday in Germany . The barrier was built inside East Berlin or East German territory to ensure that it did not encroach on West Berlin at any point . Generally , the Wall was only slightly inside East Berlin , but in a few places it was some distance from the legal border , most notably at Potsdamer Bahnhof and the Lenné Triangle that is now much of the Potsdamer Platz development . Later , the initial barrier was built up into the Wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on 17 August . During the construction of the Wall , National People 's Army ( NVA ) and Combat Groups of the Working Class ( KdA ) soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . Additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields and other obstacles were installed along the length of East Germany 's western border with West Germany proper . A huge no man 's land was cleared to provide a clear line of fire at fleeing refugees . Immediate effects US President John F. Kennedy visiting the Berlin Wall on 26 June 1963 With the closing of the East - West sector boundary in Berlin , the vast majority of East Germans could no longer travel or emigrate to West Germany . Berlin soon went from being the easiest place to make an unauthorized crossing between East and West Germany to being the most difficult . Many families were split , while East Berliners employed in the West were cut off from their jobs . West Berlin became an isolated exclave in a hostile land . West Berliners demonstrated against the Wall , led by their Mayor ( Oberbürgermeister ) Willy Brandt , who strongly criticized the United States for failing to respond . Allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . In 1961 , Secretary of State Dean Rusk proclaimed , `` The Wall certainly ought not to be a permanent feature of the European landscape . I see no reason why the Soviet Union should think it is -- it is to their advantage in any way to leave there that monument to communist failure . '' United States and UK sources had expected the Soviet sector to be sealed off from West Berlin , but were surprised by how long the East Germans took for such a move . They considered the Wall as an end to concerns about a GDR / Soviet retaking or capture of the whole of Berlin ; the Wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . Thus they concluded that the possibility of a Soviet military conflict over Berlin had decreased . The East German government claimed that the Wall was an `` anti-fascist protective rampart '' ( German : `` antifaschistischer Schutzwall '' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the West . Another official justification was the activities of Western agents in Eastern Europe . The Eastern German government also claimed that West Berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in East Berlin . East Germans and others greeted such statements with skepticism , as most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of East Germany traveling to the West , but not for residents of West Berlin travelling to the East . The construction of the Wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it . Most people believed that the Wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of East Germany from entering or fleeing to West Berlin . Secondary response Play media Universal Newsreel of the 1st anniversary of the Berlin Wall The National Security Agency was the only American intelligence agency that was aware that East Germany was to take action to deal with the brain drain problem . On 9 August 1961 , the NSA intercepted an advance warning information of the Socialist Unity Party 's plan to close the intra-Berlin border between East and West Berlin completely for foot traffic . The interagency intelligence Berlin Watch Committee assessed that this intercept `` might be the first step in a plan to close the border . '' This warning did not reach U.S. President John F. Kennedy until noon on 13 August 1961 , while he was vacationing in his yacht off the Kennedy Compound in Hyannis Port , Massachusetts . While Kennedy was angry that he had no advance warning , he was relieved that the East Germans and the Soviets had only divided Berlin without taking any action against West Berlin 's access to the West . However , he denounced the Berlin Wall , whose erection worsened the relations between the United States and the Soviet Union . In response to the erection of the Berlin Wall , a retired general , Lucius D. Clay , was appointed by Kennedy as his special advisor and sent to Berlin with ambassadorial rank . Clay had been the Military Governor of the US Zone of Occupation in Germany during the period of the Berlin Blockade and had ordered the first measures in what became the Berlin Airlift . He was immensely popular with the residents of West Berlin , and his appointment was an unambiguous sign that Kennedy would not compromise on the status of West Berlin . Clay and Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson arrived at Tempelhof Airport on the afternoon of Saturday , 19 August 1961 . They arrived in a city defended by three Allied brigades -- one each from the UK , the US , and France ( the Forces Françaises à Berlin ) . On 16 August , Kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . Early on 19 August , the 1st Battle Group , 18th Infantry ( commanded by Colonel Glover S. Johns Jr . ) was alerted . On Sunday morning , U.S. troops marched from West Germany through East Germany , bound for West Berlin . Lead elements -- arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1,500 men , divided into five march units -- left the Helmstedt - Marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . At Marienborn , the Soviet checkpoint next to Helmstedt on the West German - East German border , US personnel were counted by guards . The column was 160 kilometres ( 99 mi ) long , and covered 177 kilometres ( 110 mi ) from Marienborn to Berlin in full battle gear . East German police watched from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . The front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of Berlin just before noon , to be met by Clay and Johnson , before parading through the streets of Berlin in front of a large crowd . At 04 : 00 on 21 August , Lyndon Johnson left West Berlin in the hands of General Frederick O. Hartel and his brigade of 4,224 officers and men . `` For the next three and a half years , American battalions would rotate into West Berlin , by autobahn , at three month intervals to demonstrate Allied rights to the city '' . The creation of the Wall had important implications for both German states . By stemming the exodus of people from East Germany , the East German government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the Wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated . The economy in the GDR began to grow . But , the Wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . Western powers portrayed it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after East German border guards shot and killed would - be defectors . Such fatalities were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified Germany . Structure and adjacent areas Layout and modifications The wall overview Length ( km ) Description 156.4 0 Bordering around West Berlin within 3.4 m and 4.2 m in height 111.9 0 Concrete walls 44.5 0 Metal mesh fence ( along death strip ) 112.7 0 Cross attachment in Potsdam 43.7 0 Cross attachment along the border of East and West Berlin 0.5 0 Remains of house fronts , land mansion bricks 58.95 Wall - shaped front wall with a height of 3.40 m 68.42 Expanded metal fence with a height of 2.90 m as a `` front barrier '' 161 00 Light strip 113.85 Limit signal and barrier fence ( GSSZ ) 127.5 0 Contact and signal fence 124.3 0 Border patrol Actual number Descriptions 186 Observation towers ( 302 in West - Berlin ) 31 Implementing agencies 259 Dog runs 20 Bunker East Berlin `` death strip '' of the Berlin Wall , as seen from the Axel Springer AG Building , 1984 . This section of the Wall 's `` death strip '' featured Czech hedgehogs , a guard tower and a cleared area , 1977 . The top of the Wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . The areas just outside the wall , including the sidewalk , are de jure Eastern Bloc territory . 1984 . Structure of the Berlin Wall . Position and course of the Berlin Wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) . The Berlin Wall was more than 140 kilometres ( 87 mi ) long . In June 1962 , a second , parallel fence was built some 100 metres ( 110 yd ) farther into East German territory . The houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing what later became known as the death strip . The death strip was covered with raked sand or gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice , easing the detection of trespassers and also enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task ; it offered no cover ; and , most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the Wall guards . Through the years , the Berlin Wall evolved through four versions : Wire fence and concrete block wall ( 1961 ) Improved wire fence ( 1962 -- 1965 ) Improved concrete wall ( 1965 -- 1975 ) Grenzmauer 75 ( Border Wall 75 ) ( 1975 -- 1989 ) The `` fourth - generation Wall '' , known officially as `` Stützwandelement UL 12.11 '' ( retaining wall element UL 12.11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the Wall . Begun in 1975 and completed about 1980 , it was constructed from 45,000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3.6 metres ( 12 ft ) high and 1.2 metres ( 3.9 ft ) wide , and cost DDM 16,155,000 or about US $3,638,000 . The concrete provisions added to this version of the Wall were done to prevent escapees from driving their cars through the barricades . At strategic points , the Wall was constructed to a somewhat weaker standard , so that East German and Soviet armored vehicles could easily break through in the event of war . The top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . The Wall was reinforced by mesh fencing , signal fencing , anti-vehicle trenches , barbed wire , dogs on long lines , `` beds of nails '' ( also known as `` Stalin 's Carpet '' ) under balconies hanging over the `` death strip '' , over 116 watchtowers , and 20 bunkers with hundreds of guards . This version of the Wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of the Wall in Berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation Wall . The layout came to resemble the inner German border in most technical aspects , except that the Berlin Wall had no landmines nor spring - guns . Maintenance was performed on the outside of the wall by personnel who accessed the area outside it either via ladders or via hidden doors within the wall . These doors could not be opened by a single person , needing two separate keys in two separate keyholes to unlock . As was the case with the inner German border , an unfortified strip of Eastern territory was left outside the wall . This outer strip was used by workers to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall Unlike the inner German border , however , the outer strip was usually no more than four meters wide , and , in photos from the era , the exact location of the actual border in many places appears not even to have been marked . Also in contrast with the inner German border , little interest was shown by East German law enforcement in keeping outsiders off the outer strip ; sidewalks of West Berlin streets even ran inside it . Despite the East German government 's general policy of benign neglect , vandals were not unknown to have been pursued in the outer strip , and even arrested . In 1986 , defector and political activist Wolfram Hasch and four other defectors were standing inside the outer strip defacing the wall when East German personnel emerged from one of the hidden doors to apprehend them . All but Hasch escaped back into the western sector . Hasch himself was arrested , dragged through the door into the death strip , and later convicted of illegally crossing the de jure border outside the wall . Noted graffiti artist Thierry Noir has reported having often been perused there by East German soldiers . While some graffiti artists were chased off the outer strip , others , such as Keith Haring , were seemingly tolerated . Surrounding municipalities Besides the sector - sector boundary within Berlin itself , the Wall also separated West Berlin from the present - day state of Brandenburg . The following present - day municipalities , listed in counter-clockwise direction , share a border with former West Berlin : Oberhavel : Mühlenbecker Land ( partially ) , Glienicke / Nordbahn , Hohen Neuendorf , Hennigsdorf Havelland : Schönwalde - Glien , Falkensee , Dallgow - Döberitz Potsdam ( urban district ) Potsdam - Mittelmark : Stahnsdorf , Kleinmachnow , Teltow Teltow - Fläming : Großbeeren , Blankenfelde - Mahlow Dahme - Spreewald : Schönefeld ( partially ) Official crossings and usage See also : Berlin border crossings A You Are Leaving sign at a border of the American sector Road sign delimiting the British zone of occupation in Berlin , 1984 There were nine border crossings between East and West Berlin . These allowed visits by West Berliners , other West Germans , Western foreigners and Allied personnel into East Berlin , as well as visits by GDR citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into West Berlin , provided that they held the necessary permits . These crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( East Germans , West Germans , West Berliners , other countries ) . The most famous was the vehicle and pedestrian checkpoint at the corner of Friedrichstraße and Zimmerstraße , also known as Checkpoint Charlie , which was restricted to Allied personnel and foreigners . Several other border crossings existed between West Berlin and surrounding East Germany . These could be used for transit between West Germany and West Berlin , for visits by West Berliners into East Germany , for transit into countries neighbouring East Germany ( Poland , Czechoslovakia , Denmark ) , and for visits by East Germans into West Berlin carrying a permit . After the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow West Berlin waste to be transported into East German dumps , as well as some crossings for access to West Berlin 's exclaves ( see Steinstücken ) . Four autobahns connected West Berlin to West Germany , the most famous being the Berlin - Helmstedt autobahn , which entered East German territory between the towns of Helmstedt and Marienborn ( Checkpoint Alpha ) , and which entered West Berlin at Dreilinden ( Checkpoint Bravo for the Allied forces ) in southwestern Berlin . Access to West Berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat for commercial shipping via canals and rivers . Non-German Westerners could cross the border at Friedrichstraße station in East Berlin and at Checkpoint Charlie . When the Wall was erected , Berlin 's complex public transit networks , the S - Bahn and U-Bahn , were divided with it . Some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . Three western lines traveled through brief sections of East Berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called Geisterbahnhöfe , or ghost stations ) without stopping . Both the eastern and western networks converged at Friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly Westerners ) with permission to cross . Crossing Travel orders to go to Berlin as used by U.S. forces in the 1980s . West Germans and citizens of other Western countries could generally visit East Germany , often after applying for a visa at an East German embassy several weeks in advance . Visas for day trips restricted to East Berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . However , East German authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . In the 1980s , visitors from the western part of the city who wanted to visit the eastern part had to exchange at least DM 25 into East German currency at the poor exchange rate of 1 : 1 . It was forbidden to export East German currency from the East , but money not spent could be left at the border for possible future visits . Tourists crossing from the west had to also pay for a visa , which cost DM 5 ; West Berliners did not have to pay this . West Berliners initially could not visit East Berlin or East Germany at all -- all crossing points were closed to them between 26 August 1961 and 17 December 1963 . In 1963 , negotiations between East and West resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the Christmas season that year ( Passierscheinregelung ) . Similar , very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . In 1971 , with the Four Power Agreement on Berlin , agreements were reached that allowed West Berliners to apply for visas to enter East Berlin and East Germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for West Germans . However , East German authorities could still refuse entry permits . East Berliners and East Germans could not , at first , travel to West Berlin or West Germany at all . This regulation remained in force essentially until the fall of the Wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced , the most significant being : Elderly pensioners could travel to the West starting in 1965 Visits of relatives for important family matters People who had to travel to the West for professional reasons ( for example , artists , truck drivers , musicians , writers , etc . ) For each of these exceptions , GDR citizens had to apply for individual approval , which was never guaranteed . In addition , even if travel was approved , GDR travellers could exchange only a very small amount of East German Marks into Deutsche Marks ( DM ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for them to travel to the West . This led to the West German practice of granting a small amount of DM annually ( Begrüßungsgeld , or welcome money ) to GDR citizens visiting West Germany and West Berlin to help alleviate this situation . Citizens of other East European countries were in general subject to the same prohibition of visiting Western countries as East Germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . Allied military personnel and civilian officials of the Allied forces could enter and exit East Berlin without submitting to East German passport controls , purchasing a visa or being required to exchange money . Likewise , Soviet military patrols could enter and exit West Berlin . This was a requirement of the post-war Four Powers Agreements . A particular area of concern for the Western Allies involved official dealings with East German authorities when crossing the border , since Allied policy did not recognize the authority of the GDR to regulate Allied military traffic to and from West Berlin , as well as the Allied presence within Greater Berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within East Berlin . The Allies held that only the Soviet Union , and not the GDR , had authority to regulate Allied personnel in such cases . For this reason , elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of East German authority when engaged in travel through the GDR and when in East Berlin . Special rules applied to travel by Western Allied military personnel assigned to the Military Liaison Missions accredited to the commander of Soviet forces in East Germany , located in Potsdam . Allied personnel were restricted by policy when travelling by land to the following routes : Transit between West Germany and West Berlin Road : the Helmstedt - Berlin autobahn ( A2 ) ( checkpoints Alpha and Bravo respectively ) . Soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed Allied personnel for travel between the two points . Military personnel were required to be in uniform when traveling in this manner . Rail : Western Allied military personnel and civilian officials of the Allied forces were forbidden to use commercial train service between West Germany and West Berlin , because of GDR passport and customs controls when using them . Instead , the Allied forces operated a series of official ( duty ) trains that traveled between their respective duty stations in West Germany and West Berlin . When transiting the GDR , the trains would follow the route between Helmstedt and Griebnitzsee , just outside West Berlin . In addition to persons traveling on official business , authorized personnel could also use the duty trains for personal travel on a space - available basis . The trains traveled only at night , and as with transit by car , Soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travelers . ( See History of the Berlin S - Bahn . ) Entry into and exit from East Berlin Checkpoint Charlie ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) As with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by diplomatic personnel of the Western Allies accredited to their respective embassies in the GDR . This was intended to prevent inadvertent recognition of East German authority when crossing between East and West Berlin , which could jeopardize the overall Allied position governing the freedom of movement by Allied forces personnel within all Berlin . Ordinary citizens of the Western Allied powers , not formally affiliated with the Allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through East Germany to and from West Berlin . Regarding travel to East Berlin , such persons could also use the Friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to Checkpoint Charlie . In these instances , such travelers , unlike Allied personnel , had to submit to East German border controls . Defection attempts Further information : List of deaths at the Berlin Wall NVA soldier Conrad Schumann defecting to West Berlin during the Wall 's early days in 1961 . During the years of the Wall , around 5,000 people successfully defected to West Berlin . The number of people who died trying to cross the Wall , or as a result of the Wall 's existence , has been disputed . The most vocal claims by Alexandra Hildebrandt , Director of the Checkpoint Charlie Museum and widow of the Museum 's founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 . A historic research group at the Center for Contemporary Historical Research ( ZZF ) in Potsdam has confirmed at least 140 deaths . Prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . The East German government issued shooting orders ( Schießbefehl ) to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as `` shoot to kill '' orders . GDR officials denied issuing the latter . In an October 1973 order later discovered by researchers , guards were instructed that people attempting to cross the Wall were criminals and needed to be shot : `` Do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used '' . Early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line , but these ended as the Wall was fortified . East German authorities no longer permitted apartments near the Wall to be occupied , and any building near the Wall had its windows boarded and later bricked up . On 15 August 1961 , Conrad Schumann was the first East German border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to West Berlin . On 22 August 1961 , Ida Siekmann was the first casualty at the Berlin Wall : she died after she jumped out of her third floor apartment at 48 Bernauer Strasse . The first person to be shot and killed while trying to cross to West Berlin was Günter Litfin , a twenty - four - year - old tailor . He attempted to swim across the Spree Canal to West Germany on 24 August 1961 , the same day that East German police had received shoot - to - kill orders to prevent anyone from escaping . Another dramatic escape was carried out on April 1963 by Wolfgang Engels , a 19 - year - old civilian employee of the Nationale Volksarmee . Engels stole a Soviet armored personnel carrier from a base where he was deployed and drove it right into the Wall . He was fired at and seriously wounded by border guards . But a West German policeman intervened , firing his weapon at the East German border guards . The policeman removed Engels from the vehicle , which had become entangled in the barbed wire . Memorial to the Victims of the Wall , with graffiti , 1982 . East Germans successfully defected by a variety of methods : digging long tunnels under the Wall , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying ultralights and , in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . When a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of defection , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and windscreen to come away when it made contact with the beam . They lay flat and kept driving forward . The East Germans then built zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . The sewer system predated the Wall , and some people escaped through the sewers , in a number of cases with assistance from the Unternehmen Reisebüro . An airborne escape was made by Thomas Krüger , who landed a Zlin Z 42 M light aircraft of the Gesellschaft für Sport und Technik , an East German youth military training organization , at RAF Gatow . His aircraft , registration DDR - WOH , was dismantled and returned to the East Germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on it by RAF airmen , such as `` Wish you were here '' and `` Come back soon '' . DDR - WOH is still flying today , but under the registration D - EWOH . If an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the Western wall , Westerners could not intervene for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' Grepos ' , the East Berlin border guards . The guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , as in the most notorious failed attempt , that of Peter Fechter ( aged 18 ) . He was shot and bled to death , in full view of the Western media , on 17 August 1962 . Fechter 's death created negative publicity worldwide that led the leaders of East Berlin to place more restrictions on shooting in public places , and provide medical care for possible `` would - be escapers '' . The last person to be shot and killed while trying to cross the border was Chris Gueffroy on 6 February 1989 , while the final person to die in an escape attempt was Winfried Freudenberg who was killed when his homemade natural gas - filled balloon crashed on 8 March 1989 . The Wall gave rise to a widespread sense of desperation and oppression in East Berlin , as expressed in the private thoughts of one resident , who confided to her diary `` Our lives have lost their spirit ... we can do nothing to stop them . '' Concerts by Western artists and growing anti-wall sentiment Every stone bears witness to the moral bankruptcy of the society it encloses -- Margaret Thatcher commenting about the wall , West Berlin , 1982 David Bowie , 1987 On 6 June 1987 , David Bowie , who earlier for several years lived and recorded in West Berlin , played a concert close to the Wall . This was attended by thousands of Eastern concertgoers across the Wall , followed by violent rioting in East Berlin . According to Tobias Ruther , these protests in East Berlin were the first in the sequence of riots that led to those of November 1989 . Although other factors were probably more influential in the fall of the Wall , on his death , the German Foreign Office tweeted `` Good - bye , David Bowie . You are now among # Heroes . Thank you for helping to bring down the # wall . '' Bruce Springsteen , 1988 On 19 July 1988 , 16 months before the Wall came down , Bruce Springsteen and the E-Street Band , played Rocking the Wall , a live concert in East Berlin , which was attended by 300,000 in person and broadcast delayed on television . Springsteen spoke to the crowd in German , saying : `` I 'm not here for or against any government . I 've come to play rock ' n ' roll for you in the hope that one day all the barriers will be torn down '' . East Germany and its FDJ youth organization were worried they were losing an entire generation . They hoped that by letting Springsteen in , they could improve their sentiment among East Germans . However , this strategy of `` one step backwards , two steps forwards '' backfired and the concert only made East Germans hungrier for more of the freedoms that Springsteen epitomized . While John F. Kennedy and Ronald Reagan delivered their famous speeches from the safety of West Berlin , Springsteen 's speaking out against the Wall in the middle of East Berlin added to the euphoria . David Hasselhoff , 1989 On 31 December 1989 , American TV actor and pop music singer David Hasselhoff was the headlining performer for the Freedom Tour Live concert , which was attended by over 500,000 people on both sides of the Wall . The live concert footage was directed by music video director Thomas Mignone and aired on broadcast television station Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen ZDF throughout Europe . During shooting film crew personnel pulled people up from both sides to stand and celebrate on top of the wall . Hasselhoff sang his Number One hit song `` Looking For Freedom '' on a platform at the end of a twenty - meter steel crane that swung above and over the Wall adjacent to the Brandenburg Gate . `` Ich bin ein Berliner '' and `` Mr. Gorbachev , tear down this Wall . '' Main articles : Ich bin ein Berliner and Tear down this wall ! Ich bin ein Berliner ( I am a Berliner ) speech Play media Speech from the Rathaus Schöneberg by John F. Kennedy , 26 June 1963 . Duration 9 : 01 . Ich bin ein Berliner ( `` I am a Berliner '' ) speech ( audio ) Audio - only version ( Duration 9 : 22 ) Problems playing these files ? See media help . Play media Complete speech by Ronald Reagan at the Brandenburg Gate , 12 June 1987 . Famous passage begins at 11 : 10 into this video . On 26 June 1963 , 22 months after the erection of the Berlin Wall , U.S. President John F. Kennedy visited West Berlin . Speaking from a platform erected on the steps of Rathaus Schöneberg for an audience of 450,000 he declared in his Ich bin ein Berliner speech the support of the United States for West Germany and the people of West Berlin in particular : Two thousand years ago , the proudest boast was civis romanus sum ( `` I am a Roman citizen '' ) . Today , in the world of freedom , the proudest boast is `` Ich bin ein Berliner ! '' ... All free men , wherever they may live , are citizens of Berlin , and therefore , as a free man , I take pride in the words `` Ich bin ein Berliner ! '' The message was aimed as much at the Soviets as it was at Berliners and was a clear statement of U.S. policy in the wake of the construction of the Berlin Wall . The speech is considered one of Kennedy 's best , both a notable moment of the Cold War and a high point of the New Frontier . It was a great morale boost for West Berliners , who lived in an exclave deep inside East Germany and feared a possible East German occupation . In a speech at the Brandenburg Gate commemorating the 750th anniversary of Berlin on 12 June 1987 , U.S. President Ronald Reagan challenged Mikhail Gorbachev , then the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union , to tear down the Wall as a symbol of increasing freedom in the Eastern Bloc : We welcome change and openness ; for we believe that freedom and security go together , that the advance of human liberty can only strengthen the cause of world peace . There is one sign the Soviets can make that would be unmistakable , that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace . General Secretary Gorbachev , if you seek peace , if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and eastern Europe , if you seek liberalization , come here to this gate . Mr. Gorbachev , open this gate . Mr. Gorbachev , tear down this Wall ! Fall of the Berlin Wall In June 1989 the Hungarian government began dismantling the electrified fence along its border with Austria ( with Western TV crews present ) , and then , in September , more than 13,000 East German tourists escaped through Hungary to Austria . This set up a chain of events . The Hungarians prevented many more East Germans from crossing the border and returned them to Budapest . These East Germans flooded the West German embassy and refused to return to East Germany . The East German government responded by disallowing any further travel to Hungary , but allowed those already there to return to East Germany . This triggered similar events in neighboring Czechoslovakia . This time , however , the East German authorities allowed people to leave , provided that they did so by train through East Germany . This was followed by mass demonstrations within East Germany itself . Protest demonstrations spread throughout East Germany in September 1989 . Initially , protesters were mostly people wanting to leave to the West , chanting `` Wir wollen raus ! '' ( `` We want out ! '' ) . Then protestors began to chant `` Wir bleiben hier ! '' ( `` We are staying here ! '' ) . This was the start of what East Germans generally call the `` Peaceful Revolution '' of late 1989 . The protest demonstrations grew considerably by early November . The movement neared its height on 4 November , when half a million people gathered to demand political change , at the Alexanderplatz demonstration , East Berlin 's large public square and transportation hub . The longtime leader of East Germany , Erich Honecker , resigned on 18 October 1989 and was replaced by Egon Krenz that day . Honecker had predicted in January of that year that the Wall would stand for 50 or 100 more years if the conditions that had caused its construction did not change . The wave of refugees leaving East Germany for the West kept increasing . By early November refugees were finding their way to Hungary via Czechoslovakia , or via the West German Embassy in Prague . This was tolerated by the new Krenz government , because of long - standing agreements with the communist Czechoslovak government , allowing free travel across their common border . However this movement of people grew so large it caused difficulties for both countries . To ease the difficulties , the politburo led by Krenz decided on 9 November to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between East Germany and West Germany , including between East and West Berlin . Later the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private , round - trip , travel . The new regulations were to take effect the next day . Günter Schabowski , the party boss in East Berlin and the spokesman for the SED Politburo , had the task of announcing the new regulations . However , he had not been involved in the discussions about the new regulations and had not been fully updated . Shortly before a press conference on 9 November , he was handed a note announcing the changes , but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . These regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . But this starting time delay was not communicated to Schabowski . At the end of the press conference , Schabowski read out loud the note he had been given . One of the reporters , ANSA 's Riccardo Ehrman , asked when the regulations would take effect . After a few seconds ' hesitation , Schabowski assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied , `` As far as I know , it takes effect immediately , without delay '' . After further questions from journalists , he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings through the Wall into West Berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . Excerpts from Schabowski 's press conference were the lead story on West Germany 's two main news programs that night -- at 7 : 17 p.m. on ZDF 's heute and at 8 p.m. on ARD 's Tagesschau . This meant that the news was broadcast to nearly all of East Germany as well . Later that night , on ARD 's Tagesthemen , anchorman Hanns Joachim Friedrichs proclaimed , `` This 9 November is a historic day . The GDR has announced that , starting immediately , its borders are open to everyone . The gates in the Wall stand open wide . '' After hearing the broadcast , East Germans began gathering at the Wall , at the six checkpoints between East and West Berlin , demanding that border guards immediately open the gates . The surprised and overwhelmed guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors about the problem . At first , they were ordered to find the `` more aggressive '' people gathered at the gates and stamp their passports with a special stamp that barred them from returning to East Germany -- in effect , revoking their citizenship . However , this still left thousands of people demanding to be let through `` as Schabowski said we can '' . It soon became clear that no one among the East German authorities would take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so the vastly outnumbered soldiers had no way to hold back the huge crowd of East German citizens . Finally , at 10 : 45 p.m. , Harald Jäger , the commander of the Bornholmer Straße border crossing yielded , allowing for the guards to open the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . As the Ossis swarmed through , they were greeted by Wessis waiting with flowers and champagne amid wild rejoicing . Soon afterward , a crowd of West Berliners jumped on top of the Wall , and were soon joined by East German youngsters . They danced together to celebrate their new freedom . Walking through Checkpoint Charlie , 10 November 1989 Germans stand on top of the Wall in the days before it was torn down At the Brandenburg Gate , 10 November 1989 Juggling on the Wall on 16 November 1989 `` Mauerspecht '' ( November 1989 ) The Fall of the Wall ( November 1989 ) Another border crossing to the south may have been opened earlier . An account by Heinz Schäfer indicates that he also acted independently and ordered the opening of the gate at Waltersdorf - Rudow a couple of hours earlier . This may explain reports of East Berliners appearing in West Berlin earlier than the opening of the Bornholmer Straße border crossing . Demolition Play media A Berlin Wall segment in Los Angeles at 5900 Wilshire Boulevard . The fall of the Berlin Wall ( German : Mauerfall ) began the evening of 9 November 1989 and continued over the following days and weeks , with people nicknamed Mauerspechte ( wall woodpeckers ) using various tools to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts in the process , and creating several unofficial border crossings . Television coverage of citizens demolishing sections of the Wall on 9 November was soon followed by the East German regime announcing ten new border crossings , including the historically significant locations of Potsdamer Platz , Glienicker Brücke , and Bernauer Straße . Crowds gathered on both sides of the historic crossings waiting for hours to cheer the bulldozers that tore down portions of the Wall to reconnect the divided roads . While the Wall officially remained guarded at a decreasing intensity , new border crossings continued for some time , including the Brandenburg Gate on 22 December 1989 . Initially the East German military attempted repairing damage done by the `` Wall peckers '' ; gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and `` unauthorized '' border crossing through the holes . West Germans and West Berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 December . Until then , they could only visit East Germany and East Berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance and obligatory exchange of at least 25 DM per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . Thus , in the weeks between 9 November and 23 December , East Germans could actually travel more freely than Westerners . On 13 June 1990 , the East German military officially began dismantling the Wall , beginning in Bernauer Straße and around the Mitte district . From there , demolition continued through Prenzlauer Berg / Gesundbrunnen , Helligensee and throughout the city of Berlin until that December 1990 . According to estimates by the border troops , a total of around 1.7 million tonnes of building rubble wasfall . Unofficially , the demolition of the Bornholmer Straße began because of construction work on the railway . This involved a total of 300 GDR border guards and - after 3 October 1990 - 600 Pioneers of the Bundeswehr . These were equipped with 175 trucks , 65 cranes , 55 excavators and 13 bulldozers . Virtually every road that was severed by the Berlin Wall ( that links from West Berlin to East Berlin ) was reconstructed and reopened by 1 August 1990 . In Berlin alone , 184 km of wall , 154 km border fence , 144 km signal systems and 87 km barrier ditches were removed . What remained were six sections that were to be preserved as a memorial . Various military units dismantled the Berlin / Brandenberg border wall , completing the job in November 1991 . Painted wall segments with artistically valuable motifs were auctioned in auctions in 1990 in Berlin and Monte Carlo . On 1 July , the day East Germany adopted the West German currency , all de jure border controls ceased , although the inter-German border had become meaningless for some time before that . The fall of the Wall marked the first critical step towards German reunification , which formally concluded a mere 339 days later on 3 October 1990 with the dissolution of East Germany and the official reunification of the German state along the democratic lines of the West German Basic Law . An East German guard talks to a Westerner through a broken seam in the wall in late November 1989 . A crane removes a section of the Wall near Brandenburg Gate on 21 December 1989 . Almost all of the remaining sections were rapidly chipped away . December 1990 . West Germans peer at East German border guards through a hole in the wall on 5 January 1990 . Short section of the Berlin Wall at Potsdamer Platz , March 2009 Souvenir chunk of concrete from the Wall Opposition In some European capitals at the time , there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified Germany . In September 1989 , British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher pleaded with Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev not to let the Berlin Wall fall and confided that she wanted the Soviet leader to do what he could to stop it . `` We do not want a united Germany . This would lead to a change to postwar borders and we can not allow that because such a development would undermine the stability of the whole international situation and could endanger our security , '' Thatcher told Gorbachev . After the fall of the Berlin Wall , French President François Mitterrand warned Thatcher that a unified Germany could make more ground than Adolf Hitler ever had and that Europe would have to bear the consequences . Celebrations On 21 November 1989 , Crosby , Stills & Nash performed the song `` Chippin ' Away '' from Graham Nash 's 1986 solo album Innocent Eyes in front of the Brandenburg Gate . On 25 December 1989 , Leonard Bernstein gave a concert in Berlin celebrating the end of the Wall , including Beethoven 's 9th symphony ( Ode to Joy ) with the word `` Joy '' ( Freude ) changed to `` Freedom '' ( Freiheit ) in the lyrics sung . The poet Schiller may have originally written `` Freedom '' and changed it to `` Joy '' out of fear . The orchestra and choir were drawn from both East and West Germany , as well as the United Kingdom , France , the Soviet Union , and the United States . On New Year 's Eve 1989 , David Hasselhoff performed his song `` Looking for Freedom '' while standing atop the partly demolished wall . Roger Waters performed the Pink Floyd album The Wall just north of Potsdamer Platz on 21 July 1990 , with guests including Bon Jovi , Scorpions , Bryan Adams , Sinéad O'Connor , Cyndi Lauper , Thomas Dolby , Joni Mitchell , Marianne Faithfull , Levon Helm , Rick Danko and Van Morrison . Over the years , there has been a repeated controversial debate as to whether 9 November would make a suitable German national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in East Germany , such as Werner Schulz . Besides being the emotional apogee of East Germany 's peaceful revolution , 9 November is also the date of the 1918 abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II and declaration of the Weimar Republic , the first German republic . However , 9 November is also the anniversary of the execution of Robert Blum in following the 1848 Vienna revolts , the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch and the infamous Kristallnacht pogroms of the Nazis in 1938 . Nobel Laureate Elie Wiesel criticized the first euphoria , noting that `` they forgot that 9 November has already entered into history -- 51 years earlier it marked the Kristallnacht . '' As reunification was not official and complete until 3 October , that day was finally chosen as German Unity Day . 20th anniversary celebrations On 9 November 2009 , Berlin celebrated the 20th Anniversary of the Fall of the Berlin Wall with a `` Festival of Freedom '' with dignitaries from around the world in attendance for an evening celebration around the Brandenburg Gate . A high point was when over 1,000 colourfully designed foam domino tiles , each over 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) tall , that were stacked along the former route of the Wall in the city center were toppled in stages , converging in front of the Brandenburg Gate . A Berlin Twitter Wall was set up to allow Twitter users to post messages commemorating the 20th anniversary . The Chinese government quickly shut down access to the Twitter Wall after masses of Chinese users began using it to protest the Great Firewall of China . In the United States , the German Embassy coordinated a public diplomacy campaign with the motto `` Freedom Without Walls '' , to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall . The campaign was focused on promoting awareness of the fall of the Berlin Wall among current college students . Students at over 30 universities participated in `` Freedom Without Walls '' events in late 2009 . First place winner of the Freedom Without Walls Speaking Contest Robert Cannon received a free trip to Berlin for 2010 . An international project called Mauerreise ( Journey of the Wall ) took place in various countries . Twenty symbolic Wall bricks were sent from Berlin starting in May 2009 , with the destinations being Korea , Cyprus , Yemen , and other places where everyday life is characterised by division and border experience . In these places , the bricks will become a blank canvas for artists , intellectuals and young people to tackle the `` wall '' phenomenon . To commemorate the 20th Anniversary of the Fall of the Berlin Wall , Twinity reconstructed a true - to - scale section of the Wall in virtual Berlin . The MTV Europe Music Awards , on 5 November , had U2 and Tokio Hotel perform songs dedicated to , and about the Berlin Wall . U2 performed at the Brandenburg Gate , and Tokio Hotel performed `` World Behind My Wall '' . Palestinians in the town of Kalandia , West Bank pulled down parts of the Israeli West Bank barrier , in a demonstration marking the 20th Anniversary of the Fall of the Berlin Wall . The International Spy Museum in Washington DC hosted a Trabant car rally where 20 Trabants gathered in recognition of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall . Rides were raffled every half - hour and a Trabant crashed through a Berlin Wall mock up . The Trabant was the East German people 's car that many used to leave DDR after the collapse . The Allied Museum in the Dahlem district of Berlin hosted a number of events to mark the Twentieth Anniversary of the Fall of the Berlin Wall . The museum held a Special Exhibition entitled `` Wall Patrol -- The Western Powers and the Berlin Wall 1961 -- 1990 '' which focused on the daily patrols deployed by the Western powers to observe the situation along the Berlin Wall and the fortifications on the GDR border . A sheet of `` Americans in Berlin '' Commemorative Cinderella stamps designed by T.H.E. Hill , the author of Voices Under Berlin , was presented to the Museum by David Guerra , Berlin veteran and webmaster of the site www.berlinbrigade.com . The stamps splendidly illustrate that even twenty years on , veterans of service in Berlin still regard their service there as one of the high points of their lives . Legacy Remaining stretch of the Wall near Ostbahnhof in Friedrichshain called East Side Gallery , August 2006 Remains of the Wall adjacent to the Topography of Terror , August 2007 A memorial of over a thousand crosses and a segment of the Wall for those who died trying to cross . The memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed . A `` BERLINER MAUER 1961 -- 1989 '' plaque near Checkpoint Charlie signifying where the Wall stood Display of two sections of the Wall and a `` You are leaving '' sign at Fort Gordon , Georgia The Berlin Wall from the East Berlin side , 1967 A sign reading `` Until we see each other again in the capital of the GDR '' Czech hedgehog antitank obstacles and the Wall An exhibition dedicated to the 25th anniversary to the Berlin Wall destruction was located at Potsdamer Platz Arkaden Line indicating where the Wall once stood , just off Potsdamer Platz , in 2015 Little is left of the Wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost in its entirety . Three long sections are still standing : an 80 - metre - long ( 260 ft ) piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall at the Topography of Terror , site of the former Gestapo headquarters , halfway between Checkpoint Charlie and Potsdamer Platz ; a longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the Spree River near the Oberbaumbrücke , nicknamed East Side Gallery ; and a third section that is partly reconstructed , in the north at Bernauer Straße , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . Other isolated fragments , lampposts , other elements , and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . The former leadership in the Schlesischen Busch in the vicinity of the Puschkinallee -- the listed , twelve - meter high watchtower stands in a piece of the wall strip , which has been turned into a park , near the Lohmühleninsel The former `` Kieler Eck '' ( Kieler Eck ) on Kieler Strasse in Mitte , close to the Berlin - Spandau Schifffahrtskanal -- the tower is protected as a historic monument and now surrounded on three sides by new buildings . It houses a memorial site named after the Wallopfer Günter Litfin , who was shot at Humboldthafen in August 1961 . The memorial site , which is run by the initiative of his brother Jürgen Liftin , can be viewed after registration . The former management office at Nieder Neuendorf , in the district of Hennigsdorf of the same name -- here is the permanent exhibition on the history of the border installations between the two German states . The former management station at Bergfelde , today the district of Hohen Neuendorf -- The tower is located in an already reforested area of the border strip and is used together with surrounding terrain as a nature protection tower by the Deutschen Waldjugend . The only one of the much slimmer observation towers ( BT - 11 ) in the Erna - Berger - Strasse also in Mitte -- however , was moved by a few meters for construction work and is no longer in the original location ; There is an exhibition about the wall in the area of the Potsdamer Platz in planning . Nothing still accurately represents the Wall 's original appearance better than a very short stretch at Bernauer Straße associated with the Berlin Wall Documentation Center . Other remnants are badly damaged by souvenir seekers . Fragments of the Wall were taken and some were sold around the world . Appearing both with and without certificates of authenticity , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service eBay as well as German souvenir shops . Today , the eastern side is covered in graffiti that did not exist while the Wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of East Germany . Previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . Along some tourist areas of the city centre , the city government has marked the location of the former Wall by a row of cobblestones in the street . In most places only the `` first '' wall is marked , except near Potsdamer Platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . After the fall of Berlin Wall , there were initiatives that they want to preserve the death strip walkways and redevelop it into a hiking and cycling area , known as Berliner Mauerweg . It is part of the initiative by Berlin Senate since 2005 . Cultural differences For many years after reunification , people in Germany talked about cultural differences between East and West Germans ( colloquially Ossis and Wessis ) , sometimes described as Mauer im Kopf ( The wall in the head ) . A September 2004 poll found that 25 percent of West Germans and 12 percent of East Germans wished that East and West should be separated again by a `` Wall '' . A poll taken in October 2009 on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the Wall indicated , however , that only about a tenth of the population was still unhappy with the unification ( 8 percent in the East ; 12 percent in the West ) . Although differences are still perceived between East and West , Germans make similar distinctions between North and South . A 2011 poll conducted by Russia 's VTsIOM , found that more than half of all Russians do not know who built the Berlin Wall . Ten percent of people surveyed thought Berlin residents built it themselves . Six percent said Western powers built it and four percent thought it was a `` bilateral initiative '' of the Soviet Union and the West . Fifty - eight percent said they did not know who built it , with just 24 percent correctly naming the Soviet Union and its then - communist ally East Germany . Wall segments around the World Segment of the Berlin wall in the Sanctuary of Fátima , Portugal Main article : List of Berlin Wall segments Not all segments of the Wall were ground up as the Wall was being torn down . Many segments have been given to various institutions in the world . They can be found , for instance , in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , and in public spaces in different countries of the world . Remains of the Berlin wall , still in its original spot , 2016 50th anniversary commemoration On 13 August 2011 , Germany marked the 50th anniversary of East Germany beginning the erection of the Berlin Wall . Chancellor Angela Merkel joined with President Christian Wulff and Berlin Mayor Klaus Wowereit at the Bernauer Straße memorial park to remember lives and liberty . Speeches extolled freedom and a minute of silence at noon honored those who died trying to flee to the West . `` It is our shared responsibility to keep the memory alive and to pass it on to the coming generations as a reminder to stand up for freedom and democracy to ensure that such injustice may never happen again , '' entreated Mayor Wowereit . `` It has been shown once again : Freedom is invincible at the end . No wall can permanently withstand the desire for freedom '' , proclaimed President Wulff . '' Related media Documentary films specifically about the Berlin Wall : The Tunnel , a NBC News Special documentary film broadcast in December 1962 The Road to the Wall , a 1962 documentary film Something to Do with the Wall , 1991 documentary about the fall of the Berlin Wall by Ross McElwee and Marilyn Levine , originally conceived as a commemoration of the 25th anniversary of its construction . Rabbit à la Berlin , a 2009 documentary film , directed by Bartek Konopka , told from point of view of a group of wild rabbits that inhabited the zone between the two walls Fictional films featuring the Berlin Wall have included : The Spy Who Came in from the Cold , 1965 -- Cold War classic set on both sides of The Wall , from the book by John le Carré , directed by Martin Ritt The Boy and the Ball and the Hole in the Wall , Spanish - Mexican co-production , 1965 Funeral in Berlin , 1966 -- Spy movie starring Michael Caine , directed by Guy Hamilton Casino Royale , 1967 -- featuring a segment centred on a house apparently bisected by the Wall . The Wicked Dreams of Paula Schultz , 1968 -- Cold War spy farce about an Olympic athlete who defects . Director George Marshall Berlin Tunnel 21 , 1981 -- A made - for - TV movie about a former American officer leading an attempt to build a tunnel underneath The Wall as a rescue route . The Soldier , 1982 -- A renegade KGB team put nuclear weapons in Saudi Arabia to force America to make the Israelis pull out of the West Bank or the bomb will make 50 % of the world 's oil radioactive for decades . The title character of the movie has a team break into a missile silo in Smith Center , Kansas to obtain independent launch capability , then he and an Israeli security agent drive an automobile from West Germany over the Berlin Wall into East Germany where he informs the KGB agents that if the nuke goes off in Saudi Arabia , his team in Kansas will nuke Moscow . The Innocent , 1993 -- About the joint CIA / MI6 operation to build a tunnel under East Berlin in the 1950s . Directed by John Schlesinger The Tunnel , 2001 -- Dramatization of a collaborative tunnel under the Wall . Film by Roland Suso Richter In the 2015 film Bridge of Spies , Frederic Pryor , an American economics graduate student , visits his German girlfriend in East Berlin just as the Berlin Wall is being built . He tries to bring her back into West Berlin , but is stopped by Stasi agents and arrested as a spy . Some novels specifically about the Berlin Wall : John le Carré , The Spy Who Came in from the Cold , 1963 -- Classic Cold War spy fiction Len Deighton , Berlin Game , 1983 -- Classic Cold War spy fiction T.H.E. Hill , The Day Before the Berlin Wall : Could We Have Stopped It ? -- An Alternate History of Cold War Espionage , 2010 -- based on a legend told in Berlin in the 1970s John Marks , The Wall , 1999 NYT Review -- an American spy defects to the East just hours before the Wall falls Marcia Preston , West of the Wall ( published as Trudy 's Promise in North America ) , 2008 -- Left behind in East Berlin , the heroine waits for news of her husband after he makes his escape over the Berlin Wall Peter Schneider , The Wall Jumper , 1984 ( German : Der Mauerspringer , 1982 ) -- the Wall plays a central role in this novel set in Berlin of the 1980s Music related to the Berlin Wall `` West of the Wall , a 1962 top 40 hit by Toni Fisher , told the tale of two lovers separated by the newly - built Berlin Wall . `` Holidays in the Sun '' , a song by the English punk rock band The Sex Pistols prominently mentions the Wall , specifically singer Johnny Rotten 's fantasy of digging a tunnel under it . David Bowie 's `` Heroes '' was inspired by the image of a couple kissing at the Berlin Wall ( in reality , the couple was his producer Tony Visconti and backup singer Antonia Maaß ) . The song ( which , along with the album of the same name , were recorded in Berlin ) , makes lyrical references to the kissing couple , and to the `` Wall of Shame '' ( `` the shame was on the other side '' ) . Upon his death , the German Foreign Office paid homage to Bowie on Twitter , : see also above Over de muur ( nl ) , a 1984 song by Dutch pop band Klein Orkest ( nl ) , about the differences between East and West Berlin during the period of the Berlin Wall . `` Chippin ' Away '' , a song by Tom Fedora , as performed by Crosby , Stills & Nash on the Berlin Wall appeared on Graham Nash 's 1986 solo album Innocent Eyes . The music video for Liza Fox 's song `` Free '' ( 2013 ) contain video clips of the fall of the Berlin Wall . Art related to the Berlin Wall In the year 1982 the West - German artist Elsner ( de ) created about 500 artworks along the former border strip around West - Berlin as part of his work series `` Border Injuries '' . On one of his actions he even tore down a large part of the Wall , installed a prepared foil of 3x2m in it and finished the painting there before the border soldiers on patrol could detect him . This performance was even recorded on video . His actions are well - documented both in newspapers from that time and in recent scientific publications . Video games related to the Berlin Wall 1999 's SimCity 3000 featured a scenario taking place at the end of the Cold War , where the player must demolish the wall and re-unite East and West Berlin , being given 5 years in the game to complete the task . The longer it takes to complete the goals results in riots in the city . The `` First Strike '' downloadable content pack for 2010s Call of Duty : Black Ops includes a multiplayer map that takes place at the Berlin Wall ( `` Berlin Wall '' ) The introductory video to the Rise and Fall expansion for Civilization VI depicts a woman striking the wall with a sledgehammer . In April 2018 game publisher Playway S.A. announced that Polish game studio K202 is working on The Berlin Wall game that will be published in December 2018 . See also The Berlin Wall ( video game ) Brandenburg Gate Chapel of Reconciliation Checkpoint Charlie Checkpoint Charlie stand - off ( October 1961 ) Dissolution of the Soviet Union ( 1991 ) Green Line ( Beirut ) Inner German Border Korean Demilitarized Zone Military Demarcation Line List of walls Operation Gold Ostalgie Peace Lines ( Belfast ) Reunification of Jerusalem The Wall -- Live in Berlin ( rock opera / concert , 21 July 1990 ) References Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Untangling 5 myths about the Berlin Wall '' . Chicago Tribune . 31 October 2014 . Retrieved 1 November 2014 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Video : Berlin , 1961 / 08 / 31 ( 1961 ) . Universal Newsreel. 1961 . Retrieved 20 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` In Photos : 25 years ago todaythe Berlin Wall Fell '' . TheJournal.ie. 9 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Jack Marck Archived 29 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine . `` Over the Wall : A Once - in - a-Lifetime Experience '' American Heritage , October 2006 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.cnn.com/2013/09/15/world/europe/berlin-wall-fast-facts/index.html Jump up ^ `` Berlin Wall : Five things you might not know '' . The Telegraph . 12 August 2011 . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Freedom ! '' . Time . 20 November 1989 . Retrieved 9 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Forschungsprojekt `` Die Todesopfer an der Berliner Mauer , 1961 -- 1989 '' : BILANZ ( Stand : 7 . August 2008 ) ( in German ) `` . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Todesopfer an der Berliner Mauer '' ( Fatalities at the Berlin Wall ) ( in German ) . Chronik der Mauer . Retrieved 26 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mary Elise Sarotte , Collapse : The Accidental Opening of the Berlin Wall , New York : Basic Books , 2014 Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , pp. 4 -- 5 Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , p. 16 Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , p. 10 Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , p. 13 ^ Jump up to : Wettig 2008 , p. 95 - 5 ^ Jump up to : Wettig 2008 , p. 96 Jump up ^ The political process contrasted with that in West German zones occupied by France , the United Kingdom , and the United States , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( Turner , Henry Ashby . The Two Germanies Since 1945 : East and West , Yale University Press , 1987 , ISBN 0 - 300 - 03865 - 8 , page 20 ) Jump up ^ Turner 1987 , p. 47 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 33 Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , pp. 65 -- 70 Jump up ^ Turner 1987 , p. 29 Jump up ^ Fritsch - Bournazel , Renata , Confronting the German Question : Germans on the East - West Divide , Berg Publishers , 1990 , ISBN 0 - 85496 - 684 - 6 , page 143 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 34 Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , pp. 180 -- 81 Jump up ^ Wettig 2008 , p. 179 Jump up ^ In a congratulatory telegram , Stalin emphasized that , with the creation of East Germany , the `` enslavement of European countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . '' ( Wettig , Gerhard , Stalin and the Cold War in Europe , Rowman & Littlefield , 2008 , ISBN 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 , page 179 ) Jump up ^ https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/history/berlin-wall-what-you-need-to-know-about-the-barrier-that-divided-east-and-west-9847347.html ^ Jump up to : Thackeray 2004 , p. 188 Jump up ^ Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Arbeit und Sozialordnung , Familie und Frauen , Statistik Spätaussiedler Dezember 2007 , p. 3 ( in German ) Jump up ^ Loescher 2001 , p. 60 Jump up ^ Loescher 2001 , p. 68 Jump up ^ Dale 2005 , p. 17 Jump up ^ Dowty 1989 , p. 114 Jump up ^ Dowty 1989 , p. 116 ^ Jump up to : Dowty 1989 , p. 121 Jump up ^ Harrison 2003 , p. 240 - fn Jump up ^ Harrison 2003 , p. 98 ^ Jump up to : Harrison 2003 , p. 99 Jump up ^ Paul Maddrell , Spying on Science : Western Intelligence in Divided Germany 1945 -- 1961 , p. 56 . Oxford University Press , 2006 ^ Jump up to : Dowty 1989 , p. 122 ^ Jump up to : Harrison 2003 , p. 100 Jump up ^ English translation of `` Wer die Deutsche Demokratische Republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die Seite der Kriegstreiber '' ( `` He Who Leaves the German Democratic Republic Joins the Warmongers '' , Notizbuch des Agitators ( `` Agitator 's Notebook '' ) , Berlin : Socialist Unity Party 's Agitation Department , November 1955 . Jump up ^ Volker Rolf Berghahn , Modern Germany : Society , Economy and Politics in the Twentieth Century , p. 227 . Cambridge University Press , 1987 Jump up ^ Pearson 1998 , p. 75 Jump up ^ Crozier , Brian ( 1999 ) . The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire . Forum . p. 170 - 171 . ISBN 0 - 7615 - 2057 - 0 . Jump up ^ Afanasenko , E.I. ( 1964 - 03 - 01 ) . `` The Decisions of the June Plenary Meeting of the CPSU Central Committee and the Tasks of Public Education Bodies '' . Russian Education & Society . 6 ( 5 ) : 3 -- 13 . doi : 10.2753 / res1060 - 939306053 . ISSN 1060 - 9393 . Jump up ^ Leffler , Melvyn P. ; Westad , Odd Arne , eds. ( 2010 ) . `` The Cambridge History of the Cold War '' . doi : 10.1017 / chol9780521837200 . Jump up ^ Rottman , Gordon ( 2008 ) . The Berlin Wall and the Intra-German Border 1961 - 1989 . Oxford UK : Osprey Publishing . p. 29 . ISBN 978 - 184603 - 193 - 9 . Jump up ^ Wiegrefe , Klaus . `` Wir lassen euch jetzt ein , zwei Wochen Zeit '' , Spiegel Online -- einestages , May 2009 Jump up ^ `` Transcript of the telephone call between Khrushchev and Ulbricht on August 1 , 1961 '' ( in German ) . Welt.de. 30 May 2009 . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Sebetsyen , Victor ( 2009 ) . Revolution 1989 : The Fall of the Soviet Empire . New York City : Pantheon Books . ISBN 0 - 375 - 42532 - 2 . Jump up ^ http://blogs.reuters.com/berlin1961/2011/05/27/the-worst-day-of-jfks-life/ Jump up ^ Kempe , Frederick ( 2011 ) . Berlin 1961 . Penguin Group ( USA ) . p. 247 . ISBN 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 . Jump up ^ http://www.historytoday.com/frederick-taylor/berlin-wall-secret-history Jump up ^ `` Exchanges of Territory '' . City of Berlin . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 23 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Exchanges of Territory : Lenné - Dreieck '' . City of Berlin . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 23 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wall Goes Up in Berlin -- Events of 1961 -- Year in Review '' . UPI.com. 29 May 1998 . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Keeling , Drew ( 2014 ) , business-of-migration.com `` Berlin Wall and Migration , '' Migration as a travel business Jump up ^ Taylor , Frederick . The Berlin Wall : 13 August 1961 -- 9 November 1989 . Bloomsbury 2006 Jump up ^ `` Goethe - Institut -- Topics -- German - German History Goethe - Institut '' . Web.archive.org. 9 April 2008 . Archived from the original on 9 April 2008 . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Die Regierungen der Warschauer Vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die Volkskammer und an die Regierung der DDR mit dem Vorschlag , an der Westberliner Grenze eine solche Ordnung einzuführen , durch die der Wühltätigkeit gegen die Länder des sozialistischen Lagers zuverlässig der Weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze Gebiet West - Berlins eine verlässliche Bewachung gewährleistet wird . '' Die Welt : Berlin wird geteilt Jump up ^ `` Neues Deutschland : Normales Leben in Berlin , 14 August 1961 '' ( in German ) . Zlb.de . Archived from the original on 18 July 2011 . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Sarotte , Mary Elise ( 2014 ) . The Collapse : The Accidental Opening of the Berlin Wall . New York : Basic Books . p. 114 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` Berlin Crisis After Dividing Berlin , August 1961 '' ( PDF ) . The National Security Archive at George Washington University in Washington , D.C . Retrieved 26 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Matthew M. Aid & William Burr ( 25 September 2013 ) . `` '' Disreputable if Not Outright Illegal `` : The National Security Agency versus Martin Luther King , Muhammad Ali , Art Buchwald , Frank Church , et al '' . The National Security Archive at the George Washington University in Washington , D.C . Retrieved 26 September 2013 . Jump up ^ See also Hackworth , About Face Jump up ^ Evans , Ben ( 2014 ) . Escaping The Bonds of Earth : The Fifties and the Sixties . Chichester UK : Praxis Publishing . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 79093 - 0 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Micah ( 1996 ) `` After the Wall : The Legal Ramifications of the East German Border Guard Trials in Unified Germany , '' Cornell International Law Journal : Vol. 29 : Iss. 3 , Article 3 . p 728 Jump up ^ Berliner Mauer ( Stand 31 . Juli 1989 ) Polizeipräsident von Berlin . Jump up ^ Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung : Ministerium für Staatssicherheit der DDR , siehe : Statistiken + `` Grenzsicherung in Berlin `` 1989 . ^ Jump up to : According to Hagen Koch , former Stasi - officer , in Geert Mak 's documentary In Europa ( series ) , episode 1961 -- DDR , 25 January 2009 ^ Jump up to : https://www.thoughtco.com/the-berlin-wall-28-year-history-1779495 Jump up ^ Burkhardt , Heiko . `` Facts of Berlin Wall -- History of Berlin Wall '' . Dailysoft.com . Retrieved 9 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : P. Dousset ; A. Souquet ; S. Lelarge . `` Berlin Wall '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 13 September 2006 . Retrieved 9 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Heiko Burkhardt . `` Fourth Generation of Berlin Wall -- History of Berlin Wall '' . Dailysoft.com . Retrieved 9 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Rise and Fall of the Berlin Wall . History Channel , 2009 . DVD - ROM . Jump up ^ Popiolek . `` The Berlin wall : History of Berlin Wall : Facts '' . Die-berliner-mauer.de . Archived from the original on 12 October 2007 . Retrieved 9 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Rottman , Gordon L. ( 20 October 2012 ) . `` The Berlin Wall and the Intra-German Border 1961 - 89 '' . Bloomsbury Publishing -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=275&v=OwQsTzGkbiY Jump up ^ Rottman , Gordon L. ( 20 October 2012 ) . `` The Berlin Wall and the Intra-German Border 1961 - 89 '' . Bloomsbury Publishing -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Rottman , Gordon L. ( 20 October 2012 ) . `` The Berlin Wall and the Intra-German Border 1961 - 89 '' . Bloomsbury Publishing -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Rottman , Gordon L. ( 20 October 2012 ) . `` The Berlin Wall and the Intra-German Border 1961 - 89 '' . Bloomsbury Publishing -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ https://www.upi.com/Archives/1987/01/09/Foreign-News-Briefs/9799537166800/ Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2014/apr/03/thierry-noir-graffiti-berlin-wall Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/nov/03/east-german-punks-berlin-wall-radical-art-stunt Jump up ^ Harrison 2003 , pp. 206 -- 14 ^ Jump up to : https://history.howstuffworks.com/historical-events/berlin-wall1.htm ^ Jump up to : https://mashable.com/2014/11/06/berlin-wall-fence/#h6xI9DEA5PqH Jump up ^ Willis , Jim ( 19 March 1946 ) . Daily Life behind the Iron Curtain . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 9780313397639 . Retrieved 5 November 2014 . Jump up ^ https://mashable.com/2014/11/06/berlin-wall-fence/#h6xI9DEA5PqH Jump up ^ `` E German ' licence to kill ' found '' . BBC News . 12 August 2007 . Retrieved 12 August 2007 . A newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says Germany 's director of Stasi files . Jump up ^ `` Conrad Schumann , 56 , Symbol of E. Berlin escapes '' ; North Sports Final Edition Associated Press . Chicago Tribune , Chicago , Ill. : 23 June 1998 . pg. 8 Jump up ^ `` Chronik der Mauer -- Bau und Fall der Berliner Mauer Opfer der Mauer '' . Chronik-der-mauer.de . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Kempe , Frederick ( 2011 ) . Berlin 1961 . Penguin Group ( USA ) . pp. 363 -- 367 . ISBN 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hertle , Hans - Hermann ( 2008 ) . The Berlin Wall : Monument of the Cold War . Ch . Links Verlag , p. 72 . ISBN 3 - 86153 - 463 - 0 Jump up ^ https://www.thelocal.de/20141105/the-great-escape-across-the-berlin-wall Jump up ^ https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/secret-tunnels-that-brought-freedom-from-berlins-wall-1804765.html Jump up ^ Taylor , Frederick . The Berlin Wall : A World Divided 1961 -- 1989 , London : Harper Perennial , 2006 . Jump up ^ Kempe , Frederick ( 2011 ) . Berlin 1961 . Penguin Group ( USA ) . p. 394 . ISBN 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 . Jump up ^ MRS . THATCHER VISITS THE BERLIN WALL , The New York Times , 30 October 1982 ^ Jump up to : Fisher , Max ( 11 January 2016 ) . `` David Bowie at the Berlin Wall : the incredible story of a concert and its role in history '' . Vox . Retrieved 12 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Did Bowie bring down the Berlin Wall ? '' . The Week . 15 December 2008 . Retrieved 11 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GERMANY : Thank you David Bowie for helping bring down the Berlin Wall '' . Business Insider Australia . 11 January 2016 . Retrieved 11 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Good - bye , David Bowie '' . German Foreign Office . 11 January 2016 . Retrieved 11 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Did Springsteen 's 1988 Berlin gig rock the Wall ? '' . The Local -- Germany 's News in English . The Local -- Germany 's News in English . 9 July 2013 . Retrieved 26 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How Mr. Hasselhoff Tore Down This Wall '' . NPR . National Public Radio . 9 November 2014 . Retrieved 9 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Reagan 's ' tear down this wall ' speech turns 20 '' . USA Today . 12 June 2007 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Remarks at the Brandenberg Gate '' . Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation . Archived from the original on 22 June 2008 . Retrieved 9 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Michael ( 13 September 2009 ) . `` The picnic that brought down the Berlin Wall '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 14 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sie wird noch in 50 Jahren stehen '' . dpa. 22 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : unknown ( 2009 ) . `` 20 Jahre Mauerfall '' ( in German ) . Kulturprojekte Berlin GmbH . Retrieved 9 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Henslin , 07 Jump up ^ Schäfer , Hermann ( 2015 ) . Deutsche Geschichte in 100 Objekten . München , Berlin , Zürich : Piper . p. 570 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 492057028 . ^ Jump up to : Sarotte , Mary Elise ( 1 November 2009 ) `` How it went down : The little accident that toppled history '' The Washington Post . Retrieved 2 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Kirchner , Stephanie ( 19 April 2009 ) . `` Berlin Wall : Was the Fall Engineered by the GDR ? '' . TIME . Retrieved 6 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Walker , Marcus ( 21 October 2009 ) `` Did Brinkmannship Fell Berlin 's Wall ? Brinkmann Says It Did '' The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` The Guard Who Opened the Berlin Wall : ' I Gave my People the Order -- Raise the Barrier ' '' . Spiegel Online . 9 November 2014 . Retrieved 14 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Sarotte , Mary Elise ( 2014 ) . The Collapse : The Accidental Opening of the Berlin Wall . New York : Basic Books . pp. 146 -- 147 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 . 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Retrieved 8 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Gledhill , Ruth ; de Bruxelles , Simon ( 10 September 2009 ) . `` United Germany might allow another Hitler , Mitterrand told Thatcher '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 9 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Crosby , Stills and Nash Sound a Positive Note at Berlin Wall '' . Los Angeles Times . 21 November 1989 . Retrieved 2 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Naxos ( 2006 ) . `` Ode To Freedom -- Beethoven : Symphony No. 9 ( NTSC ) '' . Naxos.com Classical Music Catalogue . Retrieved 26 November 2006 . This is the publisher 's catalogue entry for a DVD of Bernstein 's Christmas 1989 `` Ode to Freedom '' concert . Jump up ^ `` Did David Hasselhoff really help end the Cold War ? '' . BBC News . 6 February 2004 . Retrieved 2 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Kellerhof , Sven Felix ; Posener , Alan ( 2007 ) . `` Soll der 9 . November Nationalfeiertag werden ? '' . Die Welt Online . Archived from the original on 25 June 2009 . Retrieved 22 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Aberger , Jörg ( 7 September 2004 ) . `` Debatte : Thierse fordert neuen Nationalfeiertag '' . Der Spiegel . Retrieved 22 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Wiesel , Elie ( 17 November 1989 ) . `` Op - Ed in response to the fall of the wall '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ RSF.org Archived 8 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Mr. Hu , tear down this firewall ! '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto . 26 October 2009 . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ MontrealGazette.com Jump up ^ `` German Missions in the United States -- Home '' . Archived from the original on 28 December 2010 . Retrieved 1 November 2014 . Jump up ^ unknown ( 2009 ) . `` Freedom Without Walls '' . Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany , Washington , DC . Retrieved 9 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Wall in the World 2009 -- 20th anniversary of the Fall of the Wall -- Goethe - Institut '' . Goethe.de . Retrieved 9 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Berlin Wall in Twinity '' . Twinity. 2009 . Retrieved 9 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Palestinians break Israel 's wall -- Middle East '' . Al Jazeera English . 9 November 2009 . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Allied Museum ( 2009 ) . `` Wall Patrol -- The Western Powers and the Berlin Wall 1961 -- 1990 Special Exhibition '' . Allied Museum , Berlin , Germany . Archived from the original on 17 July 2011 . Retrieved 23 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Allied Museum ( 2009 ) . `` American Commemorative Stamps Presented to the Museum '' . Allied Museum , Berlin , Germany . Archived from the original on 17 July 2011 . Retrieved 23 July 2010 . ( ) Jump up ^ `` Flutgraben e.V. '' www.kunstfabrik.org . Jump up ^ `` Berlin Wall Memorial '' . Berlin Wall Foundation . Retrieved 23 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Reuters ( 8 September 2004 ) . `` One in 5 Germans wants Berlin Wall rebuilt '' . MSNBC . Archived from the original on 13 June 2006 . Retrieved 23 February 2006 . Jump up ^ ZDF `` Wochenjournal '' ( 5 November 2009 ) . `` Große Zustimmung zur Wiedervereinigung '' . ZDF . Archived from the original on 14 December 2009 . Retrieved 6 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Solovyov , Dmitry ( 5 November 2009 ) . `` Who built Berlin Wall ? Most Russians do n't know Reuters '' . Uk.reuters.com . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Where in the World Is the Berlin Wall ? '' . Newsweek. 11 November 2014 . Retrieved 1 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Germany marks 50th anniversary of Berlin Wall '' . London : UK Telegraph . 13 August 2011 . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Germany Marks Construction of the Berlin Wall '' . Associated Press . 13 August 2011 . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Reflecting on the Berlin Wall , 50 Years After Its Construction '' . History.com. 11 August 2011 . Archived from the original on 25 January 2013 . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Years Berlin Wall 1961 -- 1989 ( video clips ) '' . German World . 13 August 2011 . Archived from the original on 12 November 2011 . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . Jump up ^ McElwee , Ross . `` Something to do with the Wall '' . RossMcElwee.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Gélin , Daniel ; Varela , Yolanda ; Arco , Nino Del ; Block , Karin ( 15 July 1965 ) , The Boy and the Ball and the Hole in the Wall , retrieved 12 May 2017 Jump up ^ `` The Day Before The Berlin Wall : Could We have Stopped It ? '' . Voicesunderberlin.com . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cold War Reheated '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Administrator . `` View the author 's website '' . Retrieved 1 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Kollmeyer , Barbara ( 11 January 2016 ) . `` David Bowie death triggers tributes from Iggy Pop , Madonna -- even the Vatican and the German government '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved 23 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Klein Orkest biography '' . Sweetslyrics.com . Archived from the original on 24 September 2011 . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Crosby , Stills & Nash 1990 -- Chippin ' Away on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Liza Fox -- FREE ( Music Video ) '' . YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Die Mauer als Muse '' . The Wall fell on July 18th 1982 . Lars von Törne in Der Tagesspiegel . Retrieved 13 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ELSNER 's Border Injuries '' . artworks & video documentation . galerie son . Jump up ^ `` ELSNER '' . press archive . galerie son . Bibliography Böcker , Anita ( 1998 ) . Regulation of Migration : International Experiences . Het Spinhuis . ISBN 90 - 5589 - 095 - 2 . Buckley , William F. , Jr. ( 2004 ) . The Fall of the Berlin Wall . Hoboken , New Jersey : John Wiley and Sons . ISBN 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 . Cate , Curtis ( 1978 ) . `` The Ides of August : The Berlin Wall Crisis -- 1961 '' . New York City : M. Evans . Childs , David ( 2001 ) The Fall of the GDR : Germany 's Road To Unity , Longman , Pearsoned.co.uk 2001 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 31569 - 3 , ISBN 0 - 582 - 31569 - 7 Childs , David , The GDR : Moscow 's German Ally , ( Second Edition 1988 , First Edition 1983 , George Allen & Unwin , London ) ISBN 0 - 04 - 354029 - 5 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 04 - 354029 - 9 . Childs , David , ( 2001 ) The Fall of the GDR , Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 31569 - 7 Amazon.co.uk Childs , David , ( 2000 ) The Two Red Flags : European Social Democracy & Soviet Communism Since 1945 , Routledge . Informaworld.com Childs , David , ( 1991 ) Germany in the Twentieth Century , ( From pre-1918 to the restoration of German unity ) , Batsford , Third edition . ISBN 0 - 7134 - 6795 - 9 Childs , David , ( 1987 ) East Germany to the 1990s Can It Resist Glasnost ? , The Economist Intelligence Unit . ISBN 0 - 85058 - 245 - 8 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 85058 - 245 - 1 . Worldcat.org Dale , Gareth ( 2005 ) . Popular Protest in East Germany , 1945 -- 1989 : Judgements on the Street . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 5408 - 6 . Dowty , Alan ( 1989 ) . Closed Borders : The Contemporary Assault on Freedom of Movement . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 04498 - 4 . Gaddis , John Lewis ( 2005 ) . The Cold War : A New History . Penguin Press . ISBN 1 - 59420 - 062 - 9 . Harrison , Hope Millard ( 2003 ) . Driving the Soviets Up the Wall : Soviet - East German Relations , 1953 -- 1961 . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 09678 - 3 . Catudal , Honoré M. ( 1980 ) . `` Kennedy '' . West Berlin : Berlin Verlag . Hertle , Hans - Hermann ( 2007 ) . `` The Berlin Wall '' . Bonn : Federal Centre for Political Education . Kennedy , John F. `` July 25 , 1961 speech '' . Archived from the original on 29 April 2009 . Retrieved 20 October 2009 . Loescher , Gil ( 2001 ) . The UNHCR and World Politics : A Perilous Path . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 829716 - 5 . Maclean , Rory ( 1992 ) . `` Stalin 's Nose : Across the Face of Europe '' . London : HarperCollins . Miller , Roger Gene ( 2000 ) . To Save a City : The Berlin Airlift , 1948 -- 1949 . Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 0 - 89096 - 967 - 1 . Mynz , Rainer ( 1995 ) . `` Where Did They All Come From ? Typology and Geography of European Mass Migration In the Twentieth Century ; European Population Conference Congress European de Démographie '' . United Nations Population Division . Pearson , Raymond ( 1998 ) . The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire . Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 312 - 17407 - 1 . Schneider , Peter ( 2005 ) . `` The Wall Jumper '' . London : Penguin Classics . Schulte , Bennet ( 2011 ) . The Berlin Wall . Remains of a Lost Border . ( Die Berliner Mauer . Spuren einer verschwundenen Grenze ) . be. bra verlag , Berlin . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8148 - 0185 - 8 . Taylor , Frederick . The Berlin Wall : 13 August 1961 -- 9 November 1989 . Bloomsbury 2006 Thackeray , Frank W. ( 2004 ) . Events that changed Germany . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32814 - 5 . Friedrich , Thomas ( 1996 ) . Wo die Mauer War / Where was the Wall ? . Harry Hampel ( photos ) . Berlin : Nicolai . ISBN 3 - 87584 - 695 - 8 . Turner , Henry Ashby ( 1987 ) . The Two Germanies Since 1945 : East and West . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 03865 - 8 . Wettig , Gerhard ( 2008 ) . Stalin and the Cold War in Europe . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 . Luftbildatlas . Entlang der Berliner Mauer . Karten , Pläne und Fotos . Hans Wolfgang Hoffmann / Philipp Meuser ( eds . ) Berlin 2009 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 Sarotte , Mary Elise , Collapse : The Accidental Opening of the Berlin Wall , New York : Basic Books , 2014 Sarotte , Mary Elise , 1989 : The Struggle to Create Post-Cold War Europe ( Second Edition ) Princeton : Princeton University Press , 2014 Crozier , Brian ( 1999 ) . The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire . Forum . pp. 170 -- 171 . ISBN 0 - 7615 - 2057 - 0 . Further reading Hockenos , Paul ( 2017 ) . Berlin calling : a story of anarchy , music , the Wall , and the birth of the new Berlin . New York : The New Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62097 - 195 - 6 . OCLC 959535547 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Berlin Wall Wikimedia Commons has media related to Berlin Wall . Look up Berlin Wall in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Official website `` Berlin Wall Memorial '' . Berlin Wall Foundation . `` Chronicle of the Berlin Wall '' . Deutschlandradio . `` The Berlin Wall : a Multimedia Story '' . Rundfunk Berlin - Brandenburg ( RRB ) . `` Berlin Wall collected news and commentary '' . The New York Times . Works about Berlin Wall in libraries ( WorldCat catalog ) `` Berlin Wall ( newsreel archives ) '' ( Adobe Flash video ) ) . Multimedia . British Pathe . Berlin Wall on OpenStreetMap ( zoomable and scrollable ) Other resources : Berlin Wall at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Berlin Wall image group on Flickr Berlin Wall Online , historical chronicle Nail , Norbert . `` Meine Mauer -- Deutsche Bilder aus der Vergangenheit '' ( My Wall -- German Pictures from the past ) ( in German ) . University of Marburg . Berlin Wall Main articles Berlin Wall Inner German border Iron Curtain Wall of Shame East Berlin West Berlin German reunification Eastern Bloc emigration and defection Republikflucht Berlin Crisis of 1961 Memorials , museums and galleries White Crosses East Side Gallery Checkpoint Charlie Museum Topography of Terror Mauerpark Chapel of Reconciliation Crossings Berlin border crossings Bornholmer Straße Checkpoint Charlie Checkpoint Bravo Berlin Friedrichstraße station Glienicke Bridge Invalidenstraße Oberbaum Bridge Sonnenallee Tränenpalast , Friedrichstrasse station Died breaching the Wall List of deaths at the Berlin Wall Klaus Brueske Peter Fechter Winfried Freudenberg Christian - Peter Friese Chris Gueffroy Marienetta Jirkowsky Cengaver Katrancı Erna Kelm Czesław Kukuczka Günter Litfin Dorit Schmiel Olga Segler Ida Siekmann Heinz Sokolowski Hildegard Trabant Rudolf Urban Christel and Eckhard Wehage Others associated with the Wall Günter Schabowski Riccardo Ehrman Erich Honecker Conrad Schumann Walter Ulbricht The Wall in speeches Ich bin ein Berliner `` Tear down this wall ! '' In popular culture The Tunnel ( NBC documentary ) The Wall ( 1962 film ) The Road to the Wall Das Versprechen The Tunnel ( 2001 film ) Rabbit à la Berlin ( 2009 documentary ) Good Bye , Lenin ! Sonnenallee The Berlin Wall ( video game ) `` Nikita '' `` West of the Wall '' `` The Soldier '' Funeral in Berlin Gotcha ! Judgment in Berlin ( novel ) Judgment in Berlin ( film ) Stop Train 349 The Spy Who Came in from the Cold ( novel ) The Spy Who Came in from the Cold ( film ) Bridge of Spies Atomic Blonde Other List of Berlin Wall segments Ghost station Steinstücken Grenzgänger ( Cross-border commuters ) Book : Berlin Wall Cold War USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact Cold War II 1940s Morgenthau Plan Hukbalahap Rebellion Dekemvriana Percentages agreement Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Operation Downfall Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Division of Korea Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Baruch Plan Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference May 1947 Crises Marshall Plan Comecon 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Papua conflict Bamboo Curtain Korean War McCarthyism Egyptian Revolution of 1952 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Dirty War ( Mexico ) Bricker Amendment 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam Vietnam War First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Bandung Conference Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis `` We will bury you '' Operation Gladio Arab Cold War Syrian Crisis of 1957 1958 Lebanon crisis Iraqi 14 July Revolution Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1959 Tibetan uprising Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Sino - Soviet split 1960s Congo Crisis 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion 1960 Turkish coup d'état Soviet -- Albanian split Berlin Crisis of 1961 Berlin Wall Portuguese Colonial War Angolan War of Independence Guinea - Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence Cuban Missile Crisis Sino - Indian War Communist insurgency in Sarawak Iraqi Ramadan Revolution Eritrean War of Independence Sand War North Yemen Civil War Aden Emergency 1963 Syrian coup d'état Vietnam War Shifta War Guatemalan Civil War Colombian conflict Nicaraguan Revolution 1964 Brazilian coup d'état Dominican Civil War South African Border War Transition to the New Order Domino theory ASEAN Declaration Laotian Civil War 1966 Syrian coup d'état Argentine Revolution Korean DMZ Conflict Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 Years of Lead ( Italy ) USS Pueblo incident Six - Day War War of Attrition Dhofar Rebellion Al - Wadiah War Protests of 1968 French May Tlatelolco massacre Cultural Revolution Prague Spring 1968 Polish political crisis Communist insurgency in Malaysia Invasion of Czechoslovakia Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution Goulash Communism Sino - Soviet border conflict CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Corrective Move 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in Jordan Corrective Movement ( Syria ) Cambodian Civil War Koza riot Realpolitik Ping - pong diplomacy Uganda -- Tanzania War 1971 Turkish military memorandum Corrective Revolution ( Egypt ) Four Power Agreement on Berlin Bangladesh Liberation War 1972 Nixon visit to China North Yemen - South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 Yemenite War of 1972 NDF Rebellion Eritrean Civil Wars 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War 1973 oil crisis Carnation Revolution Spanish transition Metapolitefsi Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Rhodesian Bush War Angolan Civil War Mozambican Civil War Oromo conflict Ogaden War Ethiopian Civil War Lebanese Civil War Sino - Albanian split Cambodian -- Vietnamese War Sino - Vietnamese War Operation Condor Dirty War ( Argentina ) 1976 Argentine coup d'état Korean Air Lines Flight 902 Yemenite War of 1979 Grand Mosque seizure Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution New Jewel Movement 1979 Herat uprising Seven Days to the River Rhine Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union 1980s Soviet -- Afghan War 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 1980 Turkish coup d'état Peruvian conflict Casamance conflict Ugandan Bush War Lord 's Resistance Army insurgency Eritrean Civil Wars 1982 Ethiopian -- Somali Border War Ndogboyosoi War United States invasion of Grenada Able Archer 83 Star Wars Iran -- Iraq War Somali Rebellion 1986 Black Sea incident 1988 Black Sea bumping incident South Yemen Civil War Bougainville Civil War 8888 Uprising Solidarity Soviet reaction Contras Central American crisis RYAN Korean Air Lines Flight 007 People Power Revolution Glasnost Perestroika Nagorno - Karabakh War Afghan Civil War United States invasion of Panama 1988 Polish strikes Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall Velvet Revolution Romanian Revolution Peaceful Revolution Die Wende 1990s Mongolian Revolution of 1990 German reunification Yemeni unification Fall of communism in Albania Breakup of Yugoslavia Dissolution of the Soviet Union Dissolution of Czechoslovakia Frozen conflicts Abkhazia China - Taiwan Korea Nagorno - Karabakh South Ossetia Transnistria Sino - Indian border dispute North Borneo dispute Foreign policy Truman Doctrine Containment Eisenhower Doctrine Domino theory Hallstein Doctrine Kennedy Doctrine Peaceful coexistence Ostpolitik Johnson Doctrine Brezhnev Doctrine Nixon Doctrine Ulbricht Doctrine Carter Doctrine Reagan Doctrine Rollback Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War Ideologies Capitalism Chicago school Keynesianism Monetarism Neoclassical economics Reaganomics Supply - side economics Thatcherism Communism Marxism -- Leninism Castroism Eurocommunism Guevarism Hoxhaism Juche Maoism Trotskyism Naxalism Stalinism Titoism Other Fascism Islamism Liberal democracy Social democracy Third - Worldism White supremacy Apartheid Organizations ASEAN CIA Comecon EEC KGB MI6 Non-Aligned Movement SAARC Safari Club Stasi Propaganda Active measures Crusade for Freedom Izvestia Pravda Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty Red Scare TASS Voice of America Voice of Russia Races Arms race Nuclear arms race Space Race See also Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War Soviet espionage in the United States Soviet Union -- United States relations USSR -- USA summits Russian espionage in the United States American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation Russia -- NATO relations Brinkmanship CIA and the Cultural Cold War Cold War II Commons Portal Timeline List of conflicts Revolutions of 1989 Internal background Era of Stagnation Communism Anti-communism Criticism of communist party rule Eastern Bloc Eastern Bloc economies Eastern Bloc politics Eastern Bloc media and propaganda Eastern Bloc emigration and defection KGB Nomenklatura Shortage economy Totalitarianism Eastern European anti-Communist insurgencies International background Active measures Cold War List of socialist states People Power Revolution Predictions of the dissolution of the Soviet Union Reagan Doctrine Soviet Empire Terrorism and the Soviet Union Vatican Opposition Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia Reforms Uskoreniye Perestroika Democratization in the Soviet Union Khozraschyot 500 Days Sinatra Doctrine Glasnost Socialism with Chinese characteristics Đổi mới Government leaders Ramiz Alia Nicolae Ceaușescu Mikhail Gorbachev Károly Grósz Erich Honecker János Kádár Miloš Jakeš Egon Krenz Wojciech Jaruzelski Slobodan Milošević Mathieu Kérékou Mengistu Haile Mariam Ne Win Denis Sassou Nguesso Heng Samrin Deng Xiaoping Todor Zhivkov Siad Barre Opposition methods Civil resistance Demonstrations Human chains Magnitizdat Polish underground press Protests Samizdat Strike action Opposition leaders Lech Wałęsa Václav Havel Alexander Dubček Ion Iliescu Liu Gang Wu'erkaixi Chai Ling Wang Dan Feng Congde Tank Man Joachim Gauck Sali Berisha Sanjaasürengiin Zorig Vladimir Bukovsky Boris Yeltsin Viacheslav Chornovil Vytautas Landsbergis Zianon Pazniak Zhelyu Zhelev Aung San Suu Kyi Meles Zenawi Isaias Afwerki Viktor Orbán Ronald Reagan George H.W. Bush Pope John Paul II Opposition movements Beijing Students ' Autonomous Federation Charter 77 New Forum Civic Forum Democratic Party of Albania Democratic Russia Initiative for Peace and Human Rights Sąjūdis Peaceful Revolution People 's Movement of Ukraine Solidarity Popular Front of Latvia Popular Front of Estonia Public Against Violence Belarusian Popular Front National League for Democracy National Salvation Front Unification Church political activities Union of Democratic Forces Events by location Central and Eastern Europe Albania Bulgaria Czechoslovakia East Germany Hungary Poland Romania Soviet Union Yugoslavia Soviet Union Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Chechnya Estonia Georgia Latvia Lithuania Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Moldova Russia Tajikstan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Elsewhere Afghanistan Angola Benin Burma Cambodia China Congo - Brazzaville Ethiopia Mongolia Mozambique Somalia South Yemen Individual events 1988 Polish strikes April 9 tragedy Black January Baltic Way 1987 -- 89 Tibetan unrest Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Removal of Hungary 's border fence with Austria Polish Round Table Agreement Hungarian Round Table Talks Pan-European Picnic Monday Demonstrations Alexanderplatz demonstration Malta Summit German reunification January Events in Lithuania January Events in Latvia 1991 protests in Belgrade August Coup Dissolution of the Soviet Union Later events Colour revolution Decommunization Lustration Democratization Economic liberalization Post-Soviet conflicts Neo-Sovietism Neo-Stalinism Post-communism Yugoslav Wars Eastern Bloc Soviet Union Communism Formation Secret Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact protocol Soviet invasion of Poland Soviet occupations Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina Baltic states Hungary Romania Yalta Conference Annexed as , or into , SSRs Eastern Finland Estonia Latvia Lithuania Memel East Prussia West Belarus Western Ukraine Moldavia Satellite states Hungarian People 's Republic Polish People 's Republic Czechoslovak Socialist Republic Socialist Republic of Romania German Democratic Republic People 's Republic of Albania ( to 1961 ) People 's Republic of Bulgaria Federal People 's Republic of Yugoslavia ( to 1948 ) Annexing SSRs Russian SFSR Ukrainian SSR Byelorussian SSR Organizations Cominform COMECON Warsaw Pact World Federation of Trade Unions ( WFTU ) World Federation of Democratic Youth ( WFDY ) Revolts and opposition Welles Declaration Goryani Movement Forest Brothers Ukrainian Insurgent Army Operation Jungle Baltic state continuity Baltic Legations ( 1940 -- 1991 ) Cursed soldiers Rebellion of Cazin 1950 1953 uprising in Plzeň 1953 East German uprising 1956 Georgian demonstrations 1956 Poznań protests 1956 Hungarian Revolution Novocherkassk massacre 1965 Yerevan demonstrations Prague Spring / Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia Brezhnev Doctrine 1968 Red Square demonstration 1968 student demonstrations in Belgrade 1968 protests in Kosovo 1970 Polish protests Croatian Spring 1972 unrest in Lithuania SSR June 1976 protests Solidarity / Soviet reaction / Martial law 1981 protests in Kosovo Reagan Doctrine Jeltoqsan Karabakh movement April 9 tragedy Romanian Revolution Black January Cold War events Marshall Plan Berlin Blockade Tito -- Stalin split 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 1961 Berlin Wall crisis Conditions Emigration and defection ( list of defectors ) Sovietization of the Baltic states Information dissemination Politics Economies Telephone tapping Decline Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall Romanian Revolution Fall of communism in Albania Singing Revolution Collapse of the Soviet Union Dissolution of Czechoslovakia January 1991 events in Lithuania January 1991 events in Latvia Post-Cold War topics Baltic Assembly Collective Security Treaty Organization Commonwealth of Independent States Craiova Group European Union European migrant crisis Eurasian Economic Union NATO Post-Soviet states Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Visegrad Group Lists of damaged , destroyed or looted heritage Human - caused Armenian cemetery in Julfa Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia List of destroyed landmarks in Spain Buddhas of Bamiyan Destruction of cultural heritage by ISIL Kashi Vishwanath Temple Kesava Deo Temple Looting and burning of the Summer Palaces Shuri Castle Bolshevik Revolution Church of the Tithes St. Nicholas Military Cathedral Brotherhood Monastery St. Michael 's Golden - Domed Monastery Somnath temple Transfiguration Cathedral Sogwang and Singye Temple Hungarian Revolution Stalin Monument , Budapest Afghanistan Nalanda Ram Janmabhoomi Revolutions of 1989 Berlin Wall Dzerzynski Vijayanagara Euromaidan Vladimir Lenin monument , Kiev Decommunization in Ukraine Iraq War archaeological looting Firdos Square statue destruction Croatian War Kosovo War Albanian and Serbian Syrian Civil War ISIL World War II Art theft and looting Libraries Planned destruction of Warsaw Nazi plunder Natural 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake Art destruction List of destroyed libraries Lost artworks Vandalism of art Unite4Heritage BNF : cb119380937 ( data ) GND : 4094837 - 7 LCCN : sh85013357 NARA : 10637994 SUDOC : 084361409 VIAF : 244103871 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berlin_Wall&oldid=843537822 '' Categories : Berlin Wall 1961 establishments in East Germany 1961 establishments in Germany 1961 in military history 1961 in politics 20th century in Berlin Allied occupation of Germany Buildings and structures completed in 1961 Buildings and structures demolished in 1989 Buildings and structures demolished in 1990 Cold War in popular culture Destroyed landmarks in Germany Eastern Bloc Former buildings and structures in Germany History of East Germany Inner German border Separation barriers Walls in Germany Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles containing German - language text All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who started the fall of the berlin wall | [
"In June 1989 the Hungarian government began dismantling the electrified fence along its border with Austria (with Western TV crews present), and then, in September, more than 13,000 East German tourists escaped through Hungary to Austria.[109] This set up a chain of events. The Hungarians prevented many more East Germans from crossing the border and returned them to Budapest. These East Germans flooded the West German embassy and refused to return to East Germany.[110]"
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"the Hungarian government"
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-4793272911404236808 | Last surviving United States war veterans | Last surviving United States War veterans - wikipedia Last surviving United States War veterans A photograph of Lemuel Cook ( 1759 -- 1866 ) published in The Last Men of the Revolution , one of the last official veterans of the American Revolutionary War who enlisted in the 2nd Continental Light Dragoons , Continental Army . This is an incomplete list of the last surviving veterans of American wars . The last surviving veteran of any particular war , upon his death , marks the end of a historic era . Exactly who is the last surviving veteran is often an issue of contention , especially with records from long - ago wars . The `` last man standing '' was often very young at the time of enlistment and in many cases had lied about his age to gain entry into the service , which confuses matters further . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pre-U.S. independence 2 Post-U.S. independence 3 See also 4 References Pre-U.S. independence ( edit ) Veteran Lifespan Notes French and Indian War ( 1754 -- 1763 ) Jonathan Benjamin 1738 -- 1841 Also fought in American Revolutionary War . Settled in Granville , Ohio in 1802 . The book The Last Men of the Revolution was compiled by Rev. E.B. Hillard and published by N.A. & R.A. Moore in the year 1864 , the book claimed to include photos and biographies of six of the last surviving Revolutionary War veterans . None of the men interviewed in the book would become the last surviving Revolutionary War veteran but the photos published in the book are some of the few surviving photos of American Revolutionary War veterans . Post-U.S. independence ( edit ) Veteran Lifespan Notes American Revolutionary War ( 1775 -- 1783 ) Ralph Farnham ( Farnum ) 1756 -- 1860 Massachusetts . Biography : `` Biographical Sketch of Ralph Farnham '' by C.W. Clarence 1860 Barnabas Cochran 1758 -- 1864 Pennsylvania Militia . Longest living verified veteran . Adam Link 1761 -- 1864 Pennsylvania Militia . Photograph / biography listed in 1864 publication The Last Men of the Revolution Rev. Daniel Waldo 1762 -- 1864 Connecticut Militia . Served as Chaplain of the US House of Representatives . Photograph / biography listed in 1864 publication The Last Men of the Revolution James Barham 1764 -- 1865 Virginia State Militia . Was to have had a Photograph / biography listed in 1864 publication The Last Men of the Revolution ; but was not located by author Hillard . Photograph / biography listed on Find a Grave website . Alexander Millener 1770 ? -- 1865 Enlisted under stepfathers surname as `` Alexander Maroney '' . Claimed to have been born in 1760 and to have served in Washington 's life Guard ( not verified ) although he did serve in New York line . Photograph / biography listed in 1864 publication The Last Men of the Revolution William Hutchings 1764 -- 1866 Massachusetts Militia . Photograph / biography listed in 1864 publication The Last Men of the Revolution Lemuel Cook 1759 -- 1866 2nd Continental Light Dragoons . Photograph / biography listed in 1864 publication The Last Men of the Revolution Samuel Downing 1761 -- 1867 Served in New Hampshire Line . Photograph / biography listed in 1864 publication The Last Men of the Revolution John Gray 1764 -- 1868 Virginia Militia. 6 months Service period was too short to qualify for pension. Granted a pension in 1867 . William Taylor 1757 -- 1868 New Jersey Militia . See story at Find a Grave memorial Daniel Frederick Bakeman 1759 -- 1869 Last veteran drawing a pension awarded by Congress ; granted a pension in 1867 even though he could not prove his service . Shays ' Rebellion ( 1786 -- 1787 ) David Whitney 1767 -- 1867 Massachusetts State Militia . Whiskey Rebellion ( 1791 -- 1794 ) Michael Edwards 1767 ? -- 1876 Pennsylvania State Militia . War of 1812 ( 1812 -- 1815 ) Hiram Cronk 1800 -- 1905 U.S. Army . Black Hawk War ( 1832 ) Henry L. Riggs 1812 -- 1911 Illinois State Militia . Toledo War ( 1835 -- 1836 ) Riley Crooks Crawford 1817 -- 1910 Michigan State Militia . Texas Revolution ( 1835 -- 1836 ) William P. Zuber 1820 -- 1913 Texas Volunteers . Bear Flag Revolt ( 1846 ) John Grider 1826 -- 1924 Californian Rebel . Mexican -- American War ( 1846 -- 1848 ) Owen Thomas Edgar 1831 -- 1929 U.S. Navy . Bleeding Kansas ( 1854 -- 1861 ) Luke F. Parsons 1833 -- 1926 Last survivor of the Battle of Osawatomie . George Roe 1834 -- 1927 Last of John Brown 's forces at the Battle of Black Jack John Brown 1844 -- 1940 Last of Quantrill 's Raiders at the Lawrence Massacre . Also served in the John S. Marmaduke Cavalry Division American Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) James Albert Hard 1841 -- 1953 Last verified combat veteran . Fought for the Union . Albert Henry Woolson 1850 -- 1956 Last Union veteran . Pleasant Riggs Crump 1847 -- 1951 Last verified Confederate veteran . See Last surviving Confederate veterans . Thomas Edwin Ross 1850 -- 1952 Insufficient evidence . See Last surviving Confederate veterans . Richard William Cumpston 1841 ? -- 1952 No evidence . See Last surviving Confederate veterans . William Murphy Loudermilk 1847 ? -- 1952 Insufficient evidence . See Last surviving Confederate veterans . William Joshua Uncle Josh Bush 1846 ? -- 1952 Insufficient evidence . See Last surviving Confederate veterans . William Daniel Uncle Eli Townsend 1846 -- 1953 Insufficient evidence . See Last surviving Confederate veterans . William Albert Kinney 1846 ? -- 1953 Insufficient evidence . See Last surviving Confederate veterans . William Allen Uncle Bill Lundy 1859 -- 1957 Debunked . See Last surviving Confederate veterans . American Indian Wars ( 1622 -- 1924 ) Noah Johnson 1698 -- 1798 New England colonists . Last survivor of Lovewell 's War Samuel Murphy 1758 -- 1851 Virginia colonists . Last participant of Lord Dunmore 's War John Winchell Cullen 1838 -- 1939 U.S. Army . Last survivor of the Yakima War . Dewey Beard 1857 -- 1955 Native American from Lakota tribe . Last survivor of Battle of the Little Big Horn . He also fought at Wounded Knee . John Daw 1870 -- 1965 U.S. Army . Last surviving Indian Scout . Frederick Fraske 1872 -- 1973 U.S. Army . Boxer Rebellion ( 1897 -- 1901 ) Nathan E. Cook 1885 -- 1992 U.S. Navy . Spanish -- American War ( 1898 ) Jones Morgan 1882 -- 1993 U.S. Army . Philippine -- American War ( 1899 -- 1902 ) Nathan E. Cook 1885 -- 1992 U.S. Navy . Border War ( 1910 -- 1919 ) Samuel Goldberg 1900 -- 2006 U.S. Army . World War I ( 1914 -- 1918 ) Frank Woodruff Buckles 1901 -- 2011 U.S. Army . Pancho Villa Expedition ( 1916 -- 1917 ) Mark Matthews 1894 ? -- 2005 U.S. Army . Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War ( 1918 -- 1925 ) American and other Allied forces were involved in the Polar Bear Expedition which began during World War I and continued into the Russian Civil War Harold Gunnes 1899 -- 2003 Served in a naval brigade attached to the 339th Infantry Regiment as part of American Expeditionary Force North Russia . Warren V. Hileman 1901 -- 2005 Served in the 27th Infantry Regiment as part of the American Expeditionary Force Siberia . Spanish Civil War ( 1936 -- 1939 ) Delmer Berg 1915 -- 2016 Volunteered in 1938 . Served in anti-aircraft in the Abraham Lincoln Brigade . Lived in Columbia , California . See also ( edit ) Military history of the United States List of last surviving veterans of military insurgencies and wars References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Niles ' national register , Volume 61 . Cambridge : Harvard University . 1841 . p. 192 . Jump up ^ `` THE LAST MEN OF THE REVOLUTION '' . AMERICANREVOLUTION.ORG . Jump up ^ `` Cochran Cemetery , Engelwood , TN '' . Jump up ^ `` James Barham ( 1764 - 1865 ) - Find A Grave Memorial '' . Jump up ^ Dalzell , James McCormick ; Gray , John ( 1868 ) . Private Dalzell , his autobiography , poems , and comic war papers , sketch of John Gray , Washington 's last soldier , etc . R. Clarke . p. 189 . Jump up ^ `` William Taylor ( 1757 - 1868 ) - Find A Grave Memorial '' . Jump up ^ Francis Bernard Heitman ( 1982 ) . Historical Register of Officers of the Continental Army During the War of the Revolution , April , 1775 , to December , 1783 . Genealogical Publishing Com . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8063 - 0176 - 1 . ( quoting the Annual Report of the Commissioner of Pensions for 1874 : `` With the death of Daniel T. Bakeman , of Freedom , Cattaraugus County , N.Y. , April 5 , 1869 , the last of the pensioned soldiers of the Revolution passed away . '' ) Jump up ^ `` Whitney , David ( 1767 -- 1867 ) '' . Whitney Research Group . Retrieved November 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Henley , Benjamin James ( 1911 ) . The art of longevity ... Syracuse : New Warner Co. pp. 205 -- 208 . Jump up ^ `` DEATH OF THE LAST SURVIVOR OF THE BLACK HAWK WAR '' . 14 . Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society . 1922 . Jump up ^ `` REV . R.C. CRAWFORD WAS `` FIGHTER '' IN TOLEDO WAR `` . Detroit Free Press . May 19 , 1907 . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Michigan State Historical Society ( 1912 ) . Michigan Historical Collections. 38 . p. 687 . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robert Bruce Blake . `` ZUBER , WILLIAM PHYSICK '' . Texas State Historical Society . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` William P. Zuber to Ben . E McCulloch Describing events at San Jacinto '' . Texas State Library and Archives Commission . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lanz Christian Bañes ( 2009 ) . `` Vallejo author uncovers the story of Bear Flag Revolt hero John Grider '' . Times - Hearld . Retrieved October 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Searching for John Grider , an African American Bear Flag Veteran '' . Blackpast.org . Retrieved October 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( September 1929 ) . `` Mexican War 's Last Survivor , 98 , is Dead '' . The Dallas Morning News . Jump up ^ `` John Brown Aid , Luke Parsons , Dies in Kansas '' . Chicago Tribune . April 24 , 1926 . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Associate of John Brown Recalls Early Struggles '' . The Evening Independent . June 28 , 1924 . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LAST SURVIVOR OF BLACK JACK FIGHT '' . The Lawrence Daily Journal . July 16 , 1927 . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James A. Hard -- Obituary '' . Binghamton Press , Associated Press . 1953 . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Banner ( 1956 ) . `` Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War : Albert Woolson '' . Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Polston , Mike . `` WILLIAM LOUDERMILK , THE LAST CONFEDERATE '' . Couch Genealogy . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Last Surviving Confederate Veterans '' . Genealogy Trails . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Marvel , William ( 1991 ) . The great imposters . VIII . Columbus : Blue and Gray . pp. 32 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Samuel Abbott Green ( 1893 ) . Groton Historical Series : A Collection of Papers Relating to the History of the Town of Groton , Massachusetts . 3 . S.A. Green . p. 367 . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Belknap , John Farmer ( 1831 ) . The History of New Hampshire . 1 . S.C. Stevens and Ela & Wadleigh . p. 209 . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Man For Whom Murphy 's Bottom Name Last Survivor of Lord Dunmore 's War '' . Simpson 's Leader - Times . 1973 . p. 22 . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Oregon Historical Quarterly . 36 ( 3 ed . ) . Oregon Historical Society . 1935 . p. 299 . JSTOR 20610950 . Jump up ^ Oregon Historical Quarterly . 40 ( 3 ed . ) . Oregon Historical Society . 1939 . p. 297 . JSTOR 20611203 . Jump up ^ Hopkins , John Christian ( March 11 , 2006 ) . `` 129 years after Little Big Horn '' . Gallup Independent . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2010 . Retrieved October 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lawson , Michael L. ; Rosier , Paul C. ( 2007 ) . Little Bighorn : Winning the Battle , Losing the War . Infobase Publishing . p. 126 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7910 - 9347 - 4 . Jump up ^ Chicago Corral of the Westerners ( 1965 ) . Westerners brand book , Volumes 22 -- 25 . Siedlce . p. 24 . Jump up ^ `` John Daw '' . Genealogy Trails. 2006 . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` LAST VET OF INDIAN WARS DIES AT AGE 101 '' . Chicago Tribune . June 17 , 1973 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nathan E. Cook , 106 ; America 's Oldest Known War Veteran '' . Los Angeles Times . September 12 , 1992 . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Will Everett ( April 6 , 2007 ) . `` World War I veteran '' . PRI 's THE WORLD . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Courson , Paul ( February 28 , 2011 ) . `` Last living U.S. World War I veteran dies '' . CNN . Retrieved February 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Melissa Corley ( 1998 ) . `` Veterans to honor Buffalo Soldier Man , 103 , is last survivor of regiment of black troopers '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved October 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kramer , Andrew ( August 14 , 2001 ) . `` Centarian Is Last Veteran of Only U.S. - Russia War '' . The St. Petersburg Times . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rush , Linda ( February 3 , 2005 ) . `` STATE 'S ' LAST ' WORLD WAR I VETERAN DIES : WARREN V. HILEMAN DIED SUNDAY IN ANNA AT 103 '' . The Southern : Illinoisan . Retrieved May 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Death Notices for March 1 , 2016 '' . The Union Democrat . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Del Berg Interviewed by Friends and Neighbors '' . The Volunteer . hide Longevity Terminology Centenarian Super Cognitive epidemiology Elderly Life expectancy Life extension Maximum life span Old age Immortality Ageless Biological immortality Digital immortality Eternal youth Issues Anti-aging movement Longevity claims Longevity escape velocity Longevity insurance Longevity myths Longevity risk Living and notable centenarians ( over age 100 ) By career Activists , non-profit leaders , and philanthropists Actors , filmmakers , and entertainers Artists , painters and sculptors Authors , poets , and journalists Businesspeople Educators , school administrators , social scientists , and linguists Explorers Jurists and practitioners of law Medical professionals Military commanders and soldiers Musicians , composers , and music patrons Philosophers and theologians Politicians and civil servants Religious figures Royalty and nobility Scientists and mathematicians Sportspeople Miscellaneous Supercentenarians ( over age 110 ) By continent Africa Europe Oceania South America By country Australia Belgium Canada Denmark Finland France Germany Ireland Italy Japan Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Spain Sweden United Kingdom United States Oldest people List of oldest living people List of the verified oldest people men women Miscellaneous Last surviving veterans of military insurgencies and wars European American Canadian Last surviving World War I veterans by country Surviving veterans of the Spanish Civil War List of notable surviving veterans of World War II Last survivors of historic events Oldest twins Longest marriages List of longest - reigning monarchs See also Ageing Biodemography of human longevity Earliest known life forms FOXO3 longevity gene Gerontology Immortality in fiction Life extension - related topics Senescence Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Last_surviving_United_States_war_veterans&oldid=845488289 '' Categories : American military personnel American people by war Lists of American military personnel Lists of military veterans Military veterans ' affairs in the United States United States Department of Defense lists Last living survivors Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use mdy dates from February 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 June 2018 , at 03 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the last american revolution veteran died | [
"\n\nVeteran\nLifespan\nNotes\n\n\nAmerican Revolutionary War (1775–1783)\n\n\nRalph Farnham [Farnum]\n1756–1860\nMassachusetts. Biography:\"Biographical Sketch of Ralph Farnham\" by C.W. Clarence 1860\n\n\nBarnabas Cochran\n1758–1864\nPennsylvania Militia. Longest living verified veteran.[3]\n\n\nAdam Link\n1761–1864\nPennsylvania Militia. Photograph/biography listed in 1864 publication The Last Men of the Revolution\n\n\nRev. Daniel Waldo\n1762–1864\nConnecticut Militia. Served as Chaplain of the US House of Representatives. Photograph/biography listed in 1864 publication The Last Men of the Revolution\n\n\nJames Barham\n1764–1865\nVirginia State Militia. Was to have had a Photograph/biography listed in 1864 publication The Last Men of the Revolution; but was not located by author Hillard. Photograph/biography listed on Find a Grave website.[4]\n\n\nAlexander Millener\n1770?–1865\nEnlisted under stepfathers surname as \"Alexander Maroney\". Claimed to have been born in 1760 and to have served in Washington's life Guard {not verified} although he did serve in New York line. Photograph/biography listed in 1864 publication The Last Men of the Revolution\n\n\nWilliam Hutchings\n1764–1866\nMassachusetts Militia. Photograph/biography listed in 1864 publication The Last Men of the Revolution\n\n\nLemuel Cook\n1759–1866\n2nd Continental Light Dragoons. Photograph/biography listed in 1864 publication The Last Men of the Revolution\n\n\nSamuel Downing\n1761–1867\nServed in New Hampshire Line. Photograph/biography listed in 1864 publication The Last Men of the Revolution\n\n\nJohn Gray\n1764–1868\nVirginia Militia. 6 months Service period was too short to qualify for pension.[5]Granted a pension in 1867.\n\n\nWilliam Taylor\n1757–1868\nNew Jersey Militia. See story at Find a Grave memorial[6]\n\n\nDaniel Frederick Bakeman\n1759–1869\nLast veteran drawing a pension awarded by Congress; granted a pension in 1867 even though he could not prove his service.[7]\n\n\nShays' Rebellion (1786–1787)\n\n\nDavid Whitney\n1767–1867\nMassachusetts State Militia.[8]\n\n\nWhiskey Rebellion (1791–1794)\n\n\nMichael Edwards\n1767?–1876\nPennsylvania State Militia.\n\n\nWar of 1812 (1812–1815)\n\n\nHiram Cronk\n1800–1905\nU.S. Army.[9]\n\n\nBlack Hawk War (1832)\n\n\nHenry L. Riggs\n1812–1911\nIllinois State Militia.[10]\n\n\nToledo War (1835–1836)\n\n\nRiley Crooks Crawford\n1817–1910\nMichigan State Militia.[11][12]\n\n\nTexas Revolution (1835–1836)\n\n\nWilliam P. Zuber\n1820–1913\nTexas Volunteers.[13][14]\n\n\nBear Flag Revolt (1846)\n\n\nJohn Grider\n1826–1924\nCalifornian Rebel.[15][16]\n\n\nMexican–American War (1846–1848)\n\n\nOwen Thomas Edgar\n1831–1929\nU.S. Navy.[17]\n\n\nBleeding Kansas (1854–1861)\n\n\nLuke F. Parsons\n1833–1926\nLast survivor of the Battle of Osawatomie.[18][19]\n\n\nGeorge Roe\n1834–1927\nLast of John Brown's forces at the Battle of Black Jack[20]\n\n\nJohn Brown\n1844–1940\nLast of Quantrill's Raiders at the Lawrence Massacre. Also served in the John S. Marmaduke Cavalry Division\n\n\nAmerican Civil War (1861–1865)\n\n\nJames Albert Hard\n1841–1953\nLast verified combat veteran. Fought for the Union.[21]\n\n\nAlbert Henry Woolson\n1850–1956\nLast Union veteran.[22]\n\n\nPleasant Riggs Crump\n1847–1951\nLast verified Confederate veteran. See Last surviving Confederate veterans.\n\n\nThomas Edwin Ross\n1850–1952\nInsufficient evidence. See Last surviving Confederate veterans.\n\n\nRichard William Cumpston\n1841?–1952\nNo evidence. See Last surviving Confederate veterans.\n\n\nWilliam Murphy Loudermilk[23]\n1847?–1952\nInsufficient evidence. See Last surviving Confederate veterans.\n\n\nWilliam Joshua Uncle Josh Bush[24]\n1846?–1952\nInsufficient evidence. See Last surviving Confederate veterans.\n\n\nWilliam Daniel Uncle Eli Townsend[24]\n1846–1953\nInsufficient evidence. See Last surviving Confederate veterans.\n\n\nWilliam Albert Kinney\n1846?–1953\nInsufficient evidence. See Last surviving Confederate veterans.\n\n\nWilliam Allen Uncle Bill Lundy[24]\n1859–1957\nDebunked.[25] See Last surviving Confederate veterans.\n\n\nAmerican Indian Wars (1622–1924)\n\n\nNoah Johnson\n1698–1798\nNew England colonists. Last survivor of Lovewell's War[26][27]\n\n\nSamuel Murphy\n1758–1851\nVirginia colonists. Last participant of Lord Dunmore's War[28]\n\n\nJohn Winchell Cullen\n1838–1939\nU.S. Army. Last survivor of the Yakima War.[29][30]\n\n\nDewey Beard\n1857–1955\nNative American from Lakota tribe. Last survivor of Battle of the Little Big Horn.[31] He also fought at Wounded Knee.[32]\n\n\nJohn Daw\n1870–1965\nU.S. Army. Last surviving Indian Scout.[33][34]\n\n\nFrederick Fraske\n1872–1973\nU.S. Army.[35]\n\n\nBoxer Rebellion (1897–1901)\n\n\nNathan E. Cook\n1885–1992\nU.S. Navy.[36]\n\n\nSpanish–American War (1898)\n\n\nJones Morgan\n1882–1993\nU.S. Army.\n\n\nPhilippine–American War (1899–1902)\n\n\nNathan E. Cook\n1885–1992\nU.S. Navy.[36]\n\n\nBorder War (1910–1919)\n\n\nSamuel Goldberg\n1900–2006\nU.S. Army.[37]\n\n\nWorld War I (1914–1918)\n\n\nFrank Woodruff Buckles\n1901–2011\nU.S. Army.[38]\n\n\nPancho Villa Expedition (1916–1917)\n\n\nMark Matthews\n1894?–2005\nU.S. Army.[39]\n\n\nAllied intervention in the Russian Civil War (1918–1925)\n\n\nAmerican and other Allied forces were involved in the Polar Bear Expedition which began during World War I and continued into the Russian Civil War\n\n\nHarold Gunnes\n1899–2003\nServed in a naval brigade attached to the 339th Infantry Regiment as part of American Expeditionary Force North Russia.[40]\n\n\nWarren V. Hileman\n1901–2005\nServed in the 27th Infantry Regiment as part of the American Expeditionary Force Siberia.[41]\n\n\nSpanish Civil War (1936–1939)\n\n\nDelmer Berg\n1915–2016[42]\nVolunteered in 1938. Served in anti-aircraft in the Abraham Lincoln Brigade. Lived in Columbia, California.[43]\n\n"
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3263078511457163007 | Flag of Chile | Flag of Chile - wikipedia Flag of Chile This article is about the state flag . For a list of Chilean flags , see List of Chilean flags . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Chile Use National flag and ensign Proportion 2 : 3 Adopted 18 October 1817 Design A horizontal bicolor of white and red with the blue square ended on the upper hoist - side corner of the white band bearing the white five - pointed star in the center . Designed by Ignacio Zenteno or Gregorio de Andía y Varela . Variant flag of Chile Name Presidential Standard Design Same design as the National Flag with the National Coat of Arms superimposed at the center . Designed by Alfonso Martinez Delpelao The flag of Chile consists of two equal horizontal bands of white and red , with a blue square the same height as the white band in the canton , which bears a white five - pointed star in the center . It was adopted on 18 October 1817 . The Chilean flag is also known in Spanish as La Estrella Solitaria ( The Lone Star ) . It has a 3 : 2 ratio between length and width , it is divided horizontally into two bands of equal size ( being the lower red ) . The upper area is divided once : in a square ( blue ) , with a single centered white star ; and rectangle ( white ) , whose lengths are in proportion 1 : 2 . The star may represent a guide to progress and honor while other interpretations refer to its reference to an independent state ; blue symbolizes the sky and the Pacific Ocean , white is for the snow - covered Andes , and red stands for the blood spilled to achieve independence . According to the epic poem La Araucana , the colors were derived from those from the flag flown by the Mapuche during the Arauco War . `` Flag Day '' is held each year on the ninth of July to commemorate the 77 soldiers who died in the 1882 Battle of La Concepción . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of Chile 1.1 Pre-Independence flags 1.2 Flag of the Patria Vieja ( 1812 -- 1814 ) 1.3 Flag of the Transition ( 1817 -- 1818 ) 1.4 Third and Current flag 2 Similar flags 3 Construction 4 Display 4.1 On a pole 4.2 Freely hanging 5 Respect due to the flag 6 Regional flags 7 Pledge to the National Flag 8 Gallery 9 References 10 External links History of Chile ( edit ) Pre-independence flags ( edit ) Flag possibly used by Mapuche troops during the early 18th century Arauco War . The first records on the possible use of flags by indigenous peoples date back to the War of Arauco , the most famous being the use described in the late 16th century epic poem La Araucana . In Canto XXI , Alonso de Ercilla described Talcahuano , warrior and chief of the Mapuche who work the lands near the present - day city that bears his name , bearing emblems of blue , white and red . Another important piece of information is that the colors of the flag were chosen from the ancient chile that they made which was treasured worldwide . Two flags have been documented as used by Mapuche troops . However , these descriptions were made late in the eighteenth century without certainty about the age of them . One consisted of a five - pointed white star on a blue background similar to the canton of the current Chilean flag , while the second had a white eight - pointed star centered on a blue diamond with border zigzagged over a black background . The latter flag appears to be waved by the chief Lautaro in the best - known artistic representation of it , created by painter Pedro Subercaseaux . The main symbol of this flag is the star of Arauco , called guñelve , representing the flower of the canelo and the bright star of Venus . In the independence of Chile , Bernardo O'Higgins said that guñelve was direct inspiration for create the Chilean flag with the Lone Star . In the case of the colonizing troops , they used several Spanish flags . Each battalion had its own flag , which could incorporate different elements including the heraldic coat of arms of the King of Spain . One of the symbols most commonly used was the Cross of Burgundy , a jagged , red saltire crossed on a white cloth . The Cross of Burgundy was one of the main symbols of the Spanish Empire overseas , so it flew over the warships and was carried by the militia in the colonial territory during the Spanish colonization of the Americas . In 1785 , Carlos III established a uniform flag for all ships of the Spanish Armada , similar to the current flag of Spain . The use of this red - and - yellow flag would be extended in 1793 to `` maritime towns , castles and coastal defenses . '' Despite the establishment of this new flag , the cross of Burgundy would still often used by colonial entities . Flag of the Patria Vieja ( 1812 -- 1814 ) ( edit ) Flag of the Patria Vieja ( 1812 -- 1814 ) . First Chilean national flag . Simple version without shield , used by merchant ships . Flag of Patria Vieja ( 1812 -- 1814 ) . Alternative version with the first Chilean shield , Cross of Santiago and reversed blue and white stripes . At the onset of the Chilean War of Independence , the First Government Junta was proclaimed on 18 September 1810 , marking Chile 's first step toward independence . It would be during the government of Jose Miguel Carrera in which the desire for emancipation would gain more strength . Nevertheless , the junta was established ( at least nominally ) as a way of controlling the government during the absence of King Fernando VII , so that the symbols of government remained Hispanic . Therefore , one of the first acts of his government would be the implementation of national symbols , such as an insignia , a coat of arms and a distinctive flag to identify the patriots . The first flag , according to tradition , would have been embroidered by the sister of the ruler , Javiera Carrera , and would be presented and raised for the first time on 4 July 1812 at a dinner with the United States consul Joel Roberts Poinsett to celebrate the anniversary of U.S. independence , an event having a great influence on the locals ' struggle for independence . Named the flag of the Patria Vieja ( `` Old Fatherland '' ) , the flag had three horizontal stripes of blue , white and yellow . For some , the bands represent the three branches of government : majesty popular , law and force , respectively ; to others , the stripes represent features of nature : the sky , the snowy Andes and fields of golden wheat , respectively . The following 30 September , during a celebration in the capital to commemorate the first government junta , the Chilean coat of arms , also called Patria Vieja , was solemnly adopted and included in the center of the flag . Although the blue - white - yellow flag of the Patria Vieja was the most recognized , other versions utilized a different arrangement of the colors , such as white - blue - yellow , for example . On other occasions , the red Cross of Santiago was included in the upper left corner together with the coat of arms in the center . The cross originates from the victory of the patriot troops in the Battle of El Roble , where within the possessions of the captured war booty was a distinctive insignia of the Order of St. James , an important symbol of Spanish pride . In 1813 after the royalist invasion and the outbreak of the War of Independence , the Spanish symbols were abolished and the tricolor flag was formally adopted by the patriotic forces in a ceremony at the Plaza Mayor of Santiago . Months later in 1814 , Carrera left political and military power , and Francisco de la Lastra was chosen as Supreme director . The war of independence began at great losses for the patriot side , and so signed Treaty of Lircay on 3 May 1814 . This agreement reaffirmed the Spanish sovereignty over the territory of Chile , among other things , and as one of its direct consequences , the Spaniard flag was readopted at the expense of the tricolor . The flag of the Patria Vieja would wave again after Carrera 's return to power 23 July 1814 until the Battle of Rancagua ( 1 -- 2 October ) where the royalist victory ended the patriot government and began the Reconquista ( or Reconquest ) from 1814 to 1817 , restoring the imperial standard . The tricolor flag was last flown for the last time in the Battle of Los Papeles ( Batalla de los Papeles ) , but it would appear again raised in the ships that José Miguel Carrrera brought in 1817 and during his campaigns in Argentina ( 1820 -- 1821 ) . The Reconquista ended with the victory of Liberation Army of the Andes ( Ejército Liberatador de los Andes ) in the Battle of Chacabuco on 12 February 1817 . In this battle , the patriot troops fought with the army colonel and the flag of the Army of the Andes , inspired by the flag of Argentina , without readopting the blue - white - yellow standard . Today , the flag of the Patria Vieja is used during memorial services for this Chilean historical period , conducted by the National Institute ( Instituto Nacional General José Miguel Carrera ) , which Carrera 's government founded ( 10 August 1813 ) . The emblem , adopted as a symbol at the beginning of carrerismo , was subsequently adopted by Chilean nationalism movement . For example , the flag with a red lightning bolt emblem superimposed was the insignia of the National Socialist Movement of Chile between 1932 and 1938 . Flag of the Transition ( 1817 -- 1818 ) ( edit ) Flag of the Transition ( 1817 -- 1818 ) . The victory at the Battle of Chacabuco on 26 May 1817 gave way to a new period known as the Patria Nueva ( New Fatherland ) . A new flag was adopted that day , known today as the Flag of the Transition ( Bandera de la Transición ) , and it is recognized as the first national flag and the last flag used until the one used currently . It was widely publicized at the time that the design was attributed to Juan Gregorio de Las Heras . This flag had three equal stripes : blue , white , and red . The bottom red strip replaced the yellow from the flag of 1812 . The origin of the flag 's colors would be based on the description given by Alonso de Ercilla as those of the insignia of the Mapuche troops . The significances of these colors were equivalent to those of the Patria Vieja , except that the yellow replaced the red to represent the blood that had been shed during the many conflicts . Despite initial enthusiasm , the flag did not obtain official legalization and disappeared five months later . One reason for its suppression was that it was easily confused with both the flag of the Netherlands and the tricolor of revolutionary France , from which it was inspired . According to the General History of Chile by Diego Barros Arana , the last time the Flag of the Transition was unfurled was at the ceremony to commemorate the Battle of Rancagua , two weeks before the adoption of the current national flag . However , there is information about a possible third flag between the Transitional and final , which would have exchanged the order of white and blue stripes and incorporated the five - pointed white star on the central strip , but that is no certainty , and it is not accepted by the majority of Chilean historians . Third and current flag ( edit ) During the Declaration of Independence , today 's flag was raised for the first time . Reproduction of the original design . The design of the current Chilean flag is commonly attributed to Bernardo O'Higgins 's Minister of War , José Ignacio Zenteno , having been designed by the Spanish soldier Antonio Arcos , although historians argue that it was Gregorio de Andía y Varela who drew it . The flag was made official on 18 October 1817 by a decree , of which only indirect references to the absence of a copy thereof , which was officially presented during the Pledge of Independence ceremony on 12 February 1818 , a ceremony in which the bearer was Tomás Guido . The original flag was designed according to the Golden Ratio , which is reflected in the relation between the widths of the white and blue parts of the flag , as well as several elements in blue canton . The star does not appear upright in the center of the rectangular canton , instead the upper point appears slightly inclined toward the pole in such a way that the projection of its sides divide the length of the canton golden proportion . Additionally , in the center is printed the National Coat of Arms , known from the previous Flag of the Transition and adopted in 1817 . A sample Guñelve . The adoption of the star configuration goes back to the star used by the Mapuches . According to O'Higgins , the star of the flag was the Star of Arauco . In Mapuche iconography , the morning star or Venus , ( Mapudungun : Wünelfe or the Hispanicized Guñelve ) was represented through the figure of an octagram star or a foliated cross . Although , the star which was finally adopted bore a star having five points with the design of the guñelve remaining reflected in an asterisk inserted in the center of the star , representing the combination of European and indigenous traditions . Current Chilean flag . These designs soon fell into oblivion due to the difficulty in the flag 's construction . So , the embroidered seal and the eight - pointed asterisk disappeared while the star was kept completely upright . In 1854 the proportion was determined in keeping with the colors of the flag , leaving the canton as a square and the ratio of hoist to fly set to 2 : 3 . Finally in 1912 , the diameter of the star was established , the precedence of the colors in the presidential flag and decorative cockade was determined , setting the order as blue , white and red from top to bottom or from left to right of the viewer . All of these arrangements would later be recast into Supreme Decree No. 1534 of 1967 from the Ministry of the Interior during the government of Eduardo Frei Montalva . In this document , the national emblems , coat of arms , the rosette or cockade , and the presidential standard were established . Meanwhile , the Political Constitution of Chile of 1980 establishes in the first clause of article 222 that all inhabitants of the republic should respect Chile and its national emblems . Time of Flags by the artist Ricardo Meza , located on the wall of the stairway access to the second floor of La Moneda Palace . Few records remain of the original design , the most valuable being that of the flag used in the Declaration of Independence , which had a width of two meters and a length just over two feet . The flag was protected by various hereditary institutions until it was stolen in 1980 by members of the Revolutionary Left Movement as a protest against the military dictatorship . This group kept the specimen and returned it in late 2003 to the National Historical Museum , where it can be found today . There is a rather popular legend in Chile that claims this third Chilean flag won a `` Most Beautiful National Flag in the World '' contest . Its most common version states that this happened in 1907 in Blankenberghe , Belgium , in the coast of the Baltic Sea ( sic ) . Other versions of this story say this happened in the 19th century , or that the Chilean flag was placed second after the French flag ; there are even variations that talk about Chile 's national anthem , placing it either in the first place or second , after La Marseillaise . The fact that the only documented version of this story gets basic details wrong ( Belgium has a coast on the North Sea , not the Baltic Sea ) does n't reflect well on its historical accuracy . Similar flags ( edit ) The flag of the U.S. state of Texas is similar to the Chilean flag . The flag of Texas was designed and adopted on 25 January 1839 ; whereas Chile adopted a flag similar to today 's Chilean flag 22 years earlier on 18 October 1817 . Like Texas , on 17 January 1840 ; a coalition of nobles from the Mexican states of Coahuila , Nuevo León , and Tamaulipas advocated secession from Mexico to form their own federal republic called the Republic of the Rio Grande with Laredo ( today part of Texas ) as the capital but unlike Texas , was never formally recognized and ended in 6 November of the same year . Its flag was similar to Texas ' in that there were three stars with a red hoist , and black and white bars on the side instead of one star with a blue hoist and white and red bars . In 1822 during the Peruvian War of Independence , troops from both the Liberating Expedition of Peru ( Expedición Libertadora del Perú ) and the United Liberating Army of Peru ( Ejército Unido Libertador del Perú ) used a standard that was identical to the modern flag of Chile , except their flag had three stars in the canton , representing the three nations united by the cause of independence : the Argentine provinces , Chile and Peru . On the other hand , the Chilean flag would have served as inspiration for the supporters of Cuban independence at the start the Ten Years ' War in the so - called War Cry of Yara ( Spanish : Grito de Yara ) in 1868 . The leader of this revolution , Carlos Manuel de Céspedes , would have been inspired to create the first Cuban flag named La Demajagua in honor of the place where the revolt began . Two main differences are that the red and blue colors are inverted and that the red canton extends to the middle of the fly instead of one - third as on the Chilean flag . Céspedes would have been inspired by the Chilean flag as a way of honoring the efforts of Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna on behalf of Chile to achieve independence of Cuba after the Spanish defeat in the Chincha Islands War . According to Cespedes 's son , his father `` imagined a new flag that bore the same colors as that of the Carreras and O'Higgins and that would differentiate itself from the disposition of those colors . '' However , the flag would not have much success , and an earlier design would become the definitive Cuban flag . The first flag of the Confederate States of America , known as the Stars and Bars , is somewhat similar to the flag of Chile . The flag of Liberia , founded in 1847 , also includes a single star on the canton , but it has multiple horizontal stripes similar to the United States Flag . Also , the Flag of Malacca , a state in Malaysia , is similar , having the same colors ( except the yellow star and moon ) and a similar canton design , although the proportions and color order are different . The state of Amazonas in Brazil also adopted a similar flag 1982 . Its flag also has an elongated blue canton with multiple stars . Flag of Texas ( 1839 ) Flag of the United States Flag of the Liberating Expedition of Peru ( 1820 ) Flag of the Republic of the Rio Grande ( 1840 ) First flag of Cuba ( 1868 ) First flag of the Confederate States of America `` Stars and Bars '' ( 1861 ) Flag of Liberia ( 1847 ) Flag of the Malaysian state of Malacca Flag of the Brazilian state of Amazonas ( 1982 ) Flag of Malaysia ( 1963 ) Flag of the Czech Republic Flag of Poland Construction ( edit ) The construction of the flag of Chile , at present , is officially defined in Supreme Decree No. 1,534 of the Ministry of the Interior , published in 1967 , on the use of national emblems , which systematized and consolidated various laws and regulations on the subject . ( Other laws include Law No. 2,597 of 11 January 1912 , concerning the colors and proportions of the national flag , the presidential sash and rosette or cockade , and Supreme Decree No. 5805 of the Ministry of the Interior , published 26 August 1927 , sets the size of the national flag for use in buildings and public offices . ) According to the decree , the ratio between length and width of the flag is 3 : 2 , being divided horizontally into two bands of equal size . While the lower section corresponds to the color red , the upper area is divided once in a blue square and a white rectangle whose lengths are in proportion 1 : 2 , respectively . The star is located in the center of the blue canton and is constructed on a circle whose diameter is half the side of the canton . Display ( edit ) Displaying the Chilean flag horizontally or vertically . According to Chilean law , public use of the flag is allowed without prior authorization . Before October 2011 its use was prohibited , without the approval of the provincial governor . ( An exception was made in 2010 during the bicentennial celebrations , where display of the flag was permitted during the whole month of September . ) This rule , however , was rarely enforced , as the flag was widely used on street celebrations , stadiums or rallies , without penal consequences . Public buildings and private residences are required to display the flag on Navy Day ( 21 May ) , National Day ( 18 September ) and Army Day ( 19 September ) . If the flag is displayed incorrectly or not displayed at all during these days , the person responsible may be fined . On a pole ( edit ) Chilean flags waving in Puerto Montt . According to the protocol concerned , the flag should be hoisted from the tip of a white mast , and if done in company with other flags different , they must be of equal or lesser size . The Chilean flag must be set to the left if the sum of the flags is an even number or the center if the sum is an odd number . The flag must also be the first to be lifted and lowered the last . Freely hanging ( edit ) The Chilean flag can be displayed hanging either vertically or horizontally from a building or wall . In both cases , the blue square should be to the viewer 's upper left . Respect due to the flag ( edit ) Article 22 of the 1980 Constitution of Chile states that all inhabitants of the Republic owe respect to Chile and to its national emblems . The national emblems of Chile are the national flag , the coat of arms of the Republic and the national anthem . Pursuant to article 6 of the State Security Act of Chile ( Decreto No. 890 de 1975 ) , it is a felony against the public order to publicly mistreat the flag , the coat of arms , the name of the motherland or the national anthem . Regional flags ( edit ) Regional flags in the Access Hall of the National Congress of Chile . Not featured are the flags of the regions Arica and Parinacota and Los Ríos . Chile is administratively divided into 15 regions in which the internal government corresponds to the intendant . Some regional governments have adopted their own insignias , though most lack relevance , being principally used for public , regional organizations . The only exception is the flag of the Magallanes and Antartica Chilena Region , which has been adopted as a symbol of identity Magellan by its inhabitants . The regional flags can be found in the Access Hall of the National Congress of Chile in the city of Valparaíso . Many communes and cities also have their own flags . Flag of the Arica and Parinacota Region Flag of the Tarapacá Region Flag of the Antofagasta Region Flag of the Atacama Region Flag of the Coquimbo Region Flag of the Valparaíso Region Flag of the Santiago Metropolitan Region Flag of the O'Higgins Region Flag of the Maule Region Flag of the Biobío Region Flag of the Araucanía Region Flag of the Los Ríos Region Flag of the Los Lagos Region Flag of the Aisén Region Flag of the Magallanes and Antártica Chilena Region Pledge to the national flag ( edit ) In memory of the brave heroes of the Battle of La Concepcion in 1882 , on 9 July each year , the very day the final Chilean soldiers in La Concepcion died in defense of the Chilean nation , this Pledge to the Flag ( Juramento de la Bandera ) is recited at all installations and military bases of the Chilean Army and on graduation parades of the Chilean Navy and Chilean Air Force across the nation in remembrance of this moment in Chilean history . If done for the Carabineros de Chile , it is on the service anniversary ( 27 April ) and passing out parades of enlisted personnel . English translation of the pledge - Armed Forces variant I ( rank and name ) pledge , to God and this flag , to serve my Fatherland with loyalty , whether in sea , on land , or anywhere else , to give my life if need be , to fulfill my military duties and obligations , in accordance with the laws and regulations , to obey quickly and punctually the orders of my superiors , and thus invest my efforts in being a brave and honorable soldier ( sailor , airmen ) for the Fatherland 's sake ! English translation of the pledge - Carabineros variant I pledge , as a constable / second lieutenant , to God and this very flag , To serve loyally the duties of my profession , To preserve the Constiution and laws of the republic , and to serve and protect all citizens and the people who live in this land even if it needs for me to sacrifice my life for the defense of order and the Fatherland ! Gallery ( edit ) Lautaro , painting by Pedro Subercaseaux . Cross of Burgundy , emblem of the King and Armed Forces in Spanish Empire . Flag of Crown of Castile Ancestral Araucanian Flag with the Guñelve , `` the star of Arauco '' Naval ensign and national flag of Spain ( 1785 -- 1873 and 1875 -- 1931 ) Possible flag used for a few days in 1817 . Standard of the Chilean President . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Claudio Navarro ; Verónica Guajardo . `` Símbolos : La Bandera '' ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on 17 October 2008 . Retrieved 8 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The CIA World Factbook '' . Retrieved 21 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Virtual journal of contemporary art and emerging trends '' ( in Spanish ) . Escaner Cultural . Retrieved 22 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Los verdaderos emblemas de la República de Chile 1810 - 2010 '' . issuu.com . Jump up ^ Soublette , Gastón ( 1984 ) . `` Historia de los Emblemas Nacionales Chilenos . Hechos , mitos , errores y discusiones sobre los Símbolos Patrios '' ( in Spanish ) . soberaniachile . Jump up ^ Soublette , Gastón ( 1984 ) . `` La estrella de Chile '' ( in Spanish ) . Ediciones Universitarias de Valparaíso . Jump up ^ Navas , Andrés ( 2015 ) . `` The amazing story of a forgotten golden flag '' ( PDF ) . Preprint . Jump up ^ `` Chilean flag wins international competition ( archived entry ) '' ( in Spanish ) . 6 October 1907 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 02 . Retrieved 25 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chile and the independence of Cuba II '' ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on 5 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Céspedes , Carlos Manuel de ( 1929 ) . Las banderas de Yara y Bayamo . Paris . imaginó una bandera nueva , que luciendo los mismos colores y forma de la de Carreras ( sic ) y O'Higgins se diferenciase de ésta en la disposición de aquellos Jump up ^ Law 20,537 , National Congress of Chile . Jump up ^ Article 4 , letter f , Law 19,175 , National Congress of Chile . ^ Jump up to : `` Decreto Supremo No 1534 de 1967 del Ministerio del Interior '' ( in Spanish ) . National Congress of Chile . Retrieved 1 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Decreto 2850 EXENTO de 24 de agosto de 2010 , Ministerio del Interior de Chile . Jump up ^ `` Decreto con Fuerza de Ley No 22 de 1959 del Ministerio del Hacienda '' ( in Spanish ) . National Congress of Chile . Retrieved 1 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ESTE 21 DE MAYO EL IZAMIENTO DEL PABELLON NACIONAL ES OBLIGATORIO '' . wordpress.com. 20 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Suárez Pemjean , Rodrigo . `` Mateo Martinic and Francisco Coloane : The construction of a regional identity in Magallanes '' ( in Spanish ) . Universidad de Chile . Archived from the original on 21 June 2007 . Retrieved 22 September 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of Chile . Chile at Flags of the World Chile Historical Flag Sobre los verdaderos simbolos patrios de Chile simbolospatrios.cl hide Flags of South America Sovereign states Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Falkland Islands French Guiana South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands hide National flags and coats of arms National flags Sovereign states Dependent territories Timeline National coats of arms Sovereign states Dependent territories Heraldry portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Chile&oldid=838882066 '' Categories : Flags of Chile National flags National symbols of Chile Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles needing additional references from October 2007 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from May 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans አማርኛ Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Tok Pisin Polski Português Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 中文 60 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 April 2018 , at 22 : 01 . 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"The flag of Chile consists of two equal horizontal bands of white and red, with a blue square the same height as the white band in the canton, which bears a white five-pointed star in the center. It was adopted on 18 October 1817. The Chilean flag is also known in Spanish as La Estrella Solitaria[1] (The Lone Star)."
] | [
"The flag of Chile"
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-7194774508193467847 | Never Can Say Goodbye | Never Can Say Goodbye - wikipedia Never Can Say Goodbye Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song . For the album by Gloria Gaynor , see Never Can Say Goodbye ( Gloria Gaynor album ) . For the album by Joey DeFrancesco , see Never Can Say Goodbye : The Music of Michael Jackson . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Never Can Say Goodbye '' Single by Jackson 5 from the album Maybe Tomorrow B - side `` She 's Good '' Released March 16 , 1971 ( 1971 - 03 - 16 ) ( U.S. ) Format Vinyl record ( 7 '' 45 RPM ) Recorded June 1970 Hitsville West , Los Angeles , CA Genre Soul Length 2 : 58 Label Motown Songwriter ( s ) Clifton Davis Producer ( s ) Hal Davis Jackson 5 singles chronology `` Mama 's Pearl '' ( 1970 ) `` Never Can Say Goodbye '' ( 1971 ) `` Maybe Tomorrow '' ( 1971 ) `` Mama 's Pearl '' ( 1970 ) `` Never Can Say Goodbye '' ( 1971 ) `` Maybe Tomorrow '' ( 1971 ) `` Never Can Say Goodbye '' is a song written by Clifton Davis and originally recorded by The Jackson 5 . The song was originally written and intended for the Supremes to record ; however Motown decided the song would be better for the Jackson 5 . Released as a single in 1971 , it was one of the group 's most successful songs . The song has been covered numerous times , most notably in 1974 by disco diva Gloria Gaynor and in 1987 by British pop group The Communards . Contents ( hide ) 1 The Jackson 5 2 Chart performance 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 Gloria Gaynor version 4 Chart performance 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 5 The Communards version 6 Other covers 7 In popular culture 8 Personnel 8.1 The Jackson 5 8.2 Gloria Gaynor 9 References 10 External links The Jackson 5 ( edit ) The recording features 12 - year - old Michael Jackson singing a serious song about a love , with accompaniment from his brothers . Although such a record was unusual for a teenage group , `` Never Can Say Goodbye '' was a # 2 hit for three consecutive weeks on the Billboard Pop Singles chart , stuck behind Three Dog Night 's `` Joy to the World '' ( May 8 - May 22 , 1971 ) , and a # 1 hit on the Billboard Black Singles chart in the United States . In the United Kingdom , it reached # 33 on the UK Singles Chart . An alternate version ( live performance on Flip Wilson Show from 1971 with an extra part added to it ) appears on the Jackson 5 CD `` I Want You Back ! Unreleased Masters '' released in 2009 . The song was performed on the Flip Wilson Show ( 4 November 1971 ) , The Jackson 5 Show ( 5th November , 1972 ) , TUPI ( 1974 ) , One More Time ( 10 January 1974 ) , Johnny Carson Show ( 4th April , 1974 ) , Cher Show ( 16 March 1975 ) and The Jacksons TV Series ( 7th July , 1976 ) . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1971 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box Top 100 Canada 14 UK 33 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1971 ) Rank US Billboard Hot 100 40 US Cash Box 11 Gloria Gaynor version ( edit ) `` Never Can Say Goodbye '' Single by Gloria Gaynor from the album Never Can Say Goodbye B - side `` We Just Ca n't Make It '' Released October 27 , 1974 ( U.S. ) Format Vinyl record ( 7 '' 45 RPM ) Recorded Genre Disco soul Length 6 : 19 Label MGM Songwriter ( s ) Clifton Davis Producer ( s ) Jay Ellis Meco Monardo Tony Bongiovi Harold Wheeler Gloria Gaynor singles chronology `` Honey Bee '' ( 1974 ) `` Never Can Say Goodbye '' ( 1974 ) `` ' Reach Out , I 'll Be There '' ( 1975 ) `` Honey Bee '' ( 1974 ) `` Never Can Say Goodbye '' ( 1974 ) Reach Out , I 'll Be There '' ( 1975 ) A second major version , reimagined as a disco record by Gloria Gaynor in 1974 , was a number - nine hit on the U.S. Pop Singles chart and went to number thirty - four on the Soul Singles chart . The Gloria Gaynor version became one of the defining recordings of the disco era . Indeed , her version peaked at # 2 in the UK during January 1975 , and # 3 in Canada , surpassing the Jackson Five 's original recording in those nations . Gaynor 's cover , released on MGM records , was produced by the Disco Corporation of America , a production company newly formed by Meco Monardo and Tony Bongiovi to which Gaynor was signed . Also working on this production were Jay Ellis and Harold Wheeler . Though Gaynor is perhaps best known for her 1978 / 1979 hit `` I Will Survive '' , her version of `` Never Can Say Goodbye '' has the distinction of occupying the number - one spot on the very first Dance / Disco chart ever to appear in Billboard magazine . Never Can Say Goodbye was also the title of Gaynor 's debut album on which the single appeared . The Newark , New Jersey , native has re-recorded the song on more than one occasion , in increasingly Hi - NRG tempos , and subsequent remixes have hit the dance charts . Gaynor 's version of the song was heard on the TV series Charmed ( `` That ' 70s Episode '' ) , and is featured on the video game series Just Dance 2015 . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1974 -- 75 ) Peak position Australia Canada UK U.S. Billboard Hot 100 9 U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary 11 U.S. Billboard Dance / Disco U.S. Cash Box Top 100 8 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1975 ) Rank Australia 25 Canada 50 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 71 U.S. Cash Box 79 The Communards version ( edit ) `` Never Can Say Goodbye '' Single by The Communards from the album Red B - side `` ' 77 , The Great Escape '' ( 7 `` ) `` Tomorrow '' ( Remix ) ( U.S. 12 `` ) Released 1987 ( International release ) Format Vinyl record ( 7 '' 45 ) ( 12 '' single ) CD Maxi Single Recorded Genre Hi - NRG Length 4 : 30 ( 7 '' 45 RPM ) 4 : 53 ( Album Version ) 7 : 50 ( 12 '' single ) 7 : 50 and 5 : 35 ( CD Maxi single ) Label London ( UK ) / MCA Records ( U.S. ) / Metronome ( Germany ) Songwriter ( s ) Clifton Davis Producer ( s ) Stephen Hague Remix and additional production by Shep Pettibone The Communards singles chronology `` Tomorrow '' ( 1987 ) `` Never Can Say Goodbye '' ( 1987 ) `` For a Friend '' ( 1988 ) `` Tomorrow '' ( 1987 ) `` Never Can Say Goodbye '' ( 1987 ) `` For a Friend '' ( 1988 ) In 1987 , British band The Communards had a hit with a Hi - NRG cover of the Clifton Davis classic , which was featured on their second album , Red . Their version reached number four in the UK Singles Chart , number 51 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 , and peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot Dance / Disco chart in the U.S. The group had reached number one on those charts covering another 1970s classic , `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' , in 1986 . The Communards version was also featured in the episode `` Father 's Day '' , which was set in 1987 , in the first series of the revived Doctor Who . It also could be heard in the final episode of Whites , featuring a dance number by Stephen Wight and recently as the signature tune to the British comedy series Vicious . A music video was commissioned for this version of the song , directed by Andy Morahan . Other covers ( edit ) The song was covered by a number of artists , including Isaac Hayes , Grant Green , Andy Williams , Junior Walker , The Supremes ( in 1971 ) , Smokey Robinson ( in 1973 ) , Cal Tjader , David T. Walker , The Sandpipers , Rahsaan Roland Kirk , Johnny `` Hammond '' Smith , Herbie Mann , Yazz , Sheena Easton , Gerald Albright , Sonny & Cher , David Benoit , Westlife , The Impact of Brass and Matchstik `` The Mj Tribute '' . Isaac Hayes first recorded the song for his 1971 album Black Moses . Released as a single , this version reached # 5 on the Billboard R&B chart , # 19 on the Easy Listening chart , and # 22 on the Hot 100 . Hayes re-recorded the tune for the soundtrack of the 2008 film Soul Men , in which he appears alongside Samuel L. Jackson and Bernie Mac . The film 's producers dedicated the 2008 version to both Mac and Hayes , who both died before the project was released . Vanessa Williams covered the song for her 2005 studio album Everlasting Love . Her version features George Benson . In 2008 , pianist David Benoit recorded a version for his covers - packed album Heroes and saxophonist Gerald Albright covered the song on the album Sax for Stax . In 2009 , keyboardist Bob Baldwin along with guitarist Chuck Loeb covered the song from Bob 's album Lookin ' Back . In 2010 , Singapore singer Olivia Ong recorded a cover on her album Olivia . Guitarist Zachary Breaux covered the song on his 1997 album , Uptown Groove , which was his final studio album released before his death one month later after the album 's release . The Astronomical Kid sampled the song in a performance during The X Factor USA . Dianna Agron covered the song in 2012 during the eleventh episode of the third season of the American musical television series Glee , entitled `` Michael '' . The performance received mostly positive reviews . Jen Chaney of The Washington Post gave the song a `` B − '' , and said it `` worked much better than every track that preceded it '' because it adapted the song to the show `` instead of trying to out - Jackson Jackson '' . Entertainment Weekly 's Joseph Brannigan Lynch called it `` a nice summation of her character 's journey , but not vocally impressive enough to justify listening to outside of the episode '' and gave it a `` B '' . Crystal Bell of HuffPost TV described it as a `` blah performance '' , but Kate Stanhope of TV Guide said it was `` sweet and reflective '' . Erica Futterman of Rolling Stone wrote that it was `` a tune well - suited for Quinn 's sultry voice and the flipped meaning she gives the lyrics '' , and TVLine 's Michael Slezak had a similar take : he gave it an `` A '' and called it a `` remarkably lovely fit '' for her voice . In 2012 , Wu - Tang Clan rapper Raekwon released his cover version of the song in which he raps over the instrumental . Frank Ocean covered this song as a medley with Close To You during his Blonde Tour in Summer 2017 . In popular culture ( edit ) While appearing on The Hollywood Squares Clifton Davis sang a bit of the song a capella and then was asked who wrote the song . His answer was `` I did '' to which the contestant agreed ( and was correct ) . The Jackson 5 version appears in the 1994 movie Crooklyn and on the second volume of its soundtrack album Nicole Kidman sings a few lines of the song in the animated film Happy Feet ( 2006 ) Will Ferrell sang the song on the first episode of The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien The Gloria Gaynor version of the song was heard on the TV series Charmed ( `` That ' 70s Episode '' ) The Communards cover is featured in the Doctor Who episode `` Father 's Day '' Jorge Núñez sang the song on the top 13 show on American Idol season 8 J Xavier sampled the Jackson 5 version for his single , `` I Love My Music '' The song is the theme for the 2013 British comedy show Vicious ( TV series ) The Gloria Gaynor version is confirmed to appear in Just Dance 2015 The Neptunes remixed `` Never Can Say Goodbye '' on the album The Remix Suite ( 2009 ) . Personnel ( edit ) Written by Clifton Davis `` Never Can Say Goodbye '' was originally copyrighted on June 10 , 1970 ( EU0000187089 ) and then was copyrighted again on December 21 , 1970 ( EP0000281027 ) . The Jackson 5 ( edit ) Lead vocals : Michael Jackson Background vocals : Jackie Jackson , Tito Jackson , Jermaine Jackson and Marlon Jackson Produced by Hal Davis Instrumentation by various Los Angeles studio musicians Gloria Gaynor ( edit ) Lead vocals : Gloria Gaynor Produced by the Disco Corporation of America ( Meco Monardo , Tony Bongiovi , Jay Ellis producers ; Harold Wheeler arranger ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 287 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . collectionscanada.gc.ca . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1971 / Top 100 Songs of 1971 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 226 . Jump up ^ `` Meco Monardo '' . DiscoMusic.com . Jump up ^ http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.6133a&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.6133a.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.6133a Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary Music Chart '' . Billboard. 1975 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 2 / 01 / 75 '' . Tropicalglen.com. 1975 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Chart Book '' . Austchartbook.com.au . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . collectionscanada.gc.ca . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1975 / Top 100 Songs of 1975 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ Betts , Graham ( 2014 ) . Motown Encyclopedia . `` Never Can Say Goodbye -- The Jackson 5 ( Single ) '' : AC Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 31144 - 154 - 6 . Jump up ^ http://www.hulu.com/watch/246531/whites-episode-6 Sorry , currently our video library can only be watched from within the United States Hulu is committed to making its content available worldwide . To do so , we must work through a number of legal and business issues , including obtaining international streaming rights . Know that we are working to make this happen and will continue to do so . Given the international background of the Hulu team , we have both a professional and personal interest in bringing Hulu to a global audience . Jump up ^ Garcia , Alex S. `` mvdbase.com - the Communards - `` Never can say goodbye '' `` . Music Video DataBase . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Supremes cover of The Jackson 5 's ' Never Can Say Goodbye ' '' . WhoSampled . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ AllMusic Review by Stephen Thomas Erlewine ( 1973 - 06 - 19 ) . `` Smokey - Smokey Robinson Songs , Reviews , Credits '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Heroes overview '' . Allmusic . Jump up ^ `` Heroes : David Benoit : Concord Music Group '' . Concord Music Group . Jump up ^ `` Sax for Stax overview '' . Allmusic . Jump up ^ `` Gerald Albright - Sax for Stax '' . Smooth-jazz.de . Jump up ^ `` Lookin ' Back overview '' . Allmusic . Jump up ^ `` CD Review of Bob Baldwin '' . Jazzreview.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Chaney , Jen ( January 31 , 2012 ) . `` ' Glee ' by the musical numbers : Maxing out on Michael Jackson '' . The Washington Post . Katharine Weymouth . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Joseph Brannigan ( February 1 , 2012 ) . `` ' Glee ' recap : An ' Off the Wall ' Tribute to MJ '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bell , Crystal ( January 31 , 2012 ) . `` ' Glee ' Recap : Tribute To Michael Jackson '' . HuffPost TV . Huffington Post . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( January 31 , 2012 ) . `` Glee 's Promising Road to Graduation Begins '' . TV Guide . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Futterman , Erica ( February 1 , 2012 ) . `` ' Glee ' Recap : A Tribute Worthy of a King '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media LLC . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Slezak , Michael ( January 31 , 2012 ) . `` Glee Recap : A Thriller of a Night ! '' . TVLine . Mail.com Media . Retrieved February 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 07 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Nick Neyland ( 2009 - 08 - 12 ) . `` Q - Tip and The Neptunes Feature on Michael Jackson : The Remix Suite Prefix '' . Prefixmag.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 04 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` What 's Going On '' by Marvin Gaye Billboard Best Selling Soul Singles number - one single ( The Jackson 5 version ) May 1 , 1971 -- May 15 , 1971 Succeeded by `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' by Aretha Franklin Preceded by none Billboard Disco Action number - one single ( Gloria Gaynor version ) October 26 , 1974 -- November 16 , 1974 Succeeded by `` Express '' by B.T. Express Isaac Hayes Studio albums Presenting Isaac Hayes ( 1968 ) Hot Buttered Soul ( 1969 ) The Isaac Hayes Movement ( 1970 ) ... To Be Continued ( 1970 ) Black Moses ( 1971 ) Joy ( 1973 ) Chocolate Chip ( 1975 ) Disco Connection ( 1975 ) Groove - A-Thon ( 1976 ) Juicy Fruit ( Disco Freak ) ( 1976 ) New Horizon ( 1977 ) For the Sake of Love ( 1978 ) Do n't Let Go ( 1979 ) And Once Again ( 1980 ) Lifetime Thing ( 1981 ) U-Turn ( 1986 ) Love Attack ( 1988 ) Raw & Refined ( 1995 ) Branded ( 1995 ) Soundtrack albums Shaft Three Tough Guys Truck Turner Chef Aid : The South Park Album Singles ( US / UK Top Thirty singles ) `` Walk On By '' `` Never Can Say Goodbye '' `` Theme from Shaft '' `` Let 's Stay Together '' `` Chocolate Salty Balls '' Related topics Discography Songs Albums David Porter Al Bell Booker T. & the M.G. 's Stax Records List of songs written by Isaac Hayes and David Porter Chef ( South Park ) The Jackson 5 / The Jacksons Jackie Jackson Tito Jackson Jermaine Jackson Marlon Jackson Michael Jackson Randy Jackson Studio albums The Jackson 5 Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5 ABC Third Album Jackson 5 Christmas Album Maybe Tomorrow Goin ' Back to Indiana Lookin ' Through the Windows Skywriter G.I.T. : Get It Together Dancing Machine Moving Violation The Jacksons The Jacksons Goin ' Places Destiny Triumph Victory 2300 Jackson Street Live albums The Jackson 5 in Japan The Jacksons Live ! Live at the Forum Compilations Greatest Hits Anthology Joyful Jukebox Music Boogie Soulsation ! Jackson 5 : The Ultimate Collection The Essential Jacksons The Very Best of The Jacksons I Want You Back ! Unreleased Masters Come and Get It : The Rare Pearls Concert tours First National Tour Second National Tour Destiny World Tour Triumph Tour Victory Tour Unity Tour Television The Jackson 5ive The Jacksons The Jacksons : An American Dream The Jacksons : A Family Dynasty Specials Motown 25 : Yesterday , Today , Forever Michael Jackson : 30th Anniversary Special Related articles Discography Songs Chronology Jackson family Steeltown Records Book Category Portal The Jackson 5 / The Jacksons singles Singles on Steeltown Records `` Big Boy '' `` We Do n't Have to Be Over 21 ( To Fall in Love ) '' Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5 `` I Want You Back '' ABC `` ABC '' `` The Love You Save '' / `` I Found That Girl '' `` Never Had a Dream Come True '' `` I 'll Bet You '' `` Do n't Know Why I Love You '' `` La La ( Means I Love You ) '' Third Album `` I 'll Be There '' `` Mama 's Pearl '' `` The Love I Saw in You Was Just a Mirage '' Jackson 5 Christmas Album `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' `` I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus '' `` Give Love on Christmas Day '' Maybe Tomorrow `` Never Can Say Goodbye '' `` Maybe Tomorrow '' `` 16 Candles '' Greatest Hits `` Sugar Daddy '' Lookin ' Through the Windows `` Little Bitty Pretty One '' `` Lookin ' Through the Windows '' `` Doctor My Eyes '' Skywriter `` Corner of the Sky '' `` Hallelujah Day '' `` Skywriter '' G.I.T. : Get It Together `` Get It Together '' `` Dancing Machine '' Dancing Machine `` Dancing Machine '' `` The Life of the Party '' `` I Am Love '' `` Whatever You Got , I Want '' Moving Violation `` Forever Came Today '' `` All I Do Is Think of You '' The Jacksons `` Enjoy Yourself '' `` Show You the Way to Go '' `` Dreamer '' Goin ' Places `` Goin ' Places '' `` Even Though You 're Gone '' `` Different Kind of Lady '' `` Music 's Taking Over '' `` Find Me a Girl '' Destiny `` Blame It on the Boogie '' `` Shake Your Body ( Down to the Ground ) '' `` Destiny '' Triumph `` Lovely One '' `` This Place Hotel '' `` Can You Feel It '' `` Walk Right Now '' The Jacksons Live ! `` Things I Do for You '' ( Live ) Victory `` State of Shock '' `` Torture '' `` Body '' 2300 Jackson Street `` Nothin ' ( That Compares 2 U ) '' `` 2300 Jackson Street '' `` Art of Madness '' Notable collaborations and album tracks `` Who 's Lovin ' You '' `` Hum Along and Dance '' `` Time Out for the Burglar '' `` Feelin ' Alright '' `` That 's How Love Is '' `` This Is It '' Book Category Portal Gloria Gaynor Studio albums Never Can Say Goodbye Experience Gloria Gaynor I 've Got You Glorious Gloria Gaynor 's Park Avenue Sound Love Tracks I Have a Right Stories I Kinda Like Me Gloria Gaynor I Am Gloria Gaynor The Power of Gloria Gaynor The Answer I Wish You Love Singles `` Never Can Say Goodbye '' `` Reach Out I 'll Be There '' `` Walk On By '' `` All I Need Is Your Sweet Lovin ' '' `` How High the Moon '' `` Substitute '' `` I Will Survive '' `` Stop in the Name of Love '' `` I Am What I Am '' `` Mighty High '' `` Oh , What a Life '' Related articles Discography Book : Gloria Gaynor Jimmy Somerville Bronski Beat The Communards Discography Studio albums Bronski Beat The Age of Consent ( 1984 ) Rainbow Nation ( 1995 ) The Communards Communards ( 1986 ) Red ( 1987 ) Read My Lips ( 1989 ) Dare to Love ( 1995 ) Manage the Damage ( 1999 ) Home Again ( 2004 ) Suddenly Last Summer ( 2009 ) Homage ( 2015 ) Remix albums Bronski Beat Hundreds & Thousands ( 1985 ) Root Beer ( 2000 ) Live albums The Communards Storm Paris ( 1988 ) Compilations The Communards Heaven ( 1993 ) Het Beste Van The Communards ( 2005 ) The Platinum Collection ( 2006 ) Best ( 1989 ) The Singles Collection 1984 / 1990 ( 1990 ) Master Series ( 1991 ) The Very Best of Jimmy Somerville , Bronski Beat and The Communards ( 2001 ) The Essentials ( 2002 ) For a Friend : The Best of Bronski Beat , The Communards & Jimmy Somerville ( 2009 ) Dance & Desire : Rarities & Videos ( 2014 ) Other albums Fine Young Cannibals ( 1985 ) ( VA ) Red Hot + Blue ( 1990 ) ( OST ) Orlando ( 1993 ) Plagiarism ( 1997 ) Another Gay Soundtrack ( 2006 ) Clubland 10 ( 2006 ) Extended plays Bright Thing ( 2010 ) Momentum ( 2011 ) Singles Bronski Beat `` Smalltown Boy '' ( 1984 ) `` Why ? '' ( 1984 ) `` It Ai n't Necessarily So '' ( 1984 ) `` I Feel Love '' with Marc Almond ( 1985 ) `` Run from Love '' ( 1985 ) `` Smalltown Boy ( ' 94 Remix ) '' ( 1994 ) `` Why ? ( 1995 Remix ) '' ( 1995 ) The Communards `` You Are My World '' ( 1985 ) `` Disenchanted '' ( 1986 ) `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' ( 1986 ) `` So Cold The Night '' ( 1986 ) `` You Are My World ( ' 87 Remix ) '' ( 1987 ) `` Tomorrow '' ( 1987 ) `` Never Can Say Goodbye '' ( 1987 ) `` For a Friend '' ( 1988 ) `` There 's More to Love '' ( 1988 ) `` Suspicious Minds '' with Fine Young Cannibals ( 1986 ) `` The Last Infanta '' with Uno ( 1988 ) `` Comment te dire adieu '' with June Miles - Kingston ( 1989 ) `` You Make Me Feel ( Mighty Real ) '' ( 1990 ) `` Read My Lips ( Enough Is Enough ) '' ( 1990 ) `` To Love Somebody '' ( 1990 ) `` Smalltown Boy ( ' 91 Remix ) '' ( 1991 ) `` Run from Love ( ' 91 Remix ) '' with Claudia Brücken `` Coming '' ( 1993 ) `` Gimme Shelter '' with Voice of the Beehive ( 1993 ) `` Heartbeat '' ( 1995 ) `` Hurt So Good '' ( 1995 ) `` By Your Side '' ( 1995 ) `` Star '' with The Weather Girls ( 1996 ) `` Safe '' ( 1997 ) `` Dark Sky '' ( 1997 ) `` The Number One Song in Heaven '' with Sparks ( 1997 ) `` Something to Live for '' ( 1999 ) `` Lay Down '' ( 1999 ) `` Why ? ( Almighty Mix ) '' ( 2000 ) `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' ( 2001 ) `` It 's So Good '' ( 2004 ) `` Come On '' ( 2004 ) `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' ( 2004 ) `` You & Me '' with Blue Ray ( 2007 ) `` I Believe in Love ( Remix ) '' with Arthur Baker ( 2011 ) Other songs `` Love to Love You Baby '' ( 1985 ) `` Johnny Remember Me '' ( 1985 ) `` Lover Man '' ( 1986 ) `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' with Band Aid II ( 1989 ) `` From This Moment On '' ( 1990 ) `` Someday We 'll Be Together '' ( 1995 ) `` But Not Tonight '' ( 2004 ) `` I Was Born This Way '' ( 2006 ) `` Tell Me Why '' ( 2006 ) Video albums Bronski Beat The First Chapter ( 1985 ) The Communards The Video Singles ( 1986 ) Live at Full House Rock Show ( 2006 ) The Video Collection 1984 / 1990 ( 1990 ) Filmography Ahí Te Quiero Ver ( TV series ) ( 1987 ) Looking for Langston ( 1989 ) Orlando ( 1992 ) Lexx : `` Girltown '' ( TV series ) ( 2000 ) Related articles Gay icon London Records Bronski Beat discography Richard Coles Red Wedge Stephen Hague DJ Tonka Here and Now Tour `` Land of Confusion '' Category Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Never_Can_Say_Goodbye&oldid=799252139 '' Categories : 1971 songs 1971 singles 1974 singles 1987 singles The Jackson 5 songs Motown singles London Records singles MCA Records singles Metronome Records singles MGM Records singles Isaac Hayes songs Gloria Gaynor songs The Communards songs Andy Williams songs Music videos directed by Andy Morahan Song recordings produced by Tony Bongiovi Song recordings produced by Stephen Hague Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Disco songs Yazz songs Songs written by Clifton Davis Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing more detailed references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Polski Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 6 September 2017 , at 16 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did never can say goodbye come out | [
"\"Never Can Say Goodbye\" is a song written by Clifton Davis and originally recorded by The Jackson 5. The song was originally written and intended for the Supremes to record; however Motown decided the song would be better for the Jackson 5. Released as a single in 1971, it was one of the group's most successful songs. The song has been covered numerous times, most notably in 1974 by disco diva Gloria Gaynor and in 1987 by British pop group The Communards."
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"1971"
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9146123712093525091 | Bertha Benz | Bertha Benz - wikipedia Bertha Benz Jump to : navigation , search Bertha Benz Bertha Ringer , circa 1871 , as she became Karl Benz 's business partner . Bertha Ringer ( 1849 - 05 - 03 ) 3 May 1849 Pforzheim , Grand Duchy of Baden , German Confederation 5 May 1944 ( 1944 - 05 - 05 ) ( aged 95 ) Germany Nationality German Known for First person in history to drive an automobile over a long distance . Spouse ( s ) Karl Benz ( m . 1872 ; his death ) Children Bertha Benz ( help info ) ( née Ringer , 3 May 1849 -- 5 May 1944 ) was a German automotive pioneer . She was the wife and business partner of automobile inventor Karl Benz . In 1888 , she was the first person to drive an automobile over a long distance . In doing so , she brought the Benz Patent - Motorwagen worldwide attention and got the company its first sales . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 1.1 Early life and marriage 1.2 First cross-country automobile journey 1.3 The Patent Motor Car 1.4 Later life 2 Honours 3 References 3.1 Notes 3.2 Bibliography 4 External links Biography ( edit ) Early life and marriage ( edit ) Bertha Ringer was born in 1849 to a wealthy family in Pforzheim , Grand Duchy of Baden . The Benz Patent - Motorwagen Number 3 of 1886 , used by Bertha Benz for the highly publicized first long distance road trip , 106 km ( 66 mi ) , by automobile . Two years before her marriage to Karl Benz , she used part of her dowry to invest in his failing iron construction company . As an unmarried woman , she was able to do so ; after she married Benz , according to German law , Bertha lost her legal power to act as an investor . On 20 July 1872 , Bertha Ringer married Karl Benz . As he moved on to a new manufacturing venture , Benz & Cie , he continued to use her dowry as financial support . He finished his work on his first horseless carriage in December 1885 . Although Bertha financed the development process , and would hold patent rights under modern law , as a married woman she was not allowed to apply for the patent . Together they had five children : Eugen ( 1873 ) , Richard ( 1874 ) , Clara ( 1877 ) , Thilde ( 1882 ) , and Ellen ( 1890 ) . First cross-country automobile journey ( edit ) In August 1888 , without telling her husband and without permission of the authorities , 39 - year - old Bertha Benz drove with her sons Richard and Eugen , thirteen and fifteen years old , in the newly constructed Patent Motorwagen automobile -- from Mannheim to Pforzheim -- becoming the first person to drive an automobile over a real distance . Motorized drives before this historic trip were merely very short trial drives , returning to the point of origin , made with mechanical assistants . Following wagon tracks , this pioneering tour had a one - way distance of about 106 km ( 66 mi ) . Although the ostensible purpose of the trip was to visit her mother , Bertha Benz had other motives : to prove to her husband -- who had failed to consider marketing his invention adequately -- that the automobile they both heavily invested in would become a financial success once it was shown to be useful to the general public ; and to give her husband the confidence that his constructions had a future . Karl and Bertha Benz c. 1914 -- Zenodot Verlagsges . mbH She left Mannheim around dawn , solving numerous problems along the way . Bertha demonstrated her significant technical capabilities on this journey . With no fuel tank and only a 4.5 - litre supply of petrol in the carburetor , she had to find ligroin , the petroleum solvent needed for the car to run . It was only available at apothecary shops , so she stopped in Wiesloch at the city pharmacy to purchase the fuel . At the time petrol and other fuels could only be bought from chemists and so this is how the chemist in Wiesloch became the first fuel station in the world . She even cleaned a blocked fuel line with her hat pin and used her garter as isolation material . A blacksmith had to help mend a chain at one point . When the wooden brakes began to fail Benz visited a cobbler to install leather , making the world 's first pair of brake pads . The thermosiphon system was employed to cool the engine , making water supply a big worry along the trip . The trio added water to their supply every time they stopped . The car 's two gears were not enough to surmount uphill inclines and Eugen and Richard often had to push the vehicle . Benz reached Pforzheim somewhat after dusk , notifying her husband of her successful journey by telegram . She drove back to Mannheim several days later . Bertha Benz at age 18 , circa 1867 Along the way , several people were frightened by the automobile . Some even thought that two young boys and a woman on a hissing , thumping horseless carriage could only be the work of the Devil himself . The novel trip received a great deal of publicity , as she had sought . The drive was a key event in the technical development of the automobile . The pioneering couple introduced several improvements after Bertha 's experiences . She reported everything that had happened along the way and made important suggestions , such as the introduction of an additional gear for climbing hills and brake linings to improve brake - power . Her trip proved to the burgeoning automotive industry that test drives were essential to their business . The Patent Motor Car ( edit ) In 1886 , Benz presented the Patent Motor Car to the world . Within the decade , 25 vehicles had been built . With cutting - edge bicycle constructions , the Model I was the original Patent Motor Car and the world 's first automobile . The Model II was converted to a four - wheeler for test purposes , making it the only one of this model . The first Patent Motor Car sold in small production runs was the Model III . It had powered rear wheels with a ringed steel and solid rubber , steerable front wheel . Various options were provided for customers to choose from , such as seat arrangements and a folding top . Later life ( edit ) In 1944 , on her 95th birthday , Bertha Benz was honoured with the title Honourable Senator , by the Technical University of Karlsruhe . This is her husband 's alma mater and they had awarded an honorary doctorate degree to him in his lifetime . Two days later , Bertha Benz died in her villa in Ladenburg , where the workshop of Karl Benz had been built after they had moved there in 1906 and he established a solely family - held business , Benz and Sons . Karl Benz later wrote the following in his memoirs : `` Only one person remained with me in the small ship of life when it seemed destined to sink . That was my wife . Bravely and resolutely she set the new sails of hope . '' Honours ( edit ) Official signpost of Bertha Benz Memorial Route Map of Germany with the Bertha Benz Memorial Route , from Mannheim via Heidelberg and Wiesloch to Pforzheim and back -- official heritage path commemorating her journey of 1888 Bertha Benz monument in Wiesloch where she made a stop to take in fuel at the city pharmacy , which is now dubbed `` the first filling station in the world '' In 2008 , the Bertha Benz Memorial Route was officially approved as a route of the industrial heritage of mankind , because it follows Bertha Benz 's path during the world 's first long - distance journey by automobile in 1888 . Now it is possible to follow the 194 km of signs indicating her route from Mannheim via Heidelberg to Pforzheim ( Black Forest ) and back . The Bertha Benz Challenge , embedded in the framework of the ceremony of Automobile Summer 2011 , the big official German event and birthday party commemorating the invention of the automobile by Karl Benz 125 years ago , took place on Bertha Benz Memorial Route on 10 and 11 September 2011 . It was a globally visible signal for new automobile breakthroughs , and was only open for sustainable mobility : future - oriented vehicles with alternative drive systems -- hybrid and electric , hydrogen and fuel cell vehicles -- and other extremely economical vehicles . The motto is : Bertha Benz Challenge -- Sustainable Mobility on the World 's Oldest Automobile Road ! . On 25 January 2011 Deutsche Welle ( DW - TV ) broadcast worldwide in its series , Made in Germany , a TV documentary on the invention of the automobile by Karl Benz , highlighting the very important role of his wife , Bertha Benz . The report is not only on the history of the automobile , but takes a look at its future as well , shown by the Bertha Benz Challenge on 10 and 11 September 2011 . The documentary The Car is Born produced by Ulli Kampelmann centered on the first road trip by Bertha Benz . In 2011 , a television movie about the life of Karl and Bertha Benz was made named Karl & Bertha which premiered on 11 May and was aired by Das Erste on 23 May . A trailer of the movie and a `` making of '' special were released on YouTube . References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Last home of Karl and Bertha Benz , now the location of the Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz Foundation in Ladenburg , in Baden - Württemberg ^ Jump up to : Robertson , Patrick ( 2011 ) , Robertson 's Book of Firsts : Who Did What for the First Time , Bloomsbury Publishing USA , p. 91 , ISBN 9781608197385 , retrieved 28 May 2015 ^ Jump up to : `` Bertha Benz Hits the Road , 125 Years Ago -- History in the Headlines '' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Angela Elis . `` Bertha Benz : die erste Frau am Steuer '' . Cicero . Retrieved January 2011 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Frauen in der Geschichte des Rechts -- Von der Frühen Neuzeit bis zum Gegenwart '' , Ute Gerhard e.a. , Beck'se Verlagsbuchhandlung , München 1997 , ISBN 3 - 406 - 42866 - 5 , Pag 464 Jump up ^ stefanhock . `` Motorradtour Mannheim -- Bertha Benz Memorial Route Hinfahrt -- GPSies '' . GPSies.com . Jump up ^ Tweney , Dylan ( 2010 - 08 - 12 ) . `` Aug. 12 , 1888 : Road Trip ! Berta Takes the Benz '' . WIRED . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Bertha Benz -- Die Starke '' . Mercedes - Benz . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 28 . Retrieved January 2011 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ stefanhock . `` Motorradtour Pforzheim -- Bertha Benz Memorial Route Rückfahrt -- GPSies '' . GPSies.com . ^ Jump up to : e.V. , Deutsche Zentrale für Tourismus . `` Bertha Benz : historys first driver '' . www.germany.travel . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` August 1888 : Bertha Benz takes world 's first long - distance trip in an automobile Daimler Global Media Site > Classic > Mercedes - Benz Cars > Mercedes - Benz Passenger Cars > Benz until 1926 '' . media.daimler.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bertha Benz '' . www.mercedes-benz.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ Bertha Benz Memorial Route ( German - government - approved non-profit official site ) ^ Jump up to : The history of the Automobile includes the Bertha Benz Challenge , watch minutes 01 : 40 to 05 : 42 of the complete report ( 26 : 22 minutes ) . Archived February 2 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Aktuell -- Bertha - Benz - Challenge Offen nur für Elektroautos und zukunftsgerechte Fahrzeuge '' . www.bertha-benz-challenge.de . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Carl & Bertha Benz -- The Car is Born -- Trailer on YouTube Jump up ^ Genialer Tüftler und bedingungslose Unterstützerin , SWR Jump up ^ `` Carl & Bertha ( TV Movie 2011 ) '' . IMDb. 25 May 2011 . Jump up ^ ARD - Themenwoche `` Der mobile Mensch '' Karl & Bertha ( English : `` The mobile man '' Karl & Bertha ) , ARD Jump up ^ ( in German ) Carl & Bertha -- Eine Liebe für das Automobil -- SWR -- DAS ERSTE on YouTube ( English : Carl & Bertha -- a love of the automobile ) Jump up ^ Making of ' Carl & Bertha ' ( Film ) on YouTube Bibliography ( edit ) Angela Elis ( 2010 ) , Mein Traum ist länger als die Nacht . Wie Bertha Benz ihren Mann zu Weltruhm fuhr ( My dream is longer than the night . How Bertha Benz drove her husband to world fame . ) ( in German ) , Hamburg : Hoffmann und Campe , ISBN 978 - 3 - 455 - 50146 - 9 Cite uses deprecated parameter trans_title = ( help ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bertha Benz . Prof. John H. Lienhard on Bertha Benz 's ride The First Road Trip Automuseum Dr. Carl Benz The Car is Born -- A documentary chronicling the events during Bertha 's historic drive VIAF : 8448951 LCCN : n88266231 ISNI : 0000 0003 8584 8774 GND : 128818646 SUDOC : 179464736 NKC : mzk2015879380 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bertha_Benz&oldid=798980383 '' Categories : 1849 births 1944 deaths People from Pforzheim Automotive pioneers Benz vehicles People associated with the internal combustion engine People from the Grand Duchy of Baden Karl Benz Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Webarchive template wayback links Articles with German - language external links Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with hCards Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 CS1 errors : deprecated parameters CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans বাংলা Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano മലയാളം Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本 語 پنجابی Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 September 2017 , at 23 : 17 . About Wikipedia | who drove the first car in the world | [
" Bertha Benz (help·info) (née Ringer, 3 May 1849 – 5 May 1944) was a German automotive pioneer. She was the wife and business partner of automobile inventor Karl Benz. In 1888, she was the first person to drive an automobile over a long distance.[1] In doing so, she brought the Benz Patent-Motorwagen worldwide attention and got the company its first sales."
] | [
"Bertha Benz"
] |
-8283190409122071864 | Apollo 17 | Apollo 17 - Wikipedia Apollo 17 Jump to : navigation , search Apollo 17 Eugene Cernan aboard the Lunar Rover during the first EVA of Apollo 17 Mission type Manned lunar landing Operator NASA COSPAR ID CSM : 1972 - 096A LM : 1972 - 096C SATCAT no . CSM : 6300 LM : 6307 Mission duration 12 days , 13 hours , 51 minutes , 59 seconds Spacecraft properties Spacecraft Apollo CSM - 114 Apollo LM - 12 Manufacturer CSM : North American Rockwell LM : Grumman Launch mass 48,607 kilograms ( 107,161 lb ) Landing mass 5,500 kilograms ( 12,120 lb ) Crew Crew size Members Eugene A. Cernan Ronald E. Evans Harrison H. Schmitt Callsign CSM : America LM : Challenger EVAs 1 in cislunar space Plus 3 on the lunar surface EVA duration 1 hour , 5 minutes , 44 seconds Spacewalk to retrieve film cassettes Start of mission Launch date December 7 , 1972 , 05 : 33 : 00 ( 1972 - 12 - 07UTC05 : 33Z ) UTC Rocket Saturn V SA - 512 Launch site Kennedy LC - 39A End of mission Recovered by USS Ticonderoga Landing date December 19 , 1972 , 19 : 24 : 59 ( 1972 - 12 - 19UTC19 : 25 : 00Z ) UTC Landing site South Pacific Ocean 17 ° 53 ′ S 166 ° 07 ′ W / 17.88 ° S 166.11 ° W / - 17.88 ; - 166.11 ( Apollo 17 splashdown ) Orbital parameters Reference system Selenocentric Periselene 26.9 kilometers ( 14.5 nmi ) Aposelene 109.3 kilometers ( 59.0 nmi ) Epoch December 11 , 4 : 04 UTC Lunar orbiter Spacecraft component Command / Service Module Orbital insertion December 10 , 1972 , 19 : 47 : 22 UTC Orbital departure December 16 , 1972 , 23 : 35 : 09 UTC Orbits 75 Lunar lander Spacecraft component Lunar Module Landing date December 11 , 1972 , 19 : 54 : 57 UTC Return launch December 14 , 1972 , 22 : 54 : 37 UTC Landing site Taurus -- Littrow 20 ° 11 ′ 27 '' N 30 ° 46 ′ 18 '' E / 20.19080 ° N 30.77168 ° E / 20.19080 ; 30.77168 ( Apollo 17 landing ) Sample mass 110.52 kilograms ( 243.7 lb ) Surface EVAs EVA duration 22 hours , 3 minutes , 57 seconds First : 7 hours , 11 minutes , 53 seconds Second : 7 hours , 36 minutes , 56 seconds Third : 7 hours , 15 minutes , 8 seconds Lunar rover Distance covered 35.74 kilometers ( 22.21 mi ) Docking with LM Docking date December 7 , 1972 , 09 : 30 : 10 UTC Undocking date December 11 , 1972 , 17 : 20 : 56 UTC Docking with LM Ascent Stage Docking date December 15 , 1972 , 01 : 10 : 15 UTC Undocking date December 15 , 1972 , 04 : 51 : 31 UTC Payload Scientific Instrument Module Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package Lunar Roving Vehicle Mass SIM : ALSEP : LRV : 463 pounds ( 210 kg ) Left to right : Schmitt , Cernan ( seated ) , Evans Apollo program ← Apollo 16 Apollo 17 was the final mission of NASA 's Apollo program . Launched at 12 : 33 a.m. Eastern Standard Time ( EST ) on December 7 , 1972 , with a crew made up of Commander Eugene Cernan , Command Module Pilot Ronald Evans , and Lunar Module Pilot Harrison Schmitt , it was the last use of Apollo hardware for its original purpose ; after Apollo 17 , extra Apollo spacecraft were used in the Skylab and Apollo -- Soyuz programs . Apollo 17 was the first night launch of a U.S. human spaceflight and the final manned launch of a Saturn V rocket . It was a `` J - type mission '' which included three days on the lunar surface , extended scientific capability , and the third Lunar Roving Vehicle ( LRV ) . While Evans remained in lunar orbit in the Command / Service Module ( CSM ) , Cernan and Schmitt spent just over three days on the moon in the Taurus -- Littrow valley and completed three moonwalks , taking lunar samples and deploying scientific instruments . Evans took scientific measurements and photographs from orbit using a Scientific Instruments Module mounted in the Service Module . The landing site was chosen with the primary objectives of Apollo 17 in mind : to sample lunar highland material older than the impact that formed Mare Imbrium , and investigate the possibility of relatively new volcanic activity in the same area . Cernan , Evans and Schmitt returned to Earth on December 19 after a 12 - day mission . Apollo 17 is the most recent manned Moon landing and was the last time humans travelled beyond low Earth orbit . It was also the first mission to be commanded by a person with no background as a test pilot , and the first to have no one on board who had been a test pilot ; X-15 test pilot Joe Engle lost the lunar module pilot assignment to Schmitt , a scientist . The mission broke several records : the longest moon landing , longest total extravehicular activities ( moonwalks ) , largest lunar sample , and longest time in lunar orbit . Contents ( hide ) 1 Crew 1.1 Backup crew 1.1. 1 Original 1.1. 2 Replacement 1.2 Support crew 1.3 Mission insignia 2 Planning and training 3 Mission hardware and experiments 3.1 Traverse Gravimeter 3.2 Scientific Instrument Module 3.3 Light flash phenomenon 3.4 Surface Electrical Properties Experiment 3.5 Lunar Roving Vehicle 3.6 Biological cosmic ray experiment 4 Mission highlights 4.1 Launch and outbound trip 4.2 Moon landing 4.3 Lunar surface 4.4 Return to Earth 5 Spacecraft locations 6 Depiction of mission in fiction and popular culture 7 Multimedia 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Crew ( edit ) Position Astronaut Commander Eugene A. Cernan Third and last spaceflight Command Module Pilot Ronald E. Evans Only spaceflight Lunar Module Pilot Harrison H. Schmitt Only spaceflight Eugene Cernan , Ronald Evans , and former X-15 pilot Joe Engle were assigned to the backup crew of Apollo 14 . Engle flew sixteen X-15 flights , three of which exceeded the 50 mi ( 80 km ) border of space . Following the rotation pattern that a backup crew would fly as the prime crew three missions later , Cernan , Evans , and Engle would have flown Apollo 17 . Harrison Schmitt served on the backup crew of Apollo 15 and , following the crew rotation cycle , was slated to fly as Lunar Module Pilot on Apollo 18 . However , Apollo 18 was cancelled in September 1970 . Following this decision , the scientific community pressured NASA to assign a geologist to an Apollo landing , as opposed to a pilot trained in geology . In light of this pressure , Harrison Schmitt , a professional geologist , was assigned the Lunar Module Pilot position on Apollo 17 . Scientist - astronaut Curt Michel believed that it was his own decision to resign , after it became clear that he would not be given a flight assignment , that mobilized this action . Subsequent to the decision to assign Schmitt to Apollo 17 , there remained the question of which crew ( the full backup crew of Apollo 15 , Dick Gordon , Vance Brand , and Schmitt , or the backup crew of Apollo 14 ) would become prime crew of the mission . NASA Director of Flight Crew Operations Deke Slayton ultimately assigned the backup crew of Apollo 14 ( Cernan and Evans ) , along with Schmitt , to the prime crew of Apollo 17 . Backup crew ( edit ) Original ( edit ) Position Astronaut Commander David Scott Command Module Pilot Alfred Worden Lunar Module Pilot James Irwin This had been the Apollo 15 prime crew . Replacement ( edit ) Position Astronaut Commander John Young Command Module Pilot Stuart Roosa Lunar Module Pilot Charles Duke The Apollo 15 prime crew received the backup assignment since this was to be the last lunar mission and the backup crew would not rotate to another mission . However , when the Apollo 15 postage stamp incident became public in early 1972 the crew was reprimanded by NASA and the United States Air Force ( they were active duty officers ) . Director of Flight Crew Operations Deke Slayton removed them from flight status and replaced them with Young and Duke from the Apollo 16 prime crew and Roosa from the Apollo 14 prime and Apollo 16 backup crews . Support crew ( edit ) Robert F. Overmyer Robert A. Parker C. Gordon Fullerton Mission insignia ( edit ) Apollo 17 space - flown silver Robbins medallion The insignia 's most prominent feature is an image of the Greek sun god Apollo backdropped by a rendering of an American eagle , the red bars on the eagle mirroring those on the flag of the United States . Three white stars above the red bars represent the three crewmen of the mission . The background includes the Moon , the planet Saturn and a galaxy or nebula . The wing of the eagle partially overlays the Moon , suggesting man 's established presence there . The gaze of Apollo and the direction of the eagle 's motion embody man 's intention to explore further destinations in space . The patch includes , along with the colors of the U.S. flag ( red , white , and blue ) , the color gold , representative of a `` golden age '' of spaceflight that was to begin with Apollo 17 . The image of Apollo in the mission insignia is a rendering of the Apollo Belvedere sculpture . The insignia was designed by Robert McCall , with input from the crew . Planning and training ( edit ) Gene Cernan participates in geology training in Sudbury , Ontario in May 1972 Like Apollo 15 and Apollo 16 , Apollo 17 was slated to be a `` J - mission , '' an Apollo mission type that featured lunar surface stays of three days , higher scientific capability , and the usage of the Lunar Roving Vehicle . Since Apollo 17 was to be the final lunar landing of the Apollo program , high - priority landing sites that had not been visited previously were given consideration for potential exploration . A landing in the crater Copernicus was considered , but was ultimately rejected because Apollo 12 had already obtained samples from that impact , and three other Apollo expeditions had already visited the vicinity of Mare Imbrium . A landing in the lunar highlands near the crater Tycho was also considered , but was rejected because of the rough terrain found there and a landing on the lunar far side in the crater Tsiolkovskiy was rejected due to technical considerations and the operational costs of maintaining communication during surface operations . A landing in a region southwest of Mare Crisium was also considered , but rejected on the grounds that a Soviet spacecraft could easily access the site ; Luna 21 eventually did so shortly after the Apollo 17 site selection was made . After the elimination of several sites , three sites made the final consideration for Apollo 17 : Alphonsus crater , Gassendi crater , and the Taurus - Littrow valley . In making the final landing site decision , mission planners took into consideration the primary objectives for Apollo 17 : obtaining old highlands material from a substantial distance from Mare Imbrium , sampling material from young volcanic activity ( i.e. , less than three billion years ) , and having minimal ground overlap with the orbital ground tracks of Apollo 15 and Apollo 16 to maximize the amount of new data obtained . The Taurus - Littrow site was selected with the prediction that the crew would be able to obtain samples of old highland material from the remnants of a landslide event that occurred on the south wall of the valley and the possibility of relatively young , explosive volcanic activity in the area . Although the valley is similar to the landing site of Apollo 15 in that it is on the border of a lunar mare , the advantages of Taurus - Littrow were believed to outweigh the drawbacks , thus leading to its selection as the Apollo 17 landing site . Apollo 17 was the only lunar landing mission to carry the Traverse Gravimeter Experiment ( TGE ) , an experiment built by Draper Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology designed to provide relative gravity measurements throughout the landing site at various locations during the mission 's moonwalks . Scientists would then use this data to gather information about the geological substructure of the landing site and the surrounding vicinity . As with previous lunar landings , the Apollo 17 astronauts underwent an extensive training program that included training to collect samples on the surface , usage of the spacesuits , navigation in the Lunar Roving Vehicle , field geology training , survival training , splashdown and recovery training , and equipment training . Mission hardware and experiments ( edit ) Traverse gravimeter ( edit ) Apollo 17 was the only Apollo lunar landing mission to carry the Traverse Gravimeter Experiment . As gravimeters had proven to be useful in the geologic investigation of the Earth , the objective of this experiment was to determine the feasibility of using the same techniques on the Moon to learn about its internal structure . The gravimeter was used to obtain readings at the landing site in the immediate vicinity of the Lunar Module ( LM ) , as well as various locations on the mission 's traverse routes . The TGE was carried on the Lunar Roving Vehicle ; measurements were taken by the astronauts while the LRV was not in motion or after the gravimeter was placed on the surface . A total of twenty - six measurements were taken with the TGE during the mission 's three moonwalks , with productive results . As part of the Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package ( ALSEP ) , the astronauts also deployed the Lunar Surface Gravimeter , a similar experiment , which ultimately failed to function properly . Scientific instrument Module ( edit ) Apollo 17 SIM bay on the Service Module , seen from the Lunar Module in orbit around the Moon Sector one of the Apollo 17 Service Module ( SM ) contained the Scientific Instrument Module ( SIM ) bay . The SIM bay housed three experiments for use in lunar orbit : a lunar sounder , an infrared scanning radiometer , and a far - ultraviolet spectrometer . A mapping camera , panoramic camera , and a laser altimeter were also included in the SIM bay . The lunar sounder beamed electromagnetic impulses toward the lunar surface , which were designed with the objective of obtaining data to assist in developing a geological model of the interior of the Moon to an approximate depth of 1.3 km ( 0.81 mi ) . The Infrared Scanning Radiometer was designed with the objective of generating a temperature map of the lunar surface to aid in locating surface features such as rock fields , structural differences in the lunar crust , and volcanic activity . The Far - Ultraviolet Spectrometer was to be used to obtain data pertaining to the composition , density , and constituency of the lunar atmosphere . The spectrometer was also designed to detect far - UV radiation emitted by the Sun that has been reflected off the lunar surface . The Laser Altimeter was designed with the intention of measuring the altitude of the spacecraft above the lunar surface within approximately two meters ( 6.6 feet ) , and providing altitude information to the panoramic and mapping cameras . Light Flash phenomenon ( edit ) Main article : Cosmic ray visual phenomena Throughout the Apollo lunar missions , the crew members observed light flashes that penetrated closed eyelids . These flashes , described as `` streaks '' or `` specks '' of light , were usually observed by astronauts while the spacecraft was darkened during a sleep period . These flashes , while not observed on the lunar surface , would average about two per minute and were observed by the crew members during the trip out to the Moon , back to Earth , and in lunar orbit . The Apollo 17 crew conducted an experiment , also conducted on Apollo 16 , with the objective of linking these light flashes with cosmic rays . As part of an experiment conducted by NASA and the University of Houston , one astronaut wore a device that recorded the time , strength , and path of high - energy atomic particles that penetrated the device . Analysis of the results concluded that the evidence supported the hypothesis that the flashes occurred when charged particles travelled through the retina in the eye . Surface electrical Properties experiment ( edit ) Apollo 17 lunar rover at its final resting place on the Moon . The Surface Electrical Properties ( SEP ) receiver is the antenna on the right - rear of the vehicle Apollo 17 was the only lunar surface expedition to include the Surface Electrical Properties ( SEP ) experiment . The experiment included two major components : a transmitting antenna deployed near the Lunar Module and a receiving antenna located on the Lunar Roving Vehicle . At different stops during the mission 's traverses , electrical signals traveled from the transmitting device , through the ground , and received at the LRV . The electrical properties of the lunar soil could be determined by comparison of the transmitted and received electrical signals . The results of this experiment , which are consistent with lunar rock composition , show that the top 2 km ( 1.2 mi ) of the Moon are extremely dry . Lunar Roving Vehicle ( edit ) Apollo 17 was the third mission ( the others being Apollo 15 and Apollo 16 ) to make use of a Lunar Roving Vehicle . The LRV , in addition to being used by the astronauts for transport from station to station on the mission 's three moonwalks , was used to transport the astronauts ' tools , communications equipment , and samples . The Apollo 17 LRV was also used to carry experiments unique to the mission , such as the Traverse Gravimeter and Surface Electrical Properties experiment . The Apollo 17 LRV traveled a cumulative distance of approximately 35.9 km ( 22.3 mi ) in a total drive time of about four hours and twenty - six minutes ; the greatest distance Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt traveled from the Lunar Module was about 7.6 km ( 4.7 mi ) . Biological cosmic ray experiment ( edit ) Apollo 17 included a biological cosmic ray experiment ( BIOCORE ) , carrying mice that had been implanted with radiation monitors to see whether they suffered damage from cosmic rays . Five pocket mice ( Perognathus longimembris ) were implanted with radiation monitors under their scalps and flown on the mission . The species was chosen because it was well - documented , small , easy to maintain in an isolated state ( not requiring drinking water for the duration of the mission and with highly concentrated waste ) , and for its ability to withstand environmental stress . Four of the five mice survived the flight ; the cause of death of the fifth mouse was not determined . The study found lesions in the scalp itself and liver . The scalp lesions and liver lesions appeared to be unrelated to one another , and were not thought to be the result of cosmic rays . No damage was found in the mice 's retinas or viscera . At the time of the publication of the Apollo 17 Preliminary Science Report , the mouse brains had not yet been examined . However , subsequent studies showed no significant effect on the brains . Officially , the mice -- four male and one female -- were assigned the identification numbers A3326 , A3400 , A3305 , A3356 and A3352 . Unofficially , according to Cernan , the Apollo 17 crew dubbed them `` Fe '' , `` Fi '' , `` Fo '' , `` Fum '' and `` Phooey '' . Mission highlights ( edit ) Launch and outbound trip ( edit ) Apollo 17 launches on December 7 , 1972 Apollo 17 was the last manned Saturn V launch and the only night launch . The launch was delayed by two hours and forty minutes due to an automatic cutoff in the launch sequencer at the T - 30 second mark in the countdown . The issue was quickly determined to be a minor technical error . The clock was reset and held at the T - 22 minute mark while technicians worked around the malfunction in order to continue with the launch . This pause was the only launch delay in the Apollo program caused by this type of hardware failure . The count then resumed , and the liftoff occurred at 12 : 33 am EST . Approximately 500,000 people were estimated to have observed the launch in the immediate vicinity of Kennedy Space Center , despite the early morning hour . The launch was visible as far away as 800 km ( 500 mi ) ; observers in Miami , Florida , saw a `` red streak '' crossing the northern sky . At 3 : 46 am EST , the S - IVB third stage was re-ignited to propel the spacecraft towards the Moon . At approximately 2 : 47 pm EST on December 10 , the Service Propulsion System engine on the Command / Service Module ignited to slow down the CSM / Lunar Module stack into lunar orbit . Following orbit insertion and orbital stabilization , the crew began preparations for landing in the Taurus - Littrow valley . Moon landing ( edit ) After separating from the Command / Service Module , the Lunar Module Challenger and its crew of two , Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt , adjusted their orbit and began preparations for the descent to Taurus - Littrow . While Cernan and Schmitt prepared for landing , Command Module Pilot Ron Evans remained in orbit to take observations , perform experiments and await the return of his crew - mates a few days later . Soon after completing their preparations for landing , Cernan and Schmitt began their descent to the Taurus - Littrow valley on the lunar surface . Several minutes after the descent phase was initiated , the Lunar Module pitched over , giving the crew their first look at the landing site during the descent phase and allowing Cernan to guide the spacecraft to a desirable landing target while Schmitt provided data from the flight computer essential for landing . The LM touched down on the lunar surface at 2 : 55 pm EST on December 11 . Shortly thereafter , the two astronauts began re-configuring the LM for their stay on the surface and began preparations for the first moonwalk of the mission , or EVA - 1 . Lunar surface ( edit ) Eugene Cernan on the lunar surface , December 13 , 1972 The first moonwalk ( EVA ) of the mission began approximately four hours after landing , at about 6 : 55 pm on December 11 . The first task of the first lunar excursion was to offload the Lunar Roving Vehicle and other equipment from the Lunar Module . While working near the rover , a fender was accidentally broken off when Gene Cernan brushed up against it , his hammer getting caught under the right - rear fender , breaking off the rear extension . The same incident had also occurred on Apollo 16 as Commander John Young maneuvered around the rover . Although this was not a mission - critical issue , the loss of the fender caused Cernan and Schmitt to be covered with dust thrown up when the rover was in motion . The crew used duct tape to fix the problem by attaching a map to the damaged fender , but the dust picked up on the tape surface prevented it from sticking properly and the first fix was short lived . After an overnight rethink by the flight controllers , a better method of applying the tape resulted in a satisfactory fix that lasted for the length of the exploration . The crew then deployed the Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package ( ALSEP ) west of the immediate landing site . After completing this , Cernan and Schmitt departed on the first geologic traverse of the mission towards Steno crater to the south of the landing site , during which they gathered 14 kilograms ( 31 lb ) of samples ; took seven gravimeter measurements ; and deployed two explosive packages , which were later detonated remotely to test geophones that had been placed by the astronauts and seismometers that had been placed on previous Apollo missions . The EVA ended after seven hours and twelve minutes . Apollo 17 landing site , photographed in 2011 by Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Lunar Regolith collected during Apollo 17 On December 12 , at 6 : 28 pm EST , Cernan and Schmitt began their second lunar excursion . One of the first tasks of the EVA was repairing the right - rear fender on the LRV , the rearward extension of which had been broken off the previous day . The pair did this by taping together four cronopaque maps with duct tape and clamping the replacement fender extension to the fender , thus providing a means of preventing dust from raining down upon them while in motion . During this EVA , the pair sampled several different types of geologic deposits found in the valley , including the avalanche at the base of the South Massif , orange - colored soil at Shorty crater , and ejecta of Camelot crater . The crew completed this moonwalk after seven hours and thirty - seven minutes . They collected 34 kilograms ( 75 lb ) of samples , deployed three more explosive packages and took seven gravimeter measurements . The third moonwalk , the last of the Apollo program , began at 5 : 26 pm EST on December 13 . During this excursion , the crew collected 66 kilograms ( 146 lb ) of lunar samples and took nine gravimeter measurements . They drove the rover to the north and east of the landing site and explored the base of the North Massif , the Sculptured Hills , and the unusual crater Van Serg . Before ending the moonwalk , the crew collected a rock , a breccia , and dedicated it to several different nations which were represented in Mission Control Center in Houston , Texas , at the time . A plaque located on the Lunar Module , commemorating the achievements made during the Apollo program , was then unveiled . Before reentering the LM for the final time , Gene Cernan expressed his thoughts : ... I 'm on the surface ; and , as I take man 's last step from the surface , back home for some time to come - but we believe not too long into the future - I 'd like to just ( say ) what I believe history will record . That America 's challenge of today has forged man 's destiny of tomorrow . And , as we leave the Moon at Taurus - Littrow , we leave as we came and , God willing , as we shall return , with peace and hope for all mankind . `` Godspeed the crew of Apollo 17 . '' Cernan then followed Schmitt into the Lunar Module after spending approximately seven hours and 15 minutes outside during the mission 's final lunar excursion . Return to Earth ( edit ) Apollo 17 post-landing recovery operations Apollo 17 Command Module after splashdown , with USS Ticonderoga in background . Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt successfully lifted off from the lunar surface in the ascent stage of the Lunar Module on December 14 , at 5 : 55 pm EST . After a successful rendezvous and docking with Ron Evans in the Command / Service Module in orbit , the crew transferred equipment and lunar samples between the LM and the CSM for return to Earth . Following this , the LM ascent stage was sealed off and jettisoned at 1 : 31 am on December 15 . The ascent stage was then deliberately crashed into the Moon in a collision recorded by seismometers deployed on Apollo 17 and previous Apollo expeditions . On December 17 , during the trip back to Earth , at 3 : 27 pm EST , Ron Evans successfully conducted a one - hour and seven minute spacewalk to retrieve exposed film from the instrument bay on the exterior of the CSM . On December 19 , the crew jettisoned the no - longer - needed Service Module , leaving only the Command Module for return to Earth . The Apollo 17 spacecraft reentered Earth 's atmosphere and landed safely in the Pacific Ocean at 2 : 25 pm , 6.4 kilometers ( 4.0 mi ) from the recovery ship , USS Ticonderoga . Cernan , Evans and Schmitt were then retrieved by a recovery helicopter and were safely aboard the recovery ship 52 minutes after landing . Spacecraft locations ( edit ) Apollo 17 Command Module , on display at Space Center Houston . The Command Module America is currently on display at Space Center Houston at the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in Houston , Texas . The ascent stage of lunar module Challenger impacted the Moon December 15 , 1972 at 06 : 50 : 20.8 UT ( 1 : 50 am EST ) , at 19 ° 58 ′ N 30 ° 30 ′ E / 19.96 ° N 30.50 ° E / 19.96 ; 30.50 ( Apollo 17 LM ascent stage ) . The descent stage remains on the Moon at the landing site , 20 ° 11 ′ 27 '' N 30 ° 46 ′ 18 '' E / 20.19080 ° N 30.77168 ° E / 20.19080 ; 30.77168 ( Apollo 17 LM descent stage ) . In 2009 and again in 2011 , the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter photographed the landing site from increasingly low orbits . Depiction of mission in fiction and popular culture ( edit ) Portions of the Apollo 17 mission are dramatized in the 1998 HBO miniseries From the Earth to the Moon episode entitled `` Le Voyage dans la Lune . '' The prologue to the 1999 novel Back to the Moon , by Homer Hickam , begins with a dramatized depiction of the end of the second Apollo 17 EVA . The orange soil then becomes the major driver of the plot of the rest of the story . The 2005 novel Tyrannosaur Canyon by Douglas Preston opens with a depiction of the Apollo 17 moonwalks using quotes taken from the official mission transcript . Additionally , there have been fictional astronauts in film , literature and television who have been described as `` the last man to walk on the Moon , '' implying they were crew members on Apollo 17 . One such character was Steve Austin in the television series The Six Million Dollar Man . In the 1972 novel Cyborg , upon which the series was based , Austin remembers watching the Earth `` fall away during Apollo XVII . '' In the 1998 film Deep Impact fictional astronaut Spurgeon `` Fish '' Tanner , portrayed by Robert Duvall , was described at a Presidential press conference as the `` last man to walk on the moon '' by the President of the United States , portrayed by Morgan Freeman . In the Anime Aldnoah. Zero , the Apollo 17 mission locates an ancient transporter gate leading to Mars left by an unknown , extinct alien race . This discovery is the divergence point for the story 's alternate history . The song `` Contact '' from Daft Punk includes audio from the Apollo 17 mission , courtesy of NASA and Captain Eugene Cernan . Multimedia ( edit ) The Apollo 17 Saturn V awaits launch Vice President Spiro Agnew congratulates launch control after the launch Apollo 17 photo of the Earth as the spacecraft heads for the Moon ( known as `` The Blue Marble photo '' ) Lunar Orbiter 4 image of the Taurus - Littrow valley , with the landing site near center . Play media Astronaut Harrison Schmitt falls while on a moonwalk Harrison Schmitt poses with the American flag and Earth in the background during Apollo 17 's first EVA . Eugene Cernan is visible reflected in Schmitt 's helmet visor View of the waning crescent Earth seen rising above the lunar horizon over the Ritz Crater Schmitt stands next to a large boulder during EVA - 3 . He is looking in the direction of the LM which is visible beyond the right limb of the boulder . Cernan in the Lunar Module after EVA - 3 Schmitt in the Lunar Module after EVA - 3 Play media Apollo 17 's Lunar Module blasts off and leaves the Moon Evans performs an EVA before returning home The plaque left on the Moon by Apollo 17 A model of the UV spectrometer used to take the first accurate measurements of the constituents of the Moon 's atmosphere Landing site , as imaged by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter in 2009 Narrow - angle image of the LM Challenger descent stage surrounded by LRV tracks and footprints , as imaged by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter in 2011 See also ( edit ) Spaceflight portal Apollo Command / Service Module Apollo Lunar Module Apollo program List of Apollo missions List of Apollo mission types List of astronauts by year of selection List of human spaceflights List of human spaceflight programs List of landings on extraterrestrial bodies List of manned spacecraft List of NASA missions List of spacewalks and moonwalks 1965 -- 1999 Moon landing Saturn V Taurus -- Littrow The Case of the Missing Moon Rocks References ( edit ) This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration . ^ Jump up to : Orloff , Richard W. ( September 2004 ) ( First published 2000 ) . `` Table of Contents '' . Apollo by the Numbers : A Statistical Reference . NASA History Division , Office of Policy and Plans . NASA History Series . Washington , D.C. : NASA . ISBN 0 - 16 - 050631 - X . LCCN 00061677 . NASA SP - 2000 - 4029 . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2007 . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Landing Site Overview '' . Apollo 17 Mission . Lunar and Planetary Institute . Retrieved 23 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Wade , Mark . `` Apollo 17 '' . Encyclopedia Astronautica . Retrieved 22 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Apollo 17 Mission Overview '' . Apollo Lunar Surface Journal . Retrieved 25 August 2011 . Jump up ^ ( see chart ) Jump up ^ `` Extravehicular Activity '' . NASA . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2004 . Retrieved 25 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Astronaut Bio : Harrison Schmitt '' . NASA . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Apollo 17 Crew '' . The Apollo Program . Washington , D.C. : National Air and Space Museum . Retrieved 26 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Running Start -- Apollo 17 up to Powered Descent Initiation '' . Apollo Lunar Surface Journal . Retrieved 25 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Astronaut Bio : Joe Henry Engle '' . NASA . Retrieved 25 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Williams , Mike ( 27 February 2015 ) . `` Professor emeritus Curt Michel dies '' . Rice University News & Media . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . He maintained that his decision to return to research prompted a shuffle among flight crews that led to one scientist , Harrison `` Jack '' Schmitt , landing on the moon with Apollo 17 . `` The National Academy of Sciences got all pushed out of shape when I left , '' Michel said . `` I think that was largely influential in Jack getting his flight . When it looked like their primary idea of getting a scientist to the moon was going to flop , they finally started pushing their weight around . '' ( Full interview at http://news.rice.edu/2009/07/17/from-astrophysicist-to-astronaut-and-back/ ) ^ Jump up to : `` 2 Astronauts Quitting Jobs And Military '' . Toledo Blade . Associated Press . 24 May 1972 . Retrieved 26 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Apollo crew warned about commercialism '' . The Free Lance - Star . 1 August 1972 . Retrieved 26 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Slayton & Cassutt 1994 , p. 279 Jump up ^ `` Astronaut Bio : Robert Overmyer '' . NASA . Retrieved 26 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Astronaut Bio : Robert Allan Ridley Parker '' . NASA . Retrieved 26 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Astronaut Bio : C. Gordon Fullerton '' . NASA . Retrieved 26 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Apollo Mission Insignias '' . NASA . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2011 . Retrieved 25 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Apollo 17 Traverse Gravimeter Experiment '' . Apollo Lunar Surface Journal . Retrieved 23 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Mason , Betsy ( 20 July 2011 ) . `` The Incredible Things NASA Did to Train Apollo Astronauts '' . Wired Science . Condé Nast Publications . Retrieved 23 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Apollo 17 Press Kit '' ( PDF ) . Washington , D.C. : NASA . 26 November 1972 . 72 - 220K . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 March 2009 . Retrieved 26 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Osborne , W. Zachary ; Pinsky , Lawrence S. ; Bailey , J. Vernon ( 1975 ) . `` Apollo Light Flash Investigations '' . In Johnston , Richard S. ; Dietlein , Lawrence F. ; Berry , Charles A. Biomedical Results of Apollo . Foreword by Christopher C. Kraft , Jr . Washington , D.C. : NASA . NASA SP - 368 . Retrieved 26 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Surface Electrical Properties '' . Apollo 17 Science Experiments . Lunar and Planetary Institute . Retrieved 26 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Apollo Lunar Roving Vehicle '' . NASA . Archived from the original on 15 July 2011 . Retrieved 26 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bailey . O.T. ; et al. ( 1973 ) . `` 26 . Biocore Experiment '' . Apollo 17 Preliminary Science Report ( NASA SPP - 330 ) . Jump up ^ Haymaker , Webb ; Look , Bonne C. ; Benton , Eugene V. ; Simmonds , Richard C. ( January 1 , 1975 ) . `` The Apollo 17 Pocket Mouse Experiment ( Biocore ) '' . In Johnston , Richard S. ; Berry , Charles A. ; Dietlein , Lawrence F. SP - 368 Biomedical Results of Apollo ( SP - 368 ) . Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center . OCLC 1906749 . Jump up ^ Burgess , Colin ; Dubbs , Chris ( July 5 , 2007 ) . Animals in Space : From Research Rockets to the Space Shuttle . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 320 . ISBN 9780387496788 . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Apollo 17 Launch Operations '' . NASA . Retrieved 16 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Landing at Taurus - Littrow '' . Apollo Lunar Surface Journal . Retrieved 22 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` ALSEP Off - load '' . Apollo Lunar Surface Journal . Retrieved 24 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips , Tony ( April 21 , 2008 ) . `` Moondust and Duct Tape '' . Science@NASA . NASA . Retrieved 24 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Brzostowski , Matthew ; Brzostowski , Adam ( April 2009 ) . `` Archiving the Apollo active seismic data '' . The Leading Edge . Tulsa , OK : Society of Exploration Geophysicists. 28 ( 4 ) : 414 -- 416 . ISSN 1070 - 485X . doi : 10.1190 / 1.3112756 . Retrieved 12 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The First EVA '' . Apollo Lunar Surface Journal . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved 22 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Preparations for EVA - 2 '' . Apollo Lunar Surface Journal . Retrieved 24 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` EVA - 3 Close - out '' . Apollo Lunar Surface Journal . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved 22 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Return to Earth '' . Apollo Lunar Surface Journal . Retrieved 22 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Apollo : Where are they now ? '' . NASA . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2011 . Retrieved 26 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Neal - Jones , Nancy ; Zubritsky , Elizabeth ; Cole , Steve ( September 6 , 2011 ) . Garner , Robert , ed . `` NASA Spacecraft Images Offer Sharper Views of Apollo Landing Sites '' . NASA . Goddard Release No. 11 - 058 ( co-issued as NASA HQ Release No. 11 - 289 ) . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` From the Earth to the Moon - Season 1 , Episode 12 : Le Voyage Dans La Lune '' . TV.com . San Francisco , CA : CBS Interactive . Retrieved 26 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Hickam 1999 , pp. 3 -- 8 Jump up ^ Anderson , Patrick ( 19 September 2005 ) . `` Rex Marks the Spot '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 24 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Caidin 1972 , p. 15 Jump up ^ `` Deep Impact quotes '' . Subzin.com . Archived from the original on 24 July 2013 . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . Bibliography ( edit ) Caidin , Martin ( 1972 ) . Cyborg . New York : Arbor House . ISBN 0 - 87795 - 025 - 3 . LCCN 73183758 . OCLC 320464 . Hickam , Homer H. , Jr. ( 1999 ) . Back to the Moon . New York : Delacorte Press . ISBN 0 - 38533 - 422 - 2 . LCCN 99021995 . OCLC 40979898 . Slayton , Donald K. `` Deke '' ; Cassutt , Michael ( 1994 ) . Deke ! U.S. Manned Space : From Mercury to the Shuttle ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Forge . ISBN 0 - 312 - 85503 - 6 . LCCN 94002463 . OCLC 29845663 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Apollo 17 . `` Apollo 17 '' at Encyclopedia Astronautica `` Apollo 17 '' Detailed mission information by Dr. David R. Williams , NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Apollo 17 Press Kit ( PDF ) NASA , Release No. 72 - 220K , 26 November 1972 `` Table 2 - 45 . Apollo 17 Characteristics '' from NASA Historical Data Book : Volume III : Programs and Projects 1969 -- 1978 by Linda Neuman Ezell , NASA SP - 4012 , NASA History Series ( 1988 ) Apollo 17 Lunar Surface Journal `` Apollo 17 Real - Time Mission Experience '' - All mission audio , film , video and photography presented in real - time . Apollo 17 Mission Experiments Overview at the Lunar and Planetary Institute Apollo 17 Voice Transcript Pertaining to the Geology of the Landing Site ( PDF ) by N.G. Bailey and G.E. Ulrich , United States Geological Survey , 1975 `` Apollo Program Summary Report '' ( PDF ) , NASA , JSC - 09423 , April 1975 `` Development of Manned Space Flight , American and Soviet '' from The Partnership : A History of the Apollo - Soyuz Test Project by Edward Clinton Ezell and Linda Neuman Ezell , NASA SP - 4209 , NASA History Series ( 1978 ) The Apollo Spacecraft : A Chronology NASA , NASA SP - 4009 Apollo 17 `` On The Shoulders of Giants '' - NASA Space Program & Moon Landings Documentary on YouTube `` The Final Flight '' -- excerpt from the September 1973 issue of National Geographic magazine `` Apollo 17 Final Reflections on Apollo '' at Maniac World Missions of the Apollo program Rocket tests SA - 1 SA - 2 SA - 3 SA - 4 SA - 5 AS - 203 Abort tests QTV Pad Abort Test - 1 A-001 A-002 A-003 Pad Abort Test - 2 A-004 Boilerplate tests AS - 101 AS - 102 AS - 103 AS - 104 AS - 105 Unmanned missions AS - 201 AS - 202 Apollo 4 Apollo 5 Apollo 6 Skylab 1 Low Earth orbit missions Apollo 7 Apollo 9 Skylab 2 Skylab 3 Skylab 4 Apollo -- Soyuz Test Project Lunar orbit missions Apollo 8 Apollo 10 Lunar landing missions Apollo 11 Apollo 12 Apollo 14 Apollo 15 Apollo 16 Apollo 17 Failed missions Apollo 1 ( AS - 204 ) Apollo 13 List of missions Mission types Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39 Canceled missions Spacecraft missions to the Moon Current Orbiters ARTEMIS Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Past Programs Apollo Chandrayaan Chinese Lunar Exploration Program Deep Space Gateway Japanese Lunar Exploration Program Luna Lunar Orbiter Lunar Precursor Robotic Program Lunokhod Pioneer Ranger Surveyor Zond Orbiters Apollo 8 10 Apollo 15 Subsatellite ( PFS - 1 ) Apollo 16 Subsatellite ( PFS - 2 ) Chandrayaan - 1 Chang'e 1 Chang'e 2 Clementine Explorer 35 Explorer 49 GRAIL Hiten LADEE Luna 10 11 12 14 19 22 Lunar Orbiter 1 5 Lunar Prospector SELENE ( Kaguya , Okina & Ouna ) SMART - 1 Chang'e 5 - T1 ( Service Module ) Flybys 4M Apollo 13 AsiaSat - 3 Cassini -- Huygens Chang'e 5 - T1 ( Xiaofei ) Galileo Geotail Luna 1 Luna 3 Mariner 10 Nozomi Pioneer 4 Pioneer 10 Ranger 5 STEREO Zond 3 5 6 7 8 Impactors LCROSS Luna 2 MIP Ranger 4 6 7 8 9 Landers Apollo Lunar Module x6 ALSEP ( x5 ) and EASEP ( x1 ) Chang'e 3 Luna 9 13 17 21 Surveyor 1 5 6 7 Rovers Apollo 15 16 17 Lunokhod 1 Lunokhod 2 Yutu Sample return Apollo x6 Luna 16 20 24 Human landing Apollo 11 12 14 15 16 17 Planned Chang'e 5 ( 2017 ) Moon Express ( 2017 ) Synergy Moon ( 2017 ) TeamIndus / Hakuto ( 2017 ) Chandrayaan - 2 ( 2018 ) Chang'e 4 ( 2018 ) SpaceX Lunar Tourism Mission ( 2018 ) PTScientists ( 2018 ) SpaceIL ( 2018 ) TESS ( 2018 ) Astrobotic / Hakuto / AngelicvM ( 2019 ) EM - 1 ( BioSentinel / CuSP / LunaH - Map / Lunar Flashlight / Lunar IceCube / NEA Scout / OMOTENASHI / SkyFire ) ( 2019 ) Chang'e 6 ( 2020 ) SLIM ( 2021 ) EM - 2 ( 2023 ) Proposed Baden - Württemberg 1 Blue Origin Blue Moon DSE - Alpha International Lunar Network Luna - Glob Luna 27 Lunar Lander Lunar Mission One Lunar Orbital Station MoonLITE OpenLuna SELENE - R Cancelled Altair European Lunar Explorer LEO LK Lunar - A Lunar Observer Lunokhod 3 MoonRise Prospector Ukrselena See also Colonization of the Moon Exploration of the Moon Google Lunar X Prize List of Apollo astronauts List of lunar probes List of artificial objects on the Moon List of missions to the Moon Moon landing Conspiracy theories Soviet manned lunar programs Manned missions in italics . ← 1971 Orbital launches in 1972 1973 → Kosmos 471 OPS 1737 OPS 7719 Intelsat IV F - 4 Kosmos 472 HEOS - 2 Kosmos 473 Luna 20 Kosmos 474 OPS 1844 Kosmos 475 OPS 1570 Kosmos 476 Pioneer 10 Kosmos 477 Nauka - 14KS No. 1 TD - 1A Kosmos 478 OPS 1678 Kosmos 479 OPS 5058 Kosmos 480 Kosmos 481 Venera 8 Meteor - MV No. 23 Kosmos 482 Kosmos 483 Molniya - 1 No. 27 SRET - 1 Kosmos 484 Nauka - 5KS No. 3 Interkosmos 6 Kosmos 485 Prognoz 1 Kosmos 486 Apollo 16 ( PFS - 2 ) OPS 5640 Kosmos 487 DS - P1 - Yu No. 51 Kosmos 488 Kosmos 489 Kosmos 490 Nauka - 1KS No. 5 Molniya - 2 - 2 OPS 6574 Kosmos 491 OPS 6371 Kosmos 492 Intelsat IV F - 5 Kosmos 493 Kosmos 494 Kosmos 495 Kosmos 496 Prognoz 2 Interkosmos 7 Kosmos 497 Meteor - MV No. 26 Kosmos 498 Kosmos 499 OPS 7293 OPS 7803 Kosmos 500 Kosmos 501 Kosmos 502 Kosmos 503 Kosmos 504 Kosmos 505 Kosmos 506 Kosmos 507 Kosmos 508 Kosmos 509 Kosmos 510 Kosmos 511 ERTS - 1 Kosmos 512 DOS No. 122 Kosmos 513 Explorer 46 Kosmos 514 Kosmos 515 Denpa Copernicus Kosmos 516 Kosmos 517 OPS 8888 Unnamed Triad 1 Kosmos 518 Kosmos 519 Kosmos 520 Explorer 47 Kosmos 521 Molniya - 2 - 3 Radcat 2 Radsat Kosmos 522 Kosmos 523 OPS 8314 OPS 8314 / 2 Kosmos 524 Molniya - 1 No. 26 NOAA - 2 OSCAR - 6 Unnamed Kosmos 525 Nauka - 16KS No. 1L Kosmos 526 Meteor - M No. 25 Kosmos 527 Kosmos 528 Kosmos 529 Kosmos 530 Kosmos 531 Kosmos 532 Kosmos 533 Kosmos 534 Kosmos 535 Kosmos 536 OPS 7323 Anik A1 Explorer 48 ESRO - 4 Unnamed Kosmos 537 Interkosmos 8 Molniya - 1 No. 28 Apollo 17 Nimbus 5 Molniya - 2 - 4 Kosmos 538 Aeros 1 OPS 9390 Kosmos 539 OPS 3978 Kosmos 540 Kosmos 541 Kosmos 542 Payloads are separated by bullets ( ) , launches by pipes ( ) . Manned flights are indicated in bold text . Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in italics . Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in ( brackets ) . 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"Apollo 17 was the final mission of NASA's Apollo program. Launched at 12:33 a.m. Eastern Standard Time (EST) on December 7, 1972, with a crew made up of Commander Eugene Cernan, Command Module Pilot Ronald Evans, and Lunar Module Pilot Harrison Schmitt, it was the last use of Apollo hardware for its original purpose; after Apollo 17, extra Apollo spacecraft were used in the Skylab and Apollo–Soyuz programs."
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"December 7, 1972"
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-7151308964212904356 | Valley Forge | Valley Forge - wikipedia Valley Forge Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the American Revolutionary War winter encampment . For other uses , see Valley Forge ( disambiguation ) . Valley Forge Part of The American Revolutionary War Washington and Lafayette at Valley Forge Date December 19 , 1777 -- June 19 , 1778 Location Valley Forge , Pennsylvania Philadelphia campaign 1777 -- 1778 Bound Brook Short Hills Staten Island Cooch 's Bridge Brandywine Clouds Paoli Germantown Red Bank Fort Mifflin Gloucester White Marsh Matson 's Ford Valley Forge Conway Cabal Quinton 's Bridge Clow Rebellion Crooked Billet Barren Hill Carlisle Peace Commission Monmouth Valley Forge functioned as the third of eight military encampments for the Continental Army 's main body , commanded by General George Washington . In September 1777 , British forces had captured the American capital of Philadelphia . After failing to retake the city , Washington led his 12,000 - person army into winter quarters at Valley Forge , located approximately 18 miles ( 29 km ) northwest of Philadelphia . They remained there for six months , from December 19 , 1777 to June 19 , 1778 . At Valley Forge , the Continentals struggled to manage a disastrous supply crisis while retraining and reorganizing their units . About 1,700 to 2,000 soldiers died due to disease , possibly exacerbated by malnutrition . Today , Valley Forge National Historical Park preserves and protects over 3,500 acres of the original encampment site . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pre-encampment 2 Winter Quarters 2.1 Site Selection 2.2 Hut Construction 2.3 Supply Challenges 3 Environmental & Disease Conditions 4 Encampment Demographics 5 Organizational Challenges 5.1 Training 6 French Alliance 7 Battle of Monmouth 8 Myth & Memory 9 Valley Forge Historical Maps 10 See also 11 Bibliography 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Pre-encampment ( edit ) In 1777 , Valley Forge consisted of a small proto - industrial community located at the juncture of the Valley Creek and the Schuylkill River . In 1742 , Quaker industrialists established the Mount Joy Iron Forge . Largely thanks to capital improvements made by John Potts ( of Pottstown , Pennsylvania ) and his family over the following decades , the small community expanded the ironworks , established mills , and constructed new dwellings for residents . Surrounding the valley was a rich farmland , where mainly Welsh - Quaker farmers grew wheat , rye , hay , Indian corn , among other crops , and raised livestock including cattle , sheep , pigs , and barnyard fowl . Settlers of German and Swedish descent also lived nearby . In the summer of 1777 the Continental Army 's quartermaster general , Thomas Mifflin , decided to station a portion of his army 's supplies in outbuildings around the forges , due to its variety of structures and secluded location between two prominent hills . Fearing such a concentration of military supplies would undoubtedly attract the British , the forge - ironmaster , William Dewees Jr. , expressed concerns about the army 's proposal . Mifflin heeded Dewees concerns but established a magazine at Valley Forge anyway . After the British landing at Head of Elk ( present - day Elkton ) , Maryland on August 25 , 1777 , the British Army maneuvered out of the Chesapeake basin and towards Valley Forge . Following the Battle of Brandywine ( September 11 , 1777 ) and the abortive Battle of the Clouds ( September 16 ) , on September 18 several hundred soldiers under General Wilhelm von Knyphausen raided the supply magazine at Valley Forge . Despite the best efforts of Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Hamilton and Captain Henry `` Light Horse Harry '' Lee , the two Continental army officers selected to evacuate the supplies from Valley Forge , Crown soldiers captured supplies , destroyed others , and burned down the forges and other buildings . Winter quarters ( edit ) Political , strategic , and environmental factors all influenced the Continental Army 's decision to establish their encampment near Valley Forge , Pennsylvania in the winter of 1777 - 1778 . Washington conferred with his officers to select the site that would be most advantageous to his army . Site selection ( edit ) Washington first asked his generals where to quarter the Continental Army in the winter of 1777 - 1778 on October 29 , 1777 . In addition to suggestions from his officers , Washington also had to contend with the recommendations of politicians . Pennsylvania state legislators and the Continental Congress expected the Continental Army to select an encampment site that could protect the countryside around Philadelphia . Some members of the Continental Congress also believed that the army might be able to launch a winter campaign . Interested parties suggested other sites for an encampment , including Lancaster , Pennsylvania and Wilmington , Delaware . However , following the inconclusive Battle of Whitemarsh from December 5 -- 8 , increasing numbers of officers and politicians began to appreciate the need to defend the greater Philadelphia region from British incursions . Considering these questions , an encampment at Valley Forge had notable advantages . Valley Forge 's high terrain meant that enemy attacks would be difficult . Its location allowed for soldiers to be readily detached to protect the countryside . Proximity to the Schuylkill River could facilitate supply movements down the river . Wide , open areas provided space for drilling and training . On December 19 , Washington conducted his 12,000 - person army to Valley Forge to establish the encampment . The encampment was primarily situated along the high , flat ground east of Mount Joy and south of the Schuylkill River . In addition to a concentration of soldiers at Valley Forge , Washington ordered nearly 2,000 soldiers to encamp at Wilmington , Delaware . He posted the army 's mounted troops at Trenton , New Jersey , and additional outposts at Downingtown and Radnor , Pennsylvania , among other places . In the two winter encampments prior to Valley Forge , the Continental army had sheltered themselves in a combination of tents , constructed huts , civilian barns and other buildings . Valley Forge would mark the first time Washington ordered the army primarily concentrated into a more permanent post where they constructed their own shelters . This strategic shift encouraged a whole new host of problems for the American Patriots . Hut construction ( edit ) A reproduction hut at Valley Forge The Valley Forge encampment became the Continental Army 's first large - scale construction of living quarters . While no accurate account exists for the exact number of log huts built , experts estimate a range between 1,300 - 1,600 structures . Brigadier General Louis Lebègue de Presle Duportail selected grounds for the brigade encampments and planned the defenses . Afterwards , brigadier generals appointed officers from each regiment to mark out the precise spot for every officer and all enlisted men 's huts . Despite commanders ' attempts at standardization , the huts varied in terms of size , materials , and construction techniques . Military historian John B.B. Trussell Jr. writes that many squads `` dug their floors almost two feet below ground level , '' to reduce wind exposure or the number of logs required for construction . In addition , some huts had thatched straw roofs , while others consisted of brush , canvas , or clapboards . In a letter to his wife Adrienne , Lafayette described the huts as `` small barracks , which are scarcely more cheerful than dungeons . '' Supply challenges ( edit ) The Continental Army that marched into Valley Forge consisted of about 12,000 people -- soldiers , artificers , women , and children . Throughout the winter , patriot commanders and legislators faced the challenge of supplying a population the size of a colonial city . In May and June 1777 , the Continental Congress had authorized the reorganization of the supply department . Implementation of those changes never fully took effect , due to the fighting surrounding Philadelphia . Consequently , the supply chain had broken down even before the Continental Army arrived at Valley Forge . Washington chose the area partly for its strategic benefits , but wintertime road conditions impeded supply wagons en route to the encampment . That winter , starvation killed perhaps as many as 1,500 horses , but soldiers fared better . Nonetheless , they suffered from continual , gnawing hunger due to inconsistent supplies . At Valley Forge , Washington ordered that soldiers ' rations include either one to one - and - a-half pounds of flour or bread , one pound of salted beef or fish , or three - quarters pound of salted pork , one gill of whiskey or spirits , or one - and - a-half pounds of flour or bread , a half - pound of bacon or salted pork , a half - pint of peas or beans , and one gill of whiskey or spirits . In practice , however , the army could not reliably supply the full ration . Perishable foods began to rot before reaching the troops , due to poor storage , transportation problems , or confusion regarding the supplies ' whereabouts . Other rations became lost or captured by the enemy . Traveling to market proved dangerous for some vendors . When combined with the Continental Army 's lack of hard currency , prices for perishable goods inflated . Therefore , during the first few days of constructing their huts , the Continentals primarily ate firecake , a tasteless mixture of flour and water cooked upon heated rocks . In his memoir , Joseph Plumb Martin wrote that `` to go into the wild woods and build us habitations to stay ( not to live ) in , in such a weak , starved and naked condition , was appalling in the highest degree . '' Resentment swelled within the ranks towards those deemed responsible for their hardship . The next day on December 23 , Washington wrote Henry Laurens , the President of the Continental Congress . Washington related how his commanders had just exerted themselves with some difficulty to quell a `` dangerous mutiny '' fomenting , due to the lack of provision . Washington continued with a dire warning to Congress : `` unless some great and capital change suddenly takes place in that line , this Army must inevitably be reduced to one or other of these three things , Starve , dissolve , or disperse , in order to obtain subsistence in the best manner they can . '' While Washington dealt with serious circumstances , he may have exaggerated slightly to obtain a quicker response from the Continental Congress . On January 7 , Christopher Marshall related how `` ten teams of oxen , fit for slaughtering , came into camp , driven by loyal Philadelphia women . They also brought 2,000 shirts , smuggled from the city , sewn under the eyes of the enemy . '' While these women provided crucial assistance , most people remained relatively unaware of the Continental Army 's plight -- '' an unavoidable result of a general policy '' to prevent such intelligence from reaching the British . The Continental Army did not experience a particularly harsh winter at Valley Forge , but many soldiers remained unfit for duty , owing to the lack of proper clothing and uniforms ( `` naked '' referred to a ragged or improperly attired individual ) . Years later , General Marquis de Lafayette recalled that `` the unfortunate soldiers were in want of everything ; they had neither coats , hats , shirts , nor shoes ; their feet and legs froze till they had become almost black , and it was often necessary to amputate them . '' The army 's situation improved when a five - man congressional delegation arrived on January 24 . The delegates consisted of `` Francis Dana of Massachusetts , Nathaniel Folsom of New Hampshire , John Harvie of Virginia , Gouverneur Morris of New York , and Joseph Reed of Pennsylvania . '' According to historian Wayne Bodle , they came to understand through their visit `` how vulnerable the new army could be to logistical disruption , owing to its size , its organizational complexity , and its increasing mobility . '' Washington and his aides convinced them to implement recommended reforms to the supply department . In March 1778 , Congress also appointed Nathanael Greene as Quartermaster General , who reluctantly accepted at Washington 's behest . One of the Continental Army 's most able generals , Greene did not want an administrative position . Yet he and his staff better supplied the troops at a time when the weather began to improve , and with it , road conditions . The Schuylkill River also thawed , allowing the Continental Army to more easily to transport convoys from the main supply depot at Reading . Environmental & disease conditions ( edit ) Cannons at the Artillery Park With the fourth largest population in ( former ) British North America , maintaining cleanliness remained a challenge for the Continental Army . Scabies broke out due to the filthy conditions within the encampment , as did other , deadlier ailments . The army had a limited water supply for cooking , washing , and bathing . Dead horse remains often lay unburied , and Washington found the smell of some places intolerable . Neither plumbing nor a standardized system of trash collection existed . To combat the spread of contagion , Washington commanded soldiers to burn tar or `` the Powder of a Musquet Cartridge '' in the huts everyday , to cleanse the air of putrefaction . On May 27 , Washington had ordered his soldiers remove the mud - and - straw chinking from huts `` to render them as airy as possible . '' Due to an imperfect understanding of disease transmission , however , these actions would not have produced the desired results . No one had yet discovered germ theory . Subsequently , outbreaks of typhoid and dysentery spread through contaminated food and water . Soldiers contracted influenza and pneumonia , while still others succumbed to typhus , caused by body lice . Although the inconsistent delivery of food rations did not cause starvation , it probably exacerbated the health of ailing soldiers . Some patients might have suffered from more than one ailment . In total , about 1,700 - 2,000 troops died during the Valley Forge encampment , mostly at general hospitals located in six different towns . Valley Forge had the highest mortality rate of any Continental Army encampment , and even most military engagements . The death toll for civilians connected to Valley Forge remains unknown . Despite the mortality rate , Washington did curb the spread of smallpox , which had plagued the Continental Army since the American Revolution had begun in 1775 . In January 1777 , Washington had ordered mass inoculation of his troops , but a year later at Valley Forge , smallpox broke out again . An investigation uncovered that three to four thousand of their troops had not gotten inoculated , despite having long - term enlistments . So , Washington ordered inoculations for any soldiers vulnerable to the disease . A precursor to vaccination ( introduced by Edward Jenner in 1798 ) , inoculation gave the patient a milder form of smallpox with better recovery rates than if the patient had acquired the disease naturally . The procedure provided lifetime immunity from a disease with a roughly fifteen to thirty - three percent mortality rate . In June 1778 , when the Continental Army marched out of Valley Forge , they had completed `` the first large - scale , state - sponsored immunization campaign in history . '' By continuing the inoculation program for new recruits , Washington better maintained military strength among the regular , Continental Army troops throughout the remainder of the war . Encampment demographics ( edit ) While each hut housed a squad of twelve enlisted soldiers , sometimes soldiers ' families joined them to share that space as well . Throughout the encampment period , Mary Ludwig Hays and approximately 250 - 400 other women had followed their soldier husbands or sweethearts to Valley Forge , sometimes with children in tow . Washington once wrote that `` the multitude of women in particular , especially those who are pregnant , or have children , are a clog upon every movement . '' Yet women on the ration proved invaluable , whether on the march or at an encampment like Valley Forge . They often earned income either by laundering clothes or by nursing troops , which kept soldiers cleaner and healthier . In turn , this made the troops appear more professional and disciplined . Lucy Flucker Knox , Catharine Littlefield `` Caty '' Greene , and other senior officers ' wives journeyed to Valley Forge at the behest of their husbands . On 22 December , Martha Washington predicted that her husband would send for her as soon as his army went into winter quarter , and that `` if he does I must go . '' Indeed she did , traveling in wartime with an unknown party of enslaved servants over poor roads , reaching her destination in early February . Washington 's aide - de-camp Colonel Richard Kidder Meade met her at the Susquehanna ferry dock to escort her into the encampment . Over the next six months , Martha hosted political leaders and military officials , managing domestic staff within the confined space of Washington 's Headquarters . From December 1777 to June 1778 , Washington made his headquarters in a business residence owned by Isaac Potts Contrary to popular perceptions , Valley Forge had a high percentage of racial and ethnic diversity , since Washington 's army comprised individuals from all thirteen states . About thirty percent of Continental soldiers at Valley Forge did not speak English as their first language . Many soldiers and commanders hailed from German - speaking communities , as with Pennsylvania - born Brigadier General Peter Muhlenberg . Still others spoke Scottish - or Irish - Gaelic , and a few descended from French - speaking Huguenot and Dutch - speaking communities in New York State . Local residents sometimes conversed in Welsh . Several senior officers in the Continental Army originally came from France , Prussia , Poland , Ireland , and Hungary . Although Native and / or African American men supported the Continental Army as drovers , waggoneers , and laborers , others fought as soldiers , particularly from Rhode Island and Massachusetts. ( 1 ) The smallest of the states , Rhode Island had difficulty meeting recruitment quotas for white men , spurring Brigadier General James Mitchell Varnum to suggest the enlistment of enslaved men for his 1st Rhode Island Regiment . Over a four - month period in 1778 , the Rhode Island General Assembly allowed for their recruitment . In exchange for enlisting , soldiers of the 1st Rhode Island Regiment gained immediate emancipation , and their former owners received financial compensation equal to the enslaved person 's commoditized market value . By January 1778 , nearly ten percent of Washington 's effective force consisted of African American troops . Commanders brought free and enslaved servants with them into the encampment , usually African Americans . Washington 's military family included his enslaved manservant William Lee , as well as enslaved cooks Hannah Till and her husband Isaac . William Lee had married Margaret Thomas , a free woman with black and white ancestry who worked as a laundress at Washington 's Headquarters . Hannah 's owner Reverend John Mason lent her out to Washington , but Hannah secured an arrangement whereby she eventually bought her freedom in June 1780 . Although Isaac secured a similar arrangement , he disappears from the historical record after a few years , and it 's not known if he obtained his freedom . By Spring 1778 , Wappinger warriors , a delegation of the Oneida and Tuscarora , and Colonel Joseph Louis Cook of the St. Regis Mohawk had all joined the troops at Valley Forge . Most served as scouts against British raiding parties in the area , and in May 1778 , they fought under Lafayette at the Battle of Barren Hill . In oral histories , however , a prominent Oneida woman named Polly Cooper also brought `` hundreds of bushels of white corn '' to hungry troops , teaching them how to process it for safe consumption . During the American Revolution , most Native American nations sided with the British , partly due to fears that American Patriots would expand westward if they won independence . Yet some Native Americans did support the Patriots `` due to personal ties , shared religious beliefs , '' or past mistreatment by the British. ( 2 ) When the Oneida and Tuscarora allied themselves with the American Patriots , the civil war between British and American colonials spilled over into a civil war between the Six Nations of the Haudenosaunee or Iroquois Confederacy . Organizational challenges ( edit ) Among the challenges befalling the Continental Army during the Valley Forge winter included poor organization . Two years of revolutionary war , shuffling leadership , and uneven recruitment resulted in irregular unit organization and strength . During the Valley Forge encampment , the army was reorganized into five divisions under Major Generals Charles Lee , Marquis de Lafayette , Johan de Kalb , and William Alexander `` Lord Stirling , '' with Brigadier General Anthony Wayne serving in place of Mifflin . Thanks to the widespread reorganization , unit strength and the terms of service became more standardized , improving the Continental army 's efficiency . Although Washington enjoyed support among enlisted soldiers , commissioned officers and congressional officials were not as enthusiastic . During the Valley Forge winter , Washington 's detractors attacked his leadership ability in both private correspondence and in popular publications . One anonymous letter in January 1778 disparaged Washington . It read , `` The proper methods of attacking , beating , and conquering the Enemy has never as yet been adapted by the Commander in ( Chief ) . '' While historians disagree as to the seriousness of the threat to Washington 's leadership during the Valley Forge winter , the most organized of these threats ( albeit loosely - organized ) was the so - called Conway Cabal . The Conway Cabal involved an attempt by a handful of military officers and American politicians to replace Washington with Major General Horatio Gates as the head of the Continental army . The movement was nominally led by Thomas Conway , a foreign Continental army general and critic of Washington 's leadership . If the cabal ever posed any real threat to Washington 's leadership , a series of leaks and embarrassing exposures in the fall and winter of 1777 and 1778 dissolved the threat . Thanks to the demise of the so - called Conway Cabal , following the Valley Forge encampment George Washington 's reputation in the American war effort improved . Training ( edit ) An Edwin Austin Abbey painting of Baron Steuben drilling American troops at Valley Forge in 1778 Increasing military efficiency , morale , and discipline improved the army 's well - being with better supply of food and arms . The Continental Army had been hindered in battle because units administered training from a variety of field manuals , making coordinated battle movements awkward and difficult . They struggled with basic formations and lacked uniformity , thanks to multiple drilling techniques taught in various ways by different officers . The task of developing and carrying out an effective training program fell to Baron Friedrich de Steuben , a Prussian drill master who had recently arrived from Europe . He drilled the soldiers , improving their battle and formation techniques . Under Steuben 's leadership , the Continentals practiced volley fire , improved maneuverability , standardized their march paces , exercised skirmishing operations , and drilled bayonet proficiency . These new efforts to train and discipline the army also improved morale among the soldiers more generally . French alliance ( edit ) Initially , France remained reluctant to directly involve themselves in the war against Great Britain . In part , they worried that revolutionary fervor might spread into their own empire ( it did by 1789 ) , but they also did not think the American colonists could win . However , the October 1777 surrender of British General John Burgoyne 's army at Saratoga , New York `` won for Americans the assistance they needed from other foreign powers . '' France and the United States subsequently signed a treaty on 6 February 1778 , creating a military alliance between the two countries . In response , Great Britain declared war on France five weeks later , on March 17 . On May 6 , having already received word of the French Alliance , Washington ordered the Continental Army to perform a Grand Feu de Joie , a formal ceremony consisting of a rapid and sequential firing of guns down the ranks . Continental officer George Ewing wrote that the troops then shouted , `` three cheers and Long live the King of France after this ... three cheers and shout of God Save the friendly Powers of Europe ... and cheers and a shout of God Save the American States . '' Each soldier received an extra gill of rum ( about four ounces ) to enjoy that day , and after the troop 's dismissal , Washington and other officers drank many patriotic toasts and concluded the day `` with harmless Mirth and jollity . '' They had cause for celebration . As empires , both France and Great Britain had territory around the world that required protection . Sir Henry Clinton replaced General Sir William Howe as British Commander - in - Chief of Land Forces in North America , and had to divert troops from Philadelphia to the Crown 's valuable West Indies possessions . The British also feared a French naval blockade of Philadelphia , so in June , Clinton abandoned it for New York City -- a loyalist stronghold . On June 18 , Washington and his troops marched after them , with the remainders vacating Valley Forge one day later -- exactly six months after the Continental Army had arrived . Battle of Monmouth ( edit ) Following the formal declaration of the Franco - American alliance , the British decided to abandon Pennsylvania , fearing they could not continue to occupy to both Philadelphia and New York City . On June 18 , 1778 , the British army completed its evacuation of Philadelphia , and began the long overland march through New Jersey towards New York City . The next day , the Continental Army marched out of Valley Forge in pursuit of their enemy . As they marched through south and central New Jersey , the British destroyed property and confiscated supplies and food , inspiring growing enmity among the area 's civilians . Meanwhile , small - scale cooperative operations between the Continentals and New Jersey militia constantly harassed and exhausted the British forces . The armies met on the morning of June 28 , beginning the Battle of Monmouth . Continental soldiers under the command of General Charles Lee engaged the British , in approximately five hours of continuous fighting in a ferocious heat . That night , British commander Sir Henry Clinton moved his army out of Freehold and resumed their march to Manhattan . Both sides claimed elements of victory . The British army completed its march to New York City , while the Continental Army had forced a battle and performed admirably overall . The standardized training instilled in veterans and new recruits at Valley Forge improved their performance on the battlefield . Myth & memory ( edit ) Valley Forge long occupied a prominent place in American storytelling and memory . The image of Valley Forge as a site of terrible suffering and unshakeable perseverance emerged years after the encampment ended . One of the most enduring myths about the Valley Forge encampment concerned the weather . Valley Forge has long been portrayed in stories and pictures as blanketed in snow or coated in ice . In such stories , exposure and frostbite supposedly claimed the lives of many soldiers . While amputations did occur , no corroborating sources claim that death occurred from the freezing temperatures alone . Rather , at Valley Forge snowfall was infrequent , above - freezing temperatures were regular , and ice was uncommon . Stories of harsh winter largely originate from the 1779 - 1780 winter encampment at Jockey Hollow , near Morristown , New Jersey . The winter of 1779 - 1780 was reportedly one of the worst of the century , and its stories and images have seeped into the American consciousness about Valley Forge . One of the most popular Valley Forge legends is that of Washington kneeling in the snow praying for his army 's salvation . The image has been popularized in paintings , in newspapers , and at one point President Ronald Reagan even repeated it . Yet no contemporary evidence exists suggesting such a prayer ever occurred . The story first appeared in an 1804 article by Mason Locke Weems , an itinerant minister , popular folklorist , and Washington biographer . In Weems 's story , a neutral Quaker named Isaac Potts discovered Washington at prayer , relayed the story to his wife , and then declares his support for the American cause . However , Isaac Potts did not live near Valley Forge during the encampment period , and did not wed his wife until 1803 . Despite these dubious origins , many have repeated the story over the years . Valley Forge Historical Maps ( edit ) Map of the Valley Forge winter encampment , 1777 , published in John Lossing Benson 's 1860 The Pictorial Field - book of the Revolution The encampment at Valley Forge in 1778 ( 1830 engraving by G. Boynton ) See also ( edit ) American Revolutionary War portal Philadelphia portal Bodo Otto ( Senior Surgeon of the Continental Army ) Upper Merion Township , Montgomery County , Pennsylvania USS Valley Forge Valley Forge Pilgrimage Sesquicentennial issues of 1926 -- 1932 ( a series of 150th anniversary commemorative stamps for Valley Forge and battles of the American Revolution ) Valley Forge Military Academy and College Bibliography ( edit ) Further information : Bibliography of George Washington Bobrick , Benson ( 1997 ) . Angle in the Whirlwind . Simon & Schuster , New York . ISBN 9781451628555 . Bodle , Wayne K. ( 2002 ) . The Valley Forge Winter : Civilians and Soldiers in War . Pennsylvania State University Press . ISBN 9780271022307 . Burk , William Herbert ( 1912 ) . Historical and Topographical Guide to Valley Forge . John C. Winston Company . Cox , Caroline ( 2004 ) . A Proper Sense of Honor -- Service and Sacrifice in George Washington 's Army . University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 9780807828847 . Ellis , Joseph J. ( 2007 ) . American Creation -- Triumphs and Tragedies at the Founding of the Republic . Alfred A. Knoph , New York . ISBN 9780307276452 . Lengel , Edward G. ( 2005 ) . General George Washington : A Military Life . Random House Publishing Group , . ISBN 9781588364807 . Loane , Nancy K. ( 2009 ) . Following the Drum : Women at the Valley Forge Encampment . Potomac Book . ISBN 9781597973854 . Jackson , John W. ( 1992 ) . Valley Forge : pinnacle of courage . Thomas Publications . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Program , National Park Service Museum Management ; Joan , Bacharach , ; Bassim , Khaled ; Joni , Rowe , ( 2002 - 08 - 19 ) . `` ' American Revolutionary War : Valley Forge National Historical Park Museum Collections '' . www.nps.gov . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Martin , James Kirby ; Lender , Mark Edward ( 2015 - 06 - 02 ) . A Respectable Army : The Military Origins of the Republic , 1763 - 1789 . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 9781118923887 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline of the American Revolution 1763 - 1783 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Valley Forge National Historical Park , General Management Plan : Environmental Impact Statement. 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Valley Forge Industry , '' Valley Forge Briefs , no . 21 . Jump up ^ Ann F. Rhoads , Douglas Ryan and Ella W. Aderman , Land use Study of Valley Forge National Historical Park ( Philadelphia : Morris Arboretum of the University of Pennsylvania , 1989 ) , 63 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter Six : Historical Accuracy vs Good Taste : Valley Forge on the old 1920s and 1930s - Valley Forge National Historical Park ( U.S. National Park Service ) '' . www.nps.gov . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Battle of Valley Forge - Journal of the American Revolution '' . Journal of the American Revolution . 2018 - 01 - 22 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The British Campaign for Philadelphia and the Occupation of Valley Forge in 1777 '' ( PDF ) . `` Valley Forge National Historical Park , '' National Park Service . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Washington 's Generals and the Decision to Quarter at Valley Forge - The Washington Papers '' . The Washington Papers . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Valley Forge '' . George Washington 's Mount Vernon . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Founders Online : General Orders , 20 December 1777 '' . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Bodle , Wayne ; Thibaut , Jacqueline ( 1980 ) . Valley Force Historical Research Project : Volume III : In the True Rustic Order : Material Aspects of the Valley Forge Encampment , 1777 - 1778 . Clemson University Libraries . Jump up ^ Historical Research Valley Forge State Park ( West Chester , PA : National Heritage Corporation , 1974 ) , 7 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Founders Online : From George Washington to Brigadier General Casimir Pulaski , 3 ... '' . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Founders Online : General Orders , 18 December 1777 '' . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Founders Online : General Orders , 18 December 1777 '' . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Jr , John B. Trussell ( 2007 ) . Epic on the Schuylkill : The Valley Forge Encampment . DIANE Publishing Inc. p. 7 . ISBN 9781422314951 . Jump up ^ Lafayette , Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert Du Motier marquis de ( 1837 ) . Memoirs , Correspondence and Manuscripts of General Lafayette . Saunders and Otley . p. 142 . Jump up ^ Bodle , Wayne ( 2010 - 11 - 01 ) . Valley Forge Winter : Civilians and Soldiers in War . Penn State Press . pp. 45 -- 7 . ISBN 0271045469 . Jump up ^ Lengel , Edward G. ( 2007 ) . General George Washington : A Military Life . Random House Trade Paperbacks . p. 272 . ISBN 9780812969504 . Jump up ^ Jr. , John B. Trussell ( 2007 ) . Epic on the Schuylkill : The Valley Forge Encampment . DIANE Publishing Inc. p. 10 . ISBN 9781422314951 . Jump up ^ Weedon , George ( 1902 ) . Valley Forge Orderly Book of General George Weedon of the Continental Army Under Command of Genl . George Washington : In the Campaign of 1777 - 8 , Describing the Events of the Battles of Brandywine , Warren Tavern , Germantown , and Whitemarsh , and of the Camps at Neshaminy , Wilmington , Pennypacker 's Mills , Skippack , Whitemarsh , & Valley Forge . Dodd , Mead . p. 291 . Jump up ^ Jr , John B. Trussell ( 2007 ) . Epic on the Schuylkill : The Valley Forge Encampment . DIANE Publishing Inc. p. 8 . ISBN 9781422314951 . Jump up ^ Martin , Joseph Plumb ( 2012 - 03 - 13 ) . Memoir of a Revolutionary Soldier : The Narrative of Joseph Plumb Martin . Courier Corporation . p. 58 . ISBN 9780486131238 . Jump up ^ `` Founders Online : From George Washington to Henry Laurens , 23 December 1777 '' . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Christopher Marshall , in `` 200 Years Ago Today at Valley Forge : Diary of Christopher Marshall '' ( in the possession of Valley Forge National Historical Park ) , January 7 , 1778 . Jump up ^ Jr , John B. Trussell ( 2007 ) . Epic on the Schuylkill : The Valley Forge Encampment . DIANE Publishing Inc. p. 13 . ISBN 9781422314951 . Jump up ^ Lafayette , Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert Du Motier marquis de ( 1837 ) . Memoirs , Correspondence and Manuscripts of General Lafayette . Saunders and Otley . p. 35 . Jump up ^ Bodle , Wayne ( 2010 - 11 - 01 ) . Valley Forge Winter : Civilians and Soldiers in War . Penn State Press . p. 143 . ISBN 0271045469 . Jump up ^ Bodle , Wayne ( 2010 - 11 - 01 ) . Valley Forge Winter : Civilians and Soldiers in War . Penn State Press . p. 13 . ISBN 0271045469 . Jump up ^ Jr , John B. Trussell ( 2007 ) . Epic on the Schuylkill : The Valley Forge Encampment . DIANE Publishing Inc. p. 12 . ISBN 9781422314951 . Jump up ^ Weedon , George ( 1902 ) . Valley Forge Orderly Book of General George Weedon of the Continental Army Under Command of Genl . George Washington : In the Campaign of 1777 - 8 , Describing the Events of the Battles of Brandywine , Warren Tavern , Germantown , and Whitemarsh , and of the Camps at Neshaminy , Wilmington , Pennypacker 's Mills , Skippack , Whitemarsh , & Valley Forge . Dodd , Mead . p. 254 . Jump up ^ Weedon , George ( 1902 ) . Valley Forge Orderly Book of General George Weedon of the Continental Army Under Command of Genl . George Washington : In the Campaign of 1777 - 8 , Describing the Events of the Battles of Brandywine , Warren Tavern , Germantown , and Whitemarsh , and of the Camps at Neshaminy , Wilmington , Pennypacker 's Mills , Skippack , Whitemarsh , & Valley Forge . Dodd , Mead . Check date values in : year = / date = mismatch ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Founders Online : General Orders , 27 May 1778 '' . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Fenn , Elizabeth A. ( 2002 - 10 - 02 ) . Pox Americana : The Great Smallpox Epidemic of 1775 - 82 . Farrar , Straus and Giroux . p. 98 . ISBN 9781466808041 . Jump up ^ Fenn , Elizabeth A. ( 2002 - 10 - 02 ) . Pox Americana : The Great Smallpox Epidemic of 1775 - 82 . Farrar , Straus and Giroux . p. 21 . ISBN 9781466808041 . Jump up ^ Fenn , Elizabeth A. ( 2002 - 10 - 02 ) . Pox Americana : The Great Smallpox Epidemic of 1775 - 82 . Farrar , Straus and Giroux . p. 102 . ISBN 9781466808041 . Jump up ^ `` Founders Online : General Orders , 4 August 1777 '' . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy K. Loane , Following the Drum : Women at the Valley Forge Encampment ( Dulles , VA : Potomac Books , 2009 ) , 13 . Jump up ^ `` A Common American Soldier '' . www.history.org . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Nancy K. Loane , Following the Drum , 106 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` The Women Present at Valley Forge - Valley Forge National Historical Park ( U.S. National Park Service ) '' . www.nps.gov . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Polly Cooper : Oneida Heroine '' . Oneida Indian Nation . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Divisions '' . valleyforgemusterroll.org . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Muster Roll '' . valleyforgemusterroll.org . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Bodle , Wayne ( 2010 - 11 - 01 ) . Valley Forge Winter : Civilians and Soldiers in War . Penn State Press . p. 239 . ISBN 0271045469 . Jump up ^ `` Founders Online : To George Washington from Henry Laurens , 27 January 1778 '' . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Conway Cabal '' . George Washington 's Mount Vernon . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Lender , Mark Edward ; Stone , Garry Wheeler ( 2016 - 04 - 18 ) . Fatal Sunday : George Washington , the Monmouth Campaign , and the Politics of Battle . University of Oklahoma Press . p. 64 . ISBN 9780806155135 . Jump up ^ Lender , Mark Edward ; Stone , Garry Wheeler ( 2016 - 04 - 18 ) . Fatal Sunday : George Washington , the Monmouth Campaign , and the Politics of Battle . University of Oklahoma Press . p. 66 . ISBN 9780806155135 . Jump up ^ Wayne Bodle , The Valley Forge Winter : Soldiers and Civilians in War ( University Park : The Pennsylvania State University Press , 2002 ) , 202 . Jump up ^ Edmund S. Morgan , The Birth of the Republic , 1763 - 89 , Fourth Edition ( Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 2012 ) , 82 . ^ Jump up to : George Ewing , `` The Military Journal of George Ewing : A Soldier of Valley Forge -- Pages 41 - 54 , '' Ewing Family History , last modified September 16 , 2006 , http://www.sandcastles.net/journal4.htm . Jump up ^ Mark Edward Lender and Garry Wheeler Stone , Fatal Sunday : George Washington , the Monmouth Campaign , and the Politics of Battle ( Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 2016 ) , 146 . Jump up ^ Mark Edward Lender and Garry Wheeler Stone , Fatal Sunday : George Washington , the Monmouth Campaign , and the Politics of Battle ( Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 2016 ) , 169 - 70 . Jump up ^ Frazza , Al . `` Revolutionary War Sites in Manalapan , New Jersey '' . Revolutionary War New Jersey . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gary Wills , Cincinnatus : George Washington and the Enlightenment ( Garden City , NY : Doubleday and Company , Inc. , 1984 ) , 50 . Jump up ^ Edward Lengel , Inventing George Washington : America 's Founder , in Myth and Memory ( New York : HarperCollins , 2011 ) , 82 - 84 . Further Reading ( edit ) Bill , 1952 , Valley Forge : The Making of an Army Boyle , 2000 , Writings from the Valley Forge encampment of the Continental Army , December 19 , 1777 - June 19 , 1778 , Volume 1 Buchanan , 2004 , The Road to Valley Forge : How Washington Built the Army that Won the Revolution Ellis , 2005 , His Excellency : George Washington Fleming , Thomas . Washington 's Secret War : The Hidden History of Valley Forge. 2005 . ISBN 0060829621 . Garland , 2006 , Valley Forge Gingrich ; Forstchen ; Hanser ,. 2010 Valley Forge : George Washington and the Crucible of Victory Jackson , 1992 , Valley Forge : Pinnacle of courage Lockhart , 2008 , The Drillmaster of Valley Forge : The Baron de Steuben and the Making of the American Army Swigart , 2002 , Valley Forge Taylor , 1910 , Valley Forge : A Chronicle of American Heroism - eBook Wildes , 1938 , Valley Forge External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Valley Forge . Find more aboutValley Forgeat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Valley Forge at UShistory.org Pictures of Valley Forge National Historical Park Valley Forge : A Winter Encampment ( video ) Coordinates : 40 ° 05 ′ 49 '' N 75 ° 26 ′ 21 '' W / 40.096944 ° N 75.439167 ° W / 40.096944 ; - 75.439167 George Washington 1st President of the United States , 1789 -- 1797 Senior Officer of the Army , 1798 -- 1799 Commander - in - Chief of the Continental Army , 1775 -- 1783 Second Continental Congress , 1775 First Continental Congress , 1774 Military career Revolutionary War Military career French and Indian War Jumonville Glen Battle of Fort Necessity Forbes Expedition Washington and the American Revolution Commander - in - chief , Continental Army Aides - de-camp Washington 's headquarters Boston campaign Siege of Boston New York and New Jersey campaign Delaware River crossing Battle of Trenton Philadelphia campaign Battle of Brandywine Battle of Germantown Battle of White Marsh Valley Forge Battle of Monmouth Battles of Saratoga Sullivan Expedition Yorktown campaign Siege of Yorktown Culper spy ring Newburgh Conspiracy Newburgh letter Resignation as commander - in - chief Badge of Military Merit Purple Heart Washington Before Boston Medal Horses : Nelson and Blueskin Other U.S. founding events 1769 Virginia Association Continental Association 1774 Fairfax Resolves Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture 1785 Mount Vernon Conference Chairman , 1787 Constitutional Convention Presidency United States presidential election , 1788 -- 89 1792 First inauguration inaugural bible Second inauguration Title of `` Mr. President '' Cabinet of the United States Secretary of State Attorney General Secretary of the Treasury Secretary of War Judiciary Act of 1789 Nonintercourse Act Whiskey Rebellion Militia Acts of 1792 Coinage Act of 1792 United States Mint Proclamation of Neutrality Neutrality Act of 1794 Jay Treaty Pinckney 's Treaty Slave Trade Act of 1794 Residence Act Thanksgiving Proclamation Farewell Address State of the Union Address 1790 1791 1792 1793 1796 Cabinet Federal judicial appointments Views and public image Presidential library The Washington Papers Religious views Washington and slavery Town Destroyer Legacy Life and homes Early life Birthplace Ferry Farm boyhood home Mount Vernon Gristmill Woodlawn Plantation Samuel Osgood House , First Presidential Mansion Alexander Macomb House , Second Presidential Mansion President 's House , Philadelphia Germantown White House Custis estate Potomac Company James River and Kanawha Canal Mountain Road Lottery Congressional Gold Medal Thanks of Congress President - General of the Society of the Cincinnati Washington College Washington and Lee University Electoral history of George Washington Memorials and depictions Washington , D.C. 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"Valley Forge functioned as the third of eight military encampments for the Continental Army’s main body, commanded by General George Washington. In September 1777, British forces had captured the American capital of Philadelphia. After failing to retake the city, Washington led his 12,000-person army into winter quarters at Valley Forge, located approximately 18 miles (29 km) northwest of Philadelphia.[1][2] They remained there for six months, from December 19, 1777 to June 19, 1778.[3] At Valley Forge, the Continentals struggled to manage a disastrous supply crisis while retraining and reorganizing their units. About 1,700 to 2,000 soldiers died due to disease, possibly exacerbated by malnutrition."
] | [
"December 19, 1777 to June 19, 1778"
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-361813152215848750 | Whiskey Rebellion | Whiskey Rebellion - Wikipedia Whiskey Rebellion Jump to : navigation , search Whiskey Rebellion George Washington reviews the troops near Fort Cumberland , Maryland , before their march to suppress the Whiskey Rebellion in western Pennsylvania . Date 1791 -- 1794 Location primarily Western Pennsylvania Result Government victory Armed resistance eliminated Minor tax evasion Belligerents Frontier tax protesters United States Commanders and leaders Unknown , possibly none George Washington Casualties and losses 3 -- 4 killed 170 captured None killed in action ; About 12 died from illness or in accidents 2 civilians `` accidentally '' killed by government troops Whiskey Rebellion Johnson Incident Battle of Bower Hill Pittsburgh Expedition Western Pennsylvania Expedition Hagerstown Riot The Whiskey Rebellion ( also known as the Whiskey Insurrection ) was a tax protest in the United States beginning in 1791 during the presidency of George Washington . The so - called `` whiskey tax '' was the first tax imposed on a domestic product by the newly formed federal government . It became law in 1791 , and was intended to generate revenue for the war debt incurred during the Revolutionary War . The tax applied to all distilled spirits , but American whiskey was by far the country 's most popular distilled beverage in the 18th century , so the excise became widely known as a `` whiskey tax '' . Farmers of the western frontier were accustomed to distilling their surplus rye , barley , wheat , corn , or fermented grain mixtures into whiskey . These farmers resisted the tax . In these regions , whiskey often served as a medium of exchange . Many of the resisters were war veterans who believed that they were fighting for the principles of the American Revolution , in particular against taxation without local representation , while the federal government maintained that the taxes were the legal expression of Congressional taxation powers . Throughout Western Pennsylvania counties , protesters used violence and intimidation to prevent federal officials from collecting the tax . Resistance came to a climax in July 1794 , when a U.S. marshal arrived in western Pennsylvania to serve writs to distillers who had not paid the excise . The alarm was raised , and more than 500 armed men attacked the fortified home of tax inspector General John Neville . Washington responded by sending peace commissioners to western Pennsylvania to negotiate with the rebels , while at the same time calling on governors to send a militia force to enforce the tax . Washington himself rode at the head of an army to suppress the insurgency , with 13,000 militiamen provided by the governors of Virginia , Maryland , New Jersey , and Pennsylvania . The rebels all went home before the arrival of the army , and there was no confrontation . About 20 men were arrested , but all were later acquitted or pardoned . Most distillers in nearby Kentucky were found to be all but impossible to tax -- in the next six years , over 175 distillers from Kentucky were convicted of violating the tax law . Numerous examples of resistance are recorded in court documents and newspaper accounts . The Whiskey Rebellion demonstrated that the new national government had the will and ability to suppress violent resistance to its laws , though the whiskey excise remained difficult to collect . The events contributed to the formation of political parties in the United States , a process already underway . The whiskey tax was repealed in the early 1800s during the Jefferson administration . Contents ( hide ) 1 Whiskey tax 2 Western grievances 3 Resistance 4 Insurrection 4.1 Battle of Bower Hill 4.2 March on Pittsburgh 4.3 Meeting at Whiskey Point 4.4 Federal response 4.4. 1 Negotiations 4.4. 2 Militia expedition 4.5 Aftermath 5 Legacy 5.1 In popular culture 6 Research materials 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Bibliography 10 Further reading 11 External links Whiskey tax Alexander Hamilton in a 1792 portrait by John Trumbull A new U.S. federal government began operating in 1789 , following the ratification of the United States Constitution . The previous central government under the Articles of Confederation had been unable to levy taxes ; it had borrowed money to meet expenses and fund the Revolution , accumulating $54 million in debt . The state governments had amassed an additional $25 million in debt . Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton sought to use this debt to create a financial system that would promote American prosperity and national unity . In his Report on Public Credit , he urged Congress to consolidate the state and national debts into a single debt that would be funded by the federal government . Congress approved these measures in June and July 1790 . A source of government revenue was needed to pay the respectable amount due to the previous bondholders to whom the debt was owed . By December 1790 , Hamilton believed that import duties , which were the government 's primary source of revenue , had been raised as high as feasible . He therefore promoted passage of an excise tax on domestically produced distilled spirits . This was to be the first tax levied by the national government on a domestic product . Whiskey was by far the most popular distilled beverage in late 18th - century America , so the excise became known as the `` whiskey tax . '' Taxes were politically unpopular , and Hamilton believed that the whiskey excise was a luxury tax and would be the least objectionable tax that the government could levy . In this , he had the support of some social reformers , who hoped that a `` sin tax '' would raise public awareness about the harmful effects of alcohol . The whiskey excise act , sometimes known as the `` Whiskey Act '' , became law in March 1791 . George Washington defined the revenue districts , appointed the revenue supervisors and inspectors , and set their pay in November 1791 . Western grievances The population of Western Pennsylvania was 17,000 in 1790 . Among the farmers in the region , the whiskey excise was immediately controversial , with many people on the frontier arguing that it unfairly targeted westerners . Whiskey was a popular drink , and farmers often supplemented their incomes by operating small stills . Farmers living west of the Appalachian Mountains distilled their excess grain into whiskey , which was easier and more profitable to transport over the mountains than the more cumbersome grain . A whiskey tax would make western farmers less competitive with eastern grain producers . Additionally , cash was always in short supply on the frontier , so whiskey often served as a medium of exchange . For poorer people who were paid in whiskey , the excise was essentially an income tax that wealthier easterners did not pay . Small - scale farmers also protested that Hamilton 's excise effectively gave unfair tax breaks to large distillers , most of whom were based in the east . There were two methods of paying the whiskey excise : paying a flat fee or paying by the gallon . Large distillers produced whiskey in volume and could afford the flat fee . The more efficient they became , the less tax per gallon they would pay ( as low as 6 cents , according to Hamilton ) . Western farmers who owned small stills did not usually operate them year - round at full capacity , so they ended up paying a higher tax per gallon ( 9 cents ) , which made them less competitive . The regressive nature of the tax was further compounded by an additional factor : whiskey sold for considerably less on the cash - poor Western frontier than in the wealthier and more populous East . This meant that , even if all distillers had been required to pay the same amount of tax per gallon , the small - scale frontier distillers would still have to remit a considerably larger proportion of their product 's value than larger Eastern distillers . Small - scale distillers believed that Hamilton deliberately designed the tax to ruin them and promote big business , a view endorsed by some historians . However , historian Thomas Slaughter argued that a `` conspiracy of this sort is difficult to document '' . Whether by design or not , large distillers recognized the advantage that the excise gave them and they supported it . Other aspects of the excise law also caused concern . The law required all stills to be registered , and those cited for failure to pay the tax had to appear in distant Federal , rather than local courts . The only Federal courthouse was in Philadelphia , some 300 miles away from the small frontier settlement of Pittsburgh . From the beginning , the Federal government had little success in collecting the whiskey tax along the frontier . Many small western distillers simply refused to pay the tax . Federal revenue officers and local residents who assisted them bore the brunt of the protester 's ire . Tax rebels harassed several whiskey tax collectors and threatened or beat those who offered them office space or housing . As a result , many western counties never had a resident Federal tax official . In addition to the whiskey tax , westerners had a number of other grievances with the national government , chief among which was the perception that the government was not adequately protecting the residents living in western frontier . The Northwest Indian War was going badly for the United States , with major losses in 1791 . Furthermore , westerners were prohibited by Spain ( which then owned Louisiana ) from using the Mississippi River for commercial navigation . Until these issues were addressed , westerners felt that the government was ignoring their security and economic welfare . Adding the whiskey excise to these existing grievances only increased tensions on the frontier . Resistance Many residents of the western frontier petitioned against passage of the whiskey excise . When that failed , some western Pennsylvanians organized extralegal conventions to advocate repeal of the law . Opposition to the tax was particularly prevalent in four southwestern counties : Allegheny , Fayette , Washington , and Westmoreland . A preliminary meeting held on July 27 , 1791 at Redstone Old Fort in Fayette County called for the selection of delegates to a more formal assembly , which convened in Pittsburgh in early September 1791 . The Pittsburgh convention was dominated by moderates such as Hugh Henry Brackenridge , who hoped to prevent the outbreak of violence . The convention sent a petition for redress of grievances to the Pennsylvania Assembly and the U.S House of Representatives , both located in Philadelphia . As a result of this and other petitions , the excise law was modified in May 1792 . Changes included a 1 - cent reduction in the tax that was advocated by William Findley , a congressman from western Pennsylvania , but the new excise law was still unsatisfactory to many westerners . `` Famous Whiskey Insurrection in Pennsylvania '' , an 1880 illustration of a tarred and feathered tax collector being made to ride the rail Appeals to nonviolent resistance were unsuccessful . On September 11 , 1791 , a recently appointed tax collector named Robert Johnson was tarred and feathered by a disguised gang in Washington County . A man sent by officials to serve court warrants to Johnson 's attackers was whipped , tarred , and feathered . Because of these and other violent attacks , the tax went uncollected in 1791 and early 1792 . The attackers modeled their actions on the protests of the American Revolution . Supporters of the excise argued that there was a difference between taxation without representation in colonial America , and a tax laid by the elected representatives of the American people . Older accounts of the Whiskey Rebellion portrayed it as being confined to western Pennsylvania , yet there was opposition to the whiskey tax in the western counties of every other state in Appalachia ( Maryland , Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , and Georgia ) . The whiskey tax went uncollected throughout the frontier state of Kentucky , where no one could be convinced to enforce the law or prosecute evaders . In 1792 , Hamilton advocated military action to suppress violent resistance in western North Carolina , but Attorney General Edmund Randolph argued that there was insufficient evidence to legally justify such a reaction . In August 1792 , a second convention was held in Pittsburgh to discuss resistance to the whiskey tax . This meeting was more radical than the first convention ; moderates such as Brackenridge and Findley were not in attendance . Future Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin was one moderate who did attend , to his later regret . A militant group known as the Mingo Creek Association dominated the convention and issued radical demands . As some of them had done in the American Revolution , they raised liberty poles , formed committees of correspondence , and took control of the local militia . They created an extralegal court and discouraged lawsuits for debt collection and foreclosures . Hamilton regarded the second Pittsburgh convention as a serious threat to the operation of the laws of the federal government . In September 1792 , he sent Pennsylvania tax official George Clymer to western Pennsylvania to investigate . Clymer only increased tensions with a clumsy attempt at traveling in disguise and attempting to intimidate local officials . His somewhat exaggerated report greatly influenced the decisions made by the Washington administration . Washington and Hamilton viewed resistance to federal laws in Pennsylvania as particularly embarrassing , since the national capital was then located in the same state . On his own initiative , Hamilton drafted a presidential proclamation denouncing resistance to the excise laws and submitted it to Attorney General Randolph , who toned down some of the language . Washington signed the proclamation on September 15 , 1792 , and it was published as a broadside and printed in many newspapers . Federal tax inspector for western Pennsylvania General John Neville was determined to enforce the excise law . He was a prominent politician and wealthy planter -- and also a large - scale distiller . He had initially opposed the whiskey tax , but subsequently changed his mind , a reversal that angered some western Pennsylvanians . In August 1792 , Neville rented a room in Pittsburgh for his tax office , but the landlord turned him out after being threatened with violence by the Mingo Creek Association . From this point on , tax collectors were not the only people targeted in Pennsylvania ; those who cooperated with federal tax officials also faced harassment . Anonymous notes and newspaper articles signed by `` Tom the Tinker '' threatened those who complied with the whiskey tax . Those who failed to heed the warnings might have their barns burned or their stills destroyed . Resistance to the excise tax continued through 1793 in the frontier counties of Appalachia . Opposition remained especially strident in western Pennsylvania . In June , Neville was burned in effigy by a crowd of about 100 people in Washington County . On the night of November 22 , 1793 , men broke into the home of tax collector Benjamin Wells in Fayette County . Wells was , like Neville , one of the wealthier men in the region . At gunpoint , the intruders forced him to surrender his commission . President Washington offered a reward for the arrest of the assailants , to no avail . Insurrection In his 1796 book , Congressman William Findley argued that Alexander Hamilton had deliberately provoked the Whiskey Rebellion . The resistance came to a climax in 1794 . In May of that year , federal district attorney William Rawle issued subpoenas for more than 60 distillers in Pennsylvania who had not paid the excise tax . Under the law then in effect , distillers who received these writs would be obligated to travel to Philadelphia to appear in federal court . For farmers on the western frontier , such a journey was expensive , time - consuming , and beyond their means . At the urging of William Findley , Congress modified this law on June 5 , 1794 , allowing excise trials to be held in local state courts . But by that time , U.S. marshal David Lenox had already been sent to serve the writs summoning delinquent distillers to Philadelphia . Attorney General William Bradford later maintained that the writs were meant to compel compliance with the law , and that the government did not actually intend to hold trials in Philadelphia . The timing of these events later proved to be controversial . Findley was a bitter political foe of Hamilton , and he maintained in his book on the insurrection that the treasury secretary had deliberately provoked the uprising by issuing the subpoenas just before the law was made less onerous . In 1963 , historian Jacob Cooke , an editor of Hamilton 's papers , regarded this charge as `` preposterous '' , calling it a `` conspiracy thesis '' that overstated Hamilton 's control of the federal government . In 1986 , historian Thomas Slaughter argued that the outbreak of the insurrection at this moment was due to `` a string of ironic coincidences '' , although `` the question about motives must always remain '' . In 2006 , William Hogeland argued that Hamilton , Bradford , and Rawle intentionally pursued a course of action that would provoke `` the kind of violence that would justify federal military suppression '' . According to Hogeland , Hamilton had been working towards this moment since the Newburgh Crisis in 1783 , where he conceived of using military force to crush popular resistance to direct taxation for the purpose of promoting national unity and enriching the creditor class at the expense of common taxpayers . Historian S.E. Morison believed that Hamilton , in general , wished to enforce the excise law `` more as a measure of social discipline than as a source of revenue '' . Battle of Bower Hill Federal Marshal Lenox delivered most of the writs without incident . On July 15 , he was joined on his rounds by General Neville , who had offered to act as his guide in Allegheny County . That evening , warning shots were fired at the men at the Miller farm , about 10 mi ( 16 km ) south of Pittsburgh . Neville returned home while Lenox retreated to Pittsburgh . On July 16 , at least 30 Mingo Creek militiamen surrounded Neville 's fortified home of Bower Hill . They demanded the surrender of the federal marshal , whom they believed to be inside . Neville responded by firing a gunshot that mortally wounded Oliver Miller , one of the `` rebels '' . The rebels opened fire but were unable to dislodge Neville , who had his slaves ' help to defend the house . The rebels retreated to nearby Couch 's Fort to gather reinforcements . The next day , the rebels returned to Bower Hill . Their force had swelled to nearly 600 men , now commanded by Major James McFarlane , a veteran of the Revolutionary War . Neville had also received reinforcements : 10 U.S. Army soldiers from Pittsburgh under the command of Major Abraham Kirkpatrick , Neville 's brother - in - law . Before the rebel force arrived , Kirkpatrick had Neville leave the house and hide in a nearby ravine . David Lenox and General Neville 's son Presley Neville also returned to the area , though they could not get into the house and were captured by the rebels . Following some fruitless negotiations , the women and children were allowed to leave the house , and then both sides began firing . After about an hour , McFarlane called a ceasefire ; according to some , a white flag had been waved in the house . As McFarlane stepped into the open , a shot rang out from the house , and he fell mortally wounded . The enraged rebels then set fire to the house , including the slave quarters , and Kirkpatrick surrendered . The number of casualties at Bower Hill is unclear ; McFarlane and one or two other militiamen were killed ; one U.S. soldier may have died from wounds received in the fight . The rebels sent the U.S. soldiers away . Kirkpatrick , Lenox , and Presley Neville were kept as prisoners , but they later escaped . March on Pittsburgh Portrait of Hugh Henry Brackenridge , a western opponent of the whiskey tax who tried to prevent violent resistance McFarlane was given a hero 's funeral on July 18 . His `` murder '' , as the rebels saw it , further radicalized the countryside . Moderates such as Brackenridge were hard - pressed to restrain the populace . Radical leaders emerged , such as David Bradford , urging violent resistance . On July 26 , a group headed by Bradford robbed the U.S. mail as it left Pittsburgh , hoping to discover who in that town opposed them and finding several letters that condemned the rebels . Bradford and his band called for a military assembly to meet at Braddock 's Field , about 8 mi ( 13 km ) east of Pittsburgh . On August 1 , about 7,000 people gathered at Braddock 's Field . The crowd consisted primarily of poor people who owned no land , and most did not own whiskey stills . The furor over the whiskey excise had unleashed anger about other economic grievances . By this time , the victims of violence were often wealthy property owners who had no connection to the whiskey tax . Some of the most radical protesters wanted to march on Pittsburgh , which they called `` Sodom '' , loot the homes of the wealthy , and then burn the town to the ground . Others wanted to attack Fort Fayette . There was praise for the French Revolution and calls for bringing the guillotine to America . David Bradford , it was said , was comparing himself to Robespierre , a leader of the French Reign of Terror . At Braddock 's Field , there was talk of declaring independence from the United States and of joining with Spain or Great Britain . Radicals flew a specially designed flag that proclaimed their independence . The flag had six stripes , one for each county represented at the gathering : the Pennsylvania counties of Allegheny , Bedford , Fayette , Washington , and Westmoreland , and Virginia 's Ohio County . Pittsburgh citizens helped to defuse the threat by banishing three men whose intercepted letters had given offense to the rebels , and by sending a delegation to Braddock 's Field that expressed support for the gathering . Brackenridge prevailed upon the crowd to limit the protest to a defiant march through the town . In Pittsburgh , Major Kirkpatrick 's barns were burned , but nothing else . Meeting at Whiskey Point Whiskey Point Pennsylvania Historical Marker signification Location Main Street between First Street & Park Avenue Monongahela 40 ° 12 ′ 01 '' N 79 ° 55 ′ 21 '' W / 40.2002 ° N 79.9226 ° W / 40.2002 ; - 79.9226 PA marker dedicated May 26 , 1949 A convention was held on August 14 of 226 whiskey rebels from the six counties , held at Parkison 's Ferry ( now known as Whiskey Point ) in present - day Monongahela . The convention considered resolutions which were drafted by Brackenridge , Gallatin , David Bradford , and an eccentric preacher named Herman Husband , a delegate from Bedford County . Husband was a well - known local figure and a radical champion of democracy who had taken part in the Regulator movement in North Carolina 25 years earlier . The Parkison 's Ferry convention also appointed a committee to meet with the peace commissioners who had been sent west by President Washington . There , Gallatin presented an eloquent speech in favor of peace and against proposals from Bradford to further revolt . Federal response President Washington was confronted with what appeared to be an armed insurrection in western Pennsylvania , and he proceeded cautiously while determined to maintain governmental authority . He did not want to alienate public opinion , so he asked his cabinet for written opinions about how to deal with the crisis . The cabinet recommended the use of force , except for Secretary of State Edmund Randolph who urged reconciliation . Washington did both : he sent commissioners to meet with the rebels while raising a militia army . Washington privately doubted that the commissioners could accomplish anything , and believed that a military expedition would be needed to suppress further violence . For this reason , historians have sometimes charged that the peace commission was sent only for the sake of appearances , and that the use of force was never in doubt . Historians Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick argued that the military expedition was `` itself a part of the reconciliation process '' , since a show of overwhelming force would make further violence less likely . Meanwhile , Hamilton began publishing essays under the name of `` Tully '' in Philadelphia newspapers , denouncing mob violence in western Pennsylvania and advocating military action . Democratic - Republican Societies had been formed throughout the country , and Washington and Hamilton believed that they were the source of civic unrest . `` Historians are not yet agreed on the exact role of the societies '' in the Whiskey Rebellion , wrote historian Mark Spencer in 2003 , `` but there was a degree of overlap between society membership and the Whiskey Rebels '' . Before troops could be raised , the Militia Act of 1792 required a justice of the United States Supreme Court to certify that law enforcement was beyond the control of local authorities . On August 4 , 1794 , Justice James Wilson delivered his opinion that western Pennsylvania was in a state of rebellion . On August 7 , Washington issued a presidential proclamation announcing , with `` the deepest regret '' , that the militia would be called out to suppress the rebellion . He commanded insurgents in western Pennsylvania to disperse by September 1 . Negotiations In early August 1794 , Washington dispatched three commissioners to the west , all of them Pennsylvanians : Attorney General William Bradford , Justice Jasper Yeates of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court , and Senator James Ross . Beginning on August 21 , the commissioners met with a committee of westerners that included Brackenridge and Gallatin . The government commissioners told the committee that it must unanimously agree to renounce violence and submit to U.S. laws , and that a popular referendum must be held to determine if the local people supported the decision . Those who agreed to these terms would be given amnesty from further prosecution . The committee was divided between radicals and moderates , and narrowly passed a resolution agreeing to submit to the government 's terms . The popular referendum was held on September 11 and also produced mixed results . Some townships overwhelmingly supported submitting to U.S. law , but opposition to the government remained strong in areas where poor and landless people predominated . The final report of the commissioners recommended the use of the military to enforce the laws . The trend was towards submission , however , and westerners dispatched representatives William Findley and David Redick to meet with Washington and to halt the progress of the oncoming army . Washington and Hamilton declined , arguing that violence was likely to re-emerge if the army turned back . Militia expedition Under the authority of the recently passed federal militia law , the state militias were called up by the governors of New Jersey , Maryland , Virginia , and Pennsylvania . The federalized militia force of 12,950 men was a large army by American standards of the time , comparable to Washington 's armies during the Revolution . Relatively few men volunteered for militia service , so a draft was used to fill out the ranks . Draft evasion was widespread , and conscription efforts resulted in protests and riots , even in eastern areas . Three counties in eastern Virginia were the scenes of armed draft resistance . In Maryland , Governor Thomas Sim Lee sent 800 men to quash an antidraft riot in Hagerstown ; about 150 people were arrested . Photo of Albert Gallatin , who spoke publicly to rebel groups about the need for moderation Liberty poles were raised in various places as the militia was recruited , worrying federal officials . A liberty pole was raised in Carlisle , Pennsylvania on September 11 , 1794 . The federalized militia arrived in that town later that month and rounded up suspected pole - raisers . Two civilians were killed in these operations . On September 29 , an unarmed boy was shot by an officer whose pistol accidentally fired . Two days later , an `` Itinerant Person '' was `` Bayoneted '' to death by a soldier while resisting arrest ( the man had tried to wrest the rifle from the soldier he confronted ; it is possible he had been a member of a 500 - strong Irish work crew nearby who were `` digging , a canal into the Sculkill '' ( sic ) ; at least one of that work gang 's members protested the killing so vigorously that he was `` put under guard '' ) . President Washington ordered the arrest of the two soldiers and had them turned over to civilian authorities . A state judge determined that the deaths had been accidental , and the soldiers were released . In October 1794 , Washington traveled west to review the progress of the military expedition . According to historian Joseph Ellis , this was `` the first and only time a sitting American president led troops in the field '' . Jonathan Forman led the Third Infantry Regiment of New Jersey troops against the Whiskey Rebellion , he wrote about his encounter with Washington : October 3d Marched early in the morning for Harrisburgh , where we arrived about 12 O'clock . About 1 O'Clock recd . information of the Presidents approach on which , I had the regiment paraded , timely for his reception , & considerably to my satisfaction . Being afterwards invited to his quarters he made enquiry into the circumstances of the man ( an incident between an `` Itinerant Person '' and `` an Old Soldier '' mentioned earlier in the journal ( p. 3 ) ) & seemed satisfied with the information . Washington met with the western representatives in Bedford , Pennsylvania on October 9 before going to Fort Cumberland in Maryland to review the southern wing of the army . He was convinced that the federalized militia would meet little resistance , and he placed the army under the command of the Virginia Governor Henry `` Lighthorse Harry '' Lee , a hero of the Revolutionary War . Washington returned to Philadelphia ; Hamilton remained with the army as civilian adviser . Daniel Morgan , a general key to the winning of the American Revolution , was called up to lead a force to suppress the protest . It was at this time ( 1794 ) that Morgan was promoted to Major General . Serving under General `` Light - Horse Harry '' Lee , Morgan led one wing of the militia army into Western Pennsylvania . The massive show of force brought an end to the protests without a shot being fired . After the uprising had been suppressed , Morgan commanded the remnant of the army that remained until 1795 in Pennsylvania , some 1,200 militiamen , one of whom was Meriwether Lewis . Aftermath The insurrection collapsed as the federal army marched west into western Pennsylvania in October 1794 . Some of the most prominent leaders of the insurrection , such as David Bradford , fled westward to safety . It took six months for those who were charged to be tried . Most were acquitted due to mistaken identity , unreliable testimony and lack of witnesses . The only two convicted of treason and sentenced to hang were John Mitchell and Philip Wigle . They were later pardoned by Washington . Immediately before the arrests `` ... as many as 2,000 of ( the rebels ) -- had fled into the mountains , beyond the reach of the militia . It was a great disappointment to Hamilton , who had hoped to bring rebel leaders such as David Bradford to trial in Philadelphia -- and possibly see them hanged for treason . Instead , when the militia at last turned back , out of all the suspects they had seized a mere twenty were selected to serve as examples , They were at worst bit players in the uprising , but they were better than nothing . '' The captured participants and the Federal militia arrived in Philadelphia on Christmas Day . Some artillery was fired and church bells were heard as `` ... a huge throng lined Broad Street to cheer the troops and mock the rebels ... ( Presley ) Neville said he ' could not help feeling sorry for them . The captured rebels were paraded down Broad Street being ' humiliated , bedragged , ( and ) half - starved ... ' '' Other accounts describe the indictment of 24 men for high treason . Most of the accused had eluded capture , so only ten men stood trial for treason in federal court . Of these , only Philip Wigle and John Mitchell were convicted . Wigle had beaten up a tax collector and burned his house ; Mitchell was a simpleton who had been convinced by David Bradford to rob the U.S. mail . Both men were sentenced to death by hanging , but they were pardoned by President Washington . Pennsylvania state courts were more successful in prosecuting lawbreakers , securing numerous convictions for assault and rioting . While violent opposition to the whiskey tax ended , political opposition to the tax continued . Opponents of internal taxes rallied around the candidacy of Thomas Jefferson and helped him defeat President John Adams in the election of 1800 . By 1802 , Congress repealed the distilled spirits excise tax and all other internal Federal taxes . Until the War of 1812 , the Federal government would rely solely on import tariffs for revenue , which quickly grew with the Nation 's expanding foreign trade . Legacy The James Miller House on the Oliver Miller Homestead located in South Park Township , Allegheny County , Pennsylvania . In 1794 , the first fired gunshots of the Whiskey Rebellion occurred on the property when revenue officers served a writ on William Miller . Shots were fired but the officers were not injured . Later , William was pardoned . The Washington administration 's suppression of the Whiskey Rebellion met with widespread popular approval . The episode demonstrated that the new national government had the willingness and ability to suppress violent resistance to its laws . It was , therefore , viewed by the Washington administration as a success , a view that has generally been endorsed by historians . The Washington administration and its supporters usually did not mention , however , that the whiskey excise remained difficult to collect , and that many westerners continued to refuse to pay the tax . The events contributed to the formation of political parties in the United States , a process already underway . The whiskey tax was repealed after Thomas Jefferson 's Republican Party came to power in 1801 , which opposed the Federalist Party of Hamilton and Washington . The Rebellion raised the question of what kinds of protests were permissible under the new Constitution . Legal historian Christian G. Fritz argued that there was not yet a consensus about sovereignty in the United States , even after ratification of the Constitution . Federalists believed that the government was sovereign because it had been established by the people ; radical protest actions were permissible during the American Revolution but were no longer legitimate , in their thinking . But the Whiskey Rebels and their defenders believed that the Revolution had established the people as a `` collective sovereign '' , and the people had the collective right to change or challenge the government through extra-constitutional means . Historian Steven Boyd argued that the suppression of the Whiskey Rebellion prompted anti-Federalist westerners to finally accept the Constitution and to seek change by voting for Republicans rather than resisting the government . Federalists , for their part , came to accept the public 's role in governance and no longer challenged the freedom of assembly and the right to petition . In popular Culture Susanna Rowson Soon after the Whiskey Rebellion , actress - playwright Susanna Rowson wrote a stage musical about the insurrection entitled The Volunteers , with music by composer Alexander Reinagle . The play is now lost , but the songs survive and suggest that Rowson 's interpretation was pro-Federalist . The musical celebrates as American heroes the militiamen who put down the rebellion , the `` volunteers '' of the title . President Washington and Martha Washington attended a performance of the play in Philadelphia in January 1795 . W.C. Fields recorded a comedy track in Les Paul 's studio in 1946 , shortly before his death , entitled `` The Temperance Lecture '' for the album W.C. Fields ... His Only Recording Plus 8 Songs by Mae West . The bit discussed Washington and his role in putting down the Whiskey Rebellion , and Fields wondered aloud whether `` George put down a little of the vile stuff too . '' L. Neil Smith wrote the alternate history novel The Probability Broach in 1980 as part of his North American Confederacy Series . In it , Albert Gallatin joins the rebellion in 1794 to benefit the farmers , rather than the fledgling US Government as he did in reality . This results in the rebellion becoming a Second American Revolution . This eventually leads to George Washington being overthrown and executed for treason , the abrogation of the Constitution , and Gallatin being proclaimed the second president and serving as president until 1812 . David Liss ' 2008 novel The Whiskey Rebels covers many of the circumstances during 1788 - 92 that led to the 1794 Rebellion . The fictional protagonists are cast against an array of historical persons , including Alexander Hamilton , William Duer , Anne Bingham , Hugh Henry Brackenridge , Aaron Burr , and Philip Freneau . In 2011 , the Whiskey Rebellion Festival was started in Washington , Pennsylvania . This annual event is held in July and includes live music , food , and historic reenactments , featuring the `` tar and feathering '' of the tax collector . Other works which include events of the Whiskey Rebellion : The Latimers : A Tale of the Western Insurrection of 1794 by clergyman Henry Christopher McCook ( 1898 ) The Delectable Country by Leland Baldwin ( 1939 ) `` Copper Kettle '' , a song attributed to A.F. Beddoes , and performed on record by Chet Atkins , Joan Baez , Bob Dylan , and Gillian Welch Margery Evendern 's young adult novel Wilderness Boy ( 1955 ) Research materials Much primary source historical material has been preserved and exists in archives . A list of institutions that possess holdings and examples are : The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History papers of Alexander Hamilton regarding the rebellion . National Archives Founders Online a large collection containing correspondence to and from George Washington , Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson regarding the rebellion . Pennsylvania Commonwealth Archives Pennsylvania Archives , Second Series , Vol. IV. , Reprinted under direction of Charles Warren Stone , Pennsylvania Archives , Second Series , Vol. IV . Reprinted under direction of Charles Warren Stone , Pennsylvania Archives , Second Series , Vol. IV. Reprinted under direction of Charles Warren Stone , Secretary of the Commonwealth . Edited by John B. Linn and Wm. H. Egle , M.D. Harrisburg : E.K. Meyers , State Printer , 1890 . Secretary of the Commonwealth . Edited by John B. Linn and Wm. H. Egle , M.D. Harrisburg : E.K. Meyers , State Printer , 1890 . Secretary of the Commonwealth Hundreds of documents that include correspondence to and from William Rawle , William Bingham , and George Turner . University of Pittsburgh , Alexander Addison A federal judge in western Pennsylvania during the Whiskey Rebellion with moderate views . University of Pittsburgh . Jonathan Forman Papers A federal militia soldier 's diary . See also Liquor portal History portal Pittsburgh portal American Whiskey Trail `` Copper Kettle '' , song referencing the Rebellion Fries 's Rebellion Jean Bonnet Tavern List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States Moonshine Shays ' Rebellion Fort Gaddis -- gathering spot in Fayette County , Pennsylvania during Rebellion and site of the raising of a liberty pole Notes Jump up ^ Slaughter , 210 -- 14 , 219 . Jump up ^ Robert W. Coakley , The Role of Federal Military Forces in Domestic Disorders , 1789 -- 1878 ( DIANE Publishing , 1996 ) , 67 . Jump up ^ Rorabaugh , W.J. The Alcoholic Republic : An American Tradition , 1979 . Oxford University Press , 53 . Jump up ^ Howlett , Leon . The Kentucky Bourbon Experience : A Visual Tour of Kentucky 's Bourbon Distilleries , 2012 , 7 . Jump up ^ Chernow , 297 . Jump up ^ Chernow , 327 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Chernow , 341 . Jump up ^ Hogeland , 27 . Jump up ^ Chernow , 342 -- 43 ; Hogeland , 63 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 100 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 105 ; Hogeland , 64 . Jump up ^ American State Papers ( Finance : Volume 1 ) , 110 Jump up ^ `` ExplorePAHistory.com -- Stories from PA History '' . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 97 . Jump up ^ Hogeland , 66 . Jump up ^ Hogeland , 68 . Jump up ^ Hogeland , 67 ; Holt , 30 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 147 -- 49 ; Hogeland , 68 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Hogeland , 68 -- 69 ; Holt , 30 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 148 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 148 ; Hogeland , 69 . ^ Jump up to : Hoover , Michael . `` The Whiskey Rebellion '' . Regulations & Rulings Division , Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau , US Department of the Treasury . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . ( no date ) This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 108 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 110 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 206 . Jump up ^ Hogeland , 23 -- 25 ; Slaughter , 113 . Jump up ^ Hogeland , 24 . Jump up ^ Hogeland , 114 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 113 . Hogeland dates the attack on Johnson to September 7 , the night before the Pittsburgh convention ; Hogeland , 24 . Jump up ^ Hogeland , 103 -- 04 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 114 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 103 . ^ Jump up to : Mary K. Bonsteel Tachau , `` A New Look at the Whiskey Rebellion '' , in Boyd , The Whiskey Rebellion : Past and Present Perspectives , 97 -- 118 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 117 . Jump up ^ Gross , David M. ( 2014 ) . 99 Tactics of Successful Tax Resistance Campaigns . Picket Line Press . pp. 77 -- 78 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4905 - 7274 - 1 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 119 ; Hogeland , 124 . Jump up ^ Hogeland , 122 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Hogeland , 117 -- 19 ; 122 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 125 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 119 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 151 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Hogeland , 97 , 102 . Jump up ^ Hogeland , 119 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Gross , David M. ( 2014 ) . 99 Tactics of Successful Tax Resistance Campaigns . Picket Line Press . p. 72 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4905 - 7274 - 1 . Jump up ^ Hogeland , 130 -- 31 . ^ Jump up to : Slaughter , 151 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 150 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 153 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 165 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 177 ; Cooke , 328 . Jump up ^ Hogeland , 142 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 170 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 182 . Jump up ^ Cooke , 321 . Jump up ^ Cooke , 321 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 183 . Jump up ^ Hogeland , 124 . Jump up ^ Hogeland , William ( July 3 , 2006 ) . `` Why the Whiskey Rebellion Is Worth Recalling Now '' . History News Network . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2010 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ S.E. Morison , `` The Oxford History of the United States 1783 -- 1917 ( London : Oxford University Press , 1927 ) , 182 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 177 . Jump up ^ Hogeland , 146 . Jump up ^ The number of militiamen in the first attack on Bower Hill varies in contemporary accounts ; Hogeland , 268 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 179 ; Hogeland , 147 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 3 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Spencer C. ( 2014 - 06 - 11 ) . The Encyclopedia of the Wars of the Early American Republic , 1783 -- 1812 : A Political , Social , and Military History ( 3 volumes ) : A Political , Social , and Military History . ABC - CLIO . p. 52 . ISBN 9781598841572 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hogeland , 150 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 179 ; Hogeland , 152 . Jump up ^ Hogeland , 153 . Jump up ^ Hogeland , 153 -- 54 ; Slaughter , 3 , 179 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 180 . Jump up ^ Hogeland , 155 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 181 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 183 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 186 ; Hogeland , 172 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 186 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 187 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 188 -- 89 ; Hogeland , 169 . Jump up ^ Holt , 10 . Holt writes that earlier historians had misindentified the six counties represented by the flag . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 185 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 187 -- 88 ; Hogeland , 170 -- 77 . ^ Jump up to : `` Whiskey Point ( Albert Gallatin ) Historical Marker '' . Explore PA history . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holt , 54 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 188 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Elkins & McKitrick , 479 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 197 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 199 ; Holt , 11 . Jump up ^ Elkins & McKitrick , 481 . Jump up ^ Mark G. Spencer , `` Democratic - Republican Societies '' , in Peter Knight , ed. , Conspiracy Theories in American History ( Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO Press , 2003 ) , 1 : 221 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 192 -- 93 , 196 ; Elkins & McKitrick , 479 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 196 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 199 -- 200 ; Hogeland , 199 . ^ Jump up to : Slaughter , 203 . Jump up ^ Hogeland , 205 -- 06 . Jump up ^ Chernow , 475 -- 76 ; Hogeland , 189 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 210 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 208 . ^ Jump up to : Forman , Jonathan . `` Journal of Jonathan Forman ( 7 pgs . ) , September 21 , 1794 -- October 25 , 1794 : Box 1 , Folder 1 Jonathan Forman Papers , September 21 , 1794 -- October 25 , 1794 , DAR. 1982.01 , Darlington Collection , Special Collections Department , University of Pittsburgh '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 205 -- 06 ; Hogeland , 213 . Jump up ^ Ellis , His Excellency , George Washington , 225 . Jump up ^ Manella , Angela . `` Jonathan Forman Papers Finding Aid '' . Archive Service Center , University of Pittsburgh . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 215 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 216 . Jump up ^ Higginbotham , pp. 189 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Higginbotham , pp. 193 -- 98 . ^ Jump up to : Craughwell & Phelps 2008 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 219 . Jump up ^ Richard A. Ifft , `` Treason in the Early Republic : The Federal Courts , Popular Protest , and Federalism During the Whiskey Insurrection '' , in Boyd , The Whiskey Rebellion : Past and Present Perspectives , 172 . Jump up ^ Ifft , 172 . Jump up ^ Slaughter pp. 290 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Craughwell , Thomas J. ; Phelps , M. William ( 2008 ) . Failures of the Presidents : From the Whiskey Rebellion and War of 1812 to the Bay of Pigs and War in Iraq . Fair Winds Press . p. 22 . ISBN 9781616734312 . Jump up ^ Sources show a variety of spellings for his surname , including Vigol and Wigal . Jump up ^ Hogeland , 238 ; Ifft , 176 . Jump up ^ Ifft , 175 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Elkins & McKitrick , 481 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Boyd , `` Popular Rights '' , 78 . Jump up ^ Slaughter , 221 ; Boyd , `` Popular Rights '' , 80 . Jump up ^ Hogeland , 242 . Jump up ^ Fritz , Christian G. Fritz ( April 27 , 2009 ) . American Sovereigns : the People and America 's Constitutional Tradition Before the Civil War . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 12560 - 4 . Jump up ^ Boyd , `` Popular Rights '' , 80 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Vickers , Anita ( 2009 ) . The New Nation . American Popular Culture Through History . p. 213 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31264 - 9 . Jump up ^ Branson , Susan ( 2001 ) . These Fiery Frenchified Dames : Women and Political Culture in Early National Philadelphia . University of Pennsylvania Press . p. 181 . Jump up ^ Smith , Ronald L. ( 1998 ) . Comedy Stars at 78 RPM : Biographies and Discographies of 89 American and British Recording Artists , 1896 -- 1946 . McFarland . p. 59 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 0462 - 9 . Jump up ^ John J. Pierce , When world views collide : a study in imagination and evolution ( Greenwood Press , 1989 ) , 163 . Jump up ^ Peter Josef Mühlbauer , `` Frontiers and dystopias : Libertarian ideology in science fiction '' , in Dieter Plehwe et al. , eds. , Neoliberal Hegemony : A Global Critique ( Taylor & Francis , 2006 ) , 162 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Co . Festival Marks Whiskey Rebellion '' . WPXI . August 1 , 2011 . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Whiskey Rebellion Festival '' . Whiskey Rebellion Festival . Retrieved 11 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Time Magazine archive , Friday , November 30 , 1962 ; Quote : Sir : I am extremely thrilled that you printed my song in your folk singing article . I love music and Joan Baez . Copper Kettle was written in 1953 as part of my opera Go Lightly Stranger . A.F. Beddoe , Staten Island , N.Y. Bibliography Baldwin , Leland D. Whiskey Rebels : The Story of a Frontier Uprising . Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh Press , 1968 . ISBN 978 - 0822951513 Boyd , Steven R. , ed . The Whiskey Rebellion : Past and Present Perspectives . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press , 1985 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 24534 - 7 . Boyd , Steven R . `` The Whiskey Rebellion , Popular Rights , and the Meaning of the First Amendment . '' In W. Thomas Mainwaring , ed . The Whiskey Rebellion and the Trans - Appalachian Frontier , 73 -- 84 . Washington , Pennsylvania : Washington and Jefferson College , 1994 . Chernow , Ron . Alexander Hamilton . New York : Penguin Press , 2004 . ISBN 1 - 59420 - 009 - 2 . Cooke , Jacob E. `` The Whiskey Insurrection : A Re-Evaluation . '' Pennsylvania History 30 ( July 1963 ) , 316 -- 64 . Elkins , Stanley M. and Eric L. McKitrick . The Age of Federalism . Oxford University Press , 1995 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 509381 - 0 Hogeland , William . The Whiskey Rebellion : George Washington , Alexander Hamilton , and the Frontier Rebels Who Challenged America 's Newfound Sovereignty . New York : Scribner , 2006 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 5490 - 2 . Holt , Wythe . `` The Whiskey Rebellion of 1794 : A Democratic Working - Class Insurrection '' ( PDF ) . Paper presented at The Georgia Workshop in Early American History and Culture , 2004 . Kohn , Richard H. `` The Washington Administration 's Decision to Crush the Whiskey Rebellion . '' Journal of American History 59 ( December 1972 ) , 567 -- 84 . Slaughter , Thomas P . The Whiskey Rebellion : Frontier Epilogue to the American Revolution . Oxford University Press , 1986 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505191 - 2 . Further reading Baldwin , Leland . Whiskey Rebels : The Story of a Frontier Uprising . Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh Press , 1939 . Berkin , Carol . A Sovereign People : The Crises of the 1790s and the Birth of American Nationalism ( 2017 ) pp. 7 -- 80 . excerpt Bouton , Terry . Taming Democracy : `` The People , '' the Founders , and the Troubled Ending of the American Revolution . Oxford & New York : Oxford University Press , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 530665 - 1 . Brackenridge , Henry Marie . History of the Western Insurrection in Western Pennsylvania ... Pittsburgh , 1859 . Brackenridge , Hugh Henry . Incidents of the Insurrection in Western Pennsylvania in the Year 1794 . Philadelphia , 1795 . A 1972 edition has notes by Daniel Marder . Findley , William . History of the Insurrection in the Four Western Counties of Pennsylvania . Philadelphia , 1796 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Whiskey Rebellion . Text of the 1791 excise act from the Library of Congress George Washington 's Proclamation of September 15 , 1792 , warning against obstruction of the excise law , from the Avalon Project at Yale Law School Washington 's Proclamation of August 7 , 1794 , announcing the preliminary raising of militia and commanding the insurgents in western Pennsylvania to disperse Washington 's Proclamation of September 25 , 1794 , announcing the commencement of military operations Washington 's Sixth Annual Message , November 19 , 1794 . Washington dedicated most of this annual message to the Whiskey Rebellion . Thompson , Charles D. Jr . `` Whiskey and Geography '' Southern Spaces , May 10 , 2011 . Explores the origins of whiskey - making and the resistance to a whiskey tax in Franklin County , Virginia . Whiskey Rebellion People Alexander Addison Hugh Henry Brackenridge David Bradford William Findley Thomas Gaddis Albert Gallatin Alexander Hamilton Herman Husband Robert Philson John Smilie George Washington John Wilkins , Jr . 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Lebanon The Mall at Robinson Monroeville Mall Pittsburgh Mills Ross Park Mall South Hills Village Station Square Uniontown Mall Warner Centre Washington Crown Center Westmoreland Mall Lifestyle / Outdoor Bakery Square Edgewood Towne Centre Ellsworth Avenue McCandless Crossing Northern Lights Robinson Town Centre Settlers Ridge SouthSide Works Walnut Street The Waterfront Waterworks Mall Outlet Grove City Premium Outlets Tanger Outlets Pittsburgh Defunct Allegheny Center Mall East Hills Shopping Center ( Eastgate Commerce Center ) Eastland Mall Greengate Mall Parkway Center Mall Village Square Mall Washington Mall Colleges and universities Pitt Carnegie Mellon Duquesne Robert Morris Chatham Point Park Carlow Art Institute Byzantine Catholic Seminary Pittsburgh Theological Seminary Saint Paul Seminary CCAC Culture of Pittsburgh Cookie table Jewish history Iron City Brewing Company Jagoff Joe Magarac Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood Mr. Yuk Parking chairs Pittsburgh left Pittsburgh toilet Robot Hall of Fame Steeler Nation Book Category Portal LCCN : sh85146444 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whiskey_Rebellion&oldid=806459885 '' Categories : Pennsylvania state historical marker significations Whiskey Rebellion 3rd United States Congress 18th - century rebellions 1790s in the United States 1794 in the United States Conflicts in 1794 History of Pennsylvania Presidency of George Washington Rebellions in the United States Tax resistance in the United States Alcohol in the United States People of the Whiskey Rebellion Alexander Hamilton United States military killing of American civilians Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Good articles Use American English from January 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from January 2017 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2017 , at 04 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what was the outcome of the whiskey rebellion | [
"The Whiskey Rebellion (also known as the Whiskey Insurrection) was a tax protest in the United States beginning in 1791 during the presidency of George Washington. The so-called \"whiskey tax\" was the first tax imposed on a domestic product by the newly formed federal government. It became law in 1791, and was intended to generate revenue for the war debt incurred during the Revolutionary War. The tax applied to all distilled spirits, but American whiskey was by far the country's most popular distilled beverage in the 18th century, so the excise became widely known as a \"whiskey tax\". Farmers of the western frontier were accustomed to distilling their surplus rye, barley, wheat, corn, or fermented grain mixtures into whiskey. These farmers resisted the tax. In these regions, whiskey often served as a medium of exchange. Many of the resisters were war veterans who believed that they were fighting for the principles of the American Revolution, in particular against taxation without local representation, while the federal government maintained that the taxes were the legal expression of Congressional taxation powers."
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-7388834254249338457 | Gastrointestinal wall | Gastrointestinal wall - wikipedia Gastrointestinal wall Jump to : navigation , search This article is one of a series on the Gastrointestinal wall General structure ( hide ) Epithelium Mucosa Submucosa Circular muscle Longitudinal muscle Serosa Adventitia Specific ( show ) Meissner 's plexus Auerbach 's plexus Organs ( show ) Esophagus Stomach Intestines The gastrointestinal wall surrounding the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract is made up of four layers of specialised tissue -- from the lumen outwards : Mucosa Submucosa Muscular layer Serosa ( if the tissue is intraperitoneal ) / Adventitia ( if the tissue is retroperitoneal ) -- these last two tissue types differ slightly in form and function according to the part of the gastrointestinal tract they belong to ( see the section below for more detail ) The epithelium , the most exposed part of the mucosa , is a glandular epithelium with many goblet cells . Goblet cells secrete mucus , which lubricates the passage of food along and protects the intestinal wall from digestive enzymes . In the small intestine , villi are folds of the mucosa that increase the surface area of the intestine . The villi contain a lacteal , a vessel connected to the lymph system that aids in the removal of lipids and tissue fluids . Microvilli are present on the epithelium of a villus and further increase the surface area over which absorption can take place . Numerous intestinal glands as pocket - like invaginations are present in the underlying tissue . In the large intestines , villi are absent and a flat surface with thousands of glands is observed . Underlying the epithelium is the lamina propria , which contains myofibroblasts , blood vessels , nerves , and several different immune cells , and the muscularis mucosa which is a layer of smooth muscle that aids in the action of continued peristalsis and catastalsis along the gut . The submucosa contains nerves including the submucous plexus ( Meissner 's plexus ) , blood vessels and elastic fibres with collagen , that stretches with increased capacity but maintains the shape of the intestine . Surrounding this is the muscular layer , which comprises both longitudinal and circular smooth muscle that also helps with continued peristalsis and the movement of digested material out of and along the gut . In between the two layers of muscle lies the myenteric plexus ( Auerbach 's plexus ) . Lastly , there is the serosa / adventitia which is made up of loose connective tissue and coated in mucus so as to prevent any friction damage from the intestine rubbing against other tissue . Holding all this in place are the mesenteries which suspend the intestine in the abdominal cavity and stop it being disturbed when a person is physically active . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Mucosa 1.1. 1 Epithelium 1.2 Submucosa 1.3 Muscular layer 1.4 Serosa / Adventitia 2 Clinical relevance 3 Additional images 4 References Structure ( edit ) The general structure of the intestinal wall The gastrointestinal tract has a form of general histology with some differences that reflect the specialization in functional anatomy . Mucosa ( edit ) Main article : Mucosa Image of the gastric mucosa . The mucosa is the innermost layer of the gastrointestinal tract . It surrounds the lumen of the tract , and comes into direct contact with digested food ( chyme ) . The mucosa itself is made up of three layers : The epithelium is the innermost layer . It is where most digestive , absorptive and secretory processes occur . Lamina propria is a layer of connective tissue within the mucosa . Unusually cellular compared to most connective tissue Muscularis mucosae is a thin layer of smooth muscle . Epithelium ( edit ) The mucosae are highly specialized in each organ of the gastrointestinal tract to deal with the different conditions . The most variation is seen in the epithelium : In the oesophagus , pharynx and external anal canal the epithelium is stratified , squamous and non-keratinising , for protective purposes . In the stomach , the epithelium is simple columnar , and is organised into gastric pits and glands to deal with secretion . In the small intestine , epithelium is simple columnar and specialised for absorption . The epithelium is arranged into villi , creating a brush border and increasing the area for absorption . Each cell also has microvilli . it is organised into plicae circulares and villi , and the enterocytes have microvilli . This creates a brush border which greatly increases the surface area for absorption . The epithelium is simple columnar with microvilli . In the ileum there are occasionally Peyer 's patches in the lamina propria . Brunner 's glands are found in the duodenum but not in other parts of the small intestine . In the colon , epithelium is simple columnar and without villi . Goblet cells , which secrete mucous , are also present . The appendix has a mucosa resembling the colon but is heavily infiltrated with lymphocytes . Transition between the different types of epithelium occurs at the junction between the oesophagus and stomach ; between the stomach and duodenum , between the ileum and caecum , and at the pectinate line of the anus . Submucosa ( edit ) Main article : Submucosa The submucosa consists of a dense and irregular layer of connective tissue with blood vessels , lymphatics , and nerves branching into the mucosa and muscular layer . It contains the submucous plexus , and enteric nervous plexus , situated on the inner surface of the muscular layer . Muscular layer ( edit ) Main article : Muscular layer The muscular layer ( also known as the muscularis propria ) consists of two layers of muscle , the inner and outer layer . The muscle of the inner layer is arranged in circular rings around the tract , whereas the muscle of the outer layer is arranged longitudinally . The stomach has an extra layer , an inner oblique muscular layer . Between the two muscle layers are the myenteric or Auerbach 's plexus . This controls peristalsis . Activity is initiated by the pacemaker cells ( interstitial cells of Cajal ) . The gut has intrinsic peristaltic activity ( basal electrical rhythm ) due to its self - contained enteric nervous system . The rate can of course be modulated by the rest of the autonomic nervous system . The layers are not truly longitudinal or circular , rather the layers of muscle are helical with different pitches . The inner circular is helical with a steep pitch and the outer longitudinal is helical with a much shallower pitch . The coordinated contractions of these layers is called peristalsis and propels the food through the tract . Food in the GI tract is called a bolus ( ball of food ) from the mouth down to the stomach . After the stomach , the food is partially digested and semi-liquid , and is referred to as chyme . In the large intestine the remaining semi-solid substance is referred to as faeces . The circular muscle layer prevents food from travelling backward and the longitudinal layer shortens the tract . The thickness of the muscular layer varies in each part of the tract : In the colon , for example , the muscular layer is much thicker because the faeces are large and heavy , and require more force to push along . The outer longitudinal layer of the colon thins out into 3 discontinuous longitudinal bands , known as taeniae coli ( bands of the colon ) . This is one of the 3 features helping to distinguish between the large and small intestine . Occasionally in the large intestine ( 2 - 3 times a day ) there will be mass contraction of certain segments , moving a lot of faeces along . This is generally when one gets the urge to defecate . The pylorus of the stomach has a thickened portion of the inner circular layer : the pyloric sphincter . Alone among the GI tract , the stomach has a third layer of muscular layer . This is the inner oblique layer , and helps churn the chyme in the stomach . Serosa / adventitia ( edit ) Main articles : Serosa and Adventitia The outermost layer of the GI tract consists of several layers of connective tissue and is either adventitia or serosa . Intraperitoneal regions of the digestive tract ( aka those parts suspended by peritoneum ) are covered with serosa . This structure consists of connective tissue covered by a simple squamous epithelium , called the mesothelium , which reduces frictional forces during digestive movements . The intraperitoneal regions include most of the stomach , first part of the duodenum , all of the small intestine , caecum and appendix , transverse colon , sigmoid colon and rectum . In these sections of the gut there is clear boundary between the gut and the surrounding tissue . These parts of the tract have a mesentery . Retroperitoneal regions of the digestive tract ( aka those parts that are firmly attached to surrounding structures by connective tissue fibers ) parts are covered with adventitia . They blend into the surrounding tissue and are fixed in position ( for example , the retroperitoneal section of the duodenum usually passes through the transpyloric plane ) . The retroperitoneal regions include the oral cavity , esophagus , pylorus of the stomach , distal duodenum , ascending colon , descending colon and anal canal . Clinical relevance ( edit ) Inflammatory bowel disease affects the layers of the gastrointestinal tract in different ways . Ulcerative colitis involves the colonic mucosa . Crohn 's disease may produce inflammation in all layers in any part of the gastrointestinal tract and so can result in transmural fistulae . A perforated ulcer is one that has eroded through the layers of the gastrointestinal tract . Invasion of tumours through the layers of the gastrointestinal wall is used in staging of tumour spread . This is associated with prognosis . The normal thickness of the small intestinal wall is 3 - 5 mm , and 1 - 5 mm in the large intestine . Focal , irregular and asymmetrical gastrointestinal wall thickening suggests a malignancy . Segmental or diffuse gastrointestinal wall thickening is most often due to ischemic , inflammatory or infectious disease . Additional images ( edit ) General organisation of GI tract The wall of the stomach . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Deakin , Barbara Young ... ( et al . ) ; drawings by Philip J. ( 2006 ) . Wheater 's functional histology : a text and colour atlas ( 5th ed . ) . ( Edinburgh ? ) : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier . ISBN 978 - 0 - 4430 - 6 - 8508 . Jump up ^ `` Oral : Four layers of the G.I. tract '' . The Histology Guide . University of Leeds . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Gartner and Hiatt ; ( 2014 ) . Color Atlas and Text of Histology ( 6th ed . ) . Baltimore : Lippincott WIlliams & Wilkins . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4511 - 1343 - 3 . Jump up ^ Ali Nawaz Khan . `` Small - Bowel Obstruction Imaging '' . Medscape . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 07 . Updated : Sep 22 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Fernandes , Teresa ; Oliveira , Maria I. ; Castro , Ricardo ; Araújo , Bruno ; Viamonte , Bárbara ; Cunha , Rui ( 2014 ) . `` Bowel wall thickening at CT : simplifying the diagnosis '' . Insights into Imaging. 5 ( 2 ) : 195 -- 208 . doi : 10.1007 / s13244 - 013 - 0308 - y . ISSN 1869 - 4101 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gastrointestinal_wall&oldid=809140012 '' Categories : Digestive system Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español සිංහල Edit links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 10 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which layer of the digestive tract is in direct contact with digested food | [
"The mucosa is the innermost layer of the gastrointestinal tract. It surrounds the lumen of the tract, and comes into direct contact with digested food (chyme). The mucosa itself is made up of three layers: [1] :264"
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4890238988380491707 | Dugout (baseball) | Dugout ( baseball ) - wikipedia Dugout ( baseball ) Cincinnati Reds ' dugout , 1991 In baseball , the dugout is a team 's bench area and is located in foul territory between home plate and either first or third base . There are two dugouts , one for the home team and one for the visiting team . In general , the dugout is occupied by all players not prescribed to be on the field at that particular time , as well as coaches and other personnel authorized by the league . The players ' equipment ( gloves , bats , batting helmets , catcher 's equipment , etc . ) are usually stored in the dugout . In baseball , the manager , with the help of his assistants , will dictate offensive strategy from the dugout by sending hand signals to the first and third base coaches . To avoid detection , the first and third base coaches will then translate those hand signals into their own set of hand signals and then send them on to the batter and runners . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Variations 3 Official rules 4 Dugout choice in MLB 4.1 First base side 4.2 Third base side 5 See also 6 References Origin ( edit ) The term dugout refers to the area being slightly depressed below field level , as is common in professional baseball . The prevailing theory of the origin of locating the dugouts below field level is that it allowed spectators seated behind the dugouts to see the field , specifically the home plate area . Unlike most other sports , the primary action in baseball is centered on one area -- home plate -- and obstructing this area from fans ' view , even if by players on the bench , would not be popular with fans . Action in 1905 at West Side Park , Chicago . Ground - level bench in background . Not all dugouts are located below the field level . At the major league level , the few dugouts that are located at the field level are in multi-purpose stadiums to simplify the conversion from baseball configuration to another sports field configuration . At such ballparks , the seating area is raised such that the dugouts do not obstruct the spectators ' view . Dugouts are also at field level at most amateur ballparks , where locating them below field level would be cost prohibitive or otherwise not beneficial . In these cases , the term `` dugout '' still applies , as does `` bench . '' In the early days of professional baseball , the seating areas were often constructed high enough that the bench was at field level . Variations ( edit ) Most professional and collegiate ballparks feature dugouts that are below the field level , with concrete steps along the entire length of the dugout . Some feature a railing along the top step , or `` lip '' , while others are open . In most Major League Baseball ballparks , as well as many minor league ballparks , the dugout is directly connected to the clubhouse by a tunnel . Most high school , Little League , and recreational ballparks feature dugouts that are at the field level , usually separated from the playing field by chain - link fencing . Historic Cardines Field , home of the Newport Gulls , uniquely features both dugouts on the first base side . Official rules ( edit ) MLB rule 3.17 specifies that `` no one except players , substitutes , managers , coaches , athletic trainers and batboys shall occupy a bench during a game . '' The rule also stipulates that players on the disabled list are allowed in the dugout , but may not enter the field of play at any time during the game . Players and coaches who have been ejected from the game may not remain in the dugout per Rule 4.07 . Unlike most other sports , where a ball or puck entering a team 's bench area has already passed out of bounds and is thus dead before it reaches the bench , it is possible in baseball for a dugout to be a factor in play . MLB rule 6.05 ( a ) states that a fielder may reach into a dugout to catch a fly ball as long as one or both feet is on or over the playing field , and does not have a foot on the ground in the dugout when making the catch . MLB universal ground rules state that the player may subsequently enter the dugout after making the catch if his momentum is carrying him that way , but if he falls in the dugout as a result , the catch is allowed but baserunners advance in accordance with Rule 7.04 ( c ) . A live ball entering a dugout becomes dead and the batter - runner and any baserunners advance in accordance with Rule 7.04 ( c ) . However , a live ball bouncing off a dugout railing , if present , is still in play ( unless a foul ball ) . Due to the dugouts ' location in foul territory , live balls entering dugouts usually only occur after an errant throw by the defensive team . Individual leagues at levels below MLB are free to set their own rules governing the dugouts as is appropriate for their league 's ballparks and playing level . For example , the rule governing reaching into dugouts to catch fly balls would not apply in leagues where the dugouts are separated from the field by a chain - link fence that is taller than the players . This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dugout choice in MLB ( edit ) The dugout of the Detroit Tigers in Comerica Park is located on the third base side . Which team occupies the dugout on the first - base side or the third - base side is purely arbitrary . The Major League Baseball Rulebook is silent on the subject . There are many anecdotal reasons why one dugout is chosen over the other . In the past , the manager also served as the third base coach , so occupying the third base dugout meant less walking for the manager between innings . Contrarily , the thought is that since more close plays occur at first base than third , the first base dugout is preferred . For a pre-existing facility , the home team might choose the better clubhouse and the dugout on that side of the field . ( For example , prior to their 2008 move to Nationals Park , the Washington Nationals occupied the third - base dugout at RFK Stadium because it was the larger and newer of the two dugouts. ) Another factor can be the sun angle during day games . In ballparks where one of the dugouts faces direct sunlight for much of the game , which can be problematic on hot summer days , the home club might choose the dugout that is better shaded . In both the National League and American League , more home team dugouts are on the first - base side ( 9 to 6 each ) . Even the two oldest parks still in use differ on this point : the Cubs sit on the third - base side at Wrigley while the Red Sox inhabit the first - base dugout at Fenway . Due to the ballpark 's orientation , at Wrigley the third - base dugout faces away from the sun from noon onward , whereas the first base dugout faces sunlight in the late innings . At Fenway , the third - base dugout faces the sun for part of a day game , while the first - base dugout remains shaded . First base side ( edit ) Atlanta Braves ( SunTrust Park ) Baltimore Orioles ( Oriole Park at Camden Yards ) Boston Red Sox ( Fenway Park ) Cincinnati Reds ( Great American Ball Park ) Colorado Rockies ( Coors Field ) Houston Astros ( Minute Maid Park ) Kansas City Royals ( Kauffman Stadium ) Milwaukee Brewers ( Miller Park ) Minnesota Twins ( Target Field ) New York Mets ( Citi Field ) New York Yankees ( Yankee Stadium ) Philadelphia Phillies ( Citizens Bank Park ) Seattle Mariners ( Safeco Field ) St. Louis Cardinals ( Busch Stadium ) San Diego Padres ( Petco Park ) Tampa Bay Rays ( Tropicana Field ) Texas Rangers ( Globe Life Park in Arlington ) Washington Nationals ( Nationals Park ) Third base side ( edit ) Arizona Diamondbacks ( Chase Field ) Chicago Cubs ( Wrigley Field ) Chicago White Sox ( Guaranteed Rate Field ) Cleveland Indians ( Progressive Field ) Detroit Tigers ( Comerica Park ) Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim ( Angel Stadium of Anaheim ) Los Angeles Dodgers ( Dodger Stadium ) Miami Marlins ( Marlins Park ) Oakland Athletics ( Oakland Coliseum ) Pittsburgh Pirates ( PNC Park ) San Francisco Giants ( AT&T Park ) Toronto Blue Jays ( Rogers Centre ) See also ( edit ) Baseball portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Baseball dugouts . Bullpen Technical area References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Official Rules : Game Preliminaries Jump up ^ Official Rules : Starting & Ending the Game Jump up ^ Official Rules : The Runner Jump up ^ `` Ballpark Comparison '' . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 16 . hide Baseball concepts Outline , Glossary Rules Rules of baseball Ground rules Infield fly rule Interference Pitch clock Park / Field Backstop Baseball diamond Batter 's box Batter 's eye Bullpen Dugout Foul pole Foul territory Infield On - deck circle Outfield Warning track Equipment Ball Bat Batting cage Batting glove Batting helmet Cap Doughnut Glove ( defense ) Pitching machine Protective cup Shin guard Stirrups Uniform Uniform number Game process Batting order Extra innings Innings On - deck Out Positions Run Seventh - inning stretch Pace of play Batting At bat Baltimore chop Bat flip Chinese home run Batting count Bunt sacrifice bunt slap bunt squeeze play Checked swing Cleanup hitter Designated hitter Double Double switch Foul ball Foul tip Golden sombrero Grand slam Ground rule double Hat trick Hit Hit and run Hit by pitch Hitting for the cycle Home run Infield hit Inside - the - park home run Leadoff hitter Lefty - righty switch Line drive Moonshot Plate appearance Platoon system Pull hitter Sacrifice fly Single Strikeout Strike zone Sweet spot Switch hitter Triple Walk Walk - off home run Pitching Balk Beanball Breaking ball Brushback pitch Changeup Curveball Eephus Fastball Full count Immaculate inning Inside pitching Intentional walk Knuckleball No - hitter Perfect game Pitch count Pitchout Quick pitch Screwball Shutout Slider Spitball Strikeout Striking out the side Time of pitch Wild pitch Base running Balk Bases loaded Caught stealing Contact play Hit and run Left on base Obstruction Safe Scoring position Slide Small ball Squeeze play Stolen base Tag up Fielding ( positioning ) Appeal play Assist Blocking the plate Catch Defensive indifference Double play Error Fielder 's choice Fifth infielder Force play Fourth out Hidden ball trick In - between hop Infield fly rule Infield shift Interference Passed ball Pickoff Putout Rundown Tag out Triple play unassisted Uncaught third strike Wall climb Wheel play Miscellaneous Baseball statistics Bench jockey Bench - clearing brawl Dead ball Jargon In flight Pepper Scorekeeping Series Shagging Slump Streak ( losing ) Streak ( winning ) Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dugout_(baseball)&oldid=850097325 '' Categories : Baseball terminology Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2011 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 July 2018 , at 15 : 55 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what side of the field is the yankees dugout | [
"\n\nFirst base side[edit]\nAtlanta Braves (SunTrust Park)\nBaltimore Orioles (Oriole Park at Camden Yards)\nBoston Red Sox (Fenway Park)\nCincinnati Reds (Great American Ball Park)\nColorado Rockies (Coors Field)\nHouston Astros (Minute Maid Park)\nKansas City Royals (Kauffman Stadium)\nMilwaukee Brewers (Miller Park)\nMinnesota Twins (Target Field)\nNew York Mets (Citi Field)\nNew York Yankees (Yankee Stadium)\nPhiladelphia Phillies (Citizens Bank Park)\nSeattle Mariners (Safeco Field)\nSt. Louis Cardinals (Busch Stadium)\nSan Diego Padres (Petco Park)\nTampa Bay Rays (Tropicana Field)\nTexas Rangers (Globe Life Park in Arlington)\nWashington Nationals (Nationals Park)\n\n\n\nThird base side[edit]\nArizona Diamondbacks (Chase Field)\nChicago Cubs (Wrigley Field)\nChicago White Sox (Guaranteed Rate Field)\nCleveland Indians (Progressive Field)\nDetroit Tigers (Comerica Park)\nLos Angeles Angels of Anaheim (Angel Stadium of Anaheim)\nLos Angeles Dodgers (Dodger Stadium)\nMiami Marlins (Marlins Park)[4]\nOakland Athletics (Oakland Coliseum)\nPittsburgh Pirates (PNC Park)\nSan Francisco Giants (AT&T Park)\nToronto Blue Jays (Rogers Centre)\n\n"
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-5763381677742070228 | Love Island (2005 TV series) | Love Island ( 2005 TV series ) - wikipedia Love Island ( 2005 TV series ) Love Island Also known as Celebrity Love Island ( 2006 ) Genre Reality Created by ITV Studios Presented by Patrick Kielty ( 2005 -- 06 ) Kelly Brook ( 2005 ) Fearne Cotton ( 2006 ) Opening theme `` Wish I '' by Jem ( 2005 ) `` From Fiji with Love '' by Daniel Pemberton ( 2006 ) Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series Production Executive producer ( s ) Rachel Arnold Natalka Znak Producer ( s ) Toby Gorman Production location ( s ) Armstrong Island , Fiji Editor ( s ) Alistair Knapp Rebecca De Young Running time 30 -- 60 minutes ( inc . adverts ) Production company ( s ) ITV Productions Release Original network ITV Picture format 16 : 9 ( HDTV ) Original release 16 May 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 16 ) -- 28 August 2006 ( 2006 - 08 - 28 ) Chronology Related shows Love Island ( 2015 ) External links Website Love Island ( originally Celebrity Love Island ) is a British reality television programme that was aired on ITV . In the show , twelve single celebrities spent five weeks on an island in Fiji . It was originally presented by Patrick Kielty and Kelly Brook , with Fearne Cotton taking over as female host in the second series . The first series aired in the summer of 2005 , and it was won by Jayne Middlemiss and Fran Cosgrave . The second series began in July 2006 , dropping Celebrity from its name . It was won by Bianca Gascoigne and Calum Best . The theme tune for the first series was `` Wish I '' , performed by Jem . A specially - composed summer theme by Daniel Pemberton ( later released under the title `` From Fiji with Love '' ) was used for the second series . The show was axed in November 2006 . On 13 February 2015 , it was announced that Love Island would return on ITV2 in 2015 . It was later announced that Caroline Flack would host the revived series , starting on 7 June 2015 . Contents 1 Format 2 Series 1 ( 2005 ) 3 Series 2 ( 2006 ) 3.1 House guests on Love Island 3.2 Returns 3.3 Notes 4 Big Brother competition 5 Cancellation 6 Revival series 7 Reception 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Format ( edit ) Viewers would vote for the couple they would like to see in the `` love shack '' where the two would get to know one another better . In the first series , each week viewers voted celebrities off the island , but in the second , the inhabitants had the final say . The identities of those being kicked out were revealed in the elimination episodes . The prize for the final couple left standing was £ 50,000 . The second series also featured the inhabitants having to cook and clean up after themselves to fight the appearance that they were just there for a free holiday . Series 1 ( 2005 ) ( edit ) The first series was broadcast during the summer of 2005 . Contestant Occupation / Known for Notes Jayne Middlemiss Television & radio presenter Winner Fran Cosgrave Nightclub manager & former Westlife bodyguard Winner Calum Best Model Paul Danan Former Hollyoaks actor Michael Greco Former EastEnders actor Lady Isabella Hervey Model & socialite Du'aine Ladejo Olympic sprinter Rebecca Loos Glamour model Liz McClarnon Atomic Kitten singer Lee Sharpe Former England footballer Judi Shekoni Model & actress First to be evicted Abi Titmuss Former glamour model Nikki Ziering Model & actress ( Late arrival ) The show attracted controversy from the moment it was announced by ITV . It was marketed as a rival for Channel 4 's popular reality show , Big Brother , which returned for a sixth series soon after the show 's launch . Many commentators felt that the format of the show provided low quality television as an excuse to attract high ratings . Following the launch of the show , the celebrities were criticised by viewers for being boring , and the celebrity status of some of the participants was questioned . There was some suspicion that the contestants were simply using the programme as a free holiday , and the tabloids claimed that producers held crisis meetings to figure out how to keep things interesting . Soon afterwards , tabloid reports claimed that the show 's presenters , Kelly Brook and Patrick Kielty , were engaged in a bitter feud . The problems between the pair allegedly started after Kielty told viewers on the live show that Brook had previously been involved in a relationship with one of the contestants , Paul Danan . However , even the promise of fireworks between the two hosts was not enough to keep viewers interested , and one episode of the show only attracted less than 2 million viewers . Producers later hired model Nikki Ziering to spice up the show . The show was also resented by fans of long - running ITV soap Coronation Street . ITV decided to move its flagship programme from 19 : 30 to 20 : 30 on Monday nights , to provide a successful lead - in for Love Island , in the hope of increasing ratings . Writers John Fay and Daran Little complained to the press about the treatment of the show . ITV argued that it took the decision to move the soap very seriously and only did so when absolutely necessary . A meeting was requested with ITV programming director Nigel Pickard to discuss the issue . On 10 June 2005 , although ratings were beginning to pick up , with the show close to overtaking Big Brother in popularity , a strong storm over the islands of Fiji disrupted the programme . A live eviction show had to be cancelled as six - foot waves made it impossible for crewmembers to cross over to where the celebrities were staying . Instead , ITV was forced to repeat the episode from the previous night with unseen footage . Shekoni was the first celebrity to be voted off the show by the public . `` For the short period I was there I got on with everybody and did n't have any negative experiences . But when I watch it now I just think , oh God , I had a lucky escape that I did n't end up crying in front of the cameras , or getting rejected by any of the guys , or involved in any of the arguments . I know my family are just pleased that I got out and did n't do anything to ruin my integrity and morals and did n't do anything embarrassing in there . I knew almost instantly that I did n't fancy any of them , and I think that 's why I got voted out . That 's fair enough because it is supposed to be the love island and I obviously had n't found love . I 'm still looking , though , and I 've been out searching ever since . '' Series 2 ( 2006 ) ( edit ) The second series first aired on 10 July , and ran for seven weeks , a little longer than the previous year 's series . It was announced in late May 2006 that Fearne Cotton would be Kielty 's new co-host with Series 1 winner Jayne Middlemiss presenting Aftersun with Matt Brown on ITV2 . It also has a new sponsor , popular chocolate bar Bounty . On 6 July the list of contestants was announced , with the news that the word `` Celebrity '' would be dropped from the show title , due to the inclusion of non celebrities . 10 July -- 28 August , seven weeks , 17 contestants and 3 house guests : Contestant Known for Status Bianca Gascoigne Model Winner Calum Best ( late arrival week 4 ) Model Winner Kéllé Bryan Former Eternal singer Runner - up Brendan Cole Strictly Come Dancing professional Runner - up Kate Lawler Television & radio broadcaster Evicted : At the Final ( late arrival week 6 ) Chris Brosnan Film director & writer Evicted : Final Day Sophie Anderton Glamour model Evicted : Week 7 Lee Otway Hollyoaks actor Evicted : Week 7 Colleen Shannon Playboy model & DJ Evicted : Week 7 Shane Lynch Former Boyzone singer Walked : Week 5 Paul Danan Former Hollyoaks actor Evicted : Week 5 ( late arrival day 6 ) Emma and Eve Ryan Glamour model Ejected : Week 4 ( late arrivals week 4 ; ejected after 5 days in the resort ) Leo Ihenacho Singer & actor Evicted : Week 4 Emily Scott Swimwear model Evicted : Week 3 ( late arrival week 3 ) Lady Victoria Hervey Model & socialite Evicted : Week 2 Alicia Douvall Glamour model Evicted : Week 1 House guests on Love Island ( edit ) On Love Island three house guests entered the resort for set periods of time , which was usually a contract of a week . House guests were not eligible for evictions or winning the prize fund of £ 50,000 at the end of the series , but were allowed to be voted into the Love Shack . As with the actual contestants they received an appearance salary . Contestant Occupation / Known for Status Abs Breen Former Five Singer Week 4 ( Stayed 5 days ) Dennis Rodman Former NBA Power Forward Week 3 ( Stayed 4 days before quitting ) Steve - O Jackass Star Week 2 ( Stayed 2 days because he was not allowed the beer and chocolate which he requested ) Returns ( edit ) In week two , in a bid to boost the ratings , the producers decided series one contestant Paul Danan would be put on Love Island as a regular contestant hoping he would provide the rating winning actions of the previous year . Danan was known by most on the island especially Lee Otway and Lady Victoria Hervey whose sister Isabella was involved with him in the first series and for a short period afterwards . On 7 August series one finalist Calum Best entered Love Island for the second time , where he attracted a lot of female attention , especially from Bianca Gascoigne , with whom he struck up a romance . After Sophie Anderton and Chris Brosnan were seen getting closer , evicted Lady Victoria Hervey returned to the Island for a day and hid in the secret suite where she confronted her friend Sophie and poured a bottle of wine over her head for moving in on her man . On 20 August Leo Ihenacho made a surprise return by jumping out of a pop out cake , to the resort for one night only to confront Calum and Bianca over their relationship . He left the next day . Notes ( edit ) On 18 July , Steve - O was added to the show in an effort to boost ratings . Despite stating he has stopped drinking he asked for beer while on the show . On 19 July , he abruptly left Love Island because he was not allowed enough alcohol or chocolate . Lady Victoria Hervey was voted off the show on Friday 21 July although her chosen man Chris Brosnan had been the favourite to leave . Hervey told hosts Patrick Kielty and Fearne Cotton that she hoped the relationship would continue in the real world but then had second thoughts when she was shown footage of Brosnan saying that he also liked Colleen . Basketball legend Dennis Rodman entered the show on the third week on 27 July as a House guest to boost the ratings. he flirted with Colleen Shannon , and created friction with Lee Otway before walking in the midst of an argument between Lee and Paul Danan , on his fourth day on 30 July out of the seven contracted until 3 August 2006 . Identical twins Emma and Eve Ryan joined the Love Island on 31 July , but were ejected from the show by producers on 4 August . No explanation was given to the public . It was announced on 6 August that Calum Best would enter Love Island next day . Also on 6 August , it was confirmed on the Love Island website that Shane Lynch had left the island to make up with a woman back home . On 14 August , Big Brother 3 winner Kate Lawler entered Love Island . On final night , 28 August 2006 , Kate Lawler was the last girl to be evicted before the final showdown . The winners were Bianca Gascoigne and Calum Best , with Kéllé Bryan and Brendan Cole runners - up . An average of 3.8 million people tuned in to watch the final , peaking at 4.4 m , down from the previous year 's peak figure of 5.9 million . Big Brother competition ( edit ) The show did not always go head to head with Channel 4 's Big Brother , as Big Brother aired at 9pm on Tuesdays , Saturdays and Sundays and only clashed on Mondays , Wednesdays , Thursdays and Fridays with Love Island at 10pm . However , many terrestrial viewers in Wales could only watch Big Brother at a fixed 10.00 pm slot every night on S4C which also broadcast the show due to many Welsh terrestrial televisions failing to receive Channel 4 . Love Island 's audience was about half the size of that for Big Brother . Cancellation ( edit ) On 24 November 2006 , ITV revealed that a third series would not be made . Revival series ( edit ) Main article : Love Island ( 2015 TV series ) On 13 February 2015 , it was announced that a new revived show , also called Love Island , would air in summer 2015 on ITV2 . ITV 's Director of Digital and Acquisitions Angela Jain confirmed the revived show would be revamped and will see non-celebrity contestants compete to survive a public vote each week . The new series is hosted by Caroline Flack and produced for ITV2 by ITV Studios . Reception ( edit ) In a negative review of the first series for The Guardian , Charlie Brooker writes that the show is `` just a rehash of I 'm A Celebrity , minus the elements that made that show successful '' . Brooker criticises that the show `` openly sneers '' at Abi Titmuss ' weight , calls Paul Danan a `` bell end of considerable magnitude '' , jokes that the Fran Cosgrave is so little well - known that `` he does n't actually exist outside shows like this '' and insults the presenting of Patrick Kielty and Kelly Brook , described respectively as `` a man you wish would shut up before he even starts speaking , and a woman who can scarcely talk in the first place '' . See also ( edit ) Temptation Island Paradise Hotel Forever Eden Love in the Wild References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rigby , Sam ( 13 February 2015 ) . `` Caroline Flack confirmed to present new - look Love Island on ITV2 '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 13 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrity Love Island '' . TV.com . CBS Interactive . Jump up ^ `` Celebrity Love Island ( TV Series 2005 -- 2006 ) '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ Kelly Telly Helly Daily Mirror 21 May 2005 Jump up ^ Kelly V Kielty Sunday Mirror 22 May 2005 Jump up ^ Corrie at War Over ITV Flops Sunday Mirror 10 June 2005 Jump up ^ Dianne Bourne ( 16 February 2007 ) . `` Celebrity Love Island : Judi just happy to escape '' . men . Archived from the original on 21 April 2013 . Jump up ^ BBC News , ITV reveals Love Island line - up 6 July 2006 Jump up ^ Jackass star departs Love Island BBC News 21 May 2005 Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS - Entertainment - ITV1 suffers summer ratings slump '' . bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS - Entertainment - ITV axes Love Island reality show '' . bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Love Island returns with a new home on ITV2 '' . presscentre . Jump up ^ Brooker , Charlie ( 28 May 2005 ) . `` Island of lost hope '' . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . External links ( edit ) Love Island on IMDb Love Island Series Contestants Olivia Buckland Kem Cetinay Rachel Christie Jon Clark Dani Dyer Sophie Gradon Georgia Harrison Zara Holland Rykard Jenkins Adam Maxted Max Morley Josh Ritchie Marcel Somerville Mike Thalassitis Related articles Love Island ( 2005 TV series ) Love Island Australia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_Island_(2005_TV_series)&oldid=856665484 '' Categories : 2000s British reality television series 2005 British television programme debuts 2006 British television programme endings British dating and relationship reality television series ITV reality television programmes Television shows set in Fiji British television series revived after cancellation Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Use dmy dates from September 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 20 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what year did the first love island start | [
"Love Island (originally Celebrity Love Island) is a British reality television programme that was aired on ITV. In the show, twelve single celebrities spent five weeks on an island in Fiji. It was originally presented by Patrick Kielty and Kelly Brook, with Fearne Cotton taking over as female host in the second series. The first series aired in the summer of 2005, and it was won by Jayne Middlemiss and Fran Cosgrave. The second series began in July 2006, dropping Celebrity from its name. It was won by Bianca Gascoigne and Calum Best.\n"
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"summer of 2005"
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3429890975119117467 | Send In the Clowns | Send in the Clowns - wikipedia Send in the Clowns This article is about the song by Stephen Sondheim . For other uses , see Send In the Clowns ( disambiguation ) . `` Send In the Clowns '' is a song written by Stephen Sondheim for the 1973 musical A Little Night Music , an adaptation of Ingmar Bergman 's film Smiles of a Summer Night . It is a ballad from Act Two , in which the character Desirée reflects on the ironies and disappointments of her life . Among other things , she looks back on an affair years earlier with the lawyer Fredrik , who was deeply in love with her but whose marriage proposals she had rejected . Meeting him after so long , she realizes she is in love with him and finally ready to marry him , but now it is he who rejects her : he is in an unconsummated marriage with a much younger woman . Desirée proposes marriage to rescue him from this situation , but he declines , citing his dedication to his bride . Reacting to his rejection , Desirée sings this song . The song is later reprised as a coda after Fredrik 's young wife runs away with his son , and Fredrik is finally free to accept Desirée 's offer . Sondheim wrote the song specifically for Glynis Johns , who created the role of Desirée on Broadway . The song is structured with four verses and a bridge , and uses a complex compound meter . It became Sondheim 's most popular song after Frank Sinatra recorded it in 1973 and Judy Collins ' version charted in 1975 and 1977 . Subsequently , numerous other artists recorded the song , and it has become a jazz standard . Contents 1 Meaning of title 2 Context 3 Score 3.1 History 3.2 Lyrics 3.3 Meter and key 4 Styles 5 Popular success 6 Other versions 7 References 8 External links Meaning of title ( edit ) The `` clowns '' in the title do not refer to circus clowns . Instead , they symbolize fools , as Sondheim explained in a 1990 interview : I get a lot of letters over the years asking what the title means and what the song 's about ; I never thought it would be in any way esoteric . I wanted to use theatrical imagery in the song , because she 's an actress , but it 's not supposed to be a circus ( ... ) ( I ) t 's a theater reference meaning `` if the show is n't going well , let 's send in the clowns '' ; in other words , `` let 's do the jokes . '' I always want to know , when I 'm writing a song , what the end is going to be , so `` Send in the Clowns '' did n't settle in until I got the notion , `` Do n't bother , they 're here '' , which means that `` We are the fools . '' In a 2008 interview , Sondheim further clarified : As I think of it now , the song could have been called `` Send in the Fools '' . I knew I was writing a song in which Desirée is saying , `` are n't we foolish '' or `` are n't we fools ? '' Well , a synonym for fools is clowns , but `` Send in the Fools '' does n't have the same ring to it . Context ( edit ) Main article : A Little Night Music Judi Dench , who performed the role of Desirée in London , commented on the context of the song during an interview with Alan Titchmarsh . The play is `` a dark play about people who , at the beginning , are with wrong partners and in the end it is hopefully going to become right , and she ( Desirée ) mistimes her life in a way and realizes when she re-meets the man she had an affair with and had a child by ( though he does not know that ) , that she loves him and he is the man she wants . '' Some years before the play begins , Desirée was a young , attractive actress , whose passions were the theater and romance . She lived her life dramatically , flitting from man to man . Fredrik was one of her many lovers and fell deeply in love with Desirée , but she declined to marry him . The play implies that when they parted Desirée may have been pregnant with his child . A few months before the play begins , Fredrik married a beautiful young woman who at 18 years old was much younger than he . In Act One , Fredrik meets Desirée again , and is introduced to her daughter , a precocious adolescent suggestively named Fredrika . Fredrik explains to Desirée that he is now married to a young woman he loves very much , but that she is still a virgin , continuing to refuse to have sex with him . Desirée and Fredrik then make love . Act Two begins days later , and Desirée realizes that she truly loves Fredrik . She tells Fredrik that he needs to be rescued from his marriage , and she proposes to him . Fredrik explains to Desirée that he has been swept off the ground and is `` in the air '' in love with his beautiful , young wife , and apologizes for having misled her . Desirée remains sitting on the bed ; depending on the production , Fredrik walks across the room or stays seated on the bed next to her . Desirée -- feeling both intense sadness and anger , at herself , her life and her choices -- sings `` Send in the Clowns '' . She is , in effect , using the song `` to cover over a moment when something has gone wrong on stage . Midway through the second Act she has deviated from her usual script by suggesting to Fredrik the possibility of being together seriously and permanently , and , having been rejected , she falters as a show - person , finds herself bereft of the capacity to improvise and wittily cover . If Desirée could perform at this moment -- revert to the innuendos , one - liners and blithe self - referential humour that constitutes her normal character -- all would be well . She can not , and what follows is an exemplary manifestation of Sondheim 's musico - dramatic complexity , his inclination to write music that performs drama . That is , what needs to be covered over ( by the clowns sung about in the song ) is the very intensity , ragged emotion and utter vulnerability that comes forward through the music and singing itself , a display protracted to six minutes , wrought with exposed silences , a shocked Fredrik sitting so uncomfortably before Desirée while something much too real emerges in a realm where he -- and his audience -- felt assured of performance . '' Not long thereafter , Fredrik 's young wife runs away with his son , so he is free to accept Desirée 's proposal , and the song is reprised as a coda . Score ( edit ) History ( edit ) Sondheim wrote the lyrics and music over a two - day period during rehearsals for the play 's Broadway debut , specifically for the actress Glynis Johns , who created the role of Desirée . According to Sondheim , `` Glynis had a lovely , crystal voice , but sustaining notes was not her thing . I wanted to write short phrases , so I wrote a song full of questions '' and the song 's melody is within a small music range : We hired Glynis Johns to play the lead , though she had a nice little silvery voice . But I 'd put all the vocal weight of the show on the other characters because we needed somebody who was glamorous , charming and could play light comedy , and pretty , and to find that in combination with a good voice is very unlikely , but she had all the right qualities and a nice little voice . So I did n't write much for her and I did n't write anything in the second act . And the big scene between her and her ex-lover , I had started on a song for him because it 's his scene . And Hal Prince , who directed it , said he thought that the second act needed a song for her , and this was the scene to do it in . And so he directed the scene in such a way that even though the dramatic thrust comes from the man 's monologue , and she just sits there and reacts , he directed it so you could feel the weight going to her reaction rather than his action . And I went down and saw it and it seemed very clear what was needed , and so that made it very easy to write . And then I wrote it for her voice , because she could n't sustain notes . Was n't that kind of singing voice . So I knew I had to write things in short phrases , and that led to questions , and so again , I would n't have written a song so quickly if I had n't known the actress ... I wrote most of it one night and finished part of the second chorus , and I 'd gotten the ending ... ( T ) he whole thing was done in two days . Lyrics ( edit ) The lyrics of the song are written in four verses and a bridge and sung by Desirée . As Sondheim explains , Desirée experiences both deep regret and furious anger : `` Send in the Clowns '' was never meant to be a soaring ballad ; it 's a song of regret . And it 's a song of a lady who is too upset and too angry to speak -- meaning to sing for a very long time . She is furious , but she does n't want to make a scene in front of Fredrik because she recognizes that his obsession with his 18 - year - old wife is unbreakable . So she gives up ; so it 's a song of regret and anger , and therefore fits in with short - breathed phrases . Meter and key ( edit ) The song was originally performed in the key of D flat major . The song uses an unusual and complex meter , which alternates between 12 / 8 and 9 / 8 . These are two complex compound meters that evoke the sense of a waltz used throughout the score of the show . Sondheim tells the story : When I worked with Leonard Bernstein on West Side Story , one of the things I learned from him was not always necessarily to think in terms of 2 - , 4 - and 8 - bar phrases . I was already liberated enough before I met him not to be sticking to 32 - bar songs , but I tend to think square . I tend to think ... it 's probably because I was brought up on mid-19th and late - 19th Century music , and you know it 's fairly square ; there are not an awful lot of meter changes . You often will shorten or lengthen a bar for rhythmic purposes and for energy , but ... when you switch in the middle ( of a song ) , particularly when it 's a modest song , when you 're not writing an aria , you know ... ( I mean , ) if you 're writing something like Sweeney Todd , where people sing at great length , you expect switches of meter , because it helps variety . But in a little 36 - or 40 - bar song , to switch meters around is almost perverse , because the song does n't get a chance to establish its own rhythm . But the problem is , what would you do ? : Would you go , `` Is n't it rich ? ( two , three ) Are we a pair ? ( two , three ) Me here at last on the ground ( three ) , you in mid-air . '' Lenny ( Bernstein ) taught me to think in terms of , `` Do you really need the extra beat ( after ' ground ' ) or not . '' Just because you 've got four bars of four , if you come across a bar that does n't need the extra beat , then put a bar of three in . So ... the 9 ( beat bars ) and 12 ( beat bars ) that alternate in that song were not so much consciously arrived at as they were by the emotionality of the lyric . Styles ( edit ) `` Send in the Clowns '' is performed in two completely different styles : dramatic and lyric . The dramatic style is the theatrical performance by Desirée , and this style emphasizes Desirée 's feelings of anger and regret , and the dramatic style acts as a cohesive part of the play . The lyric style is the concert performance , and this style emphasizes the sweetness of the melody and the poetry of the lyrics . Most performances are in concert , so they emphasize the beauty of the melody and lyrics . Sondheim teaches both dramatic and lyric performers several important elements for an accurate rendition : The dramatic performer must take on the character of Desirée : a woman who finally realizes that she has misspent her youth on the shallow life . She is both angry and sad , and both must be seen in the performance . Two important examples are the contrast between the lines , `` Quick , send in the clowns '' and `` Well , maybe next year . '' Sondheim teaches that the former should be steeped in self - loathing , while the latter should emphasize regret . Thus , the former is clipped , with a break between `` quick '' and `` send , '' while the latter `` well '' is held pensively . Sondheim himself apologizes for flaws in his composition . For example , in the line , `` Well , maybe next year , '' the melodic emphasis is on the word year but the dramatic emphasis must be on the word next : The word `` next '' is important : `` Maybe next year '' as opposed to `` this year '' . ( Desirée means , ) `` All right , I 've screwed it up this year . Maybe next year I 'll do something right in my life . '' So ( it 's ) `` well , maybe next year '' even though it is n't accented in the music . This is a place where the lyric and the music are n't as apposite as they might be , because the important word is `` next '' , and yet the accented word is `` year '' . That 's my fault , but ( something the performer must ) overcome . Another example arises from Sondheim 's roots as a speaker of American rather than British English : The line `` Do n't you love farce ? '' features two juxtaposed labiodental fricative sounds ( the former ( v ) voiced , the latter ( f ) devoiced ) . American concert and stage performers will often fail to `` breathe '' and / or `` voice '' between the two fricatives , leading audiences familiar with British slang to hear `` Do n't you love arse ? , '' misinterpreting the lyric or at the least perceiving an unintended double entendre . Sondheim agrees that `` ( i ) t 's an awkward moment in the lyric , but that v and that f should be separated . '' In the line of the fourth verse , `` I thought that you 'd want what I want . Sorry , my dear , '' the performer must communicate the connection between the `` want '' and the `` sorry '' . Similarly , Sondheim insists that performers separately enunciate the adjacent t 's in the line , `` There ought to be clowns . '' Popular success ( edit ) The musical and the song debuted on Broadway in 1973 . The song became popular with theater audiences but had not become a pop hit . Sondheim explained how the song became a hit : First of all , it was n't a hit for two years . I mean , the first person to sing it was Bobby Short , who happened to see the show in Boston , and it was exactly his kind of song : He 's a cabaret entertainer . And then my memory is that Judy Collins picked it up , but she recorded it in England ; Sinatra heard it and recorded it . And between the two of them , they made it a hit . Frank Sinatra recorded `` Send in the Clowns '' in 1973 for his album Ol ' Blue Eyes Is Back , which attained gold status . Gordon Jenkins arranged the song . It was also released as a single . Two years later Judy Collins recorded `` Send in the Clowns '' for her album Judith . The song was released as a single , which soon became a major pop hit . It remained on the Billboard Hot 100 for 11 weeks in 1975 , reaching Number 36 . In 1977 the song again reached the Billboard Hot 100 , where it remained for 16 weeks and reached Number 19 . At the Grammy Awards of 1976 , the Judy Collins performance of the song was named Song of the Year . After Sinatra and Collins recorded the song , it was recorded by Bing Crosby , Kenny Rogers , and Lou Rawls . In 1985 , Sondheim added a verse for Barbra Streisand to use in her concert performances and recording , which was included on The Broadway Album . In 1986 , her version reached No. 25 on the Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary chart . The song has become a jazz standard with performances by Count Basie , Sarah Vaughan , the Stan Kenton Orchestra and many others . The song appears on over 900 records by hundreds of performers in a variety of arrangements . The drum corps Santa Clara Vanguard performed an arrangement of this song as part of their musical program in 1974 , when the corps won its second DCI World Championship . Originally arranged by Gail Royer , the song is still played by the brass on special occasions . Other versions ( edit ) A snippet of `` Send In the Clowns '' appears as part of the song `` The Electric Co . '' on the U2 album Under A Blood Red Sky . But the band lacked appropriate licensing , failed to pay the required royalties , and were fined $50,000 ( US ) . They removed the song clip from subsequent pressings of album . In December 2010 , Stephen Colbert wrote and performed an `` extended ending '' to `` Send in the Clowns '' to composer Stephen Sondheim when he appeared on Colbert 's program , The Colbert Report . `` Where are the clowns ? / I booked them for eight / Oh wait that 's them on the phone / Saying they 're late / Traffic was bad / The tunnel 's a mess / All twelve of them came in one car / They lost my address / You just ca n't trust clowns / That 's why they 're called clowns . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Synopsis '' mtishows.com , accessed April 16 , 2015 ^ Jump up to : An Interview with Stephen Sondheim ( Video Interview ) . Broadcast live from the New York City Opera during the production of A Little Night Music , in either 1990 or 1993 , when Sally Ann Howes opened the opera season : Live from Lincoln Center . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Gussow , Mel ( 2008 - 03 - 11 ) . `` Send In the Sondheim ; City Opera Revives ' Night Music , ' as Composer Dotes '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ An Interview of Dame Judi Dench by Alan Titchmarsh ( Video Interview ) . BBC . 1996 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Wolfe , Graham ( June 2014 ) . `` Sondheim 's A Little Night Music : Reconciling the Comic and the Sublime '' . Studies in Musical Theatre . 8 ( 2 ) : 143 -- 157 . doi : 10.1386 / smt. 8.2. 143_1 . ^ Jump up to : Academy of Achievement ( 2005 - 07 - 05 ) . `` An Interview with Stephen Sondheim '' . Archived from the original ( Video Interview ) on 2008 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Sondheim : A Little Night Music - Music on Google Play '' . play.google.com . Google . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Stephen Sondheim Teaches at Guildhall School of Music , Part 2 ( Video Class ) . Guildhall School of Music , London : Guildhall School of Music . 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Stephen Sondheim Teaches at Guildhall School of Music , Part 1 ( Video Class ) . Guildhall School of Music , London : Guildhall School of Music . 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard '' . Send in the Clowns , by Judy Collins . Asylum Records . 1975 . Archived from the original ( Album ) on July 1 , 2015 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 '' . Send in the Clowns , by Judy Collins . 1975 - 08 - 30 . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2013 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 '' . Send in the Clowns , by Judy Collins . 1977 - 11 - 19 . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2015 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` 1975 Grammy Award Winner , Song of the Year '' . Send in the Clowns , written by Stephen Sondheim , performed by Judy Collins . 1975 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Barbra Streisand in Concert ( Video Concert ) . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks '' . Send in the Clowns , by Barbra Streisand. 1986 - 03 - 29 . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2015 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Clara Vanguard 2018 Encore '' . Send in the Clowns. 2018 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Matt McGee and Aaron Sams . `` U2 : U2faqs.com - History FAQ - Three to Under a Blood Red Sky '' . U2faqs.com . Archived from the original on 2002 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Sondheim interview by Steven Colbert '' , Comedy Central , December 12 , 2010 . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Sondheim Guide to the Play Sondheim Review Notes to the Play Send in the Clowns Lyrics Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Grammy Award for Song of the Year 1959 − 1980 `` Volare '' -- Domenico Modugno ( songwriter ) ( 1959 ) `` The Battle of New Orleans '' -- Jimmy Driftwood ( songwriter ) ( 1960 ) `` Theme from Exodus '' -- Ernest Gold ( songwriter ) ( 1961 ) `` Moon River '' -- Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini ( songwriters ) ( 1962 ) `` What Kind of Fool Am I ? '' -- Leslie Bricusse & Anthony Newley ( songwriters ) ( 1963 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' -- Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini ( songwriters ) ( 1964 ) `` Hello , Dolly ! '' -- Jerry Herman ( songwriter ) ( 1965 ) `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' -- Paul Francis Webster & Johnny Mandel ( songwriters ) ( 1966 ) `` Michelle '' -- John Lennon & Paul McCartney ( songwriters ) ( 1967 ) `` Up , Up , and Away '' -- Jimmy Webb ( songwriter ) ( 1968 ) `` Little Green Apples '' -- Bobby Russell ( songwriter ) ( 1969 ) `` Games People Play '' -- Joe South ( songwriter ) ( 1970 ) `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' -- Paul Simon ( songwriter ) ( 1971 ) `` You 've Got a Friend '' -- Carole King ( songwriter ) ( 1972 ) `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' -- Ewan MacColl ( songwriter ) ( 1973 ) `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' -- Norman Gimbel & Charles Fox ( songwriters ) ( 1974 ) `` The Way We Were '' -- Alan and Marilyn Bergman & Marvin Hamlisch ( songwriters ) ( 1975 ) `` Send In the Clowns '' -- Stephen Sondheim ( songwriter ) ( 1976 ) `` I Write the Songs '' -- Bruce Johnston ( songwriter ) ( 1977 ) `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' -- Barbra Streisand & Paul Williams ( songwriters ) / `` You Light Up My Life '' -- Joe Brooks ( songwriter ) ( 1978 ) `` Just the Way You Are '' -- Billy Joel ( songwriter ) ( 1979 ) `` What a Fool Believes '' -- Kenny Loggins & Michael McDonald ( songwriters ) ( 1980 ) 1981 − 2000 `` Sailing '' -- Christopher Cross ( songwriter ) ( 1981 ) `` Bette Davis Eyes '' -- Donna Weiss & Jackie DeShannon ( songwriters ) ( 1982 ) `` Always on My Mind '' -- Johnny Christopher , Mark James & Wayne Carson ( songwriters ) ( 1983 ) `` Every Breath You Take '' -- Sting ( songwriter ) ( 1984 ) `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' -- Graham Lyle & Terry Britten ( songwriters ) ( 1985 ) `` We Are the World '' -- Michael Jackson & Lionel Richie ( songwriters ) ( 1986 ) `` That 's What Friends Are For '' -- Burt Bacharach & Carole Bayer Sager ( songwriters ) ( 1987 ) `` Somewhere Out There '' -- James Horner , Barry Mann & Cynthia Weil ( songwriters ) ( 1988 ) `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' -- Bobby McFerrin ( songwriter ) ( 1989 ) `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' -- Larry Henley & Jeff Silbar ( songwriters ) ( 1990 ) `` From a Distance '' -- Julie Gold ( songwriter ) ( 1991 ) `` Unforgettable '' -- Irving Gordon ( songwriter ) ( 1992 ) `` Tears in Heaven '' -- Eric Clapton & Will Jennings ( songwriters ) ( 1993 ) `` A Whole New World '' -- Alan Menken & Tim Rice ( songwriters ) ( 1994 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' -- Bruce Springsteen ( songwriter ) ( 1995 ) `` Kiss from a Rose '' -- Seal ( songwriter ) ( 1996 ) `` Change the World '' -- Gordon Kennedy , Wayne Kirkpatrick & Tommy Sims ( songwriters ) ( 1997 ) `` Sunny Came Home '' -- Shawn Colvin & John Leventhal ( songwriters ) ( 1998 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' -- James Horner & Will Jennings ( songwriters ) ( 1999 ) `` Smooth '' -- Itaal Shur & Rob Thomas ( songwriters ) ( 2000 ) 2001 − present `` Beautiful Day '' -- Adam Clayton , David Evans , Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson ( songwriters ) ( 2001 ) `` Fallin ' '' -- Alicia Keys ( songwriter ) ( 2002 ) `` Do n't Know Why '' -- Jesse Harris ( songwriter ) ( 2003 ) `` Dance with My Father '' -- Richard Marx & Luther Vandross ( songwriters ) ( 2004 ) `` Daughters '' -- John Mayer ( songwriter ) ( 2005 ) `` Sometimes You Ca n't Make It on Your Own '' -- Adam Clayton , David Evans , Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson ( songwriters ) ( 2006 ) `` Not Ready to Make Nice '' -- Emily Burns Erwin , Martha Maguire , Natalie Maines Pasdar & Dan Wilson ( songwriters ) ( 2007 ) `` Rehab '' -- Amy Winehouse ( songwriter ) ( 2008 ) `` Viva la Vida '' -- Guy Berryman , Jonathan Buckland , William Champion & Christopher Martin ( songwriters ) ( 2009 ) `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' -- Thaddis `` Kuk '' Harrell , Beyoncé Knowles , Terius Nash & Christopher Stewart ( songwriters ) ( 2010 ) `` Need You Now '' -- Dave Haywood , Josh Kear , Charles Kelley & Hillary Scott ( songwriters ) ( 2011 ) `` Rolling in the Deep '' -- Adele Adkins & Paul Epworth ( songwriters ) ( 2012 ) `` We Are Young '' -- Jack Antonoff , Jeff Bhasker , Andrew Dost & Nate Ruess ( songwriters ) ( 2013 ) `` Royals '' -- Joel Little & Ella Yelich O'Connor ( songwriters ) ( 2014 ) `` Stay with Me '' ( Darkchild version ) -- James Napier , William Phillips & Sam Smith ( songwriters ) ( 2015 ) `` Thinking Out Loud '' -- Ed Sheeran & Amy Wadge ( songwriters ) ( 2016 ) `` Hello '' -- Adele Adkins & Greg Kurstin ( songwriters ) ( 2017 ) `` That 's What I Like '' -- Christopher Brody Brown , James Fauntleroy , Philip Lawrence , Bruno Mars , Ray Charles McCullough II , Jeremy Reeves , Ray Romulus & Jonathan Yip ( songwriters ) ( 2018 ) Ingmar Bergman 's Smiles of a Summer Night Adaptations A Little Night Music ( 1973 musical ) A Little Night Music ( 1977 film ) A Midsummer Night 's Sex Comedy ( 1982 film ) Songs `` Send In the Clowns '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Send_In_the_Clowns&oldid=860584344 '' Categories : Songs from musicals 1970s jazz standards Barbra Streisand songs Songs written by Stephen Sondheim Grammy Award for Song of the Year Judy Collins songs Frank Sinatra songs 1973 songs 1975 singles 1977 singles Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Français Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2018 , at 17 : 38 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who wrote the song send in the clowns | [
"\"Send In the Clowns\" is a song written by Stephen Sondheim for the 1973 musical A Little Night Music, an adaptation of Ingmar Bergman's film Smiles of a Summer Night. It is a ballad from Act Two, in which the character Desirée reflects on the ironies and disappointments of her life. Among other things, she looks back on an affair years earlier with the lawyer Fredrik, who was deeply in love with her but whose marriage proposals she had rejected. Meeting him after so long, she realizes she is in love with him and finally ready to marry him, but now it is he who rejects her: he is in an unconsummated marriage with a much younger woman. Desirée proposes marriage to rescue him from this situation, but he declines, citing his dedication to his bride. Reacting to his rejection, Desirée sings this song. The song is later reprised as a coda after Fredrik's young wife runs away with his son, and Fredrik is finally free to accept Desirée's offer.[1]\n"
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6151952998263948040 | Spike (dog) | Spike ( dog ) - Wikipedia Spike ( dog ) For fictional dogs named Spike , see Spike_ ( character ) # Dogs . Spike Spike with Brian Keith Species Canis lupus familiaris Breed Mastador ( Labrador Retriever / Mastiff ) Sex Male Nation from United States Occupation Dog actor Notable role King in The She Creature Old Yeller in Old Yeller Patrasche in A Dog of Flanders Pete in The Silent Call Owner Frank Weatherwax Spike was a lop - eared yellow Mastador ( Mastiff / Labrador Retriever mix ) and a dog actor best known for his performance as Old Yeller in the 1957 Disney film of the same name co-starring Tommy Kirk , Dorothy McGuire , Fess Parker , and Kevin Corcoran . Spike was rescued as a pup from a shelter in Van Nuys , California and became the pet and pupil of animal trainer Frank Weatherwax . Spike also appeared as Patrasche in 20th Century Fox 's A Dog of Flanders with Donald Crisp and David Ladd in 1959 and as King in the 1956 film , The She - Creature . In 1961 , Spike was the star of The Silent Call , playing as Pete with Roger Mobley , David McLean and Gail Russell ; the entire movie focused on his efforts to reunite with his human family who had been forced to leave him behind while traveling from Nevada to California . Various television episodes of the period in which Spike appeared included The Mickey Mouse Club and Lassie , and he appeared in every episode of The Westerner with Brian Keith . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Old Yeller Played by Spike , a Lab / Mastiff Mix '' . America Comes Alive ! . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Old Yeller Archived January 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sheryl Smith - Rodgers , `` Honoring Old Yeller '' , American Profile . Archived February 10 , 2009 . External links ( edit ) Spike on IMDb This article about an actor is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This dog - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spike_(dog)&oldid=840680797 '' Categories : Dog actors Actor stubs Dog stubs Hidden categories : Articles with ' species ' microformats All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 May 2018 , at 12 : 59 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what kind of dog was in old yeller | [
"Spike was a lop-eared yellow Mastador (Mastiff/Labrador Retriever mix) and a dog actor best known for his performance as Old Yeller in the 1957 Disney film of the same name co-starring Tommy Kirk, Dorothy McGuire, Fess Parker, and Kevin Corcoran. Spike was rescued as a pup from a shelter in Van Nuys, California and became the pet and pupil of animal trainer Frank Weatherwax.[1]"
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"lop-eared yellow Mastador (Mastiff/Labrador Retriever mix)"
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8573370881317992377 | Asset | Asset - wikipedia Asset Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the business definition . For other uses , see Asset ( disambiguation ) . Accounting Historical cost Constant purchasing power Management Tax Major types ( show ) Auditing Cost Forensic Financial Fund Governmental Management Social Tax Key concepts ( show ) Accounting period Accrual Constant purchasing power Economic entity Fair value Going concern Historical cost Matching principle Materiality Revenue recognition Unit of account Selected accounts ( show ) Assets Cash Cost of goods sold Depreciation / Amortization Equity Expenses Goodwill Liabilities Profit Revenue Accounting standards ( show ) Generally - accepted principles Generally - accepted auditing standards Convergence International Financial Reporting Standards International Standards on Auditing Management Accounting Principles Financial statements ( show ) Annual report Balance sheet Cash - flow Equity Income Management discussion Notes to the financial statements Bookkeeping ( show ) Bank reconciliation Debits and credits Double - entry system FIFO and LIFO Journal Ledger / General ledger T accounts Trial balance Auditing ( show ) Financial Internal Firms Report People and organizations ( show ) Accountants Accounting organizations Luca Pacioli Development ( show ) History Research Positive accounting Sarbanes -- Oxley Act Business portal In financial accounting , an asset is an economic resource . Anything tangible or intangible that can be owned or controlled to produce value and that is held by a company to produce positive economic value is an asset . Simply stated , assets represent value of ownership that can be converted into cash ( although cash itself is also considered an asset ) . The balance sheet of a firm records the monetary value of the assets owned by that firm . It covers money and other valuables belonging to an individual or to a business . One can classify assets into two major asset classes : tangible assets and intangible assets . Tangible assets contain various subclasses , including current assets and fixed assets . Current assets include inventory , while fixed assets include such items as buildings and equipment . Intangible assets are nonphysical resources and rights that have a value to the firm because they give the firm some kind of advantage in the marketplace . Examples of intangible assets include goodwill , copyrights , trademarks , patents and computer programs , and financial assets , including such items as accounts receivable , bonds and stocks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Formal definition 2 Characteristics 2.1 Accounting 2.2 Current assets 2.3 Long - term investments 2.4 Fixed assets 2.5 Intangible assets 2.6 Tangible assets 2.7 Comparison : current assets , liquid assets and absolute liquid assets 3 See also 4 References Formal definition ( edit ) An asset is a resource controlled by the entity as a result of past events and from which future economic benefits are expected to flow to the entity ( Framework Par 49a ) . Characteristics ( edit ) One of the most widely accepted accounting definitions of asset is the one used by the International Accounting Standards Board . The following is a quotation from the IFRS Framework : `` An asset is a resource controlled by the enterprise as a result of past events and from which future economic benefits are expected to flow to the enterprise . '' This means that : The probable present benefit involve a capacity , singly or in combination with other assets , in the case of profit oriented enterprises , to contribute directly or indirectly to future net cash flows , and , in the case of nonprofit organizations , to provide services ; The entity can control access to the benefit ; The transaction or event giving rise to the entity 's right to , or control of , the benefit has already occurred . Employees are not considered assets like machinery is , even though they can generate future economic benefits . This is because an entity does not have sufficient control over its employees to satisfy the Framework 's definition of an asset . Resources that are expected to yield benefits only for a short time can also be considered not to be assets , for example in the USA the 12 month rule excludes items with a useful life of less than a year . Similarly , in economics an asset is any form in which wealth can be held . Accounting ( edit ) In the financial accounting sense of the term , it is not necessary to be able to legally enforce the asset 's benefit for qualifying a resource as being an asset , provided the entity can control its use by other means . The accounting equation is the mathematical structure of the balance sheet . It relates assets , liabilities , and owner 's equity : Assets = Liabilities + Capital ( which for a corporation equals owner 's equity ) Liabilities = Assets − Capital Equity = Assets − Liabilities Assets are listed on the balance sheet . On a company 's balance sheet certain divisions are required by generally accepted accounting principles ( GAAP ) , which vary from country to country . Assets can be divided into e.g. current assets and fixed assets , often with further subdivisions such as cash , receivables and inventory . Assets are formally controlled and managed within larger organizations via the use of asset tracking tools . These monitor the purchasing , upgrading , servicing , licensing , disposal etc. , of both physical and non-physical assets . Current assets ( edit ) Main article : Current asset Current assets are cash and other assets expected to be converted to cash or consumed either in a year or in the operating cycle ( whichever is longer ) , without disturbing the normal operations of a business . These assets are continually turned over in the course of a business during normal business activity . There are 5 major items included into current assets : Cash and cash equivalents -- it is the most liquid asset , which includes currency , deposit accounts , and negotiable instruments ( e.g. , money orders , cheque , bank drafts ) . Short - term investments -- include securities bought and held for sale in the near future to generate income on short - term price differences ( trading securities ) . Receivables -- usually reported as net of allowance for non-collectable accounts . Inventory -- trading these assets is a normal business of a company . The inventory value reported on the balance sheet is usually the historical cost or fair market value , whichever is lower . This is known as the `` lower of cost or market '' rule . Prepaid expenses -- these are expenses paid in cash and recorded as assets before they are used or consumed ( common examples are insurance or office supplies ) . See also adjusting entries . Marketable securities : Securities that can be converted into cash quickly at a reasonable price . The phrase net current assets ( also called working capital ) is often used and refers to the total of current assets less the total of current liabilities . Long - term investments ( edit ) Often referred to simply as `` investments '' . Long - term investments are to be held for many years and are not intended to be disposed of in the near future . This group usually consists of three types of investments : Investments in securities such as bonds , common stock , or long - term notes . Investments in fixed assets not used in operations ( e.g. , land held for sale ) . Investments in special funds ( e.g. sinking funds or pension funds ) . Different forms of insurance may also be treated as long term investments . Fixed assets ( edit ) Main article : Fixed asset Also referred to as PPE ( property , plant , and equipment ) , these are purchased for continued and long - term use in earning profit in a business . This group includes as an asset land , buildings , machinery , furniture , tools , IT equipment , e.g. , laptops , and certain wasting resources e.g. , timberland and minerals . They are written off against profits over their anticipated life by charging depreciation expenses ( with exception of land assets ) . Accumulated depreciation is shown in the face of the balance sheet or in the notes . An asset is an important factor in a balance sheet . These are also called capital assets in management accounting . Intangible assets ( edit ) Main article : Intangible asset Intangible assets lack of physical substance and usually are very hard to evaluate . They include patents , copyrights , franchises , goodwill , trademarks , trade names , etc . These assets are ( according to US GAAP ) amortized to expense over 5 to 40 years with the exception of goodwill . Websites are treated differently in different countries and may fall under either tangible or intangible assets . Tangible assets ( edit ) Tangible assets are those that have a physical substance , such as currencies , buildings , real estate , vehicles , inventories , equipment , art collections , precious metals , rare - earth metals , Industrial metals , and crops . Depreciation is applied to tangible assets when those assets have an anticipated lifespan of more than one year . This process of depreciation is used instead of allocating the entire expense to one year . Tangible assets such as art , furniture , stamps , gold , wine , toys and books have become recognized as an asset class in their own right and many high - net - worth individuals will seek to include these tangible assets as part of their overall asset portfolio . This has created a need for tangible asset managers . Comparison : current assets , liquid assets and absolute liquid assets ( edit ) Current assets Liquid assets Absolute liquid assets Stocks Prepaid expenses Bills receivable Bills receivable Cash in hand Cash in hand Cash in hand Cash at bank Cash at bank Cash at bank Accrued incomes Accrued incomes Accrued incomes Loans and advances ( short term ) Loans and advances ( short term ) Loans and advances ( short term ) Trade investments ( short term ) Trade investments ( short term ) Trade investments ( short term ) See also ( edit ) Trading account assets References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : O'Sullivan , Arthur ; Sheffrin , Steven M. ( 2003 ) . Economics : Principles in Action . Upper Saddle River , New Jersey : Pearson Prentice Hall . p. 272 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 063085 - 3 . Jump up ^ J.G. Siegel , N. Dauber & J.K. Shim , The Vest Pocket CPA , Wiley , 2005 . There are different methods of assessing the monetary value of the assets recorded on the Balance Sheet . In some cases , the Historical Cost is used ; such that the value of the asset when it was bought in the past is used as the monetary value . In other instances , the present fair market value of the asset is used to determine the value shown on the balance sheet . Jump up ^ J. Downes , J.E. Goodman , Dictionary of Finance & Investment Terms , Barron 's Financial Guides , 2003 ^ Jump up to : J. Downes , J.E. Goodman , Dictionary of Finance & Investment Terms , Barron 's Financial Guides , 2003 ; and J.G. Siegel , N. Dauber & J.K. Shim , The Vest Pocket CPA , Wiley , 2005 . Jump up ^ IFRS for SMEs . London : IASB ( International Accounting Standards Board ) . 2015 . p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 409 - 04813 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` IFRS '' . Iasb.org . Retrieved 8 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IFRS '' ( PDF ) . Iasb.org . Retrieved 8 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Intermediate Accounting , Kieso , et . al Jump up ^ `` Educating the world about finance '' . Investopedia . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Downes , John ; Goodman , Jordan Elliot . Finance and Investment Handbook , Sixth Edition , Barron 's Educational Series , Inc. , 2003 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asset&oldid=804397103 '' Categories : Asset Accounting terminology Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca Башҡортса Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 19 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which type of asset has a non-physical form | [
"Intangible assets are nonphysical resources and rights that have a value to the firm because they give the firm some kind of advantage in the marketplace. Examples of intangible assets include goodwill, copyrights, trademarks, patents and computer programs,[4] and financial assets, including such items as accounts receivable, bonds and stocks."
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"Intangible assets"
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728418857542843180 | Fade to Black (song) | Fade to Black ( song ) - wikipedia Fade to Black ( song ) This article is about the Metallica song . For the Dire Straits song , see Fade to Black ( Dire Straits ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Fade to Black '' Promotional single by Metallica from the album Ride the Lightning Released September 30 , 1984 Recorded February 20 - March 14 , 1984 at Sweet Silence Studios , Copenhagen , Denmark Genre Heavy metal Length 6 : 55 Label Megaforce Elektra Songwriter ( s ) James Hetfield Lars Ulrich Cliff Burton Kirk Hammett Producer ( s ) Metallica Flemming Rasmussen `` Fade to Black '' is a song and the first power ballad by American heavy metal band Metallica , released as the first promotional single from its second studio album , Ride the Lightning . The song was ranked as having the 24th best guitar solo ever by Guitar World readers . The song peaked at number 100 on Swiss Singles Chart in 2008 . The song is certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America . Contents 1 Background 2 Covers 3 Track listing 4 Personnel 5 References 6 External links Background ( edit ) In an interview with drummer Lars Ulrich on the set of the production MTV Icon : Metallica in 2003 , he recalls how he and vocalist / rhythm guitarist James Hetfield were `` obsessed with death '' at the time the album and song were produced . The song 's lyrics address suicidal feelings . It begins with an acoustic guitar introduction and becomes progressively heavier as the song goes on , similar to their future songs , `` Welcome Home ( Sanitarium ) '' , `` One '' , and `` The Day That Never Comes '' . James Hetfield commented on the song in a 1991 interview with Guitar World : That song was a big step for us . It was pretty much our first ballad , so we knew it would freak people out ... Recording that song , I learned how frustrating acoustic guitar can be . You could hear every squeak , so I had to be careful . I wrote the song at a friend 's house in New Jersey . I was pretty depressed at the time because our gear had just been stolen , and we had been thrown out of our manager 's house for breaking shit and drinking his liquor cabinet dry . It 's a suicide song , and we got a lot of flak for it , as if kids were killing themselves because of the song . But we also got hundreds of letters from kids telling us how they related to the song and that it made them feel better . Since its release , `` Fade to Black '' has been a fixture in Metallica 's live performances . It was also the last song that Metallica performed live with former bassist Jason Newsted before he left the band . Newsted 's last gig was at the VH1 Music Awards on November 30 , 2000 . It was one of his favorite Metallica songs , and was said to be of great sentimental value to him , although it had been written before he had joined the band . His previous band , Flotsam and Jetsam , performed a song called `` Fade to Black '' on their 1986 album Doomsday for the Deceiver before he left to join Metallica . While on the Guns N ' Roses / Metallica Stadium Tour on August 8 , 1992 , Hetfield accidentally stepped into the path of one of the chemical flames that had been rigged to shoot from the lip of the stage while playing `` Fade to Black '' . Hetfield 's guitar protected him from the full force of the blast ; however , the fire engulfed most of his left side , burning his hand , both arms , eyebrows , face and hair . He suffered second and third - degree burns , but was back on stage 17 days later , although his guitar duties were delegated to former guitar tech and Metal Church guitarist John Marshall for four weeks while he made a full recovery . `` Fade to Black '' was the last song to be played on the Los Angeles heavy metal radio station KNAC , which went off the air on February 15 , 1995 . It would later sign off fellow longtime rock stations 94 WYSP in Philadelphia on September 2 , 2011 and Power 97 in Winnipeg on January 29 , 2015 . Covers ( edit ) Apocalyptica on their album Inquisition Symphony . Apoptygma Berzerk on their studio album Welcome to Earth . Boy Sets Fire on Crush ' Em All Vol. 1 , a two - song split extended play with Shai Hulud . Disturbed on their Music as a Weapon II tour , but without the heavier second half of the song . Scott D. Davis on his Metallica tribute album Pianotarium Sonata Arctica on `` Victoria 's Secret '' and `` Takatalvi '' singles and for the Metallica tribute album A Tribute to the Four Horsemen . Steel Prophet covered the song on their album Genesis ( 2006 ) . The Lemonheads covered the song with an acoustic version as a B side on their 1997 single `` It 's all true '' . Iron Horse covered the song with a bluegrass version on their October 14 , 2003 album Fade to Bluegrass : The Bluegrass Tribute to Metallica . The song is featured as a playable track in the video game Guitar Hero : Metallica . The Alex Skolnick Trio covered the song on their album Veritas . Track listing ( edit ) Promotional vinyl 12 '' No . Title Length 1 . `` Fade to Black '' ( Vocal / LP Version ) 6 : 57 Personnel ( edit ) James Hetfield -- lead vocals , rhythm guitar , acoustic guitar Lars Ulrich -- drums Kirk Hammett -- lead guitar Cliff Burton -- bass guitar References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Metallica - Fade To Black '' . hitparade.ch . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` American certifications -- Metallica -- Fade to Black '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Jump up ^ Pareles , Jon ( 25 September 1988 ) . `` Speed - Metal : Extreme , Yes ; Evil , No '' . The New York Times . USA : The New York Times Company . p. 3 . Retrieved 14 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Last KNAC Article '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` KNAC 's Final Fade to Black '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 06 . External links ( edit ) Fade to Black at Discogs Metallica James Hetfield Lars Ulrich Kirk Hammett Robert Trujillo Jason Newsted Cliff Burton Dave Mustaine Ron McGovney Studio albums Kill ' Em All Ride the Lightning Master of Puppets ... And Justice for All Metallica Load Reload St. Anger Death Magnetic Hardwired ... to Self - Destruct Cover albums Garage Inc . Collaboration projects Lulu Extended plays The $5.98 E.P. : Garage Days Re-Revisited Beyond Magnetic Live albums S&M Orgullo , Pasión , y Gloria : Tres Noches en la Ciudad de México Live at Grimey 's The Big Four : Live from Sofia , Bulgaria Through the Never Box sets The Good , the Bad & the Live Live Shit : Binge & Purge Limited - Edition Vinyl Box Set The Metallica Collection Singles `` Whiplash '' `` Jump in the Fire '' `` Creeping Death '' `` Master of Puppets '' `` Harvester of Sorrow '' `` Eye of the Beholder '' `` One '' `` Enter Sandman '' `` The Unforgiven '' `` Nothing Else Matters '' `` Wherever I May Roam '' `` Sad but True '' `` Until It Sleeps '' `` Hero of the Day '' `` Mama Said '' `` King Nothing '' `` The Memory Remains '' `` The Unforgiven II '' `` Fuel '' `` Turn the Page '' `` Whiskey in the Jar '' `` Die , Die My Darling '' `` Nothing Else Matters ' 99 '' `` No Leaf Clover '' `` I Disappear '' `` St. Anger '' `` Frantic '' `` The Unnamed Feeling '' `` Some Kind of Monster '' `` The Day That Never Comes '' `` All Nightmare Long '' `` Broken , Beat & Scarred '' `` The View '' `` Lords of Summer '' `` Hardwired '' `` Moth into Flame '' `` Atlas , Rise ! '' `` Now That We 're Dead '' `` Spit Out the Bone '' Promotional singles `` Fade to Black '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' `` Do n't Tread on Me '' `` Ai n't My Bitch '' `` Bleeding Me '' `` Better than You '' `` My Apocalypse '' `` Cyanide '' `` The Judas Kiss '' Other songs `` Seek & Destroy '' `` Am I Evil ? '' `` Blitzkrieg '' `` Breadfan '' `` The God That Failed '' `` Astronomy '' `` Tuesday 's Gone '' `` Last Caress / Green Hell '' `` Stone Cold Crazy '' `` So What ? '' `` Overkill '' `` The Unforgiven III '' Video albums Cliff ' Em All 2 of One A Year and a Half in the Life of Metallica Cunning Stunts S&M The Videos 1989 -- 2004 Français Pour une Nuit Orgullo , Pasión , y Gloria : Tres Noches en la Ciudad de México The Big Four : Live from Sofia , Bulgaria Quebec Magnetic Metallica Through the Never Tours Kill ' Em All Tour Ride the Lightning Tour Damage , Inc . Tour Monsters of Rock Tour 1987 Monsters of Rock Tour 1988 Damaged Justice Tour Wherever We May Roam Tour Guns N ' Roses / Metallica Stadium Tour Nowhere Else to Roam Tour Shit Hits the Sheds Tour Poor Touring Me Poor Re-Touring Me Tour Garage Remains the Same Tour M2K Mini Tour Summer Sanitarium Tour Madly in Anger with the World Tour Escape from the Studio ' 06 Sick of the Studio ' 07 2008 European Vacation Tour World Magnetic Tour 2012 European Black Album Tour By Request Tour Lords of Summer Tour WorldWired Tour Related articles Awards Discography Demos Songs recorded Apocalyptica Beatallica Big Mick Orion Music + More Echobrain Exodus Flotsam and Jetsam Megadeth Newsted Metallica v. Napster , Inc . A Tribute to the Four Horsemen The Blackest Album : An Industrial Tribute to Metallica Guitar Hero : Metallica Songs So What ! ( magazine ) Metallic Assault : A Tribute to Metallica Metallic Attack : The Ultimate Tribute Metal Militia -- A Tribute to Metallica Metallica : This Monster Lives Pianotarium Some Kind of Monster Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fade_to_Black_(song)&oldid=849735930 '' Categories : 1980s ballads Metallica songs 1984 singles Heavy metal ballads Songs about suicide Songs written by Cliff Burton Songs written by James Hetfield Songs written by Lars Ulrich Songs written by Kirk Hammett 1984 songs Megaforce Records singles Elektra Records singles Songs about death Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 July 2018 , at 00 : 36 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | what is the song fade to black about | [
"The song's lyrics address suicidal feelings.[4] It begins with an acoustic guitar introduction and becomes progressively heavier as the song goes on, similar to their future songs, \"Welcome Home (Sanitarium)\", \"One\", and \"The Day That Never Comes\". James Hetfield commented on the song in a 1991 interview with Guitar World:\n"
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"suicidal feelings"
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5506927403187384480 | Where Have All the Flowers Gone? | Where Have All the Flowers Gone ? - Wikipedia Where Have All the Flowers Gone ? Jump to : navigation , search For the 2008 documentary , see Where Have All the Flowers Gone ? ( film ) . 1960 release on The Rainbow Quest LP , Folkways , FA 2454 , by Pete Seeger Columbia Hall of Fame 45 rpm single release as 13 - 33088 featuring the November 1962 version . August 1965 . `` Where Have All The Flowers Gone ? '' Song Language English Composer ( s ) Pete Seeger Lyricist ( s ) Pete Seeger and Joe Hickerson `` Where Have All the Flowers Gone ? '' is a modern folk - style song . The melody and the first three verses were written by Pete Seeger in 1955 and published in Sing Out ! magazine . Additional verses were added in May 1960 by Joe Hickerson , who turned it into a circular song . Its rhetorical `` where ? '' and meditation on death place the song in the ubi sunt tradition . In 2010 , the New Statesman listed it as one of the `` Top 20 Political Songs '' . The 1964 release of the song as a Columbia Records 45 single , 13 - 33088 , by Pete Seeger was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2002 in the Folk category . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Versions 3 Grammy Hall of Fame 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography Composition ( edit ) Seeger found inspiration for the song in October 1955 while he was on a plane bound for a concert at Oberlin College , one of the few venues which would hire him during the McCarthy era . Leafing through his notebook he saw the passage , `` Where are the flowers , the girls have plucked them . Where are the girls , they 've all taken husbands . Where are the men , they 're all in the army . '' These lines were taken from the traditional Cossack folk song `` Koloda - Duda '' , referenced in the Mikhail Sholokhov novel And Quiet Flows the Don ( 1934 ) , which Seeger had read `` at least a year or two before '' . Seeger created a song which was subsequently published in Sing Out in 1962 . He recorded a version with three verses on The Rainbow Quest album ( Folkways LP FA 2454 ) released in July 1960 . Later , Joe Hickerson added two more verses with a recapitulation of the first in May 1960 in Bloomington , Indiana . In 2010 , the New Statesman listed it as one of the `` Top 20 Political Songs '' . The song appeared on the compilation album Pete Seeger 's Greatest Hits ( 1967 ) released by Columbia Records as CS 9416 . Pete Seeger 's recording from the Columbia album The Bitter and the Sweet ( November 1962 ) , CL 1916 , produced by John H. Hammond was also released as a Columbia Hall of Fame 45 single as 13 - 33088 backed by `` Little Boxes '' in August , 1965 . Versions ( edit ) The Kingston Trio recorded the song in 1961 . Believing it to be a traditional song , they claimed authorship , although upon notice from Seeger they had their name removed and credited Seeger and Hickerson . Seeger acknowledged their success with this song . Their single , with `` O Ken Karanga '' as the A-side and the hit `` Where Have All The Flowers Gone ? '' the B - side , reached # 21 in the 1962 Billboard Hot 100 chart and # 4 on the Easy Listening chart . Peter , Paul and Mary included the song on their eponymous debut album ( which spent five weeks as the # 1 album in the country ) in 1962 . Marlene Dietrich performed the song in English , French , and German . The song was first performed in French ( as `` Qui peut dire où vont les fleurs ? '' ) by Marlene in 1962 at a UNICEF concert . She also recorded the song in English and in German , the latter titled `` Sag ' mir , wo die Blumen sind '' , with lyrics translated by Max Colpet . She performed the German version on a tour of Israel , where she was warmly received ; she was the first person to break the taboo of using German publicly in Israel since WWII . Her version peaked # 32 in German charts . Dalida also recorded the song in French as `` Que sont devenues les fleurs ? '' , adapted by Guy Béart in 1962 ( Les Années Barclay , vol. 5 , 1962 ) . Jaap Fischer recorded the song in Dutch as `` Zeg me waar de bloemen zijn '' ( single , B side of `` Jan Soldaat '' , 1963 ) . Conny van den Bos recorded the song in Dutch `` Waar zijn al die bloemen toch ? '' , released 1963 . The Searchers released their version on the album Meet The Searchers , released June 1963 . The Springfields featuring Dusty Springfield released a version in German in 1963 . Bobby Darin recorded the song on the Golden Folk Hits album on Capitol , 2007 , which was released in November 1963 . Roy Orbison recorded a version of the song which appears on the album The Connoisseur 's Orbison . Eddy Arnold and The Needmore Creek Singers recorded the song on October 9 , 1963 , and released it on the Folk Song Book album released in January 1964 . Vera Lynn recorded the song as the eleventh cut on her 1964 album `` Among My Souvenirs '' . The Brothers Four recorded the song on their 1964 LP `` More Big Folk Hits '' , Columbia Records , CL - 2213 . The Four Seasons recorded the song on their 1964 Philips album Born to Wander , PHM 200 129 . Lars Lönndahl recorded the song in 1964 with Swedish lyrics Inga blommor finns det mer , translated in 1962 by Beppe Wolgers . Joan Baez included the German version ( Sagt Mir wo die Blumen sind ) on her 1965 album Farewell Angelina . Johnny Rivers had a 1965 top 40 hit in the US with a folk rock version , reaching # 26 on the Billboard Hot 100 and # 9 in Canada . Grady Martin released an instrumental version in 1965 on his Instrumentally Yours album . Harry Belafonte has made one recording of it at a benefit concert in Stockholm , Sweden , 1966 on the album BEL - 1 . Lester Flatt and Earl Scruggs included the song on their 1968 album Changin ' Times . Walter Jackson recorded a R & B version in Chicago for Okeh records in 1967 . Jazz guitarist Wes Montgomery recorded an instrumental version in his trademark style on the 1968 LP Road Song In 1969 , Rufus Harley recorded a jazz instrumental version on his trademark bagpipes , but the track was never commercially released until it was included in his posthumously released limited edition collection Courage - The Atlantic Recordings in 2006 . The Landsmen released the song as a 45 single on Arvee . Bill Anderson recorded the song on his eponymous 1971 album . American R&B band Earth , Wind & Fire covered the song on the 1972 album Last Days and Time . Richie Havens recorded the song in 1972 . Hannes Wader recorded a German version as the final track for his 1982 album Daß nichts bleibt wie es war . City recorded a German version in their 1983 album Unter der Haut . Bernie Sanders covered the song on his 1987 album We Shall Overcome . A Russian version of the song was created in 1998 by Oleg Nesterov , a lead singer of Megapolis , and later performed in duet with Masha Makarova ( Masha I Medvedi ) in a music video . Olivia Newton - John recorded the song on her 2004 album Indigo : Women of Song . Country singer Dolly Parton has also recorded a rendition of the song , on her 2005 album Those Were the Days . Chris de Burgh has recorded a new version which is featured on his 2008 album Footsteps . The song was sung at the funeral of Harry Patch , the last British soldier of the First World War , in Wells Cathedral on August 9 , 2009 . The Folkswingers recorded an instrumental version of the song for their second album 12 String Guitar ! Vol. 2 . A Polish - language version was sung by Sława Przybylska ( Polish title : `` Gdzie są kwiaty z tamtych lat ? '' ) A Czech - language version of the song ( `` Řekni , kde ty kytky jsou '' ) was also created and recorded by several popular artists , such as Judita Čeřovská ( cz ) , Template : Marie Rottrová , or Marta Kubišová . Čeřovská 's version was one of the OST songs of Czech film Rebelové . Croatian folk band Zlatni Dukati performed a version of the song entitled `` Iznad polja makova '' ( `` Above the fields of poppy '' ) during the Croatian War of Independence . A piano version of the song by Scottish pop singer and songwriter Jimmy Sommerville appears on his 2009 album Suddenly Last Summer . Kirsten Hasberg , of Kassel Germany , recorded a parody entitled Sag , die Energiewende , wo ist sie geblieben ? about the German transition to renewable energies and `` energy democracy . '' Erzsi Kovács , Hungarian pop singer recorded a version in Hungarian Classical guitarist Sharon Isbin recorded an instrumental version in her 2009 album Journey to the New World . British Folk - Rock group The Tansads included a version on their 1995 live album Drag Down The Moon . German Avant - garde group Einstürzende Neubauten recorded a German version of the song for their 2014 album Lament . Lara Veronin , Russian - Taiwanese - American singer recorded a version for the 2012 Taiwanese drama Alice in Wonder City . The Armistice Pals recorded a version in 2014 that was released as a commemoration of the 100th Anniversary of World War One and as a tribute to Pete Seeger , who had died earlier that year . The voice of Pete Seeger is heard in the recording along with that of his half - sister Peggy Seeger . The Hi - Marks , a popular 1970s group in New Zealand , recorded a version on their first album Showtime Spectacular . Serbian actor Dragan Maksimović performed a part of this song in the movie Mi nismo anđeli ( `` We are not Angels '' ) recorded in 1992 in Yugoslavia . Alberto Y Lost Trios Paranoias included a version on their 1978 album Skite . Adhunik Bengali singer Anjan Dutt covered the song in his 2001 album Rawng Pencil . Kabir Suman translated the song to Bengali ( Kothaye Gelo Tara ) . Suman and Seeger performed the English and Bengali versions one after the other twice during Suman and Seeger 's Tour of Kolkata in 1996 . Version Title Artist Basque Loreak non dira ? Lou Topet , Harkaitz Cano Belarusian Дзе кветкі ўсе ? Bar Akaryna Bengali কোথায় গেল তারা ? ( Kothay Gelo Tara ) Kabir Suman Catalan Què se n'ha fet d'aquelles flors ? Roslyn Smith , La Marta ( Club Super3 ) Chinese 花 兒 怎麼 不見 了 ? Poon Sow Keng ( 潘秀瓊 ) Croatian Kamo je cvijeće otišlo ? Monia Verardi Czech Řekni , kde ty kytky jsou Judita Čeřovská , Marie Rottrová , Marta Kubišová Danish Where Have All the Flowers Gone Savage Rose Dutch Zeg me waar de bloemen zijn Jaap Fischer English Where have all the flowers gone ? Pete Seeger , The Kingston Trio , Peter , Paul and Mary , Johnny Rivers , many others Esperanto Ĉiuj floroj estas for Duo Espera Estonian Kuhu küll kõik lilled jäid Lindpriid Finnish Minne kukat kadonneet Kukonpojat French Qui peut dire où vont les fleurs ? Eva ( de ) , Marlene Dietrich , Francis Lemarque , Dalida German Sag mir , wo die Blumen sind Marlene Dietrich , Hannes Wader , Juliane Werding , Nana Mouskouri , Joan Baez , Lolita ( Austrian singer ) , Hildegard Knef , Einstürzende Neubauten Hebrew איפה הפרחים כולם Eifo Haprachim Kulam שלישיית גשר הירקון ( Gesher Hayarkon Trio ) Hungarian Hova tűnt a sok virág ? Péter Gerendás Icelandic Hvert er farið blómið blátt ? Elly Vilhjálms & Ragnar Bjarnason Irish Cá bhfuil siad uainn , scoth na mbláth ? Feargal Ó Béarra Italian Dove andranno i nostri fiori ? Patty Pravo Japanese Hana wa doko e itta ? Kiyoshiro Imawano Polish Gdzie są kwiaty z tamtych lat ? Sława Przybylska Portuguese Para onde foram todas as flores Jarmila Ferreira Martins Romanian Unde au dispărut toate florile Alexandru Constantinescu Russian Где цветы , дай мне ответ ? Gde cvety , day mne otvet ? Oleg Nesterov , Masha Makarova Russian Ты скажи мне , где цветы Zhanna Bichevskaya Slovenian Kam so šle vse rožice Tomaž Domicelj Spanish ¿ Dónde están las flores ? Rolando Alarcón Swedish Inga blommor finns det mer Lars Lönndahl Turkish Söyle Çiçekler nerde ? Oğuz Tarihmen Ukrainian Де всі квіти , розкажи De vsi kvity , rozkazhy Maria Burmaka Ukrainian Квіти де ? Kvity De ? Yana Zavarzina Grammy Hall of Fame ( edit ) Pete Seeger 's recording of his composition was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame , which is a special Grammy award established in 1973 to honor recordings that are at least 25 years old and that have `` qualitative or historical significance . '' Pete Seeger : Grammy Hall of Fame Awards Year recorded Title Genre Label Year inducted 1964 `` Where Have All the Flowers Gone ? '' Folk ( single ) Columbia 2002 See also ( edit ) List of anti-war songs References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Seeger , Pete . `` Where Have All the Flowers Gone '' . Sing Out ! . 11 ( 5 ) . Jump up ^ Hickerson , Joe ( 2009 -- 2010 ) . `` The Songfinder '' . Sing Out ! . 53 ( 2 ) : 76 . ^ Jump up to : Joe Hickerson . `` Where Have All the Flowers Gone ? '' . presentation to SEM ( Society for Ethnomusicology ) , 50th Annual Meeting in Atlanta ( quoted in thread ) . Mudcat.org . Retrieved October 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Ian K ( March 25 , 2010 ) . `` Top 20 Political Songs : Where Have All the Flowers Gone '' . New Statesman . Retrieved March 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ A Folk Legend 's Fertile Ground , Oberlin Alumni Magazine , summer 2014 Jump up ^ Notes from : Where Have All the Flowers Gone - The Songs of Pete Seeger ^ Jump up to : Dunaway , David King ( 2008 ) . How Can I Keep From Singing ? The Ballad of Pete Seeger , pp. 228 - 30 . Random House , Inc . ISBN 0 - 345 - 50608 - 1 . Jump up ^ Pete Seeger - Little Boxes / Where Have All the Flowers Gone . Discogs.com . Jump up ^ Pete Seeger - The Bitter and the Sweet . Discogs.com . Jump up ^ Where Have All the Flowers Gone ? Second Hand Songs . Jump up ^ The Kingston Trio time line . The single was released on December 18 , 1961 by the group on Capitol Records as a 45 single , 4671 . Source : Liner notes for The Kingston Trio : The Capital Years ( Capitol Records CD7243 8 28498 2 7 ) . Jump up ^ Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` Show 18 - Blowin ' in the Wind : Pop discovers folk music . ( Part 1 ) '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . Track 5 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 137 . Jump up ^ `` Marlene Dietrich , Actor / Singer '' . Answers.com . Retrieved 7 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Marlene Dietrich - Sag mir wo die Blumen sind '' . Offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved 27 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Album title En kväll med Towa och Lasse , track 8 , record label Teldec , Hamburg , cataloged in the Swedish Media Database ( SMDb ) of the Royal Library in Stockholm . Jump up ^ Inga blommor finns det mer , blog post by Enn Kokk , without date , read January 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Grady Martin . Instrumentally Yours . AllMusic.com . Jump up ^ Grammy Hall of Fame Database . Bibliography ( edit ) Seeger , Pete ; Blood , Peter ( 1993 ) . Where have all the flowers gone : a singer 's stories , songs , seeds , robberies ( book ) format = requires url = ( help ) ( Biography ) . Bethlehem , Pennsylvania : Sing Out ! . pp. 166 -- 169 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 881322 - 01 - 6 . OCLC 28150656 . Pete Seeger Studio albums American Folk Songs for Children God Bless the Grass Dangerous Songs ! ? Rainbow Race At 89 Pete Remembers Woody Live albums We Shall Overcome Songs `` The Bells of Rhymney '' `` God 's Counting on Me , God 's Counting on You '' `` If I Had a Hammer '' `` If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus '' `` Little Boxes '' `` My Rainbow Race '' `` Pittsburgh Town '' `` Turn ! Turn ! Turn ! '' `` Waist Deep in the Big Muddy `` We Shall Overcome '' `` Where Have All the Flowers Gone ? '' Almanac Singers Songs for John Doe Talking Union Deep Sea Chanteys and Whaling Ballads Sod Buster Ballads Songs of the Lincoln Battalion Dear Mr. President The Weavers The Weavers at Carnegie Hall The Weavers at Carnegie Hall Vol. 2 The Weavers : Was n't That a Time ! Other Precious Friend ( with Arlo Guthrie ) Related Discography People 's Songs Rainbow Quest Sing Out ! Pete Seeger : The Power of Song Hudson River Sloop Clearwater The Great Hudson River Revival We Shall Overcome : The Seeger Sessions Family Charles Seeger ( father ) Ruth Crawford Seeger ( stepmother ) Alan Seeger ( paternal uncle ) Toshi Seeger ( wife ) Mike Seeger ( paternal half - brother ) Peggy Seeger ( paternal half - sister ) Ewan MacColl ( brother - in - law ) John Cohen ( brother - in - law ) Mika Seeger ( daughter ) Kirsty MacColl ( stepniece ) Tao Rodríguez - Seeger ( grandson ) Marlene Dietrich Studio albums Marlene Dietrich Overseas ( 1951 ) Die neue Marlene ( 1965 ) Marlene singt Berlin , Berlin ( 1965 ) Live albums Live at the Café de Paris ( 1954 ) Dietrich in Rio ( 1959 ) Wiedersehen mit Marlene ( 1960 ) Dietrich in London ( 1965 ) Selected singles `` Falling in Love Again '' `` The Boys in the Backroom '' `` Lili Marlene '' `` Sag ' mir , wo die Blumen sind '' `` Die Antwort Weiss Ganz Allein Der Wind '' `` Come Rain or Come Shine '' Videos An Evening with Marlene Dietrich ( 2003 ) Related articles Discography Filmography Marlene VIAF : 185891514 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Where_Have_All_the_Flowers_Gone%3F&oldid=824835996 '' Categories : American folk songs Anti-war songs 1955 songs 1962 singles Pete Seeger songs 1965 singles Johnny Rivers songs The Searchers ( band ) songs The Kingston Trio songs Songs written by Pete Seeger Peter , Paul and Mary songs Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from December 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2008 Interlanguage link template link number Pages using citations with format and no URL Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Čeština Deutsch Esperanto فارسی Français Galego Italiano Latina Lëtzebuergesch 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 February 2018 , at 20 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote where has all the flowers gone | [
"\"Where Have All the Flowers Gone?\" is a modern folk-style song. The melody and the first three verses were written by Pete Seeger in 1955 and published in Sing Out! magazine.[1] Additional verses were added in May 1960 by Joe Hickerson, who turned it into a circular song.[2] Its rhetorical \"where?\" and meditation on death place the song in the ubi sunt tradition.[3][better source needed] In 2010, the New Statesman listed it as one of the \"Top 20 Political Songs\".[4]"
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"Pete Seeger"
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4126901531008369213 | NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament | NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball tournament - wikipedia NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball tournament Jump to : navigation , search `` NCAA Men 's Basketball Tournament '' redirects here . For other division tournaments , see NCAA basketball tournament . `` March Madness '' redirects here . For other uses , see March Madness ( disambiguation ) . `` NCAA March Madness '' redirects here . For CBS & Turner Sports ' coverage of the tournament , see NCAA March Madness ( CBS / Turner ) . NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament Most recent season or competition : 2018 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament Sport Basketball Founded 1939 No. of teams 68 ( since 2011 ) Most recent champion ( s ) Villanova ( 3rd title ) Most titles UCLA ( 11 titles ) TV partner ( s ) NCAA March Madness ( CBS / TBS / TNT / TruTV ) CBS Sports Network ( re-airs ) Galavision ( Spanish - coverage ) Official website NCAA.com The NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament , also informally known and branded as NCAA March Madness , is a single - elimination tournament played each spring in the United States , currently featuring 68 college basketball teams from the Division I level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) , to determine the national championship . The tournament was created in 1939 by the National Association of Basketball Coaches , and was the idea of The Ohio State University coach Harold Olsen . Played mostly during March , it has become one of the most famous annual sporting events in the United States . The tournament teams include champions from 32 Division I conferences ( which receive automatic bids ) , and 36 teams which are awarded at - large berths . These `` at - large '' teams are chosen by an NCAA selection committee , then announced in a nationally televised event on the Sunday preceding the `` First Four '' play - in games , currently held in Dayton , Ohio , and dubbed Selection Sunday . The 68 teams are divided into four regions and organized into a single - elimination `` bracket '' , which pre-determines , when a team wins a game , which team it will face next . Each team is `` seeded '' , or ranked , within its region from 1 to 16 . After the First Four , the tournament occurs during the course of three weekends , at pre-selected neutral sites across the United States . Teams , seeded by rank , proceed through a single - game elimination bracket beginning with a `` first four '' consisting of 8 low - seeded teams playing in 4 games for a position in the first round the Tuesday and Wednesday before the first round begins , a first round consisting of 64 teams playing in 32 games over the course of a week , the `` Sweet Sixteen '' and `` Elite Eight '' rounds the next week and weekend , respectively , and -- for the last weekend of the tournament -- the `` Final Four '' round . The Final Four is usually played during the first weekend of April . These four teams , one from each region ( East , South , Midwest , and West ) , compete in a preselected location for the national championship . The tournament has been at least partially televised since 1969 . Currently , the games are broadcast by CBS , TBS , TNT , and truTV under the trade - name NCAA March Madness . Since 2011 , all games are available for viewing nationwide and internationally , such as in the Philippines and Canada . As television coverage has grown , so too has the tournament 's popularity . Currently , millions of Americans fill out a bracket , attempting to correctly predict the outcome of 63 games of the tournament ( not including the First Four games ) With 11 national titles , UCLA has the record for the most NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championships ; John Wooden coached UCLA to 10 of its 11 titles . The University of Kentucky ( UK ) is second , with eight national titles . The University of North Carolina is third , with six national titles , and Duke University and Indiana University are tied for fourth with five national titles . The University of Connecticut is sixth with four national titles . The University of Kansas ( KU ) & Villanova are tied for 7th with three national titles . Since 1985 , when the tournament expanded to 64 teams , Duke has won five championships ; North Carolina and Connecticut have each won four ; Kentucky & Villanova have three ; Kansas & Florida have two ; and UCLA , Indiana , Michigan State , Louisville have one . During that time Villanova , Michigan , UNLV , Duke , Arkansas , Arizona , Connecticut , Maryland , Syracuse , and Florida all won their first championships . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current tournament format 1.1 Qualifying 1.2 Regions 1.2. 1 Seeding and bracket 1.2. 2 Venues 1.3 Rounds 1.3. 1 First Four 1.3. 2 First and Second Rounds 1.3. 3 Regional semifinals and finals 1.3. 4 Final Four 2 Winners and appearances 2.1 Titles by year 2.2 Titles by school 2.3 Mid-major teams 2.3. 1 Defunct conferences and independents 2.4 Tournament droughts 3 Evolution of the Tournament 3.1 Expansion of field 3.2 Seeding history and statistics 3.2. 1 # 1 seeds by year and region 3.2. 2 Number of # 1 seeds by school 3.3 Venues 3.3. 1 Stadium size and domes 3.4 Other changes 3.4. 1 Bids per conferences 3.4. 2 Consolation games 3.4. 3 Play - In games 3.4. 4 Play - In round naming 3.4. 5 Pod system 3.4. 6 National Semifinal seeding 3.5 Other notes 3.5. 1 Home court advantage 3.5. 2 Flag controversy 3.5. 3 House Bill 2 4 Rituals and influence 4.1 Cutting down the nets 4.2 Team awards 4.3 Most Outstanding Player 4.4 Influence on the NBA draft 5 Television coverage and revenues 5.1 Current television contracts 5.2 History of television coverage 5.2. 1 Early broadcast coverage 5.2. 2 ESPN & CBS share coverage 5.2. 3 CBS takes over 5.2. 4 Viewing options emerge 5.2. 5 HDTV coverage 5.3 International broadcasts 6 Tournament statistics 6.1 Low seeded teams 6.1. 1 Most successful low seeds 6.1. 2 Best performances by No. 16 seeds 6.1. 3 Additional low - seed stats 6.1. 4 Notable point spread upsets 6.2 Highly seeded teams 6.2. 1 All No. 1 seeds in the Final Four 6.2. 2 Final Fours without a No. 1 seed 6.2. 3 No. 1 seeds in the Championship Game 6.2. 4 Additional No. 1 seed stats 6.2. 5 Teams No. 1 in national polls 6.2. 6 Performance of undefeated teams 6.2. 7 Undefeated teams not in the tournament 6.2. 8 Champions absent the next year 6.3 Coaches 6.3. 1 Most national championships 6.3. 2 National championships among active coaches 6.3. 3 Schools winning a national championship under multiple coaches 6.3. 4 Most teams from different schools taken to the Final Four 6.4 Point differentials 6.4. 1 Championship victory margins 6.4. 2 Accumulated victory margins 6.5 Seed pairing results 6.5. 1 Round of 64 results 6.5. 2 Round of 32 results 6.5. 3 Round of 16 results 6.5. 4 Regional finals results 7 Host cities 8 Popular culture 8.1 Bracketology and pools 8.2 Tournament associated terms 8.2. 1 March Madness 8.2. 2 Sweet Sixteen 8.2. 3 Final Four 8.2. 4 Cinderella team 9 References Current tournament format ( edit ) A ticket from the 1988 tournament held in Kansas City , Missouri The NCAA has changed the tournament format several times since its inception , most often representing an increase of the number of teams . This section describes the tournament as it has operated since 2011 . Qualifying ( edit ) A total of 68 teams qualify for the tournament played during March and April . Thirty - two teams earn automatic bids as their respective conference champions . Of the 32 Division I `` all - sports '' conferences ( defined as those that sponsor men 's and women 's basketball ) , all 32 currently hold championship tournaments to determine which team receives the automatic qualification . The Ivy League was the last Division I conference that did not conduct a tournament ; through the 2015 -- 16 season , it awarded its tournament berth to the regular - season champion . If two or more Ivies shared a regular - season championship , a one - game playoff ( or series of such playoffs ) was used to decide the tournament participant . Since 2017 , the league conducts their own postseason tournament . The remaining 36 tournament slots are granted to at - large bids , which are determined by the Selection Committee in a nationally televised event on the Sunday preceding the First Four play - in tournament and dubbed Selection Sunday by the media and fans , by a group primarily of conference commissioners and school athletic directors who are appointed into service by the NCAA . The committee also determines where all sixty - eight teams are seeded and placed in the bracket . Regions ( edit ) The tournament is divided into four regions and each region has at least sixteen teams , but four additional teams are added per the decision of the Selection Committee . ( See : First Four , below . ) The committee is charged with making each of the four regions as close as possible in overall quality of teams from wherever they come from . The names of the regions vary from year to year , and are broadly geographic ( such as `` West '' , `` South '' , `` East '' , and `` Midwest '' ) . From 1957 to 1984 , the `` Mideast '' , roughly corresponding to the Southeastern region of the United States , designation was used . From 1985 to 1998 , the Mideast region was known as `` Southeast '' and again changed to `` South '' starting from 1999 . The selected names roughly correspond to the location of the four cities hosting the regional finals . From 2004 to 2006 , the regions were named after their host cities , e.g. the Phoenix Regional in 2004 , the Chicago Regional in 2005 , and the Minneapolis Regional in 2006 , but reverted to the traditional geographic designations beginning in 2007 . For example , during 2012 , the regions were named South ( Atlanta , Georgia ) , East ( Boston , Massachusetts ) , Midwest ( St. Louis , Missouri ) , and West ( Phoenix , Arizona ) . Seeding and bracket ( edit ) Further information : NCAA basketball tournament selection process The selection committee ranks the whole field of 68 teams from 1 to 68 . ( It did not make this information public until 2012 . ) The committee then divides the teams amongst the regions . The top four teams will be distributed among the four regions , and each will receive a No. 1 seed within that region . The next four ranked teams will then be distributed among the four regions , each receiving a No. 2 seed in their region , and the process continues down the line , with some exceptions ( as is explained below ) . Carried to its logical conclusion , this would give each region seventeen teams -- seeded from No. 1 to No. 17 -- but , each region has only sixteen teams ( from No. 1 to No. 16 ) . As can be seen below , the actual seeding depends on ( among other factors ) the rankings of the eight teams that the committee selects for the `` First Four '' opening round ( see the next paragraph and the `` First Four '' section below ) . The selection committee is also instructed to place teams so that whenever possible , teams from the same conference can not meet until the regional finals . Additionally , it is also instructed to avoid any possible rematches of regular - season or previous year 's tournament games during the First and Second rounds . Further restrictions are listed in the Venues section below . To comply with these other requirements , the selection committee may move one or several teams up or down one seed from their respective original seed line . Thus , for example , the 40th overall ranked team , originally slated to be a No. 10 seed within a particular region , may instead be moved up to a No. 9 seed or moved down to a No. 11 seed . In addition , the rankings of the eight teams selected for the `` First Four '' play - in round will likewise affect the final seedlings . The bracket is thus established , and during the semifinals , the champion of the top - ranked number 1 seed 's region will play against the champion of the fourth - ranked number 1 seed 's region , and the champion of the second - ranked number 1 seed 's region will play against the champion of the third - ranked number 1 seed 's region . Venues ( edit ) In the men 's tournament , all sites are nominally neutral : teams are prohibited from playing tournament games on their home courts prior to the Final Four ( though in some cases , a team may be fortunate enough to play in or near its home state or city ) . By current NCAA rules , any court on which a team hosts more than three regular - season games ( in other words , not including conference tournament games ) is considered a `` home court '' . The exception to this rule is the University of Dayton , which would be allowed to play a game in the `` First Four '' round in their home arena as they did in 2015 . However , while a team can be moved to a different region if its home court is being used during any of the first two weeks of the tournament , the Final Four venue is determined years in advance , and can not be changed regardless of participants . For this reason a team could potentially play in a Final Four on its home court , though this is unlikely , since the Final Four is staged at venues larger than most college basketball arenas . ( The most recent team to play the Final Four in its home city was Butler during 2010 ; its home court then seated only 10,000 , as opposed to the 70,000 - plus capacity of Lucas Oil Stadium , the Final Four venue . ) Rounds ( edit ) The tournament consists of several rounds . They are currently named , in order of first to last : The First Four The First Round ( the Round of 64 ) The Second Round ( the Round of 32 ) The Regional Semi-finals ( participating teams are known popularly as the `` Sweet Sixteen '' ) The Regional Finals ( participating teams are known commonly as the `` Elite Eight '' ) The National Semi-finals ( participating teams are referred to officially as the `` Final Four '' ) The National Championship The tournament is single - elimination , which increases the chance of an underdog and lower - seeded `` Cinderella team '' advancing to subsequent rounds . Although these lower - ranked teams are forced to play stronger teams , they need only one win to advance ( instead of needing to win a majority of games in a series , as in professional basketball ) . First Four ( edit ) Main article : First Four The University of Dayton Arena , which has hosted all First Four games since the round 's inception in 2011 , as well as its precursor , the single `` play - in '' game held from 2001 to 2010 . As of 2018 , the arena has hosted 119 tournament games , the most of any venue . First held during 2011 , the First Four are games between the four lowest - ranked at - large teams and the four lowest - ranked automatic - bid ( conference - champion ) teams . First Four At - large seeds Note : Each year , the four lowest - ranked at - large teams compete in two of the First Four games . The two winners then receive a No. 11 , 12 , 13 , or 14 seed in one of the regions . The table below shows the years in which each of those four seeds were claimed by one of the two at - large winners . Seed Count Years 11 11 2011 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 ( 2 ) , 2016 ( 2 ) , 2017 ( 2 ) , 2018 ( 2 ) 12 2011 , 2012 , 2014 13 2013 14 2012 First and second rounds ( edit ) During the First Round ( the Round of 64 ) , the No. 1 seed plays the No. 16 seed in all regions ; the No. 2 team plays the No. 15 , and so on . The effect of this seeding structure ensures that the better a team is ranked ( and therefore seeded ) , the worse - ranked ( and presumably weaker ) their opponents will be . Sixteen first - round games are played on the Thursday following the `` First Four '' round . The remaining sixteen first - round games are played Friday . At this point the contestants are reduced to 32 teams . The Second Round ( the Round of 32 ) is played on Saturday and Sunday immediately after the first round . The second round consists of Thursday 's winners playing in eight games on Saturday , followed by Friday 's winners playing in the remaining eight second - round games on Sunday . Thus , after the first weekend , 16 teams remain , commonly known as the `` Sweet Sixteen . '' Regional semifinals and finals ( edit ) The teams that are still competing after the first weekend advance to the regional semifinals ( the Sweet Sixteen ) and finals ( the Elite Eight ) , which are played during the second weekend of the tournament ( again , the games are split into Thursday / Saturday and Friday / Sunday ) . Four regional semi-final games are played Thursday and four are played Friday . After Friday 's games , 8 teams ( the Elite Eight ) remain . Saturday features two regional final games matching Thursday 's winners and Sunday 's two final games match Friday 's winners . After the second weekend of the tournament , the four regional champions are the `` Final Four . '' Final Four ( edit ) Main article : NCAA Men 's Division I Final Four appearances by school The winners of each region advance to the Final Four , where the national semifinals are played on Saturday and the national championship is played on Monday . As is noted above , which regional champion will play which , and in which semifinal they play , is determined by the overall rankings of the four No. 1 seeds in the original bracket , not on the ranks of the eventual Final Four teams themselves . Winners and appearances ( edit ) Titles by year ( edit ) Main article : List of NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball champions Titles by school ( edit ) UCLA Kentucky North Carolina Duke Indiana UConn Kansas Louisville S.F. Villanova Florida NC State Oklahoma State Cincinnati Michigan State Arkansas Holy Cross La Salle Loyola Marquette UTEP Arizona UNLV Stanford California Georgetown Maryland Ohio State Utah CCNY Wyoming Michigan Syracuse Wisconsin Oregon Schools that have won the NCAA Championship -- 11 championships , -- 8 championships , -- 6 championships , -- 5 championships , -- 4 championships , -- 3 championships , -- 2 championships , -- 1 championship The following is a list of all schools that have won at least one NCAA Men 's Basketball Tournament , along with the year ( s ) in which they won their championship ( s ) . For non-NCAA championships claimed by schools , see National Invitation Tournament , Helms Athletic Foundation , and Mythical national championship . School Titles Years UCLA 11 1964 , 1965 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1995 Kentucky 8 1948 , 1949 , 1951 , 1958 , 1978 , 1996 , 1998 , 2012 North Carolina 6 1957 , 1982 , 1993 , 2005 , 2009 , 2017 Duke 5 1991 , 1992 , 2001 , 2010 , 2015 Indiana 5 1940 , 1953 , 1976 , 1981 , 1987 Connecticut 1999 , 2004 , 2011 , 2014 Kansas 1952 , 1988 , 2008 Villanova 1985 , 2016 , 2018 Cincinnati 1961 , 1962 Florida 2006 , 2007 Louisville * 1980 , 1986 Michigan State 1979 , 2000 NC State 1974 , 1983 Oklahoma State ( Oklahoma A&M ) 1945 , 1946 San Francisco 1955 , 1956 Arizona 1997 Arkansas 1994 California 1959 CCNY 1950 Georgetown 1984 Holy Cross 1947 La Salle 1954 Loyola Chicago 1963 Marquette 1977 Maryland 2002 Michigan 1989 Ohio State 1960 Oregon 1939 UNLV 1990 Stanford 1942 Syracuse 2003 UTEP ( Texas Western ) 1966 Utah 1944 Wisconsin 1941 Wyoming 1943 * 2013 title vacated by NCAA . Mid-major teams ( edit ) Mid-major teams -- which are defined , as of 2018 , as teams from the America East Conference ( America East ) , Atlantic Sun Conference ( ASUN ) , Big Sky Conference ( Big Sky ) , Big South Conference ( Big South ) , Big West Conference ( Big West ) , Colonial Athletic Conference ( CAA ) , Conference USA ( C - USA ) , Horizon League ( Horizon ) , Ivy League ( Ivy ) , Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference ( MAAC ) , Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) , Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference ( MEAC ) , Missouri Valley Conference ( MVC ) , Mountain West Conference ( MW ) , Northeast Conference ( NEC ) , Ohio Valley Conference ( OVC ) , Patriot League ( Patriot ) , Southern Conference ( SoCon ) , Southland Conference ( Southland ) , Southwest Athletic Conference ( SWAC ) , Summit League ( Summit ) , Sun Belt Conference ( Sun Belt ) , West Coast Conference ( WCC ) , and the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) -- have experienced success in the tournament at various times . The last time , as of 2018 , a mid-major team won the National Championship was 1990 when UNLV won with a 103 - 73 win over Duke , since UNLV is as of 2018 a member of the Mountain West Conference , which is not considered a Power 5 conference . The last time , as of 2018 , an independent mid-major team won the National Championship was 1977 when Marquette won with a 67 - 59 win over North Carolina . The last time , as of the present day , a mid-major team from a small media market ( defined as a market out of the top 25 television markets in the United States in 2018 ) won the National Championship was arguably 1962 when Cincinnati won with a 71 - 59 win over Ohio State , since Cincinnati 's TV market is listed 35th in the nation as of 2018 . The last time the Final Four was composed , as of 2018 , of at least 75 % of mid-major teams ( 3 / 4 ) , i.e. excluding all present - day major conferences or their predecessors , was 1979 , where Indiana State , of the Missouri Valley Conference , Penn , of the Ivy League , and DePaul , an independent , participated in the Final Four , only to see Indiana State lose to Michigan State . The last time , as of 2018 , the Final Four has been composed of at least 50 % of mid-major teams ( 2 / 4 ) was 2011 , when VCU , of the Colonial Athletic Conference , and Butler , of the Horizon League , participated in the Final Four , only to see Butler lose to Connecticut . The last time , as of 2018 , the Final Four has been composed of at least 25 % of mid-major teams ( 1 / 4 ) was 2018 , when Loyola Chicago participated in the Final Four . To date , as of 2018 , no Final Four has been composed of 100 % mid-major teams ( 4 / 4 ) , therefore guaranteeing a mid-major team winning the National Championship . Arguably the tournament with the most mid-major success was the 1970 tournament , where the Sweet Sixteen , Elite Eight , Final Four , and National Championship Game had 63 % representation of mid-major teams in the Sweet 16 ( 10 / 16 ) , 75 % representation in the Elite 8 ( 6 / 8 ) , 75 % representation in the Final 4 ( 3 / 4 ) , and 50 % representation in the National Championship Game ( 1 / 2 ) . Jacksonville lost to UCLA in the National Championship , with New Mexico State defeating St. Bonaventure for third place . Below is a table that shows the performance of mid-major teams from the Sweet Sixteen round to the National Championship Game from 1939 -- the tournament 's first year -- to 2018 . Notes The first column is a list of every mid-major conference . For the conferences that have predecessor names , a footnote ( below the table ) lists those names and years . Opposite each conference 's name are the schools that have appeared in the tournament from the Sweet Sixteen onwards when the school was a member of the conference or a predecessor conference . Some of the conferences that are now considered mid-majors were regarded as major conferences in the past . For example : Conference USA was considered a major conference at its formation in 1995 . It arguably became a mid-major in 2005 , when several of its more prominent teams left for the Big East Conference , and unquestionably became a mid-major during the early - 2010s realignment cycle . The WAC was considered a major conference until 1999 , when 8 of its 16 members left to form the Mountain West Conference . The MW was considered a major basketball conference until 2011 , when two of its most prominent basketball programs ( BYU and Utah ) left for other conferences ( West Coast Conference and Pac - 12 , respectively ) . Mid-Major Conference Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four Championship Game National Champion America East - - - - - ASUN Florida Gulf Coast ( 2013 ) - - - - Big Sky Weber State ( 1969 , 1972 ) , Montana ( 1975 ) , Idaho ( 1982 ) Idaho State ( 1977 ) - - - Big South - - - - - Big West Long Beach State ( 1973 ) , UNLV ( 1975 , 1976 , 1984 , 1986 ) , Fresno State ( 1982 ) , New Mexico State ( 1992 ) Long Beach State ( 1972 ) , Cal State Fullerton ( 1978 ) , UNLV ( 1989 ) UNLV ( 1977 , 1987 , 1991 ) - UNLV ( 1990 ) CAA Navy ( 1986 ) , Richmond ( 1988 ) - George Mason ( 2006 ) , VCU ( 2011 ) - C - USA Louisville ( 1996 ) , Cincinnati ( 2001 ) , UAB ( 2004 ) , Memphis ( 2009 ) Cincinnati ( 1996 ) , Louisville ( 1997 ) , Memphis ( 2006 , 2007 ) Marquette ( 2003 ) , Louisville ( 2005 ) Memphis ( 2008 ) - Horizon Loyola ( Chicago ) ( 1985 ) , Butler ( 2003 , 2007 , 2017 ) , Milwaukee ( 2005 ) - - Butler ( 2010 , 2011 ) - Ivy Princeton ( 1967 ) , Columbia ( 1968 ) , Cornell ( 2010 ) Dartmouth ( 1958 ) Princeton ( 1965 ) , Penn ( 1979 ) - - MAAC - - - - - MAC Bowling Green ( 1963 ) , Central Michigan ( 1975 ) , Western Michigan ( 1976 ) , Toledo ( 1979 ) , Ball State ( 1990 ) , Eastern Michigan ( 1991 ) , Miami ( Ohio ) ( 1999 ) , Ohio ( 2012 ) Ohio ( 1964 ) , Kent State ( 2002 ) - - - MEAC - - - - - MVC Saint Louis ( 1957 ) , Cincinnati ( 1958 , 1966 ) , Creighton ( 1962 , 1964 , 1974 ) , Tulsa ( 1994 , 1995 ) , Southwest Missouri State ( 1999 ) , Southern Illinois ( 2002 , 2007 ) , Wichita State ( 2006 , 2015 ) , Bradley ( 2006 ) , Northern Iowa ( 2010 ) Creighton ( 1941 ) , Saint Louis ( 1952 ) , Bradley ( 1955 ) , Wichita State ( 1964 , 1981 ) , Drake ( 1970 , 1971 ) Oklahoma A&M ( 1949 ) , Cincinnati ( 1960 ) , Wichita State ( 1965 , 2013 ) , Drake ( 1969 ) , Loyola -- Chicago ( 2018 ) Bradley ( 1950 , 1954 ) , Cincinnati ( 1963 ) , Indiana State ( 1979 ) Oklahoma A&M ( 1945 , 1946 ) , Cincinnati ( 1961 , 1962 ) MWC Utah ( 2005 ) , UNLV ( 2007 ) , BYU ( 2011 ) , San Diego State ( 2011 , 2014 ) , Nevada ( 2018 ) - - - - NEC - - - - - OVC Morehead State ( 1961 ) , Austin Peay ( 1973 ) - - - - Patriot - - - - - SoCon East Tennessee State ( 1968 ) , Furman ( 1974 ) , VMI ( 1977 ) , Chattanooga ( 1997 ) VMI ( 1976 ) , Davidson ( 2008 ) - - - Southland Lamar ( 1980 ) , Louisiana Tech ( 1985 ) - - - - SWAC - - - - - Summit Cleveland State ( 1986 ) , Xavier ( 1990 ) , Valparaiso ( 1998 ) - - - - Sun Belt UAB ( 1982 ) , Western Kentucky ( 1993 , 2008 ) - UNC Charlotte ( 1977 ) - - WCC Santa Clara ( 1970 ) , Pacific ( 1971 ) , Pepperdine ( 1976 ) , San Francisco ( 1979 ) , Gonzaga ( 2000 , 2001 , 2006 , 2009 , 2016 , 2018 ) , St. Mary 's ( California ) ( 2010 ) St. Mary 's ( California ) ( 1959 ) , Pacific ( 1967 ) , Santa Clara ( 1969 ) , San Francisco ( 1974 ) , Loyola Marymount ( 1990 ) , Gonzaga ( 1999 , 2015 ) Santa Clara ( 1952 ) , San Francisco ( 1957 ) Gonzaga ( 2017 ) San Francisco ( 1955 , 1956 ) WAC Colorado State ( 1969 ) , New Mexico ( 1974 ) , Wyoming ( 1987 ) , Utah ( 1991 , 1996 ) , UTEP ( 1992 ) , Nevada ( 2004 ) BYU ( 1981 ) , Tulsa ( 2000 ) Utah ( 1997 ) Utah ( 1998 ) - Jump up ^ Louisville won two titles after 1985 , in 1986 and 2013 , but the NCAA vacated the 2013 title in February 2018 as a result of a 2015 sex scandal . Jump up ^ Known as the Eastern College Athletic Conference - North from 1979 to 1988 and the North Atlantic Conference from 1988 to 1996 . Jump up ^ Known as the Trans America Athletic Conference ( TAAC ) from 1978 to 2001 . Jump up ^ Known as the Pacific Coast Athletic Association ( PCAA ) from 1969 to 1988 . Jump up ^ Known as the Eastern College Athletic Conference - South from 1979 to 1985 . Jump up ^ Vacated due to academic ineligibility and impermissible benefits given to Derrick Rose Jump up ^ Known as the Midwestern City Conference from 1979 to 1985 and the Midwestern Collegiate Conference from 1985 to 2001 . Jump up ^ Known as the Colonial League from 1986 to 1990 , a period in which it was a football - only conference . Jump up ^ Known as the Association of Mid-Continent Universities from 1982 to 1989 and the Mid-Continent Conference ( MCC ) until 2007 . Jump up ^ Known as the California Basketball Association from 1952 to 1956 and the West Coast Athletic Conference ( WCAC ) from 1956 to 1989 . Defunct conferences and independents ( edit ) This table shows mid-major teams that saw success in the tournament from now - defunct conferences or were independents . Mid-Major Conference Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four Championship Game National Champion Border Intercollegiate Athletic Conference New Mexico State ( 1952 ) Arizona State ( 1961 ) - - - East Coast Conference - - Saint Joseph 's ( 1981 ) - - Eastern Intercollegiate Basketball League - Dartmouth ( 1941 ) - Dartmouth ( 1942 , 1944 ) - Great Midwest Conference Marquette ( 1994 ) , Memphis ( 1995 ) Memphis State ( 1992 ) , Cincinnati ( 1993 ) Cincinnati ( 1992 ) - - Metropolitan New York Conference NYU ( 1943 , 1946 , 1951 , 1962 , 1963 ) , Manhattan ( 1958 ) City College of New York ( 1947 ) NYU ( 1960 ) NYU ( 1952 ) City College of New York ( 1950 ) Middle Atlantic Conference Saint Joseph 's ( 1959 , 1960 , 1962 , 1965 , 1966 ) Saint Joseph 's ( 1963 ) Saint Joseph 's ( 1961 ) - - Mountain States Conference BYU ( 1950 , 1951 , 1957 ) Wyoming ( 1941 ) Utah State ( 1939 ) - Wyoming ( 1943 ) New Jersey - New York 7 Conference - St. John 's ( 1979 ) - - - Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association - Western Kentucky ( 1940 ) - - - Southwest Conference - Rice ( 1942 ) - - - Western New York Little Three Conference Canisius ( 1957 ) Canisius ( 1955 , 1956 ) - - - Yankee Conference UConn ( 1956 , 1976 ) UConn ( 1964 ) - - - Independents Montana State ( 1951 ) , Dayton ( 1952 , 1965 , 1966 , 1974 ) , DePaul ( 1953 , 1959 , 1960 , 1965 , 1976 , 1984 , 1986 , 1987 ) , Seattle ( 1953 , 1955 , 1956 , 1964 ) , Butler ( 1962 ) , Utah State ( 1962 , 1964 ) , Niagara ( 1970 ) , Cincinnati ( 1975 ) , Detroit ( 1977 ) Brown ( 1939 ) , Springfield ( 1940 ) , Oklahoma City ( 1957 ) , Boston University ( 1959 ) , Utah State ( 1970 ) , DePaul ( 1978 , Dayton ( 1984 ) Duquesne ( 1940 ) , DePaul ( 1943 , 1979 ) , Bradley ( 1955 ) , New Mexico State ( 1970 ) , St. Bonaventure ( 1970 ) , Rutgers ( 1976 ) Bradley ( 1954 ) , La Salle ( 1955 ) , Seattle ( 1958 ) , Dayton ( 1967 ) , Jacksonville ( 1970 ) Utah ( 1944 ) , Holy Cross ( 1947 ) , La Salle ( 1954 ) , Loyola ( Chicago ) ( 1963 ) , Texas Western ( 1966 ) , Marquette ( 1977 ) Jump up ^ Established in 1931 and dissolved in 1962 . Jump up ^ Established in 1958 and dissolved in 1994 . Jump up ^ Established in 1901 and dissolved in 1955 , though claimed by the Ivy League as a part of its own history . Jump up ^ Established in 1990 and merged into Conference USA in 1995 . Jump up ^ Established in 1933 and dissolved in 1963 . Jump up ^ Established in 1912 and became a Division III conference after 1974 . Jump up ^ Established in 1938 and known as the Skyline Conference from 1951 to 1962 before the conference dissolved in early 1962 . Jump up ^ Established in 1976 and dissolved in 1979 . Jump up ^ Established in 1894 and dissolved in 1942 . Jump up ^ Established in 1914 and dissolved in 1996 . Jump up ^ Established in 1946 and dissolved in 1958 . Jump up ^ Established in 1946 by former members of the New England Conference , which was founded in 1938 but never placed a team in the NCAA Tournament ; became a football - only conference in 1976 and dissolved in 1997 . ^ Jump up to : Vacated by the NCAA Tournament droughts ( edit ) List of schools with the longest time between NCAA tournament appearances ( minimum 20 - year drought ) : School Appearance Next Appearance Years Harvard 1946 2012 66 years Dartmouth 1959 - 59 years & ongoing Yale 1962 2016 54 years Tennessee Tech 1963 - 55 years & ongoing Bowling Green 1968 50 years & ongoing Columbia Seattle 1969 49 years & ongoing ( not in Division I in 29 of those years ) Rice 1970 48 years & ongoing Stanford 1942 1989 47 years Brown 1939 1986 47 years ( also 32 years & ongoing since 1987 ) Wisconsin 1947 1994 47 years Air Force 1962 42 years Iowa State 1944 1985 41 years Duquesne 1977 - 41 years & ongoing VMI Washington State 1941 1980 39 years Baylor 1950 1988 38 years Toledo 1980 - 38 years & ongoing Drake 1971 2008 37 years Portland 1959 37 years ( also 22 years & ongoing since 1997 ) Oregon 1961 1995 34 years Loyola Chicago 1985 2018 33 years Georgetown 1943 32 years Marist - 31 years & ongoing Marshall 2018 31 years Massachusetts 1962 1992 30 years California 1960 1990 30 years Cal State Fullerton 1978 2008 30 years Saint Mary 's 1959 1989 30 years Mercer 1985 2014 29 years Idaho 1990 - 28 years & ongoing Loyola Marymount Mississippi State 1963 1991 28 years Gonzaga 1967 1994 27 years Louisiana Tech 1991 - 27 years & ongoing Rutgers Fordham 1992 - 26 years & ongoing Oregon State 1990 2016 26 years Penn State 1965 1991 East Carolina 1993 - 25 years & ongoing Georgia Tech 1960 1985 25 years Navy 1960 1985 LSU 1954 1979 Northeastern 1991 2015 24 years Santa Clara - 22 years & ongoing Southern Methodist 1993 2015 22 years East Carolina 1972 1993 21 years Baylor 1988 2008 20 years Cornell Green Bay 2016 Navy 1998 - 20 years & ongoing Jump up ^ Gonzaga also has an ongoing streak of 20 consecutive tournament appearances ( 1999 -- 2018 ) . Through 2018 , four schools that were considered `` major college '' by the Associated Press when it published its first college basketball rankings in 1948 , and have been continuously in the AP 's `` major '' classification , have yet to reach the national tournament . While the NCAA did not split into divisions until 1956 ( university and college ) , the AP has distinguished `` major colleges '' from `` small colleges '' throughout the history of its basketball rankings . School Army The Citadel St. Francis Brooklyn William & Mary Evolution of the tournament ( edit ) The NCAA tournament has changed its format many times over the years , many of which are listed below . Expansion of field ( edit ) The NCAA tournament has expanded a number of times throughout its history . Years Teams Byes Play - in games 1939 -- 1950 8 1951 -- 1952 16 1953 -- 1968 22 -- 25 7 -- 10 1969 -- 1974 25 7 1975 -- 1978 32 1979 40 24 1980 -- 1982 48 16 52 16 1984 53 16 5 1985 -- 2000 64 2001 -- 2010 65 0 2011 -- 68 0 After the conclusion of the 2010 tournament , there was speculation about increasing the tournament size to as many as 128 teams . On April 1 , 2010 , the NCAA announced that it was looking at expanding to 96 teams for 2011 . On April 22 , the NCAA announced a new television contract with CBS / Turner that expanded the field to 68 teams . From 2011 to 2015 , the round of 64 was deemed to be the second round ; beginning in 2016 , the round of 64 was again deemed to be the first round . Seeding history and statistics ( edit ) The process of seeding was first used in 1978 for automatically qualified ( Q ) and at - large ( L ) teams respectively , and then for all teams within their respective region in 1979 . Starting in 2004 , the NCAA began releasing full seeding numbers making known the overall # 1 Seed . # 1 seeds by year and region ( edit ) When seeding , the NCAA has used the following names for the four regions with the exception of 2004 to 2006 when they were named after host cities : East West Midwest ( `` Southwest '' in 2011 ) South ( 1998 -- 2010 & 2012 -- present , `` Mideast '' 1957 -- 1984 , `` Southeast '' 1985 -- 1999 & 2011 ) Year East Midwest South West 1979 North Carolina Indiana State Notre Dame UCLA 1980 Syracuse LSU Kentucky DePaul 1981 Virginia LSU DePaul Oregon State * 1982 North Carolina DePaul Virginia Georgetown St. John 's Houston Louisville Virginia 1984 North Carolina DePaul Kentucky Georgetown 1985 Georgetown Oklahoma Michigan St. John 's 1986 Duke Kansas Kentucky St. John 's North Carolina Indiana Georgetown UNLV 1988 Temple Purdue Oklahoma Arizona 1989 Georgetown Illinois Oklahoma Arizona 1990 Connecticut Oklahoma Michigan State UNLV 1991 North Carolina Ohio State Arkansas UNLV 1992 Duke Kansas Ohio State UCLA 1993 North Carolina Indiana Kentucky Michigan * 1994 North Carolina Arkansas Purdue Missouri 1995 Wake Forest Kansas Kentucky UCLA Massachusetts * Kentucky Connecticut Purdue 1997 North Carolina Minnesota * Kansas Kentucky 1998 North Carolina Kansas Duke Arizona 1999 Duke Michigan State Auburn Connecticut 2000 Duke Michigan State Stanford Arizona 2001 Duke Illinois Michigan State Stanford 2002 Maryland Kansas Duke Cincinnati 2003 Oklahoma Kentucky Texas Arizona St. Joseph 's Kentucky † Duke Stanford 2005 North Carolina Illinois † Duke Washington 2006 Connecticut Villanova Duke † Memphis 2007 North Carolina Florida † Ohio State Kansas 2008 North Carolina † Kansas Memphis * UCLA 2009 Pittsburgh Louisville † North Carolina Connecticut Kentucky Kansas † Duke Syracuse 2011 Ohio State † Kansas Pittsburgh Duke 2012 Syracuse North Carolina Kentucky † Michigan State 2013 Indiana Louisville * † Kansas Gonzaga 2014 Virginia Wichita State Florida † Arizona 2015 Villanova Kentucky † Duke Wisconsin 2016 North Carolina Virginia Kansas † Oregon 2017 Villanova † Kansas North Carolina Gonzaga 2018 Villanova Kansas Virginia † Xavier * Vacated . Bold denotes team also won tournament . † Overall # 1 Seed starting in 2004 . To date , only Kentucky and Virginia have had a # 1 Seed in each of the four regions Number of # 1 seeds by school ( edit ) # 1 Seeds School 16 North Carolina 14 Kansas 13 Duke 12 Kentucky 6 Arizona , Virginia 5 Connecticut , Georgetown , Michigan State , Oklahoma DePaul , Ohio State , UCLA , Villanova Illinois , Indiana , Purdue , St. John 's , Stanford , Syracuse , UNLV Arkansas , Florida , Gonzaga , Louisville * , LSU , Pittsburgh Auburn , Cincinnati , Houston , Indiana State , Maryland , Memphis * , Michigan * , Missouri , Notre Dame , Oregon , St. Joseph 's , Temple , Texas , Wake Forest , Washington , Wichita State , Wisconsin , Xavier Last updated through 2018 tournament . * Vacated appearances excluded ( see # 1 seeds by year and region ) . Venues ( edit ) For a list of all the cities and arenas that have hosted the Final Four , go to Host cities , below . Municipal Auditorium in Kansas City , Missouri hosted the Final Four nine times followed by the third Madison Square Garden in New York City which hosted seven times , and Louisville 's Freedom Hall which hosted six times . Additionally , Indianapolis has hosted the Final Four seven times , across three venues . Stadium size and domes ( edit ) From 1997 to 2013 , the NCAA required that all Final Four sessions take place in domed stadiums with a minimum capacity of 40,000 , usually having only half of the dome in use . The Metrodome in Minneapolis , which usually hosted baseball and football , had one of the long ends of the court along the first base line with temporary stands surrounding the court so that much of the outfield is isolated from the action . The same was true of football stadiums like the Alamodome in San Antonio and the RCA Dome in Indianapolis . The last NBA arena to host the Final Four was the Meadowlands Arena , then known as Continental Airlines Arena , in 1996 . As of 2009 , the minimum was increased to 70,000 , by adding additional seating on the floor of the dome , and raising the court on a platform three feet above the dome 's floor , which is usually crowned for football , like the setup at Ford Field in Detroit which hosted the 2009 Final Four . In September 2012 , the NCAA began preliminary discussions on the possibility of returning occasional Final Fours to basketball - specific arenas in major metropolitan areas . According to ESPN.com writer Andy Katz , when Mark Lewis was hired as NCAA executive vice president for championships during 2012 , `` he took out a United States map and saw that both coasts are largely left off from hosting the Final Four . '' Lewis added in an interview with Katz , I do n't know where this will lead , if anywhere , but the right thing is to sit down and have these conversations and see if we want our championship in more than eight cities or do we like playing exclusively in domes . None of the cities where we play our championship is named New York , Boston , Los Angeles , Chicago or Miami . We do n't play on a campus . We play in professional football arenas . Under then - current criteria , only nine stadiums , all but one of which are current NFL venues , could be considered as Final Four locations : AT&T Stadium , Arlington AT&T Stadium , originally known as Cowboys Stadium , holds the world record basketball attendance when 108,713 attended the 2010 NBA All - Star Game . The Dome at America 's Center , St. Louis ( vacant since January 2016 ) Ford Field , Detroit Lucas Oil Stadium , Indianapolis Mercedes - Benz Stadium , Atlanta replaced the Georgia Dome , operational August 1992 - April 2017 Mercedes - Benz Superdome , New Orleans NRG Stadium , Houston University of Phoenix Stadium , Glendale U.S. Bank Stadium , Minneapolis replaced the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome , operational April 1982 - January 2014 Two domed stadiums that have hosted past Final Fours -- the Alamodome ( 1998 , 2004 , 2008 , 2018 ) and Tropicana Field in St. Petersburg , Florida ( 1999 ) -- were considered too small to be eligible to host , despite the Alamodome being a college football stadium and having a permanent seating capacity of 65,000 . The basketball setup at the Alamodome prior to 2018 used only half of the stadium and had a capacity of 39,500 . This was changed for the 2018 Final Four to place a raised court at the center of the stadium as has been done with other football facilities . The first instance of a domed stadium being used for a NCAA Tournament Final Four was the Houston Astrodome in 1971 , but the Final Four would not return to a dome until 1982 , when the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans hosted the event for the first time . The 2017 NCAA Final Four in the University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale On June 12 , 2013 , Katz reported that the NCAA had changed its policy . In July 2013 , the NCAA had a portal available on its website for venues to make Final Four proposals in the 2017 -- 2020 period , and there were no restrictions on proposals based on venue size . Also , the NCAA decided that future regionals will no longer be held in domes . In Katz ' report , Lewis indicated that the use of domes for regionals was intended as a dry run for future Final Four venues , but this particular policy was no longer necessary because all of the Final Four sites from 2014 to 2016 had already hosted regionals . At least one other report indicated that the new policy would still allow a completely new domed stadium , or an existing dome that has never hosted a Final Four ( such as University of Phoenix Stadium ) , to receive a regional if it is awarded a future Final Four . In November 2014 , reflecting the new policy 's effect , the NCAA announced that University of Phoenix Stadium would host the Final Four in 2017 . Other changes ( edit ) Bids per conferences ( edit ) Prior to 1975 , only one team per conference could be in the NCAA tournament . However , after several highly ranked teams in the country were denied entrance into the tournament ( e.g. , South Carolina , which was 14 - 0 in ACC regular season play during 1970 but lost in the ACC tournament ; Southern Cal , which was ranked # 2 in the nation during 1971 ; and Maryland , which was ranked # 3 in the nation in 1974 but lost the ACC tournament championship game to eventual national champion North Carolina State ) , the NCAA began to place at - large teams in the tournament , instead of just conference champions . At times during the pre-at - large era , the NIT tournament competed for prestige with the NCAA tournament . However , in the 1950s the NCAA ruled that no team could compete in both tournaments . But when 8th ranked Marquette declined its invitation in 1970 after coach Al McGuire complained about the Warriors ' regional placement and instead went to the NIT ( which it won ) , the NCAA changed the rule to forbid a team the declines an NCAA Tournament bid from participating in any post-season tournament . Since then , the NCAA tournament has clearly been the major one , with conference champions and the majority of the top - ranked teams participating in it . Consolation games ( edit ) A third - place game was held from 1946 to 1981 . Additionally , when the tournament was first held in 1939 with only two regionals ( East and West ) , the West held a third - place game , but the East did not . The East began holding its own third - place game in 1941 , and from then on every regional held a third - place game through the 1975 tournament . Play - in games ( edit ) Beginning during 2001 , the field was expanded from 64 to 65 teams , adding to the tournament what was informally known as the `` play - in game . '' This was in response to the creation of the Mountain West Conference during 1999 . Originally , the winner of the Mountain West 's tournament did not receive an automatic bid , and doing so would mean the elimination of one of the at - large bids . As an alternative to eliminating an at - large bid , the NCAA expanded the tournament to 65 teams . The # 64 and # 65 seeds were seeded in a regional bracket as the 16a / 16b seeds , and then played the NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Opening Round Game ( the `` play - in game '' ) on the Tuesday preceding the first weekend of the tournament . This game was always played at the University of Dayton Arena in Dayton , Ohio . During 2011 , the tournament expanded to 68 teams . Four `` play - in '' games are now played , officially known as the `` First Four '' . However , the teams playing in the First Four are not automatically seeded # 16 ; their seeding is determined by the committee on Selection Sunday . Explaining the reasoning for this format , selection committee chairman Dan Guerrero said , `` We felt if we were going to expand the field it would create better drama for the tournament if the First Four was much more exciting . They could all be on the 10 line or the 12 line or the 11 line . '' Play - in round naming ( edit ) From 1985 to 2010 , the round consisting of 64 teams and 32 games was called the `` first round '' , while the round consisting of 32 teams and 16 games was called the `` second round '' . From 2011 to 2015 , the `` First Four '' became the first round . The round after the `` First Four '' , the round of 64 played on Thursday and Friday , was called the `` second round '' ; the round of 32 was then called the `` third round '' , consisting of games played on Saturday and Sunday . In 2016 , the naming reverted to the round of 64 being the `` first round '' once again , and the round of 32 being the `` second round '' . Pod system ( edit ) For the 1985 to 2001 tournaments , all teams playing at a first - or second - round site fed into the same regional site . Since 2002 , the tournament has used the `` pod system '' designed to limit the early - round travel of as many teams as possible . In the pod system , each of the eight first - and second - round sites is assigned two pods , where each group of four teams play each other . A host site 's pods may be from different regions , and thus the winners of each pod would advance into separate regional tournaments . The possible pods by seeding are : Pod # 1 : 1v16 , 8v9 Pod # 2 : 2v15 , 7v10 Pod # 3 : 3v14 , 6v11 Pod # 4 : 4v13 , 5v12 National semifinal seeding ( edit ) Since 2004 , the semi-final matches during the first day of the Final Four weekend have been determined by a procedure based upon the original seeding of the full field . From 1973 through 2003 , the pitting of regional champions in the semi-finals was on a rotational basis . Prior to 1973 , one semifinal matched the champions of the eastern regions , and the other matched the champions of the western regions . Other notes ( edit ) Home court advantage ( edit ) On several occasions NCAA tournament teams played their games in their home arena . In 1959 , Louisville played at its regular home of Freedom Hall ; however , the Cardinals lost to West Virginia in the semifinals . In 1984 , Kentucky defeated Illinois , 54 - 51 in the Elite Eight on its home court of Rupp Arena . In 1985 , Dayton played its first - round game against Villanova ( it lost 51 - 49 ) on its home floor . In 1986 ( beating Brown before losing to Navy ) and ' 87 ( beating Georgia Southern and Western Kentucky ) , Syracuse played the first 2 rounds of the NCAA tournament in the Carrier Dome . Also in 1986 , LSU played in Baton Rouge on its home floor for the first 2 rounds despite being an 11th seed ( beating Purdue and Memphis State ) . In 1987 , Arizona lost to UTEP on its home floor in the first round . In 2015 , Dayton played at its regular home of UD Arena , and the Flyers beat Boise State in the First Four . Since the inception of the modern Final Four in 1952 , only once has a team played a Final Four on its actual home court -- Louisville in 1959 . But through the 2015 tournament , three other teams have played the Final Four in their home cities , one other team has played in its metropolitan area , and six additional teams have played the Final Four in their home states through the 2015 tournament . Kentucky ( 1958 in Louisville ) , UCLA ( 1968 and 1972 in Los Angeles , 1975 in San Diego ) , and North Carolina State ( 1974 in Greensboro ) won the national title ; Louisville ( 1959 at its home arena , Freedom Hall ) ; Purdue ( 1980 in Indianapolis ) lost in the Final Four ; and California ( 1960 in suburban San Francisco ) , Duke ( 1994 in Charlotte ) , Michigan State ( 2009 in Detroit ) , and Butler ( 2010 in Indianapolis ) lost in the final . In 1960 , Cal had nearly as large an edge as Louisville had the previous year , only having to cross the San Francisco Bay to play in the Final Four at the Cow Palace in Daly City ; the Golden Bears lost in the championship game to Ohio State . UCLA had a similar advantage in 1968 and 1972 when it advanced to the Final Four at the Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena , not many miles from the Bruins ' homecourt of Pauley Pavilion ( also UCLA 's home arena before the latter venue opened in 1965 , and again during the 2011 - 12 season while Pauley was closed for renovations ) ; unlike Louisville and Cal , the Bruins won the national title on both occasions . Butler lost the 2010 title 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) from its Indianapolis campus and was regarded as the host school , as it is most times whenever the NCAA holds a tournament in Indianapolis ( in the 2013 tournament , Butler 's former conference , the Horizon League , was considered the host for the Midwest Regional rather than Butler ) . Before the Final Four was established , the East and West regionals were held at separate sites , with the winners advancing to the title game . During that era , three New York City teams , all from Manhattan , played in the East Regional at Madison Square Garden -- frequently used as a `` big - game '' venue by each team -- and advanced at least to the national semifinals . NYU won the East Regional in 1945 but lost in the title game , also held at the Garden , to Oklahoma A&M . CCNY played in the East Regional in both 1947 and 1950 ; the Beavers lost in the 1947 East final to eventual champion Holy Cross but won the 1950 East Regional and national titles at the Garden . In 1974 , North Carolina State won the NCAA tournament without leaving its home state of North Carolina . The team was put in the East Region , and played its regional games at its home arena Reynolds Coliseum . NC State played the final four and national championship games at nearby Greensboro Coliseum . While not its home state , Kansas has played in the championship game in Kansas City , Missouri , only 45 minutes from the campus in Lawrence , Kansas , not just once , but four times . In 1940 , 1953 , and 1957 the Jayhawks lost the championship game each time at Municipal Auditorium . In 1988 , playing at Kansas City 's Kemper Arena , Kansas won the championship , over Big Eight -- rival Oklahoma . Similarly , in 2005 , Illinois played in St. Louis , Missouri , where it enjoyed a noticeable homecourt advantage , yet still lost in the championship game to North Carolina . Flag controversy ( edit ) The NCAA had banned the Bon Secours Wellness Arena , originally known as Bi-Lo Center , and Colonial Life Arena , originally Colonial Center , in South Carolina from hosting tournament games , despite their sizes ( 16,000 and 18,000 seats , respectively ) because of an NAACP protest at the Bi-Lo Center during the 2002 first and second round tournament games over that state 's refusal to completely remove the Confederate Battle Flag from the state capitol grounds , although it had already been relocated from atop the capitol dome to a less prominent place in 2000 . Following requests by the NAACP and Black Coaches Association , the Bi-Lo Center , and the newly built Colonial Center , which was built for purposes of hosting the tournament , were banned from hosting any future tournament events . As a result of the removal of the battle flag from the South Carolina State Capitol , the NCAA lifted its ban on South Carolina hosting games in 2015 , and it was able to host in 2017 due to House Bill 2 ( see next section ) . House Bill 2 ( edit ) On September 12 , 2016 , the NCAA stripped the State of North Carolina of hosting rights for seven upcoming college sports tournaments and championships held by the association , including early round games of the 2017 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament scheduled for the Greensboro Coliseum . The NCAA argued that House Bill 2 made it `` challenging to guarantee that host communities can help deliver ( an inclusive atmosphere ) '' . Bon Secours Wellness Arena was able to secure the bid to be the replacement site . Rituals and influence ( edit ) The NABC Championship Trophy NCAA - style trophies for various sports as seen at UCLA . Cutting down the nets ( edit ) As a tournament ritual , the winning team cuts down the nets at the end of regional championship games as well as the national championship game . Starting with the seniors , and moving down by classes , players each cut a single strand off of each net ; the head coach cuts the last strand connecting the net to the hoop , claiming the net itself . An exception to the head coach cutting the last strand came in 2013 , when Louisville head coach Rick Pitino gave that honor to Kevin Ware , who had suffered a catastrophic leg injury during the tournament . This tradition is credited to Everett Case , the coach of North Carolina State , who stood on his players ' shoulders to accomplish the feat after the Wolfpack won the Southern Conference tournament in 1947 . CBS , since 1987 and yearly to 2015 , in the odd - numbered years since 2017 , and TBS , since 2016 , the even - numbered years , close out the tournament with One Shining Moment , performed by Luther Vandross . Team awards ( edit ) Just as the Olympics awards gold , silver , and bronze medals for 1st , 2nd , and 3rd place , respectively , the NCAA awards the National Champions a gold - plated Wooden NCAA National Championship trophy . The loser of the championship game receives a silver - plated National Runner - Up trophy for second place . Since 2006 , all four Final Four teams receive a bronze plated NCAA Regional Championship trophy ; prior to 2006 , only the teams who did not make the title game received bronze plated trophies for third place . The champions also receive a commemorative gold championship ring , and the other three Final Four teams receive Final Four rings . The National Association of Basketball Coaches also presents a more elaborate marble / crystal trophy to the winning team . Ostensibly , this award is given for taking the top position in the NABC 's end - of - season poll , but this is invariably the same as the NCAA championship game winner . In 2005 , Siemens AG acquired naming rights to the NABC trophy , which is now called the Siemens Trophy . Formerly , the NABC trophy was presented right after the standard NCAA championship trophy , but this caused some confusion . Since 2006 , the Siemens / NABC Trophy has been presented separately at a press conference the day after the game . Most Outstanding player ( edit ) After the championship trophy is awarded , one player is selected and then awarded the Most Outstanding Player award ( which almost always comes from the championship team ) . It is not intended to be the same as a Most Valuable Player award although it is sometimes informally referred to as such . Influence on the NBA draft ( edit ) Because the National Basketball Association Draft takes place just three months after the NCAA tournament , NBA executives have to decide how players ' performances in a maximum of seven games , from the First Four to the championship game , should affect their draft decisions . A 2012 study for the National Bureau of Economic Research explores how the March tournament affects the way that professional teams behave in the June draft . The study is based on data from 1997 to 2010 that looks at how college tournament standouts performed at the NBA level . The researchers determined that a player who outperforms his regular season averages or who is on a team that wins more games than its seed would indicate will be drafted higher than he otherwise would have been . At the same time , the study indicated that professional teams do n't take college tournament performance into consideration as much as they should , as success in the tournament correlates with elite professional accomplishment , particularly top - level success , where a player makes the NBA All - Star Team three or more times . `` If anything , NBA teams undervalue the signal provided by unexpected performance in the NCAA March Madness tournament as a predictor of future NBA success . '' Television coverage and revenues ( edit ) Current television contracts ( edit ) Main articles : NCAA March Madness ( CBS / Turner ) and College Basketball on CBS Since 2010 , the NCAA has had a joint contract with CBS and Turner Sports , a division of Time Warner ( which co-owns the CW Television Network with CBS ) . The coverage of the tournament is split between CBS , TNT , TBS , and truTV . Broadcasters from CBS , TBS , and TNT 's sports coverage are shared across all four networks , with CBS ' college basketball teams supplemented with Turner 's NBA teams , while studio segments take place at the CBS Broadcast Center in New York City and Turner 's studios in Atlanta . In the New York - based studio shows , CBS ' Greg Gumbel and Clark Kellogg are joined by Ernie Johnson , Jr. , Kenny Smith , and Charles Barkley of TNT 's Inside the NBA while Seth Davis of CBS assists with Matt Winer and various NBA TV personalities . While Turner 's primary NBA voices , Marv Albert and Kevin Harlan , are already employed by CBS in other capacities , they also lend analysts Chris Webber , Grant Hill , and Reggie Miller and secondary play - by - play man Brian Anderson to CBS . In turn , CBS announcers Jim Nantz , Brad Nessler , Spero Dedes , and Andrew Catalon appear on Turner network broadcasts along with analysts Len Elmore , Bill Raftery , Dan Bonner , Mike Gminski , and Doug Gottlieb . The current contract runs through 2024 and , for the first time in history , provides for the nationwide broadcast each year of all games of the tournament . All First Four games air on truTV . A featured first - or second - round game in each time `` window '' is broadcast on CBS , while all other games are shown either on TBS , TNT or truTV . The regional semifinals , better known as the Sweet Sixteen , are split between CBS and TBS . CBS had the exclusive rights to the regional finals , also known as the Elite Eight , through 2014 . That exclusivity extended to the entire Final Four as well , but after the 2013 tournament Turner Sports elected to exercise a contractual option for 2014 and 2015 giving TBS broadcast rights to the national semifinal matchups . CBS kept its national championship game rights . Since 2015 , CBS and TBS split coverage of the Elite Eight . Since 2016 CBS and TBS alternate coverage of the Final Four and national championship game , with TBS getting the final two rounds in even - numbered years , and CBS getting the games in odd - numbered years . March Madness On Demand would remain unchanged , although Turner was allowed to develop their own service . The CBS broadcast provides the NCAA with over $500 million annually , and makes up over 90 % of the NCAA 's annual revenue . The revenues from the multibillion - dollar television contract are divided among the Division I basketball playing schools and conferences as follows : 1 / 6 of the money goes directly to the schools based on how many sports they play ( one `` share '' for each sport starting with 14 , which is the minimum needed for Division I membership ) . 1 / 3 of the money goes directly to the schools based on how many scholarships they give out ( one share for each of the first 50 , two for each of the next 50 , ten for each of the next 50 , and 20 for each scholarship above 150 ) . 1 / 2 of the money goes to the conferences based on how well they did in the six previous men 's basketball tournaments ( counting each year separately , one share for each team getting in , and one share for each win except in the Final Four and , prior to the 2008 tournament , the Play - in game ) . In 2007 , based on the 2001 through 2006 tournaments , the Big East received over $14.85 million , while the eight conferences that did not win a first - round game in those six years received slightly more than $1 million each . Most conferences distribute most of the revenue evenly to its member institutions , regardless of performance . The Division I Men 's Basketball tournament is the only NCAA championship tournament where the NCAA does not keep the profits . History of television coverage ( edit ) CBS has been the major partner of the NCAA in televising the tournament since 1982 , but there have been many changes in coverage since the tournament was first broadcast in 1969 . Early broadcast coverage ( edit ) From 1969 to 1981 , the NCAA tournament aired on NBC , but not all games were televised . The early rounds , in particular , were not always seen on TV . In 1982 , CBS obtained broadcast television rights to the NCAA tournament . ESPN & CBS share coverage ( edit ) The same year as CBS obtained rights to the Big Dance , ESPN began showing the opening rounds of the tournament . This was the network 's first contract signed with the NCAA for a major sport , and helped to establish ESPN 's following among college basketball fans . ESPN showed six first - round games on Thursday and again on Friday , with CBS then picking up a seventh game at 11 : 30 pm ET . Thus , 14 of 32 first - round games were televised . ESPN also re-ran games overnight . At the time , there was only one ESPN network , with no ability to split its signal regionally , so ESPN showed only the most competitive games . During the 1980s , the tournament 's popularity on television soared . CBS takes over ( edit ) However , ESPN became a victim of its own success , as CBS was awarded the rights to cover all games of the NCAA tournament , starting in 1991 . Only with the introduction of the so - called `` play - in '' game ( between the 64 seed and the 65 seed ) in the 2000s , did ESPN get back in the game ( and actually , the first time this `` play - in '' game was played in 2001 , the game was aired on TNN , using CBS graphics and announcers . CBS and TNN were both owned by Viacom at the time ) . Through 2010 , CBS broadcast the remaining 63 games of the NCAA tournament proper . Most areas saw only eight of 32 first - round games , seven of 16 second - round games , and four of eight regional semifinal games ( out of the possible 56 games during these rounds ; there would be some exceptions to this rule in the 2000s ) . Coverage preempted regular programming on the network , except during a 2 - hour window from about 5 ET until 7 ET when the local affiliates could show programming . The CBS format resulted in far fewer hours of first - round coverage than under the old ESPN format but allowed the games to reach a much larger audience than ESPN was able to reach . During this period of near - exclusivity by CBS , the network provided to its local affiliates three types of feeds from each venue : constant feed , swing feed , and flex feed . Constant feeds remained primarily on a given game , and were used primarily by stations with a clear local interest in a particular game . Despite its name , a constant feed occasionally veered away to other games for brief updates ( as is typical in most American sports coverage ) , but coverage generally remained with the initial game . A swing feed tended to stay on games believed to be of natural interest to the locality , such as teams from local conferences , but may leave that game to go to other games that during their progress become close matches . On a flex feed , coverage bounced around from one venue to another , depending on action at the various games in progress . If one game was a blowout , coverage could switch to a more competitive game . A flex feed was provided when there were no games with a significant natural local interest for the stations carrying them , which allowed the flex game to be the best game in progress . Station feeds were planned in advance and stations had the option of requesting either constant or flex feed for various games . Viewing options emerge ( edit ) In 1999 , DirecTV began broadcasting all games otherwise not shown on local television with its Mega March Madness premium package . The DirecTV system used the subscriber 's ZIP code to black out games which could be seen on broadcast television . Prior to that , all games were available on C - Band satellite and were picked up by sports bars . In 2003 , CBS struck a deal with Yahoo ! to offer live streaming of the first three rounds of games under its Yahoo ! Platinum service , for $16.95 a month . In 2004 , CBS began selling viewers access to March Madness On Demand , which provided games not otherwise shown on broadcast television ; the service was free for AOL subscribers . In 2006 , March Madness On Demand was made free , and continued to be so to online users through the 2011 tournament . For 2012 , it once again became a pay service , with a single payment of $3.99 providing access to all 67 tournament games . In 2013 , the service , now renamed March Madness Live , was again made free , but uses Turner 's rights and infrastructure for TV Everywhere , which requires sign - in though the password of a customer 's cable or satellite provider to watch games , both via PC / Mac and mobile devices . Those that do not have a cable or satellite service or one not participating in Turner 's TV Everywhere are restricted to games carried on the CBS national feed and three hours ( originally four ) of other games without sign - in , or coverage via Westwood One 's radio coverage . Effective with the 2018 tournament , the national semifinals and final are under TV Everywhere restrictions if they are aired by Turner networks ; before then , those particular games were not subject to said restrictions . In addition , CBS Sports Network ( formerly CBS College Sports Network ) had broadcast two `` late early '' games that would not otherwise be broadcast nationally . These were the second games in the daytime session in the Pacific Time Zone , to avoid starting games before 10 AM . These games are also available via March Madness Live and on CBS affiliates in the market areas of the team playing . In other markets , newscasts , local programming or preempted CBS morning programming are aired . CBSSN is scheduled to continue broadcasting the official pregame and postgame shows and press conferences from the teams involved , along with overnight replays . HDTV coverage ( edit ) The Final Four has been broadcast in HDTV since 1999 . From 2000 to 2004 , only one first / second round site and one regional site were designated as HDTV sites . In 2005 , all regional games were broadcast in HDTV , and four first and second round sites were designated for HDTV coverage . Local stations broadcasting in both digital and analog had the option of airing separate games on their HD and SD channels , to take advantage of the available high definition coverage . Beginning in 2007 , all games in the tournament ( including all first and second - round games ) were available in high definition , and local stations were required to air the same game on both their analog and digital channels . However , due to satellite limitations , first round `` constant '' feeds were only available in standard definition . Moreover , some digital television stations , such as WRAL - TV in Raleigh , North Carolina , choose to not participate in HDTV broadcasts of the first and second rounds and the regional semifinals , and used their available bandwidth to split their signal into digital subchannels to show all games going on simultaneously . By 2008 , upgrades at the CBS broadcast center allowed all feeds , flex and constant , to be in HD for the tournament . International broadcasts ( edit ) See also : List of NCAA Final Four Broadcasters As of 2011 , ESPN International holds international broadcast rights to the tournament , distributing coverage to its co-owned networks and other broadcasters . ESPN produces the world feed for broadcasts of the Final Four and championship game , produced using ESPN College Basketball staff and commentators . Tournament statistics ( edit ) See also : NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament records Low seeded teams ( edit ) See also : NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament upsets Most successful low seeds ( edit ) Best outcomes for low seeds since expansion to 64 teams in 1985 : Seed 2nd Round Sweet Sixteen Elite Eight Final Four Championship Game National Champion No. 16 UMBC ( 2018 ) - - - - - No. 15 Middle Tennessee ( 2016 ) Lehigh ( 2012 ) Norfolk State ( 2012 ) Hampton ( 2001 ) Coppin State ( 1997 ) Santa Clara ( 1993 ) Richmond ( 1991 ) Florida Gulf Coast ( 2013 ) - - - - No. 14 numerous ( 19 teams ) Cleveland State ( 1986 ) Chattanooga ( 1997 ) - - - - No. 13 numerous ( 22 teams ) Richmond ( 1988 ) Valparaiso ( 1998 ) Oklahoma ( 1999 ) Bradley ( 2006 ) Ohio ( 2012 ) La Salle ( 2013 ) - - - - No. 12 numerous ( 27 teams ) numerous ( 19 teams ) Missouri ( 2002 ) - - - No. 11 numerous ( 29 teams ) numerous ( 14 teams ) Loyola Marymount ( 1990 ) Temple ( 2001 ) Dayton ( 2014 ) Xavier ( 2017 ) LSU ( 1986 ) George Mason ( 2006 ) VCU ( 2011 ) Loyola Chicago ( 2018 ) - - No. 10 numerous ( 29 teams ) numerous ( 17 teams ) LSU ( 1987 ) Texas ( 1990 ) Temple ( 1991 ) Providence ( 1997 ) Gonzaga ( 1999 ) Kent State ( 2002 ) Davidson ( 2008 ) Syracuse ( 2016 ) - - No. 9 numerous ( 61 teams ) UTEP ( 1992 ) UAB ( 2004 ) Northern Iowa ( 2010 ) Boston College ( 1994 ) Kansas State ( 2018 ) Florida State ( 2018 ) Wichita State ( 2013 ) - - No. 8 numerous ( 55 teams ) North Carolina ( 1990 ) Georgia ( 1996 ) UCLA ( 2002 ) NC State ( 2015 ) Wisconsin ( 2017 ) Auburn ( 1986 ) Rhode Island ( 1998 ) Alabama ( 2004 ) North Carolina ( 2000 ) Wisconsin ( 2000 ) Butler ( 2011 ) Kentucky ( 2014 ) Villanova ( 1985 ) No. 7 numerous ( 59 teams ) numerous ( 15 teams ) Navy ( 1986 ) Temple ( 1993 ) Tulsa ( 2000 ) Michigan State ( 2003 ) Xavier ( 2004 ) West Virginia ( 2005 ) Florida ( 2012 ) Michigan State ( 2015 ) South Carolina ( 2017 ) Connecticut ( 2014 ) Best performances by No. 16 seeds ( edit ) In 2018 , UMBC became the first No. 16 seed to defeat a No. 1 seed in the men 's tournament , shocking Virginia 74 -- 54 . Before this breakthrough , five other 16 seeds lost by 4 or fewer points : While ultimately Murray State lost to Michigan State by 4 points ( 75 -- 71 ) in 1990 , it was the only No. 16 team to ever take a game into overtime . East Tennessee State lost to Oklahoma in 1989 ( 1 point , 72 -- 71 ) Princeton lost to Georgetown in 1989 ( 1 point , 50 -- 49 ) Western Carolina lost to Purdue in 1996 ( 2 points , 73 -- 71 ) Fairleigh Dickinson lost to Michigan in 1985 ( 4 points , 59 -- 55 ) Additional low - seed stats ( edit ) Villanova in 1985 , a No. 8 seed , was the lowest seeded team to win the tournament . The lowest - seeded combination ever in the national championship game is the 2014 pairing of No. 7 seed Connecticut and No. 8 seed Kentucky . Connecticut won , to become the second - lowest - seeded team to win the tournament . The pairing of No. 8 seed Butler and No. 11 seed VCU in the 2011 National Semifinals game had the lowest seeded combination ( No. 8 v. No. 11 ) ever to play in a National Semifinals game . Penn 's 1979 Final Four appearance is also notable as they made it as a No. 9 seed -- out of 10 teams in their region -- making them the lowest seed to make the Final Four in the pre-64 - team era . Butler is the only team to make consecutive Final Fours ( let alone Championship Games ) while not being a No. 1 or No. 2 seed either time ( No. 5 in 2010 , No. 8 in 2011 ) . 1991 , 2013 , and 2016 were the only years where at least one team of every seed ( other than the No. 16s ) advanced to the Round of 32 . Richmond is the only team to win first - round games ranked as a No. 15 , No. 14 , No. 13 , and No. 12 seed . 2012 was the only tournament to feature two upsets by No. 15 seeds over No. 2 seeds in the round of 64 ( there have been eight all - time ) . 1986 , 1995 , and 2015 were the only tournaments to feature two upsets by No. 14 seeds over No. 3 seeds in the round of 64 . 2014 produced the highest total seed differential in an NCAA Tournament , with 111 across all the rounds of play . That is , the aggregate seed difference among the 22 games won by lower - seeded teams ( e.g. , No. 14 Mercer over No. 3 Duke , No. 8 Kentucky over No. 1 Wichita State ) was 111 . 2013 was the only tournament to have three teams seeded No. 12 or lower in the Sweet Sixteen : No. 12 Oregon , No. 13 La Salle , and No. 15 Florida Gulf Coast . 2017 , South Carolina entering as a 7th seed in their region , beat Duke a No. 2 seed , Baylor , a No. 3 seed and Florida , a No. 4 seed to reach the Final Four . The 2018 South Region was the first regional since seeding began in 1979 in which no top - 4 seed advanced to the Sweet Sixteen ( No. 5 Kentucky , No. 7 Nevada , No. 9 Kansas State , No. 11 Loyola -- Chicago ) . Furthermore , the Elite Eight pairing of No. 9 Kansas State and No. 11 Loyola - Chicago was the lowest - seeded pairing to play in a Regional Final . Georgetown is the only team to ever lose in five consecutive tournament appearances against a team seeded at least five spots lower : 2008 ( Round of 32 ) : No. 10 Davidson 74 , No. 2 Georgetown 70 . 2010 ( Round of 64 ) : No. 14 Ohio 97 , No. 3 Georgetown 83 . 2011 ( Round of 64 ) : No. 11 VCU 74 , No. 6 Georgetown 56 . 2012 ( Round of 32 ) : No. 11 NC State 66 , No. 3 Georgetown 63 . 2013 ( Round of 64 ) : No. 15 Florida Gulf Coast 78 , No. 2 Georgetown 68 . Notable point spread upsets ( edit ) As noted above , despite numerous instances of early - round tournament upsets , only one No. 1 seed has ever lost in the first round to a No. 16 seed . However , while seeding is one way of measuring the impact of an upset , prior to the implementation of seeding , point spread was the better determinant of an upset , and a loss by a highly favored team remains for many the definition of `` upset '' . Biggest point - spread upsets since expansion to 64 teams in 1985 : Norfolk State + 21.5 over Missouri 86 -- 84 in 2012 UMBC + 20.5 over Virginia 74 -- 54 in 2018 Santa Clara + 19.5 over Arizona 64 -- 61 in 1993 . ( Another source gives the final spread for this game as + 20 . ) Coppin State + 18.5 over South Carolina 78 -- 65 in 1997 Arkansas -- Little Rock + 17.5 over Notre Dame 90 -- 83 in 1986 Hampton + 17.5 over Iowa State 58 -- 57 in 2001 Biggest point - spread upsets in NCAA Championship Game history : Connecticut + 9.5 over Duke , 77 -- 74 , in 1999 Villanova + 9 over Georgetown , 66 -- 64 , in 1985 Kansas + 8 over Oklahoma , 83 -- 79 , in 1988 North Carolina State + 7.5 over Houston , 54 -- 52 in 1983 Texas Western + 6.5 over Kentucky , 72 -- 65 in 1966 Highly seeded teams ( edit ) All No. 1 seeds in the Final Four ( edit ) Rank # 1 vs. other ranks ( prior to 2018 ) It has happened only once that all four No. 1 seeds made it to the Final Four : 2008 -- Kansas ( champion ) , North Carolina , UCLA , Memphis Final Fours without a No. 1 seed ( edit ) Three times ( twice since the field expanded to 64 teams ) the Final Four has been without a No. 1 seed : 1980 -- No. 2 Louisville ( champion ) , No. 5 Iowa , No. 6 Purdue , No. 8 UCLA 2006 -- No. 2 UCLA , No. 3 Florida ( champion ) , No. 4 LSU , No. 11 George Mason 2011 -- No. 3 Connecticut ( champion ) , No. 4 Kentucky , No. 8 Butler , No. 11 VCU Since 1985 , there have been 4 instances of three No. 1 seeds reaching the Final Four ; 13 instances of two No. 1 seeds making it ; and 14 instances of just one No. 1 seed reaching the Final Four . No. 1 seeds in the championship game ( edit ) There have been eight occasions ( seven times since the field expanded to 64 ) that the championship game has been played between two No. 1 seeds : 1982 -- North Carolina beat Georgetown 1993 -- North Carolina beat Michigan 1999 -- Connecticut beat Duke 2005 -- North Carolina beat Illinois 2007 -- Florida beat Ohio State 2008 -- Kansas beat Memphis 2015 -- Duke beat Wisconsin 2017 -- North Carolina beat Gonzaga Since 1985 there have been 18 instances of one No. 1 seed reaching the Championship Game ( No. 1 seeds are 13 - 5 against other seeds in the title game ) and 8 instances where no No. 1 seed made it to the title game . Additional No. 1 seed stats ( edit ) In 1997 , Arizona achieved a record when it became the only team to beat three No. 1 seeds in a single tournament . Arizona ( No. 4 seed ) beat Kansas in its own Southeast region , then beat North Carolina in the Final Four and finally Kentucky in the Championship game . The most No. 1 seeds any team can face in the tournament is three ( provided that the team itself is not a No. 1 seed , in which case it can only face two No. 1 seeds in the tournament ) . In 2011 , the highest seed to advance to the Final Four was No. 3 seed Connecticut , making the 2011 tournament the only time that neither a No. 1 seed nor a No. 2 seed advanced into the final weekend of play . In the same tournament , Butler made history as the first program to make consecutive Final Fours while not being seeded No. 1 or No. 2 in either season . There have been 16 teams that have entered the tournament unbeaten . Four of those teams were from UCLA , and all those Bruin teams won each of those tournaments . However , of the other 12 teams entering the tournament unbeaten , just three went on to win the tournament . For details , see table below In 1980 , 1981 , and 1982 , when the tournament was 48 teams , DePaul was seeded No. 1 but was defeated in the first round . Theoretically , a No. 1 seed 's most difficult six - game path to win the tournament is to defeat a No. 16 , a No. 8 , a No. 4 , a No. 2 , a No. 1 , and a No. 1 - the highest possible opposing seeds in successive rounds . No No. 1 seed has ever won all six such games , though two teams have won the first five . In the 2002 tournament , Maryland reached the final after defeating teams seeded 16 / 8 / 4 / 2 / 1 ; they won the tournament after defeating No. 5 Indiana in the final . In the 2015 tournament , Wisconsin reached the final after defeating teams seeded 16 / 8 / 4 / 2 / 1 . In the final , they faced No. 1 Duke with a chance to complete the full six - game path . However , Wisconsin lost the final . Teams No. 1 in National polls ( edit ) The following teams entered the tournament ranked No. 1 in at least one of the AP , UPI , or USA Today polls and won the tournament : 1949 : Kentucky ( AP ) 1951 : Kentucky ( AP / UPI ) 1953 : Indiana ( AP / UPI ) 1955 : San Francisco ( AP / UPI ) 1956 : San Francisco ( AP / UPI ) 1957 : North Carolina ( AP / UPI ) 1964 : UCLA ( AP / UPI ) 1967 : UCLA ( AP / UPI ) 1969 : UCLA ( AP / UPI ) 1971 : UCLA ( AP / UPI ) 1972 : UCLA ( AP / UPI ) 1973 : UCLA ( AP / UPI ) 1974 : NC State ( AP / UPI ) 1976 : Indiana ( AP / UPI ) 1978 : Kentucky ( AP / UPI ) 1982 : North Carolina ( AP / UPI ) 1992 : Duke ( AP / UPI ) 1994 : Arkansas ( USA Today ) 1995 : UCLA ( AP / USA Today ) 2001 : Duke ( AP / USA Today ) 2012 : Kentucky ( AP / USA Today ) Performance of undefeated teams ( edit ) The team 's record here refers to their record before the first game of the NCAA tournament . Year Team Record Result 1951 Columbia 21 -- 0 Lost Sweet 16 game to Illinois 1956 San Francisco 24 -- 0 Won the tournament , beat Iowa 1957 North Carolina 27 -- 0 Won the tournament , beat Kansas 1961 Ohio State 24 -- 0 Lost in championship game to Cincinnati 1964 UCLA 26 -- 0 Won the tournament , beat Duke 1967 UCLA 26 -- 0 Won the tournament , beat Dayton 1968 Houston 28 -- 0 Lost in national semifinal game to UCLA 1968 St. Bonaventure 22 -- 0 Lost Sweet 16 game to North Carolina 1971 Pennsylvania 26 -- 0 Lost Elite 8 game to Villanova 1971 Marquette 26 -- 0 Lost Sweet 16 game to Ohio State 1972 UCLA 26 -- 0 Won the tournament , beat Florida State 1973 UCLA 26 -- 0 Won the tournament , beat Memphis State Indiana 29 -- 0 Lost Elite 8 game to Kentucky 1976 Indiana 27 -- 0 Won the tournament , beat Michigan 1976 Rutgers 27 -- 0 Lost in national semifinal game to Michigan 1979 Indiana State 28 -- 0 Lost in championship game to Michigan State 1991 UNLV 30 -- 0 Lost in national semifinal game to Duke 2014 Wichita State 34 -- 0 Lost in Round of 32 to Kentucky 2015 Kentucky 34 -- 0 Lost in national semifinal game to Wisconsin Undefeated teams not in the tournament ( edit ) The NCAA tournament has undergone dramatic expansion since 1975 , and since the tournament was expanded to 48 teams in 1980 , no unbeaten teams have failed to qualify . ( As , by definition , a team would have to win its conference tournament , and thus secure an automatic bid to the tournament , to be undefeated in a season , the only way a team could finish undefeated and not reach the tournament is if the team is banned from postseason play ; as of 2016 , no team banned from postseason play has finished undefeated since 1980 . Other possibilities for an undefeated team to fail to qualify : the team is independent , or the conference does not yet have an automatic bid . ) Before that , there were occasions on which a team achieved perfection in the regular season , yet did not appear in the NCAA tournament . During 1939 , Long Island University finished the regular season unbeaten but decided to accept instead an invitation to the second NIT ( which they won ) instead of the first and only NABC tournament ( later called the NCAA tournament ) , as the NIT was more prestigious at the time . It was n't until the mid-1950s that the NCAA required that its tournament would have `` first choice '' in determining teams for their field . Before then , many of the more successful teams during the regular season chose to play in the NIT instead of the NCAA tournament . During 1940 , Seton Hall finished the regular season 19 -- 0 , but their record had been built largely against weak teams and thus did not earn them an invitation to the postseason tournament . During 1941 , Milwaukee State finished the regular season 16 -- 0 , but their record had been built largely against weak teams and thus did not earn them an invitation to the postseason tournament . During 1944 , Army finished the regular season unbeaten . But owing to World War II , the Cadets did not accept an invitation to postseason play . During 1954 , Kentucky finished 25 -- 0 and were invited to the tournament , but declined the invitation . During 1973 the North Carolina State Wolfpack finished the regular season 27 -- 0 and ranked # 2 ( behind undefeated and eventual tournament champion UCLA ) but were barred from participating in the NCAA tournament while on probation for recruiting violations . During 1979 , the Alcorn State Braves finished the regular season 27 -- 0 , but did not receive an invitation to the NCAA Tournament . The Braves accepted a bid to the NIT , where they lost in the second round to eventual NIT champion Indiana . Champions absent the next year ( edit ) There have been nine times in which the tournament did not include the reigning champion ( the previous year 's winner ) : 1978 champion Kentucky went 19 -- 12 in 1979 . The Wildcats accepted an invitation to the National Invitation Tournament , losing their first - round game in overtime to Clemson , 68 -- 67 . Both 1979 champion Michigan State ( 12 -- 15 ) and 1979 runner up Indiana State ( 16 -- 11 ) failed to qualify for the 1980 NCAA Tournament . Furthermore , neither was invited to the National Invitation Tournament , and Michigan State is the only team to finish the subsequent season with a losing record . Following the 1979 NCAA tournament , Indiana State lost Larry Bird to graduation , and Magic Johnson left Michigan State after his sophomore season to enter the NBA draft . 1983 champion North Carolina State went 19 -- 13 in 1984 . The Wolfpack accepted an invitation to the National Invitation Tournament , losing their first - round game to Florida State , 74 -- 71 in Reynolds Coliseum . 1986 champion Louisville went 18 -- 14 in 1987 . The team declined an invitation to the postseason National Invitation Tournament . 1988 champion Kansas went 19 -- 12 in 1989 . However , the team was ineligible for participation in the 1989 NCAA Tournament due to NCAA sanctions for recruiting violations . 2007 ( and 2006 ) champion Florida and 2007 runner up Ohio State both failed to qualify for the NCAA Tournament in 2008 . Both accepted invitations to that year 's postseason National Invitation Tournament , and both made it to the semifinals . Florida fell to Massachusetts in the semifinals , and Ohio State beat UMass in the NIT Championship Game to win the tournament . 2009 champion North Carolina went 20 -- 17 in 2010 . The Tar Heels accepted an invitation to the National Invitation Tournament , and reached the finals , losing to Dayton . 2012 champion Kentucky went 21 -- 11 in 2013 and failed to make that tournament . The Wildcats were invited to the National Invitation Tournament , where they lost to Robert Morris in the first round of the tournament . 2014 champion Connecticut went 20 -- 14 in 2015 and failed to make that tournament . The Huskies were invited to the National Invitation Tournament and lost to Arizona State in the first round . Coaches ( edit ) Most national championships ( edit ) 10 National Championships John Wooden ( 1964 , 1965 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 ) 5 National Championships Mike Krzyzewski ( 1991 , 1992 , 2001 , 2010 , 2015 ) 4 National Championships Adolph Rupp ( 1948 , 1949 , 1951 , 1958 ) 3 National Championships Jim Calhoun ( 1999 , 2004 , 2011 ) Bob Knight ( 1976 , 1981 , 1987 ) Roy Williams ( 2005 , 2009 , 2017 ) 2 National Championships Denny Crum ( 1980 , 1986 ) Billy Donovan ( 2006 , 2007 ) Henry Iba ( 1945 , 1946 ) Ed Jucker ( 1961 , 1962 ) Branch McCracken ( 1940 , 1953 ) Dean Smith ( 1982 , 1993 ) Phil Woolpert ( 1955 , 1956 ) Jay Wright ( 2016 , 2018 ) 1 National Championship Phog Allen ( 1952 ) Jim Boeheim ( 2003 ) Larry Brown ( 1988 ) John Calipari ( 2012 ) Everett Dean ( 1942 ) Steve Fisher ( 1989 ) Bud Foster ( 1941 ) Joe B. Hall ( 1978 ) Jim Harrick ( 1995 ) Don Haskins ( 1966 ) Jud Heathcote ( 1979 ) Howard Hobson ( 1939 ) Nat Holman ( 1950 ) George Ireland ( 1963 ) Tom Izzo ( 2000 ) Doggie Julian ( 1947 ) Ken Loeffler ( 1954 ) Rollie Massimino ( 1985 ) Al McGuire ( 1977 ) Frank McGuire ( 1957 ) Pete Newell ( 1959 ) Kevin Ollie ( 2014 ) Lute Olson ( 1997 ) Vadal Peterson ( 1944 ) Rick Pitino ( 1996 , 2013 ( vacated ) ) Nolan Richardson ( 1994 ) Bill Self ( 2008 ) Everett Shelton ( 1943 ) Norm Sloan ( 1974 ) Tubby Smith ( 1998 ) Jerry Tarkanian ( 1990 ) Fred Taylor ( 1960 ) John Thompson ( 1984 ) Jim Valvano ( 1983 ) Gary Williams ( 2002 ) National championships among active coaches ( edit ) 5 Mike Krzyzewski ( 1991 , 1992 , 2001 , 2010 , 2015 ) 3 Roy Williams ( 2005 , 2009 , 2017 ) 2 Jay Wright ( 2016 , 2018 ) 1 Jim Boeheim ( 2003 ) 1 John Calipari ( 2012 ) 1 Tom Izzo ( 2000 ) 1 Bill Self ( 2008 ) 1 Tubby Smith ( 1998 ) Schools winning a national championship under multiple coaches ( edit ) Five coaches Kentucky : Adolph Rupp , Joe B. Hall , Rick Pitino , Tubby Smith , and John Calipari Three coaches Kansas : Phog Allen , Larry Brown , and Bill Self North Carolina : Frank McGuire , Dean Smith , and Roy Williams Two coaches Connecticut : Jim Calhoun and Kevin Ollie Indiana : Branch McCracken and Bob Knight Michigan State : Jud Heathcote and Tom Izzo North Carolina State : Norm Sloan and Jim Valvano UCLA : John Wooden and Jim Harrick Villanova : Rollie Massimino and Jay Wright Most teams from different schools taken to the Final Four ( edit ) Rick Pitino is the only coach to have officially taken three different teams to the Final Four : Providence ( 1987 ) , Kentucky ( 1993 , 1996 , 1997 ) and Louisville ( 2005 ) . John Calipari has also taken three teams to the Final Four , but has had his runs with UMass and Memphis vacated due to NCAA violations . There are 12 coaches who have officially coached two different schools to the Final Four -- Roy Williams , Eddie Sutton , Frank McGuire , Lon Kruger , Hugh Durham , Jack Gardner , Lute Olson , Gene Bartow , Forddy Anderson , Lee Rose , Bob Huggins , and Lou Henson . Larry Brown took UCLA to the Final Four in 1980 , but it was vacated due to NCAA violations . He also took Kansas in 1986 and 1988 . Point differentials ( edit ) Point differentials , or margin of victory , can be viewed either by the championship game , or by a team 's performance over the whole tournament . Championship victory margins ( edit ) Largest margin of victory in a championship game 30 points , by UNLV in 1990 ( 103 -- 73 , over Duke ) Overtime games in a championship game Seven times the championship game has been tied at the end of regulation . On one of those occasions ( 1957 ) the game went into double and then triple overtime . North Carolina 54 , Kansas 53 / 3OT ( 1957 ) Utah 42 , Dartmouth 40 ( 1944 ) Cincinnati 65 , Ohio St. 60 ( 1961 ) Loyola 60 , Cincinnati 58 ( 1963 ) Michigan 80 , Seton Hall 79 ( 1989 ) Arizona 84 , Kentucky 79 ( 1997 ) Kansas 75 , Memphis 68 ( 2008 ) Smallest margin of victory in a championship game 1 point , on six occasions Indiana 69 , Kansas 68 ( 1953 ) North Carolina 54 , Kansas 53 / 3OT ( 1957 ) California 71 , West Virginia 70 ( 1959 ) North Carolina 63 , Georgetown 62 ( 1982 ) Indiana 74 , Syracuse 73 ( 1987 ) Michigan 80 , Seton Hall 79 / OT ( 1989 ) Accumulated victory margins ( edit ) Largest point differential accumulated over the entire tournament by championship teams Teams that played 6 games + 129 Kentucky 1996 + 124 Villanova 2016 + 121 North Carolina 2009 + 112 UNLV 1990 + 106 Villanova 2018 Teams that played 5 games + 115 Loyola of Chicago 1963 + 113 Indiana 1981 + 104 Michigan State 1979 + 69 San Francisco 1955 + 66 Indiana 1976 Teams that played 4 games + 95 UCLA 1967 + 85 UCLA 1968 + 78 Ohio State 1960 + 76 UCLA 1969 + 72 UCLA 1970 + 72 UCLA 1972 Teams that played 3 games + 56 Oklahoma A&M 1945 + 52 Kentucky 1949 + 51 Indiana 1940 + 47 Kentucky 1948 + 46 Oregon 1939 Teams winning the championship and obtaining a margin of 10 points in every game of the tournament Achieved 13 times by 10 different schools Oregon ( 1939 ) Kentucky ( 1949 ) San Francisco ( 1956 ) Ohio State ( 1960 ) UCLA ( 1967 , 1970 and 1973 ) Michigan State ( 1979 and 2000 ) Indiana ( 1981 ) Duke ( 2001 ) North Carolina ( 2009 ) Villanova ( 2018 ) Seed pairing results ( edit ) NCAA Tournament % Wins per rank Since the inception of the 64 - team tournament in 1985 , each seed - pairing has played 136 games in the Round of 64 , with the following results : Round of 64 results ( edit ) The No. 1 seed is 135 -- 1 against the No. 16 seed (. 993 ) The No. 2 seed is 128 -- 8 against the No. 15 seed (. 941 ) The No. 3 seed is 115 -- 21 against the No. 14 seed (. 846 ) The No. 4 seed is 108 -- 28 against the No. 13 seed (. 794 ) The No. 5 seed is 89 -- 47 against the No. 12 seed (. 654 ) The No. 6 seed is 85 -- 51 against the No. 11 seed (. 625 ) The No. 7 seed is 84 -- 52 against the No. 10 seed (. 618 ) The No. 8 seed is 68 - 68 against the No. 9 seed (. 500 ) Round of 32 results ( edit ) In the 1 / 16 vs. 8 / 9 bracket : vs. No. 8 vs. No. 9 Total No. 1 55 -- 13 (. 809 ) 61 -- 6 (. 910 ) 116 -- 19 (. 859 ) No. 16 -- 0 -- 1 (. 000 ) 0 -- 1 (. 000 ) Total 13 -- 55 (. 191 ) 7 -- 61 (. 103 ) In the 2 / 15 vs. 7 / 10 bracket : vs. No. 7 vs. No. 10 Total No. 2 56 -- 25 (. 691 ) 28 -- 18 (. 617 ) 84 -- 43 (. 664 ) No. 15 1 -- 2 (. 333 ) 0 -- 5 (. 000 ) 1 -- 7 (. 125 ) Total 27 -- 57 (. 305 ) 23 -- 28 (. 451 ) In the 3 / 14 vs. 6 / 11 bracket : vs. No. 6 vs. No. 11 Total No. 3 41 -- 28 (. 594 ) 29 -- 17 (. 630 ) 70 -- 45 (. 609 ) No. 14 2 -- 14 (. 125 ) 0 -- 5 (. 000 ) 2 -- 19 (. 095 ) Total 42 -- 43 (. 494 ) 22 -- 29 (. 431 ) In the 4 / 13 vs. 5 / 12 bracket : vs. No. 5 vs. No. 12 Total No. 4 40 -- 32 (. 556 ) 24 -- 12 (. 667 ) 64 -- 44 (. 593 ) No. 13 3 -- 14 (. 176 ) 3 -- 8 (. 273 ) 6 -- 22 (. 214 ) Total 46 -- 43 (. 517 ) 20 -- 27 (. 426 ) Round of 16 results ( edit ) In the 1 / 8 / 9 / 16 vs. 4 / 5 / 12 / 13 bracket : vs. No. 4 vs. No. 5 vs. No. 12 vs. No. 13 Total No. 1 37 -- 15 (. 712 ) 34 -- 7 (. 829 ) 19 -- 0 ( 1.000 ) 4 -- 0 ( 1.000 ) 94 -- 22 (. 810 ) No. 8 5 -- 4 (. 556 ) 2 -- 0 ( 1.000 ) 0 -- 1 (. 000 ) 1 -- 0 ( 1.000 ) 8 -- 5 (. 615 ) No. 9 1 -- 2 (. 333 ) 1 -- 1 (. 500 ) 1 - 0 ( 1.000 ) 1 -- 0 ( 1.000 ) 4 -- 3 (. 571 ) No. 16 -- -- -- -- -- Total 21 -- 43 (. 328 ) 8 -- 35 (. 186 ) 1 -- 20 (. 048 ) 0 -- 6 (. 000 ) In the 2 / 7 / 10 / 15 vs. 3 / 6 / 11 / 14 bracket : vs. No. 3 vs. No. 6 vs. No. 11 vs. No. 14 Total No. 2 26 -- 15 (. 634 ) 23 -- 6 (. 793 ) 13 -- 2 (. 867 ) -- 62 -- 23 (. 729 ) No. 7 6 -- 9 (. 400 ) 3 -- 4 (. 429 ) 0 -- 4 (. 000 ) 1 -- 0 ( 1.000 ) 10 -- 17 (. 370 ) No. 10 4 -- 9 (. 308 ) 2 -- 4 (. 333 ) 1 -- 2 (. 333 ) 1 -- 0 ( 1.000 ) 8 -- 15 (. 348 ) No. 15 0 -- 1 (. 000 ) -- -- -- 0 -- 1 (. 000 ) Total 33 -- 36 (. 478 ) 14 -- 28 (. 333 ) 8 -- 13 (. 381 ) 0 -- 2 (. 000 ) Regional finals results ( edit ) vs. No. 2 vs. No. 3 vs. No. 6 vs. No. 7 vs. No. 10 vs. No. 11 vs. No. 14 vs. No. 15 Total No. 1 23 -- 23 (. 500 ) 14 -- 9 (. 609 ) 7 -- 2 (. 778 ) 4 -- 0 ( 1.000 ) 4 -- 1 (. 800 ) 4 -- 3 (. 571 ) -- -- 56 -- 38 (. 596 ) No. 4 4 -- 2 (. 667 ) 3 -- 2 (. 600 ) 2 -- 1 (. 667 ) 2 -- 3 (. 400 ) 2 -- 0 ( 1.000 ) -- -- -- 13 -- 8 (. 619 ) No. 5 3 -- 0 ( 1.000 ) 1 -- 2 (. 333 ) 1 -- 0 ( 1.000 ) -- 1 -- 0 ( 1.000 ) -- -- -- 6 -- 2 (. 750 ) No. 8 3 -- 2 (. 600 ) 0 -- 1 (. 000 ) 1 -- 0 ( 1.000 ) 1 -- 0 ( 1.000 ) -- -- -- -- 5 -- 3 (. 625 ) No. 9 1 -- 0 ( 1.000 ) 0 -- 1 (. 000 ) -- -- -- 0 -- 1 (. 000 ) -- -- 1 -- 2 (. 333 ) No. 12 0 -- 1 (. 000 ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0 -- 1 (. 000 ) No. 13 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- No. 16 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Total 28 -- 33 (. 459 ) 15 -- 17 (. 469 ) 3 -- 11 (. 214 ) 3 -- 7 (. 300 ) 1 -- 7 (. 125 ) 4 -- 4 (. 500 ) -- -- Host cities ( edit ) This table lists all the cities that have hosted or will host the Final Four , as well as the venues in which the Final Four was or will be played . For additional information about a particular year 's tournament , click on the year to go directly to that year 's NCAA Men 's Basketball Tournament or go to the main article . Year City Venue Champion 1939 Evanston , Illinois Patten Gymnasium Oregon 1940 Kansas City , Missouri Municipal Auditorium Indiana 1941 Wisconsin 1942 Stanford 1943 New York City Madison Square Garden Wyoming 1944 Utah 1945 Oklahoma A&M 1946 1947 Holy Cross 1948 Kentucky 1949 Seattle Hec Edmundson Pavilion 1950 New York City Madison Square Garden CCNY 1951 Minneapolis Williams Arena Kentucky 1952 Seattle Hec Edmundson Pavilion Kansas 1953 Kansas City , Missouri Municipal Auditorium Indiana 1954 La Salle 1955 San Francisco 1956 Evanston , Illinois McGaw Hall 1957 Kansas City , Missouri Municipal Auditorium North Carolina 1958 Louisville , Kentucky Freedom Hall Kentucky 1959 California 1960 Daly City , California Cow Palace Ohio State 1961 Kansas City , Missouri Municipal Auditorium Cincinnati 1962 Louisville , Kentucky Freedom Hall 1963 Loyola ( Chicago ) 1964 Kansas City , Missouri Municipal Auditorium UCLA 1965 Portland , Oregon Memorial Coliseum 1966 College Park , Maryland Cole Field House Texas Western 1967 Louisville , Kentucky Freedom Hall UCLA 1968 Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena 1969 Louisville , Kentucky Freedom Hall 1970 College Park , Maryland Cole Field House 1971 Houston Astrodome 1972 Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena 1973 St. Louis St. Louis Arena Greensboro , North Carolina Greensboro Coliseum NC State San Diego San Diego Sports Arena UCLA 1976 Philadelphia The Spectrum Indiana 1977 Atlanta The Omni Marquette 1978 St. Louis The Checkerdome Kentucky 1979 Salt Lake City , Utah Special Events Center Michigan State 1980 Indianapolis Market Square Arena Louisville 1981 Philadelphia The Spectrum Indiana 1982 New Orleans Louisiana Superdome North Carolina Albuquerque , New Mexico University Arena NC State 1984 Seattle Kingdome Georgetown 1985 Lexington , Kentucky Rupp Arena Villanova 1986 Dallas Reunion Arena Louisville New Orleans Louisiana Superdome Indiana 1988 Kansas City , Missouri Kemper Arena Kansas 1989 Seattle Kingdome Michigan 1990 Denver McNichols Sports Arena UNLV 1991 Indianapolis Hoosier Dome Duke 1992 Minneapolis HHH Metrodome 1993 New Orleans Louisiana Superdome North Carolina 1994 Charlotte , North Carolina Charlotte Coliseum Arkansas 1995 Seattle Kingdome UCLA East Rutherford , New Jersey Continental Airlines Arena Kentucky 1997 Indianapolis RCA Dome Arizona 1998 San Antonio Alamodome Kentucky 1999 St. Petersburg , Florida Tropicana Field Connecticut 2000 Indianapolis RCA Dome Michigan State 2001 Minneapolis HHH Metrodome Duke 2002 Atlanta Georgia Dome Maryland 2003 New Orleans Louisiana Superdome Syracuse San Antonio Alamodome Connecticut 2005 St. Louis Edward Jones Dome North Carolina 2006 Indianapolis RCA Dome Florida 2007 Atlanta Georgia Dome 2008 San Antonio Alamodome Kansas 2009 Detroit Ford Field North Carolina Indianapolis Lucas Oil Stadium Duke 2011 Houston Reliant Stadium Connecticut 2012 New Orleans Mercedes - Benz Superdome Kentucky 2013 Atlanta Georgia Dome Louisville 2014 Arlington , Texas AT&T Stadium Connecticut 2015 Indianapolis Lucas Oil Stadium Duke 2016 Houston NRG Stadium Villanova 2017 Glendale , Arizona University of Phoenix Stadium North Carolina 2018 San Antonio Alamodome Villanova 2019 Minneapolis U.S. Bank Stadium 2020 Atlanta Mercedes - Benz Stadium 2021 Indianapolis Lucas Oil Stadium 2022 New Orleans Mercedes - Benz Superdome 2023 TBA Popular culture ( edit ) Bracketology and pools ( edit ) Main articles : Bracketology and March Madness pools There are pools or private gambling - related contests as to who can predict the tournament most correctly . The filling out of a tournament bracket has been referred to as a `` national pastime . '' Filling out a tournament bracket with predictions is called the practice of `` bracketology '' and sports programming during the tournament is rife with commentators comparing the accuracy of their predictions . On The Dan Patrick Show , a wide variety of celebrities from various fields ( such as Darius Rucker , Charlie Sheen , Neil Patrick Harris , Ellen DeGeneres , Dave Grohl , and Brooklyn Decker ) have posted full brackets with predictions . Former President Barack Obama 's bracket was posted on the White House website . There are many different tournament prediction scoring systems . Most award points for correctly picking the winning team in a particular match up , with increasingly more points being given for correctly predicting later round winners . Some provide bonus points for correctly predicting upsets , the amount of the bonus varying based on the degree of upset . Some just provide points for wins by correctly picked teams in the brackets . There are 2 ^ 63 or 9.2 quintillion possibilities for the possible winners in a 64 - team NCAA bracket , making the odds of randomly picking a perfect bracket ( i.e. without weighting for seed number ) 9.2 quintillion to 1 . With the expansion of the tournament field to 68 teams in 2011 , there are now 2 ^ 67 or 147.57 quintillion possibilities if one includes the first four opening round games . There are numerous awards and prizes given by companies for anyone who can make the perfect bracket . One of the largest was done by a partnership between Quicken Loans and Berkshire Hathaway , which was backed by Warren Buffett , with a $1 billion prize to any person ( s ) who could correctly predict the outcome of the 2014 tournament . No one was able to complete the challenge and win the $1 billion prize . Tournament associated terms ( edit ) As indicated below , none of these phrases are exclusively used in regard to the NCAA tournament . Nonetheless , they are associated widely with the tournament , sometimes for legal reasons , sometimes just because it 's become part of the American sports vernacular . March Madness ( edit ) March Madness is a popular on - ending basketball tournaments played in March . March Madness is also a registered trademark currently owned exclusively by the NCAA . H.V. Porter , an official with the Illinois High School Association ( and later a member of the Basketball Hall of Fame ) , was the first person to use March Madness to describe a basketball tournament . Porter published an essay named March Madness during 1939 , and during 1942 , he used the phrase in a poem , Basketball Ides of March . Through the years the use of March Madness was increased , especially in Illinois , Indiana , and other parts of the Midwest . During this period the term was used almost exclusively in reference to state high school tournaments . During 1977 , Jim Enright published a book about the Illinois tournament entitled March Madness . Fans began associating the term with the NCAA tournament during the early 1980s . Evidence suggests that CBS sportscaster Brent Musburger , who had worked for many years in Chicago before joining CBS , popularized the term during the annual tournament broadcasts . The NCAA has credited Bob Walsh of the Seattle Organizing Committee for starting the March Madness celebration in 1984 . Only during the 1990s did either the IHSA or the NCAA think about trademarking the term , and by that time a small television production company named Intersport had already trademarked it . IHSA eventually bought the trademark rights from Intersport , and then went to court to establish its primacy . IHSA sued GTE Vantage , an NCAA licensee that used the name March Madness for a computer game based on the college tournament . During 1996 , in a historic ruling , Illinois High School Association v. GTE Vantage , Inc. , the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit created the concept of a `` dual - use trademark '' , granting both the IHSA and NCAA the right to trademark the term for their own purposes . After the ruling , the NCAA and IHSA joined forces and created the March Madness Athletic Association to coordinate the licensing of the trademark and investigate possible trademark infringement . One such case involved a company that had obtained the internet domain name marchmadness.com and was using it to post information about the NCAA tournament . During 2003 , by March Madness Athletic Association v. Netfire , Inc. , the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit decided that March Madness was not a generic term , and ordered Netfire to relinquish the domain name to the NCAA . Later during the 2000s , the IHSA relinquished its ownership share in the trademark , although it retained the right to use the term in association with high school championships . During October 2010 , the NCAA reached a settlement with Intersport , paying $17.2 million for the latter company 's license to use the trademark . Sweet Sixteen ( edit ) This is a popular term for the regional semifinal round of the tournament , consisting of the final 16 teams . As in the case of `` March Madness '' , this was first used by a high school federation -- in this case , the Kentucky High School Athletic Association ( KHSAA ) , which has used the term for decades to describe its own season - ending tournaments . It officially registered the trademark in 1988 . Unlike the situation with `` March Madness '' , the KHSAA has retained sole ownership of the `` Sweet Sixteen '' trademark ; it licenses the term to the NCAA for use in collegiate tournaments . Final Four ( edit ) The term Final Four refers to the last four teams remaining in the playoff tournament . These are the champions of the tournament 's four regional brackets , and are the only teams remaining on the tournament 's final weekend . ( While the term `` Final Four '' was not used during the early decades of the tournament , the term has been applied retroactively to include the last four teams in tournaments from earlier years , even when only two brackets existed . ) Some claim that the phrase Final Four was first used to describe the final games of Indiana 's annual high school basketball tournament . But the NCAA , which has a trademark on the term , says Final Four was originated by a Plain Dealer sportswriter , Ed Chay , in a 1975 article that appeared in the Official Collegiate Basketball Guide . The article stated that Marquette University `` was one of the final four '' of the 1974 tournament . The NCAA started capitalizing the term during 1978 and converting it to a trademark several years later . During recent years , the term Final Four has been used for other sports besides basketball . Tournaments which use Final Four include the Euroleague in basketball , national basketball competitions in several European countries , and the now - defunct European Hockey League . Together with the name Final Four , these tournaments have adopted an NCAA - style format in which the four surviving teams compete in a single - elimination tournament held in one place , typically , during one weekend . The derivative term `` Frozen Four '' is used by the NCAA to refer to the final rounds of the Division I men 's and women 's ice hockey tournaments . Until 1999 , it was just a popular nickname for the last two rounds of the hockey tournament ; officially , it was also known as the Final Four . Cinderella team ( edit ) Although there is not any official definition of what constitutes a Cinderella team , there does seem to be a consensus that such teams represent small schools , are usually low - seeded in the tournament , and achieves at least one unexpected win in the tournament . A recent example of this is Florida Gulf Coast University , a relatively new school that held its first classes in 1997 and became Division I postseason eligible in 2011 . They made their first ever appearance in the 2013 tournament , winning two games to become the first ever # 15 seed to advance to the Sweet Sixteen . The term was popularized as a result of City College of New York 's successful run in the 1950 tournament . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Key Dates in NABC History '' . National Association of Basketball Coaches . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV coverage history of the NCAA Tournament ( 1969 - present ) '' . Classic Sports TV and Media . 18 March 2013 . Retrieved 20 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Shear , Michael D. ( March 19 , 2011 ) . `` Obama 's N.C.A.A. Bracket Is One of the Best '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Ivy League Adds Men 's , Women 's Basketball Tournaments Beginning in 2017 '' ( Press release ) . Ivy League . March 10 , 2016 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2016 . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Championship Information -- NCAA.com ^ Jump up to : `` NCAA DIVISION I MEN 'S BASKETBALL CHAMPIONSHIP - PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES FOR ESTABLISHING THE BRACKET '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . March 28 , 2011 . Retrieved March 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tournament History '' . NCAA . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA OK with Dayton Flyers playing in First Four at home '' . ESPN.com . February 27 , 2014 . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Parrott , Joshua ( November 13 , 2016 ) . `` College Basketball Question : What is a Mid-Major ? '' . Hero College Sports News . Retrieved 18 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff , KOIN 6 News ( 2017 - 03 - 28 ) . `` Can Ducks echo The Tall Firs after 78 years ? '' . KOIN 6 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Katz , Andy ( September 7 , 2012 ) . `` Talks of move in early stages '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 All - Star Game recap '' . National Basketball Association . 2011 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Katz , Andy ( June 12 , 2013 ) . `` 3 - point shot : UConn gets APR on track '' . ESPN.com . College Basketball Nation Blog . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Norlander , Matt ( June 12 , 2013 ) . `` Report : NCAA ditching domes prior to Final Four '' . CBSSports.com . Eye on College Basketball . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Metro Phoenix lands 2017 NCAA Final Four '' . azcentral.com . November 14 , 2014 . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McPhee , John ( 1999 ) . A Sense of Where You Are : Bill Bradley at Princeton . Farrar , Straus and Giroux , New York . pp. 114 -- 115 . ISBN 0374526893 . Jump up ^ Fraley , Oscar ( March 5 , 1951 ) . `` Scandal Brings More Prestige to NCAA '' . The Times - News . Hendersonville , North Carolina . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : NCAA reveals format of new 68 - team tournament -- ESPN . Sports.espn.go.com ( 2010 - 07 - 13 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Leger , Justin ( November 17 , 2014 ) . `` NCAA To Rename ' Rounds of 64 and 32 ' To ' First And Second Rounds ' In 2016 '' . NESN . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Colonial Life Arena History '' . Retrieved March 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.ncaa.com/news/ncaa/article/2015-07-10/ncaa-lifts-ban-holding-championships-south-carolina Jump up ^ `` NCAA moving tournament games from North Carolina starting this December '' . Outsports ( SB Nation ) . Vox Media . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Stack , Liam ( 12 September 2016 ) . `` N.C.A.A. Moves Championship Events From North Carolina , Citing Anti-Gay Laws '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 13 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA picks Greenville , S.C. , as replacement site for Greensboro for 2017 tournament '' . NCAA BB ( CBS Sports ) . CBS Broadcasting Inc . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Gluskin , Michael ( March 23 , 2005 ) . `` The tournament trim '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ O'Neil , Dana ( April 9 , 2013 ) . `` Louisville 's song finishes in glory '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . And at one end of the court , there was Kevin Ware on his crutches , the net lowered to accommodate him and his crutches , making the final snip on the only nets Louisville has cut all season . Jump up ^ `` Why do NCAA teams cut down the nets ? '' . CNN . April 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ NCAA Men 's Basketball Trophy Visits UT Medical Center , University of Tennessee press release , January 15 , 2007 Jump up ^ NABC Basic Info Archived 2009 - 02 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Does March Madness Lead to Irrational Exuberance in the NBA Draft ? '' . JournalistsResource.org , retrieved April 13 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : Ichniowski , Casey ; Preston , Anne E. ( 2012 ) . `` Does March Madness Lead to Irrational Exuberance in the NBA Draft ? High - Value Employee Selection Decisions and Decision - Making Bias '' . National Bureau of Economic Research . Jump up ^ `` CBS Sports , Turner Broadcasting , NCAA Reach 14 - Year Agreement '' ( Press release ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . April 22 , 2010 . Retrieved January 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : DeCourcy , Mike ( May 7 , 2013 ) . `` Putting Final Four games on cable saved college hoops from 96 - team mess '' . Sporting News . Retrieved May 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CBS , Turner win TV rights to tourney '' . ESPN . Retrieved 22 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA , TV talk about bigger men 's tourney '' . Jump up ^ `` NCAA 2006 -- 07 Revenue Distribution Plan '' . NCAA . 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Distribution of Basketball - Related Funds According to Number of Units by Conference , 2001 -- 2006 '' . NCAA . 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Yahoo unveils Platinum paid service '' . CNET News.com . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ CSTV.com : # 1 in College Sports -- Men 's Basketball Jump up ^ Why we did n't get Stanford in HDTV ( but the rest of the country did ) -- Morning Buzz Jump up ^ WRAL Digital Airs Entire NCAA Basketball Tournament Jump up ^ Dowbiggin , Bruce ( February 24 , 2011 ) . `` TSN catches March Madness '' . Globe and Mail . Toronto . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2011 . Retrieved March 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ chappelll ( 2011 - 03 - 10 ) . `` ESPN Europe '' ESPN America Tipping Off Exclusive Coverage of NCAA ® March Madness ® `` . Espnmediazone3.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Dick Vitale , finally , to call NCAA Final Four action '' . USA Today . Retrieved 24 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA Final Four Tournament Seeds '' . Retrieved 30 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Sheet College Basketball Log '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Summary : UMBC vs. Virginia '' . ESPN.com . March 16 , 2018 . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kraemer , Mackenzie ; Nelson , Rob ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` Biggest NCAA tournament upsets of the 64 - team era '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Final Four Record Book Jump up ^ MacMullan , Jackie ( March 7 , 2004 ) . `` Undefeated and unnoticed '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ `` 2009 -- 2010 North Carolina Tar Heels Men 's Basketball '' ( PDF ) . Goheels.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 -- 2010 North Carolina Tar Heels Men 's Basketball '' ( PDF ) . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Garcia , Marlen ( March 24 , 2011 ) . `` Duke 's Mike Krzyzewski looks golden in chase for fifth title '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Garcia , Marlen. ( 2009 - 08 - 24 ) Two vacated Final Four runs put on stain Calipari 's career -- USATODAY.com . Usatoday30.usatoday.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Ask Dr. Math , The Math Forum @ Drexel ; March 14 , 2001 ; accessed March 7 , 2010 Jump up ^ Ogul , David . `` Perfect NCAA Bracket Could Win You $1 B Thanks to Warren Buffett '' . Moneynews.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ James Enright : Shaping the Game From Inside and Out . Nbra.net ( 2006 - 06 - 01 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Quote from Jim Host , former Radio and Television and Marketing Director , NCAA ISBN 1 - 883697 - 67 - 0 Page 103 Jump up ^ Baker Botts L.L.P. Newsroom Resources The Trademark `` March Madness '' Withstands a Genericness Attack . Bakerbotts.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Weiberg , Steve ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` NCAA paid $17 M to protect ' March Madness ' term '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Garmon , Jay ( April 6 , 2004 ) . `` Geek Trivia : Basket cases '' . TechRepublic.com . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA March Madness Directory Sportslynx.com/march-madness.html '' . sportslynx.com . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2013 . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ESPN College Basketball Encyclopedia : The Complete History of the Men 's Game -- Google Boeken . Books.google.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 17 . NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament Tournaments 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Structure Selection process Venues # 1 seeds Opening Round Elite Eight Final Four National Championship Game Champions & awards Champions Most Outstanding Player Media & culture Bracketology Broadcasting Tournament Final Four March Madness pools `` One Shining Moment '' Records & statistics All - time team records Bids by school Bids by school and conference Consecutive appearances Final Four appearances by school Final Four participants Final Four appearances by coach Upsets NCAA men 's college basketball tournaments Division I Pre-season 2K Sports Classic Puerto Rico Tip - Off Charleston Classic The Islands of the Bahamas Showcase Paradise Jam Hall of Fame Tip Off Legends Classic CBE Hall of Fame Classic Maui Invitational MGM Resorts Main Event Cayman Islands Classic Gulf Coast Showcase Cancún Challenge Battle 4 Atlantis Savannah Invitational NIT Season Tip - Off Las Vegas Invitational AdvoCare Invitational Phil Knight Invitational Wooden Legacy Emerald Coast Classic Barclays Center Classic Jimmy V Classic Las Vegas Classic Diamond Head Classic Vancouver Showcase Conference postseason ACC America East The American American South American West Atlantic 10 Atlantic Sun Big 12 Big East Big Eight Big Sky Big South Big Ten Big West CAA Conference USA East Coast Great Midwest Great West Horizon Ivy League MAAC MEAC Metro Mid-American Missouri Valley Mountain West Northeast Ohio Valley Pac - 12 Patriot SEC Southern Southland Southwest SWAC Sun Belt Summit WAC West Coast Postseason NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament National Invitation Tournament Vegas 16 College Basketball Invitational CollegeInsider.com Postseason Tournament National Commissioners Invitational Tournament 1922 National Intercollegiate Basketball Tournament Division II Conference postseason CCAA CACC Carolinas East Coast GLIAC GLVC G - MAC Great Northwest Gulf South Heartland Lone Star Mountain East Northeast - 10 Northern Sun Pacific West Peach Belt PSAC RMAC South Atlantic Sunshine State Postseason NCAA Division II Men 's Basketball Tournament Division III Conference postseason Allegheny Mountain American Southwest Capital Centennial CCIW CSAC HCAC Landmark Little East Middle Atlantic NEWMAC NJAC Northwest OAC ODAC SAA SCIAC SCAC USA South WIAC Postseason NCAA Division III Men 's Basketball Tournament ECAC Tournaments National Collegiate Athletic Association NCAA Awards Hall of Champions Conferences Division I Institutions Athletic directors Baseball Championship CWS Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football FBS FCS Golf Men Women Ice hockey Men Women Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Men Women Wrestling Championship Division II Institutions Baseball Championship Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football Championship Golf Men Women Gymnastics Men Women Ice hockey Men Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship / WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Women Wrestling Championship Division III Institutions Baseball Championship Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football Championship Golf Men Women Ice hockey Men Women Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship / WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Men Women Wrestling Championship Single - division sports and championships Beach volleyball Women Bowling Women Boxing Championship Fencing Championships Gymnastics Men Women Rifle Championship Skiing Championships Trampoline Championship Water polo Men Women Events listed in italics have been discontinued . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Basketball_Tournament&oldid=841223717 '' Categories : NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament Recurring sporting events established in 1939 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית 日本 語 Português Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 17 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who has most national championships in college basketball | [
"\nNCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament\n\nMost recent season or competition:\n2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament\n\n\n\n\n\nSport\nBasketball\n\n\nFounded\n1939\n\n\nNo. of teams\n68 (since 2011)\n\n\nMost recent\nchampion(s)\nVillanova (3rd title)\n\n\nMost titles\nUCLA (11 titles)\n\n\nTV partner(s)\nNCAA March Madness\n(CBS/TBS/TNT/TruTV)\nCBS Sports Network (re-airs)\nGalavision (Spanish-coverage)\n\n\nOfficial website\nNCAA.com\n\n"
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"UCLA"
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-487371310921963859 | Lottery mathematics | Lottery mathematics - wikipedia Lottery mathematics Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Lottery mathematics is used to calculate probabilities in a lottery game . Contents ( hide ) 1 Choosing 6 from 49 2 Odds of getting other possibilities in choosing 6 from 49 3 Pick8 - 32 odds and calculations 4 Powerballs And Bonus Balls 5 Minimum number of tickets for a match 6 References 7 External links Choosing 6 from 49 ( edit ) In a typical 6 / 49 game , each player chooses six non-duplicate numbers from a range of 1 - 49 . If the six numbers on a ticket match the numbers drawn by the lottery , the ticket holder is a jackpot winner -- regardless of the order of the numbers . The probability of this happening is 1 in 13,983,816 . The chance of winning can be demonstrated as follows : The first number drawn has a 1 in 49 chance of matching . When the draw comes to the second number , there are now only 48 balls left in the bag ( because the balls already drawn are not returned to the bag ) so there is now a 1 in 48 chance of predicting this number . Thus for each of the 49 ways of choosing the first number there are 48 different ways of choosing the second . This means that the probability of correctly predicting 2 numbers drawn from 49 in the correct order is calculated as 1 in 49 × 48 . On drawing the third number there are only 47 ways of choosing the number ; but of course we could have arrived at this point in any of 49 × 48 ways , so the chances of correctly predicting 3 numbers drawn from 49 , again in the correct order , is 1 in 49 × 48 × 47 . This continues until the sixth number has been drawn , giving the final calculation , 49 × 48 × 47 × 46 × 45 × 44 , which can also be written as 49 ! ( 49 − 6 ) ! ( \ displaystyle ( 49 ! \ over ( 49 - 6 ) ! ) ) or 49 factorial divided by 43 factorial . This works out to 10,068,347,520 , which is much bigger than the ~ 14 million stated above . However ; the order of the 6 numbers is not significant . That is , if a ticket has the numbers 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , and 6 , it wins as long as all the numbers 1 through 6 are drawn , no matter what order they come out in . Accordingly , given any set of 6 numbers , there are 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 6 ! or 720 orders in which they could be drawn . Dividing 10,068,347,520 by 720 gives 13,983,816 , also written as 49 ! 6 ! ∗ ( 49 − 6 ) ! ( \ displaystyle ( 49 ! \ over 6 ! * ( 49 - 6 ) ! ) ) , or more generally as ( n k ) = n ! k ! ( n − k ) ! ( \ displaystyle ( n \ choose k ) = ( n ! \ over k ! ( n-k ) ! ) ) , where n is the number of alternatives and k is the number of choices . This function is called the combination function ; in Microsoft Excel , this function is implemented as COMBIN ( n , k ) . For example , COMBIN ( 49 , 6 ) ( the calculation shown above ) , would return 13,983,816 . For the rest of this article , we will use the notation ( n k ) ( \ displaystyle ( n \ choose k ) ) . `` Combination '' means the group of numbers selected , irrespective of the order in which they are drawn . An alternative method of calculating the odds is to note that the probability of the first ball corresponding to one of the six chosen is 6 / 49 ; the probability of the second ball corresponding to one of the remaining five chosen is 5 / 48 ; and so on . This yields a final formula of ( n k ) = ( 49 6 ) = 49 6 ∗ 48 5 ∗ 47 4 ∗ 46 3 ∗ 45 2 ∗ 44 1 ( \ displaystyle ( n \ choose k ) = ( 49 \ choose 6 ) = ( 49 \ over 6 ) * ( 48 \ over 5 ) * ( 47 \ over 4 ) * ( 46 \ over 3 ) * ( 45 \ over 2 ) * ( 44 \ over 1 ) ) The range of possible combinations for a given lottery can be referred to as the `` number space '' . `` Coverage '' is the percentage of a lottery 's number space that is in play for a given drawing . Odds of getting other possibilities in choosing 6 from 49 ( edit ) One must divide the number of combinations producing the given result by the total number of possible combinations ( for example , ( 49 6 ) = 13 , 983 , 816 ( \ displaystyle ( 49 \ choose 6 ) = 13,983,816 ) ) . The numerator equates to the number of ways to select the winning numbers multiplied by the number of ways to select the losing numbers . For a score of n ( for example , if 3 choices match three of the 6 balls drawn , then n = 3 ) , ( 6 n ) ( \ displaystyle ( 6 \ choose n ) ) describes the odds of selecting n winning numbers from the 6 winning numbers . This means that there are 6 - n losing numbers , which are chosen from the 43 losing numbers in ( 43 6 − n ) ( \ displaystyle ( 43 \ choose 6 - n ) ) ways . The total number of combinations giving that result is , as stated above , the first number multiplied by the second . The expression is therefore ( 6 n ) ( 43 6 − n ) ( 49 6 ) ( \ displaystyle ( 6 \ choose n ) ( 43 \ choose 6 - n ) \ over ( 49 \ choose 6 ) ) . This can be written in a general form for all lotteries as : ( K B ) ( N − K K − B ) ( N K ) ( \ displaystyle ( K \ choose B ) ( N-K \ choose K-B ) \ over ( N \ choose K ) ) , where N ( \ displaystyle N ) is the number of balls in lottery , K ( \ displaystyle K ) is the number of balls in a single ticket , and B ( \ displaystyle B ) is the number of matching balls for a winning ticket . The generalisation of this formula is called the hypergeometric distribution . This gives the following results : Score Calculation Exact Probability Approximate Decimal Probability Approximate 1 / Probability 0 ( 6 0 ) ( 43 6 ) ( 49 6 ) ( \ displaystyle ( 6 \ choose 0 ) ( 43 \ choose 6 ) \ over ( 49 \ choose 6 ) ) 435,461 / 998,844 0.436 2.2938 ( 6 1 ) ( 43 5 ) ( 49 6 ) ( \ displaystyle ( 6 \ choose 1 ) ( 43 \ choose 5 ) \ over ( 49 \ choose 6 ) ) 68,757 / 166,474 0.413 2.4212 ( 6 2 ) ( 43 4 ) ( 49 6 ) ( \ displaystyle ( 6 \ choose 2 ) ( 43 \ choose 4 ) \ over ( 49 \ choose 6 ) ) 44,075 / 332,948 0.132 7.5541 ( 6 3 ) ( 43 3 ) ( 49 6 ) ( \ displaystyle ( 6 \ choose 3 ) ( 43 \ choose 3 ) \ over ( 49 \ choose 6 ) ) 8,815 / 499,422 0.0177 56.66 ( 6 4 ) ( 43 2 ) ( 49 6 ) ( \ displaystyle ( 6 \ choose 4 ) ( 43 \ choose 2 ) \ over ( 49 \ choose 6 ) ) 645 / 665,896 0.000969 1,032.4 5 ( 6 5 ) ( 43 1 ) ( 49 6 ) ( \ displaystyle ( 6 \ choose 5 ) ( 43 \ choose 1 ) \ over ( 49 \ choose 6 ) ) 43 / 2,330,636 0.0000184 54,200.8 6 ( 6 6 ) ( 43 0 ) ( 49 6 ) ( \ displaystyle ( 6 \ choose 6 ) ( 43 \ choose 0 ) \ over ( 49 \ choose 6 ) ) 1 / 13,983,816 0.0000000715 13,983,816 When a bonus number is included , the adjusted odds are : Score Calculation Exact Probability Approximate Decimal Probability Approximate 1 / Probability 5 , bonus not won ( 6 5 ) ( ( 43 − 1 ) 1 ) ( 49 6 ) ( \ displaystyle ( 6 \ choose 5 ) ( ( 43 - 1 ) \ choose 1 ) \ over ( 49 \ choose 6 ) ) 0.0000180208 55,491.33 5 , bonus won ( 6 5 ) ( ( 43 − 1 ) ( 1 − 1 ) ) ( 49 6 ) ( \ displaystyle ( 6 \ choose 5 ) ( ( 43 - 1 ) \ choose ( 1 - 1 ) ) \ over ( 49 \ choose 6 ) ) 0.0000004291 2,330,636 Pick8 - 32 odds and calculations ( edit ) The Pick8 - 32 Lottery game by Trillion Coins implements a lotto game ticket where 8 numbers from 01 to 32 are selected in any order and can be repeated . The odds of a play ticket matching all 8 numbers is simple to calculate and is illustrated by the following math . 8 32 ∗ 7 32 ∗ 6 32 ∗ 5 32 ∗ 4 32 ∗ 3 32 ∗ 2 32 ∗ 1 32 = 40320 1099511627776 ( \ displaystyle ( 8 \ over 32 ) * ( 7 \ over 32 ) * ( 6 \ over 32 ) * ( 5 \ over 32 ) * ( 4 \ over 32 ) * ( 3 \ over 32 ) * ( 2 \ over 32 ) * ( 1 \ over 32 ) = ( 40320 \ over 1099511627776 ) ) Which means there is a 1 in 27,269,633 chance of matching all 8 numbers . The Trillion Coins lottery is a pay - out - on - every - drawing lotto game . The odds are dependent on the total number of tickets that are played . The player who matches the most of the picked numbers wins . Powerballs and bonus balls ( edit ) Many lotteries have a powerball ( or `` bonus ball '' ) . If the powerball is drawn from a pool of numbers different from the main lottery , the odds are multiplied by the number of powerballs . For example , in the 6 from 49 lottery , given 10 powerball numbers , then the odds of getting a score of 3 and the powerball would be 1 in 56.66 × 10 , or 566.6 ( the probability would be divided by 10 , to give an exact value of 8815 / 4994220 ) . Another example of such a game is Mega Millions , albeit with different jackpot odds . Where more than 1 powerball is drawn from a separate pool of balls to the main lottery ( for example , in the EuroMillions game ) , the odds of the different possible powerball matching scores are calculated using the method shown in the `` other scores '' section above ( in other words , the powerballs are like a mini-lottery in their own right ) , and then multiplied by the odds of achieving the required main - lottery score . If the powerball is drawn from the same pool of numbers as the main lottery , then , for a given target score , the number of winning combinations includes the powerball . For games based on the Canadian lottery ( such as the lottery of the United Kingdom ) , after the 6 main balls are drawn , an extra ball is drawn from the same pool of balls , and this becomes the powerball ( or `` bonus ball '' ) . An extra prize is given for matching 5 balls and the bonus ball . As described in the `` other scores '' section above , the number of ways one can obtain a score of 5 from a single ticket is ( 6 5 ) ( 43 1 ) ( \ displaystyle ( 6 \ choose 5 ) ( 43 \ choose 1 ) ) or 258 . Since the number of remaining balls is 43 , and the ticket has 1 unmatched number remaining , 1 / 43 of these 258 combinations will match the next ball drawn ( the powerball ) , leaving 258 / 43 = 6 ways of achieving it . Therefore , the odds of getting a score of 5 and the powerball are 6 ( 49 6 ) ( \ displaystyle ( 6 ) \ over ( 49 \ choose 6 ) ) = 1 in 2,330,636 . Of the 258 combinations that match 5 of the main 6 balls , in 42 / 43 of them the remaining number will not match the powerball , giving odds of 258 ⋅ 42 43 ( 49 6 ) ( \ displaystyle ( 258 \ cdot ( ( 42 ) \ over ( 43 ) ) ) \ over ( 49 \ choose 6 ) ) = 3 / 166,474 ( approximately 55,491.33 ) for obtaining a score of 5 without matching the powerball . Using the same principle , the odds of getting a score of 2 and the powerball are ( 6 2 ) ( 43 4 ) ( \ displaystyle ( 6 \ choose 2 ) ( 43 \ choose 4 ) ) = 1,851,150 for the score of 2 multiplied by the probability of one of the remaining four numbers matching the bonus ball , which is 4 / 43 . Since 1,851,150 × ( 4 / 43 ) = 172,200 , the probability of obtaining the score of 2 and the bonus ball is 172 , 200 ( 49 6 ) ( \ displaystyle ( 172,200 ) \ over ( 49 \ choose 6 ) ) = 1025 / 83237 . This gives approximate decimal odds of 1 in 81.2 . The general formula for B ( \ displaystyle B ) matching balls in a N ( \ displaystyle N ) choose K ( \ displaystyle K ) lottery with one bonus ball from the N ( \ displaystyle N ) pool of balls is : K − B N − K ( K B ) ( N − K K − B ) ( N K ) ( \ displaystyle ( K-B \ over N-K ) ( K \ choose B ) ( N-K \ choose K-B ) \ over ( N \ choose K ) ) The general formula for B ( \ displaystyle B ) matching balls in a N ( \ displaystyle N ) choose K ( \ displaystyle K ) lottery with zero bonus ball from the N ( \ displaystyle N ) pool of balls is : N − K − K + B N − K ( K B ) ( N − K K − B ) ( N K ) ( \ displaystyle ( N-K - K + B \ over N-K ) ( K \ choose B ) ( N-K \ choose K-B ) \ over ( N \ choose K ) ) The general formula for B ( \ displaystyle B ) matching balls in a N ( \ displaystyle N ) choose K ( \ displaystyle K ) lottery with one bonus ball from a separate pool of P ( \ displaystyle P ) balls is : 1 P ( K B ) ( N − K K − B ) ( N K ) ( \ displaystyle ( 1 \ over P ) ( K \ choose B ) ( N-K \ choose K-B ) \ over ( N \ choose K ) ) The general formula for B ( \ displaystyle B ) matching balls in a N ( \ displaystyle N ) choose K ( \ displaystyle K ) lottery with no bonus ball from a separate pool of P ( \ displaystyle P ) balls is : P − 1 P ( K B ) ( N − K K − B ) ( N K ) ( \ displaystyle ( P - 1 \ over P ) ( K \ choose B ) ( N-K \ choose K-B ) \ over ( N \ choose K ) ) Minimum number of tickets for a match ( edit ) It is a hard ( and often open ) problem to calculate the minimum number of tickets one needs to purchase to guarantee that at least one of these tickets matches at least 2 numbers . In the 5 - from - 90 lotto , the minimum number of tickets that can guarantee a ticket with at least 2 matches is 100 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Zabrocki , Mike ( 2003 - 03 - 01 ) . `` Calculating the Probabilities of Winning Lotto 6 / 49 , Version 3 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` ( dead link ) '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Z . Füredi , G.J. Székely , and Z . Zubor ( 1996 ) . `` On the lottery problem '' . Journal of Combinatorial Designs . Wiley . 4 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 10 . doi : 10.1002 / ( sici ) 1520 - 6610 ( 1996 ) 4 : 1 < 5 : : aid - jcd2 > 3.3.co ; 2 - w . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ( 1 ) External links ( edit ) Euler 's Analysis of the Genoese Lottery at Convergence Lottery Mathematics 13,983,816 and the Lottery ( James Clewett ) -- Numberphile , by Brady Haran ( Mathematical Sciences Research Institute ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lottery_mathematics&oldid=822178750 '' Categories : Lotteries Combinatorics Gambling mathematics Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles needing additional references from April 2011 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Српски / srpski Edit links This page was last edited on 24 January 2018 , at 21 : 18 . About Wikipedia | you select 6 numbers out of 49. how many possible outcomes there is | [
"In a typical 6/49 game, each player chooses six non-duplicate numbers from a range of 1-49. If the six numbers on a ticket match the numbers drawn by the lottery, the ticket holder is a jackpot winner—regardless of the order of the numbers. The probability of this happening is 1 in 13,983,816."
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"13,983,816"
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2538024183824638379 | The Mindy Project | The Mindy Project - Wikipedia The Mindy Project The Mindy Project Genre Romantic comedy Cringe comedy Sitcom Created by Mindy Kaling Starring Mindy Kaling Chris Messina Ed Weeks Anna Camp Zoe Jarman Amanda Setton Stephen Tobolowsky Ike Barinholtz Beth Grant Xosha Roquemore Adam Pally Fortune Feimster Composer ( s ) Jesse Novak Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 6 No. of episodes 117 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Mindy Kaling Howard Klein Jack Burditt Matt Warburton Charlie Grandy Michael Spiller Tracey Wigfield Tucker Cawley B.J. Novak ( pilot ) Charles McDougall ( pilot ) Producer ( s ) Mychelle Deschamps Jeremy Bronson Ike Barinholtz David Stassen Lorie Zerweck Dan Kaplow ( pilot ) Camera setup Single - camera Running time 22 -- 31 minutes Production company ( s ) Universal Television 3 Arts Entertainment Kaling International Open 4 Business Productions Distributor NBCUniversal Television Distribution Release Original network Fox ( 2012 -- 15 ) Hulu ( 2015 -- 17 ) Picture format 720p ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) Audio format Dolby Digital Original release September 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 25 ) -- November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) External links Website The Mindy Project is an American romantic comedy television series that premiered on Fox on September 25 , 2012 . It then began airing on Hulu on September 15 , 2015 . The series , created by and starring Mindy Kaling , is co-produced by Universal Television and 3 Arts Entertainment . On March 29 , 2017 , The Mindy Project was renewed for a sixth and final season , which premiered on September 12 , 2017 , and concluded on November 14 , 2017 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 Production and development 4.1 Cast changes 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Controversy 5.3 Ratings 5.4 Awards and nominations 6 Broadcast 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) The series follows obstetrician / gynecologist Mindy Lahiri ( Mindy Kaling ) as she tries to balance her personal and professional life , surrounded by quirky co-workers in a small medical practice in New York City . The character was inspired by Kaling 's own mother , an OB / GYN . Mindy explores life with the help of her co-workers : Danny Castellano , her best friend and love interest , whose religious sensibilities occasionally cause some tension ; Jeremy Reed , an English physician who manages the practice ; Peter Prentice , another physician who was a fraternity jock while attending Dartmouth ; Morgan Tookers , a wacky , yet loveable registered nurse and an ex-con ; Tamra Webb , a blunt nurse ; and Beverley , the libidinous older office receptionist . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Actor Character Seasons 5 6 Mindy Kaling Mindy Lahiri Main Chris Messina Daniel Castellano Main Guest Recurring Ed Weeks Jeremy Reed Main Anna Camp Gwendolyn Grandy Main Does not appear Zoe Jarman Betsy Putch Main Does not appear Amanda Setton Shauna Dicanio Main Does not appear Stephen Tobolowsky Marc Shulman Main Does not appear Guest Does not appear Ike Barinholtz Morgan Tookers Main Beth Grant Beverley Janiszewski Main Xosha Roquemore Tamra Webb Recurring Main Adam Pally Peter Prentice Does not appear Main Recurring Guest Fortune Feimster Colette Kimball - Kinney Does not appear Main Mindy Kaling as Dr. Mindy Kuhel Lahiri , a romantically frustrated OB / GYN at Shulman & Associates . Chris Messina as Dr. Daniel `` Danny '' Alan Castellano , another OB / GYN ( formerly at Shulman & Associates , now at Freedom Tower Women 's Health ) , Mindy 's main frenemy and love interest . Ed Weeks as Dr. Jeremiah `` Jeremy '' Reed , OB / GYN , Mindy and Danny 's somewhat hapless supervisor at the office . Anna Camp as Gwendolyn `` Gwen '' Grandy , Mindy 's best friend who has settled down with a family . Zoe Jarman as Betsy Putch , a former receptionist at the office . Amanda Setton as Shauna Dicanio , a former receptionist at the office . Stephen Tobolowsky as Dr. Marc Shulman , a former senior partner of the practice . Ike Barinholtz as Morgan Fairchild Ransom Tookers , a registered nurse and ex-con at the office . Beth Grant as Beverley Janoszewski , a former nurse turned receptionist at the office . Xosha Roquemore as Tamra Webb , a nurse at the office . Adam Pally as Dr. Peter Prentice , an OB / GYN at the office . Fortune Feimster as Colette Kimball - Kinney , a nurse and gay sister of Jody . Recurring ( edit ) Garret Dillahunt as Dr. Jody Kimball - Kinney , an OB / GYN who joins Shulman & Associates during Mindy 's maternity leave . Mark Duplass as Brendan Deslaurier , a male midwife . Rhea Perlman as Annette Castellano , Danny 's mother . Anders Holm as Casey Peerson , a Christian minister and Mindy 's ex-fiancé . Glenn Howerton as Heathcliff `` Cliff '' Gilbert , a lawyer in the same building as Shulman & Associates and Mindy 's ex-boyfriend . Jenny O'Hara as Dot , Annette 's best friend . Tommy Dewey as Josh Daniels , a lawyer and Mindy 's ex-boyfriend . Jay Duplass as Duncan Deslaurier , a male midwife . Tracey Wigfield as Dr. Lauren Neustadter ( originally Dr. Lauren Barinholtz ) , Jeremy 's ex-girlfriend who later marries Peter . Dan Bakkedahl as Dr. Adrian Bergdahl , an OB / GYN who joins Shulman & Associates after Peter 's departure . Mort Burke as Parker , an intern at the office . Utkarsh Ambudkar as Rishi Lahiri , an aspiring rapper and Mindy 's younger brother . Mary Grill as Maggie , Mindy 's teacher friend . Max Minghella as Richie Castellano , Danny 's younger brother . Chloë Sevigny as Christina Porter , Danny 's ex-wife . Andrew Bachelor as Dr. T.J. Gigak , Mindy 's intern at the hospital . Kelen Coleman as Alex , Mindy 's friend . Bill Hader as Dr. Tom McDougall , a dentist and Mindy 's ex-boyfriend . Tate Ellington as Dr. Rob Gurgler , Mindy 's fellowship advisor in San Francisco and old friend of Danny 's . Richard Gant as Melville Fuller , Mindy 's accountant . Niecy Nash as Dr. Jean Fishman , the lesbian chief of OB / GYN at the hospital where Mindy works . Gita Reddy as Neepa , a member of the fellowship Mindy 's participating in . B.J. Novak as Jamie , Mindy 's ex-boyfriend . Tim Daly as Charlie Lang , a police officer and Mindy 's ex-boyfriend . Joanna Garcia as Sally Prentice , Peter 's sister . Ellie Kemper as Heather , Josh 's ex-girlfriend and Mindy 's neighbor . Rob McElhenney as Lou Tookers , Morgan 's cousin . Cristin Milioti as Whitney , a Wall Street stockbroker who dated Jeremy . Eliza Coupe as Chelsea , Mindy and Danny 's neighbour and love interest for Morgan . Jay R. Ferguson as Drew Schakowsky , head football coach at Princeton . Sakina Jaffrey as Sonu Lahiri , Mindy 's mother . Ajay Mehta as Tarun Lahiri , Mindy 's father . Randall Park as Dr. Colin Lee , an ophthalmologist and Mindy 's friend . Josh Peck as Ray Ron , Tamra 's ex-boyfriend . Kevin Smith as himself Julia Stiles as Dr. Jessica Lieberstein , a hoarder colleague of Danny and Mindy 's who ends up dating Morgan . Allison Williams as Jillian or `` Eyepatch '' , Danny 's ex-girlfriend . Bryan Greenberg as Ben , a new pediatric nurse forced to deal with Mindy and her child 's ever changing illnesses Rebecca Rittenhouse as Anna , a young , put - together but slightly evil doctor in the office who becomes a new foil for Mindy . Julie Bowen as Daisy , an over-bearing mother at Leo 's school . Ana Ortiz as Dr. Mary Hernandez , a doctor at a rival women 's clinic . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of The Mindy Project episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Network 24 September 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 25 ) May 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 14 ) Fox 22 September 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 17 ) May 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 06 ) 21 September 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 16 ) March 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 24 ) 26 September 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 15 ) July 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 05 ) Hulu 5 14 October 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 04 ) March 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 28 ) 6 10 September 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 12 ) November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) Production and Development ( edit ) The series was initially commissioned by NBC , but the pilot with the working title It 's Messy was released from NBC 's projects on January 27 , 2012 . NBC then sent the script to Fox executives who read it over that following weekend . On January 30 , 2012 , Fox greenlit the pilot , with Mindy Kaling attached to star . On May 9 , 2012 , Fox placed a series order for the comedy . Two days later , the title was changed from It 's Messy to The Mindy Project . On August 27 , 2012 , the pilot episode was made available to view online on various sites including Fox , in an attempt to garner interest in the series . On October 8 , 2012 , Fox ordered a full season of The Mindy Project . On March 4 , 2013 , the series was renewed for a second season , which began on September 17 , 2013 . On November 21 , 2013 , Fox announced that The Mindy Project would take a mid-season hiatus , before returning on April 1 , 2014 . Fox announced the third season renewal of The Mindy Project on March 7 , 2014 . On May 6 , 2015 , Fox cancelled the series after three seasons . On May 15 , 2015 Hulu picked up the show , commissioning a 26 episode fourth season . On May 4 , 2016 , Hulu announced it had picked up the series for a 16 - episode season 5 , which was later reduced to 14 . On March 29 , 2017 , Kaling announced the series would return for a sixth and final season ; the final episode of the series aired on November 14 , 2017 . Casting announcements for the remaining series regular roles began in February 2012 , with Ed Weeks cast in the role of Dr. Jeremy Reed , a sexy , British doctor in the practice . Zoe Jarman and Dana Delorenzo then joined in series regular roles . Jarman signed on to play Betsy Putch , an upbeat receptionist at the practice ; whilst Delorenzo joined as Shauna Dicanio , a young , party loving receptionist in the practice . In mid-March , Chris Messina joined the cast as Dr. Danny Castellano , an arrogant doctor who works at the practice . Shortly after , Anna Camp boarded the series as Gwen Grandy , a stay - at - home mom and Mindy 's best friend . A few months later , Amanda Setton , Stephen Tobolowsky and Ike Barinholtz joined the series . Setton replaced Dana DeLorenzo in the role of Shauna ; Tobolowsky joined in the series regular role of Dr. Marc Shulman , the senior partner of the practice ; and Barinholtz signed onto the recurring role of Morgan Tookers , a quirky rehabilitated ex-con who joins the practice as a nurse . Cast Changes ( edit ) The first change occurred when Stephen Tobolowsky 's role was eliminated after the second episode -- following re-shoots that saw his character be re-written into a mere authoritarian figure in the office -- when it was decided that `` they did n't really want Mindy to have a boss in the office '' . Tobolowsky returned , albeit in a voice - over only role , in the eighth episode to explain that his character had retired . The second change of the season , which was first reported on November 20 , 2012 , saw Amanda Setton 's role also eliminated entirely and Anna Camp downgraded to a recurring cast member . They both departed after the twelfth episode . Despite becoming a recurring cast member , Camp only made a single appearance in the seventeenth episode . Neither Setton or Camp 's characters had their absence referenced , nor were they mentioned again . The first change for the second season , which occurred before production of the season began , saw Xosha Roquemore upgraded to a series regular role after recurring in the final three episodes of the previous season . The second change , which occurred just prior to the production of the season 's fifth episode , resulted in Adam Pally also being upgraded to a series regular role . He had previously signed onto the series in a recurring role but had filmed only two episodes prior to being promoted . The first change of the third season occurred prior to the start of production and saw Zoe Jarman 's role eliminated from the show . Like Setton and Camp 's departures in the first season , the absence of her character was never addressed . The second cast change of the season was announced on November 21 , 2014 , and saw Adam Pally leave the series after the season 's thirteenth episode . His departure after the thirteenth episode of the season was a condition of his upgrade to a series regular that had occurred the previous year . It was reported that Pally is `` expected to make occasional guest appearances '' . Pally made multiple guest appearances after his departure , where he was still credited amongst the regular cast in episodes he appeared , making his final appearance as a part of the main cast in the third - season finale . In December 2015 it was reported that Fortune Feimster had been upgraded to a series regular role beginning with the fourteenth episode of the fourth season , after appearing in seven of the first thirteen episodes . Garret Dillahunt joined the show in a major recurring role as Dr. Jody Kimball - Kinney . In June 2016 , it was announced that Chris Messina would not be returning as a series regular for season five , but will instead appear as a guest star . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) The Mindy Project received positive reviews from critics , with many highlighting Kaling 's performance and her unique character , as well as the writing and directing . On Rotten Tomatoes , the first season has a rating of 81 % , based on 48 reviews , with an average rating of 7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` The Mindy Project is such a charming comedy , led by Mindy Kaling 's impressive talent , that its faults are easy to forgive . '' Review aggregation website Metacritic , which assigns a weighted mean based on reviews from mainstream critics , season one received a score of 69 out of 100 , based on 32 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . It was the number - six best - reviewed show according to the site 's fall 2012 season . On Rotten Tomatoes , Season 2 has a rating of 89 % , based on 18 reviews , with an average rating of 6.8 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Mindy Kaling earns consistent laughs with wit , charm and physical comedy , as she and her cast grow into well - rounded and familiar , albeit peculiar , characters . '' On Metacritic , the second season has a score of 55 out of 100 , based on four critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Season 3 of the show holds a rating of 82 % on Rotten Tomatoes with the critical consensus reading , `` The Mindy Project , while still wildly funny , travels further into rom - com country this season . '' Season 4 of the show holds a rating of 93 % on Rotten Tomatoes with the critical consensus reading , `` The Mindy Project begins its online migration with some of the show 's best - ever episodes , further refining the balance between heart and humor struck during the first three seasons . '' On Metacritic the season has a score of 81 out of 100 , based on 5 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Controversy ( edit ) The Mindy Project has been the object of intense scrutiny not only from traditional media forms but also from feminists and people of color , who often weigh in on the show 's decisions in casting and writing . At the end of the first season , Jezebel posted an article called `` Mindy Kaling Only Makes Out with White Guys '' , a critique of the casting of romantic leads on the show . The same article contains a response from Nisha Chittal , who has defended Kaling 's success in the past , who applauded the show for not making Kaling 's race central to her character , and for showing that an Indian woman could date non-Indian men . During the second season , the episode `` Mindy Lahiri Is a Racist '' provoked discussion as to whether or not Kaling had made `` reparations '' for showing a predominantly white cast . Before the third season began airing , Kaling was criticized for a comment in a Flare article entitled `` She 's the Boss '' , in which she stated that the show would not address abortion , as `` it would be demeaning to the topic to talk about it in a half - hour sitcom . '' In an appearance on The Colbert Report two weeks later , she clarified : A lot of women look to me and look to the show , and they want me to be a spokesperson for a lot of issues , and I actually think that 's a responsibility that 's cool , I want to live up to that ... I want to be able to talk plainly on things but I also want to create an entertaining show . We have n't found a hilarious take on abortion that has not been done yet -- but we might . I have faith in us . Ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Tuesday 9 : 30 pm ( 1 -- 19 , 21 -- 24 ) Thursday 9 : 30 pm ( 20 ) 24 September 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 25 ) 4.67 May 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 14 ) 2.57 2012 -- 13 128 3.71 Tuesday 9 : 30 pm ( 1 -- 14 , 16 , 18 -- 22 ) Thursday 9 : 30 pm ( 15 , 17 ) 22 September 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 17 ) 3.83 May 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 06 ) 2.48 2013 -- 14 125 3.40 Tuesday 9 : 30 pm 21 September 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 16 ) 2.68 March 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 24 ) 2.05 2014 -- 15 151 2.95 Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee Result Ref 2012 Critics ' Choice Television Award Most Exciting New Series Won Writers Guild of America Award Television : Best Written New Series Nominated 2013 Casting Society of America Outstanding Achievement in Casting -- Television Pilot Comedy Felicia Fasano Won Gracie Awards Outstanding Producer -- Entertainment Mindy Kaling Won NAACP Image Award Outstanding Comedy Series Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite New TV Comedy Nominated TCA Awards Outstanding New Program Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV : Breakout Show Nominated Choice TV Actress : Comedy Mindy Kaling Nominated TV Guide Awards Favorite New Series Nominated 2014 Critics ' Choice Television Award Best Actor in a Comedy Series Chris Messina Nominated Gracie Awards Outstanding Female Actor in a Leading Role in a Comedy Series Mindy Kaling Won NAACP Image Award Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series Mindy Kaling Nominated People Magazine Awards TV Couple of the Year Mindy Kaling and Chris Messina Won Satellite Award Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy Mindy Kaling Won TCA Awards Outstanding Achievement in Comedy Nominated Individual Achievement in Comedy Mindy Kaling Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Actress : Comedy Mindy Kaling Nominated Choice Comedian Nominated 2015 Critics ' Choice Television Award Best Actor in a Comedy Series Chris Messina Nominated NAACP Image Award Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series Mindy Kaling Nominated Outstanding Writer in a Comedy Series Nominated Outstanding Director in a Comedy Series Ken Whittingham Nominated Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Costumes for a Contemporary Series , Limited Series , or Movie Salvador Pérez Jr . Nominated 2016 Gracie Awards Outstanding Ensemble Cast -- Comedy Won Broadcast ( edit ) In India the show airs on Comedy Central . In Canada the show was aired by City . A network spokesperson confirmed that The Mindy Project would continue to air new episodes on City City did n't air Season 6 until January 2018 . ( Hulu is not accessible in Canada . ) In Oceania the show airs for Australia on the Seven Network from January 28 , 2013 at 10PM Mondays and for New Zealand on FOUR from March 11 , 2013 at 9 : 30PM Mondays . In Israel the show airs on the Hot 3 on - demand service from January 23 , 2013 . In Europe the show aired for the United Kingdom on E4 until 2015 from March 26 , 2013 at 9 : 30PM Tuesdays , for the Netherlands on Foxlife from January 20 , 2014 at 8 : 30PM Mondays and for Spain on Cosmopolitan TV from January 23 , 2014 at 9 : 30PM Thursdays . In Germany the show airs on Comedy Central Germany since 2013 . 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Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2013 -- 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 17 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' New Girl ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2014 . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` TV Ratings Tuesday : ' Undateable ' & ' One Big Happy ' Slide , ' The Mindy Project ' Finale Hits New Low + ' Forever ' Matches Low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lisa de Moraes. `` 2014 -- 15 Full TV Season Ratings : Rankings For All Shows '' . Deadline . 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Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Justified , Broad City , Empire , Mom , 24 , Jane the Virgin , Transparent Lead the 2015 Critics Choice Nominations '' . TVLine . May 6 , 2015 . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees '' . naacpimageawards.net . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Costumes For A Contemporary Series , Limited Series or Movie -- 2015 '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . July 16 , 2015 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Gracies Gala Winners '' . Alliance for Woman in Media . May 26 , 2016 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mindy Project staying on City despite being dropped by Fox '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved 26 May 2015 . starting in 2015 . Jump up ^ City ( @ City_tv ) ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` Season 6 will air this winter / spring on City ! Stay tuned for more details '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ City ( @ City_tv ) ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` Tonight , @ mindykaling is back ! Do n't miss the season premiere of the final season of The Mindy Project , starting at 8 / 7c ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( January 23 , 2013 ) . `` Airdate : The Mindy Project TV Tonight '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Mindy Project -- Shows -- TV -- FOUR '' . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( October 25 , 2012 ) . `` Channel 4 Acquires UK Rights To ' Boss ' & ' The Mindy Project ' '' . TVWise . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Mindy Project '' ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Mindy Project '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ CentralG , Comedy ( October 27 , 2013 ) . `` Comedy Central sendet The Mindy Project als deutsche Free - TV Premiere '' . ComedyCentral . Retrieved October 27 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Mindy Project on IMDb Hulu original programming Current The Doozers ( since 2014 ) Harlots ( since 2017 ) The Handmaid 's Tale ( since 2017 ) I Love You , America with Sarah Silverman ( since 2017 ) Future Man ( since 2017 ) Marvel 's Runaways ( since 2017 ) Hard Sun ( since 2018 ) All Night ( since 2018 ) Castle Rock ( since 2018 ) Ended The Morning After ( 2011 -- 14 ) A Day in the Life ( 2011 -- 13 ) Battleground ( 2012 ) Spoilers with Kevin Smith ( 2012 ) Up to Speed ( 2012 ) The Thick of It ( series 4 ; 2012 ) East Los High ( 2013 -- 17 ) The Awesomes ( 2013 -- 15 ) Quick Draw ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Behind the Mask ( 2013 -- 15 ) Mother Up ! ( 2013 -- 14 ) The Wrong Mans ( 2013 -- 14 ) Deadbeat ( 2014 -- 16 ) The Hotwives ( 2014 -- 15 ) Difficult People ( 2015 -- 17 ) The Mindy Project ( seasons 4 -- 6 ; 2015 -- 17 ) Casual ( 2015 -- 18 ) 11.22. 63 ( 2016 ) The Path ( 2016 -- 18 ) Freakish ( 2016 -- 17 ) Chance ( 2016 -- 17 ) Triumph 's Election Watch 2016 ( 2016 ) Shut Eye ( 2016 -- 17 ) The Looming Tower ( 2018 ) Upcoming The First ( 2018 ) Into the Dark ( 2018 ) The Act ( TBA ) Four Weddings and a Funeral ( TBA ) Catch - 22 ( TBA ) Light as a Feather ( TBA ) Little Fires Everywhere ( TBA ) Looking for Alaska ( TBA ) PEN15 ( TBA ) Ramy ( TBA ) Shrill ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Mindy_Project&oldid=853162027 '' Categories : 2010s American single - camera sitcoms 2012 American television series debuts 2017 American television series endings American medical television series Asian - American media 2010s American LGBT - related television series English - language television programs Fox network shows Hulu original programming Lesbian - related television programs American romantic comedy television series Sitcoms without laugh tracks Television series by 3 Arts Entertainment Television series by Universal Television American television series revived after cancellation Television shows filmed in Los Angeles Television shows set in New York City Television shows featuring audio description Works by Mindy Kaling Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use mdy dates from June 2014 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 August 2018 , at 20 : 51 ( UTC ) . 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"On May 6, 2015, Fox cancelled the series after three seasons.[13] On May 15, 2015 Hulu picked up the show, commissioning a 26 episode fourth season.[14] On May 4, 2016, Hulu announced it had picked up the series for a 16-episode season 5,[15] which was later reduced to 14.[16] On March 29, 2017, Kaling announced the series would return for a sixth and final season; the final episode of the series aired on November 14, 2017.[3]\n"
] | [
"May 15, 2015"
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57846138962660006 | Indianapolis 500 | Indianapolis 500 - wikipedia Indianapolis 500 Jump to : navigation , search `` Indy 500 '' redirects here . For other uses , see Indy 500 ( disambiguation ) . For the 2017 race , see 2017 Indianapolis 500 . Indianapolis 500 Verizon IndyCar Series Venue Indianapolis Motor Speedway Location Speedway , Indiana Corporate sponsor PennGrade Motor Oil First race 1911 First IndyCar race Distance 500 miles ( 805 km ) Laps 200 Previous names 500 - Mile International Sweepstakes ( 1911 -- 1915 , 1920 -- 1941 , 1946 -- 1980 ) 300 - Mile International Sweepstakes ( 1916 ) Liberty Sweepstakes ( 1919 ) Most wins ( driver ) A.J. Foyt ( 4 ) Al Unser ( 4 ) Rick Mears ( 4 ) Most wins ( team ) Penske ( 16 ) Most wins ( manufacturer ) Chassis : Dallara ( 15 ) Engine : Offenhauser ( 27 ) Circuit information Surface Asphalt Length 2.5 mi ( 4.0 km ) Turns Lap record 37.895 sec ( 237.498 mph ; 382.182 km / h ) ( Arie Luyendyk , Reynard / Ford - Cosworth XB , 1996 ) The Indianapolis 500 is an automobile race held annually at Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway , Indiana , an enclave suburb of Indianapolis , Indiana . The event is held over Memorial Day weekend . It is contested as part of the Verizon IndyCar Series , the top level of American Championship Car racing , an open - wheel formula colloquially known as `` Indy Car Racing '' . The name of the race is often shortened to Indy 500 . The event , billed as The Greatest Spectacle in Racing , is considered part of the Triple Crown of Motorsport , which comprises three of the most prestigious motorsports events in the world , also including the Monaco Grand Prix and the 24 Hours of Le Mans . The official attendance is not disclosed by Speedway management , but the permanent seating capacity is upwards of 250,000 , and infield patrons raise the race - day attendance to approximately 300,000 . The inaugural race was held in 1911 and was won by Ray Harroun . The event celebrated its 100th anniversary in 2011 , and the 100th running was held in 2016 . Takuma Sato is the current champion . The most successful drivers are A.J. Foyt , Al Unser , and Rick Mears , each of whom have won the race four times . The active driver with the most victories is Hélio Castroneves , with three . Rick Mears holds the record for most career pole positions with six . The most successful car owner is Roger Penske , owner of Team Penske , which has 16 total wins and 17 poles . Contents ( hide ) 1 Race specifics 2 History 2.1 The early years 2.2 Miller and Offenhauser 2.3 European incursions 2.4 World Series 2.5 Race name 2.6 Centennial Era 2.7 Female drivers 2.8 African - American drivers 2.9 Spanish drivers 3 Race sanctioning 3.1 AAA and USAC 3.2 IndyCar Series 4 NASCAR and the 500 4.1 `` Double Duty '' 5 Technical regulations 5.1 Qualifying procedure 6 Culture 6.1 Memorabilia 6.2 Entertainment 6.3 Milk 7 Broadcasting 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Race specifics ( edit ) The Indianapolis Motor Speedway . The Indianapolis 500 is held annually at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway , a 2.5 - mile oval circuit . Drivers race 200 laps , counter-clockwise around the circuit , for a distance of 500 miles . Since its inception in 1911 , the race has always been scheduled on or around Memorial Day . Since 1974 , the race has been scheduled for the Sunday of Memorial Day weekend . Practice and time trials are held in the two weeks leading up to the race . Traditionally , the field consists of 33 starters , aligned in a starting grid of eleven rows of three cars apiece . The event is contested by `` Indy cars '' , a formula of professional - level , single - seat , open cockpit , open - wheel , purpose - built race cars . As of 2015 , all entrants utilize 2.2 L V6 , twin - turbocharged engines , tuned to produce a range of 550 -- 700 horsepower ( 410 -- 520 kW ) . Chevrolet and Honda are the current engine manufacturers involved in the sport . Firestone , which has a deep history in the sport , dating back to the first 500 , is the exclusive tire provider . The race is the most prestigious event of the IndyCar calendar , and one of the oldest and most important automobile races . It has been avouched to be the largest single - day sporting event in the entire world . Likewise , the Indianapolis Motor Speedway itself is regarded as the world 's largest sporting facility in terms of capacity . The total purse exceeded $ 13 million in 2011 , with over $2.5 million awarded to the winner , making it one of the richest cash prize funds in sports . Similar to NASCAR 's Daytona 500 , the Indianapolis 500 is typically held early in the IndyCar Series season . That is unique to most sports where major events are usually at the end of the respective season . Currently the Indy 500 is the sixth event of the 17 - race IndyCar schedule . In the 1970s - 1990s , Indianapolis was often the second or third race of the season , and as late as the 1950s , it was sometimes the first championship event of the year . Due to the high prestige of the Indianapolis 500 - rivaling or even surpassing the season championship - it is not uncommon for teams and drivers to concentrate heavily on preparation for the 500 during the early part of the season , and not focus fully on the championship battle until after Indy . The traditional 33 - car starting field at Indianapolis is larger than the fields at the other IndyCar races . The field at Indy typically consists of all of the full - time IndyCar Series entries ( roughly 20 - 22 cars ) , along with 10 - 15 part - time or `` Indy - only '' entries . The `` Indy - only '' entries may be an extra car added to an existing full - time team , or a part - time team altogether that does not enter any of the other races . The `` Indy - only '' drivers may come from a wide range of pedigrees , but are usually experienced Indy car drivers that either lack a full - time ride , are former full - time drivers that have elected to drop down to part - time status , or occasional one - off drivers from other racing disciplines . It is not uncommon for some drivers ( particularly former Indy 500 winners ) , to quit full - time driving during the season , but race at Indy singly for numerous years afterwards before retirement . Due to safety issues such as aquaplaning , the race is not held in wet conditions . In the event of a rain delay , the race will be postponed until rain showers cease , and the track is sufficiently dried . If rain falls during the race , officials can end the race and declare the results official if more than half of the scheduled distance ( i.e. , 101 laps ) has been completed . History ( edit ) The early years ( edit ) Joe Dawson winning the 1912 Indianapolis 500 . The Indianapolis Motor Speedway complex was built in 1909 as a gravel - and - tar track and hosted a smattering of small events , including ones for motorcycles . The first long distance event , in `` fearful conditions '' , was the 100 - lap Prest - O - Lite Trophy in 1909 , won by Bob Burman in a Buick . Breakup of the asphalt led to two fatal accidents in the first two long - distance events ( a 250 mi ( 400 km ) and 300 mi ( 480 km ) , which was shortened to 235 mi ( 378 km ) after two severe wrecks ) . That these spectacles had attracted 15,000 paying customers ( and crowds of up to 40,000 ) persuaded principal owner Carl G. Fisher to spend US $ 155,000 on repaving the track with 3.2 million bricks ; he also added a 2 ft 9 in ( 0.84 m ) concrete wall around the track 's circumference . During the 1910 Decoration Day weekend , the first events on the newly paved circuit drew 60,000 spectators ; Ray Harroun won the 200 mi ( 320 km ) Wheeler - Schebler Trophy in a Marmon . The crowds grew progressively smaller for the rest of the season , however , so the track owners chose to focus on a single race . They considered a 24 - hour contest , in the fashion of Le Mans , or a 1,000 mi ( 1,600 km ) . They instead chose a 500 mi ( 800 km ) contest , as the estimated distance a race car could run before dark descended on the track . A spectacular purse of $ US25 , 000 , equivalent to 37.615 kg ( 82.93 lb ) of pure gold . The combination allowed the track to rapidly acquire a privileged status for automobile races . The first `` 500 '' was held at the Speedway on Decoration Day ( as Memorial Day was known from its inception in 1868 to 1967 when Federal Law made Memorial Day the official name ) , May 30 , 1911 , run to a 600 cu in ( 9,800 cc ) maximum engine size formula . It saw a field of 40 starters , with Harroun piloting a Marmon Model 32 - based Wasp racer -- outfitted with his invention , the rear view mirror . Harroun ( with relief from Cyrus Patschke ) was declared the winner , although Ralph Mulford protested the official result . 80,000 spectators were in attendance , and an annual tradition had been established . Many considered Harroun to be a hazard during the race , as he was the only driver in the race driving without a riding mechanic , who checked the oil pressure and let the driver know when traffic was coming . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Train and Trolley Bear in Thousands In 1912 , the purse was raised to US $50,000 . The field was limited to 33 ( where it remains ) and a riding mechanic was made mandatory . This second event was won by Joe Dawson in a National , after Ralph de Palma 's Mercedes broke . Although the first race was won by an American driver at the wheel of an American car , European makers such as the Italian Fiat or French Peugeot companies soon developed their own vehicles to try to win the event , which they did from 1912 to 1919 . The 1913 event saw a change to a 450 cu in ( 7,400 cc ) maximum engine size . After World War I , the native drivers and manufacturers regained their dominance of the race . Engineer Harry Miller set himself up as the most competitive of the post-war builders . His technical developments allowed him to be indirectly connected to a history of success that would last into the mid-1970s . For musical entertainment prior to the start of the race , the Purdue All - American Marching Band began performing on the track near the finish line in 1927 and has been the host band of the race ever since . In 1946 , American operatic tenor and car enthusiast James Melton started the tradition of singing `` Back Home Again in Indiana '' with the Purdue Band before the race when asked to do so on the spur of the moment by Speedway president Tony Hulman . This tradition has continued through the years , notably by actor and singer Jim Nabors from 1972 until 2014 . Nabors announced in 2014 that the 2014 Indy 500 would be the last at which he would sing . In 2015 , the a cappella group Straight No Chaser sang the song before the race . Miller and Offenhauser ( edit ) The Mercedes - Benz W154 entered by Don Lee at the 1947 Indianapolis 500 with Duke Nalon as driver Following the European trends , engine sizes were limited to 183 cu in ( 3,000 cc ) during 1920 -- 1922 , 122 cu in ( 2,000 cc ) for 1923 -- 1925 , and 91 cu in ( 1,490 cc ) in 1926 -- 1929 . The 1920 race was won by Gaston Chevrolet in a Frontenac , prepared by his brothers , powered by the first eight - cylinder engine to win the 500 . For 1923 , riding mechanics were no longer required . A supercharged car , ID , first won the race in 1924 . In 1925 , Pete DePaolo was the first to win at an average over 100 mph ( 160 km / h ) , with a speed of 101.13 mph ( 162.75 km / h ) . In the early 1920s , Miller built his own 3.0 litre ( 183 in3 ) engine , inspired by the Peugeot Grand Prix engine which had been serviced in his shop by Fred Offenhauser in 1914 , installing it in Jimmy Murphy 's Duesenberg and allowing him to win the 1922 edition of the race . Miller then created his own automobiles , which shared the ' Miller ' designation , which , in turn , were powered by supercharged versions of his 2.0 and 1.5 liter ( 122 and 91 in3 ) engine single - seaters , winning four more races for the engine up to 1929 ( two of them , 1926 and 1928 , in Miller chassis ) . The engines powered another seven winners until 1938 ( two of them , 1930 and 1932 , in Miller chassis ) , then ran at first with stock - type motors before later being adjusted to the international 3.0 - liter formula . After purchasing the Speedway in 1927 , Eddie Rickenbacker prohibited supercharging and increased the displacement limit to 366 cu in ( 6,000 cc ) , while also re-introducing the riding mechanic . In 1935 , Miller 's former employees , Fred Offenhauser and Leo Goosen , had already achieved their first win with the soon - to - become famous 4 - cylinder Offenhauser or `` Offy '' engine . This motor was forever connected with the Brickyard 's history with a to - date record total of 27 wins , in both naturally aspirated and supercharged form , and winning a likewise record - holding 18 consecutive years between 1947 and 1964 . European incursions ( edit ) Meanwhile , European manufacturers , gone from the Indianapolis 500 for nearly two decades , made a brief return just before World War II , with the competitive Maserati 8CTF allowing Wilbur Shaw to become the first driver to win consecutively at Indianapolis , in 1939 and 1940 . With the 500 having been a part of the Formula One World Drivers ' Championship between 1950 and 1960 , Ferrari made a discreet appearance at the 1952 event with Alberto Ascari , but European entries were few and far between during those days . Among the Formula One drivers who did drive at the speedway was five - time world champion , Argentinian Juan Manuel Fangio , though he failed to qualify for the 1958 race . In fact , it was not until the Indianapolis 500 was removed from the Formula One calendar that European entries made their return . In 1963 , technical innovator Colin Chapman brought his Team Lotus to Indianapolis for the first time , attracted by the large monetary prizes , far bigger than the usual at a European event . Racing a mid-engined car , Scotsman Jim Clark was second in his first attempt in 1963 , dominating in 1964 until suffering suspension failure on lap 47 , and completely dominating the race in 1965 , a victory which also interrupted the success of the Offy , and giving the 4.2 litre Ford V8 its first success at the race . The following year , 1966 , saw another British win , this time Graham Hill in a Lola - Ford . The Offenhauser engine was also paired with a European maker , McLaren , obtaining three wins for the chassis , one with the Penske team in 1972 with driver Mark Donohue , and two for the McLaren works team in 1974 and 1976 with Johnny Rutherford . This was also the last time the Offy would win a race , its competitiveness steadily decreasing until its final appearance in 1983 . American drivers continued to fill the majority of entries at the Brickyard in the following years , but European technology had taken over . Starting in 1978 , most chassis and engines were European , with the only American - based chassis to win during the CART era being the Wildcat and Galmer ( which was actually built in Bicester , England ) in 1982 and 1992 respectively . Ford and Chevrolet engines were built in the UK by Cosworth and Ilmor , respectively . Fernando Alonso was the last active Formula One driver to race at the Indy 500 mile race , in 2017 . Prior to that , no active F1 driver had competed in the Indy 500 since 1984 . World series ( edit ) Emerson Fittipaldi driving the Penske PC - 23 at the 1994 event After foreign cars became the norm , foreign drivers began competing in the Indianapolis 500 on a regular basis , choosing the United States as their primary base for their motor racing activities . Brazilian Emerson Fittipaldi , Italian Teo Fabi , and Colombian Roberto Guerrero , were able to obtain good outings in the 1980s , as was Dutchman Arie Luyendyk . However , it was not until 1993 that reigning Formula One World Champion Nigel Mansell shocked the racing world by moving to the United States , winning the CART PPG IndyCar World Series Championship and only losing the 500 in his rookie year because of inexperience with green - flag restarts . Foreign - born drivers became a regular fixture of Indianapolis in the years to follow . Despite the increase in foreign drivers commonly being associated with the CART era , it should be noted that four of the first six Indianapolis 500 winners were non-American drivers . Race name ( edit ) The Chrysler 300 pace setter used in 1963 in the 47th anniversary of the `` Indianapolis 500 '' The race was originally advertised as the `` International 500 - Mile Sweepstakes Race '' from 1911 to 1916 . However , from its inception , the race has been widely known as the Indianapolis 500 or , more simply as `` the 500 '' . In 1919 , the race was referred to as the `` Liberty Sweepstakes '' following WWI . From 1920 to 1980 , the race officially reverted to the `` International Sweepstakes '' moniker , as printed on the tickets and other paraphernalia , with slight variations over the years . Following WWII , the race was commonly recognized as `` The 500 '' , `` The 500 - Mile Race '' , `` Indianapolis 500 - Mile Race '' , `` Indianapolis 500 '' , or the simple form `` Indy 500 '' . Usually the ordinal ( e.g. `` 50th '' ) preceded it . Often the race was also advertised on the radio as the `` Annual Memorial Day race , '' or similar variations . For the 1981 race , the name `` 65th Indianapolis 500 - Mile Race '' was officially adopted , with all references as the `` International Sweepstakes '' dropped . Since 1981 , the race has been formally advertised in this fashion , complete with a unique annual logo with the ordinal almost always included . Around that same time , in the wake of the 1979 entry controversy , and the formation of CART , the race changed to an invitational event , rather than an Open , rendering the `` sweepstakes '' description inappropriate . For nearly a century , the race eschewed any sort of naming rights or title sponsor , a move , though uncommon in the modern sports world , that was well received by fans . This tradition finally ended in 2016 when a presenting sponsor was added for the first time . The race became known as the `` Indianapolis 500 presented by PennGrade Motor Oil . '' In the 21st century , the facility has also slowly added sponsorship ads on the retaining walls and infield grass . In the 2000s on television , the race broadcast has been advertised with a title sponsor . Currently on ABC - TV , the race is referred to as the Indianapolis 500 Telecast Presented by Firestone , but this appears only on the U.S. telecasts , and mention of the sponsor is not visible for patrons at the track . The Borg - Warner Trophy , introduced in 1936 , proclaims the event as the `` Indianapolis 500 - Mile Race '' , with no reference at all to the name `` International Sweepstakes '' . Centennial Era ( edit ) In 2009 , the Indianapolis Motor Speedway began a three - year - long `` Centennial Era '' to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the opening of the track ( 1909 ) , and the 100th anniversary of the first Indy 500 ( 1911 ) . As a gesture to the nostalgic Centennial Era celebration ( 2009 -- 2011 ) , tickets for the 2009 race donned the moniker `` 93rd 500 Mile International Sweepstakes '' . It is the first time since 1980 that the `` Sweepstakes '' title has been used . During the month of May 2009 , the ordinal ( 93rd ) was used very sparingly , and for the first time since 1981 , was not identified on the annual logo . Instead , in most instances in print , television , and radio , the race was referred to as the `` 2009 Indianapolis 500 '' . Since the race was not held during the United States ' participation in the two World Wars ( 1917 -- 1918 , 1942 -- 1945 ) , the advertised Centennial Era occurred during the 93rd to 95th runnings . To avoid confusion between the 100th anniversary , and the actual number of times the race has been run , references to the ordinal during the Centennial Era were curtailed . Six years later , in 2016 , the race celebrated its 100th running with about 350,000 in attendance . Female drivers ( edit ) Main article : List of female Indianapolis 500 drivers Danica Patrick on Pole Day at Indy , 2007 Female participation of any sort at Indianapolis was discouraged and essentially banned throughout the first several decades of competition . As such , female reporters were not even allowed in the pit area until 1971 . There have been nine female drivers to qualify , starting with Janet Guthrie in 1977 . Sarah Fisher has competed nine times , the most of any woman . Danica Patrick led 19 laps in the 2005 race and 10 laps in the 2011 race , the only times a woman has led laps during the race . Pippa Mann has raced in Indy every year since 2013 . African - American drivers ( edit ) Two African - American drivers have competed in the Indy 500 . Willy T. Ribbs was the first , racing in 1991 and 1993 . George Mack drove in the 2002 race . Spanish drivers ( edit ) In 2017 , two Spaniards competed in the Indy 500 . Oriol Servia and two - time Formula 1 World Champion Fernando Alonso . Alonso led for 27 laps before having to stop the car due to engine failure with 21 laps remaining . Race sanctioning ( edit ) AAA and USAC ( edit ) The Borg - Warner Trophy , presented to the Indy 500 winners in victory lane , and kept the rest of the year on permanent display at the Hall of Fame Museum . From 1911 to 1955 , the race was organized under the auspices of the AAA Contest Board . Following the 1955 Le Mans disaster , AAA dissolved the Contest Board to concentrate on its membership program aimed at the general motoring public . Speedway owner Tony Hulman founded USAC in 1956 , which took over sanctioning of the race and the sport of Championship racing . From 1950 to 1960 , the Indianapolis 500 also counted toward the FIA 's World Championship of Drivers ( now synonymous with Formula One ) , although few drivers participated in the other races of that series . Italian driver Alberto Ascari was the only European - based driver to actually race in the 500 during its World Championship years . His appearance in 1952 in a Ferrari was also the only time a Ferrari has ever appeared in the race . Juan Manuel Fangio practiced at the track in 1958 but declined an offer to race . Control issues of monetary prizes and squabbles over technical regulations caused conflict in the 1970s . Soon after the death of Tony Hulman in 1977 , and the loss of several key USAC officials in a 1978 plane crash , several key team owners banded together and formed CART in late 1978 to sanction the sport of Indy car racing . The Indianapolis 500 itself , however , remained under the sanctioning control of USAC . It became the lone top - level race the body still sanctioned , as it ultimately dropped all other Indy car races ( as well as their stock car division ) to concentrate on sprints and midgets . For the next three years , the race was not officially recognized on the CART calendar , but the CART teams and drivers comprised the field . By 1983 , an agreement was made for the USAC - sanctioned Indy 500 to be recognized on the CART calendar , and the race awarded points towards the CART championship . Despite the CART / USAC divide , from 1983 to 1995 the race was run in relative harmony . CART and USAC occasionally quarreled over relatively minor technical regulations , but utilized the same machines and the CART - based teams and driver comprised the bulk of the Indy 500 entries each year . IndyCar series ( edit ) The starting field of the 2007 Indianapolis 500 in formation before the start In 1994 , Speedway owner Tony George announced plans for a new series , to be called the Indy Racing League . The Indy 500 would serve as its centerpiece . Opinions varied on his motivations , with his supporters sharing his disapproval of the race 's lack of status within CART , the increasing number of foreign drivers ( as American drivers were gravitating towards NASCAR ) , and the decreasing number of ovals in the season series . Detractors accused George of throwing his weight around and using the race as leverage to gain complete control of the sport of open wheel racing in the United States . In 1995 , and in response to a change in schedule by the CART series that put several races in direct conflict with Indy Racing League events , George announced that 25 of the 33 starting positions at the 1996 Indy 500 would be reserved for the top 25 cars in IRL points standings ( similar in practice to NASCAR 's Top 35 rule introduced years later ) . The move effectively left only eight starting positions open to the CART - regulars that chose not to participate in the IRL races . CART 's reaction was to refuse to compromise on the schedule conflicts , skip the IRL races required to accumulate the qualifying points , boycott the race , and stage a competing event , the U.S. 500 , on the same day at Michigan . Veteran Buddy Lazier won a competitive but crash - filled 1996 Indy 500 . Two CART teams , Walker Racing and Galles Racing , competed in the Indianapolis 500 to fulfill sponsor obligations and were welcomed without incident . The U.S. 500 , meanwhile , failed to garner as much interest and was marred by a huge crash on the pace laps that forced ten teams to use backup cars . CART would run at Gateway International Raceway a 300 - mile race in ensuing years ( 1997 -- 1999 ) instead . Hélio Castroneves , winner in 2001 , 2002 and 2009 For 1997 , new rules for less expensive cars and `` production based '' engines were put into place . The move made it such that the IRL utilized different and incompatible equipment ; no CART - based teams would enter the Indy 500 for the next three years . In 2000 , Target Chip Ganassi Racing , still a CART - mainstay , made the decision to cross lines and compete at Indianapolis with drivers Jimmy Vasser and Juan Pablo Montoya . On race day , Montoya dominated the event , leading 167 of the 200 laps to victory . In 2001 , Penske Racing returned and won the race with driver Hélio Castroneves . Penske and Castroneves repeated with a win in 2002 . By 2003 , Ganassi , Penske and Andretti Green all defected to the IRL permanently . CART went bankrupt later in the year , and its rights and infrastructure were purchased by remaining car owners , and it became the Champ Car World Series . The two series continued to operate separately through 2007 . In early 2008 , the two series were unified to create a single open wheel championship after a 12 - year split being run under Indy Racing League / IMS control -- known as the IndyCar Series . The 2012 race was the return of Turbocharged engines for the first time since 1996 with the use of the Dallara DW12 chassis and 2.2 L V - 6 single turbo and twin turbocharged engines . NASCAR and the 500 ( edit ) In the 1960s and early 1970s , the Indy 500 and the World 600 ( now known as the Coca - Cola 600 ) at Charlotte Motor Speedway were held on different days of the week . A handful of NASCAR regulars participated in both events in the same year , including Bobby Allison , Donnie Allison , Cale Yarborough , and Lee Roy Yarbrough . From 1974 to 1992 , the two events were scheduled for the same day and same starting time , making participation in both impossible . A few stock car drivers during that time , namely Neil Bonnett in 1979 , nevertheless still attempted to qualify at Indy , even if that meant skipping Charlotte altogether . `` Double Duty '' ( edit ) From 1994 to 2014 , several NASCAR drivers were able to compete in both the Indy 500 and the Coca - Cola 600 at Charlotte in the same day . Since 1993 , the Coca - Cola 600 has been scheduled in the evening the same day as the Indy 500 . The effort has been known as `` Double Duty '' . At the conclusion of the Indy 500 , drivers would catch a helicopter directly from the Speedway to the Indianapolis International Airport . From there they would fly to Concord Regional Airport , and ride a helicopter to the NASCAR race . John Andretti , Tony Stewart , and Robby Gordon attempted the feat , with Kurt Busch being the latest in 2014 . In 2001 , Tony Stewart became the first driver to complete the full race distance ( 1100 miles ) in both races on the same day . For 2005 , the start of Indianapolis was pushed back to 1 p.m. EDT to improve television ratings . This significantly closed the window for a driver to be able to race both events in the same day . ( The race 's original starting time had been set at 11 a.m. EST -- 12 noon EDT -- because in 1911 , race promoters estimated it would take six hours to complete the event , and they did not want the race to finish too close to suppertime . Nowadays the race is routinely completed in under three and one - half hours . ) Two drivers , Mario Andretti and A.J. Foyt , have won the Indianapolis 500 and the Daytona 500 . Foyt also won the 24 Hours of Daytona and 12 Hours of Sebring , America 's premier endurance races , as well as the 24 Hours of Le Mans . Foyt won Le Mans in 1967 , about one month after winning his third Indy 500 . Andretti won the 1978 Formula One World Championship and is a three - time Sebring winner ( he also won the 6 Hour version of Daytona ) . Indianapolis 500 winner Johnny Rutherford once won one of the Daytona 500 qualifying races . In 2010 , Chip Ganassi became the first car owner to win the Daytona and Indianapolis 500s in the same year , with Jamie McMurray winning the Daytona 500 and Dario Franchitti winning the Indianapolis 500 . In 2010 , Bruton Smith ( owner of Speedway Motorsports , Inc . ) , offered $20,000,000 to any driver , IndyCar or NASCAR , who can win both the Indianapolis 500 and the Coca - Cola 600 on the same day starting in 2011 -- a feat that has never been done before . For 2011 , the Indianapolis Motor Speedway moved the start time of the Indy 500 back to 12 : 15 PM EDT ( prior to 2005 , the engines started at 10 : 52 AM EST ; under the modern schedule , engines start around 12 : 05 PM for a start around 12 : 15 PM ) , which re-opened the window for travel . Brad Keselowski suggested that he would consider answering the challenge in 2014 . It was announced on March 4 , 2014 , that Kurt Busch would attempt to qualify for the 2014 Indianapolis 500 , driving a fifth car for the Andretti Autosport team . Busch completed all 500 miles at Indy to finish sixth but dropped out of the 600 with a blown engine just past the 400 - mile mark . Technical regulations ( edit ) Penske PC - 23 Mercedes , 1994 Indianapolis 500 winning car Technical specifications for the Indianapolis 500 are currently written by IndyCar . Rules are generally the same as every other IndyCar race . In the past , particularly during the era in which USAC sanctioned the Indy 500 ( but CART sanctioned the other Indy car races ) , rules at Indy slightly differed at times . The result , for example , would be a particular chassis or engine configuration being legal at Indy , but not so at the CART - sanctioned events . This was rather commonplace in the 1980s and early 1990s , when `` stock - block '' engines ( namely the V - 6 Buick ) was allotted an increased level of turbocharger boost by USAC at Indy , compared to the purpose - built V - 8 quad - cam engines . While the `` stock block '' engines were technically legal in CART competition , they were not given the increased boost advantage , which effectively rendered them uncompetitive , and precluded their use by teams . The most famous manifestation of the USAC rules disparity was the Ilmor - built Mercedes - Benz 500I engine fielded by Roger Penske in 1994 . Teams may enter up to two machines under a given car number -- the `` primary '' car and a `` backup '' car . The backup car is identified by the letter `` T '' . For example , the two cars for the # 2 team would be numbered # 2 and # 2T . Both cars may be practiced during the month , but due to engine lease rules , they must share the same engine . It is not uncommon for teams to prefer their backup car , if it is deemed faster , or for other strategic reasons . Additionally , as the month wears on , a `` T car '' may be split off into its own entry , and reassigned a new number , or be sold to another team . All cars must pass a rigorous technical inspection before receiving a sticker signifying that the car is eligible to practice . Various criteria includes minimum weight , dimensions , and approved parts , particularly safety equipment . Prior to and following qualification attempts , cars must pass another inspection . The pre-qualifying inspection is focused on safety aspects and is done on the pit lane qualifying queue . It is relatively brief , due to the time constraints of the qualifying procedure . The post-qualifying inspection is much more stringent and lengthy , and takes place in the garage area . It is to detect deviations from the performance guidelines set forth by the league , and cars can and have been fined or outright disqualified if they fail inspection . Qualifying procedure ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see List of Indianapolis 500 pole - sitters . Scott Dixon makes his pole - winning qualification run for the 2008 Indianapolis 500 . Throughout the years , the race has used a number of different qualifying procedures . The current four - lap ( ten - mile ) qualifying distance was first introduced in 1920 and has been used every year since 1939 . In 2014 , the qualifying procedure was refined , such that the pole position winner and the starting grid would be determined over two days . On the weekend before the race ( Saturday and Sunday ) , all cars are entered into a blind draw for the qualifying order . Saturday : All entries can make up to three attempts to qualify . The top 33 cars at the end of the day are locked into the grid . The top nine cars will advance to a special `` shootout '' session to determine the pole position . Making a second ( or third ) attempt automatically forfeits the previous attempt . Sunday : The drivers that qualified 10 -- 33 on Saturday have their original times erased , and go out to make a new run . This run determines the grid lineup for positions 10 -- 33 . The drivers who qualified 1 -- 9 on Saturday advance to the `` Fast 9 '' . Those cars also have their original time erased . Each car makes a new attempt , and determine the lineup for positions 1 -- 9 , including the highly coveted pole position . For each attempt , cars are allowed two warm - up laps . At that time , a member of the team is stationed at the north end of the mainstretch . He or she must wave a green flag , signaling an attempt , or else the car will be waved off . The attempt can be waved off during any of the four laps by the team , driver , or race officials . ( The series will wave off the run if it is obvious the run will not be fast enough to qualify and it is getting late in the day . ) If an attempt is waved off after the run starts , the attempt counts towards the three - attempt limit and the previous time is still forfeited , unless race officials waved off the attempt because of weather . Culture ( edit ) An IndyCar on the Indiana state quarter Memorabilia ( edit ) Many people promote and share information about the Indianapolis 500 and its memorabilia collecting . The National Indy 500 Collectors Club is an independent active organization that has been dedicated to support such activities . The organization was established January 1 , 1985 , in Indianapolis by its founder John Blazier and includes an experienced membership available for discussion and advice on Indy 500 memorabilia trading and Indy 500 questions in general . The longest - running Indy racing memorabilia show is the National Auto Racing Memorabilia Show . Entertainment ( edit ) Main article : Indianapolis 500 in film and media The Indianapolis 500 has been the subject of several films and has been referenced many times in television , movies , and other media . Milk ( edit ) Louis Meyer requested a glass of buttermilk after winning his second Indy 500 race in 1933 . After winning his third title in 1936 , he requested another glass but instead received a bottle . He was captured by a photographer in the act of swigging from the bottle while holding up three fingers to signify the third win . A local dairy company executive recognized the marketing opportunity in the image and , being unaware Meyer was drinking buttermilk , offered a bottle of milk to the winners of future races . Milk has been presented each year since then , apart from 1947 to 1955 . Modern drivers are offered a choice of whole , 2 % , and skim . At the 1993 Indianapolis 500 , winner Emerson Fittipaldi , who owned and operated an orange grove , notoriously drank orange juice instead of milk during the televised winner 's interview . He eventually relented and also drank from the milk bottle later in the post-race ceremonies after the broadcast was over , but the public relations damage had already been done . The snub led to Fittipaldi being booed at the next ChampCar race , the Milwaukee Mile , in Milwaukee , Wisconsin , the heart of dairy country , and by some , as late as the 2008 Indianapolis 500 in which he drove the pace car . In the 2016 Indianapolis 500 , as a promotion , the track gave out commemorative bottles of milk to 100,000 attendees to toast the winner with milk after the race . Broadcasting ( edit ) Radio coverage of the race dates back to 1922 . The race has been broadcast live on the radio in its entirety by the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Radio Network since 1953 . The Hulmans were somewhat resistant to allow live television coverage of the 500 , largely to maximize gate attendance . The race was briefly televised live in 1949 and 1950 on WFBM - TV , after which the practice was discontinued . From 1964 to 1970 , the race was broadcast live on closed - circuit television in theaters around the country . From 1965 through 1970 , a highlighted version of the race was shown on ABC 's Wide World of Sports . From 1971 through 1985 , an edited same - day , tape delay broadcast of the race was shown in prime time . The race broadcast was edited down to either two or three hours in duration ( including commercials ) . Since 1986 , ABC has televised the race live in its entirety . However , at the request of the Speedway , Indianapolis affiliate WRTV is required to blackout the live broadcast and carry it on tape delay in prime time to encourage local race attendance . In 2007 ( the first year in which the race was carried under the ESPN on ABC branding ) , the race was first aired in high - definition . In 2015 , ABC celebrated its 50th anniversary of covering the Indianapolis 500 . In 2016 , the IMS declared a sell - out of race tickets for the 100th running of the event and announced at the same time that WRTV would be allowed to air the race live for the first time since 1950 . Coverage of time trials on ABC dates back to 1961 . ABC covered time trials in various live and in tape - delayed formats from 1961 to 2008 and since 2014 . ESPN ( and later along with ESPN2 ) carried various portions of time trials from 1987 to 2008 . Versus ( now NBCSN ) covered time trials from 2009 to 2013 . Practice sessions have been streamed live online dating back to at least 2001 . See also ( edit ) Book : IndyCar Book : Formula racing Book : Auto racing in North America Indianapolis 500 firsts Indianapolis 500 records Indianapolis 500 traditions Indianapolis 500 by year Indianapolis 500 pace cars Indianapolis 500 Rookie of the Year List of Indianapolis 500 winners List of Indianapolis 500 pole - sitters List of Indianapolis 500 lap leaders List of Indianapolis 500 broadcasters List of female Indianapolis 500 drivers List of fatalities at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` World Stadiums - Stadium List : : 100 000 + Stadiums '' . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Kettlewell , Mike . `` Indianapolis : The Richest Race in the World '' , in Northey , Tom , ed . World of Automobiles ( London : Orbis , 1974 ) , Volume 9 , p. 1012 . Jump up ^ The track was potholing even in practise . Jump up ^ He averaged 53.77 mph ( 86.53 km / h ) Kettlewell , p. 1013 . Jump up ^ Wilfred Bourque ( Kettlewell , p. 1013 , mistakenly identifies him as William ) and his riding mechanic were killed after hitting a pothole in the 250 , and Charley Merz 's riding mechanic , Claude Kellum , as well as two spectators , were killed in the 300 ; following Merz 's crash , there was another serious crash , also . Kettlewell , p. 1013 . Jump up ^ Kettlewell , pp. 1012 -- 3 . ^ Jump up to : Kettlewell , p. 1013 . Jump up ^ `` Yard of Bricks '' . Indianapolis Motor Speedway . Jump up ^ Martin , J.A. ; Saal , Thomas F. ( 2004 - 03 - 05 ) . American Auto Racing : The Milestones and Personalities of a Century of Speed . McFarland . p. 24 . ISBN 9780786412358 . ^ Jump up to : `` IMS Milestones : 1906 -- 1911 '' . Indianapolis Motor Speedway . Jump up ^ `` The Marmon Wasp '' . The Marmon Group . ^ Jump up to : Kettlewell , p. 1014 . Jump up ^ Leerhsen , Charles , `` 100 Years of the Indy 500 '' , Sports Illustrated , 30 May 2011 , pp. 52 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Kettlewell , p. 1014 Jump up ^ The company was owned by Speedway investor Arthur C. Newby . ^ Jump up to : `` Miller History '' . The Miller / Offenhauser Historical Society . Jump up ^ `` James Melton Autorama '' . Florida 's Lost Tourist Attractions . Jump up ^ `` Watch Straight No Chaser step into Jim Nabors ' shoes , sing to kick off the Indy 500 '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kettlewell , p. 1015 . Jump up ^ `` 1926 Miller 91 FWD '' . Supercars.net . Jump up ^ `` All time Indianapolis 500 winners '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Boyle Special '' . Maserati . Jump up ^ `` 1950 Indianapolis 500 '' . Formula One Administration . Jump up ^ `` Indianapolis Motor Speedway ( Speedway , Indiana , USA ) '' . F1complete.com . Jump up ^ `` 1952 Indianapolis 500 '' . Formula One Administration . Jump up ^ `` Jim Clark , the Scottish driver who became an American idol '' . The Scotsman . Jump up ^ `` RACING HISTORY : The Great Races : 1965 Indianapolis 500 '' . The Auto Channel . Jump up ^ `` 50th Indianapolis 500 - Mile Race at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Monday , May 30 , 1966 '' . Indianapolis Motor Speedway . Jump up ^ `` 56th Indianapolis 500 - Mile Race at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Saturday , May 27 , 1972 '' . Indianapolis Motor Speedway . Jump up ^ `` 58th Indianapolis 500 - Mile Race at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Sunday , May 26 , 1974 '' . Indianapolis Motor Speedway . Jump up ^ `` 60th Indianapolis 500 - Mile Race at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Sunday , May 30 , 1976 '' . Indianapolis Motor Speedway . Jump up ^ `` 76th Indianapolis 500 - Mile Race at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Sunday , May 24 , 1992 '' . Indianapolis Motor Speedway . Jump up ^ `` Nigel Mansell '' . Formula One Administration . Jump up ^ `` Limit Auto Race Entries : Only Thirty - Three Drivers to Start in Indianapolis Sweepstakes '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . May 6 , 1919 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` The Borg - Warner Trophy '' . IndySpeedway.com . Jump up ^ `` Indianapolis Motor Speedway Centennial Era , 2009 -- 2011 '' . Indiana Office of Tourism Development . Jump up ^ `` Page Not Found '' . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indy 500 : What you need to know '' . IndyStar . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Women in Racing - Indy 500 Style ! '' . Zimbio . Jump up ^ espn.com ( 31 May 2017 ) . `` Fernando Alonso 's bittersweet Indy 500 adds to legend of his career '' . Jump up ^ `` USAC National Sprint Car Series '' . world-sprintcar-guide.com . Jump up ^ `` Penske , Roger -- Overview , Personal Life , Career Details , Social and Economic Impact , Chronology : Roger Penske '' . encyclopedia.jrank.org . Jump up ^ `` The Hulman Family , Owners of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway since 1945 '' . IndyStar.com . Jump up ^ Ryan , Nate ( April 17 , 2008 ) . `` Indy car racing on track with new era , new issues '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Jump up ^ `` 84th Indianapolis 500 - Mile Race at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Sunday , May 28 , 2000 '' . Indianapolis Motor Speedway . Jump up ^ `` 85th Indianapolis 500 - Mile Race at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Sunday , May 27 , 2001 '' . Indianapolis Motor Speedway . Jump up ^ `` IRL , Champ Car entities sign merger deal '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ `` Kurt Busch Wo n't Attempt Memorial Day Double '' . NASCAR.com . Jump up ^ `` Winning Charlotte , Indy proving an impossible feat '' . NASCAR . Jump up ^ `` Gunning for first NASCAR Sprint Cup win of the year in the Coca - Cola 600 : Brad Keselowski 's Autoweek blog '' . Autoweek . Jump up ^ Gluck , Jeff ( March 4 , 2014 ) . `` Kurt Busch to attempt Indianapolis 500 , Coke 600 ' double ' '' . USA Today . McLean , VA . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` The Penske - Mercedes PC23 - 500I '' . forix.autosport.com . Jump up ^ Mittman , Dick . Indianapolis 500 Qualifying Has Evolved Over The Years , Indy500.com , September 22 , 2004 Jump up ^ `` National Indy 500 Collector Club '' . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , Yahoo , May 22 , 2009 Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Profile of Emerson Fittipaldi at indianapolismotorspeedway.com , 12 June 2012 Jump up ^ IMS ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` World 's Largest Milk Toast Planned for 100th Running of the Indy 500 '' . Indianapolis Motor Speedway . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 91st Indianapolis 500 To Be Televised On ABC In Sony HD Technology '' . Indianapolis Motor Speedway . Jump up ^ Staff , TheIndyChannel.com ( 25 May 2016 ) . `` Blackout lifted : RTV6 to show Indianapolis 500 LIVE on race day '' . Retrieved 25 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WRTV to air Indy 500 live '' . TVSpy . Retrieved 25 May 2016 . Jump up ^ IndyCar and WhiteBlox Cross the Finish Line ; Tens of Thousands of Viewers Surf to Live Online Indy 500 Video Coverage -- Houston Chronicle , 1 June 2006 Further reading ( edit ) Terry Reed . Indy : The Race and Ritual of the Indianapolis 500 . 2nd ed . Potomac Books , Inc. ; 2005 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57488 - 907 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indianapolis 500 . Official website Images from the Ralph J. Satterlee Indianapolis 500 Photographs Collection , Ball State University Digital Media Repository Coordinates : 39 ° 47 ′ 41 '' N 86 ° 14 ′ 04 '' W / 39.79472 ° N 86.23444 ° W / 39.79472 ; - 86.23444 Preceded by Grand Prix of Indianapolis IndyCar Series Indianapolis 500 Succeeded by Detroit Grand Prix Indianapolis 500 Track and race information Track Indianapolis Motor Speedway Race results IMS Museum Statistics Winners Pole - sitters Lap leaders Rookie of the Year Fatalities Firsts Pace cars Records Fastest laps By year Scott Brayton Award Louis Schwitzer Award Pit Stop Challenge Drivers List of drivers Non-qualifying drivers Female participants Sanctioning bodies AAA Contest Board ( 1909 -- 1955 ) FIA ( 1950 -- 1960 ) USAC ( 1956 -- 1997 ) INDYCAR ( 1998 -- present ) Ownership Carl Fisher James Allison Arthur Newby Frank A. Wheeler Eddie Rickenbacker Tony Hulman Wilbur Shaw Mary F. 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Indianapolis 500 winners Drivers Four - time A.J. Foyt Rick Mears Al Unser , Sr . Three - time Hélio Castroneves Dario Franchitti Louis Meyer Mauri Rose Johnny Rutherford Wilbur Shaw Bobby Unser Two - time Emerson Fittipaldi Gordon Johncock Arie Luyendyk Tommy Milton Juan Pablo Montoya Al Unser , Jr . Bill Vukovich Rodger Ward Dan Wheldon One - time Mario Andretti Billy Arnold Joe Boyer Kenny Bräck Jimmy Bryan Eddie Cheever Gaston Chevrolet Jim Clark Lora L. Corum Bill Cummings Floyd Davis Joe Dawson Gil de Ferran Pat Flaherty Fred Frame Ralph DePalma Pete DePaolo Scott Dixon Mark Donohue Jules Goux Sam Hanks Ray Harroun Graham Hill Bill Holland Sam Hornish , Jr . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what kind of cars race in the indy 500 | [
"Traditionally, the field consists of 33 starters, aligned in a starting grid of eleven rows of three cars apiece. The event is contested by \"Indy cars\", a formula of professional-level, single-seat, open cockpit, open-wheel, purpose-built race cars. As of 2015, all entrants utilize 2.2 L V6, twin-turbocharged engines, tuned to produce a range of 550–700 horsepower (410–520 kW). Chevrolet and Honda are the current engine manufacturers involved in the sport. Firestone, which has a deep history in the sport, dating back to the first 500, is the exclusive tire provider."
] | [
"\"Indy cars\", a formula of professional-level, single-seat, open cockpit, open-wheel, purpose-built race cars"
] |
-637022870635506795 | Red Dawn | Red Dawn - wikipedia Red Dawn Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1984 film . For the 2012 remake , see Red Dawn ( 2012 film ) . For other uses , see Red Dawn ( disambiguation ) . Red Dawn Original theatrical poster by John Alvin Directed by John Milius Produced by Sidney Beckerman Buzz Feitshans Screenplay by John Milius Kevin Reynolds Story by Kevin Reynolds Starring Patrick Swayze C. Thomas Howell Lea Thompson Ben Johnson Harry Dean Stanton Ron O'Neal William Smith Powers Boothe Music by Basil Poledouris Cinematography Ric Waite Edited by Thom Noble Production company United Artists Valkyrie Films Distributed by MGM / UA Entertainment Company Release date August 10 , 1984 ( 1984 - 08 - 10 ) Running time 114 minutes Country United States Language English Russian Spanish Budget $17 million Box office $38 million Red Dawn is a 1984 American war film directed by John Milius , filmed in Metrocolor and Panavision , and co-written by Milius and Kevin Reynolds . It stars Patrick Swayze , C. Thomas Howell , Lea Thompson , Ben Johnson , Harry Dean Stanton , Ron O'Neal , William Smith , and Powers Boothe . It was the first film to be released in the US with a PG - 13 rating . The film is set in an alternate history timeline in which the United States is invaded by the Soviet Union and its Cuban and Nicaraguan allies . However , the onset of World War III is in the background and not fully elaborated . The story follows a group of American high school students who resist the occupation with guerrilla warfare , calling themselves Wolverines , after their high school mascot . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Development 4 Shooting 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical 5.3 Later reputation 6 References in the film 7 Music 8 In popular culture 9 Operation Red Dawn 10 Remake 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Plot ( edit ) The United States has gradually become strategically isolated after several European nations ( except the United Kingdom ) withdraw from NATO . At the same time , the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact partners aggressively expand their sphere of influence . In addition , the Ukrainian wheat harvest fails while a Communist coup d'etat occurs in Mexico . On a September morning , in the small town of Calumet , Colorado , a local high school teacher pauses when he sees Soviet paratroopers landing in a nearby field . The paratroopers open fire when the teacher confronts them . Pandemonium follows as students flee amid heavy gunfire . In downtown Calumet , Cuban and Soviet troops are trying to impose order after a hasty occupation . Cuban Colonel Bella instructs the KGB to go to a local sporting goods store and obtain the records of the store 's gun sales on the ATF 's Form 4473 , which lists citizens who have purchased firearms . Brothers Jed and Matt Eckert , along with their friends Robert , Danny , Daryl , and Aardvark , flee into the wilderness after hastily equipping themselves at a sporting goods store owned by Robert 's father . While on the way to the mountains , they run into a Soviet roadblock , but are saved by an attacking U.S. Army UH - 1 helicopter gunship . After several weeks in the forest , they sneak back into town ; Jed and Matt learn that their father is being held in a re-education camp . They visit the site and speak to him through the fence ; Mr. Eckert orders his sons to avenge his inevitable death . The kids visit the Masons and learn that they are behind enemy lines in `` Occupied America . '' Robert 's father is revealed to have been executed because of the missing inventory from his store . The Masons charge Jed and Matt with taking care of their two granddaughters , Toni and Erica . After killing Soviet soldiers in the woods , the youths begin an armed resistance against the occupation forces , calling themselves `` Wolverines , '' after their high school mascot . The occupation forces initially try reprisal tactics , executing groups of civilians following every Wolverine attack . During one of these mass executions , the fathers of Jed , Matt and Aardvark are killed . Daryl 's father , Mayor Bates , is a collaborator and tries to appease the occupation authorities . Despite the reprisal tactics the occupation forces get nowhere . The Wolverines find a downed pilot , Lt. Col. Andrew Tanner , who informs them of the current state of the war : several American cities , including Washington , D.C. , were destroyed by nuclear strikes ; the Strategic Air Command was crippled by Cuban saboteurs ; and paratroopers were dropped from fake commercial airliners to seize key positions in preparation for subsequent assaults via Mexico and Alaska . The middle third of the U.S. has been taken over , but American counterattacks have halted Soviet advances along the Rocky Mountains and the Mississippi River and the lines have stabilized . The only remaining U.S. allies , the UK and China , are militarily crippled . Concerned about nuclear fallout , both sides refrain from the further use of nuclear weapons . Tanner assists the Wolverines in organizing raids against the Soviets . Soon after , in a visit to the front line , Tanner and Aardvark are killed in the crossfire of a tank battle . Daryl is caught by the Soviets after being turned in by his collaborating father . Using threats of torture , KGB officers force Daryl to swallow a tracking device , then release him to rejoin the guerrillas . Spetsnaz are sent into the mountains carrying portable radio triangulation equipment , but are ambushed by the Wolverines . The group trace the source of the signal to Daryl , who confesses and pleads for mercy , but is executed by Robert after Jed executes a captured Soviet soldier . The remaining members are ambushed by Mi - 24 helicopter gunships , and Robert and Toni are killed . Jed and Matt attack the Soviet headquarters in Calumet to distract the troops while Danny and Erica escape . The plan works , but Jed and Matt are wounded . Though Colonel Bella comes across the brothers , he is unable to bring himself to kill them and lets them go . Nevertheless , it is implied the brothers die in the park where they spent time as kids . Erica narrates that the U.S. repelled the Soviet invasion some time later . A plaque is seen with Partisan Rock in the background , with each dead ( presumed ) Wolverine 's name inscribed upon it . The rock is fenced off and an American flag flies nearby . The plaque reads : ... In the early days of World War III , guerrillas -- mostly children -- placed the names of their lost upon this rock . They fought here alone and gave up their lives , so `` that this nation shall not perish from the earth . '' Cast ( edit ) Patrick Swayze as Jed Eckert C. Thomas Howell as Robert Morris Lea Thompson as Erica Mason Charlie Sheen as Matt Eckert Darren Dalton as Daryl Bates Jennifer Grey as Toni Mason Brad Savage as Danny Bates Doug Toby as Arturo `` Aardvark '' Mondragon Powers Boothe as Lt. Col. Andrew `` Andy '' Tanner , USAF Ben Johnson as Jack Mason Harry Dean Stanton as Tom Eckert Ron O'Neal as Colonel Ernesto Bella William Smith as Colonel Strelnikov Vladek Sheybal as General Bratchenko Frank McRae as Mr. Teasdale Roy Jenson as Samuel Morris Pepe Serna as Mr. Mondragón Lane Smith as Mayor Bates Judd Omen as Nicaraguan Captain Radames Pera as Sgt . Stepan Gorsky Development ( edit ) The film was originally called Ten Soldiers and was written by Kevin Reynolds . It was set in the near future as a combined force of Russians and Cubans launched an invasion of the Southwestern USA . Ten kids take to the hills when their small town is captured and they turn into a skilled and lethal guerrilla band . The script was shown to MGM where then senior vice-president for production , Peter Bart , who remembers it as a `` sharply written anti-war movie ... a sort of Lord of the Flies . '' He took the project to the head of the studio , Frank Yablans . Bart recalls that things changed when `` the chieftains at MGM got a better idea . Instead of making a poignant little antiwar movie , why not make a teen Rambo and turn the project over to John Milius , a genial and rotund filmmaker who loved war movies and also loved war ? The idea was especially popular with a member of the MGM board of directors , General Alexander Haig , the former Nixon chief of staff , who yearned to supervise the film personally and develop a movie career . '' Milius admits he was enthusiastic about the project : When I was a kid in the early 60s and 50s , even ... I went to high school in Colorado . One of the big things we wanted to be , aside from football players and skiers and everything else -- we wanted to be mountain men . And so we read everything about Jim Pritchard and Jim Carson , all that kind of thing , you know , to be a woodsman . The greatest fantasy of all was that we were going to go up to the mountains and resist the Russians with flint - lock rifles , cap - lock rifles , anyway . Milius says MGM decided to make the film because of the Soviet war in Afghanistan . `` MGM decided we 're going to make this patriotic movie that 's mirroring the situation in Afghanistan , and we 'll release it during the Olympics . '' Milius set about rewriting the script . Some of the changes included a shift in focus from conflict within the group to conflict between the teens and their oppressors , and the acceleration of the ages of some of the characters from early teens to high school age and beyond . Haig took Milius under his wing , bringing him to the Hudson Institute , the conservative think tank founded by Herman Kahn , to develop a plausible scenario . Milius saw the story as a Third World liberation struggle in reverse ; Haig introduced Nicaragua and suggested that , with the collapse of NATO , a left - wing Mexican regime would participate in the Soviet invasion , effectively splitting the U.S. in half . Bart says `` Even Milius was taken aback by Haig 's approach to the project . `` This is going to end up as a jingoistic , flag - waving movie , '' Milius fretted . Meanwhile , despite Haig 's enthusiasm ( or perhaps because of it ) the Department of Defense flatly refused to extend any cooperation whatsoever . As a result , the budget of this once $6 million movie almost tripled . '' Milius later said `` I see this as an anti-war movie in the sense that if both sides could see this , maybe it would n't have to happen . I think it would be good for Americans to see what a war would be like . The film is n't even that violent -- the war shows none of the horrors that could happen in World War III . In fact , everything that happened in the movie happened in World War Two . '' Shooting ( edit ) The movie was filmed in and around the city of Las Vegas , New Mexico . Many of the buildings and structures which appeared in the film , including a historic Fred Harvey Company hotel adjacent to the train depot , the train yard , and a building near downtown , which was repainted with the name of `` Calumet , Colorado '' , are still there today . An old Safeway grocery store was converted to a sound stage and used for several scenes in the movie . Before starting work on the movie , the cast underwent an intensive eight - week military training course . During that time , production crews designed and built special combat vehicles in Newhall , California . Soldier of Fortune reported that the movie 's T - 72 tank was such a precise replica that `` while it was being carted around Los Angeles , two CIA officers followed it to the studio and wanted to know where it had come from '' . Milius says the scene that meant the most to him was when the Wolverines execute the Russian soldier and the mayor 's son , Daryl . The rationale that Jed ( Patrick Swayze 's character ) gives is , `` We live here . '' For me that sort of summed up the anger and fear that followed Sept. 11 . That 's the emotional core of it , is n't it though ? That 's it . We live here . This is what we are . At the time I remember that was a very , very powerful scene ... ( I ) t was extremely ( difficult ) to shoot that . We were way , way up on a place called Johnson 's Mesa . It snowed . The wind was blowing in . It dropped below zero , everybody was getting frostbite , as well as the fact , I remember , everyone had dysentery . So you had the problem of everyone having to rush to various facilities wearing Avirex assault gear ... I remember the power of that scene and that they got into it because of the fact that it was so bitterly cold . And yet it was so beautiful at the same time . Everybody became kind of strongly attached to the place . Powers Boothe later claimed `` Milius cut out the emotional life of its characters . Originally , my character was anti-war , as well as a rightist . I was supposed to be the voice of reason in that movie . But certain cuts negated my character . '' Lea Thompson says the original cut featured a love scene between her and Powers Boothe but it `` was cut out after some previews because of the age difference . And that was the main reason I took the movie - it was such a terrific scene . '' Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Red Dawn was the 20th highest - grossing film of 1984 , opening on August 10 , 1984 in 1,822 theatres and taking in $8,230,381 on its first weekend . Its box office gross is $38,376,497 . Critical ( edit ) Red Dawn received mixed reviews , receiving a score of 50 % on Rotten Tomatoes based on 22 reviews . The New York Times reviewer said `` to any sniveling lily - livers who suppose that John Milius ... has already reached the pinnacle of movie - making machismo , a warning : Mr. Milius 's Red Dawn is more rip - roaring than anything he has done before . Here is Mr. Milius at his most alarming , delivering a rootin ' - tootin ' scenario for World War III . '' MGM apologised to Alaska war veterans for the film 's advertising , which claimed that no foreign troops had ever landed on US soil , thereby overlooking the Aleutian Islands Campaign . At the time it was released , Red Dawn was considered the most violent film by the Guinness Book of Records and The National Coalition on Television Violence , with a rate of 134 acts of violence per hour , or 2.23 per minute . The DVD Special Edition ( 2007 ) includes an on - screen `` Carnage Counter '' in a nod to this . A few days after the NCTV survey came out , 35 protestors picketed the MGM / UA building in opposition to the film . John Milius said : What these people really do n't like is that the movie shows violence being perpetrated against Russian and Cuban invaders , which is what the demonstration was all about . My question is , where were all these demonstrators when the Russians shot down that airliner ? Were they cheering ? And what about the people being gassed and yellow - rained in Afghanistan ? ... There 's really no pleasure in outraging these people . I suppose next some extreme right wing organisation will give me an award , which is equally ridiculous . Soon after the Gun Owners of America announced that they were honoring Milius for `` dramatically depicting the importance in our time of the Second Amendment . '' Later reputation ( edit ) National Review Online has named the film No. 15 in its list of `` The Best Conservative Movies . '' Adam Arseneau at the website DVD Verdict opined that the film `` often feels like a Republican wet dream manifested into a surrealistic Orwellian nightmare '' . According to Jesse Walker of Reason , The film outraged liberal critics , but further to the left it had some supporters . In a witty and perceptive piece for The Nation , Andrew Kopkind called it `` the most convincing story about popular resistance to imperial oppression since the inimitable Battle of Algiers , '' adding that he 'd `` take the Wolverines from Colorado over a small circle of friends from Harvard Square in any revolutionary situation I can imagine . '' Libertarian theorist Murray Rothbard argued that the film was `` not so much pro-war as it is anti-State . '' Rothbard gave the film a generally positive review , while expressing some reservations with the story : One big problem with the picture is that there is no sense that successful guerrilla war feeds on itself ; in real life the ranks of the guerrillas would start to swell , and this would defeat the search - and - destroy concept . In Red Dawn , on the other hand , there are only the same half - dozen teenagers , and the inevitable attrition makes the struggle seem hopeless when it need not be . Another problem is that there is no character development through action , so that , except for the leader , all the high school kids seem indistinguishable . As a result , there is no impulse to mourn as each one falls by the wayside . Milius said that : The movie was very successful . It was just roundly hated by the liberal community and critics . I was vilified and excoriated to a degree -- and I was one who was used to being vilified and excoriated for my movies -- but that movie really got their dander up ... You see the tremendous cost of everything . Nobody comes out of it whole or unscarred . The ones that in the end , when they get away , they 're looking down on this vast plain and say , `` We 're free now . '' And he says , `` Free to do what ? '' References in the film ( edit ) The NRA slogan , `` I 'll give you my gun when you take it from my cold , dead fingers '' , is seen on a truck 's bumper sticker as the paratroopers take over Calumet before a dead man 's M1911 pistol is taken from him . The movie being shown to American prisoners at the Soviet camp near Calumet is Alexander Nevsky ( 1938 ) , Sergei Eisenstein 's Soviet anti-Nazi film . It is also playing in the town cinema across from the drugstore . Much of the story is set in the Arapaho National Forest , and a group of Soviet soldiers refer specifically to the Colorado War , which was fought there between the Arapaho and Cheyenne Indian insurgencies and the occupying U.S. government . Music ( edit ) The film 's score was composed and conducted by Basil Poledouris ; it was the first soundtrack album to be released ( on LP and compact disc ) by Intrada Records . The label issued the complete score in 2007 . In popular culture ( edit ) The movie has become a cult film . Milius : It was almost like a Revolutionary War message . It 's the nature of America 's struggle against oppression . But the movie , because it was a rare patriotic movie in a time when that really was n't done very often , I think it really struck a chord . It really struck a chord with people who 've grown up ( with it ) ... They 've told me , `` God , I just love that movie . '' Because everybody , I think , had that fantasy of what would happen if your home was invaded and you would fight the Russians and whatever . Operation Red Dawn ( edit ) Main article : Operation Red Dawn The operation to capture former Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein was named Operation Red Dawn and its targets were dubbed Wolverine 1 and Wolverine 2 . Army Captain Geoffrey McMurray , who named the mission , said the naming `` was so fitting because it was a patriotic , pro-American movie . '' Milius approved of the naming : `` I was deeply flattered and honored . It 's nice to have a lasting legacy . '' `` I was very proud , '' said Milius . `` I was just thrilled . It 's nice to be liked someplace in the world . I have very strong supporters in the military . '' Remake ( edit ) Main article : Red Dawn ( 2012 film ) The remake takes place in a slightly altered version of the modern day ( c. 2012 ) , with North Korea invading the United States . Milius did not like the remake , and criticised it as `` terrible '' after reading an original script where the villains were Chinese . There was a strange feeling to the whole thing . They were fans of the movie so they put in stuff they thought was neat . It 's all about neat action scenes , and has nothing to do with story ... There 's only one example in 4,000 years of Chinese territorial adventurism , and that was in 1979 , when they invaded Vietnam , and to put it mildly they got their ( butts ) handed to them ... Why would China want us ? They sell us stuff . We 're a market . I would have done it about Mexico . See also ( edit ) 1980s portal Film in the United States portal Culture during the Cold War World War III in popular culture References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Red Dawn ( 1984 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Goldstein , Patrick ( August 16 , 1984 ) . `` ' RED DAWN ' IS MILIUS ' KIND OF MOVIE : JOHN MILIUS '' . Los Angeles Times . p. i1 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Jay A. ; Borys Kit ( July 9 , 2008 ) . `` ' Red Dawn ' redo lands director , scribe ; MGM will remake the 1984 action drama '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Richard E. Sincere , Jr . ( October 1984 ) . `` Schoolkids Battle Red Army in Red Dawn '' . Journal of Civil Defense . The American Civil Defense Association : 17 . ^ Jump up to : Bart , Peter ( September 28 , 2009 ) . `` First Look : Famous Firings a Tough Ax to Follow '' . Variety . p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Dwyer , Johnny ( December 28 , 2003 ) . `` Red Dawn 's New Day , an interview with John Milius , the author and director '' . Free Republic . Jump up ^ Shaw , Tony ( 2007 ) . Hollywood 's Cold War . Edinburgh University Press . p. 270 . ISBN 9780748630738 . Jump up ^ Hoberman , J. ( November 2012 ) . `` The North Koreans Are Coming ! '' . Film Comment ( 48.6 ed . ) . pp. 52 -- 54 , 56 . Jump up ^ `` Red Dawn Movie Filming Locations '' . The 80s Movies Rewind . Fast-rewind.com . Retrieved August 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Baltake , Joe ( July 18 , 1985 ) . `` ACTOR FINDS SUCCESS IN THE WILDS '' . Philadelphia Daily News . p. 51 . Jump up ^ Mann , Roderick ( February 28 , 1987 ) . `` THOMPSON 'S AGE OF DISCONTENT '' . Los Angeles Times . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Red Dawn '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Review of film at New York Times ^ Jump up to : London , Michael . `` FILM CLIPS : DeLOREAN REJECTS 1ST BID FOR FILM BIOGRAPHY FILM CLIPS : DeLOREAN '' . Los Angeles Times ( 1923 -- Current File ) ( Los Angeles , Calif ) September 19 , 1984 : i1 . Jump up ^ `` Red Dawn Condemned As Rife With Violence '' . The New York Times . September 4 , 1984 . ^ Jump up to : Arseneau , Adam ( August 6 , 2007 ) . `` Red Dawn : Collector 's Edition '' . DVD Verdict . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( September 13 , 1984 ) . `` ' Red Dawn ' Under Fire : Dateline Hollywood '' . The Washington Post . p . E7 . Jump up ^ London , Michael ( January 2 , 1985 ) . `` OFF - CAMERA HOLLYWOOD HIGHLIGHTS '' . Los Angeles Times . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Miller , John ( February 23 , 2009 ) . `` The Best Conservative Movies '' . National Review . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Walker , Jesse ( January 28 , 2008 ) . `` The Ghost of Rambo '' . Reason . Jump up ^ Murray Rothbard ( July -- August 1984 ) . `` Red Dawn '' . Libertarian Forum . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with John Milius '' The Implied Observer `` . Impliedobserver.wordpress.com . March 9 , 2009 . Retrieved August 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( August 10 , 1984 ) . `` Red Dawn ( 1984 ) FILM : ' RED DAWN , ' ON WORLD WAR III '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stephen Prince ( 1992 ) . Visions of Empire : Political Imagery in Contemporary American Film . Praeger . p. 57 . ISBN 0 - 275 - 93662 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Red Dawn Imitated Art '' . USA Today . December 17 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Original ' Red Dawn ' director takes aim at the remake '' . Los Angeles Times . March 26 , 2010 . Retrieved 3 January 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Red Dawn Wikimedia Commons has media related to Red Dawn ( 1984 film ) . Red Dawn on IMDb Red Dawn at Rotten Tomatoes Red Dawn at AllMovie Red Dawn at the TCM Movie Database Red Dawn at the American Film Institute Catalog Red Dawn at Box Office Mojo Original script `` Ten Soldiers '' by Kevin Reynolds ( hide ) Films by John Milius Writer and Director Marcello , I 'm So Bored ( 1966 ) Dillinger ( 1973 ) The Wind and the Lion ( 1975 ) Big Wednesday ( 1978 ) Conan the Barbarian ( 1982 ) Red Dawn ( 1984 ) Farewell to the King ( 1989 ) Flight of the Intruder ( 1991 ) Motorcycle Gang ( 1994 ) Rough Riders ( 1997 ) Writer only The Emperor ( 1967 ) The Devil 's 8 ( 1969 ) Evel Knievel ( 1971 ) The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean ( 1972 ) Jeremiah Johnson ( 1972 ) Magnum Force ( 1973 ) Apocalypse Now ( 1979 ) Extreme Prejudice ( 1987 ) Geronimo : An American Legend ( 1993 ) Clear and Present Danger ( 1994 ) Texas Rangers ( 2001 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Dawn&oldid=834199335 '' Categories : 1984 films 1980s action films 1980s adventure films 1980s war films American films American action films American coming - of - age films English - language films Cold War films Political films War adventure films Films scored by Basil Poledouris Films directed by John Milius Screenplays by John Milius Films set in Colorado Films set in 1989 Films shot in New Mexico United States Air Force in films United Artists films World War III speculative fiction Invasions in fiction Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2017 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Cymraeg Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 13 : 08 . 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"The movie was filmed in and around the city of Las Vegas, New Mexico. Many of the buildings and structures which appeared in the film, including a historic Fred Harvey Company hotel adjacent to the train depot, the train yard, and a building near downtown, which was repainted with the name of \"Calumet, Colorado\", are still there today. An old Safeway grocery store was converted to a sound stage and used for several scenes in the movie.[9]"
] | [
"Las Vegas, New Mexico"
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6898502168183614385 | Burj Khalifa | Burj Khalifa - Wikipedia Burj Khalifa `` Burj Dubai '' redirects here . It is not to be confused with Bur Dubai , a district of Dubai . Burj Khalifa برج خليفة The Burj Khalifa in October 2012 Former names Burj Dubai Record height Tallest in the world since 2008 Preceded by Taipei 101 General information Status Complete Type Mixed - use Architectural style Neo-futurism Location 1 Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Boulevard , Dubai , United Arab Emirates Coordinates 25 ° 11 ′ 49.7 '' N 55 ° 16 ′ 26.8 '' E / 25.197139 ° N 55.274111 ° E / 25.197139 ; 55.274111 Coordinates : 25 ° 11 ′ 49.7 '' N 55 ° 16 ′ 26.8 '' E / 25.197139 ° N 55.274111 ° E / 25.197139 ; 55.274111 Construction started 6 January 2004 Completed Intended : September 2008 ; Revised : 2 December 2009 Opened 4 January 2010 Cost USD $ 1.5 billion Height Architectural 828 m ( 2,717 ft ) Tip 829.8 m ( 2,722 ft ) Roof 828 m ( 2,717 ft ) Top floor 584.5 m ( 1,918 ft ) ( Level 156 ) Observatory 555.7 m ( 1,823 ft ) ( Level 148 ) Technical details Material Glass , steel , aluminium , reinforced concrete Floor count 163 above ground . 154 usable floors plus 9 maintenance levels ( 46 spire levels ) and 2 below - ground parking levels Floor area 309,473 m ( 3,331,100 sq ft ) Lifts / elevators 57 ( 55 single deck and 2 double deck ) , made by Otis Elevator Company Design and construction Architect Adrian Smith at Skidmore , Owings and Merrill Developer Emaar Properties Structural engineer Bill Baker at Skidmore , Owings and Merrill Main contractor Samsung C&T Corporation , Besix and Arabtec Supervision Consultant Engineer & Architect of Record Hyder Consulting Construction Project Manager Turner Construction Grocon Planning Bauer AG and Middle East Foundations Lift contractor Otis VT consultant Lerch Bates Website www.burjkhalifa.ae The Burj Khalifa ( Arabic : برج خليفة , Arabic for `` Khalifa Tower '' ; pronounced English : / ˈbɜːrdʒ kəˈliːfə / ) , known as the Burj Dubai before its inauguration in 2010 , is a skyscraper in Dubai , United Arab Emirates . With a total height of 829.8 m ( 2,722 ft ) and a roof height ( excluding antenna ) of 828 m ( 2,717 ft ) , the Burj Khalifa has been the tallest structure in the world since its topping out in late 2008 . Construction of the Burj Khalifa began in 2004 , with the exterior completed five years later in 2009 . The primary structure is reinforced concrete . The building was opened in 2010 as part of a new development called Downtown Dubai . It is designed to be the centrepiece of large - scale , mixed - use development . The decision to construct the building is reportedly based on the government 's decision to diversify from an oil - based economy , and for Dubai to gain international recognition . The building was originally named Burj Dubai but was renamed in honour of the ruler of Abu Dhabi and president of the United Arab Emirates , Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan ; Abu Dhabi and the UAE government lent Dubai money to pay its debts . The building broke numerous height records , including its designation as the tallest building in the world . Burj Khalifa was designed by Adrian Smith , of Skidmore , Owings & Merrill , whose firm designed the Willis Tower and One World Trade Center . Hyder Consulting was chosen to be the supervising engineer with NORR Group Consultants International Limited chosen to supervise the architecture of the project . The design is derived from the Islamic architecture of the region , such as in the Great Mosque of Samarra . The Y - shaped tripartite floor geometry is designed to optimize residential and hotel space . A buttressed central core and wings are used to support the height of the building . Although this design was derived from Tower Palace III , the Burj Khalifa 's central core houses all vertical transportation with the exception of egress stairs within each of the wings . The structure also features a cladding system which is designed to withstand Dubai 's hot summer temperatures . It contains a total of 57 elevators and 8 escalators . Critical reception to Burj Khalifa has been generally positive , and the building has received many awards . There were complaints concerning migrant workers from South Asia who were the primary building labor force . These centered on low wages and the practice of confiscating passports until duties are completed . Several instances of suicides have been reported . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 Conception 2.1 Records 2.2 History of height increases 3 Architecture and design 3.1 Plumbing systems 3.2 Air conditioning 3.3 Window cleaning 4 Elevator system 5 Features 5.1 The Dubai Fountain 5.2 Observation deck 5.3 Burj Khalifa park 5.4 Floor plans 6 Construction 6.1 Milestones 6.2 Real estate values 6.3 Official launch ceremony 7 Reception 7.1 Awards 7.2 BASE jumping 7.3 Climbing 7.4 Fatalities 7.5 Ramadan observance on the higher floors 8 Labour controversy 9 In popular culture 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Development ( edit ) Construction began on 6 January 2004 , with the exterior of the structure completed on 1 October 2009 . The building officially opened on 4 January 2010 , and is part of the 2 km ( 490 - acre ) Downtown Dubai development at the ' First Interchange ' along Sheikh Zayed Road , near Dubai 's main business district . The tower 's architecture and engineering were performed by Souffian AL - Jabiry of Chicago , with Adrian Smith as chief architect , and Bill Baker as chief structural engineer . The primary contractor was Samsung C&T of South Korea . At a certain point in the architectural and engineering process , the original Emaar developers had run into a financial issue , and had required more money and economic funding , therefore Sheikh Khalifa , the ruler of the United Arab Emirates , had granted monetary aid and funding , hence resulting in the changing of the name to `` Burj Khalifa '' . Conception ( edit ) Burj Khalifa was designed to be the centerpiece of a large - scale , mixed - use development to include 30,000 homes , nine hotels ( including The Address Downtown Dubai ) , 3 hectares ( 7.4 acres ) of parkland , at least 19 residential towers , the Dubai Mall , and the 12 - hectare ( 30 - acre ) artificial Burj Khalifa Lake . The decision to build Burj Khalifa was reportedly based on the government 's decision to diversify from an oil - based economy to one that is service and tourism based . According to officials , it was necessary for projects like Burj Khalifa to be built in order to garner more international recognition , and hence investment . `` He ( Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum ) wanted to put Dubai on the map with something really sensational , '' said Jacqui Josephson , a tourism and VIP delegations executive at Nakheel Properties . The tower was known as Burj Dubai ( `` Dubai Tower '' ) until its official opening in January 2010 . It was renamed in honour of the ruler of Abu Dhabi the United Arab Emirates , Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan ; Abu Dhabi and the federal government of UAE lent Dubai tens of billions of US dollars so that Dubai could pay its debts -- Dubai borrowed at least $80 billion for construction projects . In the 2000s , Dubai started diversifying its economy but it suffered from an economic crisis in 2007 -- 2010 , leaving large - scale projects already in construction abandoned . Records ( edit ) Tallest existing structure : 829.8 m ( 2,722 ft ) ( previously KVLY - TV mast -- 628.8 m or 2,063 ft ) Tallest structure ever built : 829.8 m ( 2,722 ft ) ( previously Warsaw radio mast -- 646.38 m or 2,121 ft ) Tallest freestanding structure : 829.8 m ( 2,722 ft ) ( previously CN Tower -- 553.3 m or 1,815 ft ) Tallest skyscraper ( to top of spire ) : 828 m ( 2,717 ft ) ( previously Taipei 101 -- 509.2 m or 1,671 ft ) Tallest skyscraper to top of antenna : 829.8 m ( 2,722 ft ) ( previously the Willis ( formerly Sears ) Tower -- 527 m or 1,729 ft ) Building with most floors : 211 ( including spire ) previously World Trade Center -- 110 World 's highest elevator installation ( situated inside a rod at the very top of the building ) World 's longest travel distance elevators : 504 m ( 1,654 ft ) Highest vertical concrete pumping ( for a building ) : 606 m ( 1,988 ft ) World 's tallest structure that includes residential space World 's highest outdoor observation deck : 124th floor at 452 m ( 1,483 ft ) World 's highest installation of an aluminium and glass façade : 512 m ( 1,680 ft ) World 's highest nightclub : 144th floor World 's highest restaurant ( At. mosphere ) : 122nd floor at 442 m ( 1,450 ft ) ( previously 360 , at a height of 350 m ( 1,148 ft ) in CN Tower ) World 's highest New Year display of fireworks . Previously the world 's highest occupied floor : 584.5 m ( 1,918 ft ) and observation deck : 148th floor at 555 m ( 1,821 ft ) , until being surpassed by Shanghai Tower in 2015 . History of height increases ( edit ) Burj Khalifa compared with some other well - known tall structures There are unconfirmed reports of several planned height increases since its inception . Originally proposed as a virtual clone of the 560 m ( 1,837 ft ) Grollo Tower proposal for Melbourne , Australia 's Docklands waterfront development , the tower was redesigned by Skidmore , Owings and Merrill . Marshall Strabala , a Skidmore , Owings and Merrill architect who worked on the project until 2006 , said in late 2008 that Burj Khalifa was designed to be 808 m ( 2,651 ft ) tall . The architect who designed it , Adrian Smith , felt that the uppermost section of the building did not culminate elegantly with the rest of the structure , so he sought and received approval to increase its height . It was stated that this change did not add any floors , which fit with Smith 's attempts to make the crown more slender . The building opened on 4 January 2010 . Architecture and design ( edit ) Cross-section comparisons of various towers , from top to bottom : Burj Khalifa , Taipei 101 , Willis Tower , World Trade Center The tower was designed by Skidmore , Owings and Merrill , which also designed the Willis Tower ( formerly the Sears Tower ) in Chicago and the One World Trade Center in New York City . Burj Khalifa uses the bundled tube design of the Willis Tower , invented by Fazlur Rahman Khan . Due to its tubular system , proportionally only half the amount of steel was used in the construction , compared to the Empire State Building . The design is reminiscent of Frank Lloyd Wright 's vision for The Illinois , a mile - high skyscraper designed for Chicago , as well as Chicago 's Lake Point Tower . According to Strabala , Burj Khalifa was designed based on the 73 floor Tower Palace Three , an all residential building in Seoul . In its early planning , Burj Khalifa was intended to be entirely residential . Subsequent to the original design by Skidmore , Owings and Merrill , Emaar Properties chose Hyder Consulting to be the supervising engineer and NORR Group Consultants International Ltd to supervise the architecture of the project . Hyder was selected for their expertise in structural and MEP ( mechanical , electrical and plumbing ) engineering . Hyder consulting 's role was to supervise construction , certify the architect 's design , and be the engineer and architect of record to the UAE authorities . NORR 's role was the supervision of all architectural components including on site supervision during construction and design of a 6 - storey addition to the office annex building for architectural documentation . NORR was also responsible for the architectural integration drawings for the Armani Hotel included in the Tower . Emaar Properties also engaged GHD , an international multidisciplinary consulting firm , to act as an independent verification and testing authority for concrete and steelwork . The spiral minaret at the Great Mosque of Samarra The design is derived from Islamic architecture . As the tower rises from the flat desert base , there are 27 setbacks in a spiral pattern , decreasing the cross section of the tower as going upward and creating convenient outdoor terraces . These setbacks are arranged and aligned in a way that minimizes vibration wind loading from eddy currents and vortices . At the top , the central core emerges and is sculpted to form a finishing spire . At its tallest point , the tower sways a total of 1.5 m ( 4.9 ft ) . The spire of Burj Khalifa is composed of more than 4,000 tonnes ( 4,400 short tons ; 3,900 long tons ) of structural steel . The central pinnacle pipe weighs 350 tonnes ( 390 short tons ; 340 long tons ) and has a height of 200 m ( 660 ft ) . The spire also houses communications equipment . This 244 - metre spire is widely considered vanity height , since very little of its space is usable . Without the spire , Burj Khalifa would be 585 metres tall . This was reported in a Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat study , which notes that the empty spire `` could be a skyscraper on its own '' . Such a skyscraper , if located in Europe , would be the 11th tallest building on that continent . In 2009 , architects announced that more than 1,000 pieces of art would adorn the interiors of Burj Khalifa , while the residential lobby of Burj Khalifa would display the work of Jaume Plensa . The cladding system consists of 142,000 m ( 1,528,000 sq ft ) of more than 26,000 reflective glass panels and aluminium and textured stainless steel spandrel panels with vertical tubular fins . The architectural glass provides solar and thermal performance as well as an anti-glare shield for the intense desert sun , extreme desert temperatures and strong winds . The glass covers more than 174,000 m ( 1,870,000 sq ft ) in area . The Burj 's typical curtain wall panels measure 4'6 '' wide by 10'8 '' high and weigh about 800 pounds each , with wider panels near the buildings edges and taller ones near the top . The exterior temperature at the top of the building is thought to be 6 ° C ( 11 ° F ) cooler than at its base . A 304 - room Armani Hotel , the first of four by Armani , occupies 15 of the lower 39 floors . The hotel was supposed to open on 18 March 2010 , but after several delays , it finally opened to the public on 27 April 2010 . The corporate suites and offices were also supposed to open from March onwards , yet the hotel and observation deck remained the only parts of the building which were open in April 2010 . The sky lobbies on the 43rd and 76th floors house swimming pools . Floors through to 108 have 900 private residential apartments ( which , according to the developer , sold out within eight hours of being on the market ) . An outdoor zero - entry swimming pool is located on the 76th floor of the tower . Corporate offices and suites fill most of the remaining floors , except for a 122nd , 123rd and 124th floor where the At. mosphere restaurant , sky lobby and an indoor and outdoor observation deck are located respectively . In January 2010 , it was planned that Burj Khalifa would receive its first residents from February 2010 . The building has 57 elevators and 8 escalators . The elevators have a capacity of 12 to 14 people per cabin , the fastest rising and descending at up to 10 m / s ( 33 ft / s ) for double - deck elevators . However , the world 's fastest single - deck elevator still belongs to Taipei 101 at 16.83 m / s ( 55.2 ft / s ) . Engineers had considered installing the world 's first triple - deck elevators , but the final design called for double - deck elevators . The double - deck elevators are equipped with entertainment features such as LCD displays to serve visitors during their travel to the observation deck . The building has 2,909 stairs from the ground floor to the 160th floor . Plumbing Systems ( edit ) The Burj Khalifa 's water system supplies an average of 946,000 L ( 250,000 U.S. gal ) of water per day through 100 km ( 62 mi ) of pipes . An additional 213 km ( 132 mi ) of piping serves the fire emergency system , and 34 km ( 21 mi ) supplies chilled water for the air conditioning system . The waste water system uses gravity to discharge water from plumbing fixtures , floor drains , mechanical equipment and storm water , to the city municipal sewer . Air conditioning ( edit ) The air conditioning system draws air from the upper floors where the air is cooler and cleaner than on the ground . At peak cooling times , the tower 's cooling is equivalent to that provided by 13,000 short tons ( 26,000,000 lb ) of melting ice in one day , or about 46 MW . Water is collected via a condensate collection system and is used to irrigate the nearby park . Window cleaning ( edit ) To wash the 24,348 windows , totaling 120,000 m ( 1,290,000 sq ft ) of glass , the building has three horizontal tracks which each hold a 1,500 kg ( 3,300 lb ) bucket machine . Above level 109 , and up to tier 27 , traditional cradles from davits are used . The top of the building is cleaned by a crew that uses ropes to descend from the top to gain access . Under normal conditions , when all building maintenance units are operational , it takes 36 workers three to four months to clean the entire exterior . Unmanned machines clean the top 27 additional tiers and the glass spire . The cleaning system was developed in Melbourne , Australia at a cost of A $ 8 million . The contract for building the cleaning machines was won by Australian company CoxGomyl , a manufacturer of building maintenance units . Elevator system ( edit ) The elevator operating chart of the Burj Khalifa H1 -- H4 ( 4 hotel passenger elevators ) : G , 1 , 3 , 5 - 16 , 38 , 39 HS1 , HS2 ( 2 hotel service elevators ) : C , G , 1 -- 39 HS3 , HS4 ( 2 hotel service elevators ) : B1 , C , G , 1 -- 3 HS5 ( 1 hotel service elevator ) : C , G , 1 -- 3 HR1 ( 1 hotel restaurant passenger elevator ) : C , G , 1 HF3 ( 1 hotel spa elevator ) : C , G , 1 , 1M , 2 , 3 HB1 , HB2 ( 2 ballroom elevators ) : C , G , 1 HP1 -- HP4 ( 4 hotel parking elevators ) : B2 , B1 , C , G , 1 , 3 HA1 -- HA3 ( 3 serviced apartment passenger elevators ) : G , 1 , 3 , 9 -- 16 , 18 -- 39 R1 -- R3 ( 3 residential sky lobby shuttle elevators ) : G , 43 R4 -- R6 ( 3 residential sky lobby shuttle elevators ) : G , 76 R7 -- R9 ( 3 residential passenger elevators ) : 43 -- 72 R10 -- R12 ( 3 residential passenger elevators ) : 76 -- 108 RP1 , RP2 ( 2 residential parking elevators ) : B2 , B1 , C , G , 1 OB1 , OB2 ( 2 corporate suite & observatory shuttle elevators , double deck ) : C / G , 123 / 124 BO1 -- BO3 ( 3 corporate suite passenger elevators ) : 112 -- 123 BO4 -- BO6 ( 3 corporate suite passenger elevators ) : 123 -- 135 , 139 -- 154 OP1 , OP2 ( 2 corporate suite Parking elevators ) : B2 , B1 , G , 1 BS1 / F ( 1 firemen & service elevator ) : C , G , 1 -- 40 , 42 -- 73 , 75 -- 136 , 138 BS2 / F ( 1 service elevator ) : C , G , 1 -- 40 , 42 -- 73 , 75 -- 109 , 111 BS3 / F ( 1 service elevator ) : 138 -- 160 Features ( edit ) The Dubai fountain ( edit ) The Dubai Fountain Main article : The Dubai Fountain Outside , WET Enterprises designed a fountain system at a cost of Dh 800 million ( US $217 million ) . Illuminated by 6,600 lights and 50 coloured projectors , it is 270 m ( 900 ft ) long and shoots water 150 m ( 500 ft ) into the air , accompanied by a range of classical to contemporary Arabic and other music . It is the world 's second largest choreographed fountain . On 26 October 2008 , Emaar announced that based on results of a naming contest the fountain would be called the Dubai Fountain . Observation deck ( edit ) View of The Dubai Fountain from the observation deck View from the observation deck An outdoor observation deck , named At the Top , opened on 5 January 2010 on the 124th floor . At 452 m ( 1,483 ft ) , it was the highest outdoor observation deck in the world when it opened . Although it was surpassed in December 2011 by Cloud Top 488 on the Canton Tower , Guangzhou at 488 m ( 1,601 ft ) , Burj Khalifa opened the 148th floor SKY level at 555 m ( 1,821 ft ) , once again giving it the highest observation deck in the world on 15 October 2014 , until the Shanghai Tower opened in June 2016 with an observation deck at a height of 561 metres . The 124th floor observation deck also features the electronic telescope , an augmented reality device developed by Gsmprjct ° of Montréal , which allows visitors to view the surrounding landscape in real - time , and to view previously saved images such as those taken at different times of day or under different weather conditions . To manage the daily rush of sightseers , visitors are able to purchase tickets in advance for a specific date and time and at a 75 % discount on tickets purchased on the spot . On 8 February 2010 , the observation deck was closed to the public for two months after power - supply problems caused an elevator to become stuck between floors , trapping a group of tourists for 45 minutes . When the tide is low and visibility is high , people can see the shores of Iran from the top of the skyscraper . Burj Khalifa park ( edit ) Burj Khalifa is surrounded by an 11 ha ( 27 - acre ) park designed by landscape architects SWA Group . Like the tower , the park 's design was based on the flower of the Hymenocallis , a desert plant . At the centre of the park is the water room , which is a series of pools and water jet fountains . Benches and signs incorporate images of Burj Khalifa and the Hymenocallis flower . The plants are watered by water collected from the building 's cooling system . The system provides 68,000,000 L ( 15,000,000 imp gal ) annually . WET Enterprises , who also developed the Dubai Fountain , developed the park 's six water features . Floor plans ( edit ) The following is a breakdown of floors . Floors Use Dimetric projection with floors colour - coded by function 160 -- 163 Mechanical 156 -- 159 Communication and broadcast 155 Mechanical 149 -- 154 Corporate suites 148 The New Deck observatory 139 -- 147 Corporate suites 136 -- 138 Mechanical 125 -- 135 Corporate suites 124 At the Top observatory 123 Sky lobby 122 Atmosphere restaurant 111 -- 121 Corporate suites 109 -- 110 Mechanical 77 -- 108 Residential 76 Sky lobby 73 -- 75 Mechanical 44 -- 72 Residential 43 Sky lobby 40 -- 42 Mechanical 38 -- 39 Armani Hotel suites 19 -- 37 Residential 17 -- 18 Mechanical 9 -- 16 Armani Residences 1 -- 8 Armani Hotel Ground Armani Hotel Concourse Armani Hotel B1 -- B2 Parking , mechanical Construction ( edit ) Play media Animation of construction process Aerial closeup of Burj Khalifa under construction in March 2008 The tower was constructed by Samsung C&T from South Korea , which also did work on the Petronas Twin Towers and Taipei 101 . Samsung C&T built the tower in a joint venture with Besix from Belgium and Arabtec from UAE . Turner was the project manager on the main construction contract . Under UAE law , the contractor and the engineer of record , Hyder Consulting ( manual structural analysis professionals which used flash analysis authored by Allen Wright ) , is jointly and severally liable for the performance of Burj Khalifa . The primary structure is reinforced concrete . Putzmeister created a new , super high - pressure trailer concrete pump , the BSA 14000 SHP - D , for this project . Burj Khalifa 's construction used 330,000 m ( 431,600 cu yd ) of concrete and 55,000 tonnes ( 61,000 short tons ; 54,000 long tons ) of steel rebar , and construction took 22 million man - hours . In May 2008 Putzmeister pumped concrete with more than 21 MPA ultimate compressive strength of gravel to surpass the 600 meters weight of the effective area of each column from the foundation to the next fourth level , and the rest was by metal columns jacketed or covered with concrete to a then world record delivery height of 606 m ( 1,988 ft ) , the 156th floor . Three tower cranes were used during construction of the uppermost levels , each capable of lifting a 25 - tonne load . The remaining structure above was constructed of lighter steel . In 2003 , 33 test holes were drilled to study the strength of the bedrock underlying the structure . `` Weak to very weak sandstone and siltstone '' was found , just metres below the surface . Samples were taken from test holes drilled to a depth of 140 metres , finding weak to very weak rock all the way . The study described the site as part of a `` seismically active area '' . Over 45,000 m ( 58,900 cu yd ) of concrete , weighing more than 110,000 tonnes ( 120,000 short tons ; 110,000 long tons ) were used to construct the concrete and steel foundation , which features 192 piles ; each pile is 1.5 metre in diameter by 43 m in length , buried more than 50 m ( 164 ft ) deep . The foundation was designed to support the total building weight of approximately 450,000 tonnes ( 500,000 short tons ; 440,000 long tons ) . This weight was then divided by the compressive strength of concrete of which is 30 MPa which yielded a 450 sq. meters of vertical normal effective area , which then yielded to a 12 meters by 12 meters dimensions . A cathodic protection system is under the concrete to neutralize the groundwater and prevent corrosion . The Burj Khalifa is highly compartmentalised . Pressurized , air - conditioned refuge floors are located approximately every 35 floors where people can shelter on their long walk down to safety in case of an emergency or fire . Special mixes of concrete were made to withstand the extreme pressures of the massive building weight ; as is typical with reinforced concrete construction , each batch of concrete was tested to ensure it could withstand certain pressures . CTLGroup , working for Skidmore , Owings and Merrill , conducted the creep and shrinkage testing critical for the structural analysis of the building . The consistency of the concrete used in the project was essential . It was difficult to create a concrete that could withstand both the thousands of tonnes bearing down on it and Persian Gulf temperatures that can reach 50 ° C ( 122 ° F ) . To combat this problem , the concrete was not poured during the day . Instead , during the summer months , ice was added to the mixture and it was poured at night when the air was cooler and the humidity was higher . Cooler concrete cures more evenly and is therefore less likely to set too quickly and crack . Any significant cracks could have put the entire project in jeopardy . Milestones ( edit ) Burj Khalifa and skyline of Dubai , 2010 January 2004 : Excavation commences . February 2004 : Piling starts . 21 September 2004 : Emaar contractors begin construction . March 2005 : Structure of Burj Khalifa starts rising . June 2006 : Level 50 is reached . February 2007 : Surpasses the Sears Tower as the building with the most floors . 13 May 2007 : Sets record for vertical concrete pumping on any building at 452 m ( 1,483 ft ) , surpassing the 449.2 m ( 1,474 ft ) to which concrete was pumped during the construction of Taipei 101 , while Burj Khalifa reached the 130th floor . 21 July 2007 : Surpasses Taipei 101 , whose height of 509.2 m ( 1,671 ft ) made it the world 's tallest building , and level 141 reached . 12 August 2007 : Surpasses the Sears Tower antenna , which stands 527 m ( 1,729 ft ) . 12 September 2007 : At 555.3 m ( 1,822 ft ) , becomes the world 's tallest freestanding structure , surpassing the CN Tower in Toronto , and level 150 reached . 7 April 2008 : At 629 m ( 2,064 ft ) , surpasses the KVLY - TV Mast to become the tallest man - made structure , level 160 reached . 17 June 2008 : Emaar announces that Burj Khalifa 's height is over 636 m ( 2,087 ft ) and that its final height will not be given until it is completed in September 2009 . 1 September 2008 : Height tops 688 m ( 2,257 ft ) , making it the tallest man - made structure ever built , surpassing the previous record - holder , the Warsaw Radio Mast in Konstantynów , Poland . 17 January 2009 : Topped out at 829.8 m ( 2,722 ft ) . 1 October 2009 : Emaar announces that the exterior of the building is completed . 4 January 2010 : Burj Khalifa 's official launch ceremony is held and Burj Khalifa is opened . Burj Dubai renamed Burj Khalifa in honour of the President of the UAE and ruler of Abu Dhabi , Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed al Nahyan . 10 March 2010 : Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat certifies Burj Khalifa as world 's tallest building . Real estate values ( edit ) In March 2009 , Mohamed Ali Alabbar , chairman of the project 's developer , Emaar Properties , said office space pricing at Burj Khalifa reached US $4,000 per sq ft ( over US $43,000 per m2 ) and the Armani Residences , also in Burj Khalifa , sold for US $3,500 per sq ft ( over US $37,500 per m2 ) . He estimated the total cost for the project to be about US $1.5 billion . The project 's completion coincided with the global financial crisis of 2007 -- 2012 , and with vast overbuilding in the country , leading to high vacancies and foreclosures . With Dubai mired in debt from its huge ambitions , the government was forced to seek multibillion dollar bailouts from its oil - rich neighbor Abu Dhabi . Subsequently , in a surprise move at its opening ceremony , the tower was renamed Burj Khalifa , said to honour the UAE President Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan for his crucial support . Because of the slumping demand in Dubai 's property market , the rents in the Burj Khalifa plummeted 40 % some ten months after its opening . Out of 900 apartments in the tower , 825 were still empty at that time . However , over the next two and a half years , overseas investors steadily began to purchase the available apartments and office space . By October 2012 , Emaar reported that around 80 % of the apartments were occupied . Official launch ceremony ( edit ) The opening ceremony of Burj Khalifa The ceremony was broadcast live on a giant screen on Burj Park Island and on smaller screens elsewhere . Hundreds of media outlets from around the world reported live from the scene . In addition to the media presence , 6,000 guests were expected . The opening was held on 4 January 2010 . The ceremony featured a display of 10,000 fireworks , light beams projected on and around the tower , and further sound , light and water effects . The celebratory lighting was designed by UK lighting designers Speirs and Major Associates . Using the 868 powerful stroboscope lights that are integrated into the façade and spire of the tower , different lighting sequences were choreographed , together with more than 50 different combinations of other effects . A short film about Burj Khalifa and Dubai in general was followed by a fireworks and light show . The first part of the show was based on a desert flower theme and included fireworks , lights , and sounds . The second segment told the story of the tower 's construction using 300 projectors to generate an image of the tower . The final segment used fireworks and lights to illuminate the tower . Reception ( edit ) Awards ( edit ) In June 2010 , Burj Khalifa was the recipient of the 2010 `` Best Tall Building Middle East & Africa '' award by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat . On 28 September 2010 Burj Khalifa won the award for best project of the year at the Middle East Architect Awards 2010 . Awards Chair Gordon Gill , of Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture , said : We are talking about a building here that has changed the landscape of what is possible in architecture a building that became internationally recognized as an icon long before it was even completed . ' Building of the Century ' was thought a more appropriate title for it . Burj Khalifa was also the recipient of following awards . Year Award 2012 Award of Merit for World Voices Sculpture , Burj Khalifa Lobby from Structural Engineers Association of Illinois ( SEAOI ) , Chicago . 2011 Interior Architecture Award , Certificate of Merit from AIA -- Chicago Chapter . Distinguished Building Award , Citation of Merit from AIA -- Chicago Chapter . Interior Architecture Award : Special Recognition from AIA -- Chicago Chapter . Design Excellence Award : Special Function Room . Excellence in Engineering from ASHRAE ( American Society of Heating , Refrigerating , and Air - Conditioning Engineers ) -- Illinois Chapter . Outstanding Structure Award from International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering . Decade of Design , Presidential Commendation in Corporate Space Small from International Interior Design Association ( IIDA ) . Decade of Design Best of Category / Mixed Use Buildings from International Interior Design Association ( IIDA ) . GCC Technical Building Project of the Year from MEED ( formerly Middle East Economic Digest ) . Project of the Year from MEED . International Architecture Award . Arab Achievement Award 2010 : Best Architecture Project from Arab Investment Summit . Architecture Award ( Mixed Use ) Dubai from Arabian Property Awards . Architecture Award ( Mixed Use ) Arabian Region from Arabian Property Awards . International Architecture Award from Chicago Athenaeum . American Architecture Award from Chicago Athenaeum . Commercial / Mixed Use Built from Cityscape . Best Mixed Use Built Development in Cityscape Abu Dhabi . Skyscraper Award : Silver Medal from Emporis . Award for Commercial or Retail Structure from Institution of Structural Engineers . International Architecture Award ( Mixed Use ) from International Commercial Property Awards . Special Recognition for Technological Advancement from International Highrise Awards . Best Structural Design of the Year from LEAF Award . International Projects Category : Outstanding Project from National Council of Structural Engineers Associations . Best of What 's New from Popular Science Magazine . Spark Awards , Silver Award . Excellence in Structural Engineering : Most Innovative Structure from SEAOI . BASE jumping ( edit ) The building has been used by several experienced BASE jumpers for both authorised and unauthorised BASE jumping : In May 2008 , Hervé Le Gallou and David McDonnell , dressed as engineers , illegally infiltrated Burj Khalifa ( around 650 m at the time ) , and jumped off a balcony situated several floors below the 160th floor . On 8 January 2010 , with permission of the authorities , Nasr Al Niyadi and Omar Al Hegelan , from the Emirates Aviation Society , broke the world record for the highest BASE jump from a building after they leapt from a crane - suspended platform attached to the 160th floor at 672 m ( 2,205 ft ) . The two men descended the vertical drop at a speed of up to 220 km / h ( 140 mph ) , with enough time to open their parachutes 10 seconds into the 90 - second jump . On 21 April 2014 , with permission of the authorities and support from several sponsors , highly experienced French BASE jumpers Vince Reffet and Fred Fugen broke the Guinness world record for the highest BASE jump from a building after they leapt from a specially designed platform , built at the very top of the pinnacle , at 828 metres ( 2,717 feet ) . Climbing ( edit ) On 28 March 2011 , Alain `` Spiderman '' Robert scaled the outside of Burj Khalifa . The climb to the top of the spire took six hours . To comply with UAE safety laws , Robert , who usually climbs in free solo style , used a rope and harness . Fatalities ( edit ) Within 17 months of the building 's official opening , a man described as `` an Asian in his mid-30s '' who worked at one of the companies in the tower , died by suicide on 10 May 2011 by jumping from the 147th floor . He fell 39 floors , landing on a deck on the 108th floor . Dubai police confirmed the act as a suicide , reporting that `` ( they ) also came to know that the man decided to commit suicide as his company refused to grant leave . '' The Daily Mail reported that on 16 November 2014 , Laura Vanessa Nunes , a Portuguese national who was in Dubai on a tourist visa , fell to her death from Burj Khalifa 's `` At the Top '' observation deck on the 148th floor . However , on 18 May 2015 , Dubai police disputed the report made by the Daily Mail on this incident and said that this incident took place in Jumeirah Lakes Towers . A Dubai coroner 's report stated her body was found on the third floor of the Burj Khalifa . Emails obtained under the Freedom of Information act from Portugal 's embassy in the UAE also confirmed that she had committed suicide from the 148th floor of the Burj Khalifa . Ramadan observance on the higher floors ( edit ) At the higher floors , people can still see the sun for several minutes after it has set . This has led Dubai clerics to rule that those living above the 80th floor should wait 2 additional minutes to break their Ramadan fast , and those living above the 150th floor , 3 minutes . Labour controversy ( edit ) Further information : Human rights in the United Arab Emirates The Burj Khalifa was built primarily by workers from South Asia and East Asia . This is generally because the current generation of UAE locals prefer governmental jobs and do not have an attitude favouring private sector employment . On 17 June 2008 , there were about 7,500 skilled workers employed at the construction site . Press reports indicated in 2006 that skilled carpenters at the site earned £ 4.34 a day , and labourers earned £ 2.84 . According to a BBC investigation and a Human Rights Watch report , the workers were housed in abysmal conditions , and worked long hours for low pay . During construction , only one construction - related death was reported . However , workplace injuries and fatalities in the UAE are `` poorly documented '' , according to Human Rights Watch . On 21 March 2006 , about 2,500 workers , upset over buses that were delayed for the end of their shifts , protested and triggered a riot , damaging cars , offices , computers and construction equipment . A Dubai Interior Ministry official said the rioters caused almost £ 500,000 in damage . Most of the workers involved in the riot returned the following day but refused to work . In Popular culture ( edit ) Some scenes of the 2011 American action film Mission : Impossible -- Ghost Protocol were shot on and in the Burj Khalifa . An alternate version of the Burj Khalifa appears in the 2012 video game Spec Ops : The Line . In the 2013 American animated film Planes , Dusty Crophopper and the plane competitors pass to the Burj Khalifa by the stage from Germany to India . In the 2016 American science fiction film Independence Day : Resurgence , the Burj Khalifa was seen where it -- along with many other structures -- is being thrown into London by the aliens using their mothership 's anti-gravity pull . The Burj Khalifa , alongside other Dubai landmarks , was featured in the music video of Thunder by Imagine Dragons . In the 2017 American disaster film Geostorm , the building is hit by a massive tsunami , which causes the antenna to fall off and the building itself to tilt at a precarious angle . The unique design and engineering challenges of building Burj Khalifa have been featured in a number of television documentaries , including Big , Bigger , Biggest and Mega Builders . See also ( edit ) Dubai portal Architecture portal List of buildings in Dubai List of buildings with 100 floors or more List of development projects in Dubai List of tallest buildings and structures in the world List of tallest freestanding structures in the world List of tallest buildings in Dubai List of tallest buildings in the United Arab Emirates List of tallest buildings in the world List of tallest structures in the world Jeddah Tower References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Page not found - Burj Khalifa '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Opening of Iconic Burj Dubai Announced '' . Gulfnews. 4 November 2009 . Archived from the original on 6 November 2009 . Retrieved 4 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Stanglin , Douglas ( 2 January 2010 ) . `` Dubai opens world 's tallest building '' . Dubai : USA Today . Retrieved 4 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Burj Khalifa -- The Skyscraper Center '' . Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat . 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Retrieved 6 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cloud Top 488 on Canton Tower Opened to public '' . The People ` s Government of Guangzhou Municipality. 19 December 2011 . Retrieved 23 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Augmented Reality -- gsmprjct ° '' . gsmprjct ° . Archived from the original on 2 December 2014 . Retrieved 6 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` At the Top , Burj Khalifa '' . gsmprjct ° . Retrieved 6 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Une firme québécoise dans la plus haute tour du monde '' . Journal de Montréal ( in French ) . 4 January 2010 . Archived from the original on 23 July 2012 . Retrieved 19 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' At The Top ' Observation Deck Ticket Information '' . Emaar Properties . Retrieved 9 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Emaar Says Burj Khalifa Observation Deck Closed for Maintenance '' . Bloomberg. 8 February 2010 . Archived from the original on 11 February 2010 . Retrieved 9 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Tomlinson , Hugh ( 10 February 2010 ) . `` Terrifying lift ordeal at Burj Khalifa tower , the world 's tallest building '' . UK : The Times . Retrieved 10 February 2010 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` World 's tallest building , Burj Khalifa , reopens observation deck '' . UK : The Guardian . 5 April 2010 . Retrieved 6 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Burj Khalifa observation deck reopens '' . GulfNews.com. 5 April 2010 . Retrieved 6 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Rackl , Lori ( 5 April 2010 ) . `` Machu Picchu and Burj Khalifa back in biz '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on 8 April 2010 . Retrieved 5 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The View From Dubai '' . The New York Times . 6 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` An 11 - hectare green oasis envelops the foot of Burj Dubai '' . Emaar Properties . 20 December 2009 . Retrieved 20 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` An 11 - hectare green oasis envelops the foot of Burj Dubai '' . BurjDubai.com. 20 December 2009 . 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Archived from the original on 10 August 2011 . Retrieved 23 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Christopher Hawthorne ( 1 January 2010 ) . `` The Burj Dubai and architecture 's vacant stare '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 4 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 828 - metre Burj Dubai renamed Burj Khalifa '' . Maktoob Group . 4 January 2010 . Archived from the original on 24 February 2010 . Retrieved 10 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Reagan , Brad ( 14 October 2010 ) . `` Burj Khalifa rents tumble 40 % '' . The National . Retrieved 6 November 2010 . Jump up ^ McGinley , Shane ( 21 October 2010 ) . `` Armani Residences defy 70 % Burj Khalifa price drop '' . Arabian Business . Retrieved 6 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Offices stand empty in tallest tower , the Burj Khalifa '' . BBC . 21 July 2012 . Retrieved 28 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Emaar Reports 80 % Occupancy Levels In Burj Khalifa '' . REIDIN.com . Archived from the original on 1 February 2013 . 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Jump up ^ Mansfield , Roddy ( 8 January 2010 ) . `` Daredevils Jump Off World 's Tallest Building '' . Sky News . Retrieved 8 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Highest BASE jump from a building '' . Guinness World Records Limited . Retrieved 26 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fred Fugen and Vincent Reffet took BASE jumping higher than ever before in Dubai '' . Red Bull . Retrieved 26 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Burj Khalifa Pinnacle BASE Jump -- 4K . YouTube . 24 April 2014 . Retrieved 22 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Spiderman ' Alain Robert scales Burj Khalifa in Dubai '' . BBC . 28 March 2011 . Retrieved 29 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Man dies in jump from world 's tallest building '' . News.blogs.cnn.com. 12 May 2011 . Retrieved 29 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Heartbroken woman leaps to her death from the 148th floor of the Burj Khalifa -- the world 's tallest building -- after relationship turns sour '' . Daily Mail . 18 May 2015 . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` No suicide at Burj Khalifa say Dubai Police '' . Gulf News . 18 May 2015 . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Perring , Rebecca ( 19 May 2015 ) . `` Is Dubai trying to cover - up woman 's death from top of world 's tallest building ? '' . Jump up ^ Saunokonoko , Mark ( 16 November 2017 ) . `` How rich Gulf emirate Dubai covered up woman 's suicide from top of Burj Khalifa '' . Nine News Australia . Jump up ^ BBC Staff . `` Dubai Burj Khalifa : Ramadan fast ' lasts longer high up ' '' . BBC.com . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Whitaker , Brian ( 23 March 2006 ) . `` Riot by migrant workers halts construction of Dubai skyscraper '' . UK : The Guardian . Retrieved 25 March 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Burj Dubai opens tomorrow , final height still a secret ! '' . India : The Hindu . 3 January 2010 . Retrieved 6 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Ayesha Almazroui . `` Emiratisation wo n't work if people do n't want to learn '' . thenational.ae . Jump up ^ Rania Moussly , Staff Reporter . `` Blacklist seeks to deter Emirati job aspirants from being fussy '' . gulfnews.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Building Towers , Cheating Workers Section V '' . Human Rights Watch . 11 November 2006 . Retrieved 26 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Dark side of the Dubai dream '' . BBC . 6 April 2009 . Retrieved 15 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Glamorous Facade of the Burj Khalifa '' . Migrant-Rights.org. 4 January 2010 . Retrieved 6 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Keeping the Burj Dubai site safe for workers '' . gulfnews. 4 January 2010 . Retrieved 29 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Gornall ( 5 June 2016 ) . `` Independence Day trailer : What would it take for Burj Khalifa to be uprooted and thrown at London ? '' . The National . Abu Dhabi Media . Retrieved 28 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Imagine Dragons - Thunder on YouTube External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Burj Khalifa ( category ) Official website `` The Burj Dubai Tower Wind Engineering '' ( PDF ) . ( 597 KB ) ( Structure magazine , June 2006 ) `` The Wind Engineering of the Burj Dubai Tower '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on 14 September 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ( 620 KB ) ( Irwin et al. , November 2006 ) BBC reports : Burj Khalifa opening , with video and links ; Maintaining the world 's tallest building Records Preceded by Warsaw Radio Mast 646.38 m ( 2,120.67 ft ) World 's tallest structure ever built 2008 -- present Incumbent Preceded by KVLY - TV mast 628.8 m ( 2,063 ft ) World 's tallest structure 2008 -- present Preceded by CN Tower 553.33 m ( 1,815.39 ft ) World 's tallest free - standing structure 2007 -- present Preceded by Taipei 101 509.2 m ( 1,670.6 ft ) World 's tallest building 2010 -- present Preceded by Willis Tower 108 floors Building with the most floors 2007 -- present Preceded by Almas Tower 360 m ( 1,180 ft ) Tallest building in Dubai 2010 -- present Landmarks and attractions in Dubai Al Bastakiya Al Fahidi Fort Atlantis , The Palm Burj Al Arab Burj Khalifa Deira Clocktower Dubai Autodrome Dubai Creek Tower Dubai Dolphinarium Dubai Fountain Dubai Frame Dubai Gold Souk Dubai Mall Dubai Miracle Garden Dubai Opera Dubai Parks and Resorts Dubai Spice Souk Dubai Textile Souk Dubai Trolley Dubai World Trade Centre Emirates Towers Etisalat Tower 1 Global Village Hatta Heritage Village Heritage Village Dubai Hyatt Regency Dubai Jumeirah Beach Jumeirah Beach Hotel Madinat Jumeirah National Bank of Dubai Orbi Dubai Palm Islands Queen Elizabeth 2 Saeed Al Maktoum House Ski Dubai The Universe Wild Wadi The World Zabeel Park Dubai skyscrapers Supertall 23 Marina The Address Downtown Dubai Ahmed Abdul Rahim Al Attar Tower Al Yaqoub Tower Almas Tower Burj Al Arab Burj Khalifa Cayan Tower Elite Residence Emirates Office Tower HHHR Tower The Index Jumeirah Emirates Towers Hotel JW Marriott Marquis Dubai The Marina Torch Ocean Heights Princess Tower Rose Tower Completed 21st Century Tower AAM Tower Acico Twin Towers The Address Dubai Mall AG Tower Al Attar Business Tower Al Fattan Marine Towers Al Kazim Towers Al Manara Tower Al Sahab Tower 1 Al Salam Tecom Tower Al Seef Tower Al Seef Towers Al Tayer Tower Angsana Hotel & Suites Armada Towers AU Tower Capricorn Tower Central Park Towers Chelsea Tower Churchill Towers The Citadel City Premiere Hotel Apartments Concord Tower Concorde Tower Conrad Dubai The Dome Dubai Arch Tower Dubai Gate 1 Dubai Jewel Tower Dubai Marriott Harbour Hotel & Suites Dubai Mixed - Use Towers Dubai World Trade Centre Dusit Residence Dusit Thani Dubai Emirates Crown Etisalat Tower 2 Executive Towers Falcon Tower Four Points by Sheraton Goldcrest Executive Goldcrest Views 1 Goldcrest Views 2 Grosvenor House West Marina Beach Grosvenor House The Residence Horizon Tower I - Rise Jumeirah Bay Jumeirah Beach Residence Jumeirah Business Center Towers 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 Khalid Al Attar Tower 2 Laguna Tower Lake Point Tower Lake Shore Tower 1 Lake Terrace Latifa Tower Le Rêve Liberty House MAG 214 Tower Mag 218 Tower Marina 1 Marina Crown Marina Pinnacle Marina Terrace Marina Heights Tower Media 1 Tower Millennium Tower The Monarch Office Tower Nuaimi Tower The One Tower Park Place The Peninsula The Prime Tower The Prism The Residences Rolex Tower Saeed Tower 2 Sama Tower Shaiba Towers Shangri - La Hotel Shatha Tower Sidra Tower Sky Gardens South Ridge Sulafa Tower Swiss Tower Tamani Hotel Marina Tiffany Tower Time Place The Tower Trident Grand Residence Ubora Towers Vision Tower World Trade Centre Residence Topped out Address Boulevard The Buildings by Daman DAMAC Residenze Dubai Pearl Marina 101 The Skyscraper See also : Future Dubai skyscrapers and List of tallest buildings in Dubai Supertall skyscrapers hide Current North America 432 Park Avenue 875 North Michigan Avenue Aon Center Bank of America Plaza Bank of America Tower Chrysler Building Empire State Building Franklin Center JPMorgan Chase Tower One World Trade Center One57 Salesforce Tower The New York Times Building Trump International Hotel and Tower Two Prudential Plaza U.S. Bank Tower Wells Fargo Plaza Willis Tower Wilshire Grand Center South America Gran Torre Santiago Asia China , Hong Kong , Taiwan 85 Sky Tower Bank of China Tower Central Plaza The Center Chang Fu Jin Mao Tower China World Trade Center Tower III Chongqing IFS T1 Chongqing World Financial Center CITIC Plaza Diwang International Fortune Center East Pacific Center Eton Place Dalian Fortune Center Gate to the East Greenland Puli Center Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre Guangzhou International Finance Center KK100 Leatop Plaza Longxi International Hotel Minsheng Bank Building Nanjing International Youth Cultural Centre Tower 1 Nina Tower Pearl River Tower Ping An Finance Centre The Pinnacle Shanghai Tower Shanghai World Financial Center Shimao International Plaza Shun Hing Square Suning Plaza 1 , Wuxi Taipei 101 Tianjin World Financial Center Wanda Plaza Wenzhou World Trade Center The Wharf Times Square White Magnolia Plaza International Commerce Centre International Finance Centre Jiangxi Nanchang Greenland Central Plaza Jin Mao Tower Wuxi Maoye City -- Marriott Hotel Zhongzhou Holdings Financial Center Zhuhai St. Regis Hotel & Office Tower Zhujiang New City Tower Zifeng Tower 23 Marina Abenobashi Terminal Building Skyscraper ( Abeno Harukas ) Abraj Al Bait The Address Downtown Dubai ADNOC Headquarters Al Hamra Tower Almas Tower Arraya Tower Aspire Tower Baiyoke Tower II Burj Al Arab Burj Khalifa Cayan Tower Elite Residence Emirates Office Tower Etihad Towers Haeundae Doosan We 've the Zenith HHHR Tower The Index Jumeirah Emirates Towers Hotel JW Marriott Marquis Dubai Keangnam Hanoi Landmark Tower Kingdom Centre The Landmark Lotte World Tower MahaNakhon The Marina Torch Northeast Asia Trade Tower Ocean Heights Petronas Towers Princess Tower Rose Tower Telekom Tower World Trade Center Abu Dhabi Europe City of Capitals Eurasia Federation Tower Mercury City Tower OKO Tower The Shard Australia Q1 Under construction North America 3 Hudson Boulevard 3 World Trade Center 9 DeKalb Avenue 30 Hudson Yards 35 Hudson Yards 45 Broad Street 50 Hudson Yards 53W53 111 West 57th Street 125 Greenwich Street Central Park Tower Comcast Technology Center Manhattan West Tower 1 One Vanderbilt Vista Tower Asia China Baoneng Center Baoneng Shenyang Global Financial Center Changsha A9 Financial District Changsha IFS Tower T1 Chengdu Greenland Tower China Resources Centre Block A China Resources Headquarters Chongqing Corporate Avenue 1 Concord International Centre Dalian Greenland Center Dalian International Trade Center Deji Plaza Dongguan International Trade Center 1 Eye of Spring Trade Center Gemdale Gangxia Tower 1 Golden Eagle Tiandi Tower A Golden Eagle Tiandi Tower B Goldin Finance 117 Greenland Group Suzhou Center Guangxi Finance Plaza Haikou Tower Hanking Center Heartland 66 Office Tower Hon Kwok City Center Huaguoyuan Tower 1 Huaguoyuan Tower 2 Jin Wan Plaza 1 Jinan Center Financial City Logan Century Center 1 Mandarin Oriental Chengdu Nanjing Olympic Suning Tower Nanjing World Trade Center Tower 1 Ningbo Center One Shenzhen Bay Phoenix Towers Rose Rock International Finance Center Runhua Global Center 1 Shenglong Global Center Shimao Hunan Center Shum Yip Upperhills Tower 1 South Asian Gate Spring City 66 Suning Plaza Tower 1 , Zhenjiang Suzhou IFS Suzhou Zhongnan Center Tianjin Chow Tai Fook Binhai Center Tianjin Modern City Office Tower Tianjin R&F Guangdong Tower Wuhan Center Wuhan Greenland Center Xiamen International Centre Yantai Shimao No. 1 The Harbour Yuexiu Fortune Center Tower 1 India DB Crown Lokhandwala Minerva Namaste Tower Palais Royale Three Sixty West World One Saudi Arabia Capital Market Authority Headquarters Diamond Tower Jeddah Tower Lamar Towers South Korea LCT Landmark Tower LCT Residential Tower A LCT Residential Tower B Parc1 Tower UAE Address Boulevard Ahmed Abdul Rahim Al Attar Tower DAMAC Residenze Dubai Pearl Marina 101 Marina 106 The Skyscraper other Abu Dhabi Plaza The Exchange 106 Gate of Kuwait Gate of Taipei Iconic Tower Merdeka PNB 118 Pertamina Energy Tower Ryugyong Hotel The Stratford Residences VietinBank Business Center Office Tower Vincom Landmark 81 Europe Lakhta Center Australia Australia 108 Construction delayed or suspended Al Quds Endowment Tower Barwa Tower Burj Al Alam Busan Lotte Town Tower Doha Tower and Convention Center Dubai Towers Doha Forum 66 India Tower JW Marriott International Finance Centre Lighthouse Tower Millennium Tower Orchid Heights Pentominium The Pinnacle Plaza Rakyat Qatar National Bank Tower Signature Tower Jakarta Sino - Steel Tower Skycity Square Capital Tower Tameer Commercial Tower Tour Financial Hub Center Two World Trade Center Former World Trade Center ( 1973 -- 2001 ) See also Proposed supertall skyscrapers List of architects of supertall buildings Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burj_Khalifa&oldid=846531343 '' Categories : Residential skyscrapers in Dubai Skyscraper hotels in Dubai Skidmore , Owings & Merrill buildings Hotel buildings completed in 2009 Office buildings completed in 2009 Residential buildings completed in 2009 High - tech architecture Islamic architecture Neo-futurism architecture Postmodern architecture in Dubai Skyscraper office buildings in Dubai Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2011 CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from February 2015 Articles containing Arabic - language text Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the name of the tallest building in the world located in dubai | [
"The Burj Khalifa (Arabic: برج خليفة, Arabic for \"Khalifa Tower\"; pronounced English: /ˈbɜːrdʒ kəˈliːfə/), known as the Burj Dubai before its inauguration in 2010, is a skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. With a total height of 829.8 m (2,722 ft) and a roof height (excluding antenna) of 828 m (2,717 ft), the Burj Khalifa has been the tallest structure in the world since its topping out in late 2008.[4][9]"
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"Burj Khalifa"
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-9220242005766740360 | Base pair | Base pair - wikipedia Base pair Jump to : navigation , search Depiction of the adenine - thymine Watson - Crick base pair . A base pair ( bp ) is a unit consisting of two nucleobases bound to each other by hydrogen bonds . They form the building blocks of the DNA double helix , and contribute to the folded structure of both DNA and RNA . Dictated by specific hydrogen bonding patterns , Watson - Crick base pairs ( guanine - cytosine and adenine - thymine ) allow the DNA helix to maintain a regular helical structure that is subtly dependent on its nucleotide sequence . The complementary nature of this based - paired structure provides a backup copy of all genetic information encoded within double - stranded DNA . The regular structure and data redundancy provided by the DNA double helix make DNA well suited to the storage of genetic information , while base - pairing between DNA and incoming nucleotides provides the mechanism through which DNA polymerase replicates DNA , and RNA polymerase transcribes DNA into RNA . Many DNA - binding proteins can recognize specific base pairing patterns that identify particular regulatory regions of genes . Intramolecular base pairs can occur within single - stranded nucleic acids . This is particularly important in RNA molecules ( e.g. , transfer RNA ) , where Watson - Crick base pairs ( guanine - cytosine and adenine - uracil ) permit the formation of short double - stranded helices , and a wide variety of non-Watson - Crick interactions ( e.g. , G-U or A-A ) allow RNAs to fold into a vast range of specific three - dimensional structures . In addition , base - pairing between transfer RNA ( tRNA ) and messenger RNA ( mRNA ) forms the basis for the molecular recognition events that result in the nucleotide sequence of mRNA becoming translated into the amino acid sequence of proteins via the genetic code . The size of an individual gene or an organism 's entire genome is often measured in base pairs because DNA is usually double - stranded . Hence , the number of total base pairs is equal to the number of nucleotides in one of the strands ( with the exception of non-coding single - stranded regions of telomeres ) . The haploid human genome ( 23 chromosomes ) is estimated to be about 3.2 billion bases long and to contain 20,000 -- 25,000 distinct protein - coding genes . A kilobase ( kb ) is a unit of measurement in molecular biology equal to 1000 base pairs of DNA or RNA . The total amount of related DNA base pairs on Earth is estimated at 5.0 x 10 , and weighs 50 billion tonnes . In comparison , the total mass of the biosphere has been estimated to be as much as 4 TtC ( trillion tons of carbon ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Hydrogen bonding and stability 1.1 Examples 2 Base analogs and intercalators 3 Unnatural base pair ( UBP ) 4 Length measurements 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Hydrogen bonding and stability ( edit ) Top , a GC base pair with three hydrogen bonds . Bottom , an AT base pair with two hydrogen bonds . Non-covalent hydrogen bonds between the pairs are shown as dashed lines . Hydrogen bonding is the chemical interaction that underlies the base - pairing rules described above . Appropriate geometrical correspondence of hydrogen bond donors and acceptors allows only the `` right '' pairs to form stably . DNA with high GC - content is more stable than DNA with low GC - content , but , contrary to popular belief , the hydrogen bonds do not stabilize the DNA significantly , and stabilization is mainly due to stacking interactions . The larger nucleobases , adenine and guanine , are members of a class of double - ringed chemical structures called purines ; the smaller nucleobases , cytosine and thymine ( and uracil ) , are members of a class of single - ringed chemical structures called pyrimidines . Purines are complementary only with pyrimidines : pyrimidine - pyrimidine pairings are energetically unfavorable because the molecules are too far apart for hydrogen bonding to be established ; purine - purine pairings are energetically unfavorable because the molecules are too close , leading to overlap repulsion . Purine - pyrimidine base pairing of AT or GC or UA ( in RNA ) results in proper duplex structure . The only other purine - pyrimidine pairings would be AC and GT and UG ( in RNA ) ; these pairings are mismatches because the patterns of hydrogen donors and acceptors do not correspond . The GU pairing , with two hydrogen bonds , does occur fairly often in RNA ( see wobble base pair ) . Paired DNA and RNA molecules are comparatively stable at room temperature but the two nucleotide strands will separate above a melting point that is determined by the length of the molecules , the extent of mispairing ( if any ) , and the GC content . Higher GC content results in higher melting temperatures ; it is , therefore , unsurprising that the genomes of extremophile organisms such as Thermus thermophilus are particularly GC - rich . On the converse , regions of a genome that need to separate frequently -- for example , the promoter regions for often - transcribed genes -- are comparatively GC - poor ( for example , see TATA box ) . GC content and melting temperature must also be taken into account when designing primers for PCR reactions . Examples ( edit ) The following DNA sequences illustrate pair double - stranded patterns . By convention , the top strand is written from the 5 ' end to the 3 ' end ; thus , the bottom strand is written 3 ' to 5 ' . A base - paired DNA sequence : ATCGATTGAGCTCTAGCG TAGCTAACTCGAGATCGC The corresponding RNA sequence , in which uracil is substituted for thymine where uracil takes its place in the RNA strand : AUCGAUUGAGCUCUAGCG UAGCUAACUCGAGAUCGC Base analogs and intercalators ( edit ) Main article : Nucleic acid analogues Chemical analogs of nucleotides can take the place of proper nucleotides and establish non-canonical base - pairing , leading to errors ( mostly point mutations ) in DNA replication and DNA transcription . This is due to their isosteric chemistry . One common mutagenic base analog is 5 - bromouracil , which resembles thymine but can base - pair to guanine in its enol form . Other chemicals , known as DNA intercalators , fit into the gap between adjacent bases on a single strand and induce frameshift mutations by `` masquerading '' as a base , causing the DNA replication machinery to skip or insert additional nucleotides at the intercalated site . Most intercalators are large polyaromatic compounds and are known or suspected carcinogens . Examples include ethidium bromide and acridine . Unnatural base pair ( UBP ) ( edit ) See also : Artificial gene synthesis , Expanded genetic code , Nucleic acid analogue , and Synthetic genomics An unnatural base pair ( UBP ) is a designed subunit ( or nucleobase ) of DNA which is created in a laboratory and does not occur in nature . DNA sequences have been described which use newly created nucleobases to form a third base pair , in addition to the two base pairs found in nature , A-T ( adenine - thymine ) and G-C ( guanine - cytosine ) . A few research groups have been searching for a third base pair for DNA , including teams led by Steven A. Benner , Philippe Marliere , Floyd Romesberg and Ichiro Hirao . Some new base pairs have been reported . In 1989 Steven Benner , then at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich , and his team led with modified forms of cytosine and guanine into DNA molecules in vitro . The nucleotides , which encoded RNA and proteins , were successfully replicated in vitro . Since then , Benner 's team has been trying to engineer cells that can make foreign bases from scratch , obviating the need for a feedstock . In 2002 , Ichiro Hirao 's group in Japan developed an unnatural base pair between 2 - amino - 8 - ( 2 - thienyl ) purine ( s ) and pyridine - 2 - one ( y ) that functions in transcription and translation , for the site - specific incorporation of non-standard amino acids into proteins . In 2006 , they created 7 - ( 2 - thienyl ) imidazo ( 4 , 5 - b ) pyridine ( Ds ) and pyrrole - 2 - carbaldehyde ( Pa ) as a third base pair for replication and transcription . Afterward , Ds and 4 - ( 3 - ( 6 - aminohexanamido ) - 1 - propynyl ) - 2 - nitropyrrole ( Px ) was discovered as a high fidelity pair in PCR amplification . In 2013 , they applied the Ds - Px pair to DNA aptamer generation by in vitro selection ( SELEX ) and demonstrated the genetic alphabet expansion significantly augment DNA aptamer affinities to target proteins . In 2012 , a group of American scientists led by Floyd Romesberg , a chemical biologist at the Scripps Research Institute in San Diego , California , published that his team designed an unnatural base pair ( UBP ) . The two new artificial nucleotides or Unnatural Base Pair ( UBP ) were named d5SICS and dNaM . More technically , these artificial nucleotides bearing hydrophobic nucleobases , feature two fused aromatic rings that form a ( d5SICS -- dNaM ) complex or base pair in DNA . His team designed a variety of in vitro or `` test tube '' templates containing the unnatural base pair and they confirmed that it was efficiently replicated with high fidelity in virtually all sequence contexts using the modern standard in vitro techniques , namely PCR amplification of DNA and PCR - based applications . Their results show that for PCR and PCR - based applications , the d5SICS -- dNaM unnatural base pair is functionally equivalent to a natural base pair , and when combined with the other two natural base pairs used by all organisms , A -- T and G -- C , they provide a fully functional and expanded six - letter `` genetic alphabet '' . In 2014 the same team from the Scripps Research Institute reported that they synthesized a stretch of circular DNA known as a plasmid containing natural T-A and C-G base pairs along with the best - performing UBP Romesberg 's laboratory had designed , and inserted it into cells of the common bacterium E. coli that successfully replicated the unnatural base pairs through multiple generations . The transfection did not hamper the growth of the E. coli cells , and showed no sign of losing its unnatural base pairs to its natural DNA repair mechanisms . This is the first known example of a living organism passing along an expanded genetic code to subsequent generations . Romesberg said he and his colleagues created 300 variants to refine the design of nucleotides that would be stable enough and would be replicated as easily as the natural ones when the cells divide . This was in part achieved by the addition of a supportive algal gene that expresses a nucleotide triphosphate transporter which efficiently imports the triphosphates of both d5SICSTP and dNaMTP into E. coli bacteria . Then , the natural bacterial replication pathways use them to accurately replicate a plasmid containing d5SICS -- dNaM . Other researchers were surprised that the bacteria replicated these human - made DNA subunits . The successful incorporation of a third base pair is a significant breakthrough toward the goal of greatly expanding the number of amino acids which can be encoded by DNA , from the existing 20 amino acids to a theoretically possible 172 , thereby expanding the potential for living organisms to produce novel proteins . The artificial strings of DNA do not encode for anything yet , but scientists speculate they could be designed to manufacture new proteins which could have industrial or pharmaceutical uses . Experts said the synthetic DNA incorporating the unnatural base pair raises the possibility of life forms based on a different DNA code . Length measurements ( edit ) The following abbreviations are commonly used to describe the length of a D / R NA molecule : bp = base pair ( s ) -- one bp corresponds to approximately 3.4 Å ( 340 pm ) of length along the strand , and to roughly 618 or 643 daltons for DNA and RNA respectively . kb ( = kbp ) = kilo base pairs = 1,000 bp Mb ( = Mbp ) = mega base pairs = 1,000,000 bp Gb = giga base pairs = 1,000,000,000 bp . For case of single - stranded DNA / RNA units of nucleotides are used , abbreviated nt ( or knt , Mnt , Gnt ) , as they are not paired . For distinction between units of computer storage and bases kbp , Mbp , Gbp , etc. may be used for base pairs . The centimorgan is also often used to imply distance along a chromosome , but the number of base pairs it corresponds to varies widely . In the Human genome , the centimorgan is about 1 million base pairs . See also ( edit ) List of Y - DNA single - nucleotide polymorphisms References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sequence - Dependent Variability of B - DNA '' . DNA Conformation and Transcription . Springer : 18 -- 34 . doi : 10.1007 / 0 - 387 - 29148 - 2_2 . Jump up ^ Moran , Laurence A. ( 2011 - 03 - 24 ) . `` The total size of the human genome is very likely to be ~ 3,200 Mb '' . Sandwalk.blogspot.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The finished length of the human genome is 2.86 Gb '' . Strategicgenomics.com. 2006 - 06 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium ( 2004 ) . `` Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome '' . Nature . 431 ( 7011 ) : 931 -- 45 . PMID 15496913 . doi : 10.1038 / nature03001 . Jump up ^ Cockburn , Andrew F. ; Jane Newkirk , Mary ; Firtel , Richard A. ( 1976 ) . `` Organization of the ribosomal RNA genes of dictyostelium discoideum : Mapping of the nontrascribed spacer regions '' . Cell. 9 ( 4 ) : 605 -- 613 . doi : 10.1016 / 0092 - 8674 ( 76 ) 90043 - X . Jump up ^ Nuwer , Rachel ( 18 July 2015 ) . `` Counting All the DNA on Earth '' . The New York Times . New York : The New York Times Company . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Biosphere : Diversity of Life '' . Aspen Global Change Institute . Basalt , CO . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Peter Yakovchuk , Ekaterina Protozanova and Maxim D. Frank - Kamenetskii . Base - stacking and base - pairing contributions into thermal stability of the DNA double helix . Nucleic Acids Research 2006 34 ( 2 ) : 564 - 574 . ^ Jump up to : Fikes , Bradley J. ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` Life engineered with expanded genetic code '' . San Diego Union Tribune . Archived from the original on 9 May 2014 . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Yang , Zunyi ; et al. ( August 15 , 2011 ) . `` Amplification , Mutation , and Sequencing of a Six - Letter Synthetic Genetic System '' . J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133 ( 38 ) : 15105 -- 15112 . PMC 3427765 . PMID 21842904 . doi : 10.1021 / ja204910n . Jump up ^ Yamashige , Rie ; et al. ( March 2012 ) . `` Highly specific unnatural base pair systems as a third base pair for PCR amplification '' . Nucl Acids Res. 40 ( 6 ) : 2793 -- 2806 . PMC 3315302 . PMID 22121213 . doi : 10.1093 / nar / gkr1068 . Jump up ^ Malyashev , D.A. ; et al. ( July 24 , 2012 ) . `` Efficient and sequence - independent replication of DNA containing a third base pair establishes a functional six - letter genetic alphabet '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA . 109 ( 30 ) : 12005 -- 12010 . Bibcode : 2012PNAS ... 10912005M . PMC 3409741 . PMID 22773812 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1205176109 . Jump up ^ Switzer , Christopher ; Moroney , Simon E. ; Benner , Steven A. ( 1989 ) . `` Enzymatic incorporation of a new base pair into DNA and RNA '' . J. Am. Chem. Soc. 111 ( 21 ) : 8322 -- 8323 . doi : 10.1021 / ja00203a067 . ^ Jump up to : Callaway , Ewan ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` Scientists Create First Living Organism With ' Artificial ' DNA '' . Nature News . Huffington Post . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Hirao , I. ; et al. ( 2002 ) . `` An unnatural base pair for incorporating amino acid analogs into proteins '' . Nat . Biotechnol. 20 : 177 -- 182 . PMID 11821864 . doi : 10.1038 / nbt0202 - 177 . Jump up ^ Hirao , I. ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` An unnatural hydrophobic base pair system : site - specific incorporation of nucleotide analogs into DNA and RNA '' . Nat . Methods. 6 : 729 -- 735 . doi : 10.1038 / nmeth915 . Jump up ^ Kimoto , M. et al. ( 2009 ) An unnatural base pair system for efficient PCR amplification and functionalization of DNA molecules . Nucleic acids Res. 37 , e14 Jump up ^ Yamashige , R. ; et al. `` Highly specific unnatural base pair systems as a third base pair for PCR amplification '' . Nucleic Acids Res. 40 : 2793 -- 2806 . PMC 3315302 . PMID 22121213 . doi : 10.1093 / nar / gkr1068 . Jump up ^ Kimoto , M. ; et al. ( 2013 ) . `` Generation of high - affinity DNA aptamers using an expanded genetic alphabet '' . Nat . Biotechnol. 31 : 453 -- 457 . PMID 23563318 . doi : 10.1038 / nbt. 2556 . ^ Jump up to : Malyshev , Denis A. ; Dhami , Kirandeep ; Quach , Henry T. ; Lavergne , Thomas ; Ordoukhanian , Phillip ( 24 July 2012 ) . `` Efficient and sequence - independent replication of DNA containing a third base pair establishes a functional six - letter genetic alphabet '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 109 ( 30 ) : 12005 -- 12010 . Bibcode : 2012PNAS ... 10912005M . PMC 3409741 . PMID 22773812 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1205176109 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Malyshev , Denis A. ; Dhami , Kirandeep ; Lavergne , Thomas ; Chen , Tingjian ; Dai , Nan ; Foster , Jeremy M. ; Corrêa , Ivan R. ; Romesberg , Floyd E. ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` A semi-synthetic organism with an expanded genetic alphabet '' . Nature . 509 : 385 -- 8 . PMC 4058825 . PMID 24805238 . doi : 10.1038 / nature13314 . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sample , Ian ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` First life forms to pass on artificial DNA engineered by US scientists '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scientists create first living organism containing artificial DNA '' . The Wall Street Journal . Fox News . May 8 , 2014 . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Pollack , Andrew ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` Scientists Add Letters to DNA 's Alphabet , Raising Hope and Fear '' . New York Times . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NIH ORDR - Glossary - C '' . Rarediseases.info.nih.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Matthew P Scott ; Paul Matsudaira ; Harvey Lodish ; James Darnell ; Lawrence Zipursky ; Chris A Kaiser ; Arnold Berk ; Monty Krieger ( 2004 ) . Molecular Cell Biology ( Fifth ed . ) . San Francisco : W.H. Freeman . p. 396 . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 4366 - 3 ... in humans 1 centimorgan on average represents a distance of about 7.5 x10 base pairs . Further reading ( edit ) Watson JD ; Baker TA ; Bell SP ; Gann A ; Levine M ; Losick R ( 2004 ) . Molecular Biology of the Gene ( 5th ed . ) . Pearson Benjamin Cummings : CSHL Press . ( See esp . ch. 6 and 9 ) Astrid Sigel ; Helmut Sigel ; Roland K.O. Sigel , eds. ( 2012 ) . Interplay between Metal Ions and Nucleic Acids . Metal Ions in Life Sciences . 10 . Springer . ISBN 978 - 9 - 4007 - 2171 - 5 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 007 - 2172 - 2 . Clever , Guido H. ; Shionoya , Mitsuhiko ( 2012 ) . `` Chapter 10 . Alternative DNA Base - Pairing through Metal Coordination '' . Interplay between Metal Ions and Nucleic Acids . pp. 269 -- 294 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 007 - 2172 - 2_10 . Megger , Dominik A. ; Megger , Nicole ; Mueller , Jens ( 2012 ) . `` Chapter 11 . Metal - Mediated Base Pairs in Nucleic Acids with Purine and Pyrimidine - Derived Neucleosides '' . Interplay between Metal Ions and Nucleic Acids . pp. 295 -- 317 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 007 - 2172 - 2_11 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Base pairing . DAN -- webserver version of the EMBOSS tool for calculating melting temperatures Genetics Introduction Outline History Index Key components Chromosome DNA RNA Nucleotide Genome Fields Classical Conservation Ecological Immunogenetics Molecular Population Quantitative Archaeogenetics of the Americas the British Isles Europe Italy the Near East South Asia Related topics Behavioural genetics Epigenetics Geneticist Genomics Genetic code Medical genetics Molecular evolution Reverse genetics Genetic engineering Genetic diversity Heredity Genetic monitoring Genetic genealogy List of genetics research organizations Genetics Types of nucleic acids Constituents Nucleobases Nucleosides Nucleotides Deoxynucleotides Ribonucleic acids ( coding , non-coding ) Translational Messenger precursor , heterogenous nuclear Transfer Ribosomal Transfer - messenger Regulatory Interferential Micro Small interfering Piwi - interacting Antisense Processual Small nuclear Small nucleolar Small Cajal Body RNAs Y RNA Enhancer RNAs Others Guide Ribozyme Small hairpin Small temporal Trans - acting small interfering Subgenomic messenger Deoxyribonucleic acids Complementary Chloroplast Deoxyribozyme Genomic Multicopy single - stranded Mitochondrial Analogues Xeno Glycol Threose Hexose Locked Peptide Morpholino Cloning vectors Phagemid Plasmid Lambda phage Cosmid Fosmid Artificial chromosomes P1 - derived Bacterial Yeast Human Nucleic acid constituents Nucleobase Purine Adenine Guanine Hypoxanthine Xanthine Purine analogue Pyrimidine Uracil Thymine Cytosine Pyrimidine analogue Unnatural base pair ( UBP ) Nucleoside Ribonucleoside Adenosine Guanosine 5 - Methyluridine Uridine 5 - Methylcytidine Cytidine Inosine Xanthosine Wybutosine Deoxyribonucleoside Deoxyadenosine Deoxyguanosine Thymidine Deoxyuridine Deoxycytidine Deoxyinosine Deoxyxanthosine Nucleotide ( Nucleoside monophosphate ) Ribonucleotide AMP GMP m UMP UMP CMP IMP XMP Deoxyribonucleotide dAMP dGMP dTMP dUMP dCMP dIMP dXMP Cyclic nucleotide cAMP cGMP c - di - GMP cADPR Nucleoside diphosphate ADP GDP m UDP UDP CDP dADP dGDP dTDP dUDP dCDP Nucleoside triphosphate ATP GTP m UTP UTP CTP ITP XTP dATP dGTP dTTP dUTP dCTP dITP dXTP Molecular and cellular biology portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Base_pair&oldid=799977557 '' Categories : Genetics Molecular genetics Nucleic acids Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Kurdî Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 23 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what are the base pair rules for rna | [
"Intramolecular base pairs can occur within single-stranded nucleic acids. This is particularly important in RNA molecules (e.g., transfer RNA), where Watson-Crick base pairs (guanine-cytosine and adenine-uracil) permit the formation of short double-stranded helices, and a wide variety of non-Watson-Crick interactions (e.g., G-U or A-A) allow RNAs to fold into a vast range of specific three-dimensional structures. In addition, base-pairing between transfer RNA (tRNA) and messenger RNA (mRNA) forms the basis for the molecular recognition events that result in the nucleotide sequence of mRNA becoming translated into the amino acid sequence of proteins via the genetic code.",
"Intramolecular base pairs can occur within single-stranded nucleic acids. This is particularly important in RNA molecules (e.g., transfer RNA), where Watson-Crick base pairs (guanine-cytosine and adenine-uracil) permit the formation of short double-stranded helices, and a wide variety of non-Watson-Crick interactions (e.g., G-U or A-A) allow RNAs to fold into a vast range of specific three-dimensional structures. In addition, base-pairing between transfer RNA (tRNA) and messenger RNA (mRNA) forms the basis for the molecular recognition events that result in the nucleotide sequence of mRNA becoming translated into the amino acid sequence of proteins via the genetic code."
] | [
"Watson-Crick base pairs (guanine-cytosine and adenine-uracil) permit the formation of short double-stranded helices",
"non-Watson-Crick interactions (e.g., G-U or A-A) allow RNAs to fold into a vast range of specific three-dimensional structures"
] |
-6647669508887454945 | 2018 Winter Olympics | 2018 Winter Olympics - wikipedia 2018 Winter Olympics This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 20 February 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search `` PyeongChang 2018 '' redirects here . For the Winter Paralympics , see 2018 Winter Paralympics . XXIII Olympic Winter Games Host city Pyeongchang County South Korea Motto Passion . Connected . Korean : 하나 된 열정 . ( Hanadoen Yeoljeong ) Nations participating 92 Athletes participating 2,914 ( 1,672 men and 1,242 women ) Events 102 in 15 sports Opening ceremony 9 February Closing ceremony 25 February Officially opened by President Moon Jae - in Athlete 's Oath Mo Tae - bum Olympic Torch Yuna Kim Stadium Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium Winter < Sochi 2014 Beijing 2022 > Summer < Rio 2016 Tokyo 2020 > Pyeongchang Winter Olympics Hangul 평창 동계 올림픽 Hanja 平 昌 冬季 올림픽 Revised Romanization Pyeongchang Donggye Ollimpik McCune -- Reischauer P'yŏngch'ang Tonggye Ollimp'ik XXIII Olympic Winter Games Hangul 제 23 회 동계 올림픽 Hanja 第 二 十 三 回 冬季 올림픽 Revised Romanization Jeisipsamhoe Donggye Ollimpik McCune -- Reischauer Cheisipsamhoe Tonggye Ollimp'ik Part of a series on the 2018 Winter Olympics ( show ) Bid process ( bid details ) Venues Torch relay Mascots Broadcasters Opening ceremony ( flag bearers ) Chronological summary Medal table ( medalists ) World and Olympic records Controversies ( ban on Russian athletes ) Closing ceremony ( flag bearers ) Paralympics IOC KOC POCOG The 2018 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XXIII Olympic Winter Games ( Korean : 제 23 회 동계 올림픽 , translit . Jeisipsamhoe Donggye Ollimpik ) , officially stylized and commonly known as PyeongChang 2018 , is an international multi-sport event currently being held from 9 to 25 February 2018 in Pyeongchang County , South Korea , with the opening rounds for certain events held on the eve of the opening ceremony -- 8 February 2018 . Pyeongchang was elected as the host in July 2011 , during the 123rd IOC Session in Durban , South Africa . It marks the first time South Korea has hosted the Winter Olympics , and the second Olympics in the country overall after the 1988 Summer Olympics in the nation 's capital , Seoul . It also marks the third time East Asia has hosted the Winter Games , after Sapporo , Japan ( 1972 ) , and Nagano , Japan ( 1998 ) , and the sixth overall Olympic Games held in East Asia . It is the first of three consecutive Olympic Games scheduled to be held in East Asia , preceding Tokyo 2020 ( Summer ) and Beijing 2022 ( Winter ) . The games feature 102 events in fifteen sports , with the addition of `` big air '' snowboarding , mass start speed skating , mixed doubles curling , and mixed team alpine skiing to the Winter Olympic programme . 2,914 athletes from 92 National Olympic Committees are expected to compete , including the debuts of Ecuador , Eritrea , Kosovo , Malaysia , Nigeria and Singapore . The lead - up to these Games was affected by the ongoing tensions between South Korea and North Korea , and the ongoing 2017 -- 18 missile crisis . These led to security concerns , with several countries threatening to skip the games if their safety was not ensured . In January 2018 , after their first high - level talks in over two years , North Korea agreed to participate in the Games along with South Korea . The countries also agreed to march together , as a united `` Korea '' , during the opening ceremony , and to field a unified women 's ice hockey team . Contents ( hide ) 1 Bidding and election 2 Development and preparation 2.1 Medals 2.2 Torch relay 2.3 Venues 2.3. 1 Pyeongchang ( mountain cluster ) 2.3. 1.1 Alpensia Sports Park 2.3. 2 Stand - alone venues 2.3. 3 Gangneung ( coastal cluster ) 2.4 Ticketing 3 The Games 3.1 Opening ceremony 3.2 Sports 3.3 Participating National Olympic Committees 3.3. 1 Number of athletes by National Olympic Committee 3.4 Event scheduling 3.5 Calendar 3.6 Medal table 3.7 Closing ceremony 4 Records 5 Broadcasting 6 Marketing 6.1 Branding 6.2 Mascots 6.3 Video games 7 Concerns and controversies 7.1 North Korean relations 7.2 Russian doping 7.2. 1 Participation 7.2. 2 Official sanctions 7.2. 3 Reaction in Russia 7.2. 4 Reactions in Western media 7.2. 5 Doping in Olympics 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Bidding and election ( edit ) Main article : Bids for the 2018 Winter Olympics Pyeongchang bid to host both the 2010 and 2014 Winter Olympics , but lost in the final rounds of voting to Vancouver and Sochi respectively . Munich also launched a bid to host these Games . Prior to Beijing 's successful 2022 Winter Olympics bid , Munich would have become the first city to host both the Winter and the Summer Games , having previously hosted the 1972 Summer Olympics , but received only 25 votes . Annecy ( in southeastern France ) launched their own bid , which failed to secure public support from the local citizens . Their bid ended up receiving seven votes . Pyeongchang was elected as the host city at the 123rd IOC Session in Durban in 2011 , earning the necessary majority of at least 48 votes in just one round of voting , more votes than its competitors combined . With this , Pyeongchang became the third Asian city to host the Winter Games ; the first two were in Japan , at Sapporo ( 1972 ) and Nagano ( 1998 ) . 2018 Winter Olympics bidding results City Nation Votes Pyeongchang South Korea 63 Munich Germany 25 Annecy France 7 Development and preparation ( edit ) Pyeongchang Location in South Korea On 5 August 2011 , the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) announced the formation of the Pyeongchang 2018 Coordination Commission . On 4 October 2011 , it was announced that the Organizing Committee for the 2018 Winter Olympics would be headed by Kim Jin - sun . The Pyeongchang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic & Paralympic Winter Games ( POCOG ) was launched at its inaugural assembly on 19 October 2011 . The first tasks of the organizing committee were putting together a master plan for the games as well as forming a design for the venues . The IOC Coordination Commission for the 2018 Winter Olympics made their first visit to Pyeongchang in March 2012 . By then , construction was already underway on the Olympic Village . In June 2012 , construction began on a high - speed rail line that is to connect Pyeongchang to Seoul . The International Paralympic Committee met for an orientation with the Pyeongchang 2018 organizing committee in July 2012 . Then - IOC President Jacques Rogge visited Pyeongchang for the first time in February 2013 . The Pyeongchang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic & Paralympic Winter Games created Pyeongchang WINNERS in 2014 by recruiting university students living in South Korea to spread awareness of the Olympic Games through social networking services and news articles . Medals ( edit ) The Games ' medal designs were unveiled on 21 September 2017 . Designed by Lee Suk - woo , they feature a pattern of diagonal ridges on both sides , with the front including the Olympic rings , and their obverse featuring the Games ' emblem and the event name and discipline . The edge of the medals feature extrusions of hangul characters , while the ribbons are made from a traditional South Korean textile . Torch relay ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Winter Olympics torch relay 2018 Winter Olympics torch The torch relay started on 24 October 2017 in Greece and ended at the start of the Olympics on 9 February 2018 . On 1 November 2017 the relay entered Korea . The relay lasted 101 days . There were 7,500 torch bearers to represent the Korean population of 75 million people . There were also 2,018 support runners to guard the torch and act as messengers . The torch and its bearers traveled by a diverse means of transportation , including by turtle ship in Hansando Island , sailboat on the Baengmagang River in Buyeo , marine cable car in Yeosu , zip - wire over Bamseom Island , steam train in the Gokseong Train Village , marine rail bike along the east coast in Samcheok , and by yacht in Busan Metropolitan City . There were also robot torch relays in Jeju and Daejeon . Venues ( edit ) Olympic venues 2018 Main article : Venues of the 2018 Winter Olympics and Paralympics Dragon Valley Ski Resort The Olympic events are held in the county of Pyeongchang , except for the ice events , which take place in the neighboring city of Gangneung , and downhill , super-G and combined , which take place in the neighboring county of Jeongseon . Pyeongchang ( mountain cluster ) ( edit ) Alpensia sports park ( edit ) The Alpensia Resort in Daegwallyeong - myeon , Pyeongchang , is the focus of the 2018 Pyeongchang Winter Olympics . Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium -- opening and closing ceremonies Alpensia Ski Jumping Centre -- ski jumping , Nordic combined , snowboarding ( big air ) Alpensia Biathlon Centre -- biathlon Alpensia Cross-Country Centre -- cross-country skiing , Nordic combined Alpensia Sliding Centre -- luge , bobsleigh , and skeleton Olympic Village Yongpyong Alpine Centre -- alpine skiing ( slalom , giant slalom ) Stand - alone venues ( edit ) Bogwang Phoenix Park in Bongpyeong - myeon , Pyeongchang -- freestyle skiing and snowboard Jeongseon Alpine Centre in Pyeongchang 's neighboring county of Jeongseon -- alpine skiing ( downhill , super-G and combined ) Gangneung ( coastal cluster ) ( edit ) The coastal cluster is located in Pyeongchang 's neighboring city of Gangneung . The Gangneung Olympic Park includes the following four venues : Gangneung Hockey Centre -- ice hockey ( men 's competition ) Gangneung Curling Centre -- curling Gangneung Oval -- speed skating Gangneung Ice Arena -- short track speed skating and figure skating In addition , a stand - alone venue is located on the grounds of Catholic Kwandong University : Kwandong Hockey Centre -- ice hockey ( women 's competition ) Ticketing ( edit ) Ticket prices for the 2018 Winter Olympics were announced in April 2016 and went on sale in October 2016 , ranging from ₩ 20,000 ( approximately US $ 17 ) to ₩ 900,000 ( US $776 ) . Tickets for the opening and closing ceremonies range from ₩ 220,000 ( US $190 ) to ₩ 1.5 million ( US $1293 ) . The exact prices were determined through market research ; around 50 % of the tickets are expected to cost about ₩ 80,000 ( US $69 ) or less , and tickets in sports that are relatively unknown in the region , such as biathlon and luge , are made cheaper in order to encourage attendance . By contrast , figure skating and the men 's hockey gold - medal game carry the most expensive tickets of the Games . As of 11 October 2017 , domestic ticket sales for the Games were reported to be slow . Of the 750,000 seats allocated to South Koreans , only 20.7 % had been sold . International sales have been better , with 59.7 % of the 320,000 allocated tickets sold . However , as of 31 January 2018 , 77 % of all tickets have been sold . The Games ( edit ) Opening ceremony ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony The opening ceremony of the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium on 9 February 2018 ; the US $100 million facility is only used for the ceremonies of these Olympics and Paralympics , and is slated to be demolished following their conclusion . Sports ( edit ) The 2018 Winter Olympics features 102 events in 15 sports , making it the first Winter Olympics to surpass 100 medal events . Six new events in existing sports were introduced to the Winter Olympic program in Pyeongchang , including men 's and ladies ' big air snowboarding , mixed doubles curling , men 's and ladies ' mass start speed skating , and mixed team alpine skiing . For the first time since 1998 , the National Hockey League did n't provide accommodations ( including a break in the season for all teams during the Olympics ) to allow its players to participate in the men 's ice hockey tournament . The NHL 's decision stemmed from their demands that the IOC cover the cost of insuring the NHL players who participate in the Games . Although it did pay to insure NHL players in Sochi , the IOC was unwilling to do so for Pyeongchang , and was concerned that the NHL 's demand could set a precedent for other professional sports bodies to follow . NHL Commissioner Gary Bettman added that a factor in the decision was that the IOC did not allow the NHL to promote the involvement of its players in the Olympics . The NHL secured the cooperation of the International Ice Hockey Federation and the IOC , who agreed to establish a blacklist forbidding national teams from nominating or accepting players under NHL contract to their Olympic rosters . Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of medal events contested in each sport . Alpine skiing ( 11 ) ( details ) Biathlon ( 11 ) ( details ) Bobsleigh ( 3 ) ( details ) Cross-country skiing ( 12 ) ( details ) Curling ( 3 ) ( details ) Figure skating ( 5 ) ( details ) Freestyle skiing ( 10 ) ( details ) Ice hockey ( 2 ) ( details ) Luge ( 4 ) ( details ) Nordic combined ( 3 ) ( details ) Short track speed skating ( 8 ) ( details ) Skeleton ( 2 ) ( details ) Ski jumping ( 4 ) ( details ) Snowboarding ( 10 ) ( details ) Speed skating ( 14 ) ( details ) Participating National Olympic Committees ( edit ) A total of 95 teams have qualified at least one athlete so far , with 92 of them expected to compete . Six nations are scheduled to make their Winter Olympics debut : Ecuador , Eritrea , Kosovo , Malaysia , Nigeria and Singapore . Athletes from the Cayman Islands , Dominica and Peru qualified to compete , but all three National Olympic Committees returned the quota spots back to the International Ski Federation ( FIS ) . Under an agreement with North Korea , its qualified athletes are allowed to cross the Korean Demilitarized Zone into South Korea and compete in the games . The two nations marched together under the Korean Unification Flag during the opening ceremony . A Unified Korea women 's ice hockey team is also competing under a separate IOC country code designation ( COR ) ; in all other sports , there is a separate North Korea team and a separate South Korea team . See North Korea at the 2018 Winter Olympics for further details . On 5 December 2017 , the IOC announced that the Russian Olympic Committee had been suspended due to the Russian doping controversy . Individual athletes who qualified and could demonstrate they had complied with the IOC 's doping regulations instead competed as `` Olympic Athletes from Russia '' ( OAR ) under a neutral flag and with the Olympic anthem played in any ceremony . The participating countries at the Winter Olympics 2018 Debuting countries at the Winter Olympics ( hide ) Participating National Olympic Committees Albania ( 2 ) Andorra ( 5 ) Argentina ( 7 ) Armenia ( 3 ) Australia ( 51 ) Austria ( 105 ) Azerbaijan ( 1 ) Belarus ( 33 ) Belgium ( 22 ) Bermuda ( 1 ) Bolivia ( 2 ) Bosnia and Herzegovina ( 4 ) Brazil ( 9 ) Bulgaria ( 21 ) Canada ( 226 ) Chile ( 7 ) China ( 81 ) Colombia ( 4 ) Croatia ( 19 ) Cyprus ( 1 ) Czech Republic ( 95 ) Denmark ( 17 ) Ecuador ( 1 ) Eritrea ( 1 ) Estonia ( 22 ) Finland ( 106 ) France ( 107 ) Georgia ( 4 ) Germany ( 156 ) Ghana ( 1 ) Great Britain ( 58 ) Greece ( 4 ) Hong Kong ( 1 ) Hungary ( 19 ) Iceland ( 5 ) India ( 2 ) Iran ( 4 ) Ireland ( 5 ) Israel ( 10 ) Italy ( 122 ) Jamaica ( 3 ) Japan ( 124 ) Kazakhstan ( 46 ) Kenya ( 1 ) Korea ( 35 ) North Korea ( 10 ) South Korea ( 122 ) ( host ) Kosovo ( 1 ) Kyrgyzstan ( 2 ) Latvia ( 34 ) Lebanon ( 3 ) Liechtenstein ( 3 ) Lithuania ( 9 ) Luxembourg ( 1 ) Macedonia ( 3 ) Madagascar ( 1 ) Malaysia ( 2 ) Malta ( 1 ) Mexico ( 4 ) Moldova ( 2 ) Monaco ( 4 ) Mongolia ( 2 ) Montenegro ( 3 ) Morocco ( 2 ) Netherlands ( 33 ) New Zealand ( 21 ) Nigeria ( 3 ) Norway ( 109 ) Olympic Athletes from Russia ( 168 ) Pakistan ( 2 ) Philippines ( 2 ) Poland ( 62 ) Portugal ( 2 ) Puerto Rico ( 1 ) Romania ( 27 ) San Marino ( 1 ) Serbia ( 4 ) Singapore ( 1 ) Slovakia ( 56 ) Slovenia ( 71 ) South Africa ( 1 ) Spain ( 13 ) Sweden ( 116 ) Switzerland ( 169 ) Chinese Taipei ( 4 ) Thailand ( 4 ) East Timor ( 1 ) Togo ( 1 ) Tonga ( 1 ) Turkey ( 8 ) Ukraine ( 33 ) United States ( 242 ) Uzbekistan ( 2 ) NOCs that participated in 2014 , but are not in 2018 . NOCs that are participating in 2018 , but did not in 2014 . British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Dominica Nepal Paraguay Peru Russia Tajikistan Venezuela Virgin Islands Zimbabwe Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Eritrea Ghana Kenya Korea North Korea Kosovo Madagascar Malaysia Nigeria Olympic Athletes from Russia Puerto Rico Singapore South Africa Number of athletes by National Olympic Committee ( edit ) ( show ) IOC Code Country Athletes USA United States 242 CAN Canada 225 SUI Switzerland 169 OAR Olympic Athletes from Russia 168 GER Germany 156 JPN Japan 124 ITA Italy 122 KOR South Korea 122 SWE Sweden 116 NOR Norway 109 FRA France 107 FIN Finland 106 AUT Austria 105 CZE Czech Republic 95 CHN China 81 SLO Slovenia 71 POL Poland 62 GBR Great Britain 58 SVK Slovakia 56 AUS Australia 51 KAZ Kazakhstan 46 COR Korea 35 LAT Latvia 34 NED Netherlands 33 BLR Belarus 33 UKR Ukraine 33 ROU Romania 27 EST Estonia 22 BEL Belgium 22 BUL Bulgaria 21 NZL New Zealand 21 CRO Croatia 19 HUN Hungary 19 DEN Denmark 17 ESP Spain 13 ISR Israel 10 PRK North Korea 10 BRA Brazil 9 LTU Lithuania 9 TUR Turkey 8 CHI Chile 7 ARG Argentina 7 AND Andorra 5 ISL Iceland 5 IRL Ireland 5 BIH Bosnia and Herzegovina COL Colombia GEO Georgia GRE Greece IRI Iran MEX Mexico MON Monaco SRB Serbia TPE Chinese Taipei THA Thailand ARM Armenia JAM Jamaica LBN Lebanon LIE Liechtenstein MKD Macedonia MNE Montenegro NGR Nigeria ALB Albania BOL Bolivia IND India KGZ Kyrgyzstan MAS Malaysia MDA Moldova MGL Mongolia MAR Morocco PAK Pakistan PHI Philippines POR Portugal UZB Uzbekistan AZE Azerbaijan BER Bermuda CYP Cyprus ECU Ecuador ERI Eritrea GHA Ghana HKG Hong Kong KEN Kenya KOS Kosovo LUX Luxembourg MAD Madagascar MLT Malta PUR Puerto Rico SMR San Marino SGP Singapore RSA South Africa TLS East Timor TGA Tonga TOG Togo A unified Korean team consisting of players from both North Korea and South Korea is competing in the women 's ice hockey tournament following talks in Panmunjom on 17 January 2018 . Of the 35 players on the team , 12 are from North Korea and 23 are from South Korea . Russia hosted the 2014 Winter Olympics , but following the doping controversy the Russian Olympic Committee was suspended with an option for Russian athletes to participate as Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) if cleared by the IOC commission . Event scheduling ( edit ) To accommodate primetime broadcasts in the United States , figure skating events were scheduled with morning start times ; figure skating in particular has typically been one of the most popular Winter Olympic events among American viewers . This scheduling practice has had an impact on the events themselves , including skaters having to adjust to the modified schedule , as well as the attendance levels of the sessions themselves . Calendar ( edit ) See also : Chronological summary of the 2018 Winter Olympics All dates are KST ( UTC + 9 ) OC Opening ceremony Event competitions Event finals EG Exhibition gala CC Closing ceremony Sport Date ( February 2018 ) Total event finals 8th Thu 9th Fri 10th Sat 11th Sun 12th Mon 13th Tue 14th Wed 15th Thu 16th Fri 17th Sat 18th Sun 19th Mon 20th Tue 21st Wed 22nd Thu 23rd Fri 24th Sat 25th Sun OC CC Alpine skiing 11 Biathlon 11 Bobsleigh Cross-country skiing 12 Curling Figure skating EG 5 Freestyle skiing 10 Ice hockey Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating 8 Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding 10 Speed skating 14 Total event finals 0 0 5 6 7 8 9 7 9 6 5 7 9 5 8 102 Total event finals to date 0 0 5 11 18 26 30 39 46 55 61 64 69 76 85 90 98 102 Medal table ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Winter Olympics medal table Host nation ( South Korea ) Rank NOC Gold Silver Bronze Total Norway ( NOR ) 11 10 8 29 Germany ( GER ) 11 7 5 23 Canada ( CAN ) 8 5 6 19 Netherlands ( NED ) 6 5 14 5 France ( FRA ) 5 13 6 United States ( USA ) 5 12 7 Sweden ( SWE ) 0 7 8 Austria ( AUT ) 10 9 South Korea ( KOR ) 8 10 Japan ( JPN ) 5 10 11 Switzerland ( SUI ) 7 12 Italy ( ITA ) 8 13 Czech Republic ( CZE ) 6 14 Slovakia ( SVK ) 0 15 Belarus ( BLR ) 0 16 Great Britain ( GBR ) 0 17 Poland ( POL ) 0 18 Ukraine ( UKR ) 0 0 19 China ( CHN ) 0 5 7 20 Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) 0 8 11 21 Australia ( AUS ) 0 22 Slovenia ( SLO ) 0 0 23 Finland ( FIN ) 0 0 24 Spain ( ESP ) 0 0 25 Kazakhstan ( KAZ ) 0 0 Latvia ( LAT ) 0 0 Liechtenstein ( LIE ) 0 0 Total ( 27 NOCs ) 70 68 70 208 Closing ceremony ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Winter Olympics closing ceremony The closing ceremony of the 2018 Winter Olympics will be held at the Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium on 25 February 2018 ; the closing ceremony will feature top stars such as Exo . The group , which is represented by SM Entertainment , is slated to perform a yet - known stage for the event . The pop group will be joined at the festivities by CL , a well - known rapper and former member of the disbanded girls group 2ne1 . Records ( edit ) Main article : World and Olympic records set at the 2018 Winter Olympics On 8 February 2018 , the day before the opening of the Games , Noriaki Kasai of Japan participated in the ski jumping qualification . In doing so he became the first athlete in history to participate in eight Winter Olympics . The previous record was from the Russian luger Albert Demchenko , with seven participations . Several Olympic records were set in speed skating and short track speed skating . A new ISU best score was set in figure skating . Three podium sweeps were recorded during the Games ; for the Netherlands in speed skating , for Norway in cross-country skiing , and for Germany in nordic combined . Shaun White also set a record in winning Gold in the men 's snowboarding half pipe , recording Team USA 's 100th all - time gold medal . On 16 February Nathan Chen became the first skater to land five quadruple jumps in one program . Broadcasting ( edit ) Main article : List of 2018 Winter Olympics broadcasters Broadcast rights to the 2018 Winter Olympics in some countries were already sold as part of long - term broadcast rights deals , including the Games ' local rightsholder SBS -- which had extended its rights to the Olympics through 2024 in July 2011 . SBS has sub-licensed its rights to MBC and KBS . On 29 June 2015 , the IOC announced that Discovery Communications had acquired exclusive rights to the Olympics across Europe , from 2018 through 2024 on all platforms . Discovery 's rights deal will , initially , not cover France due to pre-existing rights deals with France Télévisions that run through the 2020 Games , and does not cover Russia due to a pre-existing rights deal through 2024 by the marketing agency Telesport . Unlike previous pan-European deals , such as with the European Broadcasting Union and Sportfive ( who only served as a reseller of the rights to local broadcasters ) , Discovery broadcasts its coverage across its pan-European Eurosport networks and other local properties . Discovery has committed to sub-license at least 100 hours of coverage to free - to - air networks in each market . Some of these agreements do call for certain sports to be exclusive to Eurosport and its affiliated networks . In some markets , the FTA rights are held by Discovery - owned channels , such as DMAX in Spain , Kanal 5 in Sweden and TVNorge in Norway . In the United Kingdom , Discovery holds exclusive pay television rights under license from the BBC ; in return , the BBC will sub-license the free - to - air rights to the 2022 and 2024 Olympics from Discovery . Despite the Russian team being formally banned from competing under its flag in Pyeongchang , Russian state broadcaster Channel One , and sports channel Match TV , still committed to covering the Games with a focus on Russian athletes . In the United States , the Games once again are broadcast by NBCUniversal properties under a long - term contract ; it is NBC 's first Olympics without long - time primary host Bob Costas , who announced on 7 February 2017 his retirement from the role in favour of Mike Tirico . On 28 March 2017 , NBC also said that it would air most primetime coverage simultaneously in all time zones in the United States , and not broadcast on a tape delay as they had in past Olympics ( although as per prior practice , the ceremonies were still delayed to primetime for the U.S. audience , but the network did reverse its previous practice of not streaming the opening ceremony live online ) . U.S. Eastern Time is 14 hours behind Pyeongchang , which allows certain events to be broadcast live in the U.S. primetime hours . NHK and Olympic Broadcasting Services once again filmed portions of the Games , including 90 hours of footage of selected events and the opening ceremonies , in high - dynamic - range 8K resolution video . In South Korea , ATSC 3.0 terrestrial broadcasts at 4K resolution were introduced in 2017 in time for the Olympics . In the U.S. , this footage is being delivered in 4K by NBCUniversal parent Comcast to participating television providers , including its own Xfinity , as well as DirecTV and Dish Network . Marketing ( edit ) Branding ( edit ) Gold medal of the 2018 Olympics The emblem for the Games was unveiled on 3 May 2013 . It is a stylized representation of the hangul letters ᄑ p and ᄎ ch , being the initial sounds of 평창 Pyeongchang . The left symbol is said to represent the Korean philosophical triad of heaven , earth and humanity ( Korean : 천지인 cheon - ji - in ) , and the right symbol a crystal of ice . The name of the host city has been intentionally written in CamelCase as `` PyeongChang '' , rather than `` Pyeongchang '' , in all official materials . This is to alleviate potential confusion with Pyongyang , the similarly - named capital of neighbouring North Korea . The official pictograms for 24 sports across 15 disciplines were revealed in January 2017 and are designed using the Korean alphabet as inspiration . Mascots ( edit ) Main article : Soohorang and Bandabi The official mascots for the Games , Soohorang ( 수 호랑 ) , a white tiger , and Bandabi ( 반 다비 ) , an Asiatic black bear , were unveiled on 2 June 2016 . Video Games ( edit ) In June 2017 , Ubisoft announced that it would release an expansion pack for its winter sports video game Steep entitled Road to the Olympics , which features new game modes and content inspired by the 2018 Winter Olympics . In November 2017 , the IOC announced it would support and sponsor an Intel Extreme Masters StarCraft II tournament in Pyeongchang preceding the Games . Its support of the tournament as a de facto demonstration event came on the heels of a report by the IOC which recognized that eSports `` could be considered as a sporting activity '' . The tournament was won by Sasha `` Scarlett '' Hostyn of Canada ; she became the second North American pro to place first at a major StarCraft II tournament in South Korea , and the first woman to win a major tournament . Concerns and controversies ( edit ) Main article : Concerns and controversies at the 2018 Winter Olympics North Korean relations ( edit ) See also : North Korea -- South Korea relations and North Korea at the 2018 Winter Olympics Protesters at Gwanghwamun Plaza criticizing the game 's pro-North Korean measures , calling it the `` Pyongyang Olympics '' Due to the state of relations between North and South Korea , concerns were raised over the security of the 2018 Winter Olympics , especially in the wake of tensions over North Korean missile and nuclear tests . On 20 September 2017 , South Korean president Moon Jae - in stated that the country would ensure the security of the Games . The next day , Laura Flessel - Colovic , the French Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports , stated that France would pull out of the Games if the safety of its delegation could n't be guaranteed . The next day , Austria and Germany raised similar concerns and also threatened to skip the Games . France later reaffirmed its participation . In early December 2017 , the United States Ambassador to the United Nations , Nikki Haley , told Fox News that it was an `` open question '' whether the United States was going to participate in the games , citing security concerns in the region . However , days later the White House Press Secretary , Sarah Huckabee Sanders , stated that the United States would participate . In his New Year 's address on 1 January 2018 , North Korean leader Kim Jong - un proposed talks in Seoul over the country 's participation in the Games , which would be the first high - level talks between the North and South in over two years . Because of the talks , held on 9 January , North Korea agreed to field athletes in Pyeongchang . On 17 January 2018 , it was announced that North and South Korea had agreed to field a unified Korean women 's ice hockey team at the Games , and to enter together under a Korean Unification Flag during the opening ceremony . These moves were met with opposition in South Korea , including protests and online petitions ; critics argued that the government was attempting to use the Olympics to spread pro -- North Korean sentiment , and that the unified hockey team would fail . A rap video entitled `` The Regret for Pyeongchang '' ( 평창 유감 ) , which echoed this criticism and called the event the `` Pyongyang Olympics '' , went viral in the country . Japan 's foreign affairs minister Tarō Kōno warned South Korea to be wary of North Korea 's `` charm offensive '' , and not to ease its pressure on the country . The South Korean President , Moon Jae - in , at the start of the Olympics shook hands with the sister of North Korean leader Kim Jong - un and a prominent figure of the regime , Kim Yo - jong . This marked the first time since the Korean War that a member of the ruling Kim dynasty had visited South Korea . In contrast , US Vice President Mike Pence met North Korean defectors in PyeongChang joined by Fred Warmbier , whose son Otto died the year before after being released from North Korean captivity . Russian doping ( edit ) Main articles : Doping in Russia , McLaren Report , Oswald Commission , Russia at the 2014 Winter Olympics § Doping scandal after Olympics , Russia at the 2016 Summer Olympics , and Olympic Athletes from Russia at the 2018 Winter Olympics Participation ( edit ) Russia 's participation in the Winter Olympics was affected by the aftermath of its state - sponsored doping program . As a result the International Olympic Committee suspended the Russian Olympic Committee . Russian athletes whitelisted by the IOC were allowed to compete neutrally in Pyeongchang , but they are not allowed to compete under the Russian flag . Official sanctions ( edit ) Approved OAR logo On 5 December 2017 , the IOC announced that the Russian Olympic Committee had been suspended effective immediately from the 2018 Winter Olympics . Athletes who had no previous drug violations and a consistent history of drug testing were to be allowed to compete under the Olympic Flag as an Olympic Athlete from Russia ( OAR ) . Under the terms of the decree , Russian government officials were barred from the Games , and neither the country 's flag nor anthem would be present . The Olympic Flag and Olympic Anthem are scheduled to be used instead , and on 20 December 2017 the IOC proposed an alternate logo for the uniforms ( seen at right ) . IOC President Thomas Bach said that `` after following due process ( the IOC ) has issued proportional sanctions for this systematic manipulation while protecting the clean athletes . '' By early January 2018 , the IOC had sanctioned 43 Russian athletes from the 2014 Winter Olympics and banned them from competing in the 2018 edition and all other future Olympic Games as part of the Oswald Commission . All but one of these athletes appealed against their bans to the Court of Arbitration for Sport . The court overturned the sanctions on 28 athletes meaning that their Sochi medals and results are reinstated but decided that there was sufficient evidence against 11 athletes to uphold their Sochi sanctions . The IOC said in a statement that `` the result of the CAS decision does not mean that athletes from the group of 28 will be invited to the Games . Not being sanctioned does not automatically confer the privilege of an invitation '' and that `` this ( case ) may have a serious impact on the future fight against doping '' . The IOC said `` that the CAS decision does not mean that these 28 athletes are innocent '' and that they would consider an appeal against the courts decision . The court also decided that none of the 39 athletes should be banned from all future Olympic Games , but only the 2018 Games . Three Russian athletes are still waiting for their hearing which is scheduled to be conducted after the 2018 Games . After the partially successful appeal , 47 Russian athletes and coaches again appealed to the CAS trying to get an invitation to the games . On the day of the opening ceremony , the appeal was dismissed which was a welcome decision for the IOC . An original pool of 500 Russian athletes were put forward for consideration for the games and 111 were immediately removed from consideration . The remaining athletes had to meet pre-games conditions such as further pre-games tests and reanalysis from stored samples . Only if these requirements are met can the athletes be considered for invitation to the games . None of the athletes who had been sanctioned by the Oswald Commission were still in the pool . The final number of neutral Russian athletes invited to compete was 169 however , not all of the invited Russians accepted their invitations with speed skater Olga Graf choosing not to compete stating that `` the sport has become a bargaining chip in dirty political games '' . This meant that the final number of neutral Russians competing at the games was narrowed down to 168 . Reaction in Russia ( edit ) In the past , Vladimir Putin , the President of Russia , and other officials had said that it would be a humiliation for Russia if its athletes were not allowed to compete under the Russian flag . However , his spokesman later said that no boycott had been discussed . After the IOC decision was announced , Ramzan Kadyrov , the Head of Chechnya , announced that no Chechen athletes would participate under a neutral flag . On 6 December , Putin stated that the Russian government would not prevent any athletes from participating at the Games as individuals , but there were calls from other politicians for a boycott . Gennady Zyuganov , a leader of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation , proposed to send fans with a Soviet Victory Banner . Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs Sergey Lavrov has said that the United States `` fears honest competition '' , affirming Vladimir Putin 's position who had said that the United States used its influence within the International Olympic Committee to `` orchestrate the doping scandal '' . According to Komsomolskaya Pravda , a popular Russian newspaper , 86 % of the Russian population oppose participating in the Olympics under a neutral flag . Reactions in western Media ( edit ) The IOC 's decision was criticized by Jack Robertson , primary investigator of the Russian doping program on behalf of the World Anti-Doping Agency , who said that the IOC has issued `` a non-punitive punishment meant to save face while protecting the ( IOC 's ) and Russia 's commercial and political interests '' . He also emphasized that Russian whistleblowers provided empirical evidence that `` 99 percent of ( their ) national - level teammates were doping . '' According to Robertson , `` ( WADA ) has discovered that when a Russian athlete ( reaches ) the national level , he or she ( has ) no choice in the matter : ( it is ) either dope , or you 're done '' . `` There is currently no intelligence I have seen or heard about that indicates the state - sponsored doping program has ceased '' , he added . It was also reported that Russian officials intensively lobbied US politicians in an apparent attempt to achieve Grigory Rodchenkov 's ( main whistleblower ) extradition to Russia . Justin Peters of Slate magazine wrote that the IOC `` ended up with a situation that seemed to negate the entire point of the sanctions against Russia . The IOC did not want there to be a Russian Olympic team at the Pyeongchang Games . And yet the hockey , curling , and figure - skating arenas are full of teams of Russian Olympians ... ( this is ) a half - hearted wrist slap issued by an entity that appears more interested in saving face than in protecting athletes '' . CAS decision to overturn life bans of 28 Russian athletes and restore their medals met fierce criticism among Olympic officials , including IOC president Thomas Bach who had said this decision is `` extremely disappointing and surprising . '' Grigory Rodchenkov 's lawyer has said that `` the CAS decision would allow doped athletes to escape without punishment '' . `` ( CAS decision ) provides yet another ill - gotten gain for the corrupt Russian doping system generally , and Putin specifically '' , he added . Doping in Olympics ( edit ) On 13 February , Japanese short track skater Kei Saito became the first athlete suspended for doping at these Olympics . Later , Russian curler Alexander Krushelnitsky was caught in a doping check . The mandatory follow - on verified the presence of meldonium in his blood . Doping does not provide advantage in curling . Slovenian ice hockey player Žiga Jeglič was suspended until the end of the Games for doping . See also ( edit ) Olympics portal 2018 Summer Youth Olympics References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Boram , Kim ( 9 February 2018 ) . `` ( Olympics ) S. Korean speed skater Mo Tae - bum takes Olympic Oath '' . Yonhap News Agency . english.yonhapnews.co.kr . Retrieved 9 February 2018 . 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Jump up ^ `` 언론사 , 평창 동계 올림픽 카운트 다운 '' . www.journalist.or.kr ( in Korean ) . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Russian state broadcasters commit to PyeongChang coverage '' . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Discovery confirms TLC coverage for PyeongChang 2018 '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IOC awards European broadcast rights to SPORTFIVE '' . ESPN.com. 18 February 2009 . Retrieved 13 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Discovery Lands European Olympic Rights Through ' 24 '' . Sports Business Journal . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC dealt another blow after losing control of TV rights for Olympics '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` DMAX emitirá los Juegos Olímpicos de invierno de Pyeongchang 2018 . Noticias de Televisión '' . El Confidencial ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Discovery looks ahead to Winter Olympics '' . Broadband TV News . 8 February 2017 . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Olympics coverage to remain on BBC after Discovery deal '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved 7 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Costas steps down as NBC host of Olympics ; Mike Tirico to replace him '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brennan : Bob Costas has been the face of the Olympics for Americans '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBC to Broadcast Winter Olympics Live Across All Time Zones '' . Variety . PMC . Retrieved 28 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff , SVG . `` PyeongChang 2018 : NBC To Air Live , Nightly Primetime Coverage Across All Time Zones ; Will Live - Stream Opening Ceremony '' . Sports Video Group . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Winter Olympics innovates with 8K HDR and live 5G production firsts '' . Jump up ^ `` SES Helps NBC Ship 4K / HDR Coverage from Winter Games '' . Multichannel . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 A Crucial Year for ATSC 3.0 '' . Jump up ^ `` The top tech at the 2018 Winter Olympics : 5G , VR , 4K , bullet time and SmartSuits '' . South China Morning Post . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Can you watch the Winter Olympics in 4K and HDR ? Comcast tells Ars `` no '' ( Updated ) `` . Ars Technica . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PyeongChang 2018 Launches Official Emblem '' . olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Olympics : 2018 Winter Olympics ... not in Pyongyang '' . The Manila Bulletin . Agence France - Presse. 26 January 2016 . Archived from the original on 31 January 2016 . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PyeongChang 2018 Pictograms '' . The PyeongChang 2018 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games . 25 January 2017 . Retrieved 9 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger and bear mascots unveiled for Pyeongchang 2018 Winter Olympics and Paralympics '' . insidethegames.biz . Dunsar Media Company Limited . 2 June 2016 . Retrieved 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ pyeongchang2018 . `` Introduction PyeongChang 2018 '' . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Holt , Christian ( 12 October 2017 ) . `` Steep Hits the Olympics With New Expansion '' . IGN . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Frank , Allegra ( 12 June 2017 ) . `` Steep 's first expansion is all about the Winter Olympics '' . Polygon . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` E-sports just got closer to being part of the Olympics '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Intel announce esports tournament to take place in Pyeongchang before Winter Olympics '' . Inside the Games . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Zaccardi , Nick ( 3 November 2017 ) . `` Esports event in PyeongChang before Olympics supported by IOC '' . NBC Olympics . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scarlett becomes first woman to win major StarCraft II tournament '' . Jump up ^ Myers , Maddy . `` Scarlett 's StarCraft II Victory Shows How Esports Could Work For The Olympics '' . Jump up ^ `` South Korea 's Moon says pushing to guarantee safety at Pyeongchang Olympics '' . Reuters. 20 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` France to skip 2018 Winter Games if security not assured '' . Reuters. 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Olympics : North Korea triggers 2018 Winter Olympics security scare '' . The Straits Times . 23 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` US ambassador to UN says it 's an ' open question ' whether U.S. athletes will participate in Winter Olympics over safety concerns '' . Business Insider. 7 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Ellen ( 7 December 2017 ) . `` White House walks back remarks that US athletes might not participate in 2018 Olympics '' . The Hill . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kim Jong Un highlights his ' nuclear button , ' offers Olympic talks '' . NBC News . 2 January 2018 . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Sang - Hun , Choe ( 2018 ) . `` North Korea to Send Olympic Athletes to South Korea , in Breakthrough '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Koreas to carry single flag at Olympics '' . BBC News . 2018 . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Pyongyang Olympics ' -- Backlash in South Korea over plans to march with North at Winter Olympics '' . The Telegraph . 19 January 2018 . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` South Korean protesters object to Olympic Games deal with North Korea '' . Los Angeles Times . 18 January 2018 . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rap video frosty welcome for 2018 Winter Olympic Games '' . BBC News . 2 February 2018 . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Korean Olympic Cooperation Provokes Protests in Seoul '' . Time . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Haas , Benjamin ( 9 February 2018 ) . `` US vice-president skips Olympics dinner in snub to North Korea officials '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 9 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Uri . `` North Korea 's Undeserved Olympic Glory '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 10 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Labott , Elise ( 9 February 2018 ) . `` As North Koreans arrive at Olympics , Pence points to defectors to counter regime '' . CNN . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ruiz , Rebecca C. ; Panja , Tariq ( 5 December 2017 ) . `` Russia Banned From Winter Olympics by I.O.C. '' The New York Times . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IOC 's OAR implementation group releases guidelines for uniforms accessories and equipment 's '' . olympic.org. 20 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IOC Bars Russian Athletes and Officials From Winter Olympic Games '' . The Moscow Times . 5 December 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IOC Statement on CAS Decision '' . International Olympic Committee . 1 February 2018 . Retrieved 4 February 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.tas-cas.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Media_Release_AHD9_DecisionOG18_02_03.pdf Jump up ^ `` Reduced Pool of Russian Athletes and Officials Who Can Be Considered for Invitation to PyeongChang 2018 Determined '' . International Olympic Committee . 25 January 2018 . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russia Is Barred From Winter Olympics . Russia Is Sending 169 Athletes to Winter Olympics '' . The New York Times . 25 January 2018 . Retrieved 4 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Winter Olympics 2018 : Olga Graf turns down IOC invite for Pyeongchang '' . 9 February 2018 -- via www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Putin says US pressured IOC to ban Russia from Winter Games '' . Yahoo Sports . Agence France - Presse. 19 October 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Кадыров : ни один чеченский спортсмен не будет выступать под нейтральным флагом '' . Championat.com ( in Russian ) . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Жириновский предложил отказаться от участия в Олимпиаде - 2018 '' ( in Russian ) . Interfax.ru . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vladimir Putin wo n't tell Russian athletes to boycott Winter Olympics '' . CNN . 6 December 2017 . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Зюганов предложил отправить на Олимпиаду болельщиков со знаменем Победы '' . mk.ru ( in Russian ) . 30 January 2018 . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` US fears honest competition in energy , arms industry and sports , Lavrov warns '' . TASS. 15 January 2018 . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Putin : Doping allegations ' US plot against Russian election ' '' . bbc.com. 9 November 2017 . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Опрос `` КП '' : Стоит ли спортсменам из России ехать на Олимпиаду под нейтральным флагом `` . kp.ru ( in Russian ) . 20 December 2017 . Retrieved 4 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The 2018 Winter Olympics Are Already Tainted '' . The New York Times . 27 December 2017 . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IOC accused of cowardice for failing to address Russian retaliation against Rodchenkov '' . Inside the Games . 26 December 2017 . Retrieved 27 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Peters , Justin ( 12 February 2018 ) . `` '' Olympic Athletes From Russia '' Is a Craven Euphemism for a Craven Olympic Games `` . Slate.com . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IOC Chief Disappointed By Court Lifting Doping Ban On Russians '' . rferl.org. 4 February 2018 . Retrieved 4 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 28 Russians have Olympic doping bans lifted '' . nbcsports.com. 1 February 2018 . Retrieved 4 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Zayn Nabbi and Jo Shelley ( 13 February 2018 ) . `` Japanese speed skater Kei Saito suspended from Winter Olympics for doping '' . CNN . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/20/sports/olympics/russia-doping-curling.html Jump up ^ Elliott , Josh K. ( 19 February 2018 ) . `` ' I 've seen it all now ' : World scoffs at Russian doping in curling '' . CTV News . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Zayn Nabbi , Jo Shelley , and Ben Westcott ( 20 February 2018 ) . `` Slovenian ice hockey player fails drug test at PyeongChang Games '' . CNN . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) External links ( edit ) Find more about2018 Winter Olympicsat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Travel guide from Wikivoyage Data from Wikidata Pyeongchang 2018 Pyeongchang 2018 ( IOC ) Preceded by Sochi Winter Olympics Pyeongchang XXIII Olympic Winter Games ( 2018 ) Succeeded by Beijing Olympic Games Ceremonies Charter Participating nations Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Host cities Bids Venues IOC NOCs Country codes Medal Medal tables Medalists Ties Diploma Scandals and controversies Colonialism Doping Sports Symbols Torch relays Pierre de Coubertin medal Women Deaths WWI Olympic video games Summer Games 1896 Athens 1900 Paris 1904 St. Louis 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1916 Berlin 1920 Antwerp 1924 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1940 Tokyo 1944 London 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico City 1972 Munich 1976 Montreal 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles 1988 Seoul 1992 Barcelona 1996 Atlanta 2000 Sydney 2004 Athens 2008 Beijing 2012 London 2016 Rio de Janeiro 2020 Tokyo 2024 Paris 2028 Los Angeles 2032 TBD Winter Games 1924 Chamonix 1928 St. Moritz 1932 Lake Placid 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 Sapporo 1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1948 St. Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026 TBD 2030 TBD Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games Events at the 2018 Winter Olympics ( Pyeongchang ) Alpine skiing Biathlon Bobsleigh Cross-country skiing Curling men women mixed doubles Figure skating Freestyle skiing Ice hockey men women Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating Chronological summary Medal table List of medalists Nations at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang , South Korea Africa Eritrea Ghana Kenya Madagascar Morocco Nigeria South Africa Togo Americas Argentina Bermuda Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Ecuador Jamaica Mexico Puerto Rico United States Asia China East Timor Hong Kong India Iran Japan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Lebanon Malaysia Mongolia North Korea Pakistan Philippines Singapore South Korea Chinese Taipei Thailand Uzbekistan Europe Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Great Britain Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Oceania Australia New Zealand Tonga Other Korea Olympic Athletes from Russia Venues of the 2018 Winter Olympics Pyeongchang mountain cluster Alpensia Resort Alpensia Biathlon Centre Cross-Country Centre Ski Jumping Centre Sliding Centre Convention Centre International Broadcast Centre Yongpyong Alpine Centre Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium Pyeongchang Olympic Village Stand - alone venues Bogwang Snow Park Jeongseon Alpine Centre Gangneung coastal cluster Gangneung Olympic Park Gangneung Curling Centre Gangneung Hockey Centre Gangneung Ice Arena Gangneung Oval Kwandong Hockey Centre Gangneung Olympic Village Italics indicate non-competition venues . 2010s portal Olympics portal South Korea portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Winter_Olympics&oldid=826741231 '' Categories : 2018 Winter Olympics 2018 in multi-sport events 2018 in South Korean sport 2018 in winter sports February 2018 sports events in Asia Olympic Games in South Korea Current sports events Sport in Gangneung Sport in Pyeongchang County Winter Olympics by year Winter sports competitions in South Korea Hidden categories : CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Use dmy dates from February 2018 Articles containing Korean - language text Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikivoyage Afrikaans Аҧсшәа Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Буряад Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Коми Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 19 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where will the 2018 winter olymics be held | [
"The 2018 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XXIII Olympic Winter Games (Korean: 제23회 동계 올림픽, translit. Jeisipsamhoe Donggye Ollimpik), officially stylized and commonly known as PyeongChang 2018, is an international multi-sport event currently being held from 9 to 25 February 2018 in Pyeongchang County, South Korea, with the opening rounds for certain events held on the eve of the opening ceremony—8 February 2018. Pyeongchang was elected as the host in July 2011, during the 123rd IOC Session in Durban, South Africa. It marks the first time South Korea has hosted the Winter Olympics, and the second Olympics in the country overall after the 1988 Summer Olympics in the nation's capital, Seoul. It also marks the third time East Asia has hosted the Winter Games, after Sapporo, Japan (1972), and Nagano, Japan (1998), and the sixth overall Olympic Games held in East Asia. It is the first of three consecutive Olympic Games scheduled to be held in East Asia, preceding Tokyo 2020 (Summer) and Beijing 2022 (Winter)."
] | [
"Pyeongchang County, South Korea"
] |
5773366001225118059 | Abby Cadabby | Abby Cadabby - wikipedia Abby Cadabby Jump to : navigation , search Abby Cadabby Sesame Street character Abby Caddaby First appearance August 14 , 2006 Created by Tony Geiss Ed Christie Rollie Krewson Portrayed by Leslie Carrara - Rudolph ( puppeteer ) Birthday October 22 Information Full name Abigail Cadabby Aliases Abby Species Fairy Gender Female Nationality American Abigail `` Abby '' Cadabby , mostly referred to as just Abby , is a 4 - year - old character in the PBS children 's television show Sesame Street . She is a Muppet . In 2006 , Abby made her debut in the first episode of Sesame Street 's 37th season , when she moved into the neighborhood and met some of the Street 's residents . On the day of her debut , her wand broke ; Big Bird told her to take her wand to the Fix - It Shop where Maria would fix it . Season 40 features her CGI - animated segment `` Abby 's Flying Fairy School '' . Her name is a pun of the magic word Abracadabra . Abby 's magical powers are limited to popping in and out of thin air , floating when she 's happy , and turning things into pumpkins . Although familiar with the world of fairy tales , Abby is astounded by such basic learning skills as drawing letters or counting , prompting her catchphrase `` That 's so magical ! '' She frequently uses her wand cell phone to call her mommy . When she 's asked to return home , she says that she 's `` got ta poof . '' She can speak a language called Dragonfly and is teaching Rosita the language , while Rosita teaches her Spanish . Along with Baby Bear , Abby begins attending school in a 2006 episode at the Storybook Community School , where Mrs. Goose is the teacher and other fairy tale characters like Hansel and Gretel are her classmates . Tony Geiss conceptualized Abby as a way to simultaneously introduce a major female character to the show and add someone from a different culture , without `` having consciously to introduce somebody from Indonesia or India . '' Abby 's design is an intentional departure from the typical Muppet look because she 's not originally from Sesame Street . The implication is that the fairies in her old neighborhood look like her . Abby 's likeness has been adapted for a 43 - foot balloon which premiered in the 2007 Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade , a full - body costume character for stage appearances and a number of merchandise items . In 2008 , Abby was added to the cast of Plaza Sésamo , the Mexican co-production of Sesame Street , appearing in new segments where she tries to perform magic tricks with various ordinary objects . In 2009 , she became the host of 3 , 2 , 1 Vamos ! , a Latin American pre-school programming block , which first aired in English in 2010 , on Canadian television . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character launch 2 Animation team 3 References 4 External links Character launch ( edit ) Abby Cadabby was officially announced in TV Guide , months before the 37th season debut of Sesame Street , and a press kit was issued soon after . Rumors had floated on the Internet before that , with an anonymous Sesame Workshop or Muppet insider revealing the addition on Muppet Wiki . She made her Street debut on August 14 , 2006 . Abby was scheduled to be interviewed 10 August 2006 on The Today Show on NBC ; `` NBC Special Report '' coverage of the 2006 transatlantic aircraft plot pre-empted the interview . Abby appeared for a short chat on 14 August , a few short minutes with Bobbie Thomas and Hoda Kotb before the weather . The scheduled `` satellite - tour '' of local stations across America went on later that day . Abby was to be featured as ABC World News `` Person of the Week '' on 11 August 2006 ; Hurricane Katrina / 2006 Israel - Lebanon conflict dog rescuer Linda Nealon pre-empted her . Cadabby was featured on the 18 August broadcast , with the teaser , `` Femininity comes to Sesame Street '' . She was touted as the first 3 - year - old `` Person of The Week '' . Abby appeared on the August 11 edition of All Things Considered on NPR . In 2007 , Abby had her own balloon made after her in the 2007 Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade . In 2008 , Abby starred as ' Alice ' in the Sesame Street direct - to - DVD film Abby in Wonderland that adapts Lewis Carroll 's Alice in Wonderland . Abby is also now featured in the 2007 - 2009 tour of Sesame Street Live show When Elmo Grows Up and also on the 2012 - 2013 leg of the `` Elmo Makes Music '' tour . In 2014 's direct - to - DVD film `` Elmo 's Super Numbers '' , Abby appears at NumberCon as `` One - Da Woman '' , a numeric spoof and pun of the DC comic book female superhero , Wonder Woman . Abby is the host of Sesame Street 's autism initiative . Animation team ( edit ) The animation studio SpeakEasy FX , founded by director Scott Stewart , produces the `` Abby 's Flying Fairy School '' series . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dominus , Susan ( 2006 - 08 - 06 ) . `` A Girly - Girl Joins the ' Sesame ' Boys '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Sesame Street - Season 37 Press Kit - The Muppets of Sesame Street Archived August 22 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Leslie Carrara : Sesame Street Archived 2006 - 08 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` ABC News Person of the Week : Linda Nealon '' , ABC News , 11 August 2006 . Jump up ^ `` ABC News Person of the Week : Abby Cadabby '' , ABC News , 18 August 2006 . Jump up ^ https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5638389 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) External links ( edit ) Abby Cadabby on Muppet Wiki , an external wiki Wikinews has related news : Fairy - in - training debuts at Sesame Place today ( hide ) Sesame Street characters Muppets of Sesame Street Abby Cadabby Barkley The Bear family Bert and Ernie Bert Ernie Big Bird Cookie Monster Count von Count Don Music Elmo Granny Bird Grover Grouches Grundgetta Guy Smiley Herry Monster Honkers Hoots the Owl Irvine Julia Kermit the Frog Mr. Johnson Mrs. Grouch Murray Monster Natasha Oscar the Grouch Prairie Dawn Roosevelt Franklin Rosita Roxie Marie Sherlock Hemlock Slimey the Worm Mr. Snuffleupagus Telly Monster Two - Headed Monster Yip Yips Zoe Human characters Alan Bob Johnson Chris Robinson Gordon Robinson David Gabi Rodriguez Gina Jefferson Hiroshi Linda Luis Rodriguez Maria Rodriguez Miles Robinson Mr. Hooper Mr. Noodle Natalie Olivia Robinson The Number Painter Susan Robinson Trash Gordon Animated characters Teeny Little Super Guy International co-production characters Abelardo the Dragon Basil Chaos Don Pimpón Espinete Kami Kippi Ben Kippod Moishe Oofnik Pong Pagong Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abby_Cadabby&oldid=833674079 '' Categories : Sesame Street Muppet characters Fictional fairies and sprites Fictional characters introduced in 2006 Fictional characters who use magic Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cebuano Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 1 April 2018 , at 22 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did abby cadabby first appear on sesame street | [
"She made her Street debut on August 14, 2006."
] | [
"August 14, 2006"
] |
3392012142000578699 | Alcohol laws of Wisconsin | Alcohol laws of Wisconsin - wikipedia Alcohol laws of Wisconsin The alcohol laws of Wisconsin consist of both statewide statutes and local ordinances governing the sale of alcohol . Contents 1 History 2 Retail sale of alcohol 3 Beverage sale of alcohol 4 Drinking age 5 See also 6 References History ( edit ) When Wisconsin became a state , settlers from the eastern United States ( known as Yankees ) took issue with the consumption of alcohol by German immigrants on Sunday , as well as the prevalence of alcoholism . The Wisconsin legislature passed a law in 1849 that made liquor sellers liable for the costs incurred by local governments in supporting alcoholics . Ten years later , the state prohibited liquor sales on Sundays . In 1872 , alcohol regulation reached new heights in the state with the passage of the Graham Law . This legislation prohibited drunkenness and the sale of alcohol to minors , and required all liquor sellers to post a $2,000 bond ( more than $30,000 in 2007 U.S. dollars ) . German - Americans fought the new law in the courts and at the ballot box . Although they lost challenges in the courts , they were able to elect a legislature friendlier to alcohol consumption . In 1874 , the new lawmakers passed less restrictive laws that lowered the bond to $500 , allowed Sunday liquor sales , and created certain safe havens for liquor sellers to escape liability for alcoholics . Alcohol consumption was banned in Wisconsin during Prohibition ( 1920 - 1933 ) . But even before Prohibition ended , Wisconsin created work - arounds . In 1926 , voters approved a referendum allowing the manufacture of beer , if not its consumption . The state repealed its law enforcing Prohibition in 1929 . Wisconsin Senator John J. Blaine sponsored the Act that later became the Twenty - first Amendment to the United States Constitution , ending Prohibition . The state was the second to ratify the amendment on April 25 , 1933 . Retail sale of alcohol ( edit ) State law prohibits retail sale of liquor and wine between 9 : 00 p.m. and 6 : 00 a.m. , and beer between midnight and 6 : 00 a.m. State law allows local municipalities to further restrict retail sales of alcohol , or ban the issuance of retail liquor licenses altogether . Local ordinances often prohibit retail beer sale after 9 : 00 p.m. At least two municipalities in Wisconsin prohibited the retail sale of alcohol until recently : the city of Sparta , and the village of Ephraim . In the April 1 , 2014 Wisconsin spring election , voters in Sparta narrowly passed a referendum to allow the sale of beer and wine in groceries and convenience stores . The ban on the sale of liquor within the city remains in effect . In the April 5 , 2016 , voters in Ephraim passed a referendum to allow the sale of beer and wine in restaurants and businesses . Beverage sale of alcohol ( edit ) State law requires that bars be closed between 2 : 00 a.m. and 6 : 00 a.m. Monday through Friday and between 2 : 30 a.m. and 6 : 00 a.m. on Saturday and Sunday . Exceptions are made on New Year 's Eve , when no closing is required , and for changes in Daylight Saving Time . State law does not permit municipalities to further restrict when bars must be closed . Municipalities may elect , however , to prohibit the issuance of liquor licenses , making the municipality effectively dry . Drinking age ( edit ) The drinking age in Wisconsin is 21 . Those under the legal drinking age may be served , possess , or consume alcohol if they are with a parent , legal guardian , or spouse who is of legal drinking age . Those age 18 - 20 may also be served , possess or consume alcohol if they are with a parent , legal guardian , or spouse who is of legal drinking age . Those age 18 to 20 may also possess ( but not consume ) alcohol as part of their employment . The 1983 Wisconsin Act 74 , effective July 1 , 1984 , created a drinking age of 19 . Meeting in special session at the call of the governor , the legislature enacted 1985 Wisconsin Act 337 , which raised the drinking age to 21 and brought the state into compliance with the NMDA ( National Minimum Drinking Age ) on September 1 , 1986 . The NMDA law was amended to permit an exception for those persons who were between ages 18 and 21 on the effective date of the law . Wisconsin 19 - and 20 - year - olds were `` grandfathered in '' by this exception after enactment of Act 337 . In effect , the state did not have a uniform age of 21 until September 1 , 1988 . See also ( edit ) Dry county List of dry communities by U.S. state # Wisconsin Tavern League of Wisconsin References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Joseph A. Ranney , ' Aliens and `` Real Americans '' : Law & Ethnic Assimilation in Wisconsin , 1846 - 1920 Archived 2009 - 12 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . ' , Wisconsin Lawyer . Jump up ^ Consumer Price Index ( CPI ) Conversion Factors 1774 to estimated 2019 to Convert to Dollars of 2007 http://oregonstate.edu/cla/polisci/faculty-research/sahr/cv2007.pdf Archived 2009 - 07 - 09 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Joseph A. Ranney . `` Demon rum and Sunday lager : The temperence movemenet ( sic ) in Wisconsin '' . Jump up ^ Brewing and Prohibition . Wisconsin Historical Society . Jump up ^ Alcohol Policy in Wisconsin History ^ Jump up to : Wisconsin Department of Revenue . Wisconsin Alcohol Beverage and Tobacco Laws for Retailers . May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Wis . Stat . 125.05 . Jump up ^ `` Referendum on beer , alcohol sales fails '' . La Crosse Tribune . April 6 , 2011 . p . B2 . Jump up ^ Chris Hubbuch , `` Sparta again says no to alcohol sales , '' La Crosse Tribune , April 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of Ephraim '' . Village of Ephraim . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Resolution 06 - 247 , July 25 , 2006 . City of Oshkosh , Wisconsin . Jump up ^ Lake , Brittany ( April 1 , 2014 ) . `` Voters approve Sparta beer sales '' . WXOW . Jump up ^ Samantha Hernandez ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` Ephraim dry no more '' . Green Bay Press - Gazette . Jump up ^ `` Wisconsin State Statutes section 125.07 ( 1 ) '' . Wisconsin State Statutes . Retrieved 21 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wisconsin Department of Revenue '' . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Wisconsin Legislative Reference Bureau , Brief 95 - 3 : The Minimum Drinking Age in Wisconsin Archived 2012 - 02 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . Alcohol laws of the United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_laws_of_Wisconsin&oldid=864988270 '' Categories : Alcohol law in the United States by state Wisconsin law Food and drink in Wisconsin Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 October 2018 , at 22 : 57 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | how old do you have to be to drink in wisconsin with a parent | [
"The drinking age in Wisconsin is 21. Those under the legal drinking age may be served, possess, or consume alcohol if they are with a parent, legal guardian, or spouse who is of legal drinking age.[14] Those age 18-20 may also be served, possess or consume alcohol if they are with a parent, legal guardian, or spouse who is of legal drinking age. [15]\nThose age 18 to 20 may also possess (but not consume) alcohol as part of their employment.[6] \n"
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-2710617907760092838 | Second Amendment to the United States Constitution | Second Amendment to the United States Constitution - wikipedia Second Amendment to the United States Constitution `` Second Amendment '' redirects here . For other uses , see Second Amendment ( disambiguation ) . This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book The Bill of Rights in the National Archives . Close up image of the Second Amendment Firearm legal topics of the United States of America Amendment II Assault weapon Assault weapons legislation Bump stocks Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives ( ATF ) Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act Campus carry in the U.S. Concealed carry in the U.S. Connecticut Children 's Safety Act Constitutional carry Domestic Violence Offender Gun Ban Federal Assault Weapons Ban Federal Firearms Act of 1938 Federal Firearms License Firearm case law Firearm Owners Protection Act Gun Control Act of 1968 Gun - Free School Zones Act ( GFSZA ) Gun law in the U.S. Gun laws in the U.S. by state Gun politics in the U.S. High - capacity magazine ban International treaties for arms control National Instant Criminal Background Check System ( NICS ) National Firearms Act ( NFA ) NY SAFE Act Open carry in the U.S. Right to keep and bear arms in the U.S. Sullivan Act ( New York ) Suppressor Tiahrt Amendment Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act United States portal The Second Amendment ( Amendment II ) to the United States Constitution protects the right of the people to keep and bear arms and was adopted on December 15 , 1791 as part of the Bill of Rights . The Supreme Court has ruled that the right belongs to individuals for self - defense , while also ruling that the right is not unlimited and does not prohibit long - standing bans from the possession `` of firearms by felons or the mentally ill '' of firearms or similar devices . State and local governments are limited to the same extent as the federal government from infringing this right . The Second Amendment was based partially on the right to keep and bear arms in English common law and was influenced by the English Bill of Rights of 1689 . Sir William Blackstone described this right as an auxiliary right , supporting the natural rights of self - defense and resistance to oppression , and the civic duty to act in concert in defense of the state . While both James Monroe and John Adams supported the Constitution being ratified , its most influential framer was James Madison . In Federalist No. 46 , Madison wrote how a federal army could be kept in check by state militias , `` a standing army ... would be opposed ( by ) a militia . '' He argued that state militias `` would be able to repel the danger '' of a federal army , `` It may well be doubted , whether a militia thus circumstanced could ever be conquered by such a proportion of regular troops . '' He contrasted the federal government of the United States to the European kingdoms , which he described as `` afraid to trust the people with arms , '' and assured that `` the existence of subordinate governments ... forms a barrier against the enterprises of ambition '' . By January 1788 , Delaware , Pennsylvania , New Jersey , Georgia and Connecticut ratified the Constitution without insisting upon amendments . Several amendments were proposed , but were not adopted at the time the Constitution was ratified . For example , the Pennsylvania convention debated fifteen amendments , one of which concerned the right of the people to be armed , another with the militia . The Massachusetts convention also ratified the Constitution with an attached list of proposed amendments . In the end , the ratification convention was so evenly divided between those for and against the Constitution that the federalists agreed to the Bill of Rights to assure ratification . In United States v. Cruikshank ( 1876 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that , `` The right to bear arms is not granted by the Constitution ; neither is it in any manner dependent upon that instrument for its existence . The Second Amendments ( sic ) means no more than that it shall not be infringed by Congress , and has no other effect than to restrict the powers of the National Government . '' In United States v. Miller ( 1939 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that the Second Amendment did not protect weapon types not having a `` reasonable relationship to the preservation or efficiency of a well regulated militia . '' In the twenty - first century , the amendment has been subjected to renewed academic inquiry and judicial interest . In District of Columbia v. Heller ( 2008 ) , the Supreme Court handed down a landmark decision that held the amendment protects an individual 's right to keep a gun at home for self - defense . This was the first time the Court had ruled that the Second Amendment guarantees an individual 's right to own a gun . In McDonald v. Chicago ( 2010 ) , the Court clarified that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment incorporated the Second Amendment against state and local governments . In Caetano v. Massachusetts ( 2016 ) , the Supreme Court reiterated its earlier rulings that `` the Second Amendment extends , prima facie , to all instruments that constitute bearable arms , even those that were not in existence at the time of the founding '' and that its protection is not limited to `` only those weapons useful in warfare . '' The debate between various organizations regarding gun control and gun rights continues as of 2012 . Contents 1 Text 2 Pre-Constitution background 2.1 Influence of the English Bill of Rights of 1689 2.2 Experience in America prior to the U.S. Constitution 3 State Constitutional Precursors to the Second Amendment 3.1 Virginia , June 12 , 1776 3.2 Pennsylvania , September 28 , 1776 3.3 Maryland , November 11 , 1776 3.4 North Carolina , December 18 , 1776 3.5 New York , April 20 , 1777 3.6 Vermont , July 8 , 1777 3.7 Massachusetts , June 15 , 1780 4 Drafting and adoption of the Constitution 5 Ratification debates 5.1 Argument for state power 5.2 Government tyranny 5.3 Preserving slave patrols 6 Conflict and compromise in Congress produce the Bill of Rights 7 Militia in the decades following ratification 8 Scholarly commentary 8.1 Early commentary 8.1. 1 Richard Henry Lee 8.1. 2 George Mason 8.1. 3 Tench Coxe 8.1. 4 Tucker / Blackstone 8.1. 5 William Rawle 8.1. 6 Joseph Story 8.1. 7 Lysander Spooner 8.1. 8 Timothy Farrar 8.1. 9 Judge Thomas Cooley 8.2 Late 20th century commentary 8.3 Meaning of `` well regulated militia '' 8.4 Meaning of `` the right of the People '' 8.5 Meaning of `` keep and bear arms '' 9 Supreme Court cases 9.1 United States v. Cruikshank 9.2 Presser v. Illinois 9.3 Miller v. Texas 9.4 Robertson v. Baldwin 9.5 United States v. Miller 9.6 District of Columbia v. Heller 9.6. 1 Judgment 9.6. 2 Notes and analysis 9.7 McDonald v. City of Chicago 9.8 Caetano v. Massachusetts 10 United States Courts of Appeals decisions before and after Heller 10.1 Before Heller 10.2 After Heller 11 Calls for repeal 12 See also 13 Notes and citations 14 References 14.1 Books 14.2 Periodicals 14.3 Other publications 15 Further reading 16 External links Text ( edit ) There are several versions of the text of the Second Amendment , each with capitalization or punctuation differences . Differences exist between the drafted and ratified copies , the signed copies on display , and various published transcriptions . The importance ( or lack thereof ) of these differences has been the source of debate regarding the meaning and interpretation of the amendment , particularly regarding the importance of the prefatory clause . One version was passed by the Congress , and a slightly different version was ratified . As passed by the Congress and preserved in the National Archives , with the rest of the original handwritten copy of the Bill of Rights prepared by scribe William Lambert , the amendment says : A well regulated Militia , being necessary to the security of a free State , the right of the people to keep and bear Arms , shall not be infringed . The hand - written copy of the proposed Bill of Rights , 1789 , cropped to show only the text that would later be edited and ratified as the Second Amendment Here is the amendment as ratified by the States and authenticated by Thomas Jefferson , the Secretary of State : A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state , the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed . Pre-constitution background ( edit ) Influence of the English Bill of rights of 1689 ( edit ) The right to bear arms in English history is regarded in English law as a subordinate auxiliary right of the primary rights to personal security , personal liberty , and private property . According to Sir William Blackstone , `` The ... last auxiliary right of the subject ... is that of having arms for their ( defense ) , suitable to their condition and degree , and such as are allowed by law . Which is ... declared by ... statute , and is indeed a public allowance , under due restrictions , of the natural right of resistance and self - preservation , when the sanctions of society and laws are found insufficient to restrain the violence of oppression . '' The English Bill of Rights of 1689 emerged from a tempestuous period in English politics during which two issues were major sources of conflict : the authority of the King to govern without the consent of Parliament , and the role of Catholics in a country that was becoming ever more Protestant . Ultimately , the Catholic James II was overthrown in the Glorious Revolution , and his successors , the Protestants William III and Mary II , accepted the conditions that were codified in the Bill . One of the issues the Bill resolved was the authority of the King to disarm his subjects , after James II had attempted to disarm many Protestants , and had argued with Parliament over his desire to maintain a standing ( or permanent ) army . The bill states that it is acting to restore `` ancient rights '' trampled upon by James II , though some have argued that the English Bill of Rights created a new right to have arms , which developed out of a duty to have arms . In District of Columbia v. Heller ( 2008 ) , the Supreme Court did not accept this view , remarking that the English right at the time of the passing of the English Bill of Rights was `` clearly an individual right , having nothing whatsoever to do with service in the militia '' and that it was a right not to be disarmed by the Crown and was not the granting of a new right to have arms . The text of the English Bill of Rights of 1689 includes language protecting the right of Protestants against disarmament by the Crown . This document states : `` That the Subjects which are Protestants may have Arms for their Defence suitable to their Conditions and as allowed by Law . '' It also contained text that aspired to bind future Parliaments , though under English constitutional law no Parliament can bind any later Parliament . Nevertheless , the English Bill of Rights remains an important constitutional document , more for enumerating the rights of Parliament over the monarchy than for its clause concerning a right to have arms . The statement in the English Bill of Rights concerning the right to bear arms is often quoted only in the passage where it is written as above and not in its full context . In its full context it is clear that the bill was asserting the right of Protestant citizens not to be disarmed by the King without the consent of Parliament and was merely restoring rights to Protestants that the previous King briefly and unlawfully had removed . In its full context it reads : Whereas the late King James the Second by the Assistance of diverse evill Councellors Judges and Ministers imployed by him did endeavour to subvert and extirpate the Protestant Religion and the Lawes and Liberties of this Kingdome ( list of grievances including ) ... by causing severall good Subjects being Protestants to be disarmed at the same time when Papists were both Armed and Imployed contrary to Law , ( Recital regarding the change of monarch ) ... thereupon the said Lords Spirituall and Temporall and Commons pursuant to their respective Letters and Elections being now assembled in a full and free Representative of this Nation takeing into their most serious Consideration the best meanes for attaining the Ends aforesaid Doe in the first place ( as their Auncestors in like Case have usually done ) for the Vindicating and Asserting their ancient Rights and Liberties , Declare ( list of rights including ) ... That the Subjects which are Protestants may have Arms for their Defence suitable to their Conditions and as allowed by Law . The historical link between the English Bill of Rights and the Second Amendment , which both codify an existing right and do not create a new one , has been acknowledged by the U.S. Supreme Court . The English Bill of Rights includes the proviso that arms must be as `` allowed by law . '' This has been the case before and after the passage of the Bill . While it did not override earlier restrictions on the ownership of guns for hunting , it is subject to the parliamentary right to implicitly or explicitly repeal earlier enactments . There is some difference of opinion as to how revolutionary the events of 1688 -- 89 actually were , and several commentators make the point that the provisions of the English Bill of Rights did not represent new laws , but rather stated existing rights . Mark Thompson wrote that , apart from determining the succession , the English Bill of Rights did `` little more than set forth certain points of existing laws and simply secured to Englishmen the rights of which they were already posessed ( sic ) . '' Before and after the English Bill of Rights , the government could always disarm any individual or class of individuals it considered dangerous to the peace of the realm . In 1765 , William Blackstone wrote the Commentaries on the Laws of England describing the right to have arms in England during the 18th century as a subordinate auxiliary right of the subject that was `` also declared '' in the English Bill of Rights . The fifth and last auxiliary right of the subject , that I shall at present mention , is that of having arms for their defence , suitable to their condition and degree , and such as are allowed by law . Which is also declared by the same statute 1 W. & M. st. 2 . c. 2 . and is indeed a public allowance , under due restrictions , of the natural right of resistance and self - preservation , when the sanctions of society and laws are found insufficient to restrain the violence of oppression . Although there is little doubt that the writers of the Second Amendment were heavily influenced by the English Bill of Rights , it is a matter of interpretation as to whether they were intent on preserving the power to regulate arms to the states over the federal government ( as the English Parliament had reserved for itself against the monarch ) or whether it was intent on creating a new right akin to the right of others written into the Constitution ( as the Supreme Court decided in Heller ) . Some in the United States have preferred the `` rights '' argument arguing that the English Bill of Rights had granted a right . The need to have arms for self - defence was not really in question . Peoples all around the world since time immemorial had armed themselves for the protection of themselves and others , and as organized nations began to appear these arrangements had been extended to the protection of the state . Without a regular army and police force ( which in England was not established until 1829 ) , it had been the duty of certain men to keep watch and ward at night and to confront and capture suspicious persons . Every subject had an obligation to protect the king 's peace and assist in the suppression of riots . Experience in America prior to the U.S. Constitution ( edit ) Ideals that helped to inspire the Second Amendment in part are symbolized by the minutemen . Early English settlers in America viewed the right to arms and / or the right to bear arms and / or state militias as important for one or more of these purposes ( in no particular order ) : enabling the people to organize a militia system ; participating in law enforcement ; safeguarding against tyrannical government ; repelling invasion ; suppressing insurrection , allegedly including slave revolts , though some scholars say these claims are factually incorrect ; facilitating a natural right of self - defense . Which of these considerations were thought of as most important and ultimately found expression in the Second Amendment is disputed . Some of these purposes were explicitly mentioned in early state constitutions ; for example , the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 asserted that , `` the people have a right to bear arms for the defence of themselves and the state . '' During the 1760s pre-revolutionary period , the established colonial militia was composed of colonists , including many who were loyal to British imperial rule . As defiance and opposition to British rule developed , a distrust of these Loyalists in the militia became widespread among the colonists , known as Patriots , who favored independence from British rule . As a result , some Patriots created their own militias that excluded the Loyalists and then sought to stock independent armories for their militias . In response to this arms build up , the British Parliament established an embargo of firearms , parts and ammunition against the American colonies . British and Loyalist efforts to disarm the colonial Patriot militia armories in the early phases of the American Revolution resulted in the Patriot colonists protesting by citing the Declaration of Rights , Blackstone 's summary of the Declaration of Rights , their own militia laws and common law rights to self - defense . While British policy in the early phases of the Revolution clearly aimed to prevent coordinated action by the Patriot militia , some have argued that there is no evidence that the British sought to restrict the traditional common law right of self - defense . Patrick J. Charles disputes these claims citing similar disarming by the patriots and challenging those scholars ' interpretation of Blackstone . The right of the colonists to arms and rebellion against oppression was asserted , for example , in a pre-revolutionary newspaper editorial in 1769 Boston objecting to the British army suppression of colonial opposition to the Townshend Acts : Instances of the licentious and outrageous behavior of the military conservators of the peace still multiply upon us , some of which are of such nature , and have been carried to such lengths , as must serve fully to evince that a late vote of this town , calling upon its inhabitants to provide themselves with arms for their defense , was a measure as prudent as it was legal : such violences are always to be apprehended from military troops , when quartered in the body of a populous city ; but more especially so , when they are led to believe that they are become necessary to awe a spirit of rebellion , injuriously said to be existing therein . It is a natural right which the people have reserved to themselves , confirmed by the Bill of Rights , to keep arms for their own defence ; and as Mr. Blackstone observes , it is to be made use of when the sanctions of society and law are found insufficient to restrain the violence of oppression . The armed forces that won the American Revolution consisted of the standing Continental Army created by the Continental Congress , together with regular French army and naval forces and various state and regional militia units . In opposition , the British forces consisted of a mixture of the standing British Army , Loyalist militia and Hessian mercenaries . Following the Revolution , the United States was governed by the Articles of Confederation . Federalists argued that this government had an unworkable division of power between Congress and the states , which caused military weakness , as the standing army was reduced to as few as 80 men . They considered it to be bad that there was no effective federal military crackdown on an armed tax rebellion in western Massachusetts known as Shays ' Rebellion . Anti-federalists on the other hand took the side of limited government and sympathized with the rebels , many of whom were former Revolutionary War soldiers . Subsequently , the Constitutional Convention proposed in 1787 to grant Congress exclusive power to raise and support a standing army and navy of unlimited size . Anti-federalists objected to the shift of power from the states to the federal government , but as adoption of the Constitution became more and more likely , they shifted their strategy to establishing a bill of rights that would put some limits on federal power . Modern scholars Thomas B. McAffee and Michael J. Quinlan have stated that James Madison `` did not invent the right to keep and bear arms when he drafted the Second Amendment ; the right was pre-existing at both common law and in the early state constitutions . '' In contrast , historian Jack Rakove suggests that Madison 's intention in framing the Second Amendment was to provide assurances to moderate Anti-Federalists that the militias would not be disarmed . One aspect of the gun control debate is the conflict between gun control laws and the right to rebel against unjust governments . Blackstone in his Commentaries alluded to this right to rebel as the natural right of resistance and self preservation , to be used only as a last resort , exercisable when `` the sanctions of society and laws are found insufficient to restrain the violence of oppression '' . Some believe that the framers of the Bill of Rights sought to balance not just political power , but also military power , between the people , the states and the nation , as Alexander Hamilton explained in his Concerning the Militia essay published in 1788 : ... it will be possible to have an excellent body of well - trained militia , ready to take the field whenever the defence of the State shall require it . This will not only lessen the call for military establishments , but if circumstances should at any time oblige the Government to form an army of any magnitude , that army can never be formidable to the liberties of the People , while there is a large body of citizens , little , if at all , inferior to them in discipline and the use of arms , who stand ready to defend their own rights , and those of their fellow - citizens . This appears to me the only substitute that can be devised for a standing army , and the best possible security against it , if it should exist . Some scholars have said that it is wrong to read a right of armed insurrection in the Second Amendment because clearly the founding fathers sought to place trust in the power of the ordered liberty of democratic government versus the anarchy of insurrectionists . Other writers , such as Glenn Reynolds , contend that the framers did believe in an individual right to armed insurrection . They cite examples , such as the Declaration of Independence ( describing in 1776 `` the Right of the People to ... institute new Government '' ) and the Constitution of New Hampshire ( stating in 1784 that `` nonresistance against arbitrary power , and oppression , is absurd , slavish , and destructive of the good and happiness of mankind '' ) . There was an ongoing debate beginning in 1789 about `` the people '' fighting governmental tyranny ( as described by Anti-Federalists ) ; or the risk of mob rule of `` the people '' ( as described by the Federalists ) related to the increasingly violent French Revolution . A widespread fear , during the debates on ratifying the Constitution , was the possibility of a military takeover of the states by the federal government , which could happen if the Congress passed laws prohibiting states from arming citizens , or prohibiting citizens from arming themselves . Though it has been argued that the states lost the power to arm their citizens when the power to arm the militia was transferred from the states to the federal government by Article I , Section 8 of the Constitution , the individual right to arm was retained and strengthened by the Militia Acts of 1792 and the similar act of 1795 . State constitutional precursors to the Second Amendment ( edit ) Related Articles & Sections within the first State Constitutions Adopted after May 10 , 1776 . Note : On May 10 , 1776 , Congress passed a resolution recommending that any colony with a government that was not inclined toward independence should form one that was . Virginia , June 12 , 1776 ( edit ) Virginia 's Constitution lists the reasons for dissolving its ties with the King in the formation of its own independent state government . Including the following : Keeping among us , in times of peace , standing armies and ships of war . Effecting to render the military independent of , and superior to , the civil power . * These same reasons would later be outlined within the Declaration of Independence . A Declaration of Rights . Section 13 . That a well - regulated militia , composed of the body of the people , trained to arms , is the proper , natural , and safe defence of a free State ; that standing armies , in time of peace , should be avoided , as dangerous to liberty ; and that in all cases the military should be under strict subordination to , and governed by , the civil power . Pennsylvania , September 28 , 1776 ( edit ) Article 13 . That the people have a right to bear arms for the defence of themselves and the state ; and as standing armies in the time of peace are dangerous to liberty , they ought not to be kept up ; And that the military should be kept under strict subordination to , and governed by , the civil power . IMPORTANT NOTE : This is the first instance in relationship to U.S. Constitutional Law of the phrase `` right to bear arms . '' It is of relevance that Pennsylvania was a Quaker Colony traditionally opposed to bearing arms . `` In settling Pennsylvania , William Penn had a great experiment in view , a ' holy experiment , ' as he term ( ed ) it . This was no less than to test , on a scale of considerable magnitude , the practicability of founding and governing a State on the sure principles of the Christian religion ; where the executive should be sustained without arms ; where justice should be administered without oaths ; and where real religion might flourish without the incubus of a hierarchical system . '' The Non-Quaker residents , many from the Western Counties , complained often and loudly of being denied the right to a common defense . By the time of the American Revolution , through what could be described as a revolution within a revolution , the pro-militia factions had gained ascendancy in the state 's government . And by a manipulation through the use of oaths , disqualifying Quaker members , they made up a vast majority of the convention forming the new state constitution ; it was only natural that they would assert their efforts to form a compulsory State Militia in the context of a `` right '' to defend themselves and the state . Maryland , November 11 , 1776 ( edit ) Articles XXV - XXVII. 25 . That a well - regulated militia is the proper and natural defence of a free government . 26 . That standing armies are dangerous to liberty , and ought not to be raised or kept up , without consent of the Legislature. 27 . That in all cases , and at all times , the military ought to be under strict subordination to and control of the civil power . North Carolina , December 18 , 1776 ( edit ) A Declaration of Rights . Article XVII . That the people have a right to bear arms , for the defence of the State ; and , as standing armies , in time of peace , are dangerous to liberty , they ought not to be kept up ; and that the military should be kept under strict subordination to , and governed by , the civil power . New York , April 20 , 1777 ( edit ) Article XL . And whereas it is of the utmost importance to the safety of every State that it should always be in a condition of defence ; and it is the duty of every man who enjoys the protection of society to be prepared and willing to defend it ; this convention therefore , in the name and by the authority of the good people of this State , doth ordain , determine , and declare that the militia of this State , at all times hereafter , as well in peace as in war , shall be armed and disciplined , and in readiness for service . That all such of the inhabitants of this State being of the people called Quakers as , from scruples of conscience , may be averse to the bearing of arms , be therefrom excused by the legislature ; and do pay to the State such sums of money , in lieu of their personal service , as the same ; may , in the judgment of the legislature , be worth . And that a proper magazine of warlike stores , proportionate to the number of inhabitants , be , forever hereafter , at the expense of this State , and by acts of the legislature , established , maintained , and continued in every county in this State . Vermont , July 8 , 1777 ( edit ) Chapter 1 . Section XVIII . That the people have a right to bear arms for the defence of the themselves and the State ; and as standing armies , in the time of peace , are dangerous to liberty , they ought not to be kept up ; and that the military should be kept under strict subordination to , and governed by , the civil power . Massachusetts , June 15 , 1780 ( edit ) A Declaration of Rights . Chapter 1 . Article XVII . The people have a right to keep and to bear arms for the common defence . And as , in time of peace , armies are dangerous to liberty , they ought not to be maintained without the consent of the legislature ; and the military power shall always be held in an exact subordination to the civil authority and be governed by it . Drafting and adoption of the Constitution ( edit ) Further information : Constitutional Convention James Madison ( left ) is known as the `` Father of the Constitution '' and `` Father of the Bill of Rights '' while George Mason ( right ) with Madison is also known as the `` Father of the Bill of Rights '' Patrick Henry ( left ) believed that a citizenry trained in arms was the only sure guarantor of liberty while Alexander Hamilton ( right ) wrote in Federalist No. 29 that `` little more can be reasonably aimed at , with respect to the people at large , than to have them properly armed ... '' In March 1785 , delegates from Virginia and Maryland assembled at the Mount Vernon Conference to fashion a remedy to the inefficiencies of the Articles of Confederation . The following year , at a meeting in Annapolis , Maryland , 12 delegates from five states ( New Jersey , New York , Pennsylvania , Delaware , and Virginia ) met and drew up a list of problems with the current government model . At its conclusion , the delegates scheduled a follow - up meeting in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania for May 1787 to present solutions to these problems , such as the absence of : interstate arbitration processes to handle quarrels between states ; sufficiently trained and armed intrastate security forces to suppress insurrection ; a national militia to repel foreign invaders . It quickly became apparent that the solution to all three of these problems required shifting control of the states ' militias to the federal congress and giving that congress the power to raise a standing army . Article 1 , Section 8 of the Constitution codified these changes by allowing the Congress to provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States by doing the following : raise and support armies , but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years ; provide and maintain a navy ; make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces ; provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the union , suppress insurrections and repel invasions ; provide for organizing , arming , and disciplining the militia , and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States , reserving to the states respectively , the appointment of the officers , and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress . Some representatives mistrusted proposals to enlarge federal powers , because they were concerned about the inherent risks of centralizing power . Federalists , including James Madison , initially argued that a bill of rights was unnecessary , sufficiently confident that the federal government could never raise a standing army powerful enough to overcome a militia . Federalist Noah Webster argued that an armed populace would have no trouble resisting the potential threat to liberty of a standing army . Anti-federalists , on the other hand , advocated amending the Constitution with clearly defined and enumerated rights providing more explicit constraints on the new government . Many Anti-federalists feared the new federal government would choose to disarm state militias . Federalists countered that in listing only certain rights , unlisted rights might lose protection . The Federalists realized there was insufficient support to ratify the Constitution without a bill of rights and so they promised to support amending the Constitution to add a bill of rights following the Constitution 's adoption . This compromise persuaded enough Anti-federalists to vote for the Constitution , allowing for ratification . The Constitution was declared ratified on June 21 , 1788 , when nine of the original thirteen states had ratified it . The remaining four states later followed suit , although the last two states , North Carolina and Rhode Island , ratified only after Congress had passed the Bill of Rights and sent it to the states for ratification . James Madison drafted what ultimately became the Bill of Rights , which was proposed by the first Congress on June 8 , 1789 , and was adopted on December 15 , 1791 . Ratification Debates ( edit ) The debate surrounding the Constitution 's ratification is of practical importance , particularly to adherents of originalist and strict constructionist legal theories . In the context of such legal theories and elsewhere , it is important to understand the language of the Constitution in terms of what that language meant to the people who wrote and ratified the Constitution . The Second Amendment was relatively uncontroversial at the time of its ratification . Robert Whitehill , a delegate from Pennsylvania , sought to clarify the draft Constitution with a bill of rights explicitly granting individuals the right to hunt on their own land in season , though Whitehill 's language was never debated . Argument for state power ( edit ) There was substantial opposition to the new Constitution , because it moved the power to arm the state militias from the states to the federal government . This created a fear that the federal government , by neglecting the upkeep of the militia , could have overwhelming military force at its disposal through its power to maintain a standing army and navy , leading to a confrontation with the states , encroaching on the states ' reserved powers and even engaging in a military takeover . Article VI of the Articles of Confederation states : No vessel of war shall be kept up in time of peace by any State , except such number only , as shall be deemed necessary by the united States in congress assembled , for the defense of such State , or its trade ; nor shall any body of forces be kept up by any State in time of peace , except such number only , as in the judgement of the united States , in congress assembled , shall be deemed requisite to garrison the forts necessary for the defense of such State ; but every State shall always keep up a well - regulated and disciplined militia , sufficiently armed and accoutered , and shall provide and constantly have ready for use , in public stores , a due number of field pieces and tents , and a proper quantity of arms , ammunition and camp equipage . In contrast , Article I , Section 8 , Clause 16 of the U.S. Constitution states : To provide for organizing , arming , and disciplining , the Militia , and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States , reserving to the States respectively , the Appointment of the Officers , and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress . Government tyranny ( edit ) A foundation of American political thought during the Revolutionary period was concerned about political corruption and governmental tyranny . Even the federalists , fending off their opponents who accused them of creating an oppressive regime , were careful to acknowledge the risks of tyranny . Against that backdrop , the framers saw the personal right to bear arms as a potential check against tyranny . Theodore Sedgwick of Massachusetts expressed this sentiment by declaring that it is `` a chimerical idea to suppose that a country like this could ever be enslaved ... Is it possible ... that an army could be raised for the purpose of enslaving themselves or their brethren ? or , if raised whether they could subdue a nation of freemen , who know how to prize liberty and who have arms in their hands ? '' Noah Webster similarly argued : Before a standing army can rule the people must be disarmed ; as they are in almost every kingdom in Europe . The supreme power in America can not enforce unjust laws by the sword ; because the whole body of the people are armed , and constitute a force superior to any band of regular troops that can be , on any pretence , raised in the United States . George Mason also argued the importance of the militia and right to bear arms by reminding his compatriots of England 's efforts `` to disarm the people ; that it was the best and most effectual way to enslave them ... by totally disusing and neglecting the militia . '' He also clarified that under prevailing practice the militia included all people , rich and poor . `` Who are the militia ? They consist now of the whole people , except a few public officers . '' Because all were members of the militia , all enjoyed the right to individually bear arms to serve therein . Writing after the ratification of the Constitution , but before the election of the first Congress , James Monroe included `` the right to keep and bear arms '' in a list of basic `` human rights '' , which he proposed to be added to the Constitution . Patrick Henry argued in the Virginia ratification convention on June 5 , 1788 , for the dual rights to arms and resistance to oppression : Guard with jealous attention the public liberty . Suspect everyone who approaches that jewel . Unfortunately , nothing will preserve it but downright force . Whenever you give up that force , you are inevitably ruined . Preserving slave patrols ( edit ) According to Thom Hartmann , the Virginians James Madison , Patrick Henry , and George Mason were concerned that `` slave patrols , '' organized groups of white men who enforced discipline upon enslaved African Americans , needed to remain armed and , therefore , the Constitution needed to clarify that states have the right to organize white men in such militias . Also , Patrick Henry argued against the ratification of both the Constitution and the Second Amendment . Most Southern white men age 18 -- 45 were required to serve on such patrols . For example , Georgia law required the slave patrol militia , led by commissioned militia officers , to visit each plantation each month , to inspect slave dwellings for weapons and to apprehend and punish slaves who were found off premises . Patrick Henry formulated his concern that : `` If there should happen an insurrection of slaves , the country can not be said to be invaded . They can not , therefore , suppress it without the interposition of Congress ... Congress , and Congress only ( under the Constitution without a Second Amendment ) , can call forth the militia . '' Legal historian Paul Finkelman disputes Hartmann 's claim that the Second Amendment was adopted to protect slave patrols , arguing that Hartmann 's claim is `` factually incorrect and misleading '' and that there is no historical evidence for this assertion . Conflict and compromise in Congress produce the Bill of rights ( edit ) James Madison 's initial proposal for a bill of rights was brought to the floor of the House of Representatives on June 8 , 1789 , during the first session of Congress . The initial proposed passage relating to arms was : The right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed ; a well armed and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country : but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service in person . On July 21 , Madison again raised the issue of his bill and proposed a select committee be created to report on it . The House voted in favor of Madison 's motion , and the Bill of Rights entered committee for review . The committee returned to the House a reworded version of the Second Amendment on July 28 . On August 17 , that version was read into the Journal : A well regulated militia , composed of the body of the people , being the best security of a free State , the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed ; but no person religiously scrupulous shall be compelled to bear arms . In late August 1789 , the House debated and modified the Second Amendment . These debates revolved primarily around risk of `` mal - administration of the government '' using the `` religiously scrupulous '' clause to destroy the militia as Great Britain had attempted to destroy the militia at the commencement of the American Revolution . These concerns were addressed by modifying the final clause , and on August 24 , the House sent the following version to the Senate : A well regulated militia , composed of the body of the people , being the best security of a free state , the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed ; but no one religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service in person . The next day , August 25 , the Senate received the amendment from the House and entered it into the Senate Journal . However , the Senate scribe added a comma before `` shall not be infringed '' and changed the semicolon separating that phrase from the religious exemption portion to a comma : A well regulated militia , composed of the body of the people , being the best security of a free state , the right of the people to keep and bear arms , shall not be infringed , but no one religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service in person . By this time , the proposed right to keep and bear arms was in a separate amendment , instead of being in a single amendment together with other proposed rights such as the due process right . As a Representative explained , this change allowed each amendment to `` be passed upon distinctly by the States . '' On September 4 , the Senate voted to change the language of the Second Amendment by removing the definition of militia , and striking the conscientious objector clause : A well regulated militia , being the best security of a free state , the right of the people to keep and bear arms , shall not be infringed . The Senate returned to this amendment for a final time on September 9 . A proposal to insert the words `` for the common defence '' next to the words `` bear arms '' was defeated . A motion passed to replace the words `` the best , '' and insert in lieu there of `` necessary to the '' . The Senate then slightly modified the language to read as the fourth article and voted to return the Bill of Rights to the House . The final version by the Senate was amended to read as : A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state , the right of the people to keep and bear arms , shall not be infringed . The House voted on September 21 , 1789 to accept the changes made by the Senate . The enrolled original Joint Resolution passed by Congress on September 25 , 1789 , on permanent display in the Rotunda , reads as : A well regulated militia , being necessary to the security of a free State , the right of the People to keep and bear arms , shall not be infringed . On December 15 , 1791 , the Bill of Rights ( the first ten amendments to the Constitution ) was adopted , having been ratified by three - fourths of the states , having been ratified as a group by all the fourteen states then in existence except Connecticut , Massachusetts , and Georgia -- which added ratifications in 1939 ; Vermont ratified them all . Militia in the decades following ratification ( edit ) Ketland brass barrel smooth bore pistol common in Colonial America During the first two decades following the ratification of the Second Amendment , public opposition to standing armies , among Anti-Federalists and Federalists alike , persisted and manifested itself locally as a general reluctance to create a professional armed police force , instead relying on county sheriffs , constables and night watchmen to enforce local ordinances . Though sometimes compensated , often these positions were unpaid -- held as a matter of civic duty . In these early decades , law enforcement officers were rarely armed with firearms , using billy clubs as their sole defensive weapons . In serious emergencies , a posse comitatus , militia company , or group of vigilantes assumed law enforcement duties ; these individuals were more likely than the local sheriff to be armed with firearms . On May 8 , 1792 , Congress passed `` ( a ) n act more effectually to provide for the National Defence , by establishing an Uniform Militia throughout the United States '' requiring : ( E ) ach and every free able - bodied white male citizen of the respective States , resident therein , who is or shall be of age of eighteen years , and under the age of forty - five years ( except as is herein after excepted ) shall severally and respectively be enrolled in the militia ... ( and ) every citizen so enrolled and notified , shall , within six months thereafter , provide himself with a good musket or firelock , a sufficient bayonet and belt , two spare flints , and a knapsack , a pouch with a box therein to contain not less than twenty - four cartridges , suited to the bore of his musket or firelock , each cartridge to contain a proper quantity of powder and ball : or with a good rifle , knapsack , shot - pouch and powder - horn , twenty balls suited to the bore of his rifle , and a quarter of a pound of powder ; and shall appear , so armed , accoutred and provided , when called out to exercise , or into service , except , that when called out on company days to exercise only , he may appear without a knapsack . The act also gave specific instructions to domestic weapon manufacturers `` that from and after five years from the passing of this act , muskets for arming the militia as herein required , shall be of bores sufficient for balls of the eighteenth part of a pound . '' In practice , private acquisition and maintenance of rifles and muskets meeting specifications and readily available for militia duty proved problematic ; estimates of compliance ranged from 10 to 65 percent . Compliance with the enrollment provisions was also poor . In addition to the exemptions granted by the law for custom - house officers and their clerks , post-officers and stage drivers employed in the care and conveyance of U.S. mail , ferrymen , export inspectors , pilots , merchant mariners and those deployed at sea in active service ; state legislatures granted numerous exemptions under Section 2 of the Act , including exemptions for : clergy , conscientious objectors , teachers , students , and jurors . And though a number of able - bodied white men remained available for service , many simply did not show up for militia duty . Penalties for failure to appear were enforced sporadically and selectively . None is mentioned in the legislation . The Model 1795 Musket was made in the U.S. and used in the War of 1812 . The first test of the militia system occurred in July 1794 , when a group of disaffected Pennsylvania farmers rebelled against federal tax collectors whom they viewed as illegitimate tools of tyrannical power . Attempts by the four adjoining states to raise a militia for nationalization to suppress the insurrection proved inadequate . When officials resorted to drafting men , they faced bitter resistance . Forthcoming soldiers consisted primarily of draftees or paid substitutes as well as poor enlistees lured by enlistment bonuses . The officers , however , were of a higher quality , responding out of a sense of civic duty and patriotism , and generally critical of the rank and file . Most of the 13,000 soldiers lacked the required weaponry ; the war department provided nearly two - thirds of them with guns . In October , President George Washington and General Harry Lee marched on the 7,000 rebels who conceded without fighting . The episode provoked criticism of the citizen militia and inspired calls for a universal militia . Secretary of War Henry Knox and Vice-President John Adams had lobbied Congress to establish federal armories to stock imported weapons and encourage domestic production . Congress did subsequently pass `` ( a ) n act for the erecting and repairing of Arsenals and Magazines '' on April 2 , 1794 , two months prior to the insurrection . Nevertheless , the militia continued to deteriorate and twenty years later , the militia 's poor condition contributed to several losses in the War of 1812 , including the sacking of Washington , D.C. , and the burning of the White House in 1814 . Scholarly commentary ( edit ) Early commentary ( edit ) William Rawle of Pennsylvania ( left ) was a lawyer and district attorney ; Thomas M. Cooley of Michigan ( right ) was an educator and judge . Joseph Story of Massachusetts ( left ) became a U.S. Supreme Court justice ; Tench Coxe of Pennsylvania ( right ) was a political economist and delegate to the Continental Congress . Richard Henry Lee ( edit ) In May of 1788 , Richard Henry Lee wrote in Additional Letters From The Federal Farmer # 169 or Letter XVIII regarding the definition of a `` militia '' : A militia , when properly formed , are in fact the people themselves , and render regular troops in a great measure unnecessary . George Mason ( edit ) In June of 1788 , George Mason addressed the Virginia Ratifying Convention regarding a `` militia : '' A worthy member has asked , who are the militia , if they be not the people , of this country , and if we are not to be protected from the fate of the Germans , Prussians , &c. by our representation ? I ask who are the militia ? They consist now of the whole people , except a few public officers . But I can not say who will be the militia of the future day . If that paper on the table gets no alteration , the militia of the future day may not consist of all classes , high and low , and rich and poor ; but may be confined to the lower and middle classes of the people , granting exclusion to the higher classes of the people . If we should ever see that day , the most ignominious punishments and heavy fines may be expected . Under the present government all ranks of people are subject to militia duty . Tench Coxe ( edit ) In 1792 , Tench Coxe made the following point in a commentary on the Second Amendment : As civil rulers , not having their duty to the people duly before them , may attempt to tyrannize , and as the military forces which must be occasionally raised to defend our country , might pervert their power to the injury of their fellow citizens , the people are confirmed by the next article in their right to keep and bear their private arms . Tucker / Blackstone ( edit ) The earliest published commentary on the Second Amendment by a major constitutional theorist was by St. George Tucker . He annotated a five - volume edition of Sir William Blackstone 's Commentaries on the Laws of England , a critical legal reference for early American attorneys published in 1803 . Tucker wrote : A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state , the right of the people to keep , and bear arms , shall not be infringed . Amendments to C.U.S. Art . 4 . This may be considered as the true palladium of liberty ... The right of self defence is the first law of nature : in most governments it has been the study of rulers to confine this right within the narrowest limits possible . Wherever standing armies are kept up , and the right of the people to keep and bear arms is , under any colour or pretext whatsoever , prohibited , liberty , if not already annihilated , is on the brink of destruction . In England , the people have been disarmed , generally , under the specious pretext of preserving the game : a never failing lure to bring over the landed aristocracy to support any measure , under that mask , though calculated for very different purposes . True it is , their bill of rights seems at first view to counteract this policy : but the right of bearing arms is confined to protestants , and the words suitable to their condition and degree , have been interpreted to authorise the prohibition of keeping a gun or other engine for the destruction of game , to any farmer , or inferior tradesman , or other person not qualified to kill game . So that not one man in five hundred can keep a gun in his house without being subject to a penalty . In footnotes 40 and 41 of the Commentaries , Tucker stated that the right to bear arms under the Second Amendment was not subject to the restrictions that were part of English law : `` The right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed . Amendments to C.U.S. Art . 4 , and this without any qualification as to their condition or degree , as is the case in the British government '' and `` whoever examines the forest , and game laws in the British code , will readily perceive that the right of keeping arms is effectually taken away from the people of England . '' Blackstone himself also commented on English game laws , Vol. II , p. 412 , `` that the prevention of popular insurrections and resistance to government by disarming the bulk of the people , is a reason oftener meant than avowed by the makers of the forest and game laws . '' Blackstone discussed the right of self - defense in a separate section of his treatise on the common law of crimes . Tucker 's annotations for that latter section did not mention the Second Amendment but cited the standard works of English jurists such as Hawkins . Further , Tucker criticized the English Bill of Rights for limiting gun ownership to the very wealthy , leaving the populace effectively disarmed , and expressed the hope that Americans `` never cease to regard the right of keeping and bearing arms as the surest pledge of their liberty . '' William Rawle ( edit ) Tucker 's commentary was soon followed , in 1825 , by that of William Rawle in his landmark text , A View of the Constitution of the United States of America . Like Tucker , Rawle condemned England 's `` arbitrary code for the preservation of game , '' portraying that country as one that `` boasts so much of its freedom , '' yet provides a right to `` protestant subjects only '' that it `` cautiously describ ( es ) to be that of bearing arms for their defence '' and reserves for `` ( a ) very small proportion of the people ( . ) '' In contrast , Rawle characterizes the second clause of the Second Amendment , which he calls the corollary clause , as a general prohibition against such capricious abuse of government power , declaring bluntly : No clause could by any rule of construction be conceived to give to congress a power to disarm the people . Such a flagitious attempt could only be made under some general pretence by a state legislature . But if in any blind pursuit of inordinate power , either should attempt it , this amendment may be appealed to as a restraint on both . Speaking of the Second Amendment generally , Rawle said : The prohibition is general . No clause in the Constitution could by any rule of construction be conceived to give to congress a power to disarm the people . Such a flagitious attempt could only be made under some general pretence by a state legislature . But if in any blind pursuit of inordinate power , either should attempt it , this amendment may be appealed to as a restraint on both . Rawle , long before the concept of incorporation was formally recognized by the courts , or Congress drafted the Fourteenth Amendment , contended that citizens could appeal to the Second Amendment should either the state or federal government attempt to disarm them . He did warn , however , that `` this right ( to bear arms ) ought not ... be abused to the disturbance of the public peace '' and , paraphrasing Coke , observed : `` An assemblage of persons with arms , for unlawful purpose , is an indictable offence , and even the carrying of arms abroad by a single individual , attended with circumstances giving just reason to fear that he purposes to make an unlawful use of them , would be sufficient cause to require him to give surety of the peace . '' Joseph Story ( edit ) Joseph Story articulated in his influential Commentaries on the Constitution the orthodox view of the Second Amendment , which he viewed as the amendment 's clear meaning : The right of the citizens to keep and bear arms has justly been considered , as the palladium of the liberties of a republic ; since it offers a strong moral check against the usurpations and arbitrary power of rulers ; and it will generally , even if these are successful in the first instance , enable the people to resist and triumph over them . And yet , though this truth would seem so clear , and the importance of a well - regulated militia would seem so undeniable , it can not be disguised , that among the American people there is a growing indifference to any system of militia discipline , and a strong disposition , from a sense of its burdens , to be rid of all regulations . How it is practicable to keep the people duly armed without some organization , it is difficult to see . There is certainly no small danger , that indifference may lead to disgust , and disgust to contempt ; and thus gradually undermine all the protection intended by this clause of our National Bill of Rights . Story describes a militia as the `` natural defence of a free country , '' both against foreign foes , domestic revolts and usurpation by rulers . The book regards the militia as a `` moral check '' against both usurpation and the arbitrary use of power , while expressing distress at the growing indifference of the American people to maintaining such an organized militia , which could lead to the undermining of the protection of the Second Amendment . Lysander Spooner ( edit ) Abolitionist Lysander Spooner , commenting on bills of rights , stated that the object of all bills of rights is to assert the rights of individuals against the government and that the Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms was in support of the right to resist government oppression , as the only security against the tyranny of government lies in forcible resistance to injustice , for injustice will certainly be executed , unless forcibly resisted . Spooner 's theory provided the intellectual foundation for John Brown and other radical abolitionists who believed that arming slaves was not only morally justified , but entirely consistent with the Second Amendment . An express connection between this right and the Second Amendment was drawn by Lysander Spooner who commented that a `` right of resistance '' is protected by both the right to trial by jury and the Second Amendment . The congressional debate on the proposed Fourteenth Amendment concentrated on what the Southern States were doing to harm the newly freed slaves , including disarming the former slaves . Timothy Farrar ( edit ) In 1867 , Judge Timothy Farrar published his Manual of the Constitution of the United States of America , which was written when the Fourteenth Amendment was `` in the process of adoption by the State legislatures . '' : The States are recognized as governments , and , when their own constitutions permit , may do as they please ; provided they do not interfere with the Constitution and laws of the United States , or with the civil or natural rights of the people recognized thereby , and held in conformity to them . The right of every person to `` life , liberty , and property , '' to `` keep and bear arms , '' to the `` writ of habeas corpus '' to `` trial by jury , '' and divers others , are recognized by , and held under , the Constitution of the United States , and can not be infringed by individuals or even by the government itself . Judge Thomas Cooley ( edit ) Judge Thomas M. Cooley , perhaps the most widely read constitutional scholar of the nineteenth century , wrote extensively about this amendment , and he explained in 1880 how the Second Amendment protected the `` right of the people '' : It might be supposed from the phraseology of this provision that the right to keep and bear arms was only guaranteed to the militia ; but this would be an interpretation not warranted by the intent . The militia , as has been elsewhere explained , consists of those persons who , under the law , are liable to the performance of military duty , and are officered and enrolled for service when called upon . But the law may make provision for the enrolment of all who are fit to perform military duty , or of a small number only , or it may wholly omit to make any provision at all ; and if the right were limited to those enrolled , the purpose of this guaranty might be defeated altogether by the action or neglect to act of the government it was meant to hold in check . The meaning of the provision undoubtedly is , that the people , from whom the militia must be taken , shall have the right to keep and bear arms ; and they need no permission or regulation of law for the purpose . But this enables the government to have a well - regulated militia ; for to bear arms implies something more than the mere keeping ; it implies the learning to handle and use them in a way that makes those who keep them ready for their efficient use ; in other words , it implies the right to meet for voluntary discipline in arms , observing in doing so the laws of public order . Late 20th century commentary ( edit ) Assortment of 20th century handguns In the latter half of the 20th century , there was considerable debate over whether the Second Amendment protected an individual right or a collective right . The debate centered on whether the prefatory clause ( `` A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State '' ) declared the amendment 's only purpose or merely announced a purpose to introduce the operative clause ( `` the right of the People to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed '' ) . Scholars advanced three competing theoretical models for how the prefatory clause should be interpreted . The first , known as the `` states ' rights '' or `` collective right '' model , held that the Second Amendment does not apply to individuals ; rather , it recognizes the right of each state to arm its militia . Under this approach , citizens `` have no right to keep or bear arms , but the states have a collective right to have the National Guard '' . Advocates of collective rights models argued that the Second Amendment was written to prevent the federal government from disarming state militias , rather than to secure an individual right to possess firearms . Prior to 2001 , every circuit court decision that interpreted the Second Amendment endorsed the `` collective right '' model . However , beginning with the Fifth Circuit 's opinion United States v. Emerson in 2001 , some circuit courts recognized that the Second Amendment protects an individual right to bear arms . The second , known as the `` sophisticated collective right model '' , held that the Second Amendment recognizes some limited individual right . However , this individual right could only be exercised by actively participating members of a functioning , organized state militia . Some scholars have argued that the `` sophisticated collective rights model '' is , in fact , the functional equivalent of the `` collective rights model . '' Other commentators have observed that prior to Emerson , five circuit courts specifically endorsed the `` sophisticated collective right model '' . The third , known as the `` standard model '' , held that the Second Amendment recognized the personal right of individuals to keep and bear arms . Supporters of this model argued that `` although the first clause may describe a general purpose for the amendment , the second clause is controlling and therefore the amendment confers an individual right ' of the people ' to keep and bear arms '' . Additionally , scholars who favored this model argued the `` absence of founding - era militias mentioned in the Amendment 's preamble does not render it a ' dead letter ' because the preamble is a ' philosophical declaration ' safeguarding militias and is but one of multiple ' civic purposes ' for which the Amendment was enacted '' . Under both of the collective right models , the opening phrase was considered essential as a pre-condition for the main clause . These interpretations held that this was a grammar structure that was common during that era and that this grammar dictated that the Second Amendment protected a collective right to firearms to the extent necessary for militia duty . However , under the standard model , the opening phrase was believed to be prefatory or amplifying to the operative clause . The opening phrase was meant as a non-exclusive example -- one of many reasons for the amendment . This interpretation is consistent with the position that the Second Amendment protects a modified individual right . The question of a collective right versus an individual right was progressively resolved in favor of the individual rights model , beginning with the Fifth Circuit ruling in United States v. Emerson ( 2001 ) , along with the Supreme Court 's rulings in District of Columbia v. Heller ( 2008 ) , and McDonald v. Chicago ( 2010 ) . In Heller , the Supreme Court resolved any remaining circuit splits by ruling that the Second Amendment protects an individual right . Although the Second Amendment is the only Constitutional amendment with a prefatory clause , such linguistic constructions were widely used elsewhere in the late eighteenth century . Warren E. Burger , a conservative Republican appointed Chief Justice of the United States by President Richard Nixon , wrote in 1990 following his retirement : `` The Constitution of the United States , in its Second Amendment , guarantees a ' right of the people to keep and bear arms . ' However , the meaning of this clause can not be understood except by looking to the purpose , the setting and the objectives of the draftsmen ... People of that day were apprehensive about the new `` monster '' national government presented to them , and this helps explain the language and purpose of the Second Amendment ... We see that the need for a state militia was the predicate of the ' right ' guaranteed ; in short , it was declared ' necessary ' in order to have a state military force to protect the security of the state . '' And in 1991 Burger stated : `` If I were writing the Bill of Rights now , there would n't be any such thing as the Second Amendment ... that a well regulated militia being necessary for the defense of the state , the peoples ' rights to bear arms . This has been the subject of one of the greatest pieces of fraud -- I repeat the word ' fraud ' -- on the American public by special interest groups that I have ever seen in my lifetime . '' In a 1992 opinion piece , six former American attorneys general wrote : `` For more than 200 years , the federal courts have unanimously determined that the Second Amendment concerns only the arming of the people in service to an organized state militia ; it does not guarantee immediate access to guns for private purposes . The nation can no longer afford to let the gun lobby 's distortion of the Constitution cripple every reasonable attempt to implement an effective national policy toward guns and crime . '' Research by Robert Spitzer found that every law journal article discussing the Second Amendment through 1959 `` reflected the Second Amendment affects citizens only in connection with citizen service in a government organized and regulated militia . '' Only beginning in 1960 did law journal articles begin to advocate an `` individualist '' view of gun ownership rights . Meaning of `` well regulated militia '' ( edit ) The term `` regulated '' means `` disciplined '' or `` trained . '' In Heller , the U.S. Supreme Court stated that `` ( t ) he adjective ' well - regulated ' implies nothing more than the imposition of proper discipline and training . '' In the year prior to the drafting of the Second Amendment , in Federalist No. 29 Alexander Hamilton wrote the following about `` organizing , '' `` disciplining , '' `` arming , '' and `` training . '' of the militia as specified in the enumerated powers : If a well regulated militia be the most natural defence of a free country , it ought certainly to be under the regulation and at the disposal of that body which is constituted the guardian of the national security ... confiding the regulation of the militia to the direction of the national authority ... ( but ) reserving to the states ... the authority of training the militia ... A tolerable expertness in military movements is a business that requires time and practice . It is not a day , or even a week , that will suffice for the attainment of it . To oblige the great body of the yeomanry , and of the other classes of the citizens , to be under arms for the purpose of going through military exercises and evolutions , as often as might be necessary to acquire the degree of perfection which would entitle them to the character of a well - regulated militia , would be a real grievance to the people , and a serious public inconvenience and loss ... Little more can reasonably be aimed at , with respect to the People at large , than to have them properly armed and equipped ; and in order to see that this be not neglected , it will be necessary to assemble them once or twice in the course of a year . Justice Scalia , writing for the Court in Heller : `` In Nunn v. State , 1 Ga . 243 , 251 ( 1846 ) , the Georgia Supreme Court construed the Second Amendment as protecting the ' natural right of self - defence ' and therefore struck down a ban on carrying pistols openly . Its opinion perfectly captured the way in which the operative clause of the Second Amendment furthers the purpose announced in the prefatory clause , in continuity with the English right '' : Nor is the right involved in this discussion less comprehensive or valuable : `` The right of the people to bear arms shall not be infringed . '' The right of the whole people , old and young , men , women and boys , and not militia only , to keep and bear arms of every description , not such merely as are used by the militia , shall not be infringed , curtailed , or broken in upon , in the smallest degree ; and all this for the important end to be attained : the rearing up and qualifying a well - regulated militia , so vitally necessary to the security of a free State . Our opinion is , that any law , State or Federal , is repugnant to the Constitution , and void , which contravenes this right , originally belonging to our forefathers , trampled under foot by Charles I. and his two wicked sons and successors , reestablished by the revolution of 1688 , conveyed to this land of liberty by the colonists , and finally incorporated conspicuously in our own Magna Charta ! And Lexington , Concord , Camden , River Raisin , Sandusky , and the laurel - crowned field of New Orleans , plead eloquently for this interpretation ! And the acquisition of Texas may be considered the full fruits of this great constitutional right . Justice Stevens in dissent : When each word in the text is given full effect , the Amendment is most naturally read to secure to the people a right to use and possess arms in conjunction with service in a well - regulated militia . So far as appears , no more than that was contemplated by its drafters or is encompassed within its terms . Even if the meaning of the text were genuinely susceptible to more than one interpretation , the burden would remain on those advocating a departure from the purpose identified in the preamble and from settled law to come forward with persuasive new arguments or evidence . The textual analysis offered by respondent and embraced by the Court falls far short of sustaining that heavy burden . And the Court 's emphatic reliance on the claim `` that the Second Amendment ... codified a pre-existing right , '' ante , at 19 ( refers to p. 19 of the opinion ) , is of course beside the point because the right to keep and bear arms for service in a state militia was also a pre-existing right . Meaning of `` the right of the people '' ( edit ) Justice Antonin Scalia , writing for the majority in Heller , stated : Nowhere else in the Constitution does a `` right '' attributed to `` the people '' refer to anything other than an individual right . What is more , in all six other provisions of the Constitution that mention `` the people , '' the term unambiguously refers to all members of the political community , not an unspecified subset . This contrasts markedly with the phrase `` the militia '' in the prefatory clause . As we will describe below , the `` militia '' in colonial America consisted of a subset of `` the people '' -- those who were male , able bodied , and within a certain age range . Reading the Second Amendment as protecting only the right to `` keep and bear Arms '' in an organized militia therefore fits poorly with the operative clause 's description of the holder of that right as `` the people . '' An earlier case , United States v. Verdugo - Urquidez ( 1990 ) , dealt with nonresident aliens and the Fourth Amendment , but led to a discussion of who are `` the People '' when referred to elsewhere in the Constitution : The Second Amendment protects `` the right of the people to keep and bear Arms , '' and the Ninth and Tenth Amendments provide that certain rights and powers are retained by and reserved to `` the people '' ... While this textual exegesis is by no means conclusive , it suggests that `` the people '' protected by the Fourth Amendment , and by the First and Second Amendments , and to whom rights and powers are reserved in the Ninth and Tenth Amendments , refers to a class of persons who are part of a national community or who have otherwise developed sufficient connection with this country to be considered part of that community . According to the majority in Heller , there were several different reasons for this amendment , and protecting militias was only one of them ; if protecting militias had been the only reason then the amendment could have instead referred to `` the right of the militia to keep and bear arms '' instead of `` the right of the people to keep and bear arms . '' Meaning of `` keep and bear arms '' ( edit ) In Heller the majority rejected the view that the term `` to bear arms '' implies only the military use of arms : Before addressing the verbs `` keep '' and `` bear , '' we interpret their object : `` Arms . '' The term was applied , then as now , to weapons that were not specifically designed for military use and were not employed in a military capacity . Thus , the most natural reading of `` keep Arms '' in the Second Amendment is to `` have weapons . '' At the time of the founding , as now , to `` bear '' meant to `` carry . '' In numerous instances , `` bear arms '' was unambiguously used to refer to the carrying of weapons outside of an organized militia . Nine state constitutional provisions written in the 18th century or the first two decades of the 19th , which enshrined a right of citizens `` bear arms in defense of themselves and the state '' again , in the most analogous linguistic context -- that `` bear arms '' was not limited to the carrying of arms in a militia . The phrase `` bear Arms '' also had at the time of the founding an idiomatic meaning that was significantly different from its natural meaning : `` to serve as a soldier , do military service , fight '' or `` to wage war . '' But it unequivocally bore that idiomatic meaning only when followed by the preposition `` against . '' Every example given by petitioners ' amici for the idiomatic meaning of `` bear arms '' from the founding period either includes the preposition `` against '' or is not clearly idiomatic . In any event , the meaning of `` bear arms '' that petitioners and Justice Stevens propose is not even the ( sometimes ) idiomatic meaning . Rather , they manufacture a hybrid definition , whereby `` bear arms '' connotes the actual carrying of arms ( and therefore is not really an idiom ) but only in the service of an organized militia . No dictionary has ever adopted that definition , and we have been apprised of no source that indicates that it carried that meaning at the time of the founding . Worse still , the phrase `` keep and bear Arms '' would be incoherent . The word `` Arms '' would have two different meanings at once : `` weapons '' ( as the object of `` keep '' ) and ( as the object of `` bear '' ) one - half of an idiom . It would be rather like saying `` He filled and kicked the bucket '' to mean `` He filled the bucket and died . '' In a dissent , joined by Justices Souter , Ginsburg , and Breyer , Justice Stevens said : The Amendment 's text does justify a different limitation : the `` right to keep and bear arms '' protects only a right to possess and use firearms in connection with service in a state - organized militia . Had the Framers wished to expand the meaning of the phrase `` bear arms '' to encompass civilian possession and use , they could have done so by the addition of phrases such as `` for the defense of themselves . '' A May 2018 analysis by Dennis Baron contradicted the majority opinion : A search of Brigham Young University 's new online Corpus of Founding Era American English , with more than 95,000 texts and 138 million words , yields 281 instances of the phrase `` bear arms . '' BYU 's Corpus of Early Modern English , with 40,000 texts and close to 1.3 billion words , shows 1,572 instances of the phrase . Subtracting about 350 duplicate matches , that leaves about 1,500 separate occurrences of `` bear arms '' in the 17th and 18th centuries , and only a handful do n't refer to war , soldiering or organized , armed action . These databases confirm that the natural meaning of `` bear arms '' in the framers ' day was military . Supreme Court Cases ( edit ) U.S. Supreme Court See also : Firearm case law in the United States In the century following the ratification of the Bill of Rights , the intended meaning and application of the Second Amendment drew less interest than it does in modern times . The vast majority of regulation was done by states , and the first case law on weapons regulation dealt with state interpretations of the Second Amendment . A notable exception to this general rule was Houston v. Moore , 18 U.S. 1 ( 1820 ) , where the U.S. Supreme Court mentioned the Second Amendment in an aside . In the Dred Scott decision ( 1857 ) , the opinion of the court stated that if African Americans were considered U.S. citizens , `` It would give to persons of the negro race , who were recognised as citizens in any one State of the Union , the right ... to keep and carry arms wherever they went . '' State and federal courts historically have used two models to interpret the Second Amendment : the `` individual rights '' model , which holds that individuals hold the right to bear arms , and the `` collective rights '' model , which holds that the right is dependent on militia membership . The `` collective rights '' model has been rejected by the Supreme Court , in favor of the individual rights model . The Supreme Court 's primary Second Amendment cases include United States v. Miller , ( 1939 ) ; District of Columbia v. Heller ( 2008 ) ; and McDonald v. Chicago ( 2010 ) . Heller and McDonald supported the individual rights model , under which the Second Amendment protects the right to keep and bear arms much as the First Amendment protects the right to free speech . Under this model , the militia is composed of members who supply their own arms and ammunition . This is generally recognized as the method by which militias have historically been armed , as the Supreme Court in Miller said : The signification attributed to the term Militia appears from the debates in the Convention , the history and legislation of Colonies and States , and the writings of approved commentators . These show plainly enough that the Militia comprised all males physically capable of acting in concert for the common defense . ' A body of citizens enrolled for military discipline . ' And further , that ordinarily when called for service these men were expected to appear bearing arms supplied by themselves and of the kind in common use at the time . Of the collective rights model that holds that the right to arms is based on militia membership , the Supreme Court in Heller said : A purposive qualifying phrase that contradicts the word or phrase it modifies is unknown this side of the looking glass ( except , apparently , in some courses on Linguistics ) . If `` bear arms '' means , as we think , simply the carrying of arms , a modifier can limit the purpose of the carriage ( `` for the purpose of self - defense '' or `` to make war against the King '' ) . But if `` bear arms '' means , as the petitioners and the dissent think , the carrying of arms only for military purposes , one simply can not add `` for the purpose of killing game . '' The right `` to carry arms in the militia for the purpose of killing game '' is worthy of the mad hatter . United States v. Cruikshank ( edit ) Main article : United States v. Cruikshank In the Reconstruction Era case of United States v. Cruikshank , 92 U.S. 542 ( 1875 ) , the defendants were white men who had killed more than sixty black people in what was known as the Colfax massacre and had been charged with conspiring to prevent blacks from exercising their right to bear arms . The Court dismissed the charges , holding that the Bill of Rights restricted Congress but not private individuals . The Court concluded , `` ( f ) or their protection in its enjoyment , the people must look to the States . '' The Court stated that `` ( t ) he Second Amendment ... has no other effect than to restrict the powers of the national government ... '' Likewise , the Court held that there was no state action in this case , and therefore the Fourteenth Amendment was not applicable : The fourteenth amendment prohibits a State from depriving any person of life , liberty , or property , without due process of law ; but this adds nothing to the rights of one citizen as against another . Thus , the Court held a federal anti-Ku - Klux - Klan statute to be unconstitutional as applied in that case . Presser v. Illinois ( edit ) Main article : Presser v. Illinois In Presser v. Illinois , 116 U.S. 252 ( 1886 ) , Herman Presser headed a German - American paramilitary shooting organization and was arrested for leading a parade group of 400 men , training and drilling with military weapons with the declared intention to fight , through the streets of Chicago as a violation of Illinois law that prohibited public drilling and parading in military style without a permit from the governor . At his trial , Presser argued that the State of Illinois had violated his Second Amendment rights . The Supreme Court reaffirmed Cruikshank , and also held that the Second Amendment prevented neither the States nor Congress from barring private militias that parade with arms ; such a right `` can not be claimed as a right independent of law . '' This decision upheld the States ' authority to regulate the militia and that citizens had no right to create their own militias or to own weapons for semi-military purposes . However the court said : `` A state can not prohibit the people therein from keeping and bearing arms to an extent that would deprive the United States of the protection afforded by them as a reserve military force . '' Miller v. Texas ( edit ) In Miller v. Texas , 153 U.S. 535 ( 1894 ) , Franklin Miller was convicted and sentenced to be executed for shooting a police officer to death with an illegally carried handgun in violation of Texas law . Miller sought to have his conviction overturned , claiming his Second Amendment rights were violated and that the Bill of Rights should be applied to state law . The Supreme Court ruled that the Second Amendment did not apply to state laws such as the Texas law : `` As the proceedings were conducted under the ordinary forms of criminal prosecutions there certainly was no denial of due process of law . '' Robertson v. Baldwin ( edit ) In Robertson v. Baldwin , 165 U.S. 275 ( 1897 ) , the Court stated in dicta that laws regulating concealed arms did not infringe upon the right to keep and bear arms and thus were not a violation of the Second Amendment : The law is perfectly well settled that the first ten amendments to the Constitution , commonly known as the `` Bill of Rights , '' were not intended to lay down any novel principles of government , but simply to embody certain guaranties and immunities which we had inherited from our English ancestors , and which had , from time immemorial , been subject to certain well recognized exceptions arising from the necessities of the case . In incorporating these principles into the fundamental law , there was no intention of disregarding the exceptions , which continued to be recognized as if they had been formally expressed . Thus , the freedom of speech and of the press ( Art . I ) does not permit the publication of libels , blasphemous or indecent articles , or other publications injurious to public morals or private reputation ; the right of the people to keep and bear arms ( Art . II ) is not infringed by laws prohibiting the carrying of concealed weapons . United States v. Miller ( edit ) Main article : United States v. Miller In United States v. Miller , 307 U.S. 174 ( 1939 ) , the Supreme Court rejected a Second Amendment challenge to the National Firearms Act prohibiting the interstate transportation of unregistered Title II weapons : Jack Miller and Frank Layton `` did unlawfully ... transport in interstate commerce from ... Claremore ... Oklahoma to ... Siloam Springs ... Arkansas a certain firearm ... a double barrel ... shotgun having a barrel less than 18 inches in length ... at the time of so transporting said firearm in interstate commerce ... not having registered said firearm as required by Section 1132d of Title 26 , United States Code ... and not having in their possession a stamp - affixed written order ... as provided by Section 1132C ... '' In a unanimous opinion authored by Justice McReynolds , the Supreme Court stated `` the objection that the Act usurps police power reserved to the States is plainly untenable . '' As the Court explained : In the absence of any evidence tending to show that possession or use of a ' shotgun having a barrel of less than eighteen inches in length ' at this time has some reasonable relationship to any preservation or efficiency of a well regulated militia , we can not say that the Second Amendment guarantees the right to keep and bear such an instrument . Certainly it is not within judicial notice that this weapon is any part of the ordinary military equipment or that its use could contribute to the common defense . Gun rights advocates claim that the Court in Miller ruled that the Second Amendment protected the right to keep arms that are part of `` ordinary military equipment . '' They also claim that the Court did not consider the question of whether the sawed - off shotgun in the case would be an applicable weapon for personal defense , instead looking solely at the weapon 's suitability for the `` common defense . '' Law professor Andrew McClurg states , `` The only certainty about Miller is that it failed to give either side a clear - cut victory . Most modern scholars recognize this fact . '' District of Columbia v. Heller ( edit ) Main article : District of Columbia v. Heller Judgment ( edit ) The Justices who decided Heller According to the syllabus prepared by the U.S. Supreme Court Reporter of Decisions , in District of Columbia v. Heller , 554 U.S. 570 ( 2008 ) , the Supreme Court held : 1 . The Second Amendment protects an individual right to possess a firearm unconnected with service in a militia , and to use that arm for traditionally lawful purposes , such as self - defense within the home . pp. 2 -- 53 . ( a ) The Amendment 's prefatory clause announces a purpose , but does not limit or expand the scope of the second part , the operative clause . The operative clause 's text and history demonstrate that it connotes an individual right to keep and bear arms . pp. 2 -- 22 . ( b ) The prefatory clause comports with the Court 's interpretation of the operative clause . The `` militia '' comprised all males physically capable of acting in concert for the common defense . The Antifederalists feared that the Federal Government would disarm the people in order to disable this citizens ' militia , enabling a politicized standing army or a select militia to rule . The response was to deny Congress power to abridge the ancient right of individuals to keep and bear arms , so that the ideal of a citizens ' militia would be preserved . pp. 22 -- 28 . ( c ) The Court 's interpretation is confirmed by analogous arms - bearing rights in state constitutions that preceded and immediately followed the Second Amendment . pp. 28 -- 30 . ( d ) The Second Amendment 's drafting history , while of dubious interpretive worth , reveals three state Second Amendment proposals that unequivocally referred to an individual right to bear arms . pp. 30 -- 32 . ( e ) Interpretation of the Second Amendment by scholars , courts and legislators , from immediately after its ratification through the late 19th century also supports the Court 's conclusion . pp. 32 -- 47 . ( f ) None of the Court 's precedents forecloses the Court 's interpretation . Neither United States v. Cruikshank , 92 U.S. 542 , nor Presser v. Illinois , 116 U.S. 252 , refutes the individual - rights interpretation . United States v. Miller , 307 U.S. 174 , does not limit the right to keep and bear arms to militia purposes , but rather limits the type of weapon to which the right applies to those used by the militia , i.e. , those in common use for lawful purposes . pp. 47 -- 54 . 2 . Like most rights , the Second Amendment right is not unlimited . It is not a right to keep and carry any weapon whatsoever in any manner whatsoever and for whatever purpose : For example , concealed weapons prohibitions have been upheld under the Amendment or state analogues . The Court 's opinion should not be taken to cast doubt on longstanding prohibitions on the possession of firearms by felons and the mentally ill , or laws forbidding the carrying of firearms in sensitive places such as schools and government buildings , or laws imposing conditions and qualifications on the commercial sale of arms . Miller 's holding that the sorts of weapons protected are those `` in common use at the time '' finds support in the historical tradition of prohibiting the carrying of dangerous and unusual weapons . pp. 54 -- 56 . 3 . The handgun ban and the trigger - lock requirement ( as applied to self - defense ) violate the Second Amendment . The District 's total ban on handgun possession in the home amounts to a prohibition on an entire class of `` arms '' that Americans overwhelmingly choose for the lawful purpose of self - defense . Under any of the standards of scrutiny the Court has applied to enumerated constitutional rights , this prohibition -- in the place where the importance of the lawful defense of self , family , and property is most acute -- would fail constitutional muster . Similarly , the requirement that any lawful firearm in the home be disassembled or bound by a trigger lock makes it impossible for citizens to use arms for the core lawful purpose of self - defense and is hence unconstitutional . Because Heller conceded at oral argument that the D.C. licensing law is permissible if it is not enforced arbitrarily and capriciously , the Court assumes that a license will satisfy his prayer for relief and does not address the licensing requirement . Assuming he is not disqualified from exercising Second Amendment rights , the District must permit Heller to register his handgun and must issue him a license to carry it in the home . pp. 56 -- 64 . There are similar legal summaries of the Supreme Court 's findings in Heller . For example , the Illinois Supreme Court in People v. Aguilar ( 2013 ) , summed up Heller 's findings and reasoning : In District of Columbia v. Heller , 554 U.S. 570 ( 2008 ) , the Supreme Court undertook its first - ever `` in - depth examination '' of the second amendment 's meaning Id . at 635 . After a lengthy historical discussion , the Court ultimately concluded that the second amendment `` guarantee ( s ) the individual right to possess and carry weapons in case of confrontation '' ( id . at 592 ) ; that `` central to '' this right is `` the inherent right of self - defense '' ( id . at 628 ) ; that `` the home '' is `` where the need for defense of self , family , and property is most acute '' ( id . at 628 ) ; and that , `` above all other interests , '' the second amendment elevates `` the right of law - abiding , responsible citizens to use arms in defense of hearth and home '' ( id . at 635 ) . Based on this understanding , the Court held that a District of Columbia law banning handgun possession in the home violated the second amendment . Id . at 635 . Notes and analysis ( edit ) Heller has been widely described as a landmark decision . To clarify that its ruling does not invalidate a broad range of existing firearm laws , the majority opinion , written by Justice Antonin Scalia , said : Like most rights , the right secured by the Second Amendment is not unlimited ... Although we do not undertake an exhaustive historical analysis today of the full scope of the Second Amendment , nothing in our opinion should be taken to cast doubt on longstanding prohibitions on the possession of firearms by felons and the mentally ill , or laws forbidding the carrying of firearms in sensitive places such as schools and government buildings , or laws imposing conditions and qualifications on the commercial sale of arms . The Court 's statement that the right is limited has been widely discussed by lower courts and the media . The majority opinion also said that the amendment 's prefatory clause ( referencing the `` militia '' ) serves to clarify the operative clause ( referencing `` the people '' ) , but does not limit the scope of the operative clause , because `` the ' militia ' in colonial America consisted of a subset of ' the people ' ... '' Justice Stevens ' dissenting opinion , which was joined by the three other dissenters , said : The question presented by this case is not whether the Second Amendment protects a `` collective right '' or an `` individual right . '' Surely it protects a right that can be enforced by individuals . But a conclusion that the Second Amendment protects an individual right does not tell us anything about the scope of that right . Stevens went on to say the following : The Second Amendment was adopted to protect the right of the people of each of the several States to maintain a well - regulated militia . It was a response to concerns raised during the ratification of the Constitution that the power of Congress to disarm the state militias and create a national standing army posed an intolerable threat to the sovereignty of the several States . Neither the text of the Amendment nor the arguments advanced by its proponents evidenced the slightest interest in limiting any legislature 's authority to regulate private civilian uses of firearms . Specifically , there is no indication that the Framers of the Amendment intended to enshrine the common - law right of self - defense in the Constitution . This dissent called the majority opinion `` strained and unpersuasive '' and said that the right to possess a firearm exists only in relation to the militia and that the D.C. laws constitute permissible regulation . In the majority opinion , Justice Stevens ' interpretation of the phrase `` to keep and bear arms '' was referred to as a `` hybrid '' definition that Stevens purportedly chose in order to avoid an `` incoherent '' and `` ( g ) rotesque '' idiomatic meeting . Justice Breyer , in his own dissent joined by Stevens , Souter , and Ginsburg , stated that the entire Court subscribes to the proposition that `` the amendment protects an ' individual ' right -- i.e. , one that is separately possessed , and may be separately enforced , by each person on whom it is conferred '' . Regarding the term `` well regulated '' , the majority opinion said , `` The adjective ' well - regulated ' implies nothing more than the imposition of proper discipline and training . '' The majority opinion quoted Spooner from The Unconstitutionality of Slavery as saying that the right to bear arms was necessary for those who wanted to take a stand against slavery . The majority opinion also stated that : A purposive qualifying phrase that contradicts the word or phrase it modifies is unknown this side of the looking glass ( except , apparently , in some courses on Linguistics ) . If `` bear arms '' means , as we think , simply the carrying of arms , a modifier can limit the purpose of the carriage ( `` for the purpose of self - defense '' or `` to make war against the King '' ) . But if `` bear arms '' means , as the petitioners and the dissent think , the carrying of arms only for military purposes , one simply can not add `` for the purpose of killing game . '' The right `` to carry arms in the militia for the purpose of killing game '' is worthy of the mad hatter . The dissenting justices were not persuaded by this argument . Reaction to Heller has varied , with many sources giving focus to the ruling referring to itself as being the first in Supreme Court history to read the Second Amendment as protecting an individual right . The majority opinion , authored by Justice Scalia , gives explanation of the majority legal reasoning behind this decision . The majority opinion made clear that the recent ruling did not foreclose the Court 's prior interpretations given in United States v. Cruikshank , Presser v. Illinois , and United States v. Miller though these earlier rulings did not limit the right to keep and bear arms solely to militia purposes , but rather limits the type of weapon to which the right applies to those used by the militia ( i.e. , those in common use for lawful purposes ) . Heller pertained to three District of Columbia ordinances involving restrictions on firearms amounting to a total ban . These three ordinances were a ban on handgun registration , a requirement that all firearms in a home be either disassembled or have a trigger lock , and licensing requirement that prohibits carrying an unlicensed firearm in the home , such as from one room to another . Under any of the standards of scrutiny the Court has applied to enumerated constitutional rights , this prohibition -- in the place where the importance of the lawful defense of self , family , and property is most acute -- would fail constitutional muster ... Because Heller conceded at oral argument that the District 's licensing law is permissible if it is not enforced arbitrarily and capriciously , the Court assumed that a license will satisfy his prayer for relief and did not address the licensing requirement . Assuming he is not disqualified from exercising Second Amendment rights , the District must permit Heller to register his handgun and must issue him a license to carry it in the home . '' Justice Ginsburg has been a vocal critic of Heller . Speaking in an interview on public radio station WNYC , she called the Second Amendment `` outdated , '' saying : When we no longer need people to keep muskets in their home , then the Second Amendment has no function ... If the Court had properly interpreted the Second Amendment , the Court would have said that amendment was very important when the nation was new ; it gave a qualified right to keep and bear arms , but it was for one purpose only -- and that was the purpose of having militiamen who were able to fight to preserve the nation . McDonald v. City of Chicago ( edit ) Main article : McDonald v. City of Chicago On June 28 , 2010 , the Court in McDonald v. City of Chicago , 561 U.S. 3025 ( 2010 ) , held that the Second Amendment was incorporated , saying that `` ( i ) t is clear that the Framers and ratifiers of the Fourteenth Amendment counted the right to keep and bear arms among those fundamental rights necessary to our system of ordered liberty . '' This means that the Court ruled that the Second Amendment limits state and local governments to the same extent that it limits the federal government . It also remanded a case regarding a Chicago handgun prohibition . Four of the five Justices in the majority voted to do so by way of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment , while the fifth Justice , Clarence Thomas , voted to do so through the amendment 's Privileges or Immunities Clause . Justice Thomas noted that the Privileges or Immunities Clause refers to `` citizens '' whereas the Due Process Clause refers more broadly to any `` person '' , and therefore Thomas reserved the issue of non-citizens for later decision . After McDonald , many questions about the Second Amendment remain unsettled , such as whether non-citizens are protected through the Equal Protection Clause . In People v. Aguilar ( 2013 ) , the Illinois Supreme Court summed up the central Second Amendment findings in McDonald : Two years later , in McDonald v. City of Chicago , 561 U.S. ___ , ___ , 130 S. Ct. 3020 , 3050 ( 2010 ) , the Supreme Court held that the second amendment right recognized in Heller is applicable to the states through the due process clause of the fourteenth amendment . In so holding , the Court reiterated that `` the Second Amendment protects the right to keep and bear arms for the purpose of self - defense '' ( id . at ___ , 130 S. Ct . at 3026 ) ; that `` individual self - defense is ' the central component ' of the Second Amendment right '' ( emphasis in original ) ( id . at ___ , 130 S. Ct . at 3036 ( quoting Heller , 554 U.S. at 599 ) ) ; and that `` ( s ) elf - defense is a basic right , recognized by many legal systems from ancient times to the present day '' ( id . at ___ , 130 S. Ct . at 3036 ) . Caetano v. Massachusetts ( edit ) Main article : Caetano v. Massachusetts On March 21 , 2016 , in a per curiam decision the Court vacated a Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court decision upholding the conviction of a woman who carried a stun gun for self - defense . The Court reiterated that the Heller and McDonald decisions saying that `` the Second Amendment extends , prima facie , to all instruments that constitute bearable arms , even those that were not in existence at the time of the founding '' , that `` the Second Amendment right is fully applicable to the States '' , and that the protection is not restricted to `` only those weapons useful in warfare '' . United States courts of Appeals decisions before and after Heller ( edit ) Before Heller ( edit ) Until District of Columbia v. Heller ( 2008 ) , United States v. Miller ( 1939 ) had been the only Supreme Court decision that `` tested a congressional enactment against ( the Second Amendment ) . '' Miller did not directly mention either a collective or individual right , but for the 62 - year period from Miller until the Fifth Circuit 's decision in United States v. Emerson ( 2001 ) , federal courts recognized only the collective right , with `` courts increasingly referring to one another 's holdings ... without engaging in any appreciably substantive legal analysis of the issue '' . Emerson changed this by addressing the question in depth , with the Fifth Circuit determining that the Second Amendment protects an individual right . Subsequently , the Ninth Circuit conflicted with Emerson in Silveira v. Lockyer , and the D.C. Circuit supported Emerson in Parker v. District of Columbia . Parker evolved into District of Columbia v. Heller , in which the U.S. Supreme Court determined that the Second Amendment protects an individual right . After Heller ( edit ) Since Heller , the United States courts of appeals have ruled on many Second Amendment challenges to convictions and gun control laws . The following are post-Heller cases , divided by Circuit , along with summary notes : D.C. Circuit Heller v. District of Columbia , Civil Action No. 08 - 1289 ( RMU ) , No. 23. , 25 -- On March 26 , 2010 , the D.C. Circuit denied the follow up appeal of Dick Heller who requested the court to overturn the new District of Columbia gun control ordinances newly enacted after the 2008 Heller ruling . The court refused to do so , stating that the firearms registration procedures , the prohibition on assault weapons , and the prohibition on large capacity ammunition feeding devices were found to not violate the Second Amendment . On September 18 , 2015 , the D.C. Circuit ruled that requiring gun owners to re-register a gun every three years , make a gun available for inspection or pass a test about firearms laws violated the Second Amendment , although the court upheld requirements that gun owners be fingerprinted , photographed , and complete a safety training course . Wrenn v. District of Columbia , No. 16 - 7025 -- On July 25 , 2017 , the D.C. Circuit ruled that a District of Columbia regulation that limited conceal - carry licenses only to those individuals who could demonstrate , to the satisfaction of the chief of police , that they have a `` good reason '' to carry a handgun in public was essentially designed to prevent the exercise of the right to bear arms by most District residents and so violated the Second Amendment by amounting to a complete prohibition on firearms possession . First Circuit United States v. Rene E. , 583 F. 3d 8 ( 1st Cir. 2009 ) -- On August 31 , 2009 , the First Circuit affirmed the conviction of a juvenile for the illegal possession of a handgun as a juvenile , under 18 U.S.C. § 922 ( x ) ( 2 ) ( A ) and 18 U.S.C. § 5032 , rejecting the defendant 's argument that the federal law violated his Second Amendment rights under Heller . The court cited `` the existence of a longstanding tradition of prohibiting juveniles from both receiving and possessing handguns '' and observed `` the federal ban on juvenile possession of handguns is part of a longstanding practice of prohibiting certain classes of individuals from possessing firearms -- those whose possession poses a particular danger to the public . '' Second Circuit Kachalsky v. County of Westchester , 11 - 3942 -- On November 28 , 2012 , the Second Circuit upheld New York 's may - issue concealed carry permit law , ruling that `` the proper cause requirement is substantially related to New York 's compelling interests in public safety and crime prevention . '' Fourth Circuit United States v. Hall , 551 F. 3d 257 ( 4th Cir. 2009 ) -- On August 4 , 2008 , the Fourth Circuit upheld as constitutional the prohibition of possession of a concealed weapon without a permit . United States v. Chester , 628 F. 3d 673 ( 4th Cir. 2010 ) -- On December 30 , 2010 , the Fourth Circuit vacated William Chester 's conviction for possession of a firearm after having been convicted of a misdemeanor crime of domestic violence , in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922 ( g ) ( 9 ) . The court found that the district court erred in perfunctorily relying on Heller 's exception for `` presumptively lawful '' gun regulations made in accordance with `` longstanding prohibitions '' . Kolbe v. Hogan , No. 14 - 1945 ( 4th Cir. 2016 ) -- On February 4 , 2016 , the Fourth Circuit vacated a U.S. District Court decision upholding a Maryland law banning high - capacity magazines and semi-automatic rifles , ruling that the District Court was wrong to have applied intermediate scrutiny . The Fourth Circuit ruled that the higher strict scrutiny standard is to be applied on remand . On March 4 , 2016 , the court agreed to rehear the case en banc on May 11 , 2016 . Fifth Circuit United States v. Dorosan , 350 Fed . Appx. 874 ( 5th Cir. 2009 ) -- On June 30 , 2008 , the Fifth Circuit upheld 39 C.F.R. 232.1 ( l ) , which bans weapons on postal property , sustaining restrictions on guns outside the home , specifically in private vehicles parked in employee parking lots of government facilities , despite Second Amendment claims that were dismissed . The employee 's Second Amendment rights were not infringed since the employee could have instead parked across the street in a public parking lot , instead of on government property . United States v. Bledsoe , 334 Fed . Appx. 771 ( 5th Cir. 2009 ) -- The Fifth Circuit affirmed the decision of a U.S. District Court decision in Texas , upholding 18 U.S.C. § 922 ( a ) ( 6 ) , which prohibits `` straw purchases . '' A `` straw purchase '' occurs when someone eligible to purchase a firearm buys one for an ineligible person . Additionally , the court rejected the request for a strict scrutiny standard of review . United States v. Scroggins , 551 F. 3d 257 ( 5th Cir. 2010 ) -- On March 4 , 2010 , the Fifth Circuit affirmed the conviction of Ernie Scroggins for possession of a firearm as a convicted felon , in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922 ( g ) ( 1 ) . The court noted that it had , prior to Heller , identified the Second Amendment as providing an individual right to bear arms , and had already , likewise , determined that restrictions on felon ownership of firearms did not violate this right . Moreover , it observed that Heller did not affect the longstanding prohibition of firearm possession by felons . Sixth Circuit Tyler v. Hillsdale Co . Sheriff 's Dept. , 775 F. 3d 308 ( 6th Cir. 2014 ) -- On December 18 , 2014 , the Sixth Circuit ruled that strict scrutiny should be applied to firearms regulations when regulations burden `` conduct that falls within the scope of the Second Amendment right , as historically understood . '' At issue in this case was whether the Second Amendment is violated by a provision of the Gun Control Act of 1968 that prohibits possession of a firearm by a person who has been involuntarily committed to a psychiatric hospital . The court did not rule on the provision 's constitutionality , instead remanding the case to the United States district court that has earlier heard this case . On April 21 , 2015 , the Sixth Circuit voted to rehear the case en banc , thereby vacating the December 18 opinion . Seventh Circuit United States v. Skoien , 587 F. 3d 803 ( 7th Cir. 2009 ) -- Steven Skoien , a Wisconsin man convicted of two misdemeanor domestic violence convictions , appealed his conviction based on the argument that the prohibition violated the individual rights to bear arms , as described in Heller . After initial favorable rulings in lower court based on a standard of intermediate scrutiny , on July 13 , 2010 , the Seventh Circuit , sitting en banc , ruled 10 -- 1 against Skoien and reinstated his conviction for a gun violation , citing the strong relation between the law in question and the government objective . Skoien was convicted and sentenced to two years in prison for the gun violation , and will thus likely be subject to a lifetime ban on gun ownership . Editorials favoring gun rights sharply criticized this ruling as going too far with the enactment of a lifetime gun ban , while editorials favoring gun regulations praised the ruling as `` a bucket of cold water thrown on the ' gun rights ' celebration '' . Moore v. Madigan ( Circuit docket 12 - 1269 ) -- On December 11 , 2012 , the Seventh Circuit ruled that the Second Amendment protected a right to keep and bear arms in public for self - defense . This was an expansion of the Supreme Court 's decisions in Heller and McDonald , each of which referred only to such a right in the home . Based on this ruling , the court declared Illinois 's ban on the concealed carrying of firearms to be unconstitutional . The court stayed this ruling for 180 days , so Illinois could enact replacement legislation . On February 22 , 2013 , a petition for rehearing en banc was denied by a vote of 5 -- 4 . On July 9 , 2013 , the Illinois General Assembly , overriding Governor Quinn 's veto , passed a law permitting the concealed carrying of firearms . Ninth Circuit Nordyke v. King , 2012 WL 1959239 ( 9th Cir. 2012 ) -- On July 29 , 2009 , the Ninth Circuit vacated an April 20 panel decision and reheard the case en banc on September 24 , 2009 . The April 20 decision had held that the Second Amendment applies to state and local governments , while upholding an Alameda County , California ordinance that makes it a crime to bring a gun or ammunition on to , or possess either while on , county property . The en banc panel remanded the case to the three - judge panel . On May 2 , 2011 , that panel ruled that intermediate scrutiny was the correct standard by which to judge the ordinance 's constitutionality and remanded the case to the United States District Court for the Northern District of California . On November 28 , 2011 , the Ninth Circuit vacated the panel 's May 2 decision and agreed to rehear the case en banc . On April 4 , 2012 , the panel sent the case to mediation . The panel dismissed the case on June 1 , 2012 , but only after Alameda County officials changed their interpretation of the challenged ordinance . Under the new interpretation , gun shows may take place on county property under the ordinance 's exception for `` events '' , subject to restrictions regarding the display and handling of firearms . Teixeira v. County of Alameda , ( Circuit docket 13 - 17132 ) -- On May 16 , 2016 , the Ninth Circuit ruled that the right to keep and bear arms included being able to buy and sell firearms . The court ruled that a county law prohibiting a gun store being within 500 feet of a `` ( r ) esidentially zoned district ; elementary , middle or high school ; pre-school or day care center ; other firearms sales business ; or liquor stores or establishments in which liquor is served '' violated the Second Amendment . Peruta v. San Diego No. 10 - 56971 ( 9th Cir. 2016 ) , ( Circuit docket 13 - 17132 ) -- On June 9 , 2016 , pertaining to the legality of San Diego County 's restrictive policy regarding requiring documentation of `` good cause '' before issuing a concealed carry permit , the Ninth Circuit upheld the policy , finding that `` there is no Second Amendment right for members of the general public to carry concealed firearms in public . '' Calls for repeal ( edit ) This section may lend undue weight to certain ideas , incidents , or controversies . Please help to create a more balanced presentation . Discuss and resolve this issue before removing this message . ( April 2018 ) On June 27 , 2008 , a day after the Supreme Court handed down its decision in District of Columbia v. Heller , the Chicago Tribune wrote in an editorial that the Second Amendment should be repealed so local governments could ban firearms in an effort to protect their residents . On October 5 , 2017 , political commentator Bret Stephens called for the repeal of the Second Amendment , arguing that repeal is the only effective way to regulate firearms . On March 27 , 2018 , former Supreme Court Justice John Paul Stevens said the Second Amendment should be repealed . Stevens said that Heller went against the settled understanding of the Second Amendment as being militia - based and that overruling that decision by repealing the Second Amendment would be `` simple . '' President Trump responded the next day to Stevens 's call for repeal by saying that it would never happen . Elizabeth Wydra , president of the Constitutional Accountability Center , says that Stevens 's comments were `` staggeringly misplaced '' and could set back demands for gun control . She also said an attempt at repeal would be `` a daunting task '' likely to fail . See also ( edit ) 2nd Amendment Day Gun culture in the United States Gun law in the US -- 2nd Amendment Gun politics in the United States List of amendments to the United States Constitution Right to keep and bear arms -- international views on the concept by country Second Amendment Caucus -- a Congressional caucus dedicated to supporting the right to bear arms ' Uniform Firearms Act -- a set of statutes in Pennsylvania that define and amplify the right to bear arms in that state 's Constitution . Notes and citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Constitutional Law . Casenotes . Jump up ^ Jilson , Cal . American Government : Political Development and Institutional Change . Jump up ^ Shaman , Jeffrey . `` After Heller : What Now for the Second Amendment '' . Santa Clara Law Review . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2015 . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` US Senate Annotated Constitution '' . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2014 . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Case 1 : 11 - cv - 10644 - DPW Document 31 # 124 ; Memorandum and Order '' . 30 March 2012 . Archived from the original on 10 October 2017 . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Permanent resident aliens have second amendment rights too Monachus Lex '' . monachuslex.com . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` QUICK REFERENCE TO FEDERAL FIREARMS LAWS '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of Justice . Retrieved 18 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Lee ; Walk , Thomas G. ( September 18 , 2012 ) . Constitutional Law for a Changing America : Rights , Liberties and Justice ( 8 ed . ) . CQ Press . pp. 395 -- 96 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4522 - 2674 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Law Review : The Fourteenth Amendment and Incorporation '' . www.americanbar.org . Retrieved 23 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Blackstone 's Commentaries on the Laws of England -- Book the First -- Chapter the First : Of the Absolute Rights of Individuals , p. 139 '' . Avalon.law.yale.edu . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` United States of America v. Timothy Joe Emerson -- The Ratification Debates '' . Law.umkc.edu . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Federalist No. 46 , at 371 ( James Madison ) ( John . C. Hamilton Ed. , 1864 ) Jump up ^ `` United States v. Cruikshank 92 U.S. 542 ( 1875 ) '' . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2013 . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` United States v. Miller , 307 U.S. 174 ( 1939 ) '' . Cornell University Law School . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2013 . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : CRS Report for Congress District of Columbia v. Heller : The Supreme Court and the Second Amendment April 11 , 2008 Congressional Research Service T.J. Halsted , Legislative Attorney , American Law Division . Order Code RL34446 `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 07 - 03 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 27 ... Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( 27 June 2008 ) . `` Justices , Ruling 5 -- 4 , Endorse Personal Right to Own Gun '' . Retrieved 23 May 2018 -- via NYTimes.com . ^ Jump up to : `` How the NRA Rewrote the Second Amendment -- Brennan Center for Justice '' . www.brennancenter.org . Retrieved 23 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Robert ( 27 June 2008 ) . `` Justices Reject D.C. Ban On Handgun Ownership '' . Retrieved 23 May 2018 -- via www.washingtonpost.com . Jump up ^ Vicini , James . `` Americans have right to guns under landmark ruling '' . Reuters . Retrieved 23 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Liptak , Adam ( June 28 , 2010 ) . `` Justices Extend Firearm Rights in 5 - to - 4 Ruling '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2013 . Retrieved December 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ editor , Gregg Lee Carter , . Guns in American society : an encyclopedia of history , politics , culture , and the law ( 2nd ed . ) . Santa Barbara , Calif. : ABC - CLIO . p . Introduction . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 38670 - 1 . Jump up ^ Davies , pp. 209 -- 16 . Jump up ^ The second amendment 's capitalization and punctuation are not uniformly reported ; another version has four commas , after `` militia , '' `` state , '' and `` arms . '' Since documents were at that time copied by hand , variations in punctuation and capitalization are common , and the copy retained by the first Congress , the copies transmitted by it to the state legislatures , and the ratifications returned by them show wide variations in such details . Letter from Marlene McGuirl , Chief , British - American Law Division , Library of Congress ( Oct. 29 , 1976 ) . Jump up ^ Freedman , Adam ( December 16 , 2007 ) . `` Clause and Effect '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Errors in the Constitution '' . archives.gov . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2014 . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Second Amendment Controversy Explained -- Theodore L. Johnson -- Google Books '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Writing Instruction for Generation 2.0 -- Gloria E. Jacobs -- Google Books '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Constitutional Mythologies : New Perspectives on Controlling the State -- Google Books '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Separation of Powers in Practice -- Thomas Campbell -- Google Books '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How A Comma Gave Americans The Right To Own Guns '' Archived 2016 - 06 - 19 at the Wayback Machine ... Business Insider . Retrieved on 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Clause and Effect '' Archived 2017 - 01 - 26 at the Wayback Machine ... The New York Times . 16 December 2007 . Retrieved on 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ In Part II - A of the Opinion of the Court in District of Columbia v. Heller , the Supreme Court cited this version of the amendment , but another version is found in the copies distributed and then ratified by them . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis , and Interpretation -- 1992 Edition -- Second Amendment -- Bearing Arms '' . Gpo.gov . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2013 . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Second Amendment Foundation Online '' . Saf.org. 1995 - 08 - 09 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2013 . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michael Arnheim ( 2009 - 04 - 29 ) . `` U.S. Constitution For Dummies '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Reading the Second Amendment : The Freeman : Foundation for Economic Education '' . Fee.org . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2013 . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` National Archives -- Bill of Rights '' . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation : U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates , 1774 -- 1875 '' . memory.loc.gov . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2015 . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Blackstone 's Commentaries Book 1 Ch 1 -- `` The fifth and last auxiliary right of the subject ... is that of having arms for their defence '' . Jump up ^ From the English Civil War until the Glorious Revolution militias occasionally disarmed Catholics , and the King , without Parliament 's consent , likewise occasionally disarmed Protestants . Malcolm , `` The Role of the Militia , '' pp. 139 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Joyce Lee Malcolm , To Keep and Bear Arms . Jump up ^ `` They accordingly obtained an assurance from William and Mary , in the ... ( Bill of Rights ) , that Protestants would never be disarmed : ... This right has long been understood to be the predecessor to our Second Amendment ... It was clearly an individual right , having nothing whatever to do with service in a militia . To be sure , it was an individual right not available to the whole population , given that it was restricted to Protestants , and like all written English rights it was held only against the Crown , not Parliament . '' Opinion of the Court in Heller Archived 2013 - 03 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` 1688 c. 2 1 Will. and Mar . Sess. 2 '' . Statutelaw.gov.uk . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Barnett , Law , p. 172 . Jump up ^ `` This meaning is strongly confirmed by the historical background of the Second Amendment . We look to this because it has always been widely understood that the Second Amendment , like the First and Fourth Amendments , codified a pre-existing right . The very text of the Second Amendment implicitly recognizes the pre-existence of the right and declares only that it `` shall not be infringed . '' As we ( the United States Supreme Court ) said in United States v. Cruikshank , 92 U.S. 542 , 553 ( 1876 ) , `` ( t ) his is not a right granted by the Constitution . Neither is it in any manner dependent upon that instrument for its existence . The Second amendment declares that it shall not be infringed ... '' . Between the Restoration and the Glorious Revolution , the Stuart Kings Charles II and James II succeeded in using select militias loyal to them to suppress political dissidents , in part by disarming their opponents . See J. Malcolm , To Keep and Bear Arms 31 -- 53 ( 1994 ) ( hereinafter Malcolm ) ; L. Schwoerer , The Declaration of Rights , 1689 , p. 76 ( 1981 ) . Under the auspices of the 1671 Game Act , for example , the Catholic James II had ordered general disarmaments of regions home to his Protestant enemies . See Malcolm 103 -- 106 . These experiences caused Englishmen to be extremely wary of concentrated military forces run by the state and to be jealous of their arms . They accordingly obtained an assurance from William and Mary , in the Declaration of Right ( which was codified as the English Bill of Rights ) , that Protestants would never be disarmed : `` That the subjects which are Protestants may have arms for their defense suitable to their conditions and as allowed by law . '' 1 W. & M. , c. 2 , § 7 , in 3 Eng . Stat . at Large 441 ( 1689 ) . This right has long been understood to be the predecessor to our Second Amendment . See E. Dumbauld , The Bill of Rights and What It Means Today 51 ( 1957 ) ; W. Rawle , A View of the Constitution of the United States of America 122 ( 1825 ) ( hereinafter Rawle ) . '' From the Opinion of the Court in District of Coöimbia versus Heller `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2013 - 03 - 02 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ Justice Antonin Scalia , wrote that `` the right of the people to keep and bear Arms , shall not be infringed '' was a just a controlling one and referred to it as a pre-existing right of individuals to possess and carry personal weapons for self - defense and intrinsically for defense against tyranny . As with the English law `` like most rights , the Second Amendment is not unlimited . It is not a right to keep and carry any weapon whatsoever in any manner whatsoever and for whatever purpose . '' District of Columbia v Heller Archived 2013 - 03 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Where a later enactment does not expressly repeal an earlier enactment which it has power to override , but the provisions of the later enactment are contrary to those of the earlier , the latter by implication repeals the earlier . '' R v. Burke , ( 1998 ) EWHC Admin 913 ; `` ( T ) he Bill of Rights ... was declaratory of the common law . It contained in it its own words of limitation , namely that the right to have arms for self - defence is limited by the words ' and as allowed by Law ' . The law is a changing thing . Parliament by statute can repeal the common law ... Where the Bill of Rights says that ' the Subjects may have arms for their defence suitable for their condition and as allowed by law ' , ' and as allowed by law ' means ' and as allowed by law for the time being ' ( . ) '' R v. Burke , ( 1999 ) EWCA Civ 923 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Mark ( 1938 ) . Constitutional History of England . qtd. in Maer and Gay , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Malcolm , To Keep and Bear Arms , p. 51 . ^ Jump up to : Ely and Bodenhamer , pp. 89 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Heyman , pp. 253 -- 59 . `` Finally , we should note that ( contrary to Kates 's assertion ) , Blackstone nowhere suggests that the right to arms derives from `` the common law . '' Instead , this is a right that is secured by `` the constitution , '' and in particular by the Bill of Rights . '' Jump up ^ `` English Bill of Rights , 1689 , `` An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown '' `` . The Avalon Project . Yale Law School . 2008 . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2008 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ e.g. , King Henry II 's Assize of Arms and the Statute of Winchester of 1285 . See `` The history of policing in the West , Collective responsibility in early Anglo - Saxon times '' , Encyclopædia Britannica online Archived 2009 - 06 - 07 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Levy , pp. 136 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Cornell , Gun Control , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Hardy , p. 1237 . `` Early Americans wrote of the right in light of three considerations : ( 1 ) as auxiliary to a natural right of self - defense ; ( 2 ) as enabling an armed people to deter undemocratic government ; and ( 3 ) as enabling the people to organize a militia system . '' Jump up ^ Malcolm , `` That Every Man Be Armed , '' pp. 452 , 466 . `` The Second Amendment reflects traditional English attitudes toward these three distinct , but intertwined , issues : the right of the individual to protect his life , the challenge to government of an armed citizenry , and the preference for a militia over a standing army . The framers ' attempt to address all three in a single declarative sentence has contributed mightily to the subsequent confusion over the proper interpretation of the Second Amendment . '' Jump up ^ Levy , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Merkel and Uviller , pp. 62 , 179 ff , 183 , 188 ff , 306 . `` ( T ) he right to bear arms was articulated as a civic right inextricably linked to the civic obligation to bear arms for the public defense . '' Jump up ^ Spitzer , pp. 155 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Dulaney , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Bogus , Carl T. ( editor ) ; Bellesiles , Michael A. ( contributor ) ( 2001 ) . The Second Amendment in Law and History : Historians and Constitutional Scholars on the Right to Bear Arms . New Press , The . pp. 67 -- 69 , 239 -- 40 . ISBN 1565846990 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Merkel and Uviller , pp. 62 , 179 ff , 183 , 188 ff , 306 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , Oliver Ayer ( 1895 ) . History of the Military Company of the Massachusetts , Now Called , the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts : 1637 -- 1888 , Vol. 1 . Boston : Alfred Mudge & Son . p. 1 - 2 . Jump up ^ Humphrey , Hubert ( February 1960 ) . `` Know Your Lawmaker '' ( PDF ) . Guns . George E. von Rosen . p. 4 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2014 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved Mar 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bogus , Carl T. ; Professor , Roger Williams University School of Law ( Winter 1998 ) . `` The Hidden History of the Second Amendment '' . U.C. Davis Law Review . 31 : 309 -- 408 . SSRN 1465114 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Hartmann , Thom ( 2013 - 01 - 15 ) . `` The Second Amendment was Ratified to Preserve Slavery '' . Truthout.org . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2013 . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Whitewashing the Second Amendment '' . 2008 . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2009 . Retrieved January 16 , 2013 . the `` well - regulated militias '' cited in the Constitution almost certainly referred to state militias that were used to suppress slave insurrections . ^ Jump up to : Paul Finkelman , professor of law and public policy at Albany Law School ; 2nd Amendment Passed to Protect Slavery ? No ! Archived 2018 - 02 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . The Root ( magazine ) Jump up ^ `` Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 '' . The Avalon Project . Yale Law School . 2008 . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2008 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : DeConde , Alexander ( 2001 ) . Gun Violence in America : The Struggle for Control . Northeastern University Press . ISBN 9781555534868 . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Boston , March 17 '' . N.Y.J. , Supplement : 1 , Col. 3 . April 13 , 1769 . qtd. in Halbrook , A Right to Bear Arms , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Charles , `` Arms for Their Defence ? '' , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Anderson and Horwitz , pp. 91 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Vest , Rose . `` Shay 's Rebellion '' Archived 2008 - 12 - 25 at the Wayback Machine. , Home of Heroes . Jump up ^ Pole and Greene , p. 386 . Jump up ^ Vile , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Merkel and Uviller , p. 79 . Jump up ^ McAffee and Quinlan , p. 781 . Jump up ^ Rakove , p. ? Jump up ^ William Blackstone , Commentaries on the Laws of England , Book 1 , Chapter 1 `` the fifth and last auxiliary right ... when the sanctions of society and laws are found insufficient to restrain the violence of oppression '' . ^ Jump up to : Millis , p. 49 . `` The founders sought to balance military , as they did political , power , between people , states , and nation ( . ) '' ^ Jump up to : The Federalist Papers No. 29 ( Alexander Hamilton ) ( concerning the militia ) . Jump up ^ Bogus , Carl T. `` Do We Place our Faith in Law or Guns ? '' . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2008 . Retrieved July 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Henigan , p. ? . `` ( A ) generalized constitutional right of all citizens to engage in armed insurrection against their government ... would threaten the rule of law itself . '' Jump up ^ Reynolds , p. ? Jump up ^ `` Letter from John Adams to Abigail Adams , 22 December 1793 '' . Masshist.org . Archived from the original on 16 October 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cooke , p. 100 . `` This is another protection against a possible abuse by Congress . The right protected is really the right of a state to maintain an armed militia , or national guard , as we call it now . In the eighteenth century people feared that Congress might , by passing a law , prohibit the states from arming their citizens . Then having all the armed strength at its command , the national government could overwhelm the states . Such a circumstance has never happened , but this amendment would prevent it . The Second Amendment does not give anybody or everybody the right to possess and use firearms . The states may very properly prescribe regulations and permits governing the use of guns within their borders . '' Jump up ^ US Constitution Article 1 Section 8 To provide for organizing , arming , and disciplining , the Militia , and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States , reserving to the States respectively , the Appointment of the Officers , and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress . Jump up ^ `` Elliots Debates Vol 3 , Virginia Convention , Saturday June 14 , 1788 '' . Teachingamericanhistory.org . January 1 , 1980 . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . The national government has an exclusive right to provide for arming , organizing , and disciplining the militia , and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States . The state governments have the power of appointing the officers , and of training the militia , according to the discipline prescribed by Congress , if they should think proper to prescribe any . Should the national government wish to render the militia useless , they may neglect them , and let them perish , in order to have a pretence of establishing a standing army . Jump up ^ Dunlap , John ( 1778 ) . `` Journals of Congress Containing the Proceedings FROM JANUARY 1 , 1776 , TO JANUARY 1 , 1776 ; Volume II . ( Second Continental Congress ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Virginia Declaration of Rights '' . The Avalon Project . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of Pennsylvania -- September 28 , 1776 '' . The Avalon Project . Jump up ^ Bowden , James ( 1854 ) . The History of the Society of Friends in America . London : W. & F.G. Cash . p. 123 . Jump up ^ Ford , Paul Leicester ( September 1895 ) . `` The Adoption of the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 '' . Political Science Quarterly . Vol. 10 , No. 3 : 426 -- 459 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of Maryland -- November 11 , 1776 '' . The Avalon Project . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of North Carolina : December 18 , 1776 '' . The Avalon Project . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of New York : April 20 , 1777 '' . The Avalon Project . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of Vermont -- July 8 , 1777 '' . The Avalon Project . Jump up ^ `` Massachusetts Constitution of 1780 '' . General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts . Jump up ^ Mulloy , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Smith , pp. 591 , 600 . Jump up ^ Cress , Lawrence . An Armed Community : The Origins and Meaning of the Right to Bear Arms . p. 31 . qtd. in Cottrol , p. 283 . Jump up ^ Vile , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Schmidt et al. , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Williams , pp. 41 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Story , Joseph . `` Commentaries on the Constitution 2 : § § 904 -- 25 , 927 -- 30 , 946 -- 52 , 954 -- 70 , 972 -- 76 , 988 '' . The Founders Constitution . The University of Chicago Press . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2013 . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Federalist Papers No. 46 ( James Madison ) ( concerning the influence of state and federal governments ) . Jump up ^ Webster , Noah . `` An Examination of the Leading Principles of the Federal Constitution '' Archived 2010 - 08 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . ( October 10 , 1787 ) . Jump up ^ Young , pp. 38 -- 41 . `` A Citizen of America ( Noah Webster ) October 10 , 1787 Pamphlet : An Examination into the leading principles of the Federal Constitution . '' Jump up ^ Foner and Garraty , p. 914 . `` The Massachusetts compromise determined the fate of the Constitution , as it permitted delegates with doubts to vote for it in the hope that it would be amended . '' Jump up ^ Adamson , p. 63 . Jump up ^ See Theories of Constitutional Interpretation Archived 2011 - 12 - 16 at the Wayback Machine. , maintained by Doug Linder , University of Missouri - Kansas City Law School . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . ( Author cites Robert Bork : `` If the Constitution is law , then presumably its meaning , like that of all other law , is the meaning the lawmakers were understood to have intended . '' ) Jump up ^ Garry Wills , A Necessary Evil : A History of American Distrust of Government , Simon and Schuster , 1999 , p. 252 . ( `` Until recently , the Second Amendment was a little - visited area of the Constitution . A two thousand - page commentary on the Constitution put out by the Library of Congress in 1973 has copious annotation for most clauses , but less than a page and a half for the Second Amendment . '' ) Jump up ^ Garry Wills , A Necessary Evil : A History of American Distrust of Government , Simon and Schuster , 1999 , pp. 253 -- 54 . ( `` Whitehill deals with guns in three of his fifteen headings . Article 8 begins : ' The inhabitants of the several states shall have liberty to fowl and hunt in seasonable times ... ' article 7 : ' That the people have a right to bear arms for the defense of themselves and their own state , or the United States , or for the purposes of killing game ... ' '' ) Jump up ^ Garry Wills , A Necessary Evil : A History of American Distrust of Government , Simon and Schuster , 1999 , p. 253 . ( `` The items on the ( Whitehill 's ) list were never discussed in the convention , which when on to approve the Constitution . '' ) Jump up ^ `` Articles of Confederation '' . Usconstitution.net . May 19 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` US Library of Congress , repro of original text '' . Memory.loc.gov . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2011 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` US Constitution '' . US Constitution . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 2 Jonathan Elliot , The Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution 97 ( 2d ed. 1863 ) Jump up ^ Noah Webster , An Examination into the Leading Principles of the Federal Constitution ( 1787 ) , Reprinted in Pamphlets on the Constitution of the United States , Published During Its Discussion by the People , 1787 -- 1788 , at 56 ( Paul L. Ford , ed. 1971 ) ( 1888 ) Jump up ^ 3 Jonathan Elliot , The Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution 425 ( 3d Ed . 1937 ) Jump up ^ James Monroe Papers , New York Public Library ( Miscellaneous Papers of James Monroe ) Jump up ^ Speech on the Federal Constitution , Virginia Ratifying Convention , 1788 ^ Jump up to : Raw Story , 22 Feb. 2018 , `` The Second Amendment Was Ratified to Preserve Slavery , '' `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2018 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Raw Story , 22 Feb. 2018 , `` The Second Amendment Was Ratified to Preserve Slavery , '' `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2018 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 23 . citing U.C. Davis Law Review , Winter 1998 , Bogus , Carl T . `` The Hidden History of the Second Amendment '' Jump up ^ James Madison ( June 8 , 1789 ) . Gales & Seaton 's History of Debates in Congress Archived 2011 - 01 - 11 at the Wayback Machine. , `` Amendments to the Constitution '' , House of Representatives , 1st Congress , 1st Session : pp. 448 -- 459 ( 451 ) . Jump up ^ Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States Archived 2015 - 09 - 04 at the Wayback Machine. , Vol. 1 : p. 64 . Jump up ^ Annals of Congress Archived 2015 - 09 - 04 at the Wayback Machine. , House of Representatives , 1st Congress , 1st Session : p. 669 . Jump up ^ Annals of Congress Archived 2011 - 01 - 10 at the Wayback Machine. , House of Representatives , 1st Congress , 1st Session : p. 778 . Jump up ^ Journal of the Senate of the United States of America Archived 2017 - 01 - 26 at the Wayback Machine. , Vol. 1 : pp. 63 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Letter from Roger Sherman to Simeon Baldwin ( Aug. 22 , 1789 ) qtd. in Bickford , et al. , p. 16 See also letter from James Madison to Alexander White ( Aug. 24 , 1789 ) qtd. in Madison , Writings , pp. 418 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Journal of the Senate of the United States of America Archived 2016 - 12 - 19 at the Wayback Machine. , Vol. 1 : p. 71 . Jump up ^ Journal of the Senate of the United States of America Archived 2015 - 09 - 04 at the Wayback Machine. , Vol. 1 : p. 77 . Jump up ^ `` The Bill of Rights : A Transcription '' . 4 November 2015 . Retrieved 23 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Amendments to the Constitution of the United States ( Washington , Government Printing Office , n.d. ) `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2018 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : 1 Stat. 272 Archived 2011 - 01 - 12 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Merkel and Uviller , pp. 293 -- 94 . ^ Jump up to : Merkel and Uviller , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Szatmary , p. 107 . Jump up ^ 1 Stat. 351 Archived 2015 - 09 - 04 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` Remarks on the First Part of the Amendments to the Federal Constitution , '' Federal Gazette , June 18 , 1792 , at 2 , col. 1 Jump up ^ Glenn Harlan Reynolds . `` A Critical Guide to the Second Amendment '' . guncite.com . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2014 . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Halbrook , Stephen P. ( 1998 ) . Freedmen , the 14th Amendment , and the Right to Bear Arms , 1866 -- 1876 . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 9780275963316 . Retrieved March 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Tucker , p. 490 and Kopel , David B . `` The Second Amendment in the Nineteenth Century '' . Second Amendment Project . Archived from the original on 2006 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Blackstone , Sir William ; Tucker , St. George ; Christian , Edward ( 1803 ) . Blackstone 's Commentaries : With Notes of Reference , to the Constitution and Laws , of the Federal Government of the United States ; and of the Commonwealth of Virginia . In Five Volumes . With an Appendix to Each Volume , Containing Short Tracts Upon Such Subjects as Appeared Necessary to Form a Connected View of the Laws of Virginia , as a Member of the Federal Union . William Young Birch , and Abraham Small , no . 17 , South Second - street , Robert Carr , printer . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ For two radically different views of Blackstone on the Second Amendment , see Heyman , Chicago - Kent , and Volokh , Senate Testimony . ^ Jump up to : Rawle , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Rawle , pp. 125 -- 26 . ^ Jump up to : Rawle , William ( 1825 ) . A View of the Constitution of the United States of America . H.C. Carey & I. Lea . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . In the second article , it is declared , that a well regulated militia is necessary to the security of a free state ; a proposition from which few will dissent . Although in actual war , the services of regular troops are confessedly more valuable ; yet , while peace prevails , and in the commencement of a war before a regular force can be raised , the militia form the palladium of the country . They are ready to repel invasion , to suppress insurrection , and preserve the good order and peace of government . That they should be well regulated , is judiciously added . A disorderly militia is disgraceful to itself , and dangerous not to the enemy , but to its own country . The duty of the state government is , to adopt such regulations as will tend to make good soldiers with the least interruptions of the ordinary and useful occupations of civil life . In this all the Union has a strong and visible interest . The corollary , from the first position , is , that the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed . Jump up ^ Rawle , William ( 2011 ) . `` A View to the Constitution of the United States of America '' ( PDF ) . Portage Publications . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2013 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ A Familiar Exposition of the Constitution of the United States : Containing a Brief Commentary on Every Clause , Explaining the True Nature , Reasons , and Objects Thereof : Designed for the Use of School Libraries and General Readers : with an Appendix , Containing Important Public Documents , Illustrative of the Constitution . 1833 Jump up ^ Story , Joseph ( 1865 ) . A Familiar Exposition of the Constitution of the United States : Containing a Brief Commentary on Every Clause , Explaining the True Nature , Reasons , and Objects Thereof : Designed for the Use of School Libraries and General Readers : with an Appendix , Containing Important Public Documents , Illustrative of the Constitution . The Lawbook Exchange , Ltd . ISBN 9781886363717 . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . The next amendment is , ' A well - regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state , the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed . ' One of the ordinary modes , by which tyrants accomplish their purposes without resistance , is , by disarming the people , and making it an offence to keep arms , and by substituting a regular army in the stead of a resort to the militia . The friends of a free government can not be too watchful , to overcome the dangerous tendency of the public mind to sacrifice , for the sake of mere private convenience , this powerful check upon the designs of ambitious men . § 451 . The importance of this article will scarcely be doubted by any persons , who have duly reflected upon the subject . The militia is the natural defence of a free country against sudden foreign invasions , domestic insurrections , and domestic usurpations of power by rulers . It is against sound policy for a free people to keep up large military establishments and standing armies in time of peace , both from the enormous expenses , with which they are attended , and the facile means , which they afford to ambitious and unprincipled rulers , to subvert the government , or trample upon the rights of the people . The right of the citizens to keep and bear arms has justly been considered , as the palladium of the liberties of a republic ; since it offers a strong moral check against the usurpations and arbitrary power of rulers ; and it will generally , even if these are successful in the first instance , enable the people to resist and triumph over them . And yet , though this truth would seem so clear , and the importance of a well - regulated militia would seem so undeniable , it can not be disguised , that among the American people there is a growing indifference to any system of militia discipline , and a strong disposition , from a sense of its burdens , to be rid of all regulations . How it is practicable to keep the people duly armed without some organization , it is difficult to see . There is certainly no small danger , that indifference may lead to disgust , and disgust to contempt ; and thus gradually undermine all the protection intended by this clause of our National Bill of Rights . ^ Jump up to : Story , Joseph ( 1833 ) . Commentaries on the U.S. Constitution . Harper & Brothers . pp. § 1890 . Jump up ^ Spooner , pp. 17 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Renehan , pp. 172 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Spooner , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Cramer , p. ? Jump up ^ Farrar , Timothy ( 1872 ) . Manual of the Constitution of the United States of America . Little , Brown . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . § 34 . The people of the United States , in making their Constitution , do not create or confer on themselves any new rights , but they expressly reserve all the rights they then held , except what were delegated for their own benefit ; and they particularly and expressly recognize and perpetuate many natural and civil common - law rights , which , of course , are placed beyond the reach of any subordinate government , and even of their own . Among these are the following : 1 . The right to be , what they call themselves , ' the people of the United States , ' citizens , and component members of the body politic , -- the nation ; and to participate in all the privileges , immunities , and benefits the Constitution was designed to obtain or secure for all the American people , especially the right to be protected and governed according to the provisions of the Constitution . 2 . A right to the privileges and immunities of citizens in any of the several States . Among these is the fundamental and elementary right of suffrage . The Representatives to the national and State legislatures must be chosen by the people , the citizens ( Section 2 ) . Consequently , the citizens must choose them , and have a right to choose them . Am. 14 , § 2 . 3 . A right to the common - law writ of habeas corpus , to protect the other common - law right , as well as natural and constitutional right , of personal liberty . 4 . A right to trial by jury in any criminal case . 5 . A right to keep and bear arms . 6 . A right to life , liberty , and property , unless deprived by due process of law . 7 . A right to just compensation for private property legally taken for public use . 8 . A right to participate in all rights retained by , or reserved to , the people . Most of these rights , with many others , belong by the Constitution not only to the citizens , -- the people of the United States , strictly so called , by reason of the franchise of natural birth or otherwise , -- but also to all persons who may be allowed to be and remain under the jurisdiction and protection of our government . These are a part only of the rights held by every member of the nation , under and by virtue of the Constitution of the United States , independent of any other earthly power , and which , of course , ' can not be destroyed or abridged by the laws of any particular State . ' Who , then , in the United States is destitute of rights ? ... The States are recognized as governments , and , when their own constitutions permit , may do as they please ; provided they do not interfere with the Constitution and laws of the United States , or with the civil or natural rights of the people recognized thereby , and held in conformity to them . The right of every person to ' life , liberty , and property , ' to ' keep and bear arms , ' to the ' writ of habeas corpus ' to ' trial by jury , ' and divers others , are recognized by , and held under , the Constitution of the United States , and can not be infringed by individuals or even by the government itself . Jump up ^ Cooley , Thomas M. ( November 1883 ) . `` The Abnegation of Self - Government '' . Princeton Review : 213 -- 14 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 21 -- via University of Michigan Law School . Jump up ^ Cooley , Thomas McIntyre ( 1871 ) . A treatise on the constitutional limitations which rest upon the legislative power of the states of the American union . Little , Brown and company . p. 381 . Jump up ^ Cooley , Thomas McIntyre ( 1880 ) . The General Principles of Constitutional Law in the United States of America . F.B. Rothman . p. 271 . Jump up ^ Right to Keep and Bear Arms , U.S. Senate . 2001 Paladin Press . ISBN 1 - 58160 - 254 - 5 . Jump up ^ United States v. Emerson Archived 2012 - 08 - 17 at the Wayback Machine. , 270 F. 3d 203 , 218 -- 19 ( 5th Cir. 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Kenneth A. Klukowski , Armed by Right : The Emerging Jurisprudence Of The Second Amendment , 18 Geo . Mason U. Civ . Rts . L.J. 167 , 176 ( 2008 ) ( `` Advocates of the collective theories posit that the Second Amendment was written out of fear that the new central government would disarm state militias needed for local defense . Under any sort of collective theory , the government could completely ban all firearm ownership whatsoever . '' ) Jump up ^ George A. Mocsary , Explaining Away the Obvious : The Infusibility of Characterizing the Second Amendment as a Nonindividual Right , 76 Fordham L. Rev. 2113 , 2133 ( 2008 ) ( `` Up until 2001 , every federal circuit court of appeals that ruled on the issue had adopted the collective right approach . '' ) . Jump up ^ Kenneth A. Klukowski , Citizen Gun Rights : Incorporating the Second Amendment Through the Privileges or Immunities Clause , 39 N.M.L. Rev. 195 , 199 -- 200 ( 2009 ) . Jump up ^ George A. Mocsary , Explaining Away the Obvious : The Infusibility of Characterizing the Second Amendment as a Nonindividual Right , 76 Fordham L. Rev. 2113 , 2133 -- 34 ( 2008 ) ; cf . Silveira v. Lockyer , 312 F. 3d 1052 , 1087 ( 9th Cir. 2002 ) ( endorsing collective rights model ) . Jump up ^ Barnett , Randy E. ( 2004 ) . Was the Right to Keep and Bear Arms Conditioned on Service in an Organized Militia ? . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kenneth A. Klukowski , Armed by Right : The Emerging Jurisprudence Of The Second Amendment , 18 Geo . Mason U. Civ . Rts . L.J. 167 , 176 ( 2008 ) . Jump up ^ George A. Mocsary , Explaining Away the Obvious : The Infusibility of Characterizing the Second Amendment as a Nonindividual Right , 76 Fordham L. Rev. 2113 , 2133 ( 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Kenneth A. Klukowski , Citizen Gun Rights : Incorporating the Second Amendment Through the Privileges or Immunities Clause , 39 N.M.L. Rev. 195 , 200 ( 2009 ) ( citing United States v. Wright , 117 F. 3d 1265 , 1273 -- 74 ( 11th Cir. 1997 ) ; United States v. Rybar , 103 F. 3d 273 , 286 ( 3d Cir. 1996 ) ; United States v. Hale , 978 F. 2d 1016 , 1020 ( 8th Cir. 1992 ) ; United States v. Oakes , 564 F. 2d 384 , 387 ( 10th Cir. 1977 ) ; Cases v. United States , 131 F. 2d 916 , 923 ( 1st Cir. 1942 ) ) . Jump up ^ Dorothy J. Hernaez , `` Parker v. District of Columbia : Understanding the Broader Implications for the Future of Gun Control '' , 6 Geo . J.L. & Pub . Pol'y 693 , 696 ( 2008 ) . Jump up ^ George A. Mocsary , `` Explaining Away the Obvious : The Infusibility of Characterizing the Second Amendment as a Nonindividual Right '' , 76 Fordham L. Rev. 2113 , 2134 ( 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Merkel and Uviller , p. 150 . `` The linguistically correct reading of this unique construction is as though it said : ' Congress shall not limit the right of the people ( that is , the potential members of the state militia ) to acquire and keep the sort of arms appropriate to their military duty , so long as the following statement remains true : `` an armed , trained , and controlled militia is the best -- if not the only -- way to protect the state government and the liberties of its people against uprisings from within and incursions or oppression from without . ' '' Jump up ^ Winterer , pp. 1 -- 21 Jump up ^ `` Amicus Brief , ACRU , Case No. 03 - CV - 0213 - EGS , Shelly Parker , et al. vs. District of Columbia '' ( PDF ) . p. 14 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 4 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Frey and Wellman , p. 194 . Jump up ^ Shapiro , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Volokh , `` Commonplace , '' p. 793 . `` The Second Amendment is widely seen as quite unusual , because it has a justification clause as well as an operative clause . Professor Volokh points out that this structure was actually quite commonplace in American constitutions of the Framing era : State Bills of Rights contained justification clauses for many of the rights they secured . '' Jump up ^ Rottenberg , Annette T. ; Winchell , Donna Haisty ( 3 August 2011 ) . `` Elements of Argument : A Text and Reader '' . Macmillan . Retrieved 23 May 2018 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Frank Staheli ( 28 August 2016 ) . `` Warren Burger `` 2nd Amendment Fraud '' -- 1991 PBS News Hour `` . PBS . Retrieved 23 May 2018 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` IT 'S TIME TO PASS THE BRADY BILL '' . The Washington Post . 3 October 1992 . Retrieved 23 May 2018 -- via www.washingtonpost.com . Jump up ^ https://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3294&context=cklawreview Jump up ^ `` How the NRA Rewrote the Second Amendment -- Brennan Center for Justice '' . www.brennancenter.org . Retrieved 24 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Merkel , p. 361 . `` Well - regulated meant well trained , rather than subject to rules and regulations . '' ^ Jump up to : Heller , Opinion of the Court , Part II - A-2 . Jump up ^ `` Scalia in Heller '' . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2013 . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Stevens ' dissent '' . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2013 . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` District of Columbia v Heller '' . Supreme.justia.com . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kopel , David B. ( 1999 ) . The Supreme Court 's Thirty - five Other Gun Cases : What the Supreme Court Has Said about the Second Amendment . Independence Institute . Retrieved March 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Crooker , Constance . Gun Control and Gun Rights , p. 55 ( Greenwood Publishing Group , 2003 ) . Jump up ^ Lund , Nelson . `` The Past and Future of the Individual 's Right to Arms Archived 2018 - 03 - 25 at the Wayback Machine . '' , Georgia Law Review , Volume 31 , p. 26 ( 1996 ) . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia v Heller '' . Cornell University Law School . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Baron , Dennis ( 21 May 2018 ) . `` Opinion -- Antonin Scalia was wrong about the meaning of ' bear arms ' '' . Retrieved 23 May 2018 -- via www.washingtonpost.com . Jump up ^ Cornell , Gun Control , p. 6 . Neither of the two modern theories that have defined public debate over the right to bear arms is faithful to the original understanding of this provision of the Bill of Rights . Jump up ^ Justice Story `` misidentified '' it as the `` 5th Amendment . '' Several public officials , including James Madison and Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story , retained the confusing practice of referring to each of the ten amendments in the Bill of Rights by the enumeration found in the first draft ; the fifth article is the Second Amendment . Jump up ^ `` FindLaw Cases and Codes '' . Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2013 . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` United States v. Miller '' . Supreme.justia.com . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia v. Heller '' . Supreme.justia.com . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cruikshank , at 552 . Jump up ^ Cruikshank , at 553 . Jump up ^ Cruikshank , at 554 . Jump up ^ Doherty , p. 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Lehr und Wehr Verein '' . The New York Times . July 20 , 1886 . p. 5 . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cramer , Clayton E. ( 1994 ) . For the defense of themselves and the state : the original intent and judicial interpretation of the right to keep and bear arms . Praeger . ISBN 9780275949136 . Retrieved March 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Miller , at 539 . Jump up ^ Robertson , at 281 . Jump up ^ Miller , at 175 . Jump up ^ Miller , at 177 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Miller , at 178 . Jump up ^ Fezell , Howard J. `` The misconstruction of United States v. Miller '' . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2008 . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Paul Helmke ( March 28 , 2008 ) . `` One Court 's Second Amendment Fantasy '' . Huffington Post . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2012 . Retrieved April 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McClurg , p. 139 . `` But when all is said and done , the only certainty about Miller is that it failed to give either side a clear - cut victory . Most modern scholars recognize this fact . For example , Professor Eugene Volokh describes Miller as ' deliciously and usefully ambiguous ' in an article about using the Second Amendment as a teaching tool in constitutional law . That is probably the most accurate statement that can be made about the case . '' ^ Jump up to : `` District of Columbia v. Heller ( No. 07 - 290 ) '' . Legal Information Institute . Cornell University Law School . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cornell School of Law Summary of the Heller Decision '' . Law.cornell.edu . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2012 . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Witkin Legal Institute Summary of the Heller Decision '' . Witkin.com . June 30 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nathan Moore Summary of the Heller Decision '' . Mooredefenselaw.com . June 30 , 2008 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Global Legal Information Network Summary of the Heller Decision '' . Glin.gov . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2012 . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Veronica Rose ; Principal Analyst . `` OLR Research Institute 's Summary of the Heller Decision '' . Cga.ct.gov . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2012 . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Oyez Summary of the Heller Decision '' . Oyez.org . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' Legal Community Against Violence '' Summary of the Heller Decision '' ( PDF ) . Lcav.org . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 13 , 2012 . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` People v. Aguilar , 2013 IL 112116 '' ( PDF ) . Illinois Supreme Court . Illinois Supreme Court . September 12 , 2013 . pp. 5 -- 6 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on June 11 , 2014 . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mauro , Tony ( June 27 , 2008 ) . `` Supreme Court Strikes Down D.C. Gun Ban '' . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2008 . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . In a historic 5 -- 4 decision ... the landmark ruling ... Jump up ^ Biskupic , Joan & Johnson , Kevin ( June 27 , 2008 ) . `` Landmark ruling fires challenges to gun laws '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2008 . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Vicini , James ( June 26 , 2008 ) . `` Americans have right to guns under landmark ruling '' . Reuters . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( June 27 , 2008 ) . `` Justices , Ruling 5 -- 4 , Endorse Personal Right to Own Gun '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . The landmark ruling ... Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( March 16 , 2009 ) . `` Few Ripples From Supreme Court Ruling on Guns '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2011 . Retrieved August 13 , 2010 . The Heller case is a landmark decision that has not changed very much at all ... Jump up ^ Robert A. Sedler ( June 30 , 2008 ) . `` Ruling upholds most gun control laws '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved August 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Heller , Opinion of the Court , Part III . Jump up ^ Harris , Andrew . `` Illinois Bid for Rehearing of Gun - Carry Appeal Rejected '' Archived 2013 - 11 - 13 at the Wayback Machine. , Bloomberg News ( February 22 , 2013 ) : `` The U.S. Court of Appeals in Denver today ruled the constitutional provision does n't guarantee a right to carry a concealed firearm ... . '' Jump up ^ Kirkland , Michael . `` Scalia in ' 08 -- Right to bear arms is ' not unlimited ' '' Archived 2013 - 11 - 13 at the Wayback Machine. , UPI ( December 16 , 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Henigan , Dennis . Lethal Logic : Exploding the Myths That Paralyze American Gun Policy , p. 204 ( Potomac Books 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Huebert , Jacob . Libertarianism Today , p. 147 ( ABC - CLIO , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia v. Heller '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Heller , Justice Stevens dissenting '' . Supreme.justia.com . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Heller , Opinion of the Court , Part II - A-1 - b . Jump up ^ `` Heller , Justice Breyer dissenting '' . Supreme.justia.com . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Heller , Opinion of the Court , Part II - D - 1 '' . Supreme.justia.com . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ District of Columbia v. Heller Archived 2008 - 07 - 02 at the Wayback Machine. , 128 S. Ct. 2783 ( 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( June 27 , 2008 ) . `` Justices Rule for Individual Gun Rights '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2012 . Retrieved May 23 , 2010 . ( A ) dramatic upheaval in the law , Justice Stevens said in a dissent Jump up ^ `` Justice Ginsburg Part II : Gender , the Second Amendment , Immigration & More '' . wnyc.org . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2016 . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rose , Veronica ( August 20 , 2010 ) . `` Summary of the Recent McDonald v. Chicago Gun Case '' . Office of Legal Research -- Connecticut General Assembly . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2015 . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scarola , Matthew ( June 28 , 2010 ) . `` Analysis : state gun regulations and McDonald '' . SCOTUSblog . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2010 . Retrieved July 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Duignan , Brian . The U.S. Constitution and Constitutional Law , pp. 31 -- 32 ( Rosen Publishing Group , 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Denniston , Lyle ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` The Second Amendment expands , but maybe not by much '' . SCOTUSblog . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2016 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : CRS Report for Congress District of Columbia v. Heller : The Supreme Court and the Second Amendment April 11 , 2008 Congressional Research Service T.J. Halsted , Legislative Attorney , American Law Division . Order Code RL34446 `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 07 - 03 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 27 ... Jump up ^ Cases v. United States , 131 F. 2d 916 ( 1st Cir. 1942 ) ; United States v. Toner , 728 F. 2d 115 ( 2nd Cir. 1984 ) ; United States v. Rybar , 103 F. 3d 273 ( 3rd Cir. 1997 ) ; Love v. Peppersack , 47 F. 3d 120 ( 4th Cir. 1995 ) ; United States v. Johnson , 441 F. 2d 1134 ( 5th Cir. 1971 ) ; United States v. Warin , 530 F. 2d 103 ( 6th Cir. 1976 ) ; Quilici v. Village of Morton Grove , 695 F. 2d 261 ( 7th Cir. 1983 ) ; United States v. Hale , 978 F. 2d 1016 ( 8th Cir. 1993 ) ; Hickman v. Block , 81 F. 3d 98 ( 9th Cir. 1996 ) ; United States v. Oakes , 564 F. 2d 384 ( 10th Cir. 1978 ) ; and United States v. Wright , 117 F. 3d 1265 ( 11th Cir. 1997 ) Jump up ^ Winkler , `` Heller 's Catch 22 , '' p. 14 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( March 17 , 2009 ) . `` Few Ripples From Supreme Court Ruling on Guns '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2012 . Retrieved March 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Heller v. District of Columbia 2010 '' . Leagle . March 26 , 2010 . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Some D.C. Gun Laws Unconstitutional '' . U.S. News & World Report . September 18 , 2015 . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2015 . Retrieved September 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` In Major Win for 2nd Amendment Advocates , Federal Court Blocks D.C. from Enforcing Conceal - Carry Restriction '' . Reason . July 25 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rene E. , at 12 -- 15 . Jump up ^ N.Y. 's Concealed Gun Licensing Scheme Is Upheld by Circuit -- New York Law Journal ^ Jump up to : Winkler , `` Heller 's Catch 22 , '' p. 15 . Jump up ^ `` United States Court of Appeals , Fourth Circuit '' . FindLaw . Thomson Reuters . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Part III of the decision . Jump up ^ Santiago , Matthew ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Fourth Circuit requires application of strict scrutiny in challenge to Maryland gun law '' . JURIST . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2016 . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Order granting rehearing en banc Archived 2016 - 03 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Weisselberg , pp. 99 -- 100 . Jump up ^ Text of decision in Dorosan Archived 2012 - 08 - 03 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Tyler v. Hillsdale Co . Sheriff 's Dept. , 775 F. 3d 308 , 317 -- 19 ( 6th Cir. 2014 ) ( internal quotations omitted ) . Jump up ^ `` Federal Circuit Court Holds That Involuntary Mental Commitment Cannot Prevent A Person From Asserting His ' Fundamental Right ' Of Gun Ownership '' . Gielow , Groom , Terpstra & McEvoy . January 21 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2015 . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tyler v. Hillsdale County Sheriff 's Dep 't , 2015 U.S. App . LEXIS 6638 ( 2015 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Skoien and the many challenges of Second Amendment jurisprudence '' . Sentencing Law and Policy . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2010 . Retrieved August 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. v. Skoien No. 08 - 3770 '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Laws , Life , and Legal Matters -- Court Cases and Legal Information at Leagle.com -- All Federal and State Appeals Court Cases in One Search '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The right to regain the right to own a gun '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Dennis A. Henigan : New Court Ruling Throws Cold Water on `` Gun Rights '' Celebration `` . Huffington Post . July 16 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Moore v. Madigan ( Circuit docket 12 - 1269 ) '' . United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit . suntimes.com . December 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2013 . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Denniston , Lyle ( December 11 , 2012 ) . `` Broader gun right declared '' . SCOTUSblog . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2012 . Retrieved December 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( December 18 , 2012 ) . `` Supreme Court Gun Ruling Does n't Block Proposed Controls '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2012 . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kopel , David ( December 11 , 2012 ) . `` Moore v. Madigan , key points '' . The Volokh Conspiracy . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2012 . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Volokh , Eugene ( February 22 , 2013 ) . `` Rehearing En Banc Denied in Case Invalidating Illinois ' Ban on Carrying Loaded Guns in Public '' . The Volokh Conspiracy . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2013 . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Todd D. Steenson , Phillip M. Schreiber and Adam R. Young ( 5 August 2013 ) . `` Illinois Firearm Concealed Carry Act Will Require Employers to Take Action '' . Holland & Koch . Archived from the original on 5 November 2013 . Retrieved November 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Volokh , Eugene ( July 29 , 2009 ) . `` Ninth Circuit Will Rehear Nordyke v. King En Banc '' . The Volokh Conspiracy . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2009 . Retrieved July 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ McCullagh , Declan ( August 25 , 2009 ) . `` High - Profile Gun Rights Case Inches Toward Supreme Court '' . CBS News . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2009 . Retrieved August 25 , 2009 . 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Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mintz , Howard ( November 29 , 2011 ) . `` 9th Circuit agrees to rehear long - running Alameda County gun rights case '' . Oakland Tribune . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2011 . Retrieved November 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Denniston , Lyle ( April 4 , 2012 ) . `` Major gun case shunted aside '' . SCOTUSblog . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2012 . Retrieved April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Denniston , Lyle ( June 2 , 2012 ) . `` Nordyke gun case nears end '' . SCOTUSblog . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2012 . Retrieved June 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Teixeira v. County of Alameda ( Circuit docket 13 - 17132 ) '' ( PDF ) . United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit . May 16 , 2016 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Peruta v. San Diego Archived 2016 - 06 - 15 at the Wayback Machine . No. 10 - 56971 ( 9th Cir. 2016 ) Jump up ^ Repeal the 2nd Amendment Archived 2018 - 03 - 31 at the Wayback Machine. , Chicago Tribune , June 27 , 2008 Jump up ^ Repeal the Second Amendment Archived 2018 - 03 - 30 at the Wayback Machine. , The New York Times , October 5 , 2017 Jump up ^ John Paul Stevens : Repeal the Second Amendment Archived 2018 - 03 - 30 at the Wayback Machine. , The New York Times -- March 27 , 2018 Jump up ^ Trump on proposed repeal of the second amendment : ' NO WAY ' Archived 2018 - 03 - 30 at the Wayback Machine. , Business insider , March 28 , 2018 Jump up ^ No , Justice Stevens , We Do n't Need to Repeal the Second Amendment Archived 2018 - 03 - 31 at the Wayback Machine. , Slate , March 29 , 2018 References ( edit ) Books ( edit ) Adams , Les ( 1996 ) . The Second Amendment Primer : A Citizen 's Guidebook to the History , Sources , and Authorities for the Constitutional Guarantee of the Right to Keep and Bear Arms . Birmingham , Alabama : Paladium Press . Adamson , Barry ( 2008 ) . Freedom of Religion , the First Amendment , and the Supreme Court . Pelican Publishing . ISBN 1 - 58980 - 520 - 8 . Anderson , Casey ; Horwitz , Joshua ( 2009 ) . Guns , Democracy , and the Insurrectionist Idea . Ann Arbor , MI : University of Michigan Press . ISBN 0 - 472 - 03370 - 0 . Barnett , Hilaire ( 2004 ) . Constitutional & Administrative Law . Routledge Cavendish . ISBN 1 - 85941 - 927 - 5 . Bickford , Charlene ; et al. , eds. ( 2004 ) . Documentary History of the First Federal Congress of the United States of America , March 4 , 1789 -- March 3 , 1791 : Correspondence : First Session , September -- November 1789 . 17 . The Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 7162 - 7 . Bogus , Carl T. ( 2001 ) . The Second Amendment in Law and History : Historians and Constitutional Scholars on the Right to Bear Arms . New York : The New Press . ISBN 1 - 56584 - 699 - 0 . Boynton , Lindsay Oliver J. ( 1971 ) . The Elizabethan Militia 1558 -- 1638 . David & Charles . ISBN 0 - 7153 - 5244 - X . OCLC 8605166 . Carter , Gregg Lee ( 2002 ) . Guns in American Society . ABC - CLIO . Charles , Patrick J. ( 2009 ) . The Second Amendment : The Intent and Its Interpretation by the States and the Supreme Court . McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 4270 - 6 . Cooke , Edward Francis ( 2002 ) . A Detailed Analysis of the Constitution . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 2238 - 5 . Cornell , Saul ( 2006 ) . A Well - Regulated Militia -- The Founding Fathers and the Origins of Gun Control in America . New York , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 514786 - 5 . Cottrol , Robert ( 1994 ) . Gun Control and the Constitution : Sources and Explorations on the Second Amendment . Taylor & Francis . Cramer , Clayton E. ; Olson , Joseph ( 2008 ) . `` What Did `` Bear Arms '' Mean in the Second Amendment ? `` . Geo . J.L. & Pub . Pol'y. 6 ( 2 ) . SSRN 1086176 . Crooker , Constance Emerson ( 2003 ) . Gun Control and Gun Rights . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32174 - 0 . Denson , John V. ( 1999 ) . The Costs of War : America 's Pyrrhic Victories ( 2 ed . ) . Transaction Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0487 - 7 . Doherty , Brian ( 2008 ) . Gun Control on Trial : Inside the Supreme Court Battle Over the Second Amendment . Washington , D.C. : Cato Institute . ISBN 1 - 933995 - 25 - 4 . Dulaney , W. Marvin ( 1996 ) . Black Police in America . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 253 - 21040 - 2 . Ely , James W. ; Bodenhamer , David J. ( 2008 ) . The Bill of Rights in Modern America . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 253 - 21991 - 4 . Foner , Eric ; Garraty , John Arthur ( 1991 ) . The Reader 's Companion to American History . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . ISBN 0 - 395 - 51372 - 3 . Frey , Raymond ; Wellman , Christopher ( 2003 ) . A Companion to Applied Ethics . Cambridge , MA : Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 1 - 55786 - 594 - 9 . Halbrook , Stephen P. ( 1989 ) . A Right to Bear Arms : State and Federal Bills of Rights and Constitutional Guarantees . Greenwood Publishing Group . Halbrook , Stephen P. ( 1994 ) . That Every Man Be Armed : The Evolution of a Constitutional Right ( Independent Studies in Political Economy ) . Oakland , CA : The Independent Institute . ISBN 0 - 945999 - 38 - 0 . Hemenway , David ( 2007 ) . Private Guns , Public Health . University of Michigan Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 03162 - 7 . Kruschke , Earl R. ( 1995 ) . Gun Control : A Reference Handbook . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 0 - 87436 - 695 - X . Levy , Leonard W. ( 1999 ) . Origins of the Bill of Rights . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 07802 - 1 . Madison , James ( 2010 ) . The Writings of James Madison : 1787 -- 1790 . Nabu Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 144 - 58273 - 7 . Malcolm , Joyce Lee ( 1996 ) . To Keep and Bear Arms : The Origins of an Anglo - American Right . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 89307 - 7 . Merkel , William G. ; Uviller , H. Richard ( 2002 ) . The Militia and the Right to Arms , Or , How the Second Amendment Fell Silent . Durham , NC : Duke University Press . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 3017 - 2 . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Millis , Walter ( 1981 ) . Arms and Men . Rutgers University Press . Mulloy , D. ( 2004 ) . American Extremism . Routledge . Pepper , John ; Petrie , Carol ; Wellford , Charles F. ( 2005 ) . Firearms and Violence . A Critical Review . Washington , DC : National Academies Press . ISBN 0 - 309 - 09124 - 1 . Pole , J.R. ; Greene , Jack P. ( 2003 ) . A Companion to the American Revolution ( Blackwell Companions to American History ) . Cambridge , MA : Blackwell Publishers . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 1674 - 9 . Renehan , Edward J. ( 1997 ) . The Secret Six : The True Tale of the Men Who Conspired With John Brown . Columbia , SC : University of South Carolina Press . ISBN 1 - 57003 - 181 - 9 . Schmidt , Steffen ; Bardes , Barbara A. ; Shelley , Mack C. ( 2008 ) . American Government and Politics Today : The Essentials . Belmont , CA : Wadsworth Publishing . ISBN 0 - 495 - 57170 - 9 . Shapiro , Ilya ( 2008 ) . Cato Supreme Court Review 2007 -- 2008 . Washington , D.C : Cato Institute . ISBN 1 - 933995 - 17 - 3 . Smith , Rich ( 2007 ) . The Bill of Rights : Defining Our Freedoms . ABDO Group . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59928 - 913 - 7 . Spitzer , Robert J. ( 2001 ) . The Right to Bear Arms : Rights and Liberties under the Law . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 57607 - 347 - 5 . Szatmary , David P. ( 1980 ) . Shays ' Rebellion : the Making of an Agrarian Insurrection . Amherst : University of Massachusetts Press . ISBN 0 - 87023 - 295 - 9 . Tucker , St. George ; Blackstone , William ( 1996 ) . Blackstone 's Commentaries : With Notes of Reference to the Constitution and Laws , of the Federal Government of the United States , and of the Commonwealth of Virginia : In Five Volumes . The Lawbook Exchange , Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1 - 886363 - 15 - 1 . Tushnet , Mark V. ( 2007 ) . Out of Range : Why the Constitution Ca n't End the Battle Over Guns . Oxford University Press . p. xv . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 530424 - 4 . Rabban , David ( 1999 ) . Free Speech in its Forgotten Years . Cambridge University Press . Rawle , William ( 1829 ) . A View of the Constitution of the United States of America ( 2 ed . ) . P.H. Nicklin . Spooner , Lysander ( 1852 ) . An Essay on the Trial by Jury . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . Vile , John R. ( 2005 ) . The Constitutional Convention of 1787 : A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of America 's Founding ( 2 Volume Set ) . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 669 - 8 . Williams , David H. ( 2003 ) . The Mythic Meanings of the Second Amendment : Taming Political Violence in a Constitutional Republic . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 09562 - 7 . Wills , Garry ( 2000 ) . Saul , Cornell , ed . Whose Right to Bear Arms did the Second Amendment Protect ? . Boston : Bedford / St. Martin 's . ISBN 0 - 312 - 24060 - 0 . Wills , Garry ( 2002 ) . A Necessary Evil : A History of American Distrust of Government . New York : Simon & Schuster . pp. 256 -- 57 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 87026 - 6 . Winterer , Caroline ( 2002 ) . The Culture of Classicism : Ancient Greece and Rome in American Intellectual Life , 1780 -- 1910 . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . Young , David E. ( 2001 ) . The Origin of the Second Amendment : A Documentary History of the Bill of Rights 1787 -- 1792 ( 2 ed . ) . Golden Oak Books . ISBN 0 - 9623664 - 3 - 9 . Periodicals ( edit ) Barnett , Gary E. ( June 24 , 2008 ) . `` The Reasonable Regulation of the Right to Keep and Bear Arms '' . Geo . J.L. & Pub . Pol'y. 6 ( 2 ) . SSRN 1152102 . Bogus , Carl T. ( Winter 1998 ) . `` The Hidden History of the Second Amendment '' ( PDF ) . U.C. Davis Law Review . 31 ( 2 ) : 309 -- 408 . Breen , T.H. ( 1972 ) . `` English Origins and New World Development : The Case of the Covenanted Militia in Seventeenth - Century Massachusetts '' . Past & Present. 57 ( 1 ) : 74 . doi : 10.1093 / past / 57.1. 74 . Charles , Patrick J. ( 2009 ) . `` ' Arms for Their Defence ? ' : An Historical , Legal , and Textual Analysis of the English Right to Have Arms and Whether the Second Amendment should Be Incorporated in McDonald v. City of Chicago '' . Clev . St. L. Rev. SSRN 1550768 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Cramer , Clayton ( 15 June 2007 ) . `` The Racist Roots of Gun Control '' . Libcom.org . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . Davies , Ross ( Winter 2008 ) . `` Which is the Constitution '' ( PDF ) . Green Bag 2d. 11 ( 2 ) : 209 -- 16 . Gunn , Steven H. ( 1998 ) . `` A Lawyer 's Guide to the Second Amendment '' . BYU L. Rev. 35 . Hardy , David ( 2007 ) . `` Book Review : A Well - Regulated Militia : The Founding Fathers and the Origins of Gun Control in America '' . Wm . & Mary Bill of Rts. J. 15 . SSRN 947334 . Henigan , Denis ( 1991 ) . `` Arms , Anarchy , and the Second Amendment '' . Val . L. Rev. 26 ( 107 ) . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2008 . Heyman , Stephen ( 2000 ) . `` Natural Rights and the Second Amendment '' . Chi. - Kent . L. Rev. 76 ( 237 ) . Kates Jr. , Don B. ( November 1983 ) . `` Handgun Prohibition and the Original Meaning of the Second Amendment '' . Mich . L. Rev. 82 ( 2 ) : 204 -- 73 . doi : 10.2307 / 1288537 . JSTOR 1288537 . Konig , David Thomas ( Spring 2004 ) . `` The Second Amendment : A Missing Transatlantic Context for the Historical Meaning of `` the Right of the People to Keep and Bear Arms '' `` . Law and History Review . 22 ( 1 ) : 120 -- 59 . doi : 10.2307 / 4141667 . Lund , Nelson . `` Heller and Second Amendment Precedent '' . Lewis & Clark L. Rev. SSRN 1235537 . Malcolm , Joyce Lee ( 1986 ) . `` Book Review : That Every Man Be Armed '' . 54 . Malcolm , Joyce Lee ( 1993 ) . `` The Role of the Militia in the Development of the Englishman 's Right to be Armed -- Clarifying the Legacy '' . J. On Firearms & Pub . Pol'y. 5 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 08 - 23 . McAffee , Thomas B. ; Quinlan , Michael J. ( March 1997 ) . `` Bringing Forward the Right to Keep and Bear Arms : Do Text , History , or Precedent Stand in the Way ? '' . N.C.L. Rev. Archived from the original on 2000 - 08 - 16 . McClurg , Andrew ( 1999 ) . `` Lotts ' More Guns and Other Fallacies Infecting the Gun Control Debate '' . J. Of Firearms & Pub . Pol'y. 11 . Merkel , William ( Summer 2009 ) . `` Heller and Scalia 's Originalism '' . Lewis & Clark L. Rev. 13 ( 2 ) . SSRN 1422048 . Rakove , Jack ( 2000 ) . `` The Second Amendment : The Highest Stage of Originalism '' . Chi. - Kent . L. Rev. 76 . Reynolds , Glenn ( 1995 ) . `` A Critical Guide to the Second Amendment '' . Tenn . L. Rev. 62 ( 461 ) . SSRN 960788 . Schmidt , Christopher ( February 2007 ) . `` An International Human Right to Keep and Bear Arms '' . Wm . & Mary Bill of Rts. J. 15 ( 3 ) : 983 . Smith , Douglas ( 2008 ) . `` The Second Amendment and the Supreme Court '' . Geo . J.L. & Pub . Pol'y. 6 . SSRN 1093751 . Volokh , Eugene ( 1998 ) . `` The Commonplace Second Amendment '' . NYU L. Rev. 73 ( 793 ) . Volokh , Eugene ( November -- December 1998 ) . `` Testimony of Eugene Volokh on the Second Amendment , Senate Subcommittee on the Constitution , September 23 , 1998 '' . Cal . Pol. Rev . Weisselberg , Charles D. ( 2009 ) . `` Selected Criminal Law Cases in the Supreme Court 's 2007 -- 2008 Term , and a Look Ahead '' ( PDF ) . Court Review . 44 . Winkler , Adam ( February 2007 ) . `` Scrutinizing the Second Amendment '' . Mich . L. Rev. 105 . Winkler , Adam ( June 2009 ) . `` Heller 's Catch 22 '' . UCLA L. Rev. 56 . SSRN 1359225 . Other publications ( edit ) Maer , Lucinda ; Gay , Oonagh ( 2009 ) . `` The Bill of Rights 1689 '' . Parliament and Constitution Centre . Further reading ( edit ) Tahmassebi , S.B. ( 1991 ) . `` Gun Control and Racism '' . George Mason University Civil Rights Law Journal . 2 ( 1 ) : 67 -- 100 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2000 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Second Amendment to the United States Constitution Works related to United States Bill of Rights at Wikisource District of Columbia v. Heller National Archives Scanned Image of the Bill of Rights , including the Second Amendment The short film Big Picture : To Keep and Bear Arms is available for free download at the Internet Archive State Constitutional Right to Keep and Bear Arms Provisions as provided by Prof. Eugene Volokh , UCLA Law School United States Constitution Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 1795 -- 1804 11 12 Reconstruction 13 14 15 Twentieth century 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Congressional enforcement Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Pardon Petition Postal Presentment Presidential succession Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recess appointment Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) USS Constitution Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book GND : 4489472 - 7 LCCN : n97009276 VIAF : 175899205 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&oldid=856545180 '' Categories : 1791 in American politics 1791 in American law Amendments to the United States Constitution Militia in the United States United States federal firearms legislation Gun politics in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2011 Articles with dead external links from April 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles needing POV - check from April 2018 Pages using web citations with no URL Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Ænglisc Беларуская Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Íslenska Italiano עברית മലയാളം Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Українська 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 00 : 26 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the second amendment added to the bill of rights | [
"The Second Amendment (Amendment II) to the United States Constitution protects the right of the people to keep and bear arms and was adopted on December 15, 1791 as part of the Bill of Rights.[1][2][3][4] The Supreme Court has ruled that the right belongs to individuals for self-defense,[5][6] while also ruling that the right is not unlimited and does not prohibit long-standing bans from the possession \"of firearms by felons or the mentally ill\" of firearms or similar devices.[7][8] State and local governments are limited to the same extent as the federal government from infringing this right.[9]\n"
] | [
"December 15, 1791"
] |
2641480320017274678 | Pygmy goat | Pygmy goat - wikipedia Pygmy goat Jump to : navigation , search Caramel with black markings The Pygmy goat is a breed of miniature domestic goat . The pygmy goat can be used for many different things and that is why a pygmy goat is strictly classified as a multi purpose animal as stated on NPGA or national pygmy goat association . The pygmy goat is quite hardy , an asset in a wide variety of settings , and can adapt to virtually all climates . Castrated males are called wethers and can be shown in pet classes . There are also pedigree classes at shows for entire goats . There are separate pedigree lineages in Europe , Africa , ( where they are sometimes called the African Pygmy ) and the United States . And this is because there were only a few hundred pygmy goats imported from Africa around 60 years ago . Contents ( hide ) 1 Appearance 2 Reproduction 3 Origin 4 Housing and care 5 General information 6 References 7 External links Appearance ( edit ) Females , called does or nannys , weigh 24 to 34 kg ( 53 to 75 lb ) and males , called bucks or billys , weigh 27 to 39 kg ( 60 to 86 lb ) . Wither height ranges from 41 to 58 cm ( 16 to 23 in ) . Castrated billys are called wethers . In the U.S. Pygmies only come in 7 breed standard approved colors , and can be categorized into caramel patterned , agouti patterned , and black patterned . Within these categories , there are caramel with black markings , caramel with brown markings , brown agouti , grey agouti , black agouti , black with white markings , and solid black . The faulting matrix allows for faulting random white markings from moderate to very serious and these animals will be judged accordingly . White belly bands are not considered random markings . The U.S. African Pygmy will also only have brown colored eyes . Reproduction ( edit ) Pygmy goats are precocial and polyestrous breeders ; bearing one to four young every nine to 12 months after a five - month gestation period . Does are usually bred for the first time at about 18 to 24 months , although they may conceive as early as two months if care is not taken to separate them early from male kids . Breeding under age does often results in c - sections . Newborn kids will nurse almost immediately , begin eating grain and roughage within a week , and are weaned by ten weeks of age . Polyestrous sexual behavior means that they experience heat and can be freshened ( made to come into milk production ) year - round . If milking is a priority , a continuous supply of milk can be obtained by breeding two or more pygmy does alternately . Some full - size dairy breeds are also noted for polyestrous sexual behavior . Origin ( edit ) Agouti Pygmy Kid being bottle fed The Pygmy goat was developed from the west african dwarf goat , a landrace of Central and West Africa , found most commonly in the Cameroon Valley . They were taken to Europe primarily by the British during the colonial era . They were later imported into the United States from European zoos in the 1950s for use in zoos as well as research animals . They were eventually acquired by private breeders and quickly gained popularity as pets and exhibition animals due to their good - natured personalities , friendliness and hardy constitution . Today , they are common as back - yard pets and in petting zoos . Housing and care ( edit ) Grey Agouti Pygmy Buck Pygmy goats are adaptable to most climates . Their primary diet consists of greens and grains . They enjoy having items to jump on and may be able to leap onto small vehicles . They are also in need of a shed and open area accessible at all times . They also need a companion , which does n't necessarily have to be its own species . They are prey animals and should therefore be sheltered in a predator - proof area - especially at night . Goats require fresh water at all times or they wo n't drink it . Pygmy goats are often affectionate if they are treated with respect . They can also be trained , though it requires quite a bit of work . It is important to make sure pygmy goats are comfortable and warm during the winter months . Simple measures such as feeding pygmy goats lukewarm water and lukewarm food , as well as ensuring their living quarters are free from drafts , can make pygmy goats a lot happier during the winter . General information ( edit ) Scientific name : Capra aegagrus hircus Average lifespan : 8 -- 18 years Normal body temperature : 101.5 - 104 ° F ( 39.1 - 40 ° C ) Normal pulse rate : 60 - 90 beats per minute ( faster for kids ) Normal respiration rate : 15 - 30 per minute Rumen movement : 1 - 1.5 per minute Gestation period : 145 -- 155 days ( average 150 days ) Heat ( oestrus ) cycle : 18 -- 24 days ( average 21 days ) Length of heat : 12 -- 48 hours ( average 1 day ) Weaning age ( recommended ) : 8 -- 10 weeks Males sexually mature : 9 -- 12 weeks Females onset of heat : 3 -- 12 months * Dehorning ( by veterinary surgeon ) : By 7 days Castration : Using elastrator ring : 8 weeks and older ( recommended to limit risk of Urinary Calculi ) ( 1 ) Surgical method ( by vet ) : No age limit References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Colby , Brian , et al. Dairy goats - breeding / feeding / management . American Goat Society . 1972 . Jump up ^ National Pygmy Goat Association . Best of Memo I. 1982 . Jump up ^ National Pygmy Goat Association . `` Color Choices for Registration '' . 2013 . Jump up ^ National Pygmy Goat Association `` Pygmies For All Reasons '' . 2003 . Jump up ^ David Watts . `` Pet Pygmy Goats : Henry and Joey '' . henryandjoey.co.uk . Retrieved 11 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Kinne , Maxine . Pygmy goat care and management . 1987 . Jump up ^ `` Speciality Livestock - Agriculture.com '' . agriculture.com . Retrieved 11 December 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pygmy goats . The anatomy of a pygmy goat Pygmy Goat Club ( United Kingdom ) National Pygmy Goat Association ( United States ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pygmy_goat&oldid=802350172 '' Categories : Goat breeds Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch فارسی Français Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Српски / srpski Svenska Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 16 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how long does a pygmy goat live for | [
"Average lifespan: 8–18 years"
] | [
"8–18 years"
] |
-4182617306033704955 | Pixel 2 | Pixel 2 - wikipedia Pixel 2 It has been suggested that this article be merged into Google Pixel . ( Discuss ) Proposed since August 2018 . This article may lend undue weight to certain ideas , incidents , or controversies . Please help improve it by rewriting it in an neutral presentation that contextualizes different points of view . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Pixel 2 Pixel 2 XL Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL Codename Walleye ( Pixel 2 ) Taimen ( Pixel 2 XL ) Developer Google Manufacturer HTC ( Pixel 2 ) LG Electronics ( Pixel 2 XL ) ( as contract manufacturers for both models ) Slogan Ask more of your phone . Series Pixel Model G011A ( Pixel 2 ) G011C ( Pixel 2 XL ) Compatible networks 2G 3G 4G LTE First released October 19 , 2017 ; 9 months ago ( 2017 - 10 - 19 ) Predecessor Pixel Type Pixel 2 : Smartphone Pixel 2 XL : Phablet Form factor Slate Pixel 2 : H : 145.7 mm ( 5.74 in ) W : 69.7 mm ( 2.74 in ) D: 7.8 mm ( 0.31 in ) Pixel 2 XL : H : 157.9 mm ( 6.22 in ) W : 76.7 mm ( 3.02 in ) D: 7.9 mm ( 0.31 in ) Weight Pixel 2 : 143 g ( 5.04 oz ) Pixel 2 XL : 175 g ( 6.17 oz ) Operating system Android 8.0 `` Oreo '' , upgradable to Android P System on chip Qualcomm Snapdragon 835 CPU Octa - core ( 4 × 2.35 GHz , 4 × 1.9 GHz ) Kryo GPU Adreno 540 Modem Qualcomm Snapdragon X16 LTE ( integrated ) Memory 4 GB LPDDR4X RAM Storage 64 or 128 GB Battery Pixel 2 : 2,700 mAh Pixel 2 XL : 3,520 mAh Display Pixel 2 : 5 in ( 130 mm ) FHD AMOLED , 1920 × 1080 ( 441 ppi ) Pixel 2 XL : 6 in ( 150 mm ) QHD P - OLED , 2880 × 1440 ( 538 ppi ) All : Gorilla Glass 5 Rear camera 12.2 MP 1.4 μm pixel size f / 1.8 aperture Phase - detection autofocus and laser autofocus HDR+ processing Dual pixel HD 720p ( up to 240 FPS ) FHD 1080p video ( up to 120 FPS ) 4K 2160p video ( up to 30 FPS ) EIS OIS Front camera 8 MP Sony Exmor IMX179 1.4 μm pixel size f / 2.4 aperture Connectivity GSM , LTE , LTE Advanced , Voice over LTE , HSDPA , CDMA , TD - LTE , TD - SCDMA Website store.google.com/product/pixel_2 Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL are Android smartphones designed , developed and marketed by Google . They were announced during a Google event on October 4 , 2017 , as the successors to the Pixel and Pixel XL . They were released on October 19 , 2017 , and serve as the second set of smartphones in the Google Pixel hardware line . Contents 1 History 2 Specifications 2.1 Design 2.2 Hardware 2.3 Software 3 Reception 4 Issues 4.1 Screen issues 4.2 Audio issues 4.3 Other issues 4.4 Fixed issues 5 Sales 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) In early March 2017 , Google 's Rick Osterloh confirmed that they would bring a `` next - gen '' Pixel phone later that year . He stated it would `` stay premium '' and that there would be no `` cheap Pixel '' . Google originally intended to use HTC to manufacture both their 2017 flagships , but later shifted to LG to manufacture the bigger Pixel 2 XL . The unreleased device that was supposed to be the Pixel 2 XL under the codename `` Muskie '' , was later re-developed by HTC into the HTC U11+ . The Google Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL are currently carried in the United States by Verizon and Project Fi . Specifications ( edit ) Design ( edit ) The back of the Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL is made from aluminum with a thin `` premium coating '' of plastic and has a top section made from glass to provide wireless transmissivity . Unlike the original Pixel XL , which was simply an enlarged version of the Pixel design with no other changes , the Pixel 2 XL 's external design differs from its smaller sibling , employing a taller 18 : 9 P - OLED display instead of the Pixel 2 's 16 : 9 AMOLED . Hardware ( edit ) The Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL are both powered by the Qualcomm Snapdragon 835 , coupled with 4 GB LPDDR4X RAM . They both come in storage options of 64 or 128 GB . Magnified view showing the diagonal PenTile pixel arrangement on the Pixel 2 ( not XL ) The Pixel 2 has a 5 - inch ( 130 mm ) AMOLED display panel with 1920 × 1080 resolution , coming in at around 441 ppi , while the Pixel 2 XL comes with a 6 - inch ( 150 mm ) P - OLED display panel with a 18 : 9 aspect ratio and a 2880 × 1440 resolution at 538 ppi . Both phones have a 12.2 megapixel rear camera capable of recording 4K video at 30 FPS , 1080p video at 120 FPS , and 720p video at 240 FPS . The camera also contains phase - detection autofocus , laser autofocus , and HDR+ processing . The Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL also include the Intel - designed Pixel Visual Core image processor for faster and lower power image processing , though it was not enabled until Android 8.1 was released in January 2018 . The camera does not allow capturing Raw images and lacks manual controls . Unlike Apple 's iPhone 8 and iPhone X , the Pixels do not have support for 4K video at 60 FPS , as the processor is not powerful enough . Although the camera has Optical Image Stabilization it is unable to remove some high frequency vibrations that other smartphones are able to remove . Pixel 2 owners receive free unlimited storage for all photos and videos taken on the phone in original quality through the end of 2020 , with unlimited high - quality storage continuing afterwards . The Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL support USB Power Delivery quick charging , have a fingerprint sensor on the rear , IP67 dust and water resistance and are Daydream - ready . Software ( edit ) The phones ship with stock Android 8.0 `` Oreo '' on launch . Google has promised three years of software and security updates , making it closer to the average four years of support that Apple provides for its iPhones . The new Pixels also include a feature called `` Active Edge '' . With this , the Google Assistant can be launched by squeezing the phone 's sides , similar to the HTC U11 's `` Edge Sense '' feature . This phone was also released with the new Google Lens app , which is designed to bring up relevant information using visual analysis by the camera . Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL also automatically reverse searches songs which are playing around the device . Android 8.1 Oreo was released for the Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL on December 5 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) The Pixel 2 camera received a score of 98 from DxOMark , making it the highest performing mobile device camera at the end of 2017 , and was overtaken in March 2018 by Samsung 's Galaxy S9+ . The Pixel 2 and the Pixel 2 XL received mixed reviews . The phone was praised for the camera quality and water resistance , but was criticized for the removal of the headphone jack , particularly after Google mocked Apple for doing the same with its iPhone 7 phone at the launch of the first generation Pixel phone just 12 months prior . Google was also criticized for the price of the USB - C to 3.5 mm headphone adapter it sells , which costs US $20 while Apple 's Lightning to 3.5 mm adapter costs US $9 , as well as for not including headphones with the phone . However , news outlets noted that because USB - C is a standard interface , unlike Lightning , there are a variety of third - party adapters that retail for less than Google 's official one . Google later dropped the price of the adapter to US $9 , keeping the price in - line with Apple 's offering . YouTuber JerryRigEverything , who performs durability tests on various smartphones , criticized Google for their design choice with the antenna lines on the sides of the handset . When he bent the Pixel 2 , it cracked at the antenna line near the middle of the phone , voiding its water resistance and warranty , while most other phones from competitors pass his bend test . This does not apply to the Pixel 2 XL . The design of the smaller Pixel 2 was regarded as plain , and its big chunky bezels were not well received , considering that earlier 2017 phones like the Samsung Galaxy S8 and LG G6 had moved to nearly bezel-less screens . The Pixel 2 XL screen became infamous for quality control issues , a flaw shared with the LG V30 which also has the same manufacturer and P - OLED screen type . The Pixel 2 XL has a blue tint visible on the screen when the phone is viewed at an angle . Many were dissatisfied and it was speculated that Google had installed the polarizer incorrectly . However , when Google addressed the tint , they stated that it was a design choice to have the blue tint to go along with the cooler color temperature used by the screen ( it is calibrated to a D67 white point , which is 6700K ) . Issues ( edit ) Screen issues ( edit ) Vlad Savov of The Verge has complained of under - saturated and distorted OLED displays , and there have also been reports of screen burn - in on some Pixel 2 XL units . The Pixel 2 XL also suffers from a `` black smear '' problem , which occurs when a group of black pixels transition to colored ones , and tend to linger for a while , before changing to their expected state . Google conducted an investigation and said that a software update would be coming soon that would add a new mode for more saturated colors , reducing the maximum brightness of the Pixel 2 XL devices by 50 cd / m to reduce load on the display , and fading out the navigation bar after a period of inactivity . The November security patch came with three new screen modes that Google promised earlier , although Google has also said that further enhancements would be included in a separate software update to be released in December . Google also extended device warranty to two years for both devices worldwide . The Pixel 2 XL has an issue where the screen may flash randomly . It occurs when the phone is locked or unlocked . The issue was fixed in the June system software update , but returned back with the July update . Audio issues ( edit ) Hundreds of Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL owners have been complaining of high - pitched and clicking sounds coming from the phone . Google investigated the issue and recommended turning off NFC to temporarily fix the problem until a software update comes out . The November security patch fixed the clicking sound as well as the KRACK WPA2 Wi - Fi security issue , however , it did not fix the buzzing sounds heard during calls on some devices . Google has promised a fix in a future update . The Pixel 2 XL has a volume flaw that reduces the sound level of audio clips sent through messaging apps such as Google Allo , Instagram , and Telegram among others . Google is aware of the problem and is looking into it . Some of the USB - C to 3.5 mm adapters for the headphones do not work . In some cases , rebooting the phone can fix the issue temporarily . Google is offering replacements for the faulty adapters . Some Pixel 2 XL suffer from speaker rattling when playing content or even during phone calls . Multiple users reported that the microphone can randomly stop working . A possible solution is to blow into the microphone . Some units suffer from Bluetooth connectivity issues . There is an issue where Google Assistant does not work with some Bluetooth headphones . Other issues ( edit ) The Pixel 2 XL comes with a charger capable of fast charging at 18 W , but the phone is not able to charge at more than 10.5 W , taking two and a half hours for a full charge . Below 20 ° C ( 68 ° F ) the charging speed is just a mere 3 - 4W , but the phone will still display `` Charging rapidly '' , which is misleading . The phones are known to randomly reboot . Google promised a fix in the coming weeks . The random reboots are believed to be caused by the LTE modem . The Android 8.1 release in 2017 did not fix the problem . The Android 8.1 update introduces a regression in the Pixel 2 XL making the fingerprint sensor slower . Google is investigating the issue . The phones have issues with Wi - Fi mesh networks , where disconnects are common . Google is already investigating this issue . Users started reporting battery drain issues after the February security update . The battery drain become worse after the April security updates . Google is looking for a fix . Users are reporting proximity sensor issues . Google is aware of the issue and looking for a fix . Some users are having issues making calls and receiving MMS messages . Google claims these issues are fixed but users are still complaining about them . The Pixel 2 produces blurry panoramas . Google has known about this issue since December 2017 , but has not been able to deliver a fix . There is a workaround for this issue but it requires root , and a full wipe as the phone can not be rooted without full wipe . Google has promised a fix later in 2018 . The June OTA update introduces a performance regression making the phone much slower to wake up from sleep . Google is already aware of the issue and looking for a fix . The camera has an issue where it sometimes shows `` fatal camera error '' . Google is aware of the issue and working on a fix . Fixed issues ( edit ) Some Pixel 2 XL devices also fail to register touch near the edges of the screen . Android 8.1 fixes this issue . Some Pixel 2 XL units suffer from poor audio recording quality . The recorded audio is high - pitched and distorted . Android 8.1 fixes this issue . Some Pixel 2 XL devices were shipped to consumers without an operating system , rendering them unusable . Many users are reporting that unlocked devices have a locked bootloader . Google fixed the issue , but the solution includes factory resetting the device . Sales ( edit ) In the United States , Verizon and Project Fi are the exclusive carriers for the Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL . They are available direct - to - consumer for use on any wireless network through Google 's online store , or from Best Buy and Target . On March 21 , 2018 , Google did a temporary offer if a consumer financed a Pixel for 2 years the consumer receives $200 cashback , to compete with the Samsung Galaxy S9 and iPhone X . The promotion ended March 31 , 2018 . On July 9th , 2018 , Google reduced the Pixel 2 XL price significantly . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` These are the Google Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL VentureBeat '' . venturebeat.com . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Google Pixel 2 XL vs. iPhone X vs. Note 8 : Phablet spec showdown Archived February 22 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Pixel boss Rick Osterloh : Pixel 2 is coming this year and staying premium '' . AndroidPIT . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The HTC U11 Plus was originally intended to be the Google Pixel 2 XL '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` JerryRigEverything rips into the Pixel 2 and exposes easily scratched plastic coating '' . Android Police . October 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Pixel 2 's custom camera SoC uses Intel technology '' . Ars Technica . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Amadeo , Ron ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Instagram , Snapchat , and WhatsApp get better photos on the Pixel 2 '' . Ars Technica . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Amadeo , Ron ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` Surprise ! The Pixel 2 is hiding a custom Google SoC for image processing '' . Ars Technica . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google on Pixel 2 's Noisy 4K Videos , RAW and Manual Modes , 4K@60fps , More '' . NDTV Gadgets360.com . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2017 . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google Explains Decisions Made on the Pixel 2 Camera '' . xda - developers . November 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2017 . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Galaxy Note 8 crushes iPhone X and Pixel 2 in OIS video recording comparison Archived December 26 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Pixel 2 '' . Google Store . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pixel 2 and 2 XL review -- The best Android phone you can buy Ars Technica Archived January 7 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Google Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL : Specs , pricing , and everything else ! '' . Android Central . October 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google guarantees three years of Android software updates for the Pixel 2 '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2017 . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How to enable Now Playing on your Google Pixel 2 '' . Android Central . October 25 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hager , Ryne . `` Android 8.1 OTA files and factory images are now live '' . Android Police . Illogical Robot LLC . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2018 . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Google Pixel 2 reviewed : Sets new record for overall smartphone camera quality - DxOMark '' . DxOMark . October 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL : Google takes on the iPhone X '' . CNET . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Biggs , Tim ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Google announces Pixel 2 smartphones and a whole host of other hardware '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Pixel 's missing headphone jack proves Apple was right '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gartenberg , Chaim . `` Google 's replacement Pixel 2 USB - C headphone dongles cost $20 '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google 's Replacement USB - C Headphone Adaptor Will Cost You £ 20 '' . Gizmodo UK . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google drops price of its USB - C to headphone jack dongle down to $9 from $20 '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2017 . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Copying Apple , Google mercifully drops its $20 Pixel USB - C headphone dongle to $9 '' . 9to5Google . October 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2017 . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Brett . `` Google avoids the wrath of wired headphone lovers , cuts Pixel 2 dongle price '' . Mashable . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2017 . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Chris ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` Forget the Pixel 2 's display problems , Google 's new flagships are far too fragile '' . BGR . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2017 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pixel 2 torture test shows just how destructible the handset 's ' premium coating ' really is '' . 9to5Google . October 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown , Aaron ( October 22 , 2017 ) . `` Google Pixel 2 might have the same problem as iPhone 6 Plus , and this video shows why '' . Daily Express . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google Pixel 2 review : plainly great '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2018 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Pixel 2 XL drama is undermining Google 's entire Pixel project '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why I am put off by the Pixel 2 XL display , but you might not be '' . Android Authority . October 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pixel 2 XL screen blue tint likely caused by poorly applied polarizer '' . Phone Arena . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google says that the Pixel 2 XL display 's blue shift is normal , much to owners ' dissatisfaction '' . Android Police . October 26 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google Groups '' . Google . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Pixel 2 XL would be the best phone in the world if its screen was n't so weird '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2017 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google could be forced to recall £ 1000 Pixel 2 XL after screen burn pics emerge TheINQUIRER '' . theINQUIRER . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2017 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google Pixel 2 `` black smearing , '' `` clicking , '' and speaker volume issues reported `` . Android Authority . October 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pixel 2 XL 's pOLED display has a ' black smear ' problem that 's definitely worse than average '' . 9to5Google . October 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google responds to Pixel 2 XL screen burn - in and color concerns with upcoming software updates , 2 - year warranty '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google updates Pixel 2 XL with new ' saturated ' color display option and other bug fixes '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` November security patch adds color modes & burn - in protections to Pixel 2 , Pixel 2 XL '' . 9to5Google . November 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google responds to Pixel 2 issues : Extended warranty and updates '' . Engadget . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2017 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Some Google Pixel 2 XL owners reporting screen flashing issue w / Always - On Display and lockscreen ( Video ) '' . 9to5Google . November 8 , 2017 . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Did July OTA re-trigger Pixel 2 screen flashing issue ? Jump up ^ `` Some Pixel 2 phones are making strange noises '' . Engadget . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2017 . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google plans software update to fix Pixel 2 clicking sound '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kumparak , Greg . `` Google responds to Pixel 2 XL display complaints , promises fix for ' clicking ' noise on the Pixel 2 '' . TechCrunch . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2017 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google will issue a fix for Pixel 2 's buzzing sounds heard during calls '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pixel 2 XL Users Report Voice Messaging Issue , Google Promises Fix Archived January 13 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Some Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL owners claiming included headphone adapter does n't work '' . December 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL headphone adapter not working for some folks '' . December 19 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Some are experiencing a rattling or buzzing problem with the Pixel 2 XL 's speakers '' . December 21 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Google Pixel 2 mic not working during calls ? Try blowing into bottom speaker - GSMArena.com news Archived November 9 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Some Pixel 2 users are reporting Bluetooth connectivity issues '' . Android Central . November 3 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pixel 2 bug prevents Google Assistant from working on Bluetooth headphones '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2017 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Siegal , Jacob ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` Another Google Pixel 2 XL issue arises as users report slow battery charging '' . BGR . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Pixel 2 charges much more slowly below certain temperatures , but it does n't tell you that Archived February 19 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Google will fix Pixel 2 reboot issues `` in the coming weeks '' - The Verge Archived November 28 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Random Reboots On The Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL Caused By LTE Modem Archived December 6 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Google Pixel 2 XL fingerprint scanner slower following Android 8.1 update '' . December 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pixel 2 XL fingerprint sensor slower after 8.1 update '' . December 17 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Google looking into Pixel 2 WiFi disconnect issue on mesh networks Archived December 25 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Pixel 2 battery drain issue being looked into , Google says Archived February 25 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Google Pixel 2 battery drainage mess got worse in April Archived May 1 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Fix In The Works For Google Pixel 2 Proximity Sensor Issues Jump up ^ Google Pixel 2 Users Experience MMS Issue And Outgoing Call Delay Jump up ^ Google claims Pixel 2 MMS issues fixed despite continued reports Archived April 6 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Google says that the Pixel 2 / 2 XL MMS issues have been fixed , but users are still complaining Archived April 6 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Google Pixel 2 owners reporting blurry panoramas Archived April 15 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Google still has n't fixed the Pixel 2 's 8 - month - old panorama issue , so someone made a workaround ( root required ) Jump up ^ June OTA update may have made the Pixel 2 XL much slower to wake up Archived June 6 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Google `` working on a fix '' for long - standing Pixel 2 camera problem Jump up ^ `` The Pixel 2 XL has another screen issue : unresponsive edges '' . Engadget . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2017 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Some Pixel 2 XL touchscreens are unresponsive near the edges . Fixed in DP2 Archived December 6 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Google 's Pixel 2 XL also appears to suffer from poor audio recording quality '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2017 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Android 8.1 DP2 fixes poor audio Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL experienced when recording video Archived December 6 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Google is apparently shipping some Pixel 2 XLs without an operating system '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Some Google Pixel 2 XL phones are reportedly shipping without Android '' . Engadget . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morris , Ian . `` Google 's New Pixel Failure Sees Customers Getting A Totally Unusable Phone '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Haselton , Todd ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Some of Google 's new Pixel 2 XL phones are being shipped without Android installed '' . CNBC . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Some Pixel 2 devices bought from the Google Store seem to have locked - down bootloaders - Android Authority Archived November 17 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ More users chime in about Google Pixel 2 devices with locked bootloaders - Neowin Archived November 19 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Google fixes disabled bootloader unlock on Pixel 2 phones '' . Android Police . November 21 , 2017 . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2017 . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Where to Get the Best Deal on the New Pixel 2 '' . Fortune . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2018 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Google Slashes Pixel 2 XL Price To Fight Off iPhone X And Galaxy S9 Archived March 24 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Google 's new Pixel 2 XL deal is making it tough to wait for the Pixel 3 Jump up ^ Google 's summer sale cuts Home Max and Pixel 2 XL prices Jump up ^ Huge Deal : Pixel 2 XL Price Slashed by $300 External links ( edit ) Official website Google Pixel Smartphones Pixel & Pixel XL Pixel 2 & Pixel 2 XL Chromebooks Chromebook Pixel ( 2013 ) and ( 2015 ) Pixelbook Tablets Pixel C Accessories Pixel Buds Google Overview Alphabet Inc . 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"Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL are Android smartphones designed, developed and marketed by Google. They were announced during a Google event on October 4, 2017, as the successors to the Pixel and Pixel XL. They were released on October 19, 2017, and serve as the second set of smartphones in the Google Pixel hardware line.\n"
] | [
"Google"
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797086852970813031 | Olga E. Custodio | Olga E. Custodio - wikipedia Olga E. Custodio Olga E. Custodio Then Lieutenant Custodio climbing down from the cockpit of a T - 38 1953 San Juan , Puerto Rico Allegiance United States of America Service / branch United States Air Force Air Force Reserve Years of service 1980 -- 2003 Rank Lieutenant Colonel Other work American Airlines Pilot - one of the first Hispanic women to become a commercial airline captain Lieutenant Colonel Olga E. Custodio ( born 1953 ) is a former United States Air Force officer who became the first female Hispanic U.S. military pilot . She was the first Hispanic woman to complete U.S. Air Force military pilot training . Upon retiring from the military , she became one of the first female Hispanic commercial airline captains . Contents 1 Early years 2 Military career 3 Commercial airline captain 4 Later years 5 Memberships 6 Education and professional certificates 7 Recognitions 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading Early years ( edit ) Custodio was born in San Juan , Puerto Rico . Her father , a sergeant in the United States Army , was often stationed in various countries where the United States has its military installations . Custodio and the rest of the family would accompany him on his overseas assignments . Custodio began her primary education in Taiwan . She also attended schools in New Jersey , Iran and Paraguay . The family returned to Puerto Rico when she was 15 years old . She graduated high school at age 16 , and was immediately accepted into the University of Puerto Rico . Custodio 's father , and all the traveling she did at a young age , were key factors in her choice of career - she decided to join the military . While in college she attempted to join the university 's ROTC ( Reserve Officer Training Corps ) , but at the time only men were admitted into the program . Military career ( edit ) A USAF T - 38A Talon from 560th Flying Training Squadron , Randolph Air Force Base Texas Custodio earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Puerto Rico and worked for various industries before landing a job in the accounting department of Prinair ( Puerto Rico International Airlines ) . There she met Edwin Custodio , with whom she would eventually have two children . She later worked for the US Department of Defense ( DoD ) in Panama . With the support of her husband , she presented herself before Headquarters , Air Force Military Personnel Center ( AFMPC ) to apply for the United States Air Force Officer Training School . Upon admission , Custodio was accepted as a pilot candidate to become a United States Air Force pilot . She entered the Flight Screening Pilot Officer Training School in January 1980 . After successful completion of Flight Screening she entered Officer Training School and was commissioned a Second Lieutenant . She qualified for Undergraduate Pilot Training ( UPT ) at Laughlin Air Force Base in Texas and graduated the following year , thus becoming the first Latina to complete the U.S. Air Force military pilot training . Her first military assignment was that of instructor pilot at Laughlin AFB . She was the first female to become a Northrop T - 38 Talon ( T - 38 ) UPT flight instructor at that base . The T - 38 Talon is the Air Force 's two - seat , supersonic jet trainer . On one occasion a bird struck the engine of her plane in bad weather while she was in flight . She was able to overcome the emergency and safely land her plane . Because of this she was recognized by the Air Force , and awarded the HQ AETC Aviation Safety Award for superior airmanship . Custodio was later assigned to Randolph Air Force Base where she was also the first female T - 38 Instructor Pilot . During her career she also served as Pilot Instructor Training ; T - 41 Flight Screening - Operations Officer and Check Pilot . Custodio retired from the Air Force with the rank of lieutenant colonel in October 2003 , after serving in the military for 23 years and 10 months . Her last assignment as an Air Force Reserve officer was that of accountability and readiness the Directorate of Personnel , HQ USAF . Commercial airline captain ( edit ) Boeing 767 -- 300ER , one of the many types of American Airline aircraft flown by Custodio In June 1988 , while she was serving in the US Air Force Reserve , she was hired by American Airlines as a commercial pilot . Custodio became one of the first Latina commercial airline captains . During her years with American , she flew various types of aircraft . She piloted the Boeing 727 , Fokker 100 , Boeing 757 and Boeing 767 to various countries in Europe , the Caribbean , Central America and South America . She also flew to Mexico , Canada and to various cities in the United States . Custodio retired from American Airlines in February 2008 , with over 11,000 flight hours . Later years ( edit ) Custodio retired from the military after 24 years of service and lives in San Antonio , Texas , with her husband . There she founded `` Dragonfly Productions LLC , '' a production company that creates personal film documentaries . In 1992 , she founded the Ballet Folklorico Borikèn , the Puerto Rican folk ballet . Custodio is a Trustee of the Order of Daedalians Foundation , a Board Member and Treasurer for the Women in Aviation Alamo City Chapter and Board Member for the Dee Howard Foundation . Custodio also serves as vice president of the Hispanic Association of Aviation and Aerospace Professionals ( HAAAP ) . These organizations inspire young students in the San Antonio and surrounding areas to seek civilian and military aviation careers . They hosts students to tour various airplanes and control towers and also speak to students in all grades to present career opportunities in aviation and aerospace . Memberships ( edit ) Among the many associations in which Custodio is a member are the following : Charter member of the Women Military Aviators Association The Women in Aviation , International , Inc . Order of Daedalians The Allied Pilots Association . Education and professional certificates ( edit ) Besides the Bachelor of Arts degree which she earned in the University of Puerto Rico , Custodio has also earned the following : Air Transport Pilot certificate with single and multiengine land and instrument ratings . Flight Engineer Certificate -- Turbojet Powered rating Radiotelephone Operator permit FAA Medical Certificate Recognitions ( edit ) Custodio was recognized twice by the Senate of Puerto Rico . In 2001 , she was recognized by Elizabeth Arden / Revista Imagen of Puerto Rico as one of the recipient of La Belleza Inteligente 2001 award.In 2017 , Custodio was inducted into the San Antonio Aviation and Aerospace Hall of Fame for being the first Hispanic Female Military pilot in the United States Air Force . See also ( edit ) Puerto Rico portal United States Air Force portal List of Puerto Ricans Puerto Rican women in the military List of Puerto Rican military personnel Military history of Puerto Rico Hispanics in the United States Air Force History of women in Puerto Rico Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Custodio is the surname by marriage . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Tiscareño - Sato , Graciela ( May 28 , 2012 ) . `` Our American Dream : Meet the First Latina US Military Pilot '' . Fox News Latino . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Olga E. Custodio '' . MilitaryCityUSARadio.com . March 5 , 2011 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 03 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Daily Mail Reporter ( 28 May 2012 ) . `` ' When I was told to list the three jobs I wanted , I said : `` Pilot , pilot or pilot '' ' : Meet the first Latina to fly planes for the US military `` . The Daily Mail . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Reaching Your Potential : Personal and Professional Development '' , Linda Pauwels as First Hispanic Woman to captain a jet for American Airlines , Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 07 Jump up ^ San Antonio Aviation and Aerospace Hall of Fame Further reading ( edit ) 92nd Air Refueling Wing Public Affairs ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` First Air Force Latina pilot : Lt. Col. Olga E. Custodio '' . Fairchild Air Force Base . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Boudonck , Greg ( March 14 , 2014 ) . Puertorriquenos Who Served With Guts , Glory , and Honor . Fighting to Defend a Nation Not Completely Their Own . ISBN 1497421837 . `` National Hispanic Heritage Month : Olga E. Custodio '' . TransportationHistory.org . September 22 , 2017 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olga_E._Custodio&oldid=856957775 '' Categories : 1954 births Living people Commercial aviators Female commercial aviators Military brats People from San Juan , Puerto Rico Puerto Rican businesspeople Puerto Rican military officers Puerto Rican United States Air Force personnel Puerto Rican women in the military Puerto Rican women in business University of Puerto Rico alumni United States Air Force reservists United States Air Force officers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 16 : 34 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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"Lieutenant Colonel Olga E. Custodio [note 1] (born 1953) is a former United States Air Force officer who became the first female Hispanic U.S. military pilot. She was the first Hispanic woman to complete U.S. Air Force military pilot training. Upon retiring from the military, she became one of the first female Hispanic commercial airline captains.[1]\n"
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"Lieutenant Colonel Olga E. Custodio"
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2795295013445157888 | Social Gospel | Social Gospel - wikipedia Social Gospel Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series of articles on Social Christianity Major figures Francis of Assisi Antoninus of Florence Wilhelm E.F. von Ketteler Pope Leo XIII Adolph Kolping Edward Bellamy Washington Gladden Margaret Wedgwood Benn Phillip Berryman James H. Cone Dorothy Day Leo Tolstoy Óscar Romero Gustavo Gutiérrez Abraham Kuyper Daniel Berrigan Philip Berrigan Martin Luther King Jr . Walter Rauschenbusch Desmond Tutu Tommy Douglas Pope Francis Organizations Confederation of Christian Trade Unions Catholic Worker Movement Christian Socialist Movement World Movement of Christian Workers Key concepts Subsidiarity Christian anarchism Christian humanism Social Gospel Christian socialism Christian communism Liberation theology Postcolonial theology Black theology Praxis School Precarity Human dignity Social market economy Communitarianism Distributism Catholic social teaching Neo-Calvinism Neo-Thomism Communalism Law of consecration United Order Bishop 's storehouse Key documents Rerum novarum ( 1891 ) Quadragesimo anno ( 1931 ) Princeton Stone Lectures ( 1898 ) Populorum progressio ( 1967 ) Centesimus annus ( 1991 ) Caritas in veritate ( 2009 ) Laudato Si ' ( 2015 ) Christianity portal Part of a series on Christian democracy Organizations ( hide ) List of Christian democratic parties Centrist Democrat International Christian Democrat Organization of America European People 's Party European Christian Political Movement Ideas ( hide ) Social conservatism Social market economy Communitarianism Dignity Social Gospel Solidarity Subsidiarity Sphere sovereignty Cultural mandate Stewardship Distributism Christian corporatism Catholic social teaching Christian ethics Neo-Calvinism Neo-Scholasticism Documents ( hide ) Rerum novarum Kuyper 's Stone Lectures on Calvinism Graves de communi re Quadragesimo anno Laborem exercens Sollicitudo rei socialis Centesimus annus Laudato si ' People ( hide ) Konrad Adenauer Giulio Andreotti Alcide De Gasperi Eduardo Frei Montalva Keith Joseph Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler Helmut Kohl Abraham Kuyper Pope Leo XIII Jacques Maritain Pope Pius XI Robert Schuman Luigi Sturzo Christian democracy portal Politics portal The Social Gospel was a movement in North American Protestantism which applied Christian ethics to social problems , especially issues of social justice such as economic inequality , poverty , alcoholism , crime , racial tensions , slums , unclean environment , child labor , inadequate labor unions , poor schools , and the danger of war . It was most prominent in the early - 20th - century United States and Canada . Theologically , the Social Gospellers sought to operationalize the Lord 's Prayer ( Matthew 6 : 10 ) : `` Thy kingdom come , Thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven '' . They typically were post-millennialist ; that is , they believed the Second Coming could not happen until humankind rid itself of social evils by human effort . The Social Gospel was more popular among clergy than laity . Its leaders were predominantly associated with the liberal wing of the Progressive Movement , and most were theologically liberal , although a few were also conservative when it came to their views on social issues . Important leaders include Richard T. Ely , Josiah Strong , Washington Gladden , and Walter Rauschenbusch . Although most scholars agree that the Social Gospel movement peaked in the early 20th century , there is disagreement over when the movement began to decline , with some asserting that the destruction and trauma caused by World War I left many disillusioned with the Social Gospel 's ideals while others argue that World War I stimulated the Social Gospelers ' reform efforts . Theories regarding the decline of the Social Gospel after World War I often cite the rise of neo-orthodoxy as a contributing factor in the movement 's decline . The Social Gospel , after World War II , along with neo-Thomism , influenced the formation of Christian Democracy political ideology . Many of the Social Gospel 's ideas also reappeared in the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s . `` Social Gospel '' principles continue to inspire newer movements such as Christians Against Poverty . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 United States 2.1 Washington Gladden 2.2 Walter Rauschenbusch 2.2. 1 Rauschenbusch 's A Theology for the Social Gospel ( 1917 ) 2.3 Settlement movement 2.4 Progressives 2.5 New Deal 2.6 Social Gospel and labor movements 2.7 Legacy of the Social Gospel 3 Canada 4 In literature 5 The 21st century 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 Further reading 8.1 Secondary sources 8.2 Primary sources 9 External links History ( edit ) The term `` Social Gospel '' was first used by Charles Oliver Brown in reference to Henry George 's popular book , `` Progress and Poverty '' , which sparked the Single Tax movement . United States ( edit ) The Social Gospel affected much of Protestant America . The Presbyterians described their goals in 1910 by proclaiming : The great ends of the church are the proclamation of the gospel for the salvation of humankind ; the shelter , nurture , and spiritual fellowship of the children of God ; the maintenance of divine worship ; the preservation of truth ; the promotion of social righteousness ; and the exhibition of the Kingdom of Heaven to the world . In the late 19th century , many Protestants were disgusted by the poverty level and the low quality of living in the slums . The social gospel movement provided a religious rationale for action to address those concerns . Activists in the Social Gospel movement hoped that by public health measures as well as enforced schooling the poor could develop talents and skills , the quality of their moral lives would begin to improve . Important concerns of the Social Gospel movement were labor reforms , such as abolishing child labor and regulating the hours of work by mothers . By 1920 they were crusading against the 12 - hour day for workers at U.S. Steel . Washington Gladden ( edit ) Main article : Washington Gladden Gladden ( 1836 -- 1918 ) was an American clergyman . His words and actions earned him the title of `` a pioneer '' of the Social Gospel even before the term came into use . Gladden spoke up for workers and their right to organize unions . For Gladden , the `` Christian law covers every relation of life '' including the relationship between employers and their employees . His 1877 book The Christian Way : Whither It Leads and How to Go On was his first national call for such a universal application of Christian values in everyday life . The book began his leadership in the Social Gospel movement . Historians consider Gladden to be one of the Social Gospel Movement 's `` founding fathers . '' In the 20th century , the mantle of leadership was passed to Walter Rauschenbusch . Walter Rauschenbusch ( edit ) Main article : Walter Rauschenbusch Another of the defining theologians for the Social Gospel movement was Walter Rauschenbusch , a Baptist pastor of a congregation located in Hell 's Kitchen . His work `` Christianity and the Social Crisis '' may be `` the finest distillation of social gospel thought . '' Rauschenbusch railed against what he regarded as the selfishness of capitalism and promoted a form of Christian Socialism that supported the creation of labor unions and cooperative economics . While pastors like Rauschenbusch were combining their expertise in Biblical ethics and economic studies and research to preach theological claims around the need for social reform , others , such as Dwight Moody , refused to preach about social issues based on personal experience . Pastor Moody 's experience led him to believe that the poor were too particular in receiving charity . Moody claimed that concentrating on social aid distracted people from the life saving message of the Gospel . Rauschenbusch sought to address the problems of the city with socialist ideas which proved to be frightening to the middle classes , the primary supporters of the Social Gospel . In contrast , Moody attempted to save people from the city and was very effective in influencing the middle class Americans who were moving into the city with traditional style revivals . Rauschenbusch 's a theology for the Social Gospel ( 1917 ) ( edit ) The social gospel movement was not a unified and well - focused movement , for it contained members who disagreed with the conclusions of others within the movement . Rauschenbusch stated that the movement needed `` a theology to make it effective '' and likewise , `` theology needs the social gospel to vitalize it . '' In A Theology for the Social Gospel ( 1917 ) , Rauschenbusch takes up the task of creating `` a systematic theology large enough to match ( our social gospel ) and vital enough to back it . '' He believed that the social gospel would be `` a permanent addition to our spiritual outlook and that its arrival constitutes a state in the development of the Christian religion , '' and thus a systematic tool for using it was necessary . In A Theology for the Social Gospel , Rauschenbusch states that the individualistic gospel has made sinfulness of the individual clear , but it has not shed light on institutionalized sinfulness : `` It has not evoked faith in the will and power of God to redeem the permanent institutions of human society from their inherited guilt of oppression and extortion . '' This ideology would be inherited by liberation theologians and civil rights advocates and leaders such as Martin Luther King Jr . The `` Kingdom of God '' is crucial to Rauschenbusch 's proposed theology of the social gospel . He states that the ideology and doctrine of `` the Kingdom of God , '' of which Jesus Christ reportedly `` always spoke '' has been gradually replaced by that of the Church . This was done at first by the early church out of what appeared to be necessity , but Rauschenbusch calls Christians to return to the doctrine of `` the Kingdom of God . '' Of course , such a replacement has cost theology and Christians at large a great deal : the way we view Jesus and the synoptic gospels , the ethical principles of Jesus , and worship rituals have all been affected by this replacement . In promoting a return to the doctrine of the `` Kingdom of God , '' he clarified that the `` Kingdom of God '' : is not subject to the pitfalls of the Church ; it can test and correct the Church ; is a prophetic , future - focused ideology and a revolutionary , social and political force that understands all creation to be sacred ; and it can help save the problematic , sinful social order . Settlement movement ( edit ) Main article : Settlement movement Many reformers inspired by the movement opened settlement houses , most notably Hull House in Chicago operated by Jane Addams . They helped the poor and immigrants improve their lives . Settlement houses offered services such as daycare , education , and health care to needy people in slum neighborhoods . The YMCA was created originally to help rural youth adjust to the city without losing their religion , but by the 1890s became a powerful instrument of the Social Gospel . Nearly all the denominations ( including Catholics ) engaged in foreign missions , which often had a social gospel component in terms especially of medical uplift . The Black denominations , especially the African Methodist Episcopal church ( AME ) and the African Methodist Episcopal Zion church ( AMEZ ) , had active programs in support of the Social Gospel . Both evangelical ( `` pietistic '' ) and liturgical ( `` high church '' ) elements supported the Social Gospel , although only the pietists were active in promoting Prohibition . Progressives ( edit ) In the United States prior to World War I , the Social Gospel was the religious wing of the progressive movement which had the aim of combating injustice , suffering and poverty in society . Denver , Colorado , was a center of Social Gospel activism . Thomas Uzzel led the Methodist People 's Tabernacle from 1885 to 1910 . He established a free dispensary for medical emergencies , an employment bureau for job seekers , a summer camp for children , night schools for extended learning , and English language classes . Myron Reed of the First Congregational Church became a spokesman , 1884 to 1894 for labor unions on issues such as worker 's compensation . His middle - class congregation encouraged Reed to move on when he became a Socialist , and he organized a nondenominational church . The Baptist minister Jim Goodhart set up an employment bureau , and provided food and lodging for tramps and hobos at the mission he ran . He became city chaplain and director of public welfare of Denver in 1918 . Besides these Protestants , Reform Jews and Catholics helped build Denver 's social welfare system in the early 20th century . The Rev. Mark A. Matthews ( 1867 - 1940 ) of Seattle 's First Presbyterian Church was a leading city reformer , who investigated red light districts and crime scenes , denouncing corrupt politicians , businessmen , and saloon keepers . With 10,000 members , his was the largest Presbyterian Church in the country , and he was selected the national moderator in 1912 . He built a model church , with night schools , unemployment bureaus , kindergarten , an anti-tuberculosis clinic , and the nation 's first church - owned radio station . Matthews was the most influential clergymen in the Pacific Northwest , and one of the most active Social Gospelers in America . The South had its own version of the Social Gospel , focusing especially on prohibition . Other reforms included outlawing public swearing , boxing and dogfights and similar affronts to their moral sensibilities . By 1900 , says Edward Ayers , the white Baptists , although they were the most conservative of all the denominations in the South , became steadily more concerned with social issues , taking stands on `` temperance , gambling , illegal corruption , public morality , orphans and the elderly . '' New deal ( edit ) During the New Deal of the 1930s , Social Gospel themes could be seen in the work of Harry Hopkins , Will Alexander , and Mary McLeod Bethune , who added a new concern with African Americans . After 1940 , the movement withered , but it was invigorated in the 1950s by black leaders like Baptist minister Martin Luther King and the civil rights movement . After 1980 , it weakened again as a major force inside mainstream churches ; indeed , those churches were losing strength . Examples of the Social Gospel 's continued influence can still be found in Jim Wallis 's Sojourners organization 's Call to Renewal and more local organizations like the Virginia Interfaith Center . Another modern example can be found in the work of Reverend John Steinbruck , senior pastor of Luther Place Memorial Church in Washington , D.C. , from 1970 to 1997 , who was an articulate and passionate preacher of the Social Gospel and a leading voice locally and nationally for the homeless , Central American refugees , and the victims of persecution and prejudice . Social Gospel and labor movements ( edit ) Because the Social Gospel was primarily concerned with the day - to - day life of laypeople , one of ways in which it made its message heard was through labor movements . Particularly , the Social Gospel had a profound effect upon the American Federation of Labor ( AFL ) . The AFL began a movement called Labor Forward , which was a pro-Christian group who `` preached unionization like a revival . '' In Philadelphia , this movement was counteracted by bringing revivalist Billy Sunday , himself firmly anti-union , who believed `` that the organized shops destroyed individual freedom . '' Legacy of the Social Gospel ( edit ) While the Social Gospel was short - lived historically , it had a lasting impact on the policies of most of the mainline denominations in the United States . Most began programs for social reform , which led to ecumenical cooperation in 1910 while in the formation of the Federal Council of Churches . Although this cooperation was about social issues that often led to charges of socialism . It is likely that the Social Gospel 's strong sense of leadership by the people led to women 's suffrage , and that the emphasis it placed on morality led to prohibition . Biographer Randall Woods argues that Social Gospel themes learned from childhood allowed Lyndon B. Johnson to transform social problems into moral problems . This helps explain his longtime commitment to social justice , as exemplified by the Great Society and his commitment to racial equality . The Social Gospel explicitly inspired his foreign - policy approach to a sort of Christian internationalism and nation building . The Social Gospel Movement has been described as `` the most distinctive American contribution to world Christianity . '' Canada ( edit ) The Cooperative Commonwealth Federation , a political party that was later reformed as the New Democratic Party , was founded on social gospel principles in the 1930s by J.S. Woodsworth , a Methodist minister , and Alberta MP William Irvine . Woodsworth wrote extensively about the social gospel from experiences gained while working with immigrant slum dwellers in Winnipeg from 1904 to 1913 . His writings called for the Kingdom of God `` here and now '' . This political party took power in the province of Saskatchewan in 1944 . This group , led by Tommy Douglas , a Baptist minister , introduced universal medicare , family allowance and old age pensions . This political party has since largely lost its religious basis , and became a secular social democratic party . The Social Service Council ( SSC ) was the `` reforming arm of Protestantism in Canada '' , and promoted idea of the social gospel . Under the `` aggressive leadership of Charlotte Whitton '' , the Canadian Council of Child Welfare , opposed `` a widening of social security protection ... '' and `` continued to impede the implementation of provincial mothers ' pensions '' , instead pressing for the `` traditional private charity '' model . Charlotte Whitton argued that children should be removed from their homes `` instead of paying money to needy parents '' Charlotte Whitton , as Christie and Gauvreau point out , was also a member of the SSC , The SSC 's mandate included the `` intensive Christian conquest of Canada '' . The Social Gospel was a significant influence in the formation of the People 's Church in Brandon , Ontario , in 1919 . Started by Methodist minister A.E. Smith , the People 's Church attempted to provide an alternative to the traditional church , which Smith viewed as unconcerned with social issues . In his autobiography All My Life Smith describes his last sermon before starting the People 's Church , saying `` The Church was afraid it might give offence to the rich and powerful . '' The People 's Church was successful for a time , with People 's Churches founded in Vancouver , Victoria , Edmonton , and Calgary . In Winnipeg , Methodist minister and Social Gospeller William Ivens started another workers church , the Labour Church , in 1918 . Both Smith and Ivens tried to take leaves of absence from their Methodist ministries , which were initially granted . Upon a decision to bring all such special cases before the Methodist Stationing Committee , however , the decisions were rescinded . In literature ( edit ) The Social Gospel theme is reflected in the novels In His Steps ( 1897 ) and The Reformer ( 1902 ) , by the Congregational minister Charles Sheldon , who coined the motto `` What would Jesus do ? '' In his personal life , Sheldon was committed to Christian Socialism and identified strongly with the Social Gospel movement . Walter Rauschenbusch , one of the leading early theologians of the Social Gospel in the United States , indicated that his theology had been inspired by Sheldon 's novels . In 1892 , Rauschenbusch and several other leading writers and advocates of the Social Gospel formed a group called the Brotherhood of the Kingdom . Members of this group produced many of the written works that defined the theology of the Social Gospel movement and gave it public prominence . These included Rauschenbusch 's Christianity and the Social Crisis ( 1907 ) and Christianizing the Social Order ( 1912 ) , as well as Samuel Zane Batten 's The New Citizenship ( 1898 ) and The Social Task of Christianity ( 1911 ) . The 21st century ( edit ) In the United States , the Social Gospel is still influential in mainline Protestant denominations such as the African Methodist Episcopal Church , the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America , the Presbyterian Church USA , the United Church of Christ , the Christian Church ( Disciples of Christ ) , and the United Methodist Church ; it seems to be growing in the Episcopal Church as well , especially with that church 's effort to support the ONE Campaign . In Canada , it is widely present in the United Church and in the Anglican Church . Social Gospel elements can also be found in many service and relief agencies associated with Protestant denominations and the Catholic Church in the United States . It also remains influential among Christian socialist circles in Britain in the Church of England , and Methodist and Calvinist movements . In Catholicism , liberation theology is considered by some to have been a radical Marxist attempt to promote the Social Gospel . However , as noted by Penny Lernoux in her 1977 book Cry of the People , right - wing death squads linked with groups supported by the United States government frequently targeted priests merely for helping the poor and labeled them as Marxist or communist merely to justify torturing and murdering them . See also ( edit ) Catholic temperance movement Chartism Christian Social Union ( Church of England ) Christian socialism Christian humanism Emerging church Evangelical left The Gospel of Wealth Liberation theology Prosperity theology Salem Bland Social justice Temperance movement Washington Gladden Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tichi , Cecelia ( 2009 ) . Civic Passions : Seven who launched progressive America ( and what they teach us ) . University of North Carolina Press . p. 206 , 220 - 221 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3300 - 1 . Jump up ^ They rejected premillennialist theology. which held the Second Coming of Christ was imminent , and Christians should devote their energies to preparing for it rather than addressing the issue of social evils . Jump up ^ Jill K. Gill ( 2011 ) . Embattled Ecumenism : The National Council of Churches , the Vietnam War , and the Trials of the Protestant Left . Northern Illinois University Press . p. 33 . Jump up ^ White , Jr. ( 1990 ) , and Ahlstrom ( 1974 ) . Jump up ^ White , Jr. and Hopkins ( 1975 ) and Handy ( 1966 ) . Jump up ^ Visser ' t Hooft ( 1928 ) Jump up ^ Ahlstrom ( 1974 ) , Hopkins ( 1940 ) , White , Jr. and Hopkins ( 1975 ) , and Handy ( 1966 ) Jump up ^ Witte , John ( 1993 ) . Christianity and Democracy in Global Context . Westview Press . p. 9 . ISBN 9780813318431 . Concurrent with this missionary movement in Africa , both Protestant and Catholic political activists helped to restore democracy to war - torn Europe and extend it overseas . Protestant political activism emerged principally in England , the Lowlands , and Scandinavia under the inspiration of both social gospel movements and neo-Calvinism . Catholic political activism emerged principally in Italy , France , and Spain under the inspiration of both Rerum Novarum and its early progeny and of neo-Thomism . Both formed political parties , which now fall under the general aegis of the Christian Democratic Party movement . Both Protestant and Catholic parties inveighed against the reductionist extremes and social failures of liberal democracies and social democracies . Liberal democracies , they believed , had sacrificed the community for the individual ; social democracies had sacrificed the individual for the community . Both parties returned to a traditional Christian teaching of `` social pluralism '' or `` subsidiarity , '' which stressed the dependence and participation of the individual in family , church , school , business , and other associations . Both parties stressed the responsibility of the state to respect and protect the `` individual in community . '' access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Christopher H. Evans , The social gospel today ( 2001 ) p. 149 Jump up ^ Marty , Martin E. ( 1997 ) . Modern American Religion , Volume 1 : The Irony of It All , 1893 - 1919 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0226508948 . Jump up ^ Gould , Rebecca ( 2005 ) . At home in nature modern homesteading and spiritual practice in America . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0520241428 . Jump up ^ Rogers and Blade 1998 Jump up ^ `` Washington Gladden '' in the Encyclopedia of World Biography , 2004 . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 from Encyclopedia.com : http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3404702504.html . Jump up ^ Washington Gladden , Recollections ( Houghton Mifflin , 1909 , 252 , 292 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey Parker , Richard Sisson , William Russell Coil , eds , Ohio and the World , 1753 - 2053 : Essays Toward a New History of Ohio ( Ohio State University , 2005 ) , 106 . ^ Jump up to : `` WASHINGTON GLADDEN ( 1836 - 1918 ) '' online at http://www.washingtongladdensociety.org/timeline1.html . Accessed January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldfield , David R. ( 2007 ) . Encyclopedia of American Urban History , vol. 2 . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage Publications . Jump up ^ `` Social Gospel in the Nineteenth Century '' in the Dictionary of American History ( 2003 ) online at http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Social_Gospel.aspx . ^ Jump up to : Kee , Howard C. ; et al. ( 1998 ) . Christianity : A Social and Cultural History ( 2nd ed . ) . Upper Saddle River , NJ : Prentice Hall . ^ Jump up to : Rauschenbusch , Walter ( 1917 ) . Theology for the Social Gospel . New York : Abingdon Press . Jump up ^ Hopkins ( 1940 ) Jump up ^ Luker ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ Marty ( 1986 ) Jump up ^ Jeremy Bonner , `` Religion , '' in Rick Newby , ed , The Rocky Mountain Region ( Greenwood Press , 2004 ) p 370 Jump up ^ C. Allyn Russell , `` Mark Allison Matthews : Seattle Fundamentalist and Civic Reformer . '' Journal of Presbyterian History ( 1979 ) : 446 - 466 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Edward L. Ayers , The Promise of the New South : Life after Reconstruction ( 1992 ) p 170 Jump up ^ http://sojo.net/tag/call-renewal Jump up ^ http://www.virginiainterfaithcenter.org/ . Jump up ^ Randall B. Woods , LBJ : Architect of American Ambition ( 2006 ) pp 27 , 430 , 465 - 66 , 486 Jump up ^ `` A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE NDP '' . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan . `` The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan `` Social Gospel '' `` . University of Regina ( Saskatchewan , Canada . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Guest , D ( 1997 ) . The Emergence of Social Security in Canada . Vancouver : University of British Columbia Press . Jump up ^ Carniol , B. ( 2005 ) . Case Critical : Social services and social justice in Canada . Toronto , ON : Between The Lines . p. 45 ^ Jump up to : Christie , C. , Gauvreau , M. ( 2001 ) . A Full - Orbed Christianity : The Protestant Churches and social welfare in Canada , 1900 - 1940 . Kingston , ON , Montreal : QC : McGill - Queen 's . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Smith , Albert ( 1949 ) . Ally My Life . Toronto : Progress Books . p. 60 . ISBN 0 - 919396 - 41 - 0 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Mitchell , Tom ( 1994 ) . `` From the Social Gospel to `` The Plain Bread of Leninism '' : A.E. Smith 's Journey to the Left in the Epoch of Reaction after World War I `` . Labour / Le Travail. 33 ( Spring , 1994 ) : 129 -- 143 . doi : 10.2307 / 25143791 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Goldsborough , Gordon . `` Memorable Manitobans : William `` Bill '' Ivens ( 1878 - 1957 ) `` . Manitoba Historical Society . Retrieved 12 November 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Secondary sources ( edit ) Sydney E. Ahlstrom . A Religious History of the American People ( 1974 ) Susan Curtis . A Consuming Faith : The Social Gospel and Modern American Culture ( 1991 ) Jacob H. Dorn . `` The Social Gospel and Socialism : A Comparison of the Thought of Francis Greenwood Peabody , Washington Gladden , and Walter Rauschenbusch , '' Church History , vol. 62 , no . 1 ( 1993 ) , pp. 82 - 100 . Jacob H. Dorn . Socialism and Christianity in Early 20th Century America . ( 1998 ) , online edition Christopher H. Evans . The Social Gospel in American Religion : A History ( New York University Press , 2017 ) , 271 pp . Brian J. Fraser . The Social Uplifters : Presbyterian Progressives and the Social Gospel in Canada , 1875 - 1915 ( 1990 ) Robert T. Handy , ed . The Social Gospel in America , 1870 - 1920 ( 1966 ) . Charles Howard Hopkins . The Rise of the Social Gospel in American Protestantism , 1865 - 1915 . ( 1940 ) online edition Benjamin L. Hartley . Evangelicals at a Crossroads : Revivalism and Social Reform in Boston , 1860 - 1910 ( University of New Hampshire Press / University Press of New England ; 2011 ) 304 pages ; looks at Methodist , Salvation Army , Baptist , and nondenominational Christians William R. Hutchison . `` The Americanness of the Social Gospel ; An Inquiry in Comparative History , '' Church History , Vol. 44 , No. 3 ( Sep. , 1975 ) , pp. 367 -- 381 online in JSTOR Maurice C. Latta , `` The Background for the Social Gospel in American Protestantism , '' Church History , Vol. 5 , No. 3 ( Sep. , 1936 ) , pp. 256 -- 270 online at JSTOR Ralph E. Luker . The Social Gospel in Black and White American Racial Reform , 1885 - 1912 . ( 1998 ) excerpt and text search Marty , Martin E. Modern American Religion , Vol. 1 : The Irony of It All , 1893 - 1919 ( 1986 ) ; Modern American Religion . Vol. 2 : The Noise of Conflict , 1919 - 1941 ( 1991 ) Muller , Dorothea R . `` The Social Philosophy of Josiah Strong : Social Christianity and American Progressivism , '' Church History 1959 , v 28 , # 2 pp. 183 -- 201 at JSTOR Rader , Benjamin G. `` Richard T. Ely : Lay Spokesman for the Social Gospel . '' Journal of American History 53 : 1 ( June 1966 ) . in JSTOR Rogers , Jack B. , and Robert E. Blade , `` The Great Ends of the Church : Two Perspectives , '' Journal of Presbyterian History ( 1998 ) 76 : 181 - 186 . Smith , Gary Scott . `` To Reconstruct the World : Walter Rauschenbusch and Social Change , '' Fides et Historia ( 1991 ) 23 : 40 - 63 . Visser ' t Hooft , Willem A . The Background of the Social Gospel in America ( 1928 ) . White , Ronald C. Liberty and Justice for All : Racial Reform and the Social Gospel ( 1877 - 1925 ) ( 1990 ) . White , Ronald C. and C. Howard Hopkins . The Social Gospel . Religion and Reform in Changing America ( 1975 ) . Primary sources ( edit ) Batten , Samuel Zane . The Social Task of Christianity : A Summons to the New Crusade . New York : Fleming H. Revell Co. , 1911 . online edition Gladden , Washington . Who Wrote the Bible ? A Book for the People . Boston : Houghton , Mifflin and Co. , 1891 . online edition Mathews , Shailer . Jesus on Social Institutions . New York : Macmillan , 1928 . Mathews , Shailer . The Spiritual Interpretation of History . William Belden Noble lectures . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1916 . online edition Peabody , Francis Greenwood . Jesus Christ and the Social Question : An Examination of the Teaching of Jesus in Its Relation to Some of the Problems of Modern Social Life . New York : Macmillan , 1900 . online edition Rauschenbusch , Walter . Christianity and the Social Crisis . New York : 1912 . online edition Rauschenbusch , Walter . Dare We be Christians . New York : Pilgrim Press , 1914 online edition Rauschenbusch , Walter . A Theology for the Social Gospel . New York : Macmillan Co. , 1917 . online 1922 edition Sheldon , Charles Monroe . In His Steps : `` What Would Jesus Do ? '' London : Simpkin , Marshall , Hamilton , Kent & Co. , 1897 . online edition Strong , Josiah . The New Era ; Or , The Coming Kingdom . New York : The Baker & Taylor Co. , 1893 . online edition Thomas , Lewis Herbert , ed . The Making of a Socialist : The Recollections of T.C. Douglas . Edmonton , Alta. : University of Alberta Press , 1982 . Rick Warren . Purpose Driven Life . Zondervan . Grand Rapids , Michigan . Evangelical Christian Publishers Association ( ECPA ) External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Social Gospel `` Social Gospel Movement '' `` The Social Gospel and the Progressive Era '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_Gospel&oldid=810863602 '' Categories : Christian terminology Christian theological movements Progressive Era in the United States Protestantism in Canada Progressivism in Canada Socialism in Canada Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 November 2017 , at 23 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did the social gospel movement take place | [
"The Social Gospel was a movement in North American Protestantism which applied Christian ethics to social problems, especially issues of social justice such as economic inequality, poverty, alcoholism, crime, racial tensions, slums, unclean environment, child labor, inadequate labor unions, poor schools, and the danger of war. It was most prominent in the early-20th-century United States and Canada. Theologically, the Social Gospellers sought to operationalize the Lord's Prayer (Matthew 6:10): \"Thy kingdom come, Thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven\".[1] They typically were post-millennialist; that is, they believed the Second Coming could not happen until humankind rid itself of social evils by human effort.[2] The Social Gospel was more popular among clergy than laity.[3] Its leaders were predominantly associated with the liberal wing of the Progressive Movement, and most were theologically liberal, although a few were also conservative when it came to their views on social issues.[4] Important leaders include Richard T. Ely, Josiah Strong, Washington Gladden, and Walter Rauschenbusch.",
"The Social Gospel was a movement in North American Protestantism which applied Christian ethics to social problems, especially issues of social justice such as economic inequality, poverty, alcoholism, crime, racial tensions, slums, unclean environment, child labor, inadequate labor unions, poor schools, and the danger of war. It was most prominent in the early-20th-century United States and Canada. Theologically, the Social Gospellers sought to operationalize the Lord's Prayer (Matthew 6:10): \"Thy kingdom come, Thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven\".[1] They typically were post-millennialist; that is, they believed the Second Coming could not happen until humankind rid itself of social evils by human effort.[2] The Social Gospel was more popular among clergy than laity.[3] Its leaders were predominantly associated with the liberal wing of the Progressive Movement, and most were theologically liberal, although a few were also conservative when it came to their views on social issues.[4] Important leaders include Richard T. Ely, Josiah Strong, Washington Gladden, and Walter Rauschenbusch."
] | [
"United States",
"Canada"
] |
6044173645026101218 | River Severn | River Severn - wikipedia River Severn Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with River Seven . For other rivers named `` Severn '' , see Severn ( disambiguation ) § Rivers . `` Severn '' redirects here . For other uses , see Severn ( disambiguation ) . River Severn Welsh : Afon Hafren , Latin : Sabrina River The Severn at Shrewsbury from Shrewsbury Castle . Countries United Kingdom , ( Wales , England ) Regions Mid Wales , West Midlands , South West Counties Powys , Shropshire , Worcestershire , Gloucestershire Tributaries - left Vyrnwy , Tern , Stour , Warwickshire Avon , Bristol Avon - right Teme , Leadon , Wye Cities Shrewsbury , Worcester , Gloucester , Bristol Landmarks Ironbridge Gorge , Severn Valley , Severn bore , Severn crossing Source - location Plynlimon , Ceredigion , Wales - elevation 610 m ( 2,001 ft ) - coordinates 52 ° 29 ′ 36 '' N 3 ° 44 ′ 04 '' W / 52.493465 ° N 3.734578 ° W / 52.493465 ; - 3.734578 Mouth Severn Estuary - location Bristol Channel , United Kingdom - elevation 0 m ( 0 ft ) Length 354 km ( 220 mi ) Basin 11,420 km ( 4,409 sq mi ) Discharge for Bewdley , Worcs . SO 7815 7622 - average 61.17 m / s ( 2,160 cu ft / s ) - max 533.48 m / s ( 18,840 cu ft / s ) max recorded on 1947 - 03 - 21 Discharge elsewhere ( average ) - Apperley , Glos . 107 m / s ( 3,779 cu ft / s ) - Montford , Shrops . 43.46 m / s ( 1,535 cu ft / s ) Tributaries ( light blue ) and major settlements on and near the Severn ( bold blue ) The River Severn ( Welsh : Afon Hafren , Latin : Sabrina ) is a river in the United Kingdom . At about 220 miles ( 354 km ) , it is usually considered to be the longest in the UK . It rises at an altitude of 2,001 feet ( 610 m ) on Plynlimon , close to the Ceredigion / Powys border near Llanidloes , in the Cambrian Mountains of mid Wales . It then flows through Shropshire , Worcestershire and Gloucestershire , with the county towns of Shrewsbury , Worcester and Gloucester on its banks . With an average discharge of 107 m / s ( 3,800 cu ft / s ) at Apperley , Gloucestershire , the Severn is the greatest river in terms of water flow in England and Wales . The river is usually considered to become the Severn Estuary after the Second Severn Crossing between Severn Beach , South Gloucestershire and Sudbrook , Monmouthshire . The river then discharges into the Bristol Channel which in turn discharges into the Celtic Sea and the wider Atlantic Ocean . The Severn 's drainage basin area is 4,409 square miles ( 11,419 km ) , excluding the River Wye and Bristol Avon which flow into the Severn Estuary . The major tributaries to the Severn are the Vyrnwy , Clywedog , Teme , Avon and Stour . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology and mythology 2 Tributary rivers 3 Settlements 4 Transport 4.1 Bridges 4.2 Rail 4.3 Disasters 4.4 Navigation 4.5 Locks 4.6 Associated canals 4.7 Passenger transport 4.7. 1 The tidal river 4.7. 2 The upper river 5 Severn Estuary 6 Severn Sea 7 Severn bore 8 Industry 9 Wildlife 10 Literary and musical allusions 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Etymology and mythology ( edit ) The name Severn is thought to derive from a Celtic original name * sabrinnā , of uncertain meaning . That name then developed in different languages to become Sabrina to the Romans , Hafren in Welsh , and Severn in English . A folk etymology later developed , deriving the name from a mythical story of a nymph , Sabrina , who drowned in the river . Sabrina is also the goddess of the River Severn in Celtic mythology . The story of Sabrina is featured in Milton 's Comus . There is a statue of Sabrina in the Dingle Gardens at the Quarry , Shrewsbury , as well as a metal sculpture erected in 2013 also in the town . As the Severn becomes tidal the associated deity changed to Nodens , who was represented mounted on a seahorse , riding on the crest of the Severn bore . Tributary rivers ( edit ) The River Stour rises in the north of Worcestershire in the Clent Hills , near St Kenelm 's Church at Romsley . It flows north into the adjacent West Midlands at Halesowen . It then flows westwards through Cradley Heath and Stourbridge where it leaves the Black Country . It is joined by the Smestow Brook at Prestwood before it winds around southwards to Kinver , and then flows back into Worcestershire . It then passes through Wolverley , Kidderminster and Wilden to its confluence with the Severn at Stourport - on - Severn . The River Vyrnwy , which begins at Lake Vyrnwy , flows eastwards through Powys before forming part of the border between England and Wales , joining the Severn near Melverley , Shropshire . The Rea Brook flows north from its source in the Stiperstones and joins the Severn at Shrewsbury . The River Tern , after flowing south from Market Drayton and being joined by the River Meese and the River Roden , meets the Severn at Attingham Park . The River Worfe joins the Severn , just above Bridgnorth . The River Stour rising on the Clent Hills and flowing through Halesowen , Stourbridge , and Kidderminster , joins the Severn at Stourport . On the opposite bank , the tributaries are only brooks , Borle Brook , Dowles Brook draining the Wyre Forest , Dick Brook and Shrawley Brook . The River Teme flows eastwards from its source in Mid Wales , straddling the border between Shropshire and Herefordshire , it is joined by the River Onny , River Corve and River Rea before it finally joins the Severn slightly downstream of Worcester . Shit Brook near Much Wenlock was culverted to flow into the Severn . One of the several rivers named Avon , in this case the Warwickshire Avon , flows west through Rugby , Warwick and Stratford - upon - Avon . It is then joined by its tributary the River Arrow , before finally joining the Severn at Tewkesbury , Gloucestershire . The port of Bristol is on the Severn Estuary , where another River Avon flows into it through the Avon Gorge . The River Wye , from its source in Plynlimon , Wales ( 2 miles ( 3 km ) from the source of the Severn ) , flows generally south east through the Welsh towns of Rhayader and Builth Wells . It enters Herefordshire , flows through Hereford , and is shortly afterwards joined by the River Lugg , before flowing through Ross - on - Wye and Monmouth , and then southwards where it forms part of the boundary between England ( Forest of Dean ) and Wales . It flows into the Severn near the town of Chepstow , slightly upstream of the Bristol Avon on the opposite bank . The River Usk flows into the Severn Estuary just south of Newport . The Rad Brook is a small river in Shropshire , England . It flows through Shrewsbury and enters the River Severn there . Settlements ( edit ) Post marked as the source of the River Severn on Plynlimon , Wales . The wording is in both English and Welsh . Play media Rowing boat ( 8 - man + cox ) at Worcester Worcester Cathedral overlooking the Severn High Town , Bridgnorth . Below is a list of major towns and cities that the Severn flows through ( in order running downstream ) : Through Powys : Llanidloes Newtown Welshpool Through Shropshire : Shrewsbury ( county town ) Ironbridge Bridgnorth Through Worcestershire : Bewdley Stourport Worcester ( county town ) Upton Through Gloucestershire : Tewkesbury Gloucester ( county town ) Transport ( edit ) Bridges ( edit ) The Welsh Bridge ( background ) and Frankwell Footbridge ( foreground ) in Shrewsbury , Shropshire . The Severn bridged by the A49 road just outside Shrewsbury . The village of Uffington , Shropshire is in the foreground . Main article : Crossings of the River Severn The Severn is bridged at many places , and many of these bridges are notable in their own right , with several designed and built by the engineer Thomas Telford . There also is the famous Iron Bridge at Ironbridge , which was the world 's first iron arch bridge . The two major road bridges of the Severn crossing link Wales with the southern counties of England . Severn Bridge -- opened in 1966 carrying what is now the M48 Second Severn Crossing -- opened in 1996 carrying the M4 motorway Prior to the construction of the first bridge in 1966 , the channel was crossed by the Aust Ferry . Other notable bridges include : Buttington Bridge -- built in 1872 Montford Bridge -- Thomas Telford 's first ever bridge design , built between 1790 and 1792 Welsh Bridge ( pictured ) -- in the centre of Shrewsbury , built in 1795 at a cost of £ 8,000 English Bridge -- also in Shrewsbury , designed and completed in 1774 by John Gwynn Atcham Bridges -- the old one built in 1774 , while the newer one in 1929 carries the B4380 Albert Edward Bridge -- in Coalbrookdale , a railway bridge opened in 1864 Coalport Bridge -- like its neighbour Ironbridge , is made of cast iron , built in 1818 Bewdley Bridge -- designed by Telford , completed in 1798 Holt Fleet Bridge -- in Worcestershire and designed by Telford and opened in 1828 Upton Town Bridge -- built in 1940 , the only bridge to cross between Worcester and Tewkesbury Queenshill Viaduct -- carries the M50 between Junction 1 and 2 Mythe Bridge -- designed by Telford and opened in April 1826 , located in Tewkesbury Haw Bridge -- a steel beam bridge , west of Tewkesbury Maisemore Bridge -- carries the A417 and is a single masonry arch , dating back to 1230 . Over Bridge -- single masonry arch , built by Telford Over Rail Bridge -- carrying the Gloucester to Newport Line , currently the last bridge before the Severn Crossings , which is 30 miles ( 48 km ) downstream Severn Rail Bridge -- linking the Forest of Dean to Sharpness docks , partially collapsed in 1960 and was dismantled in 1967 -- 70 Rail ( edit ) The Severn Tunnel , completed in 1886 by John Hawkshaw on behalf of the Great Western Railway , lies near the Second Severn Crossing road bridge , and carries the South Wales Main Line section of the Great Western Main Line under the channel . The original line built before the Severn Tunnel was the South Wales Railway from Gloucester , that followed the estuary alongside present day stations of Lydney , Chepstow , Caldicot and Severn Tunnel Junction to Newport . Cars could also be transported through the Severn Tunnel . In the 1950s three trains a day made round trips between Severn Tunnel Junction and Pilning . The vehicles were loaded onto open flat bed carriages and pulled by a small pannier tank locomotive , although sometimes they were joined to a scheduled passenger train . The prudent owner paid to cover the vehicle with a sheet , as sparks often flew when the steam locomotive tackled the slope leading to the tunnel exit . A railway coach was provided for passengers and drivers . Reservations could be made and the fee for the car was about thirty shillings ( £ 1.50 ) in the early 1950s . Disasters ( edit ) Tewkesbury during the 2007 floods There have been many disasters on the Severn and it has claimed many lives ( figures vary depending on how it is recorded , circa 300 people ) , especially during the 20th century . The Severn Railway Bridge was badly damaged by the collision of two river barges in 1960 , which led to its demolition in 1970 . Five crew members of both the Arkendale H and Wastdale H died in the accident . More recently the river flooded during the 2007 United Kingdom floods . Navigation ( edit ) Navigation light on Chapel Rock near Beachley There is a public right of navigation between Pool Quay , near Welshpool , and Stourport . However this stretch of the river has little traffic , other than small boats , canoes and some tour boats in Shrewsbury . Below Stourport , where the river is more navigable for larger craft , users must obtain permits from the Canal & River Trust , who are the navigation authority . During spring freshet the river can be closed to navigation . At Upper Parting above Gloucester , the river divides into two , and flows either side of Alney Island to Lower Parting . The West Channel is no longer navigable . The East Channel is navigable as far as Gloucester Docks , from where the Gloucester and Sharpness Canal provides a navigable channel south . Between the docks and Lower Parting Llanthony Weir marks the Normal Tidal Limit ( NTL ) of the East Channel of the river . In the tidal section of the river below Gloucester , the Gloucester Harbour Trustees are the competent harbour authority . The Trustees maintain navigation lights at various points along the river ( including on Chapel Rock and Lyde Rock , and leading lights at Slime Road , Sheperdine and Berkeley Pill ) . Locks ( edit ) There are locks on the lower Severn to enable seagoing boats to reach as far as Stourport . The most northerly lock is at Lincombe , about 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) downstream from Stourport . Associated canals ( edit ) ( hide ) River Severn Legend Bewdley Limit of navigation Stourport - on - Severn Stourport basins Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal Lincombe lock Holt lock River Salwarpe Droitwich Canal Bevere lock and weir Cotswold Line Worcester Worcester and Birmingham Canal Diglis weir and locks River Avon Avon lock Tewkesbury Upper Lode lock Coombe Hill Canal Maisemore weir and lock Herefordshire and Gloucestershire Canal South Wales Railway Llanthony lock Llanthony weir Gloucester lock Gloucester Dock and Victoria Basin Gloucester and Sharpness Canal New Swing Bridge Stroudwater Canal River Severn Sharpness Old Lock Sharpness Lock Lydney Canal Severn Bridge M48 motorway River Wye Second Severn Crossing M4 motorway Severn Estuary River Avon Bristol Channel The Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal , the Worcester and Birmingham Canal , ( both narrow beam ) and the Herefordshire and Gloucestershire Canal join the Severn at Stourport , Worcester and Gloucester respectively . The Droitwich Barge Canal , a broad beam canal , joins the Severn at Hawford , near to the River Salwarpe , and connects to the Droitwich Canal ( narrow beam ) in the name town , which then forms a link to the Worcester and Birmingham Canal . The two Droitwich canals re-opened in 2010 after major restoration . The Gloucester and Sharpness Canal connects the Severn at Gloucester to the Severn at Sharpness , avoiding a stretch of the tidal river which is dangerous to navigate . The Stroudwater Navigation used to join the tidal Severn at Framilode , but since the 1920s has connected to the Severn only via the Gloucester and Sharpness Canal . The Lydney Canal is a short canal which connects Lydney to the river . The section of the river between Tewkesbury and Worcester forms part of the Avon Ring , a 109 - mile ( 175 km ) circular cruising route which includes 129 locks and covers parts of three other waterways . Passenger transport ( edit ) The tidal River ( edit ) Paddle steamers were operated in the Severn Estuary from the mid 19th century to the late 1970s by P and A Campbell of Bristol . The vessels , Cardiff Queen , Bristol Queen , Glen Usk , Glen Gower and Britannia all operated on this route in the 1950s and 1960s . Since 1986 Waverley Excursions has operated occasional sailings to Sharpness and Lydney by the MV Balmoral . A number of ferries were also operated on the tidal river , for example at New Passage , Purton and Arlingham . The last ferry was the Aust Ferry , which closed in 1966 when the Severn Bridge opened . One of the Aust ferries , Severn Princess , is still in Chepstow although largely derelict . The Upper River ( edit ) In Worcester , the Worcester River Cruises have boat trips up and down the river between Tewkesbury and Stourport , operating the boats The Pride of the Midlands and The Earl Grosvenor . The Cathedral Ferry , a foot passenger ferry , also operates on summer weekends from the steps of Worcester Cathedral . In Shropshire the Hampton Loade Ferry operated across the river though it has not been run recently ( as of 2017 ) prompting speculation that it is permanently closed . This has not been confirmed by any reliable news sources but according to the nearby Severn Valley Railway it has ceased operation. . In Shrewsbury , boat trips around the loop of the town centre are at present provided by the Sabrina and depart from Victoria Quay near the Welsh Bridge during the summer . Severn Estuary ( edit ) Main article : Severn Estuary The Severn bridges crossing near the mouth of the River Severn The river becomes tidal close to Maisemore , on the West Channel just north of Gloucester , and at Llanthony Weir on the East Channel . The tidal river downstream from Gloucester is sometimes referred to as the Severn Estuary , but the river is usually considered to become the Severn Estuary after the Second Severn Crossing near Severn Beach , South Gloucestershire ( the point to which the jurisdiction of the Gloucester Harbour Trustees extends ) , or at Aust , the site of the Severn Bridge . The Severn Estuary extends to a line from Lavernock Point ( south of Cardiff ) to Sand Point near Weston - super-Mare . West of this line is the Bristol Channel . In the Severn Estuary ( or the Bristol Channel in the last two cases , depending where the boundary is drawn ) are the rocky islands called Denny Island , Steep Holm and Flat Holm . The estuary is about 2 miles ( 3 km ) wide at Aust , and about 9 miles ( 14 km ) wide between Cardiff and Weston - super-Mare . Severn Sea ( edit ) Main article : Bristol Channel Until Tudor times the Bristol Channel was known as the Severn Sea , and it is still known as this in both Welsh and Cornish ( Môr Hafren and Mor Havren respectively , with Môr meaning Sea ) . During the 18th century , the Devon , Somerset and Exmoor coastline was full of smugglers . Coastguards patrolled the shores all night in all weathers , one man for every ⁄ mile ( 400 m ) of the path . Almost every officer and man in the Royal Navy must have taken part either in smuggling or in its prevention . The resulting skill in foul weather seamanship and coastal raiding certainly contributed to the Navy 's success against Napoleon Bonaparte . Severn bore ( edit ) Main article : Severn bore Bore hitting the riverbank in 1994 A curious phenomenon associated with the lower reaches of the Severn is the tidal bore , which forms somewhat upstream of the port of Sharpness . It is frequently asserted that the river 's estuary , which empties into the Bristol Channel , has the second largest tidal range in the world -- 48 feet ( 15 m ) , exceeded only by the Bay of Fundy . However a tidal range greater than that of the Severn is recorded from the lesser known Ungava Bay in Canada . During the highest tides , the rising water is funnelled up the Severn estuary into a wave that travels rapidly upstream against the river current . The largest bores occur in spring , but smaller ones can be seen throughout the year . The bore is accompanied by a rapid rise in water level which continues for about one and a half hours after the bore has passed . Industry ( edit ) A 3 - mile ( 4.8 km ) stretch of the River Severn in Shropshire , is known as Ironbridge Gorge . It was designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1986 . Its historic importance is due to its role as the centre of the iron industry in the early stages of the Industrial Revolution . The gorge and the village of Ironbridge get their name from the Iron Bridge across the Severn , built in 1779 , which was the first cast - iron arch bridge ever constructed . Wildlife ( edit ) The sides of the estuary are also important feeding grounds for waders , notably at the Bridgwater Bay National Nature Reserve and the Slimbridge Wildfowl Trust . River shingle habitat can also be found on the lower estuary , notable for its population of the endangered 5 - spot Ladybird . Literary and musical allusions ( edit ) The River Severn is named several times in A.E. Housman 's A Shropshire Lad ( 1896 ) : `` It dawns in Asia , tombstones show / And Shropshire names are read ; / And the Nile spills his overflow / Beside the Severn 's dead '' ( `` 1887 '' ) ; `` Severn stream '' ( `` The Welsh Marches '' ) ; and `` Severn shore '' ( `` Westward from the high - hilled plain ... '' ) . In William Shakespeare 's Henry IV , Part 1 , Henry Hotspur Percy recalls the valor of Edmund Mortimer , 5th Earl of March in a long battle against Welshman Owain Glyndŵr upon the Severn 's banks , claiming the flooding Severn `` affrighted with ( the warriors ' ) bloody looks ran fearfully among the trembling reeds and hid his crisp head in the hollow bank , bloodstained with these valiant combatants . '' The Severn was the inspiration for a number of works by Gloucestershire composer Ivor Gurney , including the songs `` Western Sailors '' ( 1925 ) and `` Severn Meadows '' ( 1917 ) . Gloucestershire writer and poet Brian Waters published Severn Tide with J.M. Dent in 1947 and followed it with Severn Stream in 1949 . With anecdotal stories about his travels , both books tell of the lives of the people who lived and worked on and along the river , describing the landscape with a poet 's eye . Waters links Nodens with the Seven Bore and the association of the Celtic deity with the river is explored at length by Rogers . Several 20th century English composers wrote works inspired by the river . Gerald Finzi ( 1901 - 1956 ) wrote A Severn Rhapsody , his Opus 3 , in 1923 ; taking the Severn River and its surrounding countryside as his inspiration . Edward Elgar ( 1857 - 1934 ) wrote The Severn Suite , Opus 87 , in 1930 . Elgar lived much of both his early life and his later life near Worcester , through which the Severn runs . Herbert Howells ( 1892 - 1983 ) , born close to the Severn in Lydney , wrote the complex Missa Sabrinensis ( Mass of the Severn ) in 1954 , and an earlier hymn tune simply entitled Severn . The Severn is often mentioned in Ellis Peters ' The Cadfael Chronicles , set in or around Shrewsbury Abbey , beside the river . See also ( edit ) UK Waterways portal List of crossings of the River Severn Rivers of the United Kingdom The Severn Way long - distance footpath The Severn Area Rescue Association operates search and rescue services and lifeboats from Wyre Forest to Beachley ( 4 stations on the river ) Mercia Inshore Search and Rescue are based at Upton - upon - Severn The Severn Valley , an area straddling Shropshire and Worcestershire Severnside , a term with various uses Seven Natural Wonders -- 2005 TV programme where the river was described as one of the wonders of the West Country . Stourport Ring South Herefordshire and Over Severn - National Character Area References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` National River Flow Archive -- 54001 Severn @ Bewdley '' . Archived from the original on 23 October 2007 . Retrieved 24 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` HiFlows - UK '' . Archived from the original on 9 January 2007 . Retrieved 24 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` National River Flow Archive -- 54001 Severn @ Montford '' . Archived from the original on 23 October 2007 . Retrieved 24 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Frankwell Flood Alleviation Scheme , Shrewsbury '' ( PDF ) . UK Environment Agency . Retrieved 13 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The River Severn Facts '' . BBC . Retrieved 28 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Etymology of Hafren Jump up ^ Andy Morrall . `` The Legend of Sabrina '' . Archived from the original on 25 October 2009 . Retrieved 9 December 2006 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Liam Rogers . `` Sabrina and the River Severn '' . Retrieved 9 December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Statues of famous Salopians unveiled in Shrewsbury '' . Shropshire Star . 26 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Clucas , P. ( 1985 ) . Britain -- The Landscape Below . Guildford : Colour Library Books . ISBN 0 - 86283 - 174 - 1 . Jump up ^ Ron Huxley , The Rise and Fall of the Severn Bridge Railway , 1984 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84868 - 033 - 3 Jump up ^ `` OS Maps - online and App mapping system - Ordnance Survey Shop '' . Jump up ^ Waverley Excursions website Archived 4 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Worcester River Cruises website Archived 8 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Hampton Loade Station '' . Severn Valley Railway . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` shrewsburyboat.co.uk '' . Jump up ^ Rowbotham , Fred ( 1983 ) ( 1964 ) . Severn Bore . David & Charles . ISBN 0 - 7153 - 8508 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` About the Severn Estuary '' . UK Environment Agency . 5 March 2006 . Archived from the original on 5 February 2009 . Retrieved 13 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Coast : Bristol Channel '' . BBC . Retrieved 27 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions -- Tide Predictions and Data '' . Co-ops.nos.noaa.gov . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Centre , UNESCO World Heritage . `` Ironbridge Gorge '' . Jump up ^ `` Wales Online '' . Retrieved 26 September 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to River Severn . Severn Estuary Partnership Portishead and Bristol Lifeboat ITV Local footage ITV 's Keith Wilkinson and Jennifer Binns canoeing the Severn Woodend , a hamlet washed away by the River Severn Canal & River Trust official site River Severn , Great Britain Administrative areas Powys Shropshire Worcestershire Gloucestershire Monmouthshire South Gloucestershire Bristol North Somerset Somerset Newport Cardiff Vale of Glamorgan Settlements Llanidloes Newtown Welshpool Shrewsbury Ironbridge Bridgnorth Bewdley Stourport Worcester Tewkesbury Gloucester Berkeley Chepstow Avonmouth Major tributaries River Vyrnwy River Tern Cound Brook River Stour River Teme Warwickshire Avon River Wye Bristol Avon River Usk Flows into Severn Estuary Bristol Channel Linked canals Staffordshire and Worcestershire Worcester and Birmingham Droitwich Herefordshire and Gloucestershire Thames and Severn Coalport Gloucester and Sharpness Stroudwater Navigation Coombe Hill Major crossings Welsh Bridge English Bridge The Iron Bridge Mythe Bridge Over Bridge Severn Bridge Aust Severn Powerline Crossing Severn Tunnel Second Severn Crossing All crossings of the River Severn Longest UK rivers Severn Thames Trent Great Ouse Wye Ure / Ouse Tay Spey Clyde Tweed Avon Nene Eden Dee Settlements on the River Severn between Bewdley and Gloucester ( heading downstream ) Bewdley Stourport Areley Kings Worcester Kempsey Upton - upon - Severn Ryall Tewkesbury Deerhurst Gloucester Settlements on the River Severn between Gloucester and Bristol ( heading downstream ) Gloucester Minsterworth Framilode Newnham Arlingham Frampton Awre Purton ( east bank ) Purton ( west bank ) Sharpness Lydney Berkeley Shepperdine Oldbury Littleton Beachley Aust Sudbrook Severn Beach Bristol Transport in Worcestershire Road Motorways M5 M42 M50 A-roads A38 A44 A46 A422 A435 A441 A442 A448 A449 A456 A491 A4025 A4536 Service stations Frankley services Hopwood Park services Strensham services Other Icknield Street List of settlements on the A38 Rail Main lines Cross-City Line Cross Country Route North Warwickshire Line Birmingham to Worcester via Bromsgrove Line Birmingham to Worcester via Kidderminster line Cotswold Line Closed lines Oxford -- Worcester -- Wolverhampton line ( Dudley to Wolverhampton section ) Stations Alvechurch Barnt Green Blakedown Bromsgrove Droitwich Spa Evesham Great Malvern Hagley Hartlebury Honeybourne Kidderminster Malvern Link Pershore Redditch Worcester Foregate Street Worcester Shrub Hill Wythall Closed stations Astwood Bank Aston - under - Hill Beckford Bengeworth Bredon Eckington Foley Park Halt Hinton Littleton and Badsey Malvern Wells Ripple Upton - on - Severn Wadborough Heritage stations Arley Bewdley Kidderminster Town Northwood Halt Heritage railways Severn Valley Railway Under construction Broadway Gloucestershire Warwickshire Railway Buses Routes Worcestershire bus route 144 Companies Diamond Bus First Midland Red Other Bus transport in Bromsgrove Waterways Rivers River Arrow River Avon River Severn River Stour River Teme Canals Droitwich Canal Leominster Canal Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal Worcester and Birmingham Canal Other Diglis Basin Hampton Ferry Tardebigge Engine House Tardebigge Locks Footpaths Long - distance footpaths Cotswold Way Monarch 's Way Severn Way Worcestershire Way Wychavon Way Cycle paths Route 5 Route 54 VIAF : 245691450 LCCN : sh85120449 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=River_Severn&oldid=832894874 '' Categories : Elenydd Ironbridge Gorge River Severn Severn drainage basin Rivers of Bristol Rivers of Cardiff Rivers of Gloucestershire Rivers of Monmouthshire Rivers of Newport , Wales Rivers of Powys Rivers of Shropshire Rivers of Somerset Rivers of the Vale of Glamorgan Rivers of Worcestershire River navigations in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url Webarchive template wayback links EngvarB from October 2013 Use dmy dates from October 2013 Articles containing Welsh - language text Articles containing Latin - language text Articles with OS grid coordinates Geobox usage tracking for river type All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Navigation Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Ænglisc تۆرکجه Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Livvinkarjala Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Piemontèis Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська ייִדיש 中文 50 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 15 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the mouth of the river severn and what is it called | [
"\n\nRiver Severn\n\n\nWelsh: Afon Hafren, Latin: Sabrina\n\n\nRiver\n\n\n\n\nThe Severn at Shrewsbury from Shrewsbury Castle.\n\n\n\nCountries\nUnited Kingdom, (Wales, England)\n\n\nRegions\nMid Wales, West Midlands, South West\n\n\nCounties\nPowys, Shropshire, Worcestershire, Gloucestershire\n\n\n\n\n\nTributaries\n\n\n - left\nVyrnwy, Tern, Stour, Warwickshire Avon, Bristol Avon\n\n\n - right\nTeme, Leadon, Wye\n\n\nCities\nShrewsbury, Worcester, Gloucester, Bristol\n\n\nLandmarks\nIronbridge Gorge, Severn Valley, Severn bore, Severn crossing\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource\n\n\n\n - location\nPlynlimon, Ceredigion, Wales\n\n\n - elevation\n610 m (2,001 ft)\n\n\n - coordinates\n52°29′36″N 3°44′04″W / 52.493465°N 3.734578°W / 52.493465; -3.734578\n\n\nMouth\nSevern Estuary\n\n\n - location\nBristol Channel, United Kingdom\n\n\n - elevation\n0 m (0 ft)\n\n\n\n\n\nLength\n354 km (220 mi)\n\n\nBasin\n11,420 km2 (4,409 sq mi)\n\n\nDischarge\nfor Bewdley, Worcs. SO 7815 7622\n\n\n - average\n61.17 m3/s (2,160 cu ft/s) [1]\n\n\n - max\n533.48 m3/s (18,840 cu ft/s) max recorded on 1947-03-21[2]\n\n\nDischarge elsewhere (average)\n\n\n - Apperley, Glos.\n107 m3/s (3,779 cu ft/s)\n\n\n - Montford, Shrops.\n43.46 m3/s (1,535 cu ft/s) [3]\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTributaries (light blue) and major settlements on and near the Severn (bold blue)\n\n\n",
"\n\nRiver Severn\n\n\nWelsh: Afon Hafren, Latin: Sabrina\n\n\nRiver\n\n\n\n\nThe Severn at Shrewsbury from Shrewsbury Castle.\n\n\n\nCountries\nUnited Kingdom, (Wales, England)\n\n\nRegions\nMid Wales, West Midlands, South West\n\n\nCounties\nPowys, Shropshire, Worcestershire, Gloucestershire\n\n\n\n\n\nTributaries\n\n\n - left\nVyrnwy, Tern, Stour, Warwickshire Avon, Bristol Avon\n\n\n - right\nTeme, Leadon, Wye\n\n\nCities\nShrewsbury, Worcester, Gloucester, Bristol\n\n\nLandmarks\nIronbridge Gorge, Severn Valley, Severn bore, Severn crossing\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSource\n\n\n\n - location\nPlynlimon, Ceredigion, Wales\n\n\n - elevation\n610 m (2,001 ft)\n\n\n - coordinates\n52°29′36″N 3°44′04″W / 52.493465°N 3.734578°W / 52.493465; -3.734578\n\n\nMouth\nSevern Estuary\n\n\n - location\nBristol Channel, United Kingdom\n\n\n - elevation\n0 m (0 ft)\n\n\n\n\n\nLength\n354 km (220 mi)\n\n\nBasin\n11,420 km2 (4,409 sq mi)\n\n\nDischarge\nfor Bewdley, Worcs. SO 7815 7622\n\n\n - average\n61.17 m3/s (2,160 cu ft/s) [1]\n\n\n - max\n533.48 m3/s (18,840 cu ft/s) max recorded on 1947-03-21[2]\n\n\nDischarge elsewhere (average)\n\n\n - Apperley, Glos.\n107 m3/s (3,779 cu ft/s)\n\n\n - Montford, Shrops.\n43.46 m3/s (1,535 cu ft/s) [3]\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTributaries (light blue) and major settlements on and near the Severn (bold blue)\n\n\n"
] | [
"Severn Estuary",
"Bristol Channel, United Kingdom"
] |
-8120351205854585958 | Willis Tower | Willis Tower - wikipedia Willis Tower Willis Tower The Willis Tower , then known as the Sears Tower , in 1998 Willis Tower Location in Chicago Willis Tower Location in Illinois Willis Tower Location in the United States Show map of Chicago metropolitan area Show map of Illinois Show map of the US Show all Wikimedia © OpenStreetMap Former names Sears Tower ( 1973 -- 2009 ) Record height Tallest in the world from 1973 to 1998 Preceded by World Trade Center ( 1970 ) Surpassed by Petronas Twin Towers General information Status Complete Type Office , observation , communication Architectural style International Location 233 S. Wacker Drive Chicago , Illinois 60606 United States Coordinates 41 ° 52 ′ 44 '' N 87 ° 38 ′ 09 '' W / 41.8789 ° N 87.6358 ° W / 41.8789 ; - 87.6358 Coordinates : 41 ° 52 ′ 44 '' N 87 ° 38 ′ 09 '' W / 41.8789 ° N 87.6358 ° W / 41.8789 ; - 87.6358 Current tenants United Airlines Named for Willis Group Sears ( 1973 -- 2009 ) Construction started 1970 ; 48 years ago ( 1970 ) Completed 1973 ; 45 years ago ( 1973 ) Owner Blackstone Group Height Architectural 442.1 m ( 1,450 ft ) Tip 527 m ( 1,729 ft ) Top floor 412.7 m ( 1,354 ft ) Technical details Floor count 108 ( + 3 basement floors ) , 110 floors including mechanical . Floor area 416,000 m ( 4,477,800 sq ft ) Lifts / elevators 104 , with 16 double - decker elevators , made by Westinghouse , modernized by Schindler Group Design and construction Architect Skidmore , Owings and Merrill Fazlur Rahman Khan Bruce Graham Main contractor Morse Diesel International References I. ^ Willis Tower at Emporis The Willis Tower , built as and still commonly referred to as the Sears Tower , is a 110 - story , 1,450 - foot ( 442.1 m ) skyscraper in Chicago , Illinois . At completion in 1973 , it surpassed the World Trade Center towers in New York to become the tallest building in the world , a title it held for nearly 25 years ; it remained the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere until the completion of a new building at the World Trade Center site in 2014 . The building is considered a seminal achievement for its designer Fazlur Rahman Khan . The Willis Tower is the second - tallest building in the United States and the Western hemisphere -- and the 16th - tallest in the world . More than one million people visit its observation deck each year , making it one of Chicago 's most - popular tourist destinations . The structure was renamed in 2009 by the Willis Group as part of its lease on a portion of the tower 's space . As of December 2013 , the building 's largest tenant is United Airlines , which moved its corporate headquarters from the United Building at 77 West Wacker Drive in 2012 and today occupies around 20 floors with its headquarters and operations center . Contents 1 History 1.1 Planning and construction 1.2 Suits filed to halt construction 1.3 Post-opening 1.4 Plans 2 Skydeck 3 Height 3.1 Position in Chicago 's skyline 3.2 Climbing 4 Naming rights 5 Figures and statistics 6 Broadcasting 6.1 Radio stations 6.2 Television stations 7 Cultural depictions 7.1 Film and television 7.2 Other 8 Image gallery 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History Planning and construction Breakdown of the bundled tube structure of Willis Tower with simplified floor plans In 1969 , Sears , Roebuck & Co. was the largest retailer in the world , with about 350,000 employees . Sears executives decided to consolidate the thousands of employees in offices distributed throughout the Chicago area into one building on the western edge of Chicago 's Loop . Sears asked its outside counsel , Arnstein , Gluck , Weitzenfeld & Minow ( now known as Arnstein & Lehr , LLP ) to suggest a location . The firm consulted with local and federal authorities and the applicable law , then offered Sears two options : the Goose Island area northwest of downtown , and a two - block area bounded by Franklin Street on the east , Jackson Boulevard on the south , Wacker Drive on the west and Adams Street on the north , with Quincy Street running through the middle from east to west . This latter site was decided upon , and preliminary inquiries determined that the necessary permits could be obtained and Quincy Street vacated . The next step was to acquire the property ; a team of attorneys from the Arnstein law firm , headed by Andrew Adsit , began buying the property parcel by parcel . Sears purchased 15 old buildings from 100 owners and paid $2.7 million to the City of Chicago for the portion of Quincy Street that divided the property . Sears , which needed 3,000,000 square feet ( 280,000 m ) of office space for its planned consolidation and predicted that growth would require yet more , commissioned architects Skidmore , Owings & Merrill ( SOM ) to produce a structure to be one of the largest office buildings in the world . Their team of architect Bruce Graham and structural engineer Fazlur Rahman Khan designed the building as nine square `` tubes '' ( each essentially a separate building ) , clustered in a 3 × 3 matrix forming a square base with 225 - foot ( 69 m ) sides . All nine tubes would rise up to the 50th floor of the building . At the 50th floor , the northwest and southeast tubes end , and the remaining seven continue up . At the 66th floor , the northeast and the southwest tubes end . At the 90th floor , the north , east , and south tubes end . The remaining west and center tubes continue up to the 108th floor . The Sears Tower during its construction , in 1973 The Willis Tower was the first building to use Khan 's bundled tube structure . This innovative design was structurally efficient and economic : at 1,450 feet , it provided more space and rose higher than the Empire State Building , yet cost much less per unit area . This structural system would prove highly influential in skyscraper construction . It has been used in most supertall buildings since then , including the world 's tallest building , the Burj Khalifa . To honor Khan 's contributions , the Structural Engineers Association of Illinois commissioned a sculpture of him for the lobby of the Willis Tower . A sculpture honoring Fazlur Khan at the Willis Tower Sears executives decided that the space they would immediately occupy should be efficiently designed to house their Merchandise Group , and that floor space for future growth would be rented out to smaller firms and businesses until Sears could retake it . The latter floor areas had to be designed to a smaller plate , with a high window - space to floor - space ratio , to be attractive and marketable to prospective lessees . Smaller floorplates required a taller structure to yield sufficient square footage . Skidmore architects proposed a tower with large 55,000 - square - foot ( 5,100 m ) floors in the lower part of the building , and gradually tapered areas of floorplates in a series of setbacks , which would give the Sears Tower its distinctive look . As Sears continued to offer optimistic projections for growth , the tower 's proposed floor count rapidly increased into the low hundreds , surpassing the height of New York 's unfinished World Trade Center to become the world 's tallest building . The height was restricted by a limit imposed by the Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) to protect air traffic . The financing of the tower was provided by the Sears company . It was topped with two antennas to permit local television and radio broadcasts . Sears and the City of Chicago approved the design , and the first steel was put in place in April 1971 . The structure was completed in May 1973 . The construction cost about US $150 million at the time , equivalent to $830 million in 2018 . By comparison , Taipei 101 , built in 2004 in Taiwan , cost around the equivalent of US $2.21 billion in 2018 dollars . Black bands appear on the tower around the 29th -- 32nd , 64th -- 65th , 88th -- 89th , and 104th -- 108th floors . These are louvres that allow ventilation for service equipment and obscure the structure 's belt trusses . Even though regulations did not require a fire sprinkler system , the building was equipped with one from the beginning . There are around 40,000 sprinkler heads in the building , installed at a cost of $4 million . In February 1982 , two television antennas were added to the structure , increasing its total height to 1,707 feet ( 520.3 m ) . The western antenna was later extended , bringing the overall height to 1,729 feet ( 527 m ) on June 5 , 2000 , to improve reception of local NBC station WMAQ - TV . Suits filed to halt construction As the construction of the building neared the 50th floor , lawsuits for an injunction were filed seeking to stop the building from exceeding 67 floors . The suits alleged that above that point television reception would deteriorate and cause property values to plummet . The first suit was filed by the State 's Attorney in neighboring Lake County on March 17 , 1972 . A second suit was filed on March 28 in the Cook County Circuit Court by the Villages of Skokie , Northbrook and Deerfield , Illinois . Sears filed motions to dismiss the Lake County and the Cook County lawsuits and on May 17 , 1972 , Judge LaVerne Dickson , Chief of the Lake County Circuit Court dismissed the suit , saying , `` I find nothing that gives television viewers the right to reception without interference . They will have to find some other means of ensuring reception such as taller antennas . '' The Lake County State 's Attorney filed a Notice of Appeal and the Supreme Court agreed to permit bypassing the appellate court and to hear the matter on an expedited basis . The State 's Attorney then asked the Illinois Supreme Court for a temporary injunction to stop the construction and his request was denied . On June 12 , Judge Charles R. Barrett granted Sears ' motion to dismiss the suit filed by the three Chicago suburbs on the grounds that interference with television reception caused by construction of the Sears building did not violate constitutional rights and that the suburbs involved in the suit do not have any right to undistorted television reception . This decision was also appealed and consolidated with the Lake County appeal with the Supreme Court of Illinois . Meanwhile , an Illinois Citizens ' Committee for Broadcasting requested the Federal Communications Commission to halt construction so that the building would not interfere with area television reception . On May 26 , 1972 , the Commission declined to take action on the grounds that it did not have jurisdiction to do so . On June 30 , 1972 , the Illinois Supreme Court affirmed the previous rulings by Lake and Cook County Circuit Courts , by a letter order with a written opinion to follow . On September 8 , 1972 , the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit upheld the decision by the Federal Communications Commission to dismiss the complaint brought by the Illinois Citizens Committee for Broadcasting charging that the building would drastically affect reception in the Chicago market and requesting the FCC to halt construction . The Supreme Court of Illinois written opinion was filed on September 20 , 1972 . In affirming the judgments of lower courts the Court held , `` Considering the foregoing , it is clear to us that absent legislation to the contrary defendant has a propriety right to construct a building to its desired height and that completion of the project would not constitute a nuisance under the circumstances of this case . '' Post-opening Willis Tower at dusk , seen from the Loop Willis Tower from across the Chicago River Sears ' optimistic growth projections were not met . Competition from its traditional rivals ( like Montgomery Ward ) continued , with new competition by retailing giants such as Kmart , Kohl 's , and Walmart . The fortunes of Sears & Roebuck declined in the 1970s as the company lost market share ; its management grew more cautious . Nor did the Sears Tower draw as many tenants as Sears had hoped . The tower stood half - vacant for a decade as a surplus of office space was erected in Chicago in the 1980s . In 1990 , the law firm of Keck , Mahin & Cate decided to move out of its space in the Sears Tower and into a development that would become 77 West Wacker Drive , rebuffing Sears ' attempts to entice the firm to stay . Two years later , Sears began moving its own offices out of the Sears Tower . In 1994 , Sears sold the building to Boston - based AEW Capital Management , with financing from MetLife . At the time , it was one - third vacant . By 1995 , Sears had completely left the building , moving to a new office campus in Hoffman Estates , Illinois . In 1997 , Toronto - based TrizecHahn Corporation ( the owner of the CN Tower at the time ) purchased the building for $110 million , and assumption of $4 million in liabilities , and a $734 million mortgage . In 2003 , Trizec surrendered the building to lender MetLife . In 2004 , MetLife sold the building to a group of investors , including New York - based Joseph Chetrit , Joseph Moinian , Lloyd Goldman , Joseph Cayre and Jeffrey Feil , and Skokie , Illinois - based American Landmark Properties . The quoted price was $840 million , with $825 million held in a mortgage . In June 2006 , seven men were arrested by the FBI and charged with plotting to destroy the tower . Deputy FBI Director John Pistole described their plot as `` more aspirational than operational '' . The case went to court in October 2007 ; after three trials , five of the suspects were convicted and two were acquitted . The alleged leader of the group , Narseal Batiste , was sentenced to 131⁄2 years in prison in November 2009 . Plans In February 2009 , the owners announced they were considering a plan to paint the structure silver ; this plan was later dropped . The paint would have `` rebranded '' the building and highlighted its advances in energy efficiency . The estimated cost was $50 million . Since 2007 , the building owners have been considering building a hotel on the north side of Jackson , between Wacker and Franklin , at the plaza that is the entrance to the tower 's observation deck . The tower 's parking garage is beneath the plaza . Building owners say the second building was considered in the original design . The plan was eventually cancelled as city zoning does not permit construction of such a tall tower there . Although Sears ' naming rights expired in 2003 , the building continued to be called the Sears Tower for several years . In March 2009 , London - based insurance broker Willis Group Holdings agreed to lease a portion of the building , and obtained the building 's naming rights . On July 16 , 2009 , the building was officially renamed Willis Tower . On August 13 , 2012 , United Airlines announced it would move its corporate headquarters from 77 West Wacker Drive to Willis Tower . In 2015 , the Blackstone Group completed purchase of the tower for a reported $1.3 billion , the highest price ever paid for a U.S. property outside New York City . The new owners are considering several plans for further site developments . Skydeck The Willis Tower observation deck , called the Skydeck , opened on June 22 , 1974 . Located on the tower 's 103rd floor , it is 1,353 feet ( 412.4 m ) high , making it the highest observation deck in the United States and one of Chicago 's most famous tourist attractions . Tourists can experience how the building sways on a windy day . They also can see far over the plains of Illinois and across Lake Michigan to Indiana , Michigan , and Wisconsin on a clear day . Elevators take tourists to the top in about 60 seconds , and allow tourists to feel the pressure change as they rise up . The Skydeck competes with the John Hancock Center 's observation floor a mile and a half away , which is 323 feet ( 98.5 m ) lower . Some 1.7 million tourists visit the Skydeck annually . A second Skydeck on the 99th floor is also used if the 103rd floor is closed . The tourist entrance can be found on the south side of the building along Jackson Boulevard . In January 2009 , Willis Tower 's owners began a major renovation of the Skydeck , including the installation of retractable glass balconies , which can be extended approximately 4 feet ( 1.2 m ) from the facade of the 103rd floor , overlooking South Wacker Drive . The all - glass boxes , informally dubbed `` The Ledge '' , allow visitors to look through the glass floor to the street 1,353 feet ( 412 m ) below . The boxes , which can bear 5 short tons ( 4.5 metric tons ) of weight , opened to the public on July 2 , 2009 . On May 29 , 2014 , the laminated glass covering the floor of one of the glass boxes shattered while visitors were sitting on it , but caused no injuries . The broken glass was replaced within days , and tourist operations resumed as before . Three glass bottom skyboxes ( top right ) on the west façade of Willis Tower at the 103rd floor View looking down from glass balcony Glass balcony at the skydeck Panorama of Chicago skyline as seen from Willis Tower Skydeck Sunset on Chicago Skyline view from the Skydeck Height Height comparison of Willis Tower with other tall structures . From left to right : Burj Khalifa , Dubai ; CN Tower , Toronto ; Willis Tower , Chicago The Willis Tower remains the second tallest building in the Americas ( after One World Trade Center ) and the Western Hemisphere . With a pinnacle height of 1,729 feet ( 527 m ) , it is the third - tallest freestanding structure in the Americas , as it is 86 feet ( 26.2 m ) shorter than Toronto 's CN Tower . Willis Tower is the eighth - tallest freestanding structure in the world by pinnacle height . At 1,482.6 feet ( 451.9 m ) tall , including decorative spires , the Petronas Twin Towers in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia , laid claim to replacing the Sears Tower as the tallest building in the world in 1998 . Not everyone agreed , and in the ensuing controversy , four different categories of `` tallest building '' were created . Of these , Petronas was the tallest in the first category ( height to top of architectural elements , meaning spires but not antennas ) , giving it the title of world 's tallest building . Taipei 101 in Taiwan claimed the record in three of the four categories in 2004 to become recognized as the tallest building in the world . Taipei 101 surpassed the Petronas Twin Towers in spire height and the Sears Tower in roof height and highest occupied floor . The Sears Tower retained one record : its antenna exceeded Taipei 101 's spire in height . In 2008 , the Shanghai World Financial Center claimed the records of tallest building by roof and highest occupied floor . On August 12 , 2007 , the Burj Khalifa in Dubai , United Arab Emirates was reported by its developers to have surpassed the Sears Tower in all height categories . Upon completion , One World Trade Center in New York City surpassed the Willis Tower through its structural and pinnacle heights , but not by roof , observation deck elevation , or highest occupied floor . Until 2000 , the Sears Tower did not hold the record for being the tallest building by pinnacle height . From 1969 to 1978 , this record was held by the John Hancock Center , whose antenna reached a height of 1,500 feet ( 457.2 m ) , or 49 feet ( 14.9 m ) taller than the Sears Tower 's original height of 1,450 feet ( 442.1 m ) . In 1978 , One World Trade Center became taller by pinnacle height due to the addition of a 359 feet ( 109.4 m ) antenna , which brought its total height to 1,727 feet ( 526.4 m ) . In 1982 , two antennas were installed on top of the Sears Tower which brought its total height to 1,707 feet ( 520.3 m ) , making it taller than the John Hancock Center but not One World Trade Center . However , the extension of the Sears Tower 's western antenna in June 2000 to 1,729 feet ( 527 m ) allowed it to just barely claim the title of tallest building by pinnacle height . Position in Chicago 's skyline Climbing On May 25 , 1981 , Dan Goodwin , wearing a homemade Spider - Man suit while using suction cups , camming devices , and sky hooks , and despite several attempts by the Chicago Fire Department to stop him , made the first successful outside ascent of the Sears Tower . Goodwin was arrested at the top after the seven - hour climb , and he was later charged with trespassing . Goodwin stated that the reason he made the climb was to call attention to shortcomings in high - rise rescue and firefighting techniques . After a lengthy interrogation by Chicago 's District Attorney and Fire Commissioner , Goodwin was officially released from prison . In August 1999 , French urban climber Alain `` Spiderman '' Robert , using only his bare hands and bare feet , scaled the building 's exterior glass and steel wall all the way to the top . A thick fog settled in near the end of his climb , making the last 20 stories of the building 's glass and steel exterior slippery . Naming rights West facade and entrance Although Sears sold the Tower in 1994 and had completely vacated it by 1995 , the company retained the naming rights to the building through 2003 . The new owners were rebuffed in renaming deals with CDW Corp in 2005 and the U.S. Olympic Committee in 2008 . London - based insurance broker Willis Group Holdings , Ltd. leased more than 140,000 square feet ( 13,000 m ) of space on three floors in 2009 . A Willis spokesman said the naming rights were obtained as part of the negotiations at no cost to Willis , and the building was renamed Willis Tower on July 16 , 2009 . The naming rights are valid for 15 years , so it is possible that the building 's name could change again in 2024 or later . The Chicago Tribune joked that the building 's new name reminded them of the oft - repeated `` What you talkin ' ' bout , Willis ? '' catchphrase from the 1980s American television sitcom Diff'rent Strokes and considered the name - change ill - advised in `` a city with a deep appreciation of tradition and a healthy ego , where some Chicagoans still mourn the switch from Marshall Field 's to Macy 's '' . This feeling was confirmed in a July 16 , 2009 CNN article in which some Chicago area residents expressed reluctance to accept the Willis Tower name , and in an article that appeared in the October 2010 issue of Chicago magazine that ranked the building among Chicago 's 40 most important , the author pointedly refused to acknowledge the name change and referred to the building as the `` Sears Tower '' . Time magazine called the name change one of the top 10 worst corporate name changes and pointed to negative press coverage by local news outlets and online petitions from angry residents . The naming rights issue continued into 2013 , when Eric Zorn noted in the Chicago Tribune that `` We 're stubborn about such things . This month marked four years since the former Sears Tower was re-christened Willis Tower , and the new name has yet to stick . '' Figures and statistics The top of Willis Tower is the highest point in Illinois . The tip of its highest antenna is 1,729 feet ( 527 m ) above street level or 2,325 feet ( 708.7 m ) above sea level , its roof is 1,450 feet 7 inches ( 442.14 m ) above street level or 2,046 feet ( 623.6 m ) above sea level , the 103rd floor observation deck ( The Sky deck ) is 1,353 feet ( 412 m ) above street level or 1,948 feet ( 593.8 m ) above sea level , the Franklin Street entrance is 595 feet ( 181.4 m ) above sea level . ( The highest natural point in Illinois is the Charles Mound , at 1,235 feet ( 376.4 m ) above sea level . ) The building leans about 4 inches ( 10.2 cm ) towards the west due to its slightly asymmetrical design , placing unequal loads on its foundation . The design for Willis Tower incorporates nine steel - unit square tubes in a 3 tube by 3 tube arrangement , with each tube having the footprint of 75 ft × 75 ft ( 22.9 m × 22.9 m ) . Willis Tower was the first building for which this design was used . The design allows future growth of extra height to the tower if wanted or needed . The restrooms on the 103rd floor , at 1,353 feet ( 412.4 m ) high , are the highest ( relative to street level ) in the Western Hemisphere . The design was inspired by an advertisement for a package of cigarettes . The Franklin Street entrance is the point from which all building heights are measured . The Wacker Drive entrance is six feet higher than the Franklin Street entrance , lower Wacker Drive / Lower Level 1 is approximately 17 feet , 6 inches lower than the Wacker Drive entrance and 11 feet , six inches lower than Franklin Street . The 103rd floor observation deck is 1,354 feet above the Franklin Street entrance . The glass ledges in the Skydeck are on a raised platform 18 inches higher than the rest of the 103rd floor or 1,349 feet , six inches above the Wacker Drive entrance , 1,355 feet , six inches above the Franklin Street entrance and 1,367 feet above lower Wacker Drive / Lower Level 1 . The Skydeck elevators rise from Lower Level 2 which gives a total rise of approximately 1,382 feet to the 103rd floor . The building 's total building area stands at 351,846 m ( 3,787,200 sq ft ) It remains the world 's tallest steel - construction building . All taller buildings use concrete or composite construction . Broadcasting Many broadcast station transmitters are located at the top of Willis Tower . Each list is ranked by height from the top down . Stations at the same height on the same mast indicate the use of a diplexer into the same shared antenna . Due to its extreme height , FM stations ( all class B) are very limited in power output . Radio Stations East mast 482 m : WLIT FM 93.9 MHz main , 4.0 kW , AMFM WEBG FM 95.5 backup , 3.1 kW , AMFM 480 m : WBMX FM 104.3 main , 4.1 kW , CBS Radio 476 m : WTMX FM 101.9 main , 4.2 kW , Hubbard 474 m : WBBM FM 96.3 main , 4.2 kW , CBS Radio 472 m : WKSC FM 103.5 main , 4.3 kW , AMFM WGCI FM 107.5 main , 3.7 kW , AMFM 470 m : WFMT FM 98.7 , 6.0 kW 468 m : WLS FM 94.7 main , 4.4 kW FCC query West mast 460 & 451 m : WFMT FM 98.7 backups 443 m : WBBM - FM 96.3 backup WBMX 104.3 backup unknown : W264BF 100.7 MHz , 2 W , Calvary Chapel of Costa Mesa table of allotments : * * WLIT , WLS , WBBM , WTMX , WBMX , WCFS FCC query Also , NOAA Weather Radio station KWO39 transmits off the top of Willis Tower , at 162.550 MHz . KWO39 , programmed by the National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Chicago , is equipped with Specific Area Message Encoding ( SAME ) , which sets off a siren on specially - programmed weather radios to alert of an impending hazard , such as a tornado or civil emergency . Television Stations East mast 515 m : WLS - TV 7 analog , 55 kW , ABC Owned Television Stations ( Analog Broadcast discontinued as of June 12 , 2009 . Now broadcasting only in digital . ) WLS - TV 7 permanent digital , 4.75 kW 510 m : WCPX - TV 43 digital , 200 kW , Ion Media Networks WCPX - TV 38 analog , 3630 kW , Ion Media Networks ( Analog Broadcast discontinued as of June 12 , 2009 . Now broadcasting only in digital . ) WJYS TV 36 digital , 145 kW , Oxford Media Group WCIU - TV 27 digital , 15.1 kW , Weigel Broadcasting 509 m : WXFT - TV 59 temporary digital , 200 kW , Univision Communications WXFT - TV 50 permanent digital , 230 kW , Univision Communications 498 m : WTTW TV 11 analog , 60.3 kW , Window To the World Communications ( Analog Broadcast discontinued as of June 12 , 2009 . Now broadcasting only in digital . ) WBBM - TV 12 digital , 8 kW , CBS Television Stations 480 m : WFLD TV 31 digital backup , 475 kW , Fox Television Stations WPWR - TV 51 digital backup , 508 kW , Fox Television Stations 478 m : WGN - TV 19 digital backup , 310 / 229 kW , Tribune Broadcasting 474 m : WTTW TV 47 digital backup , 150 kW , Window To the World Communications WLS - TV 52 digital backup , 220 kW , ABC Owned Television Stations unknown : WESV - LD 40 digital , 37.2 kW , Trinity Christian Center of Santa Ana FCC query West mast 523 m : WPWR - TV 51 digital , 1000 kW , Fox Television Stations 514 m , WLS - TV 52 temporary digital , 153.6 kW , ABC Owned Television Stations 508 m , WMAQ - TV 29 digital , 350 kW , NBC Owned Television Stations 494 m : WMAQ - TV 5 analog , 20 kW ( Analog Broadcast discontinued as of June 12 , 2009 . Now broadcasting only in digital . ) WPWR - TV 50 analog , 5000 kW ( Analog Broadcast discontinued as of June 12 , 2009 . Now broadcasting only in digital . ) WXFT - TV 60 analog , 5000 kW , ( Analog Broadcast discontinued as of June 12 , 2009 . Now broadcasting only in digital . ) 475 m : WFLD TV 31 digital , 690 / 1000 kW , Fox Television Stations 473 m : WCIU - TV 26 analog , 5000 kW ( Analog Broadcast discontinued as of June 12 , 2009 . Now broadcasting only in digital . ) 472 m : WCIU - TV 27 digital , 590 kW , Weigel Broadcasting WSNS - TV 44 analog 5000 kW , NBC Owned Television Stations ( Analog Broadcast discontinued as of June 12 , 2009 . Now broadcasting only in digital . ) WSNS - TV 45 digital 467 / 665 kW , NBC Owned Television Stations 465 m : WTTW TV 47 digital , 300 kW , Window To the World Communications 455 m : WJYS TV 36 digital , 50 kW , Oxford Media Group 453 m : WGN - TV 19 digital , 645 kW , Tribune Broadcasting unknown : WWME - CD 39 digital , 4.4 kW , Weigel Broadcasting WEDE - CD 34 digital , 50 kW , First United WMEU - CA 48 analog STA , 150 kW , Weigel Broadcasting WMEU - LD 32 digital , 15 kW FCC query Cultural depictions Willis Tower as viewed from Chicago 's Chinatown Film and television The building has appeared in numerous films and television shows set in Chicago such as Ferris Bueller 's Day Off , where Ferris and company watch the streets of Chicago from the observation deck . The television show Late Night with Conan O'Brien introduced a character called The Sears Tower Dressed In Sears Clothing when the show visited Chicago in 2006 . The building is also featured in History Channel 's Life After People , in which it and other human - made landmarks suffer from neglect without humans around , and it collapses two hundred years after people are gone . In an episode of the television series Monk , Adrian Monk tries to conquer his fear of heights by imagining that he is on top of the Sears Tower . Also , in an episode of Kenan and Kel , Kenan Rockmore and Kel Kimble decide to climb to the top of the Sears Tower , so that Kenan can declare his love for a girl . The Chicago Franchise frequently features locations where the Tower is visible in the distance . In the movie Category 6 : Day of Destruction , the tower is damaged by a tornado . In `` 1969 '' , a Season 2 episode of the science - fiction series Stargate SG - 1 , the SG - 1 team accidentally travels back in time to the titular year . At one point , the team travels though Chicago and the Sears Tower is shown ( erroneously , since construction did not begin on the tower until two years later in 1971 ) . In the 2004 film I , Robot , the tower is shown updated in the year 2035 with new triangular antennas . The tower is shown surpassed in height by the USR ( United States Robotics ) Building . In the 2008 film The Dark Knight , the tower is part of Gotham City . In the 2011 film Transformers : Dark of the Moon , the tower is featured in a number of scenes . The most notable one is when the N.E.S.T team tries to enter the city using V - 22 Osprey helicopters . They use Willis Tower for cover before using wing suits to descend into the city streets . In the movie , the tower is shown to be severely damaged by the Decepticon invasion of the city . In the 2013 film Man of Steel , the tower 's interior and parts of its exterior portrayed the offices of the Daily Planet . In the 2014 film Divergent , the tower is shown abandoned and decayed in a future Chicago . In the 2015 film Jupiter Ascending , the tower is featured prominently as the place where Caine and Jupiter await a spaceship to lift them off the planet . In the 2018 film Rampage , the Energyne corporation is headquartered in the building , and uses tower 's antenna to broadcast an echolocation signal that would bring three mutated monsters to town . After the antenna is destroyed by the beasts , the entire building topples to the ground . Other Older versions of Microsoft Flight Simulator would begin with the player on the runway of Meigs Field , facing a virtual version of the tower . In Sufjan Stevens ' 2005 album Illinois , the tower is referenced in the track `` Seer 's Tower '' , whose title is a play on the tower 's now - former name , Sears Tower . Image gallery Sears Tower in 2007 Willis Tower as seen from John Hancock Center observation deck 900 North Michigan , Park Tower , the John Hancock Center , the Trump Tower , and Aon Center ( L-R ) as seen from Willis Tower Skydeck . Westward view from Willis Tower View down to South Wacker Drive from the Skydeck A view of Willis Tower at dusk A ground - level view of the multiple balconies at Willis Tower Skydeck View of Willis Tower from John Hancock Center The Eisenhower Espressway and Jane Byrne Interchange ( looking west from Willis Tower ) View of Lake Michigan from Willis Tower See also Chicago portal Illinois portal Architecture portal Architecture of Chicago List of buildings with 100 floors or more List of tallest buildings and structures in the world List of tallest buildings by U.S. state List of tallest buildings in Chicago List of tallest buildings in the United States List of tallest freestanding structures in the world List of tallest towers in the world Sears , Roebuck and Company Complex References Jump up ^ de la Merced , Michael J. ( March 16 , 2014 ) . `` Blackstone Group Purchases Landmark Willis Tower in Chicago '' . The New York Times . 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Jump up ^ David Roeder . `` Tall order for Tower ? ; Sears Tower owners to press city for zoning change , subsidy to add 2nd building as part of mega-million - dollar project next to landmark '' , Chicago Sun - Times , October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved February 25 , 2009 from HighBeam Research Jump up ^ `` Sears Tower Being Renamed '' . Chicago Breaking News . March 12 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Tallest Building in Western Hemisphere is Renamed Willis Tower '' ( Press release ) . Willis Group . July 16 , 2009 . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Subscription Center '' . Jump up ^ `` Sears Tower unveils 103rd floor glass balconies '' , USA Today , July 1 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` The Ledge at Skydeck Chicago '' . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2011 . Retrieved May 15 , 2011 . SOM.com Project Page Jump up ^ BJ Lutz ( May 30 , 2014 ) . `` Coating on Willis Tower Skydeck 's Ledge Cracks Under Tourists '' . Nbcchicago.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2014 . 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Jump up ^ `` 100 Tallest Completed Buildings in the World '' . Council on Tall Buildings & Urban Habitat . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FM Query Results -- Audio Division ( FCC ) USA '' . Fcc.gov . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FM Query Results -- Audio Division ( FCC ) USA '' . Fcc.gov . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TV Query Results -- Video Division ( FCC ) USA '' . Fcc.gov . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TV Query Results -- Video Division ( FCC ) USA '' . Fcc.gov . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Filming Locations for Ferris Bueller 's Day Off '' . Movie-locations.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Sears Tower Dressed In Sears Clothing '' . Nbc5.com . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2008 . Retrieved October 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Keith Darcé ( January 31 , 2007 ) . `` Madison Avenue turns to Main Street The San Diego Union - Tribune '' . Signonsandiego.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Merrion , Paul ( September 7 , 2011 ) . `` Willis Tower , CBOT Building star in Superman filming '' . ChicagoBusiness . Retrieved July 26 , 2013 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Willis Tower . 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"Although Sears' naming rights expired in 2003, the building continued to be called the Sears Tower for several years. In March 2009, London-based insurance broker Willis Group Holdings agreed to lease a portion of the building, and obtained the building's naming rights.[44] On July 16, 2009, the building was officially renamed Willis Tower.[45] On August 13, 2012, United Airlines announced it would move its corporate headquarters from 77 West Wacker Drive to Willis Tower.[6]\n"
] | [
"July 16, 2009"
] |
9209075652451612484 | Stranger Things | Stranger Things - wikipedia Stranger Things Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Stranger Things ( disambiguation ) . Stranger Things Genre Science fiction Horror Supernatural Period drama Created by The Duffer Brothers Starring Winona Ryder David Harbour Finn Wolfhard Millie Bobby Brown Gaten Matarazzo Caleb McLaughlin Natalia Dyer Charlie Heaton Cara Buono Matthew Modine Noah Schnapp Sadie Sink Joe Keery Dacre Montgomery Sean Astin Paul Reiser Composer ( s ) Kyle Dixon Michael Stein Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 17 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Karl Gajdusek Cindy Holland Brian Wright Matt Thunell Shawn Levy Dan Cohen The Duffer Brothers Iain Paterson Shannon Tsang Location ( s ) Jackson , Georgia Cinematography Tim Ives Tod Campbell Running time 42 -- 62 minutes Production company ( s ) 21 Laps Entertainment Monkey Massacre Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) High dynamic range Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) -- present External links Website www.netflix.com/title/80057281 Stranger Things is an American science fiction - horror web television series created , written , directed and co-executive produced by the Duffer Brothers , as well as co-executive produced by Shawn Levy and Dan Cohen . The first season , released in July 2016 , stars Winona Ryder , David Harbour , Finn Wolfhard , Millie Bobby Brown , Gaten Matarazzo , Caleb McLaughlin , Natalia Dyer , Charlie Heaton , Cara Buono and Matthew Modine , with Noah Schnapp and Joe Keery in recurring roles . For the second season , Schnapp and Keery were promoted to series regulars , along with the additions of Sadie Sink , Dacre Montgomery , Sean Astin and Paul Reiser . Set in the fictional town of Hawkins , Indiana , in the 1980s , the first season focuses on the investigation into the disappearance of a young boy amid supernatural events occurring around the town including the appearance of a girl with psychokinetic abilities who helps the missing boy 's friends in their own search . The second season , titled Stranger Things 2 , is set a year after the first , and deals with attempts of the characters to return to normal and consequences that linger from the first season . The Duffer Brothers developed the series as a mix of investigative drama alongside supernatural elements with childlike sensibilities , establishing its time frame in the 1980s and creating a homage to pop culture of that decade . Several themes and directorial aspects were inspired and aesthetically informed by the works of Steven Spielberg , John Carpenter , and Stephen King , among others , including several films , anime and video games . The first season was released on Netflix on July 15 , 2016 . It received critical acclaim for its characterization , pacing , atmosphere , acting , soundtrack , directing , writing , and homages to 1980s genre films . The series has received several industry nominations and awards , including winning the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series in 2016 , and receiving eighteen nominations for the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards , including Outstanding Drama Series . On August 31 , 2016 , Netflix renewed the series for a second season of nine episodes , which was released on October 27 , 2017 . In December 2017 , Netflix ordered a third season . The Duffer Brothers intend to conclude Stranger Things with a fourth or fifth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.2. 1 Introduced in season one 2.2. 2 Introduced in season two 2.3 Guests 2.3. 1 Introduced in season one 2.3. 2 Introduced in season two 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Writing 4.3 Casting 4.4 Filming 4.5 Visual effects 4.6 Music 4.6. 1 Soundtracks 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Audience viewership 6.2 Critical reception 6.2. 1 Season 1 6.2. 2 Season 2 6.3 Commentary 6.4 Accolades 7 Other media 7.1 Beyond Stranger Things 7.2 Mobile video game 7.3 Playstation VR game 7.4 Others 8 References 9 External links Premise Stranger Things is set in the fictional rural town of Hawkins , Indiana , during the early 1980s . The nearby Hawkins National Laboratory ostensibly performs scientific research for the United States Department of Energy , but secretly does experiments into the paranormal and supernatural , including those that involve human test subjects . Inadvertently , they have created a portal to an alternate dimension called `` the Upside Down '' . The influence of the Upside Down starts to affect the unknowing residents of Hawkins in calamitous ways . The first season begins in November 1983 , when Will Byers is abducted by a creature from the Upside Down . His mother , Joyce , and the town 's police chief , Jim Hopper , search for Will . At the same time , a young psychokinetic girl called Eleven escapes from the laboratory and assists Will 's friends , Mike , Dustin , and Lucas , in their own efforts to find Will . The second season is set a year later , starting in October 1984 . Will had been rescued , but few know of the details of the events . When Will is found to be still influenced by entities from the Upside Down , his friends and family learn there is a larger threat to their universe from the Upside Down . Cast and characters The Duffer Brothers and the cast of season 2 of Stranger Things at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con International Main Winona Ryder as Joyce Byers , the mother of Will and Jonathan Byers . She is divorced from Lonnie Byers . David Harbour as Jim Hopper , chief of Hawkins Police Department . After his young daughter died of cancer , Hopper got divorced and lapsed into alcoholism . Finn Wolfhard as Mike Wheeler , son of Karen and Ted , younger brother of Nancy , and one of three friends of Will Byers . He is an intelligent and conscientious student and is committed to his friends . He falls in love with Eleven . Millie Bobby Brown as Eleven ( `` El '' ) , a young girl with psychokinetic abilities , an unusual appearance , and a limited vocabulary . She is actually Jane Ives , the biological daughter of Terry Ives . After escaping from Hawkins Laboratory , where experiments were being performed on her , she befriends Mike , Dustin , and Lucas . She falls in love with Mike . Gaten Matarazzo as Dustin Henderson , one of Will 's friends . His cleidocranial dysplasia causes him to lisp . In the second season , he is proud of his new front teeth and is attracted to Max . Caleb McLaughlin as Lucas Sinclair , one of Will 's friends . He is wary of Eleven but later befriends her . In season two , he is one of Max 's love interests . Natalia Dyer as Nancy Wheeler , daughter of Karen and Ted and older sister of Mike . In season one , she is Steve Harrington 's girlfriend . In season two , she becomes Jonathan Byers ' girlfriend . Charlie Heaton as Jonathan Byers , the older brother of Will Byers and the son of Joyce Byers . He is a quiet teenager , an outsider at school , and an aspiring photographer . He is close with his mother and brother , and he becomes the boyfriend of Nancy Wheeler . Cara Buono as Karen Wheeler , mother of teenaged Nancy , middle schooler Mike , and toddler Holly . Matthew Modine as Martin Brenner , the scientist in charge of Hawkins Laboratory . He is manipulative and remote . He and his team are searching for Eleven . He reappears in season 2 , as he successfully tracks down Eleven Noah Schnapp as Will Byers , the younger brother of Jonathan Byers and the son of Joyce Byers . He is captured by a monster from the `` Upside Down '' , an alternate dimension discovered by Hawkins Laboratory scientists . Schnapp was promoted to series regular for the second season , after recurring in the first . Sadie Sink as Maxine `` Max '' Mayfield / `` Madmax '' , Billy 's younger stepsister , and a tomboy who catches the attention of both Lucas and Dustin . She ended up being reluctantly accepted into the party by Mike . Sink hoped in the third season she would be accepted by Eleven . Joe Keery as Steve Harrington , a popular high school student and the boyfriend of Nancy Wheeler . He ostracizes Jonathan Byers , but later comes to befriend him . He begins as Nancy 's boyfriend but breaks up with her in season two . Keery was promoted to series regular for the second season , after recurring in the first . Dacre Montgomery as Billy Hargrove , Max 's violent and unpredictable older stepbrother . He challenges Steve 's popularity . Sean Astin as Bob Newby , a former schoolmate of Joyce and Hopper . In season two , he runs the Hawkins RadioShack and is Joyce 's boyfriend , putting him at odds with Hopper . Paul Reiser as Sam Owens , a Department of Energy executive . He replaces Brenner as director of Hawkins Laboratory . He is stubborn and committed to scientific research , yet empathetic to the residents of Hawkins . Recurring Introduced in season one Joe Chrest as Ted Wheeler , husband of Karen , father of teenager Nancy , middle schooler Mike , and toddler Holly . Rob Morgan as Powell , one of Hopper 's officers . He is serious and by the book . Shannon Purser as Barbara `` Barb '' Holland , best friend of Nancy Wheeler . She is concerned that her friendship with Nancy may be threatened by Nancy 's relationship with Steve . John Reynolds as Callahan , another of Hopper 's officers . Not nearly as serious as his partner , he still works hard in the search for Will Byers . Mark Steger as the Monster , a creature that exists in the Upside Down . Referred to as `` the Demogorgon '' by Mike , Lucas and Dustin . Catherine Dyer as Connie Frazier , Brenner 's FBI enforcer who has no qualms about murdering those who have come into contact with Eleven . Randy Havens as Scott Clarke , the boys ' teacher . He encourages their interest in science and technology and helps them whenever asked . Hugh Holub as the lead scientist at Hawkins Laboratory . Tobias Jelinek as the lead agent at Hawkins National Laboratory , who assists Brenner . Cade Jones as James , a school bully who hangs around with Troy . Anniston and Tinsley Price as Holly Wheeler , daughter of Karen and Ted , younger sister of Nancy and Mike . Susan Shalhoub Larkin as Florence ( `` Flo '' ) , the secretary at the Hawkins Police Station . Tony Vaughn as Russell Coleman , the principal at Hawkins Middle School . Peyton Wich as Troy , a school bully of Mike , Lucas , Dustin , and Will . Charles Lawlor as Donald Melvald , the owner of a general store where Joyce Byers works . Chester Rushing as Tommy H. , former friend of Steve , and boyfriend of Carol . Chelsea Talmadge as Carol , former friend of Steve , and girlfriend of Tommy . Robert Walker - Branchaud as an agent of Hawkins Laboratory who disguises himself as a repairman . Cynthia Barrett as Marsha Holland , Barbara Holland 's mother . Aimee Mullins as Terry Ives , a woman who claims her daughter , Jane , was stolen from her shortly after she gave birth , but she has since gone into a mental state where she is unaware of her surroundings . She is the biological mother of Eleven . Introduced in season two Linnea Berthelsen as Kali / Eight , a young woman with illusion manipulation abilities who , along with Eleven , was experimented on at the Hawkins Laboratory but later managed to escape . Vanathi Kalai Parthiban portrays a young Kali . Catherine Curtin as Claudia Henderson , Dustin 's mother . Brett Gelman as Murray Bauman , a former journalist that became a conspiracy theorist , who visits Hawkins to go after a cold case . Joe Davison as a technician at Hawkins Laboratory . Priah Ferguson as Erica Sinclair , Lucas ' younger sister . Guests Introduced in season one Ross Partridge as Lonnie Byers , the drunk , egotistical , selfish ex-husband of Joyce Byers and father of Jonathan and Will . He has a much younger girlfriend named Cynthia . Chris Sullivan as Benny Hammond , owner and chef of Benny 's Burgers , and friend of Hopper . Andrew Benator as a scientist at Hawkins Laboratory . Glennellen Anderson as Nicole , a classmate of Nancy , Steve and Jonathan . Pete Burris as the head of security at Hawkins Laboratory . Jerri Tubbs as Diane Hopper , Jim 's ex-wife . Amy Seimetz as Becky Ives , Terry 's sister who takes care of her . Elle Graham as Sarah Hopper , Jim and Diane 's daughter . Executive producer Shawn Levy cameos as a morgue worker . Introduced in season two Kai L. Greene as Funshine , a member of Kali 's crew . James Landry Hébert as Axel , a member of Kali 's crew . Anna Jacoby - Heron as Dottie , a member of Kali 's crew . Gabrielle Maiden as Mick , a member of Kali 's crew . Aaron Muñoz as Mr. Holland , Barbara 's father . Karen Ceesay as Mrs. Sinclair , Lucas and Erica 's mother . Drew Scheid as Nancy , Steve and Jonathan 's classmate . Pruitt Taylor Vince as Ray , a technician at Hawkins Laboratory who performed forcible electroshock therapy on Terry Ives , contributing to her deteriorated mental state . Arnell Powell as Mr. Sinclair , Lucas and Erica 's father . Will Chase as Neil Hargrove , Billy 's abusive father , Max 's stepfather , and Susan 's husband . Jennifer Marshall as Susan Hargrove , Max 's mother , Billy 's stepmother , and Neil 's wife . Episodes Season 1 ( 2016 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) On November 6 , 1983 , in a U.S. Department of Energy laboratory in the town of Hawkins , Indiana , a scientist is attacked by an unseen creature . While bicycling home from a Dungeons & Dragons session with his friends , 12 - year - old Will Byers encounters the creature and vanishes . The next day , a buzz - cut young girl wearing a hospital gown steals food from a local diner . The owner , Benny , takes pity on her and feeds her before calling social services . From a tattoo on her arm , he learns that her name is Eleven . A woman posing as a social worker arrives and murders Benny . Armed men search the diner for Eleven , but she escapes . Will 's mother Joyce believes she hears Will 's voice on a distorted phone call , but her phone short circuits . Will 's friends Mike , Dustin , and Lucas search for Will in the woods and find Eleven . `` Chapter Two : The Weirdo on Maple Street '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) The boys bring Eleven to Mike 's house , where she sleeps in the basement . The next day , Mike nicknames her `` El '' . She says that `` bad people '' are looking for her and refuses to meet Mike 's parents . Scientists from the laboratory find a substance oozing from the walls of Joyce 's home . At Mike 's home , Eleven recognizes and points out Will in a photo . Dustin and Lucas want to inform Mike 's parents about Eleven , but she uses psychokinesis to stop them . While searching for Will , Mr. Clarke , the boys ' science teacher , discovers a scrap of a hospital gown outside the laboratory grounds . Nancy goes with her friend Barb to a party at her boyfriend Steve 's house . Will 's brother Jonathan investigates the woods where Will went missing . Hearing screaming , he runs to help but finds only Steve , Nancy , and their friends roughhousing around Steve 's swimming pool . He secretly photographs them . Barb , left alone by the poolside , vanishes . Joyce receives another call from Will , hears music from his room , and sees something coming through the wall . `` Chapter Three : Holly , Jolly '' Shawn Levy Jessica Mecklenburg July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Barb wakes up in an empty and decaying pool . She screams for Nancy and attempts to climb out but is dragged down by something unseen . Joyce strings Christmas lights around her home to talk to Will , who can turn them on and off . Hawkins Lab director Dr. Martin Brenner allows Hopper to view the lab 's security camera footage . Hopper realizes it is fake . He and his deputies research Hawkins Lab , Brenner , and a woman named Terry Ives who claimed her daughter was taken by Brenner . Eleven has a flashback in which Brenner , whom she calls `` Papa , '' has her put in solitary confinement for refusing to telekinetically harm a cat . Nancy worries about Barb , who is missing . Steve and his friends discover Jonathan 's photographs . They destroy them and his camera . Nancy recovers a photo of Barb by the poolside and returns to Steve 's house to search for her . Nancy finds Barb 's car and sees the creature in the woods . Joyce establishes a code with Will using the lights , which he uses to tell her that he is alive but unsafe . He tells Joyce to run as a creature begins to climb through her wall . Will 's apparent body is discovered in the water at a quarry . `` Chapter Four : The Body '' Shawn Levy Justin Doble July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Eleven proves to the boys that Will is still alive by making contact through Mike 's walkie - talkie . Joyce goes to the morgue to view the body and refuses to believe it is Will . The boys give Eleven a makeover so they can sneak her into school . Joyce hears Will in her living room wall . Tearing away the wallpaper , she sees him behind a membrane . At school , Eleven uses Mr. Clarke 's ham radio to channel Will talking to his mother . Joyce demolishes the wall with an axe but reveals only her front porch . Nancy discovers a figure behind Barb in Jonathan 's photo . Jonathan realizes that the figure matches his mother 's description of the creature : a humanoid figure with long arms and no face . Nancy tells the police about her missing friend and subsequently admits to her mother that she slept with Steve . When she tells Steve about the police , she is irritated that he cares only about not getting in trouble with his father . Hopper confronts the state trooper who found Will 's body and beats him until he admits he was ordered to lie . Hopper goes to the morgue and finds that Will 's supposed body is a dummy . He breaks into Hawkins laboratory . 5 5 `` Chapter Five : The Flea and the Acrobat '' The Duffer Brothers Alison Tatlock July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Will 's father Lonnie assures Joyce her experiences are hallucinations . Hopper discovers a portal in the basement of the lab but is knocked out by the lab 's guards . He wakes at home and discovers a hidden microphone . Sheriff 's deputies inform Hopper that Barb 's car was found , but Hopper finds the state 's involvement suspicious . The boys determine Will is trapped in an alternate dimension Eleven calls the `` Upside Down , '' and he is being pursued by a monster similar to a Demogorgon . After Will 's funeral , science teacher Mr. Clarke tells the boys that a high - energy spacetime tear could create a passage between dimensions . Using their compasses , they search for a disruption in the Earth 's electromagnetic field . Eleven remembers encountering the creature during a lab experiment , and afraid , she redirects the compasses . Lucas notices and confronts her . Mike defends her , he and Lucas fight , and Eleven telekinetically flings Lucas off Mike . While Dustin and Mike tend to the unconscious Lucas , Eleven disappears . In the woods , Nancy and Jonathan find a wounded deer . The creature drags the deer away , and Nancy follows the trail of blood to a portal to the Upside Down . She crawls through and discovers the creature feasting upon the deer . She snaps a twig and draws the creature 's attention . 6 6 `` Chapter Six : The Monster '' The Duffer Brothers Jessie Nickson - Lopez July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Jonathan pulls Nancy back through the portal and saves her from the monster . Later , Steve sees them together through her bedroom window and assumes they are dating . Nancy and Jonathan resolve to kill the monster and purchase supplies from an army surplus store . During a fist fight with Steve , Jonathan inadvertently assaults a police officer and is arrested . Joyce and Hopper track down Terry Ives , who is catatonic and tended by her sister Becky . Becky explains that Terry underwent Project MKUltra testing while unknowingly pregnant ; she believed her daughter Jane was kidnapped by Brenner at birth . Joyce and Hopper conclude Eleven is likely Jane . Eleven shoplifts Eggo waffles . She recalls being asked to contact the monster and accidentally opening the portal to the Upside Down in the laboratory basement . While searching for Eleven , Mike and Dustin are ambushed by school bullies Troy and James . Troy holds Dustin at knifepoint and demands Mike make a suicidal jump into the lake where Will 's body was discovered . Mike jumps but is levitated to safety by Eleven , who scares away the bullies . Lucas realizes agents from the laboratory are heading to Mike 's house . 7 7 `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' The Duffer Brothers Justin Doble July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Lucas warns Mike via walkie - talkie that government agents are en route . Mike , Dustin , and Eleven flee . Eleven telekinetically flips a van that blocks their path , and the kids escape . Lucas reconciles with Mike and Eleven . Joyce and Hopper are called to the police station because of Jonathan 's assault . Jonathan and Nancy reveal their knowledge of the monster to Joyce and Hopper . The group contacts Mike and his friends and they rendezvous . They ask Eleven to search for Will and Barb , but her earlier feats have left her too weak to find them . To amplify Eleven 's powers , they break into the middle school and build a sensory - deprivation tank . Eleven finds Barb 's corpse with a slug - like creature crawling out of her mouth . With Joyce 's help , she finds Will alive , hiding in the Upside Down `` Castle Byers , '' his backyard fort . Hopper and Joyce break into Hawkins Laboratory but are apprehended by security guards . Nancy and Jonathan resolve to kill the monster and steal their hunting gear back from the police station . In the Upside Down , the monster breaks into the fort where Will is hiding . 8 8 `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' The Duffer Brothers Story by : Paul Dichter Teleplay by : The Duffer Brothers July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Hopper gives up Eleven 's location so that he and Joyce can enter the Upside Down . They find Will unconscious in the Upside - Down town library . They pull a tendril out of his throat , perform CPR , and revive him . Nancy and Jonathan booby - trap the Byers ' home , then cut their hands to attract the monster with their blood . Steve arrives , intending to apologize to Jonathan about their fight , but the monster attacks . The monster springs the trap but escapes back to the Upside Down . Eleven and the boys hide in the middle school . Mike asks Eleven to a school dance , the Snow Ball , and kisses her . The military storms the school to re-capture Eleven , but she kills them and collapses . As Brenner cradles her , the monster attacks , apparently killing him . The boys hide Eleven in a classroom . The monster corners them , but Eleven pins it against a wall . She says goodbye to Mike , disintegrates the monster , and vanishes . Will is hospitalized and reunited with his mother , brother , and friends . Hopper is reluctantly picked up by a black car . One month later , Nancy and Steve are back together , and both are friends with Jonathan . Hopper leaves Eggo waffles and other food in a box in the woods . Will coughs up a slug - like creature and has a vision of the world as the Upside Down , but he hides this from his family . Season 2 ( 2017 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 9 `` Chapter One : MADMAX '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) On October 28 , 1984 , Kali and her gang use her psychic powers to escape the police . Her wrist tattoo marks her as `` 008 . '' At the Hawkins arcade , Will has a vision of the Upside Down . Murray Bauman describes an elaborate conspiracy theory to Hopper . Hopper investigates a blight on Bob Merril 's pumpkin patch . Mr. Clarke introduces a new girl named Maxine ( `` Max '' ) to his class . At Hawkins Lab , Owens examines Will . He tells Joyce that Will is experiencing posttraumatic stress disorder . Nancy and Steve have dinner with Barb 's parents , who are selling their house to pay for Bauman 's investigation into Barb 's disappearance . Dustin hears a noise from the trashcan outside his home , and Will has a vision of an enormous spidery creature in the Upside Down . Hopper goes home to a cabin in the woods , where Eleven accuses him of being late . 10 `` Chapter Two : Trick or Treat , Freak '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) In a flashback , Eleven awakens in the Upside Down middle school , having just destroyed the monster at the end of the first season . After escaping the Upside Down , she goes to Mike 's house . To avoid government agents , she hides in the woods . In the present , Eleven asks to go trick - or - treating , but Hopper says it 's too risky . Hopper learns the blight has spread to pumpkin patches all over town . Nancy wants to tell Barb 's parents about her death , but Steve insists it 's too dangerous . At a Halloween party that evening , Nancy gets drunk and tells Steve she does n't love him . Angered , Steve leaves , and asks Jonathan to take her home . Mike , Will , Dustin , Lucas , and Max go trick - or - treating . Will has a vision of a shadowy monster from the Upside Down trying to catch him . Mike admits to Will that he is still trying to contact Eleven . Eleven tries to contact Mike but fails . Dustin finds a creature in his trash can . 11 `` Chapter Three : The Pollywog '' Shawn Levy Justin Doble October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Dustin feeds the creature a 3 Musketeers chocolate bar and names it d'Artagnan ( `` Dart '' ) . In a flashback , Hopper leaves food in the woods for Eleven . She approaches him and moves into his grandfather 's hunting cabin . In the present , Hopper refuses to allow Eleven outside . Angry , she escapes and looks for Mike . Bob recounts a childhood nightmare to Will and encourages him to stand up to his fears . Nancy persuades Jonathan to help her tell Barb 's parents the truth . Hopper confronts Owens with evidence that the pumpkin blight comes from the lab . Dustin brings Dart to school and shows it to Will , Mike , Lucas , and Max . Will realizes Dart is from the Upside Down . Dart molts and escapes . Eleven sees Mike and Max arguing and mistakes it for flirting . Jealous , she makes Max fall off her skateboard . On a videotape Will made while trick - or - treating , Joyce discovers an image of the monster . Will finds Dart , triggering a vision of the Upside Down . Dustin recovers Dart . Following Bob 's advice , Will confronts the monster , but it invades his body . 12 `` Chapter Four : Will the Wise '' Shawn Levy Paul Dichter October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Joyce takes Will home . His temperature is strangely low , but he refuses a warm bath . Eleven returns to the cabin . She and Hopper fight , and Hopper grounds her . Will tells Joyce and Hopper that he 's connected to the Shadow Monster . Unable to explain in words , he makes a vast number of scribbles . Joyce and Hopper piece them together into a map . Nancy and Jonathan are caught by lab agents . Owens shows them the gate to the Upside Down . He says it can be contained but not destroyed , admits Barb died , and allows Nancy and Jonathan to go free . Secretly , Nancy records his confession . Billy warns Max to stay away from Lucas . Eleven finds Hopper 's notes on Hawkins Lab . Using her psychic powers , she contacts Terry Ives , who calls her `` Jane . '' Dustin discovers Dart devouring his cat and realizes Dart is a young Demogorgon . Following Will 's map , Hopper digs in Merril 's field and finds a tunnel corrupted by the Upside Down . 13 5 `` Chapter Five : Dig Dug '' Andrew Stanton Jessie Nickson - Lopez October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Vines trap Hopper in the infected tunnels . Will realizes Hopper is in danger . Lucas tells Max the truth about Will 's disappearance last year , but she does n't believe him . Jonathan and Nancy play Owens ' confession to Bauman . The three agree to publicize a watered down and more believable story about Barb dying from toxins released by the lab . Dustin traps Dart in his root cellar and recruits Steve to fight it . Owens and the lab scientists realize the soil from the infected pumpkin patches is part of a hive mind . Eleven hitchhikes to Terry 's house . She telepathically communicates with Terry , seeing images of another child kept in Hawkins Lab and of Terry being crippled by forced shock therapy . Bob figures out Hopper 's location , and he and Joyce enter the tunnels to rescue him . They are joined by scientists from Hawkins Lab . As the scientists burn the vines filling the tunnels , Will screams in agony and collapses . 14 6 `` Chapter Six : The Spy '' Andrew Stanton Kate Trefry October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Will is rushed to the lab , where he can not recognize Bob , Hopper , or Owens . Owens speculates that damaging the tunnels may be lethal to Will . He shows Hopper the lab basement , where an enormous gate to the Upside Down has been discovered under the floor . Dart molts again and escapes the root cellar . Nancy and Jonathan spend the night at Bauman 's and admit their feelings for each other . Lucas offers to prove to Max that his story is true , and he sneaks her out of her house . Steve offers Dustin dating tips . Steve , Dustin , Lucas and Max set a trap for Dart at the junkyard . Max opens up to Lucas about Billy 's anger over his father 's remarriage to Max 's mother . Dart , now the size of a large dog , arrives with a pack of adolescent Demogorgons and traps the four in a bus . Will announces he knows how to stop the Shadow Monster . Owens sends a team of soldiers into the tunnels , and the Demodogs leave the junkyard . Will apologizes , saying the Shadow Monster made him do it . The Demodogs ambush the soldiers , slaughter them , and climb into the lab . 15 7 `` Chapter Seven : The Lost Sister '' Rebecca Thomas Justin Doble October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) In Chicago , Eleven locates Kali , who is the girl from Terry 's memories . Kali can create illusions , and she leads a gang of outcasts who exact revenge on those who have hurt them . She teaches Eleven to channel her anger towards stronger powers . Eleven uses her powers to find Ray , the lab technician who performed shock therapy on Terry , and the gang breaks into his apartment . Ray claims Brenner is still alive , and he offers to lead Kali and Eleven to Brenner . They disbelieve him , and Kali tries to coax Eleven into killing Ray . When Eleven learns he has two daughters , she stops and prevents Kali from killing him . Back at their hideout , Kali conjures a disturbing vision of Brenner and demands that Eleven avenge their mother . Eleven visualizes Mike and Hopper and realizes they are in trouble . While Kali and her gang escape the police , Eleven returns to Hawkins . 16 8 `` Chapter Eight : The Mind Flayer '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) The Demodogs overwhelm the lab . Mike convinces Joyce to sedate Will so that the Shadow Monster can not track them . Mike , Will , Joyce , Hopper , Bob , and Owens shelter in the lab 's security room . Dustin , Steve , Lucas , and Max track the Demodogs to the lab , where they regroup with Nancy and Jonathan . When the power goes out , Bob resets the circuit breakers so they can escape . Owens stays behind and uses the security cameras to guide the others out . Mike , Will , Joyce , and Hopper escape , but Bob is killed by the Demodogs . The group retreat to the Byers ' house , where Dustin suggests that the Shadow Monster is a Mind Flayer . After disguising their location , they interrogate Will . Using Morse code , he taps out , `` CLOSE GATE . '' The house phone rings , and Will realizes where he is . The Mind Flayer sends a Demodog to the house , but Eleven arrives and kills it . 17 9 `` Chapter Nine : The Gate '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Hopper and Eleven head for the lab , where they find the gate guarded by Demodogs . Jonathan , Nancy , and Joyce take Will to Hopper 's cabin and overheat him to force the Mind Flayer out . Mike , Dustin , Lucas , and Max want to draw the Demodogs away from the gate , but Steve keeps them at the house for their own safety . Billy , forced by his abusive father to look for Max , arrives at the Byers house . He starts a fight with Steve , but Max sedates him , and the group leaves in Billy 's car . They start a fire in the tunnels , but Dart blocks their return . Dustin feeds Dart a 3 Musketeers bar , and Dart allows them to pass . Eleven channels her anger into closing the gate , and as the gate closes , the remaining monsters in Hawkins die . One month later , Hawkins Lab has shut down . Barb is given a funeral , and Owens provides Hopper a birth certificate for Eleven . The students attend the school 's winter dance , the Snow Ball . Max and Lucas kiss , as do Mike and Eleven . Nancy pities Dustin and dances with him . In the Upside Down , the Mind Flayer towers over the school . Production Development Ross ( left ) and Matt Duffer , the creators of the series Stranger Things was created by Matt and Ross Duffer , known professionally as the Duffer Brothers . The two had completed writing and producing their 2015 film Hidden , which they had tried to emulate the style of M. Night Shyamalan , however , due to changes at Warner Bros. , its distributor , the film did not see a wide release and the Duffers were unsure of their future . To their surprise , television producer Donald De Line approached them , impressed with Hidden 's script , and offered them the opportunity to work on episodes of Wayward Pines alongside Shyamalan . The brothers were mentored by Shyamalan during the episode 's production , so that when they finished , they felt they were ready to produce their own television series . The Duffer Brothers prepared a script that would essentially be similar to the series ' actual pilot episode , along with a 20 - page pitch book to help shop the series around for a network . They pitched the story to a number of cable networks , all of which rejected the script on the basis that they felt a plot centered around children as leading characters would not work , asking them to make it a children 's show or to drop the children and focus on Hopper 's investigation in the paranormal . In early 2015 , Dan Cohen , the VP of 21 Laps Entertainment , brought the script to his colleague Shawn Levy . They subsequently invited the Duffer Brothers to their office and purchased the rights for the series , giving full authorship of it to the brothers . After reading the pilot , the streaming service Netflix purchased the whole season for an undisclosed amount ; the show was subsequently announced for a planned 2016 release by Netflix in early April 2015 . The Duffer Brothers stated that at the time they had pitched to Netflix , the service had already gotten recognized for its original programming , such as House of Cards and Orange Is the New Black , with well - recognized producers behind them , and were ready to start giving upcoming producers like them a chance . The brothers started to write out the series and brought Levy and Cohen in as executive producers to start casting and filming . The series was originally known as Montauk , as the setting of the script was in Montauk , New York and nearby Long Island locations . The brothers had chosen Montauk as it had further Spielberg ties with the film Jaws , where Montauk was used for the fictional setting of Amity Island . After deciding to change the narrative of the series to take place in the fictional town of Hawkins instead , the brothers felt they could now do things to the town , such as placing it under quarantine , that they really could not envision with a real location . With the change in location , they had to come up with a new title for the series under direction from Netflix 's Ted Sarandos so that they could start marketing it to the public . The brothers started by using a copy of Stephen King 's Firestarter novel to consider the title 's font and appearance , and came up with a long list of potential alternatives . Stranger Things came about as it sounded similar to another King novel , Needful Things , though Matt noted they still had a `` lot of heated arguments '' over this final title . With the critical success of the first season after its release in July 2016 , speculation on a possible second season was raised . By the end of July , the Duffer Brothers had outlined a plan for such a season if it was green - lit , and Netflix 's CEO Reed Hastings said in early August that the company `` would be dumb not to '' renew Stranger Things for a second season . On August 31 , 2016 , Netflix announced it had renewed Stranger Things for a second season of nine episodes , to be released in 2017 . The Duffer Brothers revealed that the series had been renewed for a second season before the first premiered . Regarding the decision to wait more than a month after the first season premiered to announce the renewal , Matt Duffer said , `` it actually ended up working because it had built up to this fever pitch . I guess that 's what ( Netflix ) were intending to do all the time . '' The Duffers wrote the second season to make the combined first and second season feel like a complete work , but setting elements in place to go forward with additional seasons if they are green - lit . While most of the story for the second season had been decided before the first season aired , the Duffers took in the audience reactions from the first season to adjust some of the details within the second season . They knew they would not have the same element of audience surprise as when the show aired anew , and were aware fans wanted to see certain elements , but Ross said `` ... the point is not to give everyone what they think they want . Because I do n't think they really know what they want . '' The Duffers felt that the second season should be treated more as a sequel rather than a continuation , and thus have opted to call the second Stranger Things 2 . This approach had some trepidation from Netflix , since the company felt movie sequels typically have a bad reputation , but the Duffers pointed out that there had been many successful sequels that surpassed the original film , and felt confident with this name . Despite revealing episode titles for the season in the announcement teaser in order `` to provide some hint of where we were going in season two without giving anything away , '' Matt Duffer stated that some of the titles would change , since there were some things `` we did n't want to put on there because we felt like it would give too much away , '' and because `` people are smart on the fucking internet '' with fan - created `` videos analyzing the chapter titles ... right on a lot '' of how the titles related to the plot of the season . In early October 2017 , the Duffers revealed the final titles for the first six episodes of the season . Levy noted in November 2016 that he and the Duffer Brothers had already begun planning a potential third season , saying , `` We are not gon na be caught off guard and we do n't wan na be making stuff up like the day before we have to write it and make it , so we are definitely optimistic and we have started thinking ahead . '' The Duffers anticipate having about four to five seasons to work with , but do want to `` have a really finite ending '' while the show is still at a height of success , according to Matt , rather than letting it draw out indefinitely . In August 2017 , the Duffers confirmed there would be a third season , with the likelihood of one more season following that , with Ross saying , `` We 're thinking it will be a four - season thing and then out '' . However , executive producer Shawn Levy later suggested that either four or five total seasons were possibilities , claiming that `` the truth is we 're definitely going four seasons and there 's very much the possibility of a fifth . Beyond that , it becomes I think very unlikely . '' Matt Duffer later commented that no official decision has been made , claiming that `` It 's hard , like four seems short , five seems long . So I do n't know what to do . '' In December 2017 , Netflix officially confirmed that they have greenlit the third season . Later that month , David Harbour said that the Duffers were still writing episodes for the season , and did not expect the season would release until 2019 . Writing The idea of Stranger Things started with how the brothers felt they could take the concept of the 2013 film Prisoners , detailing the moral struggles a father goes through when his daughter is kidnapped , and expand it out over eight or so hours in a serialized television approach . As they focused on the missing child aspect of the story , they wanted to introduce the idea of `` childlike sensibilities '' they could offer , and toyed around with the idea of a monster that could consume humans . The brothers thought the combination of these things `` was the best thing ever '' . To introduce this monster into the narrative , they considered `` bizarre experiments we had read about taking place in the Cold War '' such as Project MKUltra , which gave a way to ground the monster 's existence in science rather than something spiritual . This also helped them to decide on using 1983 as the time period , as it was a year before the film Red Dawn came out , which focused on Cold War paranoia . Subsequently , they were able to use all their own personal inspirations from the 1980s , the decade they were born , as elements of the series , crafting it in the realm of science fiction and horror . The Duffer Brothers have cited as influence for the show ( among others ) : Stephen King novels ; films produced by Steven Spielberg , John Carpenter , Wes Craven , Robert Zemeckis , George Lucas and Guillermo del Toro ; films such as Alien and Stand by Me ; Japanese anime such as Akira and Elfen Lied ; and video games such as Silent Hill , The Last of Us , and Dark Souls . The Duffers also believe that they may have brought influences from other works unintentionally , including Beyond the Black Rainbow and D.A.R.Y.L. , discovered by reviewing fan feedback on the show . With Netflix as the platform , the Duffer Brothers were not limited to a typical 22 - episode format , opting for the eight - episode approach . They had been concerned that a 22 - episode season on broadcast television would be difficult to `` tell a cinematic story '' with that many episodes . Eight episodes allowed them to give time to characterization in addition to narrative development ; if they had less time available , they would have had to remain committed to telling a horror film as soon as the monster was introduced and abandon the characterization . Within the eight episodes , the brothers aimed to make the first season `` feel like a big movie '' with all the major plot lines completed so that `` the audience feels satisfied '' , but left enough unresolved to indicate `` there 's a bigger mythology , and there 's a lot of dangling threads at the end '' , something that could be explored in further seasons if Netflix opted to create more . Regarding writing for the children characters of the series , the Duffer Brothers considered themselves as outcasts from other students while in high school and thus found it easy to write for Mike and his friends , and particularly for Barb . Joyce was fashioned after Richard Dreyfuss ' character Roy Neary in Close Encounters of the Third Kind , as she appears `` absolutely bonkers '' to everyone else as she tries to find Will . Other characters , such as Billy in the second season , have more villainous attributes that are not necessarily obvious from the onset ; Matt explained that they took further inspiration from Stephen King for these characters , as King `` always has really great human villains '' that may be more malicious than the supernatural evil . Casting The Duffers cast David Harbour as Chief Hopper believing this was his opportunity to have a lead character in a work . In June 2015 , it was announced that Winona Ryder and David Harbour had joined the series as Joyce and as the unnamed chief of police , respectively . The brothers ' casting director Carmen Cuba had suggested Ryder for the role of Joyce , which the two were immediately drawn to because of her predominance in the films of the 1980s . Levy believed Ryder could `` wretch up the emotional urgency and yet find layers and nuance and different sides of ( Joyce ) '' . Ryder praised that the show 's multiple storylines required her to act for Joyce as `` she 's out of her mind , but she 's actually kind of onto something '' , and that the producers had faith she could pull off the difficult role . The Duffer Brothers had been interested in Harbour before , who until Stranger Things primarily had smaller roles as villainous characters , and they felt that he had been `` waiting too long for this opportunity '' to play a lead , while Harbour himself was thrilled by the script and the chance to play `` a broken , flawed , anti-hero character '' . Additional casting followed two months later with Finn Wolfhard as Mike , Millie Bobby Brown in an undisclosed role , Gaten Matarazzo as Dustin , Caleb McLaughlin as Lucas , Natalia Dyer as Nancy , and Charlie Heaton as Jonathan . In September 2015 , Cara Buono joined the cast as Karen , followed by Matthew Modine as Martin Brenner a month later . Additional cast who recur for the first season include Noah Schnapp as Will , Shannon Purser as Barbara `` Barb '' Holland , Joe Keery as Steve Harrington , and Ross Partridge as Lonnie , among others . Actors auditioning for the children roles read lines from Stand By Me . The Duffer Brothers estimated they went through about a thousand different child actors for the roles . They noted that Wolfhard was already `` a movie buff '' of the films from the 1980s period and easily filled the role , while they found Matarazzo 's audition to be much more authentic than most of the other audition tapes , and selected him after a single viewing of his audition tape . As casting was started immediately after Netflix greenlit the show , and prior to the scripts being fully completed , this allowed some of the actor 's takes on the roles to reflect into the script . The casting of the young actors for Will and his friends had been done just after the first script was completed , and subsequent scripts incorporated aspects from these actors . The brothers said Modine provided significant input on the character of Dr. Brenner , whom they had not really fleshed out before as they considered him the hardest character to write for given his limited appearances within the narrative . In October 2016 , it was announced that Schnapp and Keery had been promoted to the main cast for the second season , after each recurring in the first season , and that Sadie Sink and Dacre Montgomery would join the main cast as Max and Billy , respectively . Ryder , Harbour , Wolfhard , Brown , Matarazzo , McLaughlin , Dyer and Heaton also return for the season . Sean Astin as Bob Newby and Paul Reiser as Sam Owens are also part of the main cast in the season . For Owens , the Duffer Brothers had referred to the character in their pitch to Netflix for the season as `` Paul Reiser '' , and specifically alluded to Reiser 's character Burke in Aliens , with Ross referencing James Cameron 's casting choice for that film , saying , `` ( Cameron ) thought people would inherently trust ( Reiser ) and it would be a twist '' . Reiser 's son was a fan of Stranger Things , and gave his father an early appreciation of the series , so that by when the production called his agent about the role , Reiser was excited for the part . Joining them in recurring roles are Linnea Berthelsen as Kali / Eight and Brett Gelman as Murray Bauman . Filming The brothers had desired to film the series around the Long Island area to match the initial Montauk concept . However , with filming scheduled to take place in November 2015 , it was difficult to shoot in Long Island in the cold weather , and the production started scouting locations in and around the Atlanta , Georgia area . The brothers , who grew up in North Carolina , found many places that reminded them of their own childhoods in that area , and felt the area would work well with the narrative shift to the fictional town of Hawkins , Indiana . The filming of the first season began in November 2015 and was extensively done in Atlanta , Georgia , with the Duffer Brothers and Levy handling the direction of individual episodes . Jackson served as the basis of the fictional town of Hawkins , Indiana . Other shooting locations included the Georgia Mental Health Institute as the Hawkins National Laboratory site , Bellwood Quarry , Patrick Henry High School in Stockbridge , Georgia , for the middle and high school scenes , Emory University 's Continuing Education Department , the former city hall in Douglasville , Georgia , Georgia International Horse Park , the probate court in Butts County , Georgia , Old East Point Library and East Point First Baptist Church in East Point , Georgia , Fayetteville , Georgia , Stone Mountain Park , Palmetto , Georgia , and Winston , Georgia . Set work was done at Screen Gem Studios in Atlanta . The series was filmed with a Red Dragon digital camera . Filming for the first season concluded in early 2016 . While filming , the brothers tried to capture shots that could be seen as homages to many of the 1980s references they recalled . Their goal was not necessarily to fill the work with these references , but instead make the series seem to the viewer as a 1980s film . They spent little time reviewing those works and instead went by memory . Matt further recognized that some of their filming homages were not purposely done but were found to be very comparable , as highlighted by a fan - made video comparing the show to several 1980s works side - by - side . Matt commented on the video that `` Some were deliberate and some were subconscious . '' The brothers recognized that many of the iconic scenes from these 1980s films , such as with Poltergeist , was about `` taking a very ordinary object that people deal with every day , their television set , and imbuing it with something otherworldly '' , leading to the idea of using the Christmas light strings for Will to communicate with Joyce . The brothers attributed much of the 1980s feel to set and costume designers and the soundtrack composers that helped to recreate the era for them . Lynda Reiss , the head of props , had about a $220,000 budget , similar to most films , to acquire artifacts of the 1980s , using eBay and searching through flea markets and estate sales around the Atlanta area . The bulk of the props were original items from the 1980s with only a few pieces , such as the Dungeons & Dragons books made as replicas . Costume designer Kimberly Adams - Galligan for the first season aimed for capturing authenticity of the clothes choices by the characters , such as reflecting that the Byers would likely use hand - me - down clothes compared to the other families ; in this case , while the costume department did distress the outfits for all the characters , they spent more time for Will 's clothes compared to Mike 's . Frequently , they needed to create outfits for the kids themselves since many were still growing during the time of filming , and could not readily acquire period fashion across a range of sizes . Director of photography Tim Ives shot the first season with Leica lens and the 6K Red Scarlet Dragon to `` make sure that our images had the soft and round tones that are in ' 80s films '' ; this is achieved through digital image processing . Ives said that these cameras allow them to create an adaptable quality to the recorded film that is adaptable to a wide range of viewing experiences , including support for newer and future television technologies such as high dynamic range video that was just becoming adopted at the time of filming . Filming for the second season began on November 7 , 2016 , once again in and around the Atlanta Metro area . While parts of Season 2 were set in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , these were actually filmed in downtown Atlanta , with skylines of Pittsburgh added in post-production . Andrew Stanton , director of Pixar 's Finding Nemo and WALL - E , directed the fifth and sixth episodes of the second season . Levy stated that Stanton was a big fan of the show and called up Levy , offering his directorial abilities for the show . Rebecca Thomas directed the seventh episode of the season . Unlike the first season , which they were able to film without any real security issues , the heightened awareness of the show required the producers to take significant steps to keep the show 's production in secret while filming the second season . They spoke to the production team of HBO 's Game of Thrones for tips and advice for securing filming sites , and have adopted code names for the series and various parts to allow the actors to speak to others without revealing details of the show 's plot . Kim Wilcox took over for costumes in the second season , finding many of the same problems with designing for the child actors that were aging . Furthermore , she wanted to create the 80 's aestetic but as reflected in a small rural town , with the trends of period slowly filtering into it rather that immediately jump on elements like neon colors . The second season concluded filming on June 2 , 2017 . Ives once again used Leica lens to film the season , while upgrading to the Red Weapon 8K S35 camera . Visual effects To create the aged effect for the series , a film grain was added over the footage , which was captured by scanning in film stock from the 1980s . The Duffers wanted to scare the audience , but not to necessarily make the show violent or gory , following in line with how the 1980s Amblin Entertainment films drove the creation of the PG - 13 movie rating . It was `` much more about mood and atmosphere and suspense and dread than they are about gore '' , though they were not afraid to push into more scary elements , particularly towards the end of the first season . The brothers had wanted to avoid any computer - generated effects for the monster and other parts of the series and stay with practical effects . However , the six - month filming time left them little time to plan out and test practical effects rigs for some of the shots . They went with a middle ground of using constructed props including one for the monster whenever they could , but for other shots , such as when the monster bursts through a wall , they opted to use digital effects . Post-production on the first season was completed the week before it was released to Netflix . The title sequence uses closeups of the letters in the Stranger Things title with a red tint against a black background as they slide into place within the title . The sequence was created by the studio Imaginary Forces , formerly part of R / GA , led by creative director Michelle Doughtey . Levy introduced the studio to the Duffer Brothers , who explained their vision of the 1980s - inspired show , which helped the studio to fix the concept the producers wanted . Later , but prior to filming , the producers sent Imaginary Forces the pilot script , the synth - heavy background music for the titles , as well as the various book covers from King and other authors that they had used to establish the title and imagery , and were looking for a similar approach for the show 's titles , primarily using a typographical sequence . They took inspiration from several title sequences of works from the 1980s that were previously designed by Richard Greenberg under R / GA , such as Altered States and The Dead Zone . They also got input from Dan Perri , who worked on the title credits of several 1980s films . Various iterations included having letters vanish , to reflect the `` missing '' theme of the show , and having letters cast shadows on others , alluding to the mysteries , before settling into the sliding letters . The studio began working on the title sequence before filming , and took about a month off during the filming process to let the producers get immersed in the show and come back with more input . Initially they had been working with various fonts for the title and used close - ups of the best features of these fonts , but near the end the producers wanted to work with ITC Benguiat , requiring them to rework those shots . The final sequence is fully computer generated , but they took inspiration from testing some practical effects , such as using Kodalith masks as would have been done in the 1980s , to develop the appropriate filters for the rendering software . The individual episode title cards used a `` fly through '' approach , similar to the film Bullitt , which the producers had suggested to the studio . Music Main article : Music of Stranger Things The Stranger Things original soundtrack was composed by Michael Stein and Kyle Dixon of the electronic band Survive . It makes extensive use of synthesizers in homage to 1980s artists and film composers including Jean - Michel Jarre , Tangerine Dream , Vangelis , Goblin , John Carpenter , Giorgio Moroder , and Fabio Frizzi . According to Stein and Dixon , the Duffer Brothers had been fans of Survive 's music , and used their song `` Dirge '' for the mock trailer that was used to sell the show to Netflix . Once the show was green - lit , the Duffers contacted Survive around July 2015 to ask if they were still doing music ; the two provided the production team with dozens of songs from their band 's past to gain their interest , helping to land them the role . Once aboard , the two worked with producers to select some of their older music to rework for the show , while developing new music , principally with character motifs . The two had been hired before the casting process , so their motif demos were used and played over the actors ' audition tapes , aiding in the casting selection . The show 's theme is based on an unused work Stein composed much earlier that ended up in the library of work they shared with the production staff , who thought that with some reworking would be good for the opening credits . In addition to original music , Stranger Things features period music from artists including The Clash , Joy Division , Toto , New Order , The Bangles , Foreigner , Echo and the Bunnymen , Peter Gabriel , and Corey Hart , as well as excerpts from Tangerine Dream , John Carpenter , and Vangelis . In particular , The Clash 's `` Should I Stay or Should I Go '' was specifically picked to play at pivotal moments of the story , such as when Will is trying to communicate with Joyce from the Upside Down . Soundtracks Stranger Things ' original soundtrack , consisting of 75 songs from Stein and Dixon split across two volumes , was released by Lakeshore Records . Digital release and streaming options were released on August 10 and 19 , 2016 for the two volumes , respectively , while retail versions were available on September 16 and 23 , 2016 . Limited editions of the soundtrack on vinyl , in both individual and a boxed set , are set for release in July 2017 . A cassette version of the soundtrack , sold exclusively by Urban Outfitters , was released on July 14 , 2017 . The cassette packaging features a cardboard cover that emulates an old VHS sleeves , while the cassette case is made to look like a VHS tape . Both volumes were nominated individually for the Best Score Soundtrack Category for the 2017 Grammy Awards , though neither won . The soundtrack for the second season of Stranger Things was released digitally on October 20 , 2017 . The soundtrack , once again composed by Stein and Dixon , consists of 34 songs and was released by Lakeshore Records in the United States and Invada Records internationally . The soundtrack is intended to be released on physical formats , such as compact disc , vinyl , and cassette as well . On the soundtrack 's composition , Stein and Dixon together said that the score for the season introduces `` new styles of composition , while still revisiting old themes when appropriate ... We 've created new elements that are necessary to support the story , but still want to remain true to the sound of Season 1 . '' The first track from the soundtrack , `` Walkin ' in Hawkins '' , was released on October 12 . Release The first season consisted of eight one - hour - long episodes which were released worldwide on Netflix on July 15 , 2016 , in Ultra HD 4K . The second season , consisting of nine episodes , was released on October 27 , 2017 in HDR . A teaser for the second season , which also announced the release date , aired during Super Bowl LI . Home Media The first season of Stranger Things was released on a Blu - ray / DVD combo pack exclusively to Target retailers on October 17 , 2017 , which includes a vintage VHS - inspired packaging . Reception Winona Ryder ( left ) was nominated for a Golden Globe , Satellite and Screen Actors Guild Award . Millie Bobby Brown ( right ) was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award and an Emmy Award . Audience viewership As Netflix does not reveal subscriber viewership numbers for any of their original series , Symphony Technology Group compiled data for the season based on people using software on their phones that measures television viewing by detecting a program 's sound . According to Symphony , within the first 35 days of release , Stranger Things averaged ratings around 14.07 million adults between the ages 18 -- 49 in the United States . This made it the third most - watched season of Netflix original content in the U.S. at the time behind the first season of Fuller House and fourth season of Orange Is the New Black . In a September 2016 analysis , Netflix found that Stranger Things `` hooked '' viewers by the second episode of the first season , indicating that the second episode was `` the first installment that led at least 70 percent of viewers who watched that episode to complete the entire first season of a show . '' In August 2017 , the marketing analytics firm Jumpshot determined the season was the seventh-most viewed Netflix season in the first 30 days after it premiered , garnering slightly more than 20 % of the viewers that the second season of Daredevil received , which was the most viewed season according to Jumpshot . Jumpshot , which `` analyzes click - stream data from an online panel of more than 100 million consumers '' , looked at the viewing behavior and activity of the company 's U.S. members , factoring in the relative number of U.S. Netflix viewers who watched at least one episode of the season . Critical reception Season 1 Season Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 94 % ( 69 reviews ) 76 ( 34 reviews ) 94 % ( 109 reviews ) 78 ( 32 reviews ) Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the first season an approval rating of 94 % based on 69 reviews , and a weighted average rating of 7.96 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus states , `` Exciting , heartbreaking , and sometimes scary , Stranger Things acts as an addictive homage to Spielberg films and vintage 1980s television . '' Review aggregator Metacritic gave the first season a normalized score of 76 out of 100 based on 34 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . IGN gave the score of 8 out of 10 and called the series `` Great '' saying , `` Stranger Things is an easy recommendation , offering viewers an atmospheric and endearing series that is a nostalgic throwback without feeling like a simple copy . '' In a review of San Francisco Chronicle Dave Wiegand wrote : `` Stranger Things reminds us of a time marked by a kind of no - strings escapism . And as it does so , we find ourselves yearning for it because the Duffers have made it so irresistibly appealing . There may be other equally great shows to watch this summer , but I guarantee you wo n't have more fun watching any of them than you will watching Stranger Things . '' Joshua Alston of The A.V. Club also reviewed it positively saying , `` Balancing style and substance is always challenging for a series like Stranger Things , but the show is perfectly calibrated . It feels like watching a show produced during the era in which it 's set , but with the craft of today 's prestige television . '' Reviewing for HitFix , Alan Sepinwall said , `` Over the course of the eight hours , the story and characters take on enough life of their own so that the references do n't feel self - indulgent , and so that the series can be appreciated even if you do n't know the plot of E.T. or the title font of Stephen King 's early novels ( a huge influence on the show 's own opening credits ) by heart . '' Emily Nussbaum of The New Yorker also applauded the series and wrote , `` This is astoundingly efficient storytelling , eight hours that pass in a blink , with even minor characters getting sharp dialogue , dark humor , or moments of pathos . '' Television critic Mary McNamara of Los Angeles Times said , `` For the most part , and in absolute defiance of the odds , Stranger Things honors its source material in the best way possible : By telling a sweet ' n ' scary story in which monsters are real but so are the transformative powers of love and fealty . '' The Wall Street Journal 's Brian Kelly said , `` Matt Duffer and Ross Duffer , brothers and the show 's creators , have done their homework when it comes to ' 80s cinema . Whether you 're a fan of John Carpenter 's The Thing or The Goonies is more your speed , there 's plenty to like in Stranger Things . '' In a negative review , cultural critic Grafton Tanner called the series `` wish fulfillment '' and `` a window through which the present - shocked can gaze at a clichéd past . '' Similarly , Marinna Guzy of The Establishment wrote : `` When confronted with a story like Stranger Things , a recycled retelling of an old story being marketed as homage and good , clean nostalgia , one has to wonder whether or not studios and content creators like the Duffer Brothers ever ask themselves whether or not the story they are telling is the one that should be told . What purpose does Stranger Things serve beyond reinforcing the status quo in the media landscape and perpetuating the dangerous delusion that things were better way back when ? '' Season 2 On Rotten Tomatoes , the second season has an approval rating of 94 % based on 109 reviews , and an average rating of 7.83 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus states , `` Stranger Things ' slow - building sophomore season balances moments of humor and a nostalgic sweetness against a growing horror that 's all the more effective thanks to the show 's full - bodied characters and evocative tone . '' On Metacritic , the second season has a normalized score of 78 out of 100 , based on 32 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Commentary Shannon Purser 's performance as Barb received a great deal of attention from fans , and led to her being nominated for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series . Shortly after its release , Stranger Things gained a dedicated fanbase . One area of focus from these fans was the character of Barb , the nerdy friend and classmate of Nancy who is taken and killed by the monster early in the season . According to actress Shannon Purser , Barb `` was n't supposed to be a big deal '' , and the Duffer Brothers had not gone into great detail about the character since the focus was on finding Will . However , many fans sympathized with the character , with Laura Bradley of Vanity Fair suggesting that these people found that Barb would be a similar misfit in society , and `` looks more like someone you might actually meet in real life '' compared to the other characters , particularly Nancy , in the series . Hashtags such as `` # ImWithBarb '' and `` # JusticeforBarb '' grew in popularity after the series ' release , and several fan sites and forums were created to support her . While Purser did not return for the second season , the Duffer Brothers used the real - life `` Justice for Barb '' movement as inspiration for narrative at the start of the second season , with Nancy addressing the fact `` that no one ever cares about '' Barb . Purser and several media outlets took her nomination as Barb for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series in the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards as achieving `` Justice for Barb '' , highlighting how well her character was received . Another impact of the series has been an increase demand for Eggo waffles , as they are shown to be Eleven 's favorite food in several episodes and are seen as a representation of the show . The Kellogg Company , which manufactures Eggo , had not been part of the production prior to the first season 's release , but recognized the market impact of the series . It provided a vintage 1980s Eggo television advertisement for Netflix to use in its Super Bowl LI commercial , and is looking to become more involved with cross-promotion . Accolades It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article . ( Discuss ) ( October 2017 ) Association Nominee ( s ) / work Result Ref . ACE Eddie Awards Best Edited One Hour Series for Non-Commercial Television Dean Zimmerman `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated Kevin D. Ross `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' Nominated American Film Institute Top 10 TV Programs of the Year Stranger Things Won Art Directors Guild One - Hour Period or Fantasy Single - Camera Television Series Chris Trujillo `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' , `` Chapter Three : Holly , Jolly '' and `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Bram Stoker Awards Superior Achievement in a Screenplay Matt Duffer and Ross Duffer `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated Matt Duffer and Ross Duffer `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated British Academy of Film and Television Arts Best International Program Matt Duffer , Ross Duffer , Shawn Levy , Dan Cohen Nominated Cinema Audio Society Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Television Series -- One Hour Chris Durfy , Joe Barnett , Adam Jenkins , Judah Getz and John Guentner `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' Nominated Costume Designers Guild Outstanding Period Television Series Kimberly Adams , Malgosia Turzanska Nominated Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series Stranger Things Nominated Most Bingeworthy Show Stranger Things Nominated Directors Guild of America Awards Outstanding Directorial Achievement for a Drama Series Duffer Brothers `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated Dragon Awards Best Science Fiction or Fantasy TV Series Stranger Things Won Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Drama Series Stranger Things Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series David Harbour as Jim Hopper `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Millie Bobby Brown as Eleven / Jane Ives `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series Nominated Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series Shannon Purser as Barb Holland `` Chapter Three : Holly , Jolly '' Nominated Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Period Program ( One Hour or More ) Chris Trujillo , William Davis , Jess Royal `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series Carmen Cuba , Tara Feldstein , Chase Paris Won Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series ( One Hour ) Tim Ives `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series Dean Zimmerman `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Won Kevin D. Ross `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' Nominated Outstanding Hairstyling for a Single - Camera Series Sarah Hindsgaul , Evelyn Roach `` Chapter Two : The Weirdo on Maple Street '' Nominated Outstanding Makeup for a Single - Camera Series ( Non-Prosthetic ) Myke Michaels , Teresa Vest `` Chapter Six : The Monster '' Nominated Outstanding Music Supervision Nora Felder `` Chapter Two : The Weirdo on Maple Street '' Nominated Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series Bradley North , Craig Henighan , Jordan Wilby , Jonathan Golodner , Tiffany S. Griffth , Sam Munoz , David Klotz , Noel Vought , Ginger Geary `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Won Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series ( One Hour ) Joe Barnett , Adam Jenkins , Chris Durfy , Bill Higley `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Outstanding Main Title Design Michelle Dougherty , Peter Frankfurt , Arisu Kashiwagi , Eric Demeusy Won Outstanding Original Main Title Theme Music Michael Stein , Kyle Dixon Won Outstanding Creative Achievement in Interactive Media within a Scripted Program Netflix , CBS Digital Stranger Things VR Experience Nominated Fangoria Chainsaw Awards Best TV Series Stranger Things Won Best TV Actress Millie Bobby Brown Won Best TV Supporting Actor David Harbour Nominated Best TV Supporting Actress Winona Ryder Won Gold Derby TV Awards Drama Series Stranger Things Won Drama Supporting Actress Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Drama Supporting Actress Winona Ryder Nominated Drama Supporting Actor David Harbour Nominated Drama Episode Justin Doble , Matt Duffer and Ross Duffer `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' Nominated Drama Episode Paul Ditcher , Matt Duffer and Ross Duffer `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Ensemble of the Year Cast of Stranger Things Nominated Breakthrough Performer of the Year Millie Bobby Brown Won Golden Globe Awards Best Television Series -- Drama Stranger Things Nominated Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Winona Ryder Nominated Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing : TV Short Form -- Music David Klotz `` Chapter Three : Holly Jolly '' Won Best Sound Editing : TV Short Form -- FX / Foley Jacob McNaughton `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Grammy Awards Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media Stranger Things Volume 1 Nominated Stranger Things Volume 2 Nominated Hollywood Music in Media Awards Best Main Title -- TV Show / Digital Streaming Series Kyle Dixon and Michael Stein Nominated Best Original Score -- TV Show / Miniseries Nominated Outstanding Music Supervision -- Television Nora Felder Won Hugo Awards Best Dramatic Presentation , Long Form Matt Duffer and Ross Duffer Nominated Location Managers Guild Awards Outstanding Locations in Period Television Tony Holley Nominated Make - Up Artists & Hair Stylists Guild Best Period and / or Character Makeup -- Television Amy L. Forsythe , Samantha Smith Nominated Best Period and / or Character Hair Styling -- Television Sarah Hindsgaul , Evelyn Roach Nominated MTV Movie & TV Awards TV Show of the Year Stranger Things Won Best Actor in a TV Show Millie Bobby Brown Won Best Villain The Demogorgon Nominated Best Hero Millie Bobby Brown Nominated National Television Awards Best Period Drama Stranger Things Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Show Stranger Things Nominated Favorite Premium Sci - Fi / Fantasy Series Stranger Things Nominated Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actress Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Peabody Awards Best Entertainment Program Stranger Things Nominated Producers Guild of America Episodic Television , Drama Duffer Brothers , Shawn Levy , Dan Cohen , Iain Paterson Won Satellite Awards Best Television Series -- Genre Stranger Things Nominated Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Winona Ryder Nominated Saturn Awards Best New Media Television Series Stranger Things Won Best Actress on a Television Series Winona Ryder Nominated Best Younger Actor on a Television Series Millie Bobby Brown Won Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Winona Ryder Nominated Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Main cast Won Society of Camera Operators Camera Operator of the Year -- Television Bob Gorelick Nominated Television Critics Association Program of the Year Stranger Things Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Drama Nominated Outstanding New Program Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Show Nominated Choice Breakout TV Show Nominated Choice Breakout TV Star Finn Wolfhard Nominated Choice Breakout TV Star Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Visual Effects Society Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Marc Kolbe , Aaron Sims , Olcun Tan Nominated Writers Guild of America Drama Series Stranger Things Nominated New Series Stranger Things Nominated Other Media Beyond Stranger Things Logo for the aftershow With the release of the second season of the series , Netflix also released Beyond Stranger Things , an aftershow hosted by Jim Rash . The guests of the aftershow are composed of cast and crew from the series , including the Duffer Brothers and the series ' stars , to discuss the development and behind - the - scenes production of the series and its larger mythology . Unlike previous aftershows created by Embassy Row , such as Talking Dead and Talking Bad , Beyond Stranger Things is intended to be watched after a screening of the entire current season . It was also revealed during the show , Millie Bobby Brown may have a supporting agent whom is possibly from the UK . It is unconfirmed whether she will have a supporting on set agent for season 3 . It was heavily maintained that Eddie Tsang , may become the on set support agent for season 3 . However , it 's unclear if he has reached a final agreement with Netflix . No . Title Guests Video guests Original release date `` Mind Blown '' Shawn Levy , The Duffer Brothers , Finn Wolfhard , and Millie Bobby Brown David Harbour October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) `` Mad for Max '' Shawn Levy , The Duffer Brothers , Caleb McLaughlin , Gaten Matarazzo , and Sadie Sink None October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) `` Unlikely Allies '' Shawn Levy , The Duffer Brothers , Gaten Matarazzo , and Joe Keery None October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) `` Truth in Hawkins '' Joe Keery , Natalia Dyer , Charlie Heaton , and Brett Gelman David Harbour and Shannon Purser October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 5 `` The AV Club '' Caleb McLaughlin , Gaten Matarazzo , Noah Schnapp , Randy Havens , and Bill Nye Sean Astin October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 6 `` The New Class '' Sadie Sink , Brett Gelman , Dacre Montgomery , and Linnea Berthelsen Sean Astin and Paul Reiser October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 7 `` Closing the Gate '' Shawn Levy , The Duffer Brothers , Millie Bobby Brown , Noah Schnapp , and Natalia Dyer David Harbour , Sean Astin , and Eddie Tsang October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Mobile video game Netflix and BonusXP developed a free mobile game tie - in for Stranger Things , released to iOS and Android devices on October 4 , 2017 . The game uses a retro - pixel style of art , similar to games for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System . The game is loosely based on the Stranger Things story after season one , with the player starting as Chief of Police Jim Hopper looking for the missing boys . Once these characters are found , they become playable and have special abilities that allow the player to access more areas in the game . BonusXP had less than a year to complete the game . The team decided to make the game in a similar style to The Legend of Zelda because it `` was a perfect match because both ( Stranger Things and Zelda ) are about exploration , and it 's kind of a mysterious fit that fit the mood of the show , '' according to BonusXP president Dave Pottinger . The map of Hawkins in the game was based off of a Google street view map of Jackson , Georgia where the series is filmed . In order to help keep the game a secret , BonusXP did not hire game testers for their quality assurance , instead having family members from the design team provide feedback ; this process helped create the two difficulty levels in the game . Completing the game gives players a clip from the Season 2 premiere episode of the show . The game was downloaded 3 million times in the first week , becoming a top download and receiving critical praise . With the release of season two , an update to the game added Max as a playable character , and a release for the Amazon Fire TV , which included controller support . Playstation VR game Sony has announced that it is working on a Playstation 4 VR game based on Stranger Things and has released a teaser showing the Christmas lights on a wall scenes . Others United States Representative David Cicilline compared the state of the nation during the presidency of Donald Trump to that of Stranger Things during a speech given in Congress on February 16 , 2017 , using a sign `` Trump Things '' in the same format as the title card of the show and saying `` Like the main characters in Stranger Things , we are now stuck in the Upside Down '' . As part of its release on Netflix on April 14 , 2017 , the cast of the rebooted version of Mystery Science Theater 3000 riffed on the first part of `` Chapter 1 '' of Stranger Things . Google used augmented reality ( AR ) `` stickers '' of Stranger Things characters to introduce its ARCore technology announced alongside its Pixel 2 phone in October 2017 . Sesame Street created a young audience - appropriate spoof of Stranger Things , called Sharing Things , released in November 2017 ; it featured Cookie Monster as the `` Cookiegorgon '' , Grover as Lucas , Ernie as Dustin , and included several nods to the narrative of the second season . References Jump up ^ Ho , Rodney ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` New Netflix drama series Stranger Things to shoot in Atlanta '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix to premiere original series Montauk in 2016 '' . Reuters. April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Caitlin ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Is Hawkins A Real Town ? ' Stranger Things ' Will Make You Nostalgic For These Other ' 80s Classics '' . Bustle . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things : Millie Bobby Brown to Return as Eleven in Season 2 '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 : Shawn Levy Confirms He 's Directing Again ; Teases Season 3 '' . Collider . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things 2 returns to Upside Down with new monster , bigger story '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Time ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things 2 : Where is Eleven ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things season 2 : Who 's in danger ? Who 's new ? The plot revealed ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Longeretta , Emily ( January 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Scoop : Sean Astin Playing Winona Ryder 's ' Boyfriend ' & More '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hime , Nelly ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things Season 2 Confirmed , Duffer Brothers Reveal Details '' . Nagame Digital . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` Scoop : Winona Ryder to Headline Untitled Netflix Supernatural Thriller '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` Duffer Bros. Netflix Supernatural Drama Series Sets Young Cast , Gets Title '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( September 1 , 2015 ) . `` Cara Buono Joins Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' ; Dean Cain In ' Lady Dynamite ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' Adds Matthew Modine to Cast ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . October 27 , 2015 . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Stranger Things ' executive producer confirms a major character 's fate '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Trailer : First Look At Netflix 's Supernatural Drama Starring Winona Ryder & Matthew Modine '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( October 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Netflix Series Adds Two New Regulars , Promotes Two For Season 2 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Stranger Things ' Star Sadie Sink Hopes Max Will Win Over Eleven in Season 3 '' . Moviefone . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Crossan , Ashley ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : ' Stranger Things ' Actor Joe Keery on Season 2 , Steve 's Hair and Justice for Barb '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schwindt , Oriana ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Casts Sean Astin , Paul Reiser , Linnea Berthelsen '' . Variety . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Coates , Tyler ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` This 19 - Year - Old Unknown Actress Just Became an ' 80s Cult Icon '' . Esquire . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nyren , Erin ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Mark Steger on Portraying the Monster in ' Stranger Things ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Randall , Kayla ( November 2016 ) . `` Two young Louisiana actors are featured in two buzzed - about Netflix shows '' . 225 Baton Rouge . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kubai , Andy ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Real Life Conspiracy and Occult Connections '' . Screenrant.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Meet the mysterious Stranger Things 2 character at the heart of Eleven 's episode '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schwindt , Oriana ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Adds Brett Gelman as Conspiracy Theorist '' . Variety . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lerner , Will ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' : There will be more of excellent Erica in Season 3 '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( September 1 , 2015 ) . `` Ross Patridge Joins cast of Stranger Things '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things Season 2 : Nashville Vet Will Chase Joins Cast as ( Spoiler ) '' . TVline . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mellor , Louisa ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Stranger Things spoiler - free review '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sternbergh , Adam ( August 20 , 2017 ) . `` Turned Upside Down '' . Vulture . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Grow , Kory ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' : How Two Brothers Created Summer 's Biggest TV Hit '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cohen , Finn ( August 14 , 2016 ) . `` Matt and Ross Duffer Discuss ' Stranger Things , ' a Nightmare on ' 80s Street '' . New York Times . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berkshire , Geoff ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' : Shawn Levy on Directing Winona Ryder , Netflix 's Viral Model '' . Variety . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Spangler , Todd ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Orders ' Montauk ' Supernatural Drama Series from ' Wayward Pines ' Duffer Twins '' . Variety . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Orders Supernatural Drama Series From Matt & Ross Duffer , Shawn Levy '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Orders Supernatural Drama Series From Matt & Ross Duffer , Shawn Levy '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fienberg , Daniel ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` The Duffer Brothers Talk ' Stranger Things ' Influences , ' It ' Dreams and Netflix Phase 2 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Leon , Melissa ( August 6 , 2016 ) . `` Inside ' Stranger Things ' : The Duffer Bros. on How They Made the TV Hit of the Summer '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Nigel ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things creators tease ' darker ' second season '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Jasper ( August 5 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things : Netflix boss says it would be ' dumb ' not to do season two '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things Renewed at Netflix , Season 2 to Premiere in 2017 '' . Variety . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : O'Connell , Michael ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` The Duffer Brothers Are Reading Your ' Stranger Things ' Reddit Theories '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Time ( February 13 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things : How many seasons will the Netflix series go ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brinbaum , Debra ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Remote Controlled : ' Stranger Things ' Creators Duffer Brothers on Going ' Big ' in Season 2 '' . Variety . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Connolly , Kelly ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things season 2 episode titles : What do they mean ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things creators discuss those new chapter titles '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kurp , Josh ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` What Can We Learn From The ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Episode Titles ? '' . Uproxx . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chitwood , Adam ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 : Shawn Levy Confirms He 's Directing Again ; Teases Season 3 '' . Collider.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collinson , Gary ( October 1 , 2017 ) . `` Shawn Levy suggests that Stranger Things could run for 5 seasons '' . Flickering Myth . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Piester , Lauren ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things Season 5 ? The Duffer Brothers Are Trying to Decide How Long the Show Will Last '' . Entertainment Online . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Julia ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix officially renews Stranger Things for third season '' . Polygon . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` David Harbour Talks ' Stranger Things ' Season 3 Plans '' . Variety . December 10 , 2017 . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things is an Homage to the Greats '' . FrightFind . July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nassbaum , Emily ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` On Television : `` Stranger Things '' and `` The Get Down '' `` . The New Yorker . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : all the hidden ( and not - so - hidden ) movie , TV and book references '' . The Telegraph . August 6 , 2016 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leeds , Sarene ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` How Netflix 's Stranger Things Channels Steven Spielberg , John Carpenter and Stephen King '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Doty , Meriah ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things : 21 ' 80s Relics We 've Spotted So Far '' . TheWrap . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tobias , Scott ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` A Stranger Things Glossary : Every Major Film Reference in the Show , From A -- Z '' . Vulture.com . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kimber , Tyree ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Strange Influences : Our Favorite Movie References From Stranger Things '' . Boomhowdy.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hutchinson , Sean ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Every ' 80s Pop Culture References in Stranger Things '' . Inverse . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Duffer Brothers Talk ' Stranger Things ' Influences , ' It ' Dreams and Netflix Phase 2 '' . Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` The cinematic influences behind Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' '' . ScreenerTV . July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yes , Stranger Things ' Upside Down was totally inspired by Silent Hill '' . GamesRadar. 26 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Brinbaum , Debra ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' EPs on Season 2 : ' We Could Explore It If Netflix Wanted To ' '' . Variety . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Thrower , Emma ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things : the Duffer brothers share the secrets of their hit show '' . Empire . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClendon , Lamarco ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' : Winona Ryder Discusses First Major TV Role in Netflix Featurette '' . Variety . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilstein , Matt ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Star David Harbour 's Long , Dark Road to Leading Man '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Cast Photo Reveals Who Returns From The Upside Down '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things 2 : Paul Reiser shares how top - secret role is connected to Aliens '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ A. , Jonathan ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Atlanta Filmed ' Stranger Things ' Looks Amazing '' . Project Casting . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gross , Dough ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` New Netflix Show ' Stranger Things ' Films in Georgia '' . The Wrap . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Stranger Things ' shoots on Jackson square '' . Jackson Progress - Argus . November 24 , 2015 . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stamp , -- Elizabeth ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` Stranger Things 's Filming Locations Are Just as Spooky in Real Life '' . Architectural Digest . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Georgia Locations for Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' '' . Deep South Mag . July 28 , 2016 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thevenon , Ulysse ( August 2016 ) . References to 70 - 80s movies in Stranger Things . Vimeo . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moyniah , Tim ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` The Stories Behind Stranger Things ' Retro ' 80s Props '' . Wired . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Raftery , Liz ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` Best Dressed : How Stranger Things ' Costume Designers Took the Show 's Generation Z Stars Back to the ' 80s '' . TV Guide . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Alvarez , Edgar ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` How Netflix keeps ' Stranger Things ' lo - fi in a high - tech world '' . Engadget . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walljasper , Matt ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` What 's filming in Atlanta now ? Stranger Things , The Quad , Jumanji , plus Shaq and Ludacris 's Christmas - themed PCM adventure '' . Atlanta . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walljasper , Matt ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` What 's filming in Atlanta now ? Jumanji , Stranger Things , The Quad , and a look at what 's in store for 2017 '' . Atlanta . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Owen , Rob ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Tuned In : ' Stranger Things 2 ' starts in Pittsburgh '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` Finding Dory director to helm 2 episodes of Stranger Things 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` How Game of Thrones influenced Stranger Things 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Molly ( June 3 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things Season 2 Wraps Filming '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ferrell , Sean Patrick ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` How the Stranger Things Titles Came Out So Perfectly Retro '' . Wired . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perkins , Will ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things ( 2016 ) '' . Art of the Title . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kaufman , Gil ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things Co-Composer Shares the Story Behind 2016 's Most Unlikely Musical Sensation '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : 10 eerie electronic gems to hear if you loved the Netflix show '' . FACT Magazine : Music News , New Music . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Weingarten , Christopher ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' : Meet the Band Behind Show 's Creepy , Nostalgic Score '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Helen . `` An Interview With SURVIVE : The Mysterious Band Behind The Epic ' Stranger Things ' Score '' . NME . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mylnar , Phillip ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` Unpacking the ' 80s nostalgia of the ' Stranger Things ' soundtrack '' . Mashable . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Minsker , Evan ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Stranger Things Soundtrack Detailed '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yoo , Noah ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Inside the Spellbinding Sound of `` Stranger Things '' `` . Pitchfork . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sodomsky , Sam ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` '' Stranger Things '' Soundtracks Get Cool Vinyl Releases , Box Set `` . Pitchfork . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Galbraith , Alex ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` The ' Stranger Things ' Soundtrack Is Coming Out On A Cassette That Looks Like A Old VHS '' . Uproxx . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holub , Christian ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things soundtracks score Grammy nods '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cantrell , Liza ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Listen to a New Song From the Stranger Things Season 2 Soundtrack '' . Spin . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leight , Elisa ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Previews Season Two Soundtrack With Majestic New Song '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Unveils Premiere Dates For ' Orange Is The New Black , ' ' The Get Down , ' ' Flaked ' And Others '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things Season 2 Premiere Date , Huge Monster Threat Revealed '' . E ! Online . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things '' . Netflix . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Super Bowl Ad Buzz : ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Trailer Tops the Field '' . Variety . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wampler , Scott ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Looks Like Stranger Things Is Coming To Blu - Ray , After All '' . Birth. Movies. Death . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` '' Stranger Things '' Season 1 Getting VHS - Style Blu - ray Release at Target `` . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Ratings : Where Series Ranks Among Netflix 's Most Watched '' . Variety . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Butler , Bethoine ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' won over most viewers in just two episodes , according to Netflix '' . Washington Post . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's ' Marvel 's The Defenders ' Poised for Binge - Viewing Pop , Data Indicates '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : Season 1 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( July 9 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things : Review '' . IGN . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wiegand , Dave ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` A thrilling echo of ' 80s sci - fi film in ' Stranger Things ' '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alston , Joshua ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's sci - fi throwback Stranger Things is yesterday 's summer blockbuster today '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' basks in ' 80s nostalgia , but does n't drown in it '' . HitFix . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nussbaum , Emily ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` '' STRANGER THINGS '' AND `` THE GET DOWN '' `` . The New Yorker . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` Earth tones , rotary phones and Winona Ryder : Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' is totally ' 80s '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ P. Kelly , Brian ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Review : Supernaturally Sinister ' 80s Homage '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tanner , Grafton ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things and the Nostalgia Industry '' . The Hong Kong Review of Books . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Guzy , Marinna ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' and the Perils of Nostalgia '' . The Establishment . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : Season 2 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : Season 2 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hogan , Michael ( December 17 , 2016 ) . `` Shannon Purser : ' People have actually had Barb 's face tattooed on their bodies ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` How the Internet Made Barb from Stranger Things Happen '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Drysdale , Jennifer ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : ' Stranger Things ' Star Shannon Purser Reacts to First Emmy Nom and Finally Getting Justice for Barb '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` An Emmy Nomination Is Truly Justice for Barb '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Erin ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` # JusticeForBarb : ' Stranger Things Shannon Purser receives Emmy nomination '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Ashely ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` Why Eleven From Stranger Things Is the Perfect National Waffle Day Mascot '' . Time . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sloane , Garrett ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Eggo 's Role In ' Stranger Things ' Turns Into Free Super Bowl Mention With More To Come '' . Advertising Age . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paul Sheehan ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` ACE Eddie Awards 2017 : Full list of nominations includes Oscar frontrunner ' La La Land ' '' . Gold Derby . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` AFI Awards : TV Honorees Heavy On Freshmen ; ' This Is Us ' Lone Network Show '' . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick . `` Art Directors Guild Awards Nominations : ' Rogue One ' , ' Game Of Thrones ' & More '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Bram Stoker Awards Final Ballot '' . Horror World . February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Robert ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Crown ' Leads BAFTA Television Award Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Wins Cinema Audio Society Award for Sound Mixing '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Period Television Series '' . costumedesignersguild.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` HBO Leads Television Nominations For The 22nd Annual Critics ' Choice Awards with 22 Nominations '' . November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick . `` DGA TV Awards Nominations : ' Stranger Things ' , ' Westworld ' & ' Atlanta ' On List ; Docus Include ' OJ : Made In America ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Andrew ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` The 2017 Dragon Awards are a far - ranging sci - fi and fantasy reading list '' . The Verge . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Emmy Nominations 2017 Announced '' . IGN . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Emmy ® Awards Nominations For Programs Airing June 1 , 2016 -- May 31 , 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` Creative Arts Emmy Winners : ' Stranger Things , ' ' Westworld , ' ' Big Little Lies ' Win Big -- Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Never mind Oscar , here 's the 2017 FANGORIA Chainsaw Awards Nominees Ballot ! '' . FANGORIA ® . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Chris Beachum , Daniel Montgomery , Marcus James ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` 2017 Gold Derby TV Awards nominations : ' This is Us , ' ' Veep , ' ' The Leftovers , ' ' Stranger Things ' among top contenders '' . Goldderby . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Winners & Nominees 2017 '' . The Golden Globes . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Slack , Anne . `` 2017 : Winners '' . mpse.memberclicks.net . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Slack , Anne . `` 2017 : Television Short Form Nominees '' . www.mpse.org . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy nominations 2017 : Beyoncé and R&B artists shine while rock suffers '' . The Guardian . December 6 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Music In Visual Media Nominees -- Hollywood Music In Media Awards -- HMMA '' . Hollywood Music in Media Awards . Jump up ^ `` HMMA Winners -- Hollywood Music In Media Awards -- HMMA '' . Hollywood Music in Media Awards . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Hugo Awards '' . The Hugo Awards . December 31 , 2016 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hidden Figures , ' ' La La Land ' Among Location Managers Guild Award Nominees '' . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Suicide Squad , ' ' Star Trek Beyond ' Among Winners at Makeup Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Here Are Your 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards Nominations : See The Full List '' . MTV News . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The National Television Awards 2017 -- winners in full '' . Radio Times . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards Nominees 2017 -- Full List '' . Deadline.com . November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment -- Peabody Awards : ' Atlanta , ' ' Lemonade , ' ' Stranger Things ' Among Finalists '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Producers Guild TV Awards : ' Westworld , ' ' Stranger Things , ' ' Atlanta ' Grab Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Winners & Nominees '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Seth ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` SAG Award Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` ' La La Land ' Camera Operator Tops SOC Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilyadov , Alex ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things , The Leftovers Among TCA Awards Nominees '' . IGN . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Osburn , Alex ( August 5 , 2017 ) . `` Handmaid 's Tale , Atlanta Lead TCA Award Winners '' . IGN . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ceron , Ella . `` The Pretty Little Liars Were ALL Nominated for the Same EXACT Award '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 Reveal Second Wave of Nominations '' . E ! News . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Leads Visual Effects Society Feature Competition With 7 Nominations As ' Doctor Strange , ' ' Jungle Book ' Grab 6 Each '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwindt , Oriana ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` Writers Guild TV Nominations : ' Stranger Things , ' ' Westworld , ' ' This Is Us , ' ' Atlanta ' Break Through '' . Variety . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stedman , Alex ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Aftershow to Launch on Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beyond Stranger Things ' : 10 Things We Learned From Netflix 's Aftershow '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ Webster , Andrew ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` This Stranger Things mobile game will help prepare you for the Upside Down '' . The Verge . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` There 's an official Stranger Things video game and it looks retro cool '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gallagher , Danny ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` How an Allen Studio Won the Contract to Make the Top - Secret Stranger Things Game '' . Dallas Observer . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Beating The Stranger Things Game Reveals This Never - Before - Seen Clip From Season 2 '' . GameSpot . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.gamespot.com/articles/ps4s-playstation-vr-getting-stranger-things-experi/1100-6454583/ Jump up ^ Bowerman , Mary ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` Congressman compares Trump administration to ' Upside Down ' in ' Stranger Things ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Farokhmanesh , Megan ( April 15 , 2017 ) . `` Mystery Science Theater 3000 perfectly dunks on Stranger Things '' . The Verge . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Adi ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Google is turning Stranger Things characters into adorable augmented reality stickers '' . The Verge . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lenker , Maureen Lee ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` Sesame Street parodies Stranger Things with Cookiegorgon '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did they shoot stranger things season 2 | [
"Filming for the second season began on November 7, 2016,[49] once again in and around the Atlanta Metro area.[80][81] While parts of Season 2 were set in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, these were actually filmed in downtown Atlanta, with skylines of Pittsburgh added in post-production.[82] Andrew Stanton, director of Pixar's Finding Nemo and WALL-E, directed the fifth and sixth episodes of the second season. Levy stated that Stanton was a big fan of the show and called up Levy, offering his directorial abilities for the show. Rebecca Thomas directed the seventh episode of the season.[83] Unlike the first season, which they were able to film without any real security issues, the heightened awareness of the show required the producers to take significant steps to keep the show's production in secret while filming the second season. They spoke to the production team of HBO's Game of Thrones for tips and advice for securing filming sites, and have adopted code names for the series and various parts to allow the actors to speak to others without revealing details of the show's plot.[84] Kim Wilcox took over for costumes in the second season, finding many of the same problems with designing for the child actors that were aging. Furthermore, she wanted to create the 80's aestetic but as reflected in a small rural town, with the trends of period slowly filtering into it rather that immediately jump on elements like neon colors.[78] The second season concluded filming on June 2, 2017.[85] Ives once again used Leica lens to film the season, while upgrading to the Red Weapon 8K S35 camera.[79]"
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"in and around the Atlanta Metro area"
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